text: The Minnesota Timberwolves beat the Golden State Warriors 106-104 in overtime. After two free throws the Warriors had a chance to win on a J-Rich three but it fell short. Kevin Garnett got 19 points and 13 boards in 46 minutes. KG had a 30th straight double-double and that's an impressive streak it's just sad to see him on a bad team, I hope he gets help or is at least traded so they don't waste his talent. Mark Blount got 16 points and pulled down 12 boards in 39 minutes. Blount can give some help to Kg but I think give lots of depth would help the most so KG can sit and the don't lose firepower. Marcus Banks got 24 points and 7 assists in 42 minutes. Banks is a great young talent to bring in but the need a starting guard with a few more years and can pass the ball like Brevin Knight. JRich had 33 points and 6 assists in 45 minutes. Richardson has had a let down with injuries to Baron Davis this season but if healthy Golden State can be a strong powerhouse playoff team. Troy Murphy got 13 points and 13 boards in 41 minutes. Murphy does put up good numbers but the Warriors should have pushed and tried to get Ron Artest than Baron Davis or not they would be playoff bound.


text: Home > Regions 'Lamitan siege' suspect falls in Basilan By Leila D. Vicente, ABS-CBN Zamboanga Posted at Oct 05 2010 03:46 PM | Updated as of Oct 05 2010 11:47 PM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest ZAMBOANGA City, Philippines – Security forces on Tuesday arrested in Basilan province a suspected member of the Abu Sayyaf Group suspected of having involvement in the 2001 Lamitan siege. Chief Superintendent Bienvenido Latag, director of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao regional police, identified the suspect as Bidung Ismael alias Ben Ismael. Latag said Ismael was arrested by joint military and police forces in Barangay Limo-ok, Lamitan City around noon. The regional police director said that before the arrest, police received a report that Ismael was spotted near the Lamitan City hall. He said they immediately formed a joint team from the military and police and conducted the raid. Ismael has a standing arrest warrant for kidnapping with serious illegal detention. Latag said the suspect is involved in the Lamitan siege, where bandits invaded the city and took hostage medical personnel of the Jose Maria Torres Memorial Hospital. The bandits also raided the Saint Peter's church during the siege in June 2001. Police have airlifted the suspect to Zamboanga City for tactical interrogation. Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest Read More: Abu Sayyaf atrocities lamitan siege /entertainment/02/26/17/actor-bill-paxton-known-for-roles-in-big-love-aliens-dies-at-61/entertainment/02/26/17/oscar-best-actor-race-is-tale-of-two-opposites/sports/02/26/17/lassiter-denies-taunting-ginebras-mercado-in-game-2/sports/02/26/17/non-stop-thompson-shrugs-off-exhaustion-to-lead-ginebra-in-game-2/news/02/26/17/3-hurt-as-delivery-truck-turns-turtle-in-cdo

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lazy Boy
Lazy boy
You look so good for now.
Compliments turn
That fair and handsome head.
Your skin is polished fine
The envy of so many girls.
That praise you
You wave your lovely hands languidly
I'm thinking about you thirty years from now
When your skin's twilight draws on with the diet you afford
When your pockets flaccidly embrace your beautiful hands
That refused to work.
Look with me
To that time and place.
Lazy boy,
Can you see the jobs you never had?
The businesses you never owned?
The positions in preferred companies
With lions waiting at the interviews -
Great big lions-waiting to eat you up?
You called in sick for countless interviews
Success was too close!
You don't like to look up and see your friends from back-in a-day
Because they look too good
But you don't like to look down
At your frayed trousers.
You comfort yourself.
Often you are heard to opine
That those doing well are crooked- somewhere, right?
Over the years,
Everybody misunderstood you, didn't they dear?
And harassed you to do something.
All you wanted was a bit of peace and quiet.
It was a breach of your human right, was it not?
The way self-righteous mankind
Left pregnant pauses at every junction of your life -
Pointedly glancing at you
Always hinting at and expecting you to
Do something.
Or do something more.
What more should you have done?
Did you invade their lives and harass them to achieve?
All of them -
Your teachers,
Your family
Your bosses
Your wife.
That is tomorrow
Shake it off. Walk back to today.
Everything looks good and
Duty belongs to others.
Photo Credits
Thanks topuuikibeach's photostream
on Flickr
for the shoes photo.
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This hub gives a simple structure you could follow to plan for the first month of a new choir .
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Access JSTOR through your library or other institution:
The Significance of Specific IgA Antibodies in the Serum in the Early Diagnosis of Zoster
F. Tovi, T. Hadar, J. Sidi, B. Sarov and I. Sarov
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Vol. 152, No. 1 (Jul., 1985), p. 230
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30104664
Page Count: 1
Topics: Antibodies, Herpes zoster, Early diagnosis, Infections, Diseases
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The Journal of Infectious Diseases © 1985 Oxford University Press


text:
How to Turn Ordinary Bathrooms into Handicap Showers
Handicap showers are something that should be installed in a house where there is a family member who suffers from limited mobility. It can be a wonderful way for them to regain some of the normal independence that they has lost, particular when doing something which is very private.
Handicap showers for the disabled is a specially designed bathroom that cater for the needs of mobility challenge people. One of the thing that it emphasizes on is the disabled user safety as we all know that the bathroom could be the most dangerous space in the whole house.
There are two main options when getting a handicap shower installed in your home. The first one will be adding some bathroom safety accessories and equipment for the disabled people. Through this, you won't need to buy a new shower to make the existing one accessible for them.
The next is none other than getting a handicap shower stall set installed. This is a great idea if you have a large bathroom and budget as you might need to do a complete remodelling.
Now let's us see how you can turn an ordinary shower and bathroom into a safe place for the handicapped or mobility challenged people:
- Bath Mat and Flooring - This is the most important element of all as whenever there is water, there is danger. And this is especially true for someone who already suffer from limited mobility. Make sure that the shower flooring is slip resistant and have a good quality, trip resistant bath mat in place both inside and outside the shower room. Find good quality of rubber mats that can provide a lot of traction in the shower. You should be able to find them in bathroom accessories and equipment retailer. Sometimes, hardware store also carry this item.
- Bath Transfer Bench - This is a great bathroom equipment should you ha ve a bathtub and shower. A bath transfer bench allow the handicap person to be transferred in and out of the tub in a seated position and most importantly it can guarantee them from faling. A bath transfer bench is only useful ony if you have a full bathtub; this is not the same as a shower chair that goes all the way inside the shower. Transfer bench is used by placing half of it inside the tub while the other half outside the tub. The seat could be slided in or out from the tub easily and safely.
Grab Bars - This is yet another important item that shouldn't be missed. Grab bars provide extra security when showering and/or when getting into and out of the shower or tub. This should be aslo very helpful to be installed alongside the toilet or commode, around the sink area and folding shower seat.
Shower Chair - Shower chair could be used in the shower to allow the disabled person to side down while in the tub or shower instead of standing. This is particular important so that the person can take care of their hygenice needs from a comfortably seated position insead of standing or sitting down on the tub's floor. Shower chair can be made of wood, plastic or aluminum.
Handicap Showers
Turning any showers into handicap showers is not that hard. All you need is a little effort, time and money. All the things mentioned above can be done quite quickly as nothing much is installed. Most of the things are just placed inside the bathroom. Now even there are suction type of grab bars where no drilling is needed. Just stick it on the wall and it's done.
If you have the budget you can do a complete remodeling on your existing shower to turn it into a handicap shower. Doing this might seem a lot of work but it does provide a better and even more friendly environment for the disabled person.
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The MAAM71100 from MACOM is a RF Amplifier with Frequency 7000 to 11000 MHz, Gain 18 dB, IP3 38 dBm, IP3 6.3096 W. Tags: Power Amplifier. More details for MAAM71100 can be seen below.
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Ratings based on 184 Verified Reviews
4.6 Room cleanliness
4.5 Service & staff
4.5 Room comfort
4.6 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified Reviews
by A verified traveler
Great for Wurstfest!Posted Nov 18, 2016 on Hotels
Great time and friendly staff made for a relaxing stay!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Nov 13, 2016
The crazy thing was when we walked up to the hotel there were 3 police officers dusting for finger prints at front door . When asked the staff what was going on they said they could not tell us. Thus definitely not a warm and fuzzy feeling .
Comment from Hotel Management
Nov 15, 2016 by Courtyard Marriott New Braunfels, Hotel Management
Thank you for your recent feedback. I sincerely apologize that your arrival experience was less than satisfactory and unwelcoming. I can assure you that our location is safe and the incident that occurred was just a precautionary. We hope that you can better experience your stay with us next time you are in New Braunfels.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from shiner,texas
Beautiful hotel and access to the riverPosted Nov 8, 2016 on Orbitz
Pros: everything it wasa beautiful hotel
Cons: maybe the noise the air conditioner made especially at night
Location: great location and everything was really close by
great experience and great hotel wish i had more time to stay longer
by A verified traveler
Close but no CigarPosted Nov 7, 2016
Pros: What I liked about this hotel was that the river runs along the back of it which was very pretty. Also the room seemed well cleaned and was comfortable and spacious.
Cons: The one thing that really upset me about this hotel was the night auditor. The staff when we checked in was very pleasant and the staff when we checked out the next day was pleasant but the night guy not so much. Me and my party rented a two queen room for the night with 4 quests. The room only had two wash cloths. I called the front desk and asked if some extra cloths could be brought to my room and if we could also have an extra pillow. The night guy said no one could bring them up and we would have to come get them from the front. Now I would expect this if we were paying motel 6 prices but we $260 for the room for one night. Also at around 2 am the people above us would not stop being incredibly loud so we called the front desk and asked if they could make a courtesy call to them to make them stop. It was at this point the night guy got an attitude and said he would have to go up there in person to make them stop and seemed very inconvenienced by our mild request. Overall I think it comes down to one bad apple in the bunch but still would expect much better service for the price we paid.
by A verified traveler
Posted Oct 22, 2016 on Hotels
Need more than one person at desk: ; folks have to wait. Or allow electronic check in on tablets
by A verified traveler
Posted Sep 19, 2016 on Hotels
by Autumn from Austin
Great Family StayPosted Aug 16, 2016 on Hotels
Great hotel for a family trip. Pool was great. Large, well kept and serenely located on the back of the hotel, next to the river. Great views. Kids had a blast. Food court was great outside on Saturday evening as well. Lounge/reception was far above average to my other stays at Courtyard Marriott. Very much recommend and would stay again.
by Lawrence
Posted Aug 16, 2016 on Hotels
by melissa
Posted Aug 15, 2016 on Hotels
by Dana from Montgomery, TX
Great Hotel, Amazing Location and View!Posted Aug 15, 2016 on Hotels
The hotel was great, the location was even better!! The Comal River was right in the backyard and they held nightly events for the Children. Including movie night outside by the river!! The hotel staff was great, and the room was very clean, and the beds we so comfortable!! I would defiantly stay here again when we visit New Braunfels.


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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Eyeris Medical Center Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai Maharashtra. Eyeris Medical Center Pvt. Ltd. is located at B1-b2 Tulsi Villa, 27 Bajaj Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai Maharashtra 400056 and provides Healthcare services. Contact them on 022 2620 0310.
Is Eyeris Medical Center Pvt. Ltd. in B1-b2 Tulsi Villa, 27 Bajaj Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai Maharashtra 400056 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Workshop, No 5 & 8 Devji Keshavji Industrial Estate, Off Waman Tukaram Patil Marg Opp Dukes Factory Mumbai Maharashtra 400 071
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An Introduction to Contact Linguistics (Language in Society)By: Donald Winford (author)Paperback
Only 1 in stock
DescriptionThis book is a comprehensive introduction to the study of language contact and its outcomes, as well as the social and linguistic factors involved. * Provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of contact linguistics. * Examines a wide range of language contact phenomena from both general linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. * Offers an account of current approaches to all of the major types of contact-induced change. * Discusses the general processes and principles that are at work in cases of contact.
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About AuthorDonald Winford is Professor of Linguistics at Ohio State University. He is author of Predication in Caribbean English Creoles (1993), and co-editor of several volumes, including Focus and Grammatical Relations in Creoles (1993) and The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles (1998). He was president of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics (1998-2000), and is currently editor of the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages.
Contents1. Introduction: The Field of Contact Linguistics:. The Subject Matter Of Contact Linguistics. History Of Research On Language Contact. The Field Of Contact Linguistics. Types Of Contact Situation. Overview Of Contact Situations And Their Outcomes. The Social Contexts Of Language Contact. 2. Language Maintenance and Lexical Borrowing:. Introduction. 'Casual' Contact And Lexical Borrowing. Contact In Settings Involving "Unequal" Bilingualism. Lexical Borrowing In Equal Bilingual Situations. Social Motivations For Lexical Borrowing. The Processes And Products Of Lexical Borrowing. The Integration Of Loanwords. Linguistic Constraints On Lexical Borrowing. Structural Consequences Of Lexical Borrowing. Summary. 3. Structural Diffusion in Situations of Language Maintenance:. Introduction. Is There Direct Borrowing Of Structural Features?. Factors Affecting Structural Convergence. Structural Convergence In Stable Bilingual Situations. Sprachbunde: Contact Across Contiguous Speech Communities. A Case Of Intimate Inter-Community Contact: Arnhem Land. Heavy To Extreme Structural Diffusion: Borrowing Or Substratum Influence?. The Social Contexts Of Structural Convergence. Linguistic Constraints On Structural Diffusion Into A Maintained Language. Constraints On Syntactic Diffusion. Summary. 4. Code Switching in its Social Contexts:. Introduction. Defining Code Switching. Social Motivations For Code Switching. Summary. 5. Code Switching: Linguistic Aspects:. Introduction. Structural Constraints On Code Switching. A Production-Based Model Of Code Switching. Constraints On Code Switching Within The MLF Model. Constraints On Multi-Word Switches (EL Islands). Further Issues. Summary. 6. Bilingual Mixed Languages:. Introduction. Definition And Classification. Media Lengua. Michif. Creations Associated With Language Shift. The Case Of Ma'a. The Strange Case Of Copper Island Aleut. Summary. 7. Second Language Acquisition and Language Shift:. A. An Overview Of Individual Second Language Acquistion:. Introduction. L1 Influence In SLA. Simplification In SLA. Internal Developments In L2 Systems. Developmental Stages In SLA. Strategies And Processes In SLA. Principles And Constraints On SLA. B. Group Second Language Acquisition Or Language Shift. Introduction. Irish English. "Indigenized" Englishes And Similar Contact Varieties. Issues In The Study Of Language Shift. Linguistic Constraints In Language Shift. Non-Structural Factors In Language Shift. Question Of Classification. C. First Language Attrition And Death. Introduction. External (Social) Factors In Language Death. The Linguistic Consequences Of L1 Attrition. Language Attrition In Relation To Other Contact Phenomena. Summary. 8. Pidgins and Pidginization:. Introduction: Definitions. Social Contexts Of Pidgin Formation. Russenorsk: A Brief Sketch. Structural Characteristics Of Pidgins. Pidgin Formation In Relation To Early SLA. Elaborated Or Extended Pidgins. Simplified Languages. Issues Of Classification Revisited. Summary. 9. Creole Formation:. Introduction. Defining Creoles. The Sociohistorical Background To Creole Formation. The Emergence Of "Intermediate" Creoles: Bajan. The Emergence Of Radical Creoles: Suriname. Some Aspects Of Creole Grammar. Theories Of Creole Formation. Radical Creole Formation As SLA. Mechanisms, Constraints And Principles In Creole Formation. Universal Principles And Creole Formation. Externally Motivated Change In Later Creole Development. Summary. References. Index.
Product Details
- publication date: 20/12/2002
- Format: Paperback
- Number Of Pages: 440
- weight: 646
Delivery Information
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes


text:
With exceptional value for money, this high-performance tablet is perfect for art teachers, students, and graphic-design professionals, and gives them wireless freedom to paint, draw, write, and edit.
The high-performance stylus is tilt sensitive ±60 degrees and has 1024 pressure levels, making brush strokes thicker or thinner depending on how hard the stylus is pressed, mimicking traditional painting. Perfectly suited for graphic-design professionals, MousePen M508W gives you the same experience as if you were using paint and canvas. As a mouse, the left button is a simple push down with a right-click button and scroll button near the tip along the side. The stylus moves across the 4000 LPI high-resolution contact area as if the screen and tablet were the same, making operation smooth and accurate. You can switch between the 5" x 8" contact area to a 4:3 wide screen contact area, if desired.
The Genius MousePen M508W tablet has four express keys (Desktop, Flip 3D, Page Up, Page Down) for easy navigating as well as an LED power and low-battery indicator. It also has thirteen programmable hot cells for customized Office and Internet shortcuts along the top of the contact area. There is a clip to store the stylus, making it easy to take the MousePen M508W with you. A wireless mouse comes with right, left, and scroll-wheel buttons and connects via the USB receiver.
The Genius MousePen M508W includes the following programs (for Windows only):
Annotate for Word – Allows you to hand write notes, highlight and annotate documents in Microsoft Word.
Pen Notice – Allows you to touch up pictures, put in annotations, or insert text when doing a presentation, sending email, or editing pictures.
Pen Commander – Allows you to draw command symbols directly on the digital pen tablet so you can execute commands or open files instantly.
Pen Mail – Allows you to send hand-written emails with your own signature.
Pen Signer – Allows you to insert signatures or hand drawn graphics into a document.
Trial versions of Adobe Photoshop Extended and Corel Painter are also included as well as two spare stylus tips and an easy-to-use tip-changing tool. Three AAA and two AA alkaline batteries are included so that the tablet, stylus, and mouse can be used right out of the box.
System Requirements
WindowsR 7/Vista/XP or Mac OSX 10.4 or above
CD/DVD ROM drive
At least 64MB of RAM
At least 12MB hard disk space
IBM PC Pentium 233 compatible or higher
One USB port
The suggested retail price for the Genius MousePen M508W is US$149.
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text:
One hundred DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of 44 species of deer mice (Peromyscus (sensu stricto), 1 of Habromys, 1 of Isthmomys, 2 of Megadontomys, and the monotypic genera Neotomodon, Osgoodomys, and Podomys were used to develop a molecular phylogeny for Peromyscus. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) were conducted to evaluate alternative hypotheses concerning taxonomic arrangements (sensu stricto versus sensu lato) of the genus. In all analyses, monophyletic clades were obtained that corresponded to species groups proposed by previous authors; however, relationships among species groups generally were poorly resolved. The concept of the genus Peromyscus based on molecular data differed significantly from the most current taxonomic arrangement. Maximun-likelihood and Bayesian trees depicted strong support for a clade placing Habromys, Megadontomys, Neotomodon, Osgoodomys, and Podomys within Peromyscus. If Habromys, Megadontomys, Neotomodon, Osgoodomys, and Podomys are regarded as genera, then several species groups within Peromyscus (sensu stricto) should be elevated to generic rank. Isthmomys was associated with the genus Reithrodontomys; in turn this clade was sister to Baiomys, indicating a distant relationship of Isthmomys to Peromyscus. A formal taxonomic revision awaits synthesis of additional sequence data from nuclear markers together with inclusion of available allozymic and karyotypic data.
Aside from Mus and Rattus, more is known about the biology of deer mice, genus Peromyscus (Neotominae-Musser and Carleton 2005), than any other group of small mammals (King 1968; Kirkland and Layne 1989). Members of the genus Peromyscus are model organisms for studies in ecology (Kaufman and Kaufman 1989), behavior (Wolff 1989), physiology (MacMillen and Garland 1989), reproductive and developmental biology (Millar 1989), biochemistry (Alderman et al. 1987; Dudley and Winston 1995; Zheng et al. 1993), chromosomal evolution (Committee for Standardization of Chromosomes of Peromyscus 1977, 1994; Greenbaum and Baker 1978; Robbins and Baker 1981; Rogers et al. 1984; Stangl and Baker 1984), allozymes (Avise et al. 1974; Kilpatrick and Zimmerman 1975; Rennert and Kilpatrick 1986, 1987; Rogers et al. 2005; Selander et al. 1971; Zimmerman et al. 1975, 1978), cytogenetics (Greenbaum et al. 1986a, 1986b; Greenbaum and Reed 1984; Hale 1986; Hale and Greenbaum 1988a, 1988b; McAllister and Greenbaum 1997; Sudman and Greenbaum 1990; Sudman et al. 1989), speciation (Greenbaum et al. 1978; Zimmerman et al. 1978), biogeography (Sullivan et al. 1997), and many other areas of research. In addition, members of the genus Peromyscus are reservoirs for rodent-borne diseases such as Lyme disease (Levine et al. 1985; Magnarelli et al. 1988; Mather et al. 1989; Rand et al. 1993), hantaviruses (Childs et al. 1994, 1995; Jay et al. 1997; Mills et al. 1997; Morzunov et al. 1998; Salazar-Bravo et al. 2004), and arenaviruses (Fulhorst et al. 2002). In support of the importance of Peromyscus to a variety of scientific disciplines, Dewey and Dawson (2001) referred to Peromyscus as "the Drosophila of North American mammalogy." Despite, this significance and associated abundance of information, surprisingly little is known about the phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Given the importance of members of the genus Peromyscus as model organisms and status of the genus as one of North America's most common and diverse groups of rodents, recovering the phylogenetic history of Peromyscus is crucial for many scientific disciplines.
In developing a phylogenetic hypothesis for Peromyscus, 2 issues must be considered and reviewed concerning taxonomic history and organization. First, the most basic question is, what is Peromyscus? Through several revisions and classifications (Carleton 1980, 1989; Hooper 1968; Hooper and Musser 1964; Musser and Carleton 2005; Osgood 1909), recognition of genera and subgenera has influenced the concept of Peromyscus. Second, are the species groups established by Osgood (1909) valid taxonomic entities?
Osgood's (1909) revision of Peromyscus included 6 subgenera (Baiomys, Haplomylomys, Megadontomys, Ochrotomys, Peromyscus, and Podomys) in Peromyscus. Subsequently, Miller (1912) and Hooper (1958) assigned 2 of these (Baiomys and Ochrotomys) to generic status. Three additional subgenera (Habromys, Isthmomys, and Osgoodomys) were proposed by Hooper and Musser (1964). Hooper (1968) therefore included 7 subgenera in his classification. However, Carleton (1980) contended that 5 of these subgenera (Habromys, Isthmomys, Megadontomys, Osgoodomys, and Podomys) were not as closely related to the subgenera Peromyscus and Haplomylomys than were some forms of Reithrodontomys. Consequently, Carleton (1980) elevated these taxa to generic rank leaving Peromyscus and Haplomylomys as the remaining subgenera in Peromyscus. Carleton (1989) subsequently reviewed the genus and subsumed Haplomylomys within Peromyscus (hereafter referred to as Peromyscus (sensu stricto)), a treatment that remains the most comprehensive review of Peromyscus and allies to date and has served as the basis of the 2 most recent classifications (Musser and Carleton 1993, 2005) of the genus.
Two other genera, Neotomodon and Nelsonia, historically have been affiliated with Peromyscus. Osgood (1909) appears to have accepted Merriam's (1898) suggestion that Neotomodon was aligned with Neotoma. However, Goldman (1910), Davis and Follansbee (1945), Hooper and Musser (1964), and Hooper (1968) hypothesized that Neotomodon was a close relative of Peromyscus; and Yates et al. (1979) and Rogers et al. (2005) presented data that suggested that it may be a congener of Peromyscus. Conversely, Carleton (1980), 1989) and Musser and Carleton (2005) hypothesized that Neotomodon was aligned closely with Podomys and Habromys. Nelsonia largely has been ignored in most revisions because of its scarcity in museum collections. Carleton (1980) and Musser and Carleton (2005) placed Nelsonia as a separate genus closely related to other neotomines (Hodomys and Neotoma); however, examination of primitive morphological characters (Hooper and Musser 1964) and karyotypic data (Engstrom and Bickham 1983, Engstrom et al. 1992) suggested an affinity to peromyscines.
Several molecular studies have generated data used to infer phylogenetic relationships among Peromyscus and allied genera. Cladistic analyses of protein electrophoretic (Patton et al. 1981) and chromosomal banding data (Rogers 1983; Rogers et al. 1984; Stangl and Baker 1984) were interpreted as supportive of some aspects of the hypothesis of Hooper and Musser (1964). A DNA-DNA hybridization study by Dickerman (1992) supported the phylogeny of Hooper and Musser (1964) because Podomys was contained within the Peromyscus cluster, and Reithrodontomys was sister to a cluster containing Podomys, Peromyscus, and Onychomys. Similarly, Bradley et al. (2004), Reeder and Bradley (2004), 2007), and Reeder et al. (2006) commented that in some cases Megadontomys, Neotomodon, and Osgoodomys were embedded within Peromyscus (sensu stricto). However, Engel et al. (1998) supported the contention of Carleton (1980) that some forms of Peromyscus were more closely related to Reithrodontomys than they were to Osgoodomys and Isthmomys. To date, only 1 study (Rogers et al. 2005) was designed specifically to discern among the alternative positions of Hooper (1968) and Carleton (1980). Their phylogenetic analyses of protein electrophoretic data placed all subgenera that Carleton (1980) had elevated to generic rank (Habromys, Megadontomys, Osgoodomys, and Podomys) together with Neotomodon into a single clade that, with the exception of Isthmomys, was identical to the concept of Peromyscus as expressed by Hooper (1968).
In addition to providing the 1st revision of Peromyscus, Osgood (1909) placed related species into species groups. Osgood's (1909) recognition of 7 species groups within the subgenus Peromyscus (boylei [= boylii], lepturus, leucopus, maniculatus, megalops, melanophrys, and truei) was conservative because relatively few taxa were described at that time. As more taxa were described, a need arose for additional species groups to partition the discrete morphological variation evident among all taxa and to eliminate paraphyletic assemblages. Hall and Kelson (1959) added the mexicanus group; Hooper (1968) recognized the crinitus group and placed the lepturus group under the subgenus Habromys; and Carleton (1989) added the aztecus, hooperi, and fumus groups and recognized the californicus and eremicus groups in the subgenus Haplomylomys. A critical evaluation of phylogenetic relationships within and among species groups is paramount to continued usage of this nomenclatural delineation.
In terms of phylogenetic relationships among species, Carleton (1989) provided a comprehensive review of the systematic studies of Peromyscus conducted before 1988. Recent studies include examinations of morphology (Allard and Greenbaum 1988; Bradley and Schmidly 1987; Bradley et al. 1989, 1990, 1996a; Schmidly et al. 1988; Sullivan et al. 1990), G- and C-banded karyotypes (Greenbaum et al. 1994; Smith 1990; Smith et al. 1989), protein electrophoresis (Calhoun and Greenbaum 1991; Calhoun et al. 1988; Harris and Rogers 1999; Janecek 1990; Rogers and Engstrom 1992; Rogers et al. 2005; Sullivan and Kilpatrick 1991; Sullivan et al. 1991), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (DeWalt et al. 1993; Walpole et al. 1997), DNA-DNA hybridization (Dickerman 1992), DNA sequencing (Bradley et al. 2000, 2004; Durish et al. 2004; Engel et al. 1998; Hogan et al. 1997; Sullivan et al. 1995, 1997; Tiemann-Boege et al. 2000), and combinations of these techniques (Bradley et al. 1996b; Hogan et al. 1993). However, most of these studies did not include an adequate sample of taxa to allow construction of a phylogeny of recognized genera and subgenera.
The objective of our study was to develop a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis, based on DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b (Cytb) gene, for species of Peromyscus (sensu lato—Hooper and Musser 1964) and use that phylogeny to begin to evaluate the monophyly and validity of species groups, subgenera, and genera. We used the concept of Hooper and Musser (1964) of Peromyscus as a null hypothesis because it is inclusive and readily refutable based on nonmonophyly. Also, we recognize from the onset that the Cytb gene is most useful in recovering phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa and can lose resolution at deeper nodes. We include a majority of species putatively assigned to this group (51 of 72, or 70%), comprising a sample that represents all genera, subgenera, and species groups, establishing this study as a foundation for a revised and more thoroughly inclusive classification of Peromyscus. We propose that our study be viewed as a foundation upon which inclusion of additional taxa and DNA sequences can be added, the ultimate goal being to estimate a robust phylogeny for the genus. In the words of Emmet T. Hooper (1968):33-34), "A taxonomic classification is a tentative thing; it is not sacred. … It is a reasonable yet tentative framework against which new systematic data may be tried for fit." It is in this spirit that we tackle the concept of "what is Peromyscus?"
Materials and Methods
Samples.—Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances (Kimura 1980) and the neighbor-joining method of Saitou and Nei (1987) were used in a preliminary analysis of 189 Cytb sequences, generated in our laboratories or obtained from GenBank. In several instances, ≥10 DNA sequences were available for examination of a single species; consequently 100 individuals representing 44 species of Peromyscus (sensu Carleton 1989), 1 species of Habromys, 1 species of Isthmomys, 2 species of Megadontomys, and the monotypic genera Neotomodon, Osgoodomys, and Podomys were selected for further analysis. The rationale for the reduced data set was to examine the most genetically divergent members within each species (determined from preliminary analyses), include individuals representing geographic extremes within a species distribution, and insure that all individuals of a species were monophyletic, while maintaining the data set at a manageable size. This was accomplished by including a maximum of 3 individuals per species. If possible, individuals with complete DNA sequences were included. Specimen numbers, GenBank accession numbers, collection localities, and specimen voucher numbers are listed in Appendix I.
Sequence data.—Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from liver samples (0.1 g), either frozen or preserved in 95% ethanol and purified using the Wizard Miniprep kit (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin) or the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California). For some specimens, genomic DNA was isolated following methods of Smith and Patton (1999). Polymerase chain reaction (Saiki et al. 1988) parameters and primers, summarized in Durish et al. (2004) and Rogers et al. (2007), were used to amplify the complete Cytb gene (1,143 base pairs [bp]). The resulting polymerase chain reaction product was purified using the QIAquick polymerase chain reaction purification kit (Qiagen) and cycle sequencing was conducted using the ABI Big Dye version 3.0 ready reaction mix (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). Excess dye terminator was removed using Millipore Multiscreen Filter Plates for High Throughput Separations (Millipore, Billerica, Maryland) and samples were analyzed on an ABI 3100 Avant automated sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems). Sequencher software (versions 3.1 and 4.1.1; Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan) and Vector NTI 7.0 software (Informax, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland) were used to align and proof sequences. A small number of samples were amplified and sequenced using modified protocols. Standard phenol-chloroform extractions of frozen liver were subsequently reduced and purified by alcohol precipitation (Sambrook et al. 1989). A 2-step touchdown polymerase chain reaction thermal profile was used (an initial 2–3 min of denaturing at 94°C; 40 s at 94°C, 40 s at 56°C, 1 min 45 s at 72°C, for 15–17 cycles; 40 s at 94°C, 40 s at 50°C, 1 min 45 s at 72°C for 21–26 cycles; 5-min final extension at 72°C). Where polymerase chain reaction amplification was difficult, downward adjustments of annealing and extension temperatures were made. Amplicons were electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel. Resulting bands were extracted for cycle sequencing and purified by spin column reduction. The DYNAMIC Direct Cycle Sequencing kit (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Inc., Baie D'Urfe, Quebec, Canada) was used for cycle sequencing, and samples were analyzed on a LICOR LongReader 4200 analyzer (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebraska). All sequences were edited and aligned using Sequencher version 4.1.1 (Gene Codes Corporation). Sequences generated in this study were deposited into GenBank and accession numbers are reported in Appendix I. Data analyses.—Based on phylogenetic relationships presented in Carleton (1980), Bradley et al. (2004), and Reeder and Bradley (2004), Oryzomys palustris, Sigmodon hispidus, Nyctomys sumichrasti, Tylomys nudicaudus, and Ototylomys phyllotis were used as outgroup taxa. Because of the uncertain phylogenetic relationships among the tribes Baiomini, Neotomini, Ochrotomyini, and Reithrodontomyini, Baiomys taylori, Neotoma mexicana, Onychomys arenicola, Ochrotomys nutalli, Reithrodontomys mexicanus, and Reithrodontomys megalotis all were included as reference taxa. By including these taxa, all genera previously assigned to Peromyscus (e.g., Baiomys and Ochrotomys) were represented. Given spurious nucleotides (unreliable in that they did not match well with other Peromyscus sequences) in the 3′ region of the P. polius sequence, this sequence was truncated to include only the first 700 bp. All GenBank accession numbers for outgroup and reference samples are listed in Appendix I. Likelihood, Bayesian, and parsimony models (PAUP* [Swofford 2002] and MRBAYES 184.108.40.206 [Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001]) were used to generate hypotheses concerning phylogenetic relationships of taxa. Variable nucleotide positions were treated as unordered, discrete characters with 5 possible states: A, C, G, T, or missing.
Some authorities advocate removal of 3rd-position information in sequence data when saturation is suspected (e.g., Ericson and Johansson 2003; Huchon et al. 2002). However, synonymous substitutions at 3rd positions can be phylogenetically informative, even in sequences that are moderately saturated (Poux and Douzery 2004; Yoder et al. 1996; Yoder and Yang 2000). The value of this information also has been demonstrated in cases where taxa are closely related (Björklund 1999; Hästad and Björklund 1998). All models employed acknowledge base position characteristics; therefore, all codon positions were included in analyses.
Unconstrained parsimony analysis (PAUP*—Swofford 2002) was conducted, using unweighted characters and excluding uninformative characters. All parsimony analyses employed a heuristic search using tree-bisection-reconnection, with random stepwise addition of taxa and 100 repetitions to obtain the most-parsimonious tree-set. Bootstrap analysis (Felsenstein 1985) with 1,000 iterations and 50 random sequence addition replicates was used to evaluate internal stability and establish nodal support.
Transition-transversion plots (subroutines in DAMBE—Xia 2000; Xia and Xie 2001) regressed against sequence divergence values were used to assess relative degrees of saturation at each codon position. These plots suggested a moderate degree of saturation with increasing distance among taxa at 3rd positions (not shown). Bias in transitions and transversions was assessed by means of index values (transition/transversion [Ts/Tv]) calculated for the overall data matrix and at each codon position using the program MEGA (Kumar et al. 1993). Data were reanalyzed under the same search options as the unconstrained parsimony, but with application of either a priori constraints (transition-transversion weighting, codon position downweighting), or a posteriori constraints (successive re-weighting by rescaled consistency index [RC]) following recommendations in the literature (e.g., Barker and Lanyon 2000; Farias et al. 2001; Farris 1969; Honeycutt et al. 1995; Horovitz and Meyer 1995; Huchon et al. 2002; Irwin et al. 1991).
MODELTEST software (Posada and Crandall 1998) was used to determine the model of DNA evolution best fitting the data. The GTR+I+G model generated significantly better likelihood scores than all other models and included the following parameters: base frequencies (A = 0.3920, C = 0.3297, G = 0.0517, and T = 0.2266), rates of substitution (A–C = 0.4007, A–G = 6.7581, A–T = 0.6293, C–G = 0.4783, C–T = 7.5063, G–T = 1.00), proportion of invariable sites (I = 0.4008), and gamma distribution (G = 0.6155). Using the above parameters and maximum likelihood methods, an optimal tree(s) was generated using the heuristic search option in PAUP* (Swofford 2002).
A Bayesian model (MRBAYES—Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) was used for comparison to the likelihood method and to generate support values (clade probabilities). A GTR+I+G model with a site-specific gamma distribution and sites partitioned by codon was used with the following options: 4 Markov chains, 20 million generations, and sample frequency of every 1,000th generation. O. palustris was designated as the outgroup and 2 runs were conducted simultaneously. After a visual inspection of likelihood scores, convergence statistics, and potential scale-reduction factors, the first 1,000 trees were discarded and a consensus tree (50% majority rule) was constructed from remaining trees. Additionally, 4 independent runs using 2 million generations and above conditions were conducted to investigate stabilization of likelihood scores.
The DNA sequences obtained in this study (n = 40) were combined with published sequences from GenBank (n = 60). Seventy-eight of 100 sequences were complete (1,143 bp). Of the remaining 22 sequences, 8 were missing fewer than 100 bp, 12 were >50–75% complete, and 2 (P. keeni and P. polionotus) were approximately 30% complete. Across all taxa, nucleotide frequencies estimated from PAUP* (Swofford 2002) for the complete data set were: A = 31.7%, C = 27.4%, G = 12.7%, and T = 28.2%; and for phylogenetically informative sites only: A = 36.3%, C = 35.9%, G = 6.0%, and T = 21.8%. Nucleotide change at each codon position agreed with observations for mammalian Cytb in general (Honeycutt et al. 1995; Irwin et al. 1991). Ratios for transitions to transversions were: 3.5, 2.9, and 1.9 at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd positions, respectively, and 2.1 overall. For the entire gene sequence, 514 nucleotides were conserved, 629 were variable, and 509 were phylogenetically informative.
The majority of substitutions occurred at 3rd positions (58%), with 66% being transitions. Nucleotide substitutions at 1st positions accounted for the majority of remaining replacements (26%), of which most were transitions (79%). In addition, there was a slight bias toward an A–T-rich nucleotide composition (28.2% and 31.7%, respectively), accounting for approximately 60% of all substitutions. A large proportion of substitutions represented synonymous changes reflecting a modest amino acid proportion of leucine (12–15% depending on taxon). Nonsynonymous substitutions occurred relatively frequently (187 of 381 variable amino acids, of which 108 were phylogenetically informative).
Unconstrained parsimony analysis of 509 unweighted characters (informative characters) generated 4 equally parsimonious trees of 5,132 steps, with a consistency index (CI) of 0.1775, homoplasy index (HI) of 0.8225, and retention index (RI) of 0.5705 (Table 1). A bootstrap (majority-rule) consensus tree generated from the 4 most-parsimonious trees is depicted in Fig. 1. All species represented with multiple samples formed monophyletic clades, with 1 exception; 1 sample of P. mexicanus was sister to P. gymnotis. Bootstrap values showed support for a large clade uniting members of the tribes Baiomyini (Baiomys), Neotomini (Neotoma), and Peromyscini (Peromyscus (sensu lato), Onychomys, Ochrotomys, and Reithrodontomys); however, no support was present for a group that would represent a monophyletic Peromyscus (either sensu lato or sensu stricto). Six smaller clades united members that generally represented the boylii, aztecus, mexicanus, melanophrys, leucopus, and maniculatus species groups. Support for relationships between species group was present only for the leucopus and maniculatus species groups. Relationships among peromyscine-neotomine taxa were unresolved. In addition, a dynamically weighted analysis using the rescaled consistency index (RC) was conducted (Farris 1969) and the unconstrained, most-parsimonious tree was set as the starting iteration. Iterations were repeated until tree topology and tree statistics stabilized (3 iterations). A strict consensus of the 2 equally parsimonious trees maintained the integrity of the larger species groups, established under the unconstrained model (not shown). Although tree lengths were not readily comparable, overall tree statistics indicated a more robust evolutionary hypothesis.
|Tv = 2
|Codon 2:3:1
|Codon 5:10:1
|Tv = 4:3:2
|1st and 2nd position
|> 100,000
|Dynamic weighting
|Tv = 2
|Codon 2:3:1
|Codon 5:10:1
|Tv = 4:3:2
|1st and 2nd position
|> 100,000
|Dynamic weighting
Examination of transitions and transversions by codon position, both empirically and by bivariate regression against branch length under one of the models of evolution with fewest specified parameters (Jukes and Cantor 1969), indicated moderate saturation in transitions at the 3rd position. Therefore, 5 additional analyses were conducted to downweight or correct for transitional biases. First, transitions were downweighted by a factor of 2 relative to transversions (Ts/Tv = 2) to account for the overall 2:1 ratio of transitions to transversions. Second, each codon position was assessed for independent transition-transversion ratios and transitions were downweighted according to positional bias (4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 transversion penalty, respectively, for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd positions). Third, changes at codon positions occurred in roughly a 2:1:10 ratio and were inversely weighted (codon weighting = 5:10:1). Fourth, a less-intense downweighting scheme (codon weighting = 2:3:1) was employed, representing a more relaxed correction for positional biases. Fifth, an analysis in which the 3rd codon position was eliminated (1st and 2nd positions only) was used to eliminate 3rd-position biases. Topological relationships based on 1st and 2nd codon positions resolved only a few of the large species assemblages. Basic information from these analyses is depicted in Table 1. Although relationships and nodal support among species groups, subgenera, and genera varied between analyses, topological relationships in both the dynamic transition-transversion biasing and dynamic weighting according to RC values converged upon the general phylogenetic hypothesis recovered with likelihood and Bayesian analyses (Fig. 2).
The likelihood analysis (GTR+I+G model) generated 2 trees (not shown) that were identical in topology except for placement of P. ochraventer. In both trees, P. ochraventer was affiliated with members of the truei species group but differed with respect to sister relationships. All taxa of Peromyscus (sensu lato) were contained within a single clade; however, the 2 samples of Reithrodontomys were included in this clade as a sister taxon to P. polius. As in the parsimony analysis, all conspecific taxa formed monophyletic clades. In addition, composition of species groups was similar to that obtained in parsimony and Bayesian analyses (below), although branching patterns within clades occasionally differed. No support values were calculated because of computational constraints.
Two simultaneous Bayesian analyses generated identical trees (Fig. 2). Clade probability values differed slightly between analyses; therefore if 2 support values differed at a node, both were reported. All taxa of Peromyscus (sensu lato) were contained within a single well-supported clade (I, value = 98) except for samples of I. pirrensis and P. polius. I. pirrensis was sister to R. megalotis but not supported by significant clade probability values (79 and 81). The sample of P. polius was sister to Peromyscus (sensu stricto) but not supported by a significant clade probability value (89). Taxa representing species groups formed well-supported monophyletic clades except for members of the truei and mexicanus groups. P. sagax was strongly supported as sister to samples of H. ixtlani. Three genera (Habromys plus P. sagax, Neotomodon, and Podomys) recognized by Carleton (1980) and Musser and Carleton (2005) were contained within a well-supported clade along with members of the aztecus, boylii, difficilis, and furvus species groups. Similarly, Osgoodomys was placed within a well-supported clade containing members of the californicus, eremicus, leucopus, maniculatus, crinitus, and hooperi species groups. Megadontomys was placed in the large Peromyscus (sensu lato) clade but its position was unresolved.
Bootstrap support and clade probability values indicated strong support (in most cases) for clades located terminally, minimal support for clades in the midregion of topologies, and strong support (for a few nodes) at the base of topologies.
Therefore, resolution and phylogenetic inference varied across the 3 analyses. The pattern of support values is not surprising given caveats and limitations associated with using a rapidly evolving gene such as Cytb to address relationships among genera and subgenera. Although the Cytb gene has proven useful in recovering phylogenetically useful information at a variety of taxonomic levels, strength of its utility can be lineage-dependent and declines with evolutionary depth (Gissi et al. 2000; Springer et al. 2001; Yoder et al. 1996; Zardoya and Meyer 1996). At the outset we assumed that support at basal nodes would be ambiguous. This was the case for the parsimony analysis (Fig. 1), where only a single basal node possessed substantial bootstrap support. However, several basal nodes of the Bayesian tree (Fig. 2) had significant clade probability values. Below we summarize phylogenetic relationships that were consistent across analyses, identify groups of taxa that received support (bootstrap or clade probability values), and comment on status and composition of species groups and genera recognized by previous authors.
In all analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference), multiple samples representing con-specific taxa formed monophyletic clades with the exception of P. mexicanus. One sample of P. mexicanus was sister to the clade containing the 2 samples of P. gymnotis, whereas the 2nd sample of P. mexicanus was basal to that clade. Even if P. gymnotis is not a valid taxon, the amount of genetic divergence among these samples (8.3% Kimura 2-paramenter) warrants additional investigation (Baker and Bradley 2006).
Phylogenetic relationships among species.—Although we were unable to include all taxa in Peromyscus (sensu lato), approximately 70% of the species were examined. The majority of unsampled taxa belong to the eremicus species group and the genus Habromys, where we examined only 1 of 10 species and 2 of 6 species, respectively. In addition, we were unable to include P. sejugis (maniculatus group), P. mekisturus (melanophrys group), P. grandis and P. yucatanicus (mexicanus group), P. bullatus (truei group), P. slevini (indeterminate group), I. flavidus, and M. nelsoni. Given that most taxonomic groups (genera, subgenera, and species groups) were well sampled, the phylogeny depicted in Fig. 2 can be used as a reasonable hypothesis for estimating phylogenetic relationships. To avoid a detailed description of phylogenetic relationships, we refer to Fig. 2 and clades labeled with Roman numerals.
Species groups.—Osgood's (1909) original concept of species groups within the subgenus Peromyscus formed the basis and provided a model for subsequent classifications as reflected in the addition of 7 species groups (aztecus, californicus, crinitus, eremicus, furvus, hooperi, and mexicanus) by Hall and Kelson (1959), Hooper (1968), and Carleton (1989). After the elevation of Habromys to the generic level (Carleton 1989) and the concomitant removal of the lepturus species group, Musser and Carleton (2005) recognized 13 species groups within Peromyscus (sensu stricto). In addition, Musser and Carleton (2005) placed 6 taxa (melanocarpus, mayensis, ochraventer, pectoralis, sagax, and slevini) as incertae sedis.
Given that some species groups are monotypic (californicus, crinitus, and hooped) and others are somewhat underre-presented in our data set (eremicus and megalops), it is relatively difficult to assess their validity. However, if one compares the overall topology, branching patterns, and equivalency of clades, a pattern emerges (Fig. 2) that offers support for recognition of the 13 species groups identified by Musser and Carleton (2005). With the exception of the furvus, mexicanus, and truei species groups, all other species groups with 2 or more taxa are monophyletic and are well supported (clade probability and bootstrap values). The truei species group was split into 2 clades, the difficilis assemblage represented by attwateri, difficilis, nasutus, and ochraventer and the truei assemblage including gratus and truei. Durish et al. (2004) noted this dichotomy and suggested that the 2 assemblages may represent separate species groups.
Four of the 5 taxa (melanocarpus, ochraventer, pectoralis, polius, and slevini) placed as incertae sedis by Musser and Carleton (2005) also were problematic in our analyses. Only the placement of P. ochraventer, which received support for being included in the difficilis assemblage (attwateri, difficilis, and nasutus), was resolved. Placement of P. melanocarpus was unresolved; however, its association with a clade containing members of the furvus, megalops, melanophrys, and mexicanus species groups was well supported. Although P. pectoralis showed some affinity with the truei group, this relationship was not strongly supported; consequently, pectoralis was placed (unresolved) in a clade with members of several species groups. P. polius was placed as the basal member of the Peromyscus (sensu lato) clade; however, the clade probability value of 89 indicated weak support for this arrangement. Placement of P. polius warrants some caution because it is represented by a single sample amplified from a skin clip (Tiemann-Boege et al. 2000).
Relationships among species groups were not well supported, in most cases, probably as an artifact of lack of resolution among clades in the middle regions of the tree. Exceptions included recovery of the aztecus and boylii species groups and the leucopus and maniculatus species groups as sister clades. A clade containing californicus and eremicus group members as well as Osgoodomys was well supported, indicating a strong affiliation among these taxa. Although there was little support for relationships among species groups, there were 3 clades that were well supported and provided phylogenetic information. The 1st clade (II) contained samples representing Osgoodomys and the californicus, eremicus, leucopus, maniculatus, crinitus, and hooperi species groups. The 2nd clade (IV) contained samples representing Habromys, Neotomodon, and Podomys; the truei, boylii, aztecus, and furvus species groups; and ochraventer and pectoralis. The 3rd clade (V) contained samples representing the mexicanus, melanophrys, furvus, and megalops species groups and melanocarpus.
Genera and subgenera.—Examination of the topology and support values associated with Fig. 2 provides several alternative interpretations of the status of genera and subgenera as proposed by Osgood (1909) and subsequent reviewers (Carleton 1980, 1989). First, Baiomys and Ochrotomys are basal to Peromyscus and are distantly removed from Peromyscus, as suggested in several studies (e.g., Engstrom and Bickham 1982; Reeder et al. 2006); in fact Reeder et al. (2006) and Musser and Carleton (2005) recognized Ochrotomys as a new tribe. Second, 5 genera (Habromys, Neotomodon, Podomys, Megadontomys, and Osgoodomys) and the subgenus Haplomylomys are embedded within Peromyscus (sensu stricto) and these arrangements are strongly supported. Therefore, to include all taxa in a monophyletic clade would necessitate recognition of clade I as Peromyscus. This also suggests a more basal position for Isthmomys than previously reported (Carleton 1980; but see Rogers et al. 2005) but has the advantage of supporting the recognition of Baiomys and Reithrodontomys as genera. Another option would be to recognize strongly supported nodes (clades II-V) as equal taxonomic ranks and invoke existing generic names where appropriate. However, this would result in no fewer than 5 generic names to recognize various clades and branching patterns depicted in the phylogenetic tree. This option does not offer a realistic or desirable solution at this time.
Phylogenetic relationships and status of Peromyscus.— Although our study is the most inclusive to date from a taxon-sampling standpoint (we examined approximately 70% of the species in Peromyscus (sensu lato), addition of remaining species and sequence data will impact overall phylogenetic reconstruction of the group. Moreover, in our discussion of phylogenetic relationships and status of species groups and genera we have not included any of the morphologic, allozymic, or chromosome data that are available for these taxa. Given that these complementary data are informative and necessary for testing the question of what is a Peromyscus, we have postponed a formal synthesis (revised classification) until more taxa can be included into a single analysis and these alternative (and potentially new) data sets are considered. However, several observations are worthy of further discussion.
Although it is premature to abandon the use of generic names, with the exception of Isthmomys, the concept of Peromyscus (sensu lato) was supported in all studies for which all genera were represented, including chromosome banding (Rogers et al. 1984; Stangl and Baker, 1984), allozymes (Rogers et al. 2005), and Cytb (present study). In addition, constraining taxa in our molecular data set to correspond to Peromyscus (sensu stricto) resulted in a significantly worse (P < 0.02) tree based on the test of Shimodaira and Hasegawa (1999). Second, the historical concept of species groups received strong support in our study. With a couple of minor discrepancies (placement of mayensis and stirtoni and diphyly of the truei group), the contents and validity of the 13 species groups of Musser and Carleton (2005) were supported by examination of the Cytb data. Levels of congruence among these studies are noteworthy, especially given that many of the species groups were compiled before the formal development of phylogenetic methodologies (Hennig 1966). Additionally, our study illustrates the accuracy and thoroughness of Osgood's (1909) monograph and Carleton's (1989) synthesis. Third, we provide the most comprehensive coverage of molecular phylogenetic relationships at the species level presented to date. Although the Cytb data contain considerable phylogenetic signal, definition of content and resolution of the phylogeny of Peromyscus awaits addition of taxa and sequence data, and synthesis of existing morphological, molecular, and behavioral data sets. Clearly, however, the current concept of the genus as comprising only the former subgenera Peromyscus and Haplomylomys is in need of revision.
We thank B. Amman for providing some of the DNA sequences. J. W. Bickham and R. L. Honeycutt (Texas A&M University) and R. J. Baker (Museum, Texas Tech University) kindly provided tissue loans. R. R. Chambers, M. L. Haynie, J. D. Hanson, A. O. Stallings, and D. D. Henson provided helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DBI-0139501), Professional Development Grants, Department of Integrative Biology and the M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University (to DSR), and by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (DHHS A141435-01 to RDB).
Literature Cited
Appendix I
Specimens examined.—For each specimen examined, the collection locality is given; specimens are from the United States unless otherwise noted. Some sequences were obtained from GenBank and do not have locality data. Museum acronyms, museum catalogue numbers, and GenBank accession numbers (AF, AY, DQ, EF, U, and X) are provided in parentheses, respectively. Abbreviations for museum acronyms (in parentheses and to the left of the semicolon) follow Hafner et al. (1997): Abilene Christian University Natural History Collection (ACUNHC); Angelo State University Museum Natural History Collections (ASNHC); Colección de Mamíferos, del CEAMISH (Centro de Educación Ambiental e Investigatión Sierra de Huautla), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (CMC); Colección Nacional de Mamíferos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CNMA); Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum (BYU); The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ); The Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB); Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU); Royal Ontario Musuem (ROM); Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection (TCWC); United States National Museum (USNM); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); University of Alaska Museum (UAM); University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) and Zaddock Thompson Natural History Collection (ZTNHC). If museum catalogue numbers were unavailable, specimens were referenced with the corresponding collector's numbers: CWK (personal collector number, C. William Kilpatrick, FSH (personal collector number, Charles F. Fulhorst), and KN (personal collector number, K. Nutt), or TK number (special number of the Museum of Texas Tech University).
Baiomys taylori.—Texas; Garza County, 22.5 km S, 0.6 km E Post (TTU54633, AF548469).
Habromys ixtlani.—MEXICO: Oaxaca; Distrito de Ixtlan, 28 km SW (by road) La Esperanza, 2,950 m (BYU15271, DQ861395); 2.2 km N Llano de las Flores, UTM 14-764396E-1931268N (TTU82703, DQ973099; UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK93160, DQ000482).
Isthmomys pirrensis.—PANAMA: Darien; Cerro Pirre, summit, 1,570 m (ROM116308, DQ836298; R0M116309, DQ836299).
Megadontomys cryophilus.—MEXICO: Oaxaca Municipio Teotitlan, 1.5 km S Puerto de la Soledad, 18°9.742″N, 96°59.852″W, 2,600 m (BYU16076, DQ861373).
Megadontomys thomasi.—MEXICO: Guerrero; 6.4 km SSW Filo de Caballo (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK93388, AY195795).
Neotoma mexicana.—New Mexico; Los Alamos County, Los Alamos (TTU79129, AF294345).
Neotomodon alstoni.—MEXICO: Michoacán; Ladera, Cerra del Burror, 3 km W Opopeo-Tacamborro (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK45302, AY195796); Mexico; Nevado de Toluca (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK93093, AY195797); Morelos; Lagunas de Zempoala, 3 km W Huitzilac, 19°02.020′N, 99°17.627′W, 3,018 m (BYU15513, DQ861374).
Nyctomys sumichrasti.—HONDURAS: Atlantida; Lancetilla Botanical Garden (TTU84484, AY195801).
Ochrotomys nuttalli.—Texas; Wood County, 5.6 km SE Quitman (TCWC31929, AY195798).
Onychomys arenicola.—Texas; Presidio County, Big Bend Ranch State Natural Area (TTU67559, AY195793).
Oryzomys palustris.—Texas; Galveston County, Texas City, Virginia Point (TTU82920, DQ185382).
Osgoodomys banderanus.—MEXICO: Jalisco; 6 km SE Chamela (TTU37754, AF155383); Michoacán; Coalcoman, Tehuantepec, 17.5 km WSW Coalcoman, 1,350 m, 18°42.95′N, 103°18.19′W (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK45952, DQ000473).
Ototylomys phyllotis.—MEXICO: Campeche; El Remate 14 km W Tancuche (ASNHC7236, AY009789).
Peromyscus attwateri.—Oklahoma; McIntosh County, 5 km E Dustin (TTU55688, AF155384); Texas; Knox County, 4.8 km E Benjamin (ZTNHC—catalogue number unavailable, DNA27, AF155385).
Peromyscus aztecus—MEXICO: Veracruz; 8.8 km N Huatusco (TCWC47976, U89968).
Peromyscus beatae.—MEXICO: Veracruz; Xometla (TCWC48060, AF131921); Guerrero; 6.4 km SW Filo de Caballo (TCWC45222, AF131922); HONDURAS: Francisco Morazan; 3.2 km NE El Hatillo (TCWC52288, AF131914).
Peromyscus boylii.—California; Monterey County, Hastings Natural History Reservation (MVZ—catalogue number unavailable, KN120, AF155386); Utah; Garfield County, Henry Mountains, Mt. Pennell, Sidehill Spring, 2,652 m (MSB 123149, AF155392); MEXICO: Jalisco; 30 km W Huejuquilla del Alto (TTU81702, AF155388).
Peromyscus californicus.—California; San Diego County, San Onofre State Beach, 5.6 km NNE on Christmas Road (TTU81275, AF155393).
Peromyscus crinitus.—Utah; Emery County, Cottonwood Canyon, 39°16′51.8″N, lll°10′31.9″W (BYU18639, AY376413); Kane County, 59 km E, 25 km N Kanab, UTM 12-414464E-4121440N, 1,450 m (BYU18065, EF028168); 59 km E, 25 km N Kanab, UTM 12-415040E-4121500N, 1,450 m (BYU18029, DQ861378).
Peromyscus difficilis.—MEXICO: Hidalgo; 2.9 km E Jonacapa (TCWC46659, AY376419); Tlaxcala; Mt. Malinche (TCWC48071, AY376415); 18 km N, 9 km E Apizaco (TCWC13084, AY387488). Peromyscus eremicus.—Arizona; Yavapai County, Sycamore Station, 34°23′28.2′N, 112°3′1.3″W (TTU97750, AY195799); California; Los Angeles County, Calabasas Creekside Park (TTU83249, AY322503); MEXICO: Zacatecas; 16.8 mi S Concepcion del Oro (TTU45197, DQ973100).
Peromyscus evides.—MEXICO: Oaxaca; 5.6 km S Suchxtepec (TCWC45185, U89970).
Peromyscus furvus.—MEXICO: Veracruz; 5 km W Naolinco de Victoria, Municipio Naolinco, 19°39′12″N, 96°55′26″W, 1,650 m (CNMA32298, AF271032); Oaxaca; 1.5 km S Puerto de la Soledad, 18°09.742′N, 96°59.852′W, 2,690 m, Municipio Teotitlán (BYU15389, AF271012); Hidalgo, 21.8 km NE Metepec (ZTNHC—catalogue number unavailable, CWK913, AF271005).
Peromyscus gossypinus.—Oklahoma; Seminole County, 5.6 km E Seminole (TTU55019, DQ973101); Texas; Cass County, White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area, UTM 15-350030E-3678790N (TTU80682, DQ973102).
Peromyscus gratus.—MEXICO: Durango; 6.1 km W Coyotes, Hacienda Coyotes, UTM 13-465908E-2634281N (TTU81621, AY322507); Michoacán; 4 km E Costzeo (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK46354, AY376421); Puebla; 5 km SE San Antonia, UTM 14-664598E-2030332N (TTU82701, AY376422).
Peromyscus guatemalensis.—MEXICO: Chiapas; Cerro Mozotal, 15°25.866′N, 92°20.274′W, 2,930 m (CMC550, EF028171; BYU20724, EF028172).
Peromyscus gymnotis.—MEXICO: Chiapas; 21 km SE Mapastepec (TCWC—catalogue number unavailable, AK6026, EF028169; TCWC—catalogue number unavailable, AK6027, EF028170).
Peromyscus hooped.—MEXICO: Coahuila; 24.3 km W Ocampo (TTU104425, DQ973103).
Peromyscus hylocetes.—MEXICO: Michoacán; Puerto Garnica (ZTNHC—catalogue number unavailable, CWK2035, U89976); Estacion Cerra Burror, Microodas; 3,270 m (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK45309, DQ000481).
Peromyscus keeni.—Washington; Gray Harbor County, 0.8 km NE Grisdaley (ZTNHC—catalogue number unavailable, CWK2235, X89787); Alaska; Alexander Archipelago, Bushy Island, Petersburg Quad (UAM50770, AF119261).
Peromyscus leucopus.—Texas; Dickens County, 0.9 km E Afton (TTU—catalogue number unavailable, TK47506, AF131926); La Salle County, Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, UTM 14-454285E-3136441N (TTU104424, DQ973104; TTU101645, DQ000483).
Peromyscus levipes.—MEXICO: Nuevo Leon; Cola de Caballo (TCWC47956, AF131928); Mexico; 12 km S Acamby (TTU82707, AY322509); Querétaro; 13.1 km N, 2.9 km W Amealco (TCWC43468, AF155396).
Peromyscus madrensis.—MEXICO: Nayarit; Isla María Madre (USNM512599, AF155397).
Peromyscus maniculatus.—Texas; Wichita County, 6.5 km S Wichita Falls (TTU38739, DQ000484); Washington; Pierce County, Ft. Lewis, Reganberg Mount (TTU104426, DQ973111); MEXICO: Durango; 6.1 km W Coyotes Hacienda Coyotes, UTM 13-465908E-2634281N (TTU81622, AY322508).
Peromyscus mayensis.—GUATEMALA: Huetenango; Santa Eulalia, 16 km NW Santa (ROM98339, DQ836300; ROM98360, DQ836301).
Peromyscus megalops.—MEXICO: Guerrero; 6.4 km SSW Filo de Caballo (TTU82712, DQ000475).
Peromyscus melanocarpus.—MEXICO: Oaxaca; Municipio Santiago Comaltepec, La Esperanza, 11 km SW Hacienda San Isidro (CMC29192, EF028173); Municipio Tlahuitoltepec, vicinity Santa Maria Yacochi, 17°15″N, 96°00′45″W, 2,400 m (CMC 136, EF028175).
Peromyscus melanophrys.—MEXICO: Durango; 2.2 km S, 2.5 km E Vicente Guerrero (TTU75509, AY322510); Jalisco; 30 km W Huejuqilla del Alto (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK48638, AY376424); Zacatecas; 16.8 km S Concepcion del Oro (TTU49351, DQ973105).
Peromyscus melanotis— MEXICO: Durango; 12 km E Ojitos, UTM 13-385011E-2775718N (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK70997, AF155398).
Peromyscus mexicanus.—MEXICO: Chiapas; 14.4 km N Ocozocoaulta, 15-451772E-1864243N (TTU82759, AY376425); Veracruz; 10 km SE (por carretera) Zongolica, 1,850 m, (CNMA34309, EF028174).
Peromyscus nasutus.—New Mexico; Lincoln County, 6.4 km S Carrizozo (TTU78401, AF155399); Texas; Jeff Davis County, Mt. Livermore Preserve, UTM 13-579953E-3389871N (TTU78316, AY376426).
Peromyscus nudipes.—COSTA RICA: Heredia; 2 km NE Getze-mani, 10.04612°N, 84.10377°W (MSB61868, AY041200).
Peromyscus oaxacensis.—MEXICO: Oaxaca; 1.4 km N Llano de las Flores (TCWC45192, U89972).
Peromyscus ochraventer.—MEXICO: San Luis Potosi; 0.8 km E Las Abritas (TCWC48405, DQ973106).
Peromyscus pectoralis.—Texas; Kimble County, Walter Buck Wildlife Management Area, UTM 14-423359E-3366337N (TTU71252; AF155400); MEXICO: Durango; 2.4 km SE Los Herreras (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK48519, AY322511); Jalisco; 30 km W Huejuquilla del Alto (UNAM— catalogue number unavailable, TK48642, AY376427).
Peromyscus perfulvus.—MEXICO: Michoacán; Tunel de Riego, 2 km E Cerro Colorado, 1,290 m, 19°19′220″N, 100°28′308″W (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK47926, DQ000474).
Peromyscus polionotus.—Captive reared (Peromyscus Stock Center, Columbia, South Carolina; X89792).
Peromyscus polius.—MEXICO: Chihuahua; 4.8 km SW Santa Barbara (TCWC47255, AF155403).
Peromyscus sagax.—MEXICO: Michoacán; Puerto Garnica (ZTNHC—catalogue number unavailable, CWK2032, AF155404).
Peromyscus schmidlyi.—MEXICO: Durango; 30 km SW Ojitos (TTU81635, AY322520); 12 km E Ojitos, UTM 13-385011E-2775718N (TTU81602, AF155405); 6.1 km W Coyotes, UTM 13-465908E-2634281N (TTU81617, AY370610).
Peromyscus simulus.—MEXCIO: Sinaloa; 6.4 km E Concordia, Highway 40 (TCWC45592, AF131927).
Peromyscus spicilegus.—MEXICO: Durango; San Juan de Camar-ones, UTM 13-356961E-2757448N (TTU81640, AY322512; UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK70919, DQ973107); Michoacán; km 81 carr. Ario de Rosales-La Huacana, 1,602 m, 19°10′59″N, 101°43′42″W (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK47888, DQ000480).
Peromyscus stephani.—MEXICO: Sonora; Isla San Esteban (UMMZ117385, AF155411).
Peromyscus stirtoni.—NICARAGUA: Parque Nacional, Volcan Masaya (MCZ61922, DQ973108).
Peromyscus truei.—Arizona; Apache County, 35°34′51″N, 109°34′33″W (TTU104427, AY376433); California; Alameda County, Strawberry Canyon (MVZ157329, AF108703); Texas; Armstrong County, 1.2 km N, 10 km E Wayside (TTU61543, AY376428).
Peromyscus winkelmanni.—MEXICO: Michoacán; 11 km WSW Dos Aguas (TCWC45621, AF131930); Guerrero; Filo de Caballo (TCWC45175, U89983).
Peromyscus zarhynchus.—MEXICO: Chiapas; Yalentay, UTM 15-524171E-1852456N (UNAM—catalogue number unavailable, TK93297, AY195800); Municipio Chamula, Cerro Tzontehuitz, 13 km NE San Christobal de la Cases (BYU14469, EF028169).
Podomys floridanus.—Florida; Columbia County, O'leno State Park (TTU97867, DQ973109; TTU97868, DQ973110).
Reithrodontomys megalotis.—Texas; Lubbock County, Lubbock Lake Landmark State Historical Park (TTU40942, AF176248).
Reithrodontomys mexicanus.—MEXICO: Chiapas; 6 km E Rayon (ROM97843, AY859447).
Sigmodon hispidus.—Florida; Dade County, Homestead Air Force Reserve Base golf course (FSH33, AF155420).
Tylomys nudicaudatus.—GUATEMALA: Izabal, Cerro San Gil (TTU62082, AF307839).+


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ToremifeneAlternative Names: Fareston; FC 1157; FC 1157a; NK 622; Toremifene citrate
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Malware Analysts Cookbook and DVD
Malware analyst's cookbook and dvd by Michael Ligh, Steven Adair, Blake Hartstein, Matthew Richard A computer forensics "how-to" for fighting malicious code and analyzing incidents With our ever-increasing reliance on computers comes an ever-growing risk of malware. Security professionals will find.... Published date on: 2010-09-29 with total page: 744 pages. Publisher of Malware Analyst's Cookbook and DVD is John Wiley & Sons.
A computer forensics "how-to" for fighting malicious code and analyzing incidents With our ever-increasing reliance on computers comes an ever-growing risk of malware. Security professionals will find plenty of solutions in this book to the problems posed by viruses, Trojan horses, worms, spyware, rootkits, adware, and other invasive software. Written by well-known malware experts, this guide reveals solutions to numerous problems and includes a DVD of custom programs and tools that illustrate the concepts, enhancing your skills. Security professionals face a constant battle against malicious software; this practical manual will improve your analytical capabilities and provide dozens of valuable and innovative solutions Covers classifying malware, packing and unpacking, dynamic malware analysis, decoding and decrypting, rootkit detection, memory forensics, open source malware research, and much more Includes generous amounts of source code in C, Python, and Perl to extend your favorite tools or build new ones, and custom programs on the DVD to demonstrate the solutions Malware Analyst's Cookbook is indispensible to IT security administrators, incident responders, forensic analysts, and malware researchers.
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The Best of the Music & Art Scene In New York From A to G. Daily!
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The fate of the most substantial piece of child welfare legislation in the last 10 years rests in the hands of a few U.S. Senators this week.
by Ashley Balcerzak and Alec Goodwin This party appeared to have all the ingredients for success, as th...
Earlier this month, allegedly mentally ill Kyle Odom shot pastor Tim Remington in Idaho because he "knew" the pastor was a Martian. In his untreated...
While Sandoval is by no means the only person being vetted, he is probably the most conservative candidate Obama is considering. In this instance, leaking Sandoval's name would make sense for two reasons.
Ask tough questions, and maybe, in the absence of GOP senators, have one of the Democratic senators play the role that someone usually does in preparing a presidential candidate for a debate.
It is critical that the voting public stay vigilant to see which of 53 Republican senators actually stand up to the NRA, at great risk to their careers, and reverse their despicable voting stance.
I was shocked to learn that my U.S. Senator, Johnny Isakson, made the list. Could the legislator, one of the most respected members of the Senate and the state of Georgia, be a secret Klansman?
The Billings Gazette has revealed that coal mining company Cloudpeak Energy ghost wrote protest letters to the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI) on behalf of allied policymakers and business groups.
Republican Senators are playing hide and seek with victims of sex trafficking. The U.S. Department of Justice now estimates that approximately 300,000 American children are at risk of being prostituted in the U.S. -- at an average age of 13 or 14.
Human faces get lost in congressional rancor. Senators accuse one another of subterfuge and betrayal. Republicans accuse Democrats of one thing, Democrats accuse Republicans of another.
It would be surprising if any member of the Supreme Court would take the King v. Burwell petitioners' wholly unsubstantiated assertions about former Sen. Ben Nelson's critical role in the passage of the Affordable Care Act at face value, particularly in light of his direct and explicit contradiction of those assertions.
I am disheartened by the decision made by Senator John Cornyn, the incoming Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, to remove "Civil Rights" and "Human Rights" from the name of the Subcommittee.
We must take action to combat sex trafficking all around the world. But we must first start in our own backyard.
It doesn't really matter if a super PAC violated the technical definition of coordination. Contributions to super PACs set up by the candidates' allies are effectively the same as contributions to candidates, which is why they are just as likely to be corrupting.
On April 9, the US Senate held its first hearing on the proposed Comcast-Time Warner deal -- a $45 billion transaction that will affect millions of consumers and further pad some already well-lined pockets.


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On the only occasion in the past ten years that Sir Alex Ferguson allowed a journalist into his home, he talked of his love of reading. He showed off his extensive library. There, on tightly packed shelves, were Truman's memoirs, books about the Alamo and Rorke's Drift, biographies of Ali, Kennedy, Mandela, Sinatra and his favourite, When Pride Still Mattered, about Vince Lombardi, the legendary coach of the Green Bay Packers American football team in the 1960s.
Ferguson never met Lombardi, who died in 1970, but he sees a lot of himself in the pages of that biography. Many of


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