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- published: 19 Oct 2016
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Coordinates: 33°N 44°E / 33°N 44°E / 33; 44
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/, i/ɪˈrɑːk/, or /aɪˈræk/; Arabic: العراق al-'Irāq, Kurdish: Êraq), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق Jumhūrīyat al-'Irāq; Kurdish: كۆماری عێراق Komar-i 'Êraq), is a country in Western Asia. The country borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The southern part of Iraq is within the Arabian Peninsula. The capital, Baghdad, is in the centre of the country and its largest city. The largest ethnic groups in Iraq are Arabs and Kurds. Other ethnic groups include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Shia or Sunni Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present.
Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf and its territory encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through the centre of Iraq and flow into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land.
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Subscribe to France 24 now : http://f24.my/youtubeEN FRANCE 24 live news stream: all the latest news 24/7 http://f24.my/YTliveEN A few weeks before Iraqi and Kurdish forces launched their offensive to retake Mosul from Islamic State group jihadists, our reporters in Iraq witnessed the final preparations for the strategic battle. FRANCE 24 brings you an exclusive report, filmed at the end of August in northern Iraq. Our reporters travelled to the Kurdish front line, where block by block, the Peshmerga have retaken eleven villages around Mosul, the largest city in northern Iraq and the stronghold of the Islamic State (IS) group since June 2014. Our team also went to Qayyarah, a town located around 60 km south of Mosul, where the Iraqi army has set up its rear area position and was busy p...
Iraq army to attack Mosul to finish ISIS. Watch the full segment for more details. Zee News always stay ahead in bringing current affairs from all the valley of National interest, Politics, Entertainment, Sports and International happenings. We take you to the depth of every matter by providing every small detail and makes you familiar with all the happening around you. Zee News is the highly popular Hindi News channel of India's largest television network ZMCL. The channel, which has a huge following in India and abroad, has won several prestigious national and international awards. Among its popular programs are - Dr. Subhash Chandra Show: https://goo.gl/fCugXC Daily News and Analysis: https://goo.gl/B8eVsD Manthan: https://goo.gl/6q0wUN Fast n Facts: https://goo.gl/kW2MYV Yo...
RAW footage Massive Air strikes ISLAMIC state fleeing Fallujah Iraq Breaking News July 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8N_31e9ZEw Breaking Islamic State terrorists Flee Fallujah Iraq RAW footage Third Battle of Fallujah code named Operation Breaking Terrorism June 28 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc7s6DLSFIs Breaking Road to Mosul Fallujah Iraq liberated June 28 2016 News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUX3ZTdNy-w Breaking USA ISLAMIC terrorist attack Pulse Nightclub 50 dead 50+ injured June 12 2016 News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LJlfsFi9WY RAW footage Florida Night club terrorist attack ISLAMIC State claims June 12 2016 News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7ug5vx8JCI BREAKING Barack Hussein Obama demands gun control to strip USA citizens protecton against terror...
Breaking Islamic State Leader Omar the Chechen killed near Mosul IRAQ July 14 2016 ISIS ISIL key commander Omar al-Shishani dead http://www.iran-daily.com/News/154959.html Breaking Islamic State terrorists Flee Fallujah Iraq RAW footage July 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bd6xYLWefsk RAW footage Massive Air strikes ISLAMIC state fleeing Fallujah Iraq Breaking News 30 June 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8N_31e9ZEw Breaking Islamic State terrorists Flee Fallujah Iraq RAW footage Third Battle of Fallujah code named Operation Breaking Terrorism June 28 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc7s6DLSFIs Breaking Road to Mosul Fallujah Iraq liberated June 28 2016 News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUX3ZTdNy-w Breaking USA ISLAMIC terrorist attack Pulse Nightclub 50 dead 50+ inj...
Subscribe to France 24 now: http://f24.my/youtubeEN FRANCE 24 live news stream: all the latest news 24/7 http://f24.my/YTliveEN REPORTERS : In the Iraqi army and on social networks, he's an icon. Abu Azrael, a Rambo-like Shiite militiaman, has helped push back the Islamic State (IS) group in Iraq. Our reporters went to meet him. Visit our website: http://www.france24.com Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=france24english Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FRANCE24.English Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/France24_en
The BBC's Jonathan Beale witnesses militant attacks on Iraqi forces as they clear villages around the IS-held city of Mosul ahead of an advance on the city itself. Please subscribe HERE http://bit.ly/1rbfUog World In Pictures https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBX37n4R0UGJN-TLiQOm7ZTP Big Hitters https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBUME-LUrFkDwFmiEc3jwMXP Just Good News https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBUsYo_P26cjihXLN-k3w246
Iraqi forces continued to battle Islamic State militants for control of the Mosul university complex, an area of psychological significance in the operation to liberate Iraq's second city from the extremists. (Jan. 14) Subscribe for more Breaking News: http://smarturl.it/AssociatedPress Get updates and more Breaking News here: http://smarturl.it/APBreakingNews The Associated Press is the essential global news network, delivering fast, unbiased news from every corner of the world to all media platforms and formats. AP's commitment to independent, comprehensive journalism has deep roots. Founded in 1846, AP has covered all the major news events of the past 165 years, providing high-quality, informed reporting of everything from wars and elections to championship games and royal wedding...
Backed by the U.S., Iraqi forces launched a massive offensive overnight to wrestle control of Mosul, the country's second-largest city, from the hands of ISIS. The attack is the largest ever operation against the terror group. NBC's chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel reports for TODAY from northern Iraq. » Subscribe to TODAY: http://on.today.com/SubscribeToTODAY » Watch the latest from TODAY: http://bit.ly/LatestTODAY About: TODAY brings you the latest headlines and expert tips on money, health and parenting. We wake up every morning to give you and your family all you need to start your day. If it matters to you, it matters to us. We are in the people business. Subscribe to our channel for exclusive TODAY archival footage & our original web series. Connect with TODAY Online! Vi...
In 2014, Islamic State militants swept into Western Iraq's Anbar Province, overrunning Iraqi security forces, enslaving minorities, and causing thousands to flee for their lives. The jihadist group captured Iraq's largest city, Mosul, and the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah, where hundreds of US troops died fighting the Islamic State's predecessor. Now, two years later, the Iraqi security forces, with help from Iranian-supported Shiite militias and US military advisors and warplanes, are fighting to take back towns and cities in Anbar, one battle at a time. But it's a difficult task: Anbar has been the crucible of Iraq's insurgency, and is the country's Sunni heartland — long marginalized by and hostile to the Shiite-led government in Baghdad. VICE News embedded with Iraq's Golden Di...
In the east of Mosul, street to street battles are raging. The BBC's Middle East Correspondent Quentin Sommerville reports on the stiff resistance from IS who are fighting back with sniper fire and suicide bombings. Please subscribe HERE http://bit.ly/1rbfUog World In Pictures https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBX37n4R0UGJN-TLiQOm7ZTP Big Hitters https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBUME-LUrFkDwFmiEc3jwMXP Just Good News https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS3XGZxi7cBUsYo_P26cjihXLN-k3w246
Visit our website for more information: www.kurdistaninbusiness.nl
When then-U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton voted to authorize the war against Iraq in 2002, she justified her support of the invasion as a way to protect America's national security. But less than a decade later, as secretary of state, Clinton promoted the war-torn country as a place where American corporations could make big money... Read More At: http://www.ibtimes.com/campaign-2016-hillary-clinton-pitched-iraq-business-opportunity-us-corporations-2121999 Clip from the Thursday, October 1st 2015 edition of The Kyle Kulinski Show, which airs live on Blog Talk Radio and Secular Talk Radio monday - friday 4-6pm Eastern. Check out our website - and become a member - at: http://www.SecularTalkRadio.com Listen to the Live Show or On Demand archive at: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/kylekulinski Fo...
Nick, Jordan, and Claire's final country project.
"It's time for the United States to start thinking of Iraq as a business opportunity," she said in a 2011 speech. Credit to David Sirota for finding the quote: http://www.ibtimes.com/campaign-2016-hillary-clinton-pitched-iraq-business-opportunity-us-corporations-2121999
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the Business Forum Promoting Commercial Opportunities in Iraq, at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on June 3, 2011. [Go to http://www.state.gov/video for text transcript and more video.]
Vlog providing an overview of our Business Development Services we offer in our B2B Procurement Rebuilding Iraq. Subscribe to our Ziyen channel for more Vlogs - http://bit.ly/1RQBRV4 If you find this of interest, then my previous Vlogs will be of interest * Overview of Rebuilding Iraq B2B Procurement Portal * Nothing is free, time is money - Dont waste it! - https://youtu.be/iKoLsICvUIQ * 6 key tips to update your LinkedIn Profile to ensure you have a professional personal brand - https://youtu.be/MBga9yJVqyc * 7 key techniques to improve your LinkedIn posts - https://youtu.be/LYxnpnwqVzQ * Why entrepreneurs need to show their passion for sales to succeed - https://youtu.be/wATw9mJYEYw * Analyze your competitors through Facebook Insights - https://youtu.be/8eN461p0aSY • Billion Dollar ...
Warning: Video contains graphic images #NeverHillary #BernieOrBust #CantStopTheRevolution #PoliticalRevolution #FeelTheBern 2014 - Hillary Clinton laughs about the "hard choices" of sending US soldiers to the Middle East, while admitting she made a mistake voting to authorize the Iraq War. 2011 - Hillary Clinton is excited about Iraq's promising future as a business opportunity for US companies and Oil. 2002 - Hillary Clinton parrots Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld as she votes "with conviction" to give Bush the authorization to invade Iraq. Check out my blogs: Mystical Poetry and Politics: http://www.mysticalpoetryandpolitics.com/ Mystical Musings and Politics: http://mysticalmusingsandpolitics.blogspot.com/ Watch Ancient Aliens Online: http://watchancientaliensonline.blogspot.com/
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton participates in the Business Forum Promoting Commercial Opportunities in Iraq Q&A, at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on June 3, 2011. [Go to http://www.state.gov/video for text transcript and more video.]
Is Hillary Clinton a War Hawk, in her own words.
Subscribe to our channel http://bit.ly/AJSubscribe Roadtrip Iraq is crossing the country from north to south, taking the pulse of a nation that is no longer at war but neither at peace. Subscribe to our channel http://bit.ly/AJSubscribe Follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/AJEnglish Find us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/aljazeera Check our website: http://www.aljazeera.com/ At Al Jazeera English, we focus on people and events that affect people's lives. We bring topics to light that often go under-reported, listening to all sides of the story and giving a 'voice to the voiceless.' Reaching more than 270 million households in over 140 countries across the globe, our viewers trust Al Jazeera English to keep them informed, inspired, and entertained. Our impartial, fact-based r...
For more Info visit us here: http://sharqorganization.org SHARQ Organization provides food Baskets for Christian and other minorities IDPs who flee from ISIS in Nineveh and Nineveh Plain to Kurdistan. Thanks for Rescue Christian who funded this Relief Program
An Iraqi traditional dance and music. I transited in Doha on my way to London and this is what I came across. It was part of an Arab culture event, and a fantastic approach to the Islamic world!
'Chicago Tonight - Art Beat' on WTTW (December 12, 2006)
أنتج مكتب يونسكو العراق بالتعاون مع مجلس الدولة العراقي للآثار والتراث ثلاثة فيديوهات ضمن إطار حملة #متحدون_مع_التراث. الفيديوهات هي جزء من حملة توعية تهدف إلى اخبار الجمهور العام، المجتمع العراقي، الدول الإقليمية وسوق الفن العالمي عن أهمية حماية التراث الثقافي العراقي ومنع عمليات السلب والنهب والاتجار غير المشروع بالممتلكات الثقافية. تم إنتاج المقاطع بدعم سخي من وزارة الشؤون الخارجية النرويجية. #تراثك_هويتك #متحدون_مع_التراث Within the framework of the Unite for Heritage campaign (#unite4heritage) the UNESCO Office for Iraq produced three video clips in collaboration with the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage. The videos are part of an awareness campaign aiming to inform the general public, Iraqi community, regional countries and the international art market about the im...
Here is some more video on the entertainment on offer yesterday at the Iraqi Cultural Festival, Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre.
English description bellow, read! Primeira Nail Art da nossa série "Mani mundo" escolhida por sorteio! Assista o vídeo completo e descubra no final o próximo país! Não deixem de deixar sua contribuição de idéias para a próxima nail art! Beijinhos!!! First Nail Art inspired by a country in our serie: "Mani mundo". Index finger: I want to represent the handmade wool carpet from ancient culture representing the Iraq´s culture. Middle finger: The architecture from Baghdad, the capital. Ring finger: the flag colours and an attempt to write "Iraq" in Arabic (sorry everyone who speaks Arabic - its only an attempt) Little finger and thumb: black for the war, the pain, all the lives lost. I love the phrase on the flag: (God is bigger) At the end of the video the next country chosen. Don't forget...
Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport In the 14th century a Muslim historian named Ibn Khaldun wrote about the pattern of history. Farmers would build irrigation systems supporting villages and towns. Later some warrior would bring these towns under his rule and form a united political entity, like a kingdom or an empire. Then a tribe of nomads would come along and conquer the kingdom, seize all the holdings and settle in their place and further expand the new empire. As time went by the nomads would assimilate and become soft city dwellers. Exactly the kind of people they had conquered and at this point another tribe of nomads would come along and conquer them and take their empire. Conquest, consolidation, expansion, degeneration and conquest, this...
Five years after the invasion, Iraq's health care system remains in crisis. Hospitals have to deal with the aftermath of bombs and shootings on a daily basis. It is very hard for doctors to do their job. They often lack basic equipment and the necessary drugs to treat the injured. And many health workers have just been murdered or kidnapped.
Nov 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/guardianfilms+world/iraq Nearly three years of violence have left Iraq on the verge of a collective breakdown. With limited medical treatment available, Iraqis are turning to powerful mind-altering drugs to ease their pain. One year ago, 12 year old Walla watched a suicide bomber blow himself up, killing her best friend. "There was blood everywhere; his eye was hanging out." She demonstrates all the classic symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder but has received no treatment. Half the country's psychiatrists have left since the war so people self-medicate on powerful drugs. "The new users are the educated class who know what the drugs are made of", states one pharmacist. The most popular are anti-tremor pills like Artane, meant for Park...
Dr. F.A. Al-Alusi, Chair of Internal Medicine at Baghdad University, and Dr. Eric Stover, Director of the Human Rights Center at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, examine the health consequences of the Iraq War on combatants and civilians. [6/2009] [Public Affairs] [Health and Medicine] [Professional Medical Education] [Show ID: 16558]
Numerous reports indicate that a large percentage of soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan are suffering from mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The Oversight Committee holds a hearing with afflicted soldiers and their families, and examine the ability of the DOD and the VA to screen, treat, and track returning soldiers who are at risk, and assess the impact that these illnesses are having on military readiness and military families. Army Specialist Thomas Smith and Army Specialist Michael Bloodworth give opening remarks.
Years of violence in Iraq has left a severe shortage of doctors, nurses and the most basic medicine. Areas outside Baghdad particularly suffer from the frail state of health-care. As Jane Arraf reports from Baghdad, children are often the most vulnerable.
: Abby Martin calls attention to the gross underestimation of Iraq War casualties, and calls out the WHO over a report that blatantly covers up the connection between the use of depleted uranium by occupation forces and congenital birth defects among Iraqis. LIKE Breaking the Set @ http://fb.me/BreakingTheSet FOLLOW Abby Martin @ http://twitter.com/AbbyMartin
Arabic/Eng/Nat Four months after being gunned down in Iraq, Saddam Hussein's eldest son Uday Hussein said Tuesday he expected to be able to walk again within weeks. German and Iraqi doctors operated on Uday Sunday. Officials said the surgery was to remove a bullet that lodged near the patient's spine, but Uday himself told APTV the surgery was to repair his shattered left leg. Uday Hussein is still in hospital following last December's assassination attempt. On Tuesday, he spoke to APTV two days after German and Iraqi doctors operated on him. SOUNDBITE: (Arabic) "The operation was carried out last Sunday by a group of foreign surgeons from friendly countries. Some Iraqi doctors also took part - with the exception of the French. The operation was successful and I ...
T/I 10:44:59 Iraq's health minister claimed on Monday (9/9) many people would die needlessly if Iraq's oil-for-food agreement with the United Nations is not implemented. Dr Omid Midhat said the situation in Iraq had improved following the recent fighting there, because the oil pipeline allowing Iraq to export oil through Turkey is now under the control of a pro-Iraqi Kurdish group, which allows oil to flow unimpeded. The minister went on to say the situation in hospitals in Iraq is serious due to the interantional economic sanctions still in effect against Saddam Hussein. SHOWS: BAGHDAD, IRAQ, 9/9 WS of children's hospital ward; Various of children in hospital beds, suffering from different ailments; CU of child with puffy eyes; WS presser; SOT Iraqi Health Minister D...
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Keep us alive by supporting us with a small one-time or monthly donation: https://goo.gl/709Nqs Iraq War - Iraqi Special Forces In Heavy Combat Action Against ISIS. Heavy Clashes Fighting And Fireifghts Between Iraqi Special Forces And ISIS. Iraqi Special Forces on the battlefield in Iraq. Iraqi Army In Combat Against Al Qaeda In Anbar Iraq. Iraqi Army In Heavy Fighting Firefights And Combat During Clashes In Anbar Iraq. Learn more about the War in Iraq - Amazon: http://amzn.to/1FGBael Learn more about the Insurgents Tactics - Amazon : http://amzn.to/1LpWZ1T SUBSCRIBE to WarLeaks for more combat footage and like our facebook page WWW.FB.COM/WARLEAKER for more footage.
Subscribe to BBC News www.youtube.com/bbcnews Take a look at our data visualization and find out how the American military adapted it's tactics in the face of changing threats from their enemies in Iraq. The Americans reacted each time by enhancing and upgrading their equipment. But the military forces were often criticised for the slow pace at which they adopted these measures. Subscribe http://www.youtube.com/bbcnews Check out our website: http://www.bbc.com/news Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/bbcworldnews Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/bbcworld Instagram: http://instagram.com/bbcnews
Stock footage link: http://www.footagefile.net/media.details.php?mediaID=MDE1NTk4ZDI4Y2Y0MDk=
Iraqi military forces show a captured ISIS car bomb Iraq War Map: http://bit.ly/1HO0Za9 Facebook: http://bit.ly/1NQPKEr SUBSCRIBE to FA Productions: http://bit.ly/1iZCq3H http://www.fuerzasarmadasgroup.com/ All rights reserved Fuerzas Armadas™ 2016 About the video / Community guidelines: This footage is NOT intended to be violent, shocking, sensational, disrespectful or glorify violence in any way.
Mission Accomplished: Langan in Iraq (2004) - The definitive grassroots view of the Iraqi invasion. For similar stories see our Iraq War playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlGSlkijht5hk-84ht_Az8d-rgBKgZqP0 What was life really like in Saddam's Iraq? https://youtu.be/JuN1AS5-1CY Inside Blackwater: Iraq's Most Controversial Private Military Contractor https://youtu.be/hDODC0mgQ68 Subscribe to Journeyman for more: http://www.youtube.com/journeymanpictures For downloads and more information visit: http://www.journeyman.tv/17426/documentaries/mission-accomplished-langan-in-iraq.html Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/journeymanpictures Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/JourneymanVOD https://twitter.com/JourneymanNews Follow us on Instagram: https://instag...
ISIL Attack Military base and take Tanks | ISIL iraq war | VIDEO Iraq crisis and War in Iraq. ISIL attack Mosul. Tanks abandoned by Iraqi government troops as ISIL militants advanced on Kirkuk province army tanks appeared to have been abandoned in a field in Iraq's Kirkuk province after government troops abandoned their posts and what appeared to be Sunni ISIL rebels initially took over the area, a video posted on the internet showed. ISIS Iraq Crisis | Militants Attack | Tikrit After Taking Over Mosul Thanks for comment, subscribe to updates http://goo.gl/VN5WVg Follow us Twitter @newsdailyplanet .
As each summoned the other's ambassador in a growing row, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi has warned Turkey that it risks triggering a regional war by keeping troops in Iraq. The Syrian civil war and the rise of the Islamic State militant group have broadly strained relations between the two regional powers already. Last week Turkey's parliament voted to extend its military presence in Iraq for a further year in order to take on what it called "terrorist organizations." The reference likely included Kurdish rebels as well as Islamic State. On Tuesday night, Iraq's parliament responded by condemning the vote and calling for Turkey to pull its estimated 2,000 troops out of areas across northern Iraq. http://feeds.reuters.com/~r/reuters/topNews/~3/XU-fnvBT1DY/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turke...
The rationale for the Iraq War (i.e. the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent hostilities) has been a contentious issue since the Bush administration began actively pressing for military intervention in Iraq in late 2001. The primary rationalization for the Iraq War was articulated by a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress known as the Iraq Resolution. The U.S. stated that the intent was to remove "a regime that developed and used weapons of mass destruction, that harbored and supported terrorists, committed outrageous human rights abuses, and defied the just demands of the United Nations and the world". Additional reasons have been suggested: "to change the Middle East so as to deny support for militant Islam by pressuring or transforming the nations and transnational systems that suppo...
Iraq War 2017 - helmet cam footage shows Iraqi Special Forces advance on ISIS positions in the streets of Mosul. With 2017 having started the battle for Mosul is still ongoing and Iraqi forces pushing hard to fight back ISIS fighters defending the town with heavy clashes being reported on a daily basis. ►Support WarLeaks with a PayPal Donation: https://goo.gl/709Nqs ►Follow Warleaks on Twitter at https://twitter.com/warleaksyt ►Subscribe to WarLeaks Daily Military Defense Videos & Combat Footage for more military videos: http://bit.ly/Nnic4n ►Follow Warleaks on Facebook at https://FB.com/WARLEAKER
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The new Iraq Sports City in Karbala is nearly finished on Sunday (15th May) - including the holy city's International and Olympic Stadia. Pictures from Iraq show the site of a new sports project in the holy city of Karbala called the 'Sports City'. The destination of millions of Shi'ite pilgrims visiting the shrine of prophet Mohammed's grandson, Karbala is now looking to attract a new kind of visitor. Sports City is close to completion and the brainchild of the Iraq ministry of youth and sports covers an area of approximately 315 square kilometres. Work started on the project in 2012. The completed site will contain: an international football stadium with 30,000 capacity, a 2,000-seater athletics stadium, and a new training facility for Karbala's football team. Bombing attacks across...
funny dive!!
AKG Engineering - Al Shorta Sports City This is the plan for the design of Al Shorta Sports City, the sports complex for Al Shorta Sports Club that is currently under construction.
In December 2013, 14 athletes and coaches traveled from Iraq to Washington, D.C. and Cary, North Carolina for the NCAA Soccer Championships. They returned home educated, equipped, empowered and entrusted to empower women and girls in their communities.
1. Soldiers watching American football 2. Players throwing ball to quarterback to wideshot of game 3. Various of soldiers watching American football 4. Quarterback throwing ball 5. Various of game 6. Quarterback throwing to receivers with mosque in background 7. Long shot of game with mosque in background 8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Keith Wilson, Private First Class - 82nd Airborne Division: "It's not my first Thanksgiving away from my family, but you know under these conditions, I miss them, I miss my family but it ain't too bad, it could be worse." 9. SOUNDBITE: (English) Sergeant Kenneth Smith, 82nd Airborne Division: "You learn to deal with it, you create a special bond with your friends here, you know you deploy with these guys, different people from all different walks of lif...
1. Various of US troops in full battle armour standing guard outside the Olympic Stadium of Baghdad 2. Basketball match begins 3. Various of US soldiers watching the game 4. Iraqi fans support their team 5. US fans support theirs 6. Various of the game 7. SOUNDBITE (English) Abdoul Surkhi, Al-Kharkh club: "They were not a bad team but not too good. We won the game. I was hopeful before the game started, we wanted to beat the Americans and we did it!" 8. Teams shaking hands after the game 9. SOUNDBITE (English) Lieutenant Charles Shark, US soldier "You could tell their guys are good athletes. It was a pleasure to play against them. We stay pretty busy most of the day. It is nice to get out and get some PT ( physical training). Yeah, these guys are good, it's an honour play a...
Planning to visit Iraq? Check out our Iraq Travel Guide video and see top most Tourist Attractions in Iraq. Top Places to visit in Iraq: Ziggurat of Ur, National Museum of Iraq, Baghdadi Museum, Wadi-us-Salaam Cemetery, Al-Shaheed Monument, Baghdad Zoo, Great Mosque of Samarra, Imam Husayn Shrine, Imam Ali Mosque, Hatra Ruins, Kurdish Textile and Cultural Museum, Sami Abdul Rahman Park, Erbil Kurdistan, Mazi Plus Mall, Shanadar Park Subscribe to Social Bubble: https://www.youtube.com/c/SocialBubbleNashik?sub_confirmation=1 To go to the World Travel Guide playlist go to: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3wNXIKi7sz3IilVSbByNJzEsCmsbIgv1 Visit our Website: http://socialbubble.global Follow us on Google+: https://plus.google.com/+SocialBubbleNashik Follow us on Facebook: https://www...
Iran – formerly Persia - is the biggest country of the Middle East. Due to the fact that sky-high snowy mountains, extended deserts, verdant oases, turquoise cupola mosques and cultural and architectural relic sites of World Heritage are waiting for all visitors it can be a very desirable destination even for tourists who continuously look for the new and varied.In Tehran the luxurious palaces of Persian shahs, the Museum of Archaeology and the Museum of Carpets and Rugs are the sights that "must" be seen. Yazd and Kerman is well-known for their mosques and bazaars, Naqsh-e Rustam is for its rock-hewn tombs, Rayen and Persepolis are for the remains of their palaces and castles from the time of the Persian Empire. The two most beautiful cities of Iran are the splendidly situated Shiraz and ...
Each year we take 2 group tours to Iraqi Kurdistan. Travelling from Diyarbakir in Kurdish Turkey down across the Iraq border and around Erbil, Duhok, Lalish, Rawanduz, Sulaymaniyah and Halabja. Our tours cost $1200 / £799 and can be booked via www.lupinetravel.co.uk Music by: B.Music (tracks 1 & 3) - https://www.facebook.com/BMusic.Kurdistan Peshmerga track - unknown artist
Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information Baghdad Travel - Iraq Tourist Information 10. Barcelona - The city is a pioneer in smart city and low-carbon solutions. 9. Hong Kong - The city has also been a leader in the use and adoption of smart cards, which are already used by millions of residents for services like public transit, library access, building access, shopping, and car parks. 8. Copenhagen - The city has committed to carbon neutrality by 2025 and 40%...
The ancient city of Baghdad and the largest city and capital of Iraq... This movie showcases the beauty of this magnificent, vibrant, awesome and stunning metropolis inhabited by more than 9 million Iraqis... The slide images featured in this movie will show you a glimpse of life in this world center and beacon of mankind's history, heritage and culture throughout the ages and its many contributions to Arabic, Islamic and other world cultural advancements since the time and rise of the early Mesopotamian civilizations established in Iraq more than 6000 years ago ... Baghdad is also known by its other name, Dar-Us-Salam or the city of peace and it is the first round city in the world... Magnificent places you won't believe your eyes and you wouldn't think 10,000+ ancient and wonderful place...
Getting There: Iraqi Kurdistan has two international airports, Erbil and Sulaimany. Currently there are direct international flights from Kurdistan to Dubai, Amman, Beirut and Frankfort. There is the option to reach to Kurdistan by flying to Turkey: - Purchase a ticket to Diyarbakir (the nearest large city to the Turkish / Iraqi Kurdistan border). Upon arrival to the Diyarbakir airport, you will need to take a taxi to the border (Ibrahim Khalil / Habur). Once you have crossed the Turkish border into Iraqi Kurdistan (Ibrahim Khalil/Habur), you will be greeted by the Kurdish customs officials who will issue you a visa and further information on your destination. Getting Around Iraqi Kurdistan: Taxi, Bus, and Private Car Hire. If you are mainly interested in staying in a city, taxi is relia...
Travel to Iraqi Kurdistan. Wild Frontiers Adventure Travel's Head of Operations, Marc Leaderman, travelled to Iraqi Kurdistan for the first time earlier this year. He discovered a safe and fascinating destination with a rich history, extraordinary landscapes and warm, welcoming people. Wild Frontiers Adventure Travel will run its first group trip into this northern region of Iraq in 2013. For more information visit http://www.wildfrontiers.co.uk/world-regions/middle-east/iraqi-kurdistan
This video is my own personal experience in that I had in Erbil, Iraq and only Erbil. I did not travel around anywhere else in Iraq and can not speak for other places. But from my knowledge and research, Erbil is one of the most peaceful cities within Iraq and varies greatly in culture due to the Kurdistan way of life and government, which they're very proud of. Please take this video as an educational experience about another city in Iraq aside from the ones we see/hear on the news every day. Political or negative comments will not be welcome. Just enjoy :) Subscribe to my Channel: http://youtube.com/expedition196 Music: Gunnar Olsen - Shoulder Closures *Music is NOT Iraqi music. Head to my Website for more info: www.expedition196.com Facebook: facebook.com/expedition196 Instagram: e...
a documentary about mercenaries in iraq


text:
An origami spike ball is made of several modules or identical folded pieces of paper. These balls are a part of modular origami, in which complex objects are created from smaller, identical pieces. It's possible to create spike balls in several sizes with 12 modules up to 54 modules. The first few modules take time learning how to fold. Once the process is mastered they can be completed quickly. When you have 12 modules, it's time to form the ball.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Challenging
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- 12 pieces origami paper
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- 1
Fold a piece of square origami paper in half diagonally. Crease the folded edge Open the paper. Repeat, folding paper in half the other direction. You should end up with two diagonal lines running from opposing corners.
- 2
Fold the paper in half to form a folded rectangle. Crease. Open up. Rotate 90 degrees. Repeat. You should now have four creases intersecting at the exact centre of the paper.
- 3
Fold 1/4 of the origami paper in on itself, so that the open edge touches the middle crease. Repeat with the bottom 1/4 of the paper. Open the paper up. You should have two additional horizontal creases.
- 4
Rotate the origami square 90 degrees so that the horizontal lines are now vertical lines. Repeat Step 2. Do not open the paper.
- 5
Place thumb and index finger on each folded edge of one side of the paper. Position fingers opposing each other, close to the open end. Push in so that the open side folds in along the creases you made. This opens up the folded paper on one side.
- 6
Pull one flap open diagonally on this side. Creases on this side form four squares on the flat surface. Fold diagonally from opposing corners in the square closest to the centre of the folded paper. Repeat with the other flap. From the side the piece of paper resembles a kid's snow sled.
- 7
Push in on the front end of the "sled" folding the open end over on itself. The sides will fold out and flatten, creating diagonal edges. The piece of paper will now resemble a flattened mushroom.
- 8
Repeat Steps 5, 6 and 7 on the other open side of the folded paper. You should end up with an elongated six-sided shape.
- 9
Fold up one side to create a diagonal crease running from the outer corner of the fold to the centre of the shape. Repeat with three remaining sides. You should return to the same elongated six-sided shape.
- 10
Push in on one side with index finger to open and push it onto itself until it flattens into a small square. Repeat with three remaining sides. You should now have a square with four smaller squares on its surface, with open ends towards the centre of the larger square.
- 11
Place index fingers on the top of one smaller square. Fold this square in half backwards, opening the flap. Repeat with remaining squares. Fold the new square shape in half diagonally along both sets of corners. Crease and open.
- 12
Create 11 more squares.
Folding the Sections of the Spike Ball
- 1
Pick up two squares. Align so one corner is on top of another. Slide one corner into the folds between the other corner and the upright "spikes" on the square.
- 2
Repeat the process with a third square, sliding it onto exposed corners of each of the two connected squares.
- 3
Continue adding squares to the first squares. Soon you'll start connecting three corners per square and finally four corners. As you do this the squares naturally form a ball.
Putting it Together
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Participants are more accurate at remembering faces of their own relative to another ethnic group (own-race bias, ORB). This phenomenon has been explained by reduced perceptual expertise, or alternatively, by the categorization of other-race faces into social out-groups and reduced effort to individuate such faces. We examined event-related potential (ERP) correlates of the ORB, testing recognition memory for Asian and Caucasian faces in Caucasian and Asian participants. Both groups demonstrated a significant ORB in recognition memory. ERPs revealed more negative N170 amplitudes for other-race faces in both groups, probably reflecting more effortful structural encoding. Importantly, the ethnicity effect in left-hemispheric N170 during learning correlated significantly with the behavioral ORB. Similarly, in the subsequent N250, both groups demonstrated more negative amplitudes for other-race faces, and during test phases, this effect correlated significantly with the ORB. We suggest that ethnicity effects in the N170 reflect an early categorization of other-race faces into a social out-group, resulting in less efficient encoding and thus decreased memory. Moreover, ethnicity effects in the N250 may represent the "tagging" of other-race faces as perceptually salient, which hampers the recognition of these faces.
Although humans are often considered to be experts in recognizing faces, such expertise is not equally prominent for different classes of faces. Thus, it is well known that people are more accurate at remembering faces of their own relative to another ethnic group (Malpass and Kravitz 1969; Meissner and Brigham 2001). This so-called own-race bias (ORB) has been suggested to result from differences in perceptual expertise with own when compared with other-race faces (The term "race" is exclusively used to refer to visually distinct ethnic groups.). In support of this assumption, participants with high amounts of individuating contact toward other-race persons show a reduced ORB (Chiroro and Valentine 1995; Hancock and Rhodes 2008), and children raised in an other-race context (such as Asian adoptees raised in Europe) show either no or even reversed memory biases (Sangrigoli et al. 2005; de Heering et al. 2010). Similarly, training participants to individuate other-race faces increase their ability to recognize these faces (Tanaka and Pierce 2009).
A number of different theoretical accounts have been suggested to explain the ORB (for a review, see Meissner and Brigham 2001). Contact- or expertise-based explanations of the ORB can be broadly divided into 2 subclasses. First, facial expertise is often assumed to depend on the processing of metric distances between facial features (so-called second-order configural processing) and on the merging of these individual features into a holistic representation (see e.g., Maurer et al. 2002). It has been suggested that such configural and/or holistic "processing" of other-race faces is reduced (Rhodes et al. 1989; Tanaka et al. 2004; Michel et al. 2006; Bukach et al. 2012), which may, in turn, result in less accurate recognition memory. Secondly, it has been suggested that other-race faces are represented less accurately in memory. The multidimensional face space (MDFS) model (Valentine 1991) assumes that faces are coded on multiple dimensions, which are optimized to discriminate between individual faces, and which evolve through perceptual learning. Since most people have more contact to own-race faces, the face space's dimensions are optimized to represent own-race, but not other-race, faces (Valentine and Endo 1992), which are therefore clustered more densely in MDFS (for empirical evidence, see e.g., Byatt and Rhodes 2004). These less distinctive representations are, in turn, suggested to lead to weaker memory for other-race faces. Although the 2 expertise-based accounts are not mutually exclusive, they originate from different lines of research and have been presented as independent mechanisms.
Alternatively, sociocognitive accounts suggest that the ORB is based on perceived social "in-" or "out-group" status of the presented faces rather than perceptual expertise (Sporer 2001; Hugenberg et al. 2010). Accordingly, an early categorization of a presented face as belonging to an ethnic "out-group" on the basis of an out-group–defining feature (such as skin tone or eye shape; see Levin 2000) may result in impaired processing and reduced motivation to individuate other-race faces (Hugenberg et al. 2010; but see Rhodes et al. 2010). Importantly, sociocognitive accounts assume that an initial "in-group/out-group" categorization precedes in-depth perceptual analysis of the faces.
The analysis of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) represents a viable option to further investigate predictions that can be derived from these models. Several previous ERP studies examined the processing of own- and other-race faces. Many of these studies focused on the N170 (Bentin et al. 1996), a face-sensitive component presumably related to early structural encoding (Eimer 2011) and face detection (Schweinberger and Burton 2003), and reported more negative amplitudes for other- relative to own-race faces (Herrmann et al. 2007; Gajewski et al. 2008; Walker et al. 2008; Caharel et al. 2011; Wiese 2012). Similarly, the positive counterpart of the N170, the vertex positive potential (Jeffreys 1989; Joyce and Rossion 2005) or P200 as it is sometimes called, has been described to be larger for other- when compared with own-race faces (Ito and Urland 2003, 2005; Kubota and Ito 2007; Ito and Bartholow 2009). As a limitation, it has to be noted that most of these studies examined only one group of Caucasian participants, and other studies did not find corresponding effects in N170 (Caldara et al. 2004; Wiese et al. 2009; Herzmann et al. 2011). Accordingly, it has been argued that differences in low-level stimulus characteristics (such as luminance or contrast) rather than ethnicity per se drive such effects (Vizioli, Foreman, et al. 2010; Vizioli, Rousselet, et al. 2010).
Subsequent to N170, the occipito-temporal P2 has been shown to be more positive for own- when compared with other-race faces (Stahl et al. 2010). Importantly, this P2 ethnicity effect is significantly reduced in participants with substantial expertise with other-race faces (Stahl et al. 2008). P2 has also been shown to be larger for own- versus other-age faces in young participants (Wiese et al. 2008; Wiese 2012; Wiese et al. 2012), and for veridical versus spatially caricatured faces (Kaufmann and Schweinberger 2012), and may thus reflect the perceived typicality of a given face. P2 has also been associated with so-called second-order configural processing, that is, with the analysis of metric distances between facial features (Latinus and Taylor 2006). A subsequent negative-going component, the N250, has been observed to be larger for other- relative to own-race faces (Stahl et al. 2010). However, N250 is also known to reflect processes of face learning (Tanaka et al. 2006; Kaufmann et al. 2009). In a training study by Tanaka and Pierce (2009), the N250 was increased by individuation, but not categorization training of other-race faces. This finding suggests a direct relation between the ORB, which is reduced with increasing expertise, and neural activity in the N250 time range.
While previous ERP studies on own- versus other-race face processing mostly focused on relatively early visual components, several more recent studies also examined memory-related effects. Two recent reports observed the difference due to subsequent memory effect, reflecting larger amplitudes during learning for those items, which are subsequently remembered when compared with those, which are subsequently forgotten, to differentiate between own- and other-race faces (Herzmann et al. 2011; Lucas et al. 2011). Moreover, the centro-parietal ERP old/new effect, reflecting more positive amplitudes for correctly recognized when compared with new items at test, has been shown to be larger for own- when compared with other-race faces (Stahl et al. 2010; Herzmann et al. 2011; Wiese 2012), which is generally in line with research demonstrating larger old/new effects for stimuli of expertise (Herzmann and Curran 2011).
Although a number of studies examined ERP correlates of own- versus other-race face processing, direct correlates with the behavioral ORB in recognition memory have not yet been reported. Such correlations, however, would be particularly informative for theoretical accounts of the ORB. First, since sociocognitive accounts suggest an early categorization mechanism during learning to underlie the effect, an ERP component that both reflects early face processing and is sensitive to facial ethnicity (such as the N170) may be predicted to correlate with the memory biases. Secondly, if differential processing of second-order configurations during learning were important for the ORB, as suggested by configural processing accounts, and if P2 reflected such analyses of metric distances between facial features, one might expect the ethnicity effect in the P2 to correlate with the memory bias at test. Thirdly, since training perceptual expertise with other-race faces has been shown to affect the N250, an expertise-based account would suggest differences in N250 between own- and other-race faces to predict the ORB. Moreover, since repetition-related ERP effects in this time range (i.e., the so-called N250r) are known to reflect accessing perceptual representations of familiar faces (Schweinberger et al. 2002), representational accounts might suggest that N250 ethnicity effects may be particularly important at test (when incoming stimuli have to be compared with representations from the learning phase) rather than study.
Importantly, however, the establishment of the sensitivity of these various ERP effects to own- versus other-race faces (rather than to low-level visual differences between faces of different races) represents an important prerequisite for an unambiguous interpretation of the predicted correlations. The demonstration of crossover interactions between stimulus and participants' ethnic group (as opposed to main effects of face ethnicity in a given group of participants) represents a viable solution to this problem. The present study thus examined ERP correlates of own- and other-race face processing in both Asian and Caucasian participants during learning and test phases of a recognition memory experiment.
Materials and Methods
Twenty Asian (17 Chinese, 2 South Korean, and 1 Japanese; 14 female, mean age = 24 year ± 2.3 standard deviation, SD) and 20 Caucasian participants (all German; 13 female, mean age = 24 year ± 2.9 SD) were tested. Asian participants had been living in Germany for 22 months on average (range 6–60 months). None of the Caucasian participants had lived in an Asian country. All participants were right-handed according to a modified version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield 1971), reported normal or corrected to normal vision, and received course credit or a monetary reward of 5€/h for partaking. All participants provided written informed consent.
Stimuli consisted of 120 unfamiliar Caucasian and 120 unfamiliar Asian faces (50% females, respectively). Although the exact nationality of the depicted persons is not known, the stimuli were categorized as Asian or Caucasian with near-ceiling accuracies and were rated as being highly typical with respect to the ethnic group (see below). All stimuli depicted front-view faces with neutral expression, the majority of which were taken from the center for vital longevity face database (Minear and Park 2004). Faces were converted to gray scale, cut out, pasted in front of a black background and framed within an area of 170 × 216 pixel, corresponding to a viewing angle of 3.8° × 4.8° at a viewing distance of 90 cm.
Experimental Design and Procedure
Participants were seated in an electrically shielded, sound-attenuated, and dimly lit cabin (400 A-CT-Special, Industrial Acoustics, Nieder- krüchten, Germany) with their heads in a chin rest at 90 cm distance from the computer screen. Each trial started with a fixation cross for 500 ms, followed by a face stimulus for various durations (see below), and a final blank screen for 500 ms. Participants had to respond via button presses within 2000 ms after stimulus onset.
The experiment consisted of 6 blocks, each divided into a learning and a test phase. During learning, 10 Asian and 10 Caucasian faces, 50% females, respectively, were presented for 5 s each. The task was to decide whether the current face was Asian or Caucasian. Participants were additionally instructed to memorize the faces. Learning and test phases were separated by a fixed break of 30 s. During test, the 20 faces from the directly preceding learning phase were presented, randomly intermixed with 20 new faces (again 50% Asian, 50% females). Each face was presented for 2 s, and participants were asked to decide whether or not the current face had been presented in the directly preceding learning phase. Key assignment and allocation of stimuli to learned versus non-learned conditions were counterbalanced across participants.
Responses from the test phases were sorted into 4 conditions for Asian and Caucasian faces, respectively: Hits (correctly identified learned faces), misses (learned faces wrongly classified as new), correct rejections (CRs, new faces correctly identified as new), and false alarms (new faces wrongly classified as learned). Signal detection measures of sensitivity (d′, see e.g., Macmillan and Creelman 1991) were calculated. For correlational analyses, the following memory bias score was calculated: Memory bias = [d′(Asian face) − d′(Caucasian faces)]/[d′(Asian faces) + d′(Caucasian faces)]. Note that positive values reflect biases toward Asian faces, whereas negative values represent biases toward Caucasian faces.
After the main experiment, all face stimuli were presented again in random order. Participants were asked to rate the faces with respect to ethnic typicality on a 6-point scale (ranging from 1 = not at all typically Asian/Caucasian, to 6 = highly typically Asian/Caucasian) via key presses. Stimuli remained on the screen until a key was pressed, but participants were asked to respond spontaneously. Finally, all participants completed a questionnaire to estimate quantity (measured in h/week and number of contact persons) and quality of contact toward own- and other-race persons (for a detailed description, see Wiese 2012).
EEG Recording and Analysis
Thirty-two–channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded using a BioSemi Active II system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Recording sites corresponded to Fz, Cz, Pz, Iz, FP1, FP2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T7, T8, P7, P8, F9, F10, FT9, FT10, TP9, TP10, P9, P10, PO9, PO10, I1, and I2. EEG was recorded continuously with a 512-Hz sample rate from direct current to 155 Hz. Note that BioSemi systems work with a "zero-Ref" setup with ground and reference electrodes replaced by a so-called common mode sense/driven right leg circuit (for further information, see www.biosemi.com/faq/cms&drl.htm).
Contributions of blink artifacts were corrected using BESA 5.18. EEG was segmented from −200 to 1000 ms relative to stimulus onset, with the first 200 ms as baseline. Trials with nonocular artifacts and saccades were rejected from further analysis using the BESA 5.18 tool with an amplitude threshold of 100 μV and a gradient threshold of 50 μV. Remaining trials were recalculated to average reference, digitally low-pass filtered at 40 Hz (12 db/oct, zero-phase shift), and averaged according to the experimental conditions of the learning (Asian faces and Caucasian faces) and test phases (hits—Asian faces, CR—Asian faces, hits—Caucasian faces, CR—Caucasian faces) for Asian and Caucasian participants separately. An inclusion criterion of at least 16 trials per condition for each participant was applied.
In the resulting test phase waveforms, mean amplitudes for P1 (100–130 ms relative to stimulus onset at O1 and O2), N170 (150–190 ms at P9/PO9/P10/PO10), occipito-temporal P2 (210–280 ms at P9/PO9/P10/PO10), and N250 (280–400 ms at P9/PO9/P10/PO10) were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed by calculating mixed-model analysis of variances (ANOVAs).
Mean accuracies for the categorization task during learning in Asian participants were 0.985 (±0.019 SD) for Asian faces and 0.986 (±0.026 SD) for Caucasian faces. Mean accuracies in Caucasian participants were 0.980 (±0.028 SD) for Asian faces and 0.975 (±0.037 SD) for Caucasian faces. A mixed-model ANOVA with the within-subjects factor "face ethnicity" (Asian vs. Caucasian faces) and the between-subjects factor "group" (Asian vs. Caucasian participants) yielded no significant effects (all P > 0.05). Mean categorization reaction time (RT) in Asian participants was 888.92 ms (±237.91 SD) for Asian faces and 899.72 ms (±251.28 SD) for Caucasian faces. In Caucasian participants, corresponding mean RT was 749.52 ms (±184.96 SD) for Asian faces and 762.52 ms (±196.72 SD) for Caucasian faces. A mixed-model ANOVA revealed a trend for faster RT in Caucasian relative to Asian participants (F1,38 = 4.079, P = 0.051, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.097$$). No additional effects reached significance (all P > 0.05).
Behavioral results from the test phase (hits, misses, false alarms, and CRs for Asian and Caucasian faces) are reported in Table 1. A mixed-model ANOVA on d′ yielded a significant interaction (F1,38 = 42.201, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.526$$; Fig. 1). Post hoc t-tests revealed significantly more accurate memory for own- when compared with other-race faces in both Caucasian (t19 = 6.455, P < 0.001, d = 0.935) and Asian participants (t19 = 2.864, P = 0.010, d = 0.475). At the same time, comparison of d′ scores between participant groups revealed significantly more accurate memory for Asian faces in Asian relative to Caucasian participants (t38 = 3.124, P = 0.003, d = 0.988), but no significant difference between groups with respect to d′ for Caucasian faces (t38 = 1.429, P = 0.161, d = 0.438). Overall, while a significant ORB was detected in both groups, the effect was larger in Caucasian participants.
A mixed-model ANOVA on d′ with the additional within-subject factor "face gender" and the additional between-subject factor "participant gender" also revealed a significant interaction of participant ethnicity × face gender (F1,36 = 4.981, P = 0.032, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.122$$), with more accurate recognition memory for female when compared with male faces in Asian (F1,18 = 9.352, P = 0.007, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.342$$), but not in Caucasian participants (F < 1). However, this latter effect did not interact with the own-race bias. Please note that we did not focus on the analysis of gender effects in the present design as this would have required impracticably large group sizes, and consequently, these results should be regarded as preliminary at best.
|Asian faces
|Caucasian faces
|Asian participants
|Caucasian participants
|Asian faces
|Caucasian faces
|Asian participants
|Caucasian participants
Please note that measures do not add up to 1 in all cases due to time-out trials.
To test for a potential influence of the relatively smaller homogeneity with respect to the nationality of the participants within the Asian relative to the Caucasian group, we calculated d′ scores for Chinese participants only (N = 17). The resulting measures were compared with those from a subgroup of 17 randomly chosen Caucasian participants in a mixed-model ANOVA. This analysis revealed a significant interaction of face ethnicity × participant group (F1,32 = 35.027, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.523$$), with more accurate memory for own-race faces in both Asian (t16 = 2.848, P = 0.012, d = 0.551) and Caucasian participants (t16 = 5.613, P < 0.001, d = 0.990). Moreover, memory for Asian faces was more accurate in Asian relative to Caucasian participants (t32 = 3.214, P = 0.003, d = 1.102), while no significant difference between groups was detected for Caucasian faces (t32 = 1.318, P = 0.197, d = 0.452). In sum, these results are highly similar to those reported in the previous paragraph.
Ratings after the main experiment revealed high and consistent mean ethnic typicality measures for both Asian faces (Asian participants: 5.53 ± 0.40 SD; Caucasian participants: 5.19 ± 0.60 SD) and Caucasian faces (Asian participants: 5.31 ± 0.62 SD; Caucasian participants: 4.90 ± 1.05 SD). A mixed-model ANOVA yielded only a trend toward higher ethnic typicality ratings for Asian when compared with Caucasian faces (F1,38 = 3.950, P = 0.054, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.094$$), as well as a trend toward higher ratings given by Asian relative to Caucasian participants overall (F1,38 = 2.975, P = 0.093, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.073$$). The interaction was not significant (F < 1).
Contact Measures
The self-reported amount of contact in h/week was analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA with the within-subjects factor "contact person's ethnicity" (Asian vs. Caucasian) and the between-subject factor group, which yielded a significant interaction (F1,38 = 38.066, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.500$$). Post hoc tests revealed significantly more contact toward own- relative to other-race people in Caucasian (t19 = 7.763, P < 0.001, d = 2.106), but not in Asian participants (t19 = 1.275, P = 0.218, d = 0.250). A corresponding analysis for self-reported contact as measured in numbers of contact persons revealed a significant interaction (F1,38 = 5.508, P = 0.024, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.127$$), and post hoc tests yielded significantly higher numbers of own- when compared with other-race contact persons in Caucasian (t19 = 5.621, P < 0.001, d = 1.591), but not in Asian participants (t19 = 1.161, P = 0.260, d = 0.375). Finally, an ANOVA on self-reported quality of contact again revealed a significant interaction (F1,38 = 74.697, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.669$$), reflecting more intense contact toward own-race persons in both Asian (t19 = 3.596, P = 0.002, d = 1.147) and Caucasian participants (t19 = 8.752, P < 0.001, d = 3.222).
Across both participant groups, the memory bias score correlated significantly with both the difference in amount of contact toward Asian versus Caucasian persons (in h/week; Pearson correlation; r = 0.498) and the difference in quality of contact toward Asian versus Caucasian people (r = 0.673), thus suggesting a stronger memory bias toward Asian faces with increasing amount and quality of contact toward Asian people and a stronger memory bias toward Caucasian faces with increasing amount and quality of contact toward Caucasian people (Fig. 2).
Event-Related Potentials
The mean numbers of trials contributing to an individual averaged ERP in the study phase were 57.3 (±2.5 SD) and 57.5 (±2.5 SD) for Asian and Caucasian faces in Asian participants, and 57.4 (±2.7 SD) and 57.4 (±2.3 SD) in Caucasian participants, respectively. In the test phase, the respective numbers for Asian and Caucasian faces were 45.5 (±7.1 SD) and 39.1 (±8.9 SD; Asian participants, hits), 47.6 (±11.0 SD) and 49.9 (±7.5 SD; Asian participants, CRs), 40.7 (±10.3 SD) and 44.5 (±7.3 SD; Caucasian participants, hits), and 42.9 (±8.2 SD) and 49.8 (±7.0 SD; Caucasian participants, CRs).
In the following paragraphs, main effects of group, "hemisphere," or "site," and interactions containing only these factors are not reported in the interest of economy of presentation. For the same reason, main effects and interactions are not described when all constituting factors were further qualified in higher-order interactions. Full information about all omnibus ANOVAs carried out during ERP analysis are provided in Supplementary Table 1. Learning and test phase ERPs are depicted in Figure 3, effects of response type at test are presented in Figure 4.
A mixed-model ANOVA on P1 amplitude at O1/O2 during learning, with the within-subjects factors hemisphere (left vs. right) and face ethnicity, and the between-subject factor group, yielded no significant effects of interest. Similarly, a corresponding repeated-measures ANOVA on P1 amplitude at test with the additional within-subject factor "response type" (hits and CRs) revealed no significant effects of interest (all P > 0.05).
A mixed-model ANOVA on N170 amplitude during learning, with the additional factor site (PO9/PO10 vs. P9/P10), yielded a significant interaction of site × face ethnicity (F1,38 = 5.773, P = 0.021, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.132$$), reflecting larger effects of face race at more anterior electrodes. Importantly, a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 10.763, P = 0.002, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.221$$) reflected significantly more negative N170 amplitudes for other-race faces in Asian participants (F1,19 = 11.651, P = 0.003, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.380$$) and a corresponding trend in Caucasian participants (F1,19 = 3.905, P = 0.063, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.170$$).
An ANOVA on the test phase data yielded a significant main effect of response type (F1,38 = 5.626, P = 0.023, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.129$$), with more negative amplitudes for hits when compared with CRs, and a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 20.807, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.354$$), reflecting more negative amplitudes for other-race faces in both Asian (F1,19 = 9.617, P = 0.006, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.336$$) and Caucasian participants (F1,19 = 11.672, P = 0.003, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.381$$).
The analysis of learning phase P2 mean amplitudes yielded a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 13.154, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.257$$), which reflected significantly more positive amplitudes for own- relative to other-race faces in Caucasian (F1,19 = 17.591, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.481$$), but not in Asian participants (F < 1).
A mixed-model ANOVA on test phase P2 revealed a significant main effect of response type (F1,38 = 5.474, P = 0.025, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.126$$), with more negative amplitudes for hits when compared with CRs, and a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 28.816, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.431$$). While Caucasian participants demonstrated significantly more positive amplitudes to own- when compared with other-race faces (F1,19 = 26.578, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.583$$), more positive amplitudes for own-race faces were only reflected in a statistical trend in Asian participants (F1,19 = 4.291, P = 0.052, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.184$$).
The analysis of the N250 time window during the learning phases yielded a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 60.684, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.375$$), with more negative amplitudes for other-race faces in both Asian (F1,19 = 7.145, P = 0.015, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.273$$) and Caucasian participants (F1,19 = 17.266, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.476$$).
During test, a significant main effect of response type (F1,38 = 10.738, P = 0.002, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.220$$) was due to more negative amplitudes for hits relative to CR. Moreover, a significant interaction of face ethnicity × group (F1,38 = 37.923, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.499$$) again reflected more negative amplitudes for other-race faces in both Asian (F1,19 = 18.756, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.497$$) and Caucasian participants (F1,19 = 19.217, P < 0.001, $$\eta _p^2 = 0.503$$).
Correlations Between ERP Ethnicity Effects and the ORB
Correlations between the memory bias score and ERP ethnicity effects (Asian faces–Caucasian faces) were calculated for those ERP components, which had exhibited significant interactions between face ethnicity and participant group (i.e., N170, P2, N250; Pearson correlations, Bonferroni-corrected for multiple comparisons; Table 2). During learning, a significant positive correlation between the memory bias score and N170 was detected at the left-hemispheric electrode P9, associating larger memory biases with increasing N170 amplitude differences between Asian and Caucasian faces (see left part of Fig. 5). At test, significant positive correlations between the memory bias score and ERP effects of face ethnicity in the N250 time range, predominantly at right-hemispheric electrode positions, were observed (see right part of Fig. 5). These effects again reflected larger memory biases to correlate with increasing differences in N250.
|Study phases
|Test phases
|N170 (Asian–Caucasian)
|P2 (Asian–Caucasian)
|N250 (Asian–Caucasian)
|Study phases
|Test phases
|N170 (Asian–Caucasian)
|P2 (Asian–Caucasian)
|N250 (Asian–Caucasian)
*Significant effects (corrected for multiple comparisons).
The present study examined the neural basis of the ORB by analyzing ERP correlates of own- and other-race face processing in Asian and Caucasian participants. While both groups demonstrated more accurate memory for own-race faces, the ORB in Asian participants, who had been living in Germany for several months, was significantly reduced, which is consistent with previous results demonstrating an influence of other-race contact on the ORB (Chiroro and Valentine 1995; Hancock and Rhodes 2008; Rhodes et al. 2009). Similarly, members of minority ethnic groups, who have more contact to other-race persons than majority group members, typically demonstrate a decreased ORB (Meissner and Brigham 2001; but see Eberhardt 2005, for a discussion of functional magnetic resonance imaging results potentially conflicting with this finding). In the present study, a significant correlation between the ORB and self-reported amount and quality of contact was observed. In direct support of a contact-based explanation of the ORB, those participants with increased and more intense contact toward other-race people demonstrated smaller memory biases toward their own ethnic group.
The present results in the N170 time range complement previous reports of increased amplitudes for other-race faces (e.g., Stahl et al. 2008, 2010). Critically, since most previous studies exclusively examined Caucasian participants, it has been suggested that low-level differences between images of faces from different ethnic groups rather than ethnicity per se drive this effect (Vizioli, Foreman, et al. 2010). The present results clearly contradict this interpretation, since both Asian and Caucasian participants demonstrated increased N170 amplitudes for the respective other-race faces. As a qualification, N170 ethnicity effects may not be independent of experimental context. In fact, using stimuli from a highly similar set as in the present study, we observed no difference in N170 in an orientation task with upright and inverted faces (Wiese et al. 2009). Importantly, in that study, own- and other-race faces were presented in the context of images that did not depict human faces (i.e. ape faces and houses), presumably making the distinction between own- and other-race faces perceptually less salient. Thus, while ethnicity effects in N170 clearly do not exclusively reflect low-level differences between images, perceptual salience of facial ethnicity in a given experimental context may influence the effect (see also Caharel et al. 2011; Ofan et al. 2011).
The present results further extend our earlier findings on the occipito-temporal P2, which was previously observed to be larger for own- relative to other-race faces (Stahl et al. 2008, 2010). Similarly, a larger P2 was observed for young when compared with old faces in young participants (Wiese et al. 2008; Wiese 2012; Wiese et al. 2012) and for veridical relative to spatially caricatured faces (Kaufmann and Schweinberger 2012). P2 has thus been suggested to reflect the typicality of a face relative to a prototype, with those faces which deviate from this prototype (such as other-race, other-age, or caricatured faces) eliciting smaller amplitudes (Schulz et al. 2012). Interestingly, the P2 difference between own- and other-race faces has previously been found to be significantly reduced in Caucasian participants with substantial expertise for Asian faces (Stahl et al. 2008). Similarly, in the present study, the P2 ethnicity effect was reduced in Asian participants, who reported similar amounts of contact toward Caucasian and Asian people and have thus likely developed considerable expertise with Caucasian faces.
Furthermore, more negative amplitudes for learned when compared with new faces were observed. This effect started in the N170 time range, but was most pronounced in the N250. The N250 is known to be more negative for repeated when compared with novel famous faces in immediate repetition priming experiments (N250r, see Schweinberger et al. 1995, 2002), presumably reflecting the facilitated access of perceptual representations of repeated faces, and for explicitly learned when compared with novel faces (Tanaka et al. 2006; Kaufmann et al. 2009). Importantly, a recent study also demonstrated a more negative N250 for other-race faces after individuation training but not after categorization training (Tanaka and Pierce 2009). In sum, these findings indicate that processes in the N250 time range are engaged in the individualization of faces. Effects of stimulus repetition in the N250, however, were not observed to be more efficient for own- relative to other-race faces (for discrepant results from the own-age bias, see Wiese et al. 2008; Wiese 2012).
Crucially, the present study is the first that demonstrates direct relationships between ERP effects of face ethnicity and the ORB in recognition memory. During learning, the left-hemispheric N170 effect correlated positively with the memory bias, thus associating increasing N170 ethnicity effects with larger ORBs. Of particular interest, a previous fMRI study demonstrated a significant correlation between the difference in the left-hemispheric fusiform gyrus activation for own- versus other-race faces during learning and the later ORB in memory (Golby et al. 2001). There is some evidence suggesting that the left hemisphere is more concerned with the processing of facial features, rather than faces as a whole, or the configurations of its constituting parts (Rossion et al. 2000; Scott and Nelson 2006). If so, the present findings may indicate that those participants who tend to process other-race faces on the basis of piecemeal featural information rather than holistic or configural information during learning later demonstrate a larger own-race memory bias at test, which may be seen as being in accordance with the expertise-based processing account. Alternatively, a correlation between the left N170 ethnicity effect during learning and the ORB in memory could also be reconciled with sociocognitive accounts, which suggest an early categorization of other-race faces on the basis of out-group defining features to result in less accurate encoding and, consequently, to less accurate later recognition memory (Levin 1996, 2000). One might argue that the left-hemispheric N170 ethnicity effect reflects a neural correlate of this categorization process and that a more pronounced N170 effect will thus result in a larger behavioral ORB. Other predictions of sociocognitive accounts, however, are less well supported by earlier ERP results, as such theories also suggest that motivation to individualize other-race faces should affect in-group/out-group categorization (Hugenberg et al. 2010), and N170 ethnicity effects are not modulated by tasks that either reinforce individualization or categorization of the faces (Stahl et al. 2010).
It is remarkable that the occipito-temporal P2 did not correlate with the ORB, neither during learning nor at test. Thus, although the processes underlying the P2 differ for own- and other-race faces, and although this differential processing is less pronounced in our Asian "expert" group, these processes are not directly related to the ORB in recognition memory. Previous research suggested that P2 reflects the analysis of metric distances between facial features (Latinus and Taylor 2006). If so, differences in such second-order configural processing for own- and other-race faces may not contribute substantially to the ORB in memory, and differences in some aspects of perceptual processing may not necessarily result in corresponding memory effects (see also Michel et al. 2006). Similarly, if P2 effects reflected differences in perceived typicality, such differences may not be directly related to the ORB.
A further important finding of the present study is the significant correlation between the behavioral memory bias and the ethnicity effect in the N250 time range at test. More specifically, while memory effects in N250 did not interact with face ethnicity (see above), other-race faces generally elicited more negative amplitudes than own-race faces in this time window and, thus, memory and ethnicity effects in the N250 time range appear to reflect separate processes. Interestingly, the ethnicity effect is reminiscent of a stronger early posterior negativity for emotional relative to neutral faces, which occurs at similar electrode sites and in a similar time range (Schupp et al. 2004; Schacht and Sommer 2009; Rellecke et al. 2012). This EPN effect has been interpreted as reflecting the "tagging" of particularly salient stimuli for further processing (Schupp et al. 2007). Given that the face processing system established a perceptual deviance of other-race faces from the more commonly observed own-race faces during preceding processing stages (i.e., in the P2 time range), it seems plausible to suggest that other-race faces are similarly "tagged" as perceptually salient and may thus bind processing resources to a larger extent. Crucially, in the present study, those participants who demonstrated a larger N250 ethnicity effect at test also exhibited a larger memory bias for faces of their own ethnic group. Our interpretation of this pattern is that the processes reflected in the larger negativity for other-race faces during the N250 time range interfere with accessing memory representations of individual faces and, thus, hamper recognition memory.
As noted above, a significant ethnicity effect, with more negative amplitudes for other-race faces, was observed in the P2 time window in Caucasian, but not in Asian participants, whereas significantly more negative amplitudes for other-race faces were observed in both groups in the N250. This pattern of results has thus far been interpreted as reflecting the influence of facial ethnicity information on 2 separate ERP components and 2 respective underlying cognitive operations. Alternatively, ERP ethnicity effects in these 2 time windows may be seen as a neural correlate of a single process, which occurs later in Asian participants. While the present results cannot definitely decide between these alternative explanations, they nevertheless provide important information about the time course of neural processes directly affecting the ORB in memory, since the test phase ERP effect in the earlier P2 time range was not correlated with the memory bias, while the ethnicity effect in the subsequent N250 was.
In conclusion, the present ERP findings suggest that the ORB is related to processes occurring during both encoding and memory retrieval. During learning, more efficient processing of own-race faces at early perceptual processing stages is reflected in the N170 ethnicity effect. In addition, the enhanced N250 for other-race faces at test may represent the tagging of these faces for further processing, which interferes with within-category differentiation of individual faces and, thus, hamper memory retrieval. This interpretation is substantiated by the significant correlations of ethnicity effects in these ERP components with the ORB in memory, pointing to a direct relation between the processes underlying these neural markers and face memory. Our findings are consistent with theoretical accounts emphasizing the importance of perceptual processes during learning and test, as well as individual contact for face recognition memory, and for the first time demonstrate the ERP signature underlying the ORB.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material can be found at: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/.
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WI 3219/5-2 to H.W. and S.R.S.).
The authors gratefully acknowledge help during participant recruitment and data acquisition by Ji Ae Jeong and Kathrin Rauscher. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


text: The parable of the ten virgins - Matthew 25 - is one that can be interpreted several ways. And I will not shy away from making an interpretation that may be a little different than others. I hope to keep this short and sweet, something often easier said than done when a preacher is spinning the story. As you know, ten virgins went to their bridegroom; however, in doing so, five took adequate oil to keep their lamp's trimmed, while five were so excited and caught up in the moment that even though they carried with them their lamps, they forgot to bring oil for those lamps. We know the rest of the story. When the bridegroom arrived, only the five with oil for their lamps were allowed inside the wedding feast. The others were not only left out of the feast, when they came and knocked at the door, begging and crying out, "Lord! Lord! Open the door for us!" To their dismay, the bridegroom called back, "Believe me, I don't know you!" My unconventional interpretation of the parable is simply this: There are many - in this life - who have and hold the lamp. The one qualification needed for the late night wedding feast; however, in the long run, while they firmly clutched within their hands the lamp; they lacked the most important element needed to trim their lamps when the prper hour of the feast began: the oil! The same can be said of many who proclaim to be Christians. Sure they all have a form religion - the lamp - in the image of a certified church membership card; ordination papers; certificate of Baptism; a well-used Bible; a degree in Biblical studies or a seminary graduate; a long pedigree of family participation within the church; all the right words and understandings, in fact, many are so knowledgeable they can argue the principles with the best of them and usually come out on top; they are deeply preoccupied and engrossed with friends and family whom they fellowship with and vice versa; they can even walk the talk and talk the walk with the best of them. Even so, they lacked one thing. The inner oil to trim the lamp when the time comes to go into the feast. They lack the actual experience of knowing the Father in an intimate way, through salvation by Grace - having come to the Son in repentance and asking Him to forgive them, live in them, and be filled with the presence of the Holy Ghost. In other words, they are nothing more than a shallow, outward shell, that never developed inwardly. But they won't know this until it is time to enter the feast, which according to the parable, will be too late. We probably know and even fellowship with many folks like this. On the outside, they look and talk like us...They carry themselves as one would expect a believer to carry oneself...Nevertheless, it is on the inside that the conversion is lacking and therefore, the intimate relationship of knowing the Savior and having the oil or the presence of the Holy Ghost within, to give them the power to illuminate their lamp when the right time comes, is missing. The sad dest part of this is, that these folks don't even know that they are lacking. Like the five without the oil, they ran to the bridegroom with lamps in hand, but when it came time to enter the feast, they found the most important thing needed to illuminate the lamp was missing, and all the last minute maneuvering and pleading couldn't gain them entrance to the feast. How sad. All the crucial elements of salvation by Grace must be in place or we'll hear the bridegroom, say, "I Know you not!" It is for this reason that I must conclude that all the inward bickering between believers needs to cease. The story of the man with a tree protruding from his eye, arguing with a man who has a sliver of wood in his eye is profound. There are way too many believers, yes, even here on this board, who, while hammering and chipping away at their self-claimed spot on the totem pole [of peer acceptance], and in turn they taken a direct hit to their eye(s) with a flying chunk of wood, ending up blinded. The truth is, while church goers fight for what they believe is the best spot the peer totem pole, they often end up blinded and unable or incapable of seeing their own faults, and this in turn hurts them in the long run, as they have the lamp, just not the oil! Every church has its cliques, and instead of practicing humility, many are cuaght up in the drive to be a part of the inner-circle. The circle that has the ear of the pastor, or those who are most influential within the body. And like the five virgins, while they have the lamp in hand, in the end, they'll find they lack the most important ingredient, the oil. I pray this doesn't happen to any of us, which is why I suggest we spen more time getting our life in order, and not so concerned with our neighbors life that we spend our life debating those who we see as lacking, into the ground.


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Utopian Studies in Brazil: Roots and Routes
Ildney Cavalcanti
Utopian Studies
Vol. 27, No. 2, SPECIAL ISSUE: On the Commemoration of the Five Hundredth Anniversary of Thomas More's Utopia (2016), pp. 210-229
Published by: Penn State University Press
DOI: 10.5325/utopianstudies.27.2.0210
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/utopianstudies.27.2.0210
Page Count: 20
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This article aims to highlight some of the roots and routes, the beginnings and the potential futures, of a body of scholarly research actions that may be grouped under the umbrella expression "utopian studies in Brazil," a promising field whose initial trends in the country can be traced—not by chance if one considers the prominence of the Anglo-American tradition in literary utopianism—in the departments of English studies of Brazilian university faculties. This does not mean, however, that there have been no Brazilian utopias/dystopias. Indeed, cultural manifestations of Brazilian utopianisms have played an essential role in Brazil's history, as will be shown. The article contains a very brief overview of cultural productions that may be aligned with literary utopianism, followed by some of the perceptions regarding utopia and utopianism, focusing specially on the concept as approached by individual scholars, study groups, and research centers that have developed studies in the field.
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E-LANDPARK Sun Beach Hotel, Seogwipo
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The hotel was comfortable and in a good location but the room was full of mosquitoes even though the window was closed. Breakfast wasn't great.
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Berkovic astonishes Celtic fans, admits Rangers are champions
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Eyal Berkovic yesterday risked further incurring the wrath of Celtic's supporters by hailing bitter rivals Glasgow Rangers brilliant form and admitting the title race is "as good as over."
Berkovic, who has struggled to win over Celtic's fans since his 5.75 million summer move from West Ham United, insisted that, not only are his team unlikely to claw their way back into the title chase, but that John Barnes' team do not even deserve a second chance. When asked simply for his views on Saturday's shock collapse, he caused further astonishment by admitting the title already belongs to Rangers.
As Berkovic made a rare press conference appearance he told Scottish journalists after the match: "We are all very disappointed. When I came to Celtic I thought we would win the championship. That was my ambition and why I came here. But now I am very disappointed. We have played very badly since the winter break and we don't deserve to win the title now. Maybe we'll try again next year."
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houstonrocketsHakeem & Sam. #tbt #throwbackthursday
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his very short-lived series followed the Seated Liberty design of the era. Twenty Cent Pieces were struck from 1875 to 1878 with 1877 and 1878 being rare proof-only Twenty Cent Pieces. Philadelphia, Carson City and the San Francisco Mint all struck Twenty Cent Pieces.
The 1876-CC is the 'key' to a complete Twenty Cent Piece collection. 10,000 coins were struck but almost all were melted at the Carson City Mint. Today, a decent example of this rare Twenty Cent Piece easily fetches $100,000!
Precise detail with nice reflective proof surfaces and an attractive almond-gold hue.
A pleasing example of this better date.
A nice problem-free example of this better date. Just 133,290 minted.
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Outstanding for the grade with clean smooth surfaces. In an early PCGS holder.


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Excel Networking Solutions, the copper and optical cabling infrastructure provider, has launched a new, much improved mobile friendly website. The new site is far easier for visitors to use and locate the products and downloads that they are looking for.
The website has been created by a team of developers based in-house, who have worked closely with key members of the business to create a site that will provide an enhanced experience for its users.
Tracey Calcutt, Marketing Manager said, 'The Excel website incorporates a new product search and online catalogue which lists an image, features and benefits as well as listing a spec sheet, delta certificate, video and case study where they are available for each individual product. As with the original version of the Excel website, all product information and downloads are available in multiple languages. These now include Spanish, French, German, Polish and Turkish, with Dutch being added in November. As the Excel brand expands across Europe and beyond we will no doubt see further languages introduced.'
Tracey continued 'We also have the Excel Partner area of the website which gives our accredited cabling partners the facility to brand documents including spec sheets and is also the place for them to apply for a 25 year warranty. The online process takes the partner through a series of simple steps for them to provide the relevant information and test data, which is reviewed by our technical team before a certificate is issued."
Other useful documents such as the Excel Encyclopaedia, whitepapers, technical notes and newsletters can also be located on the site.
The Excel site will continue to develop over time with further features for its users being added. View the new Excel website by visiting www.excel-networking.com


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The college football season kicks off Thursday, and once again Inland area players fill rosters from coast to coast.
Here is a complete list of Inland players on FBS (formerly Div. 1-A) rosters as of August 26. Starters are marked with an asterisk (*).
Please email any corrections or updates to Kyle Glaser at email@example.com.
Austin Hill, RS Sr., WR, Roosevelt*
Kwesi Mashack, Fr., DB, Vista Murrieta
Coltin Gerhart, Fr., QB, Vista Murrieta
Deantre Lewis, RS Sr., RB, Norco
Darius Allensworth, RS Fr., CB, Heritage*
Tre Watson, Fr., RB, Centennial
Erik Brown, Fr., WR, Summit
Greg Henderson, Sr., DB, Norco*
Samson Kofavalu, Jr., DL, Arlington
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Download "gametrailers" MP3 Free. This song is only for review. Support the artist with buy the original song.
Brandon Jones The Voice Of Gametrailersspecial Guest - Kinda Funny Gamescast Ep 60.MP3
H1z1 Splits Into 2 Games?! // Gametrailers Shuts Down After 13 Years?! // - Hotfix.MP3
"happy V-day & Death Of Gametrailers" - This Week In Gaming Tech & Nerd W/. And Paul - Episode9.MP3
Tzr Podcast Episode 28 - Ign Acquisition Of Gametrailers, Resident Evil 7, Pokemon Go.MP3