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Islam in the Caspian and the Caucasian Foothills borderland: social and religious revival on the fringes of the Muslim world
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CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS No. 5(35), 2005
Arbakhan MAGOMEDOV
D. Sc. (Political Science), professor, head of the Public Relations Department, Ulianovsk State University
(Ulianovsk, Russia)
Viktor VIKTORIN
Ph.D. (Hist.), assistant professor, advisor to the governor of the Astrakhan Region (Astrakhan, Russia)
Tested by Islamophobia:
Russia and the Muslim Question
Islam is rapidly gaining weight across the world. Islamophobia is escalating just as rapidly in the West, while in Russia certain highly influential segments of its political class have begun aping the West. By 2004, the unchecked wave developed into anti-Islamic hysteria.
After writing The Rage and the Pride in the wake of 9/11, Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci produced an anti-Muslim Western manifesto. She poured her hatred out on Islam and the Islamic world and addressed her affection and pride to the West. Her ideas are limited to only one thought: an anti-Islamic struggle without conditions and without mercy. In Russia, certain sources have done their best to familiarize the Russian public with her ideas. Vagrius Publishers put out a Russian translation of her book in 2004. 1
1 See: Nezavisimaia gazeta, 16 December, 2004, p. 6.
We can only marvel at the tenacity of the anti-Islamic and anti-Islamist ideas: the passions bring to mind the atmosphere of the anti-Communist «witch hunt» of the early 1990s. In 2002, guided by her anti-communist syndrome, Margaret Thatcher tagged Islamism as «new Bolshevism. «2 Like many others, Daniel Pipes equated fascism and Islamism in his article «Contemporary Fascism» translated and published in the Moskov-skiy komsomolets newspaper.3 In the West, people no longer distinguish between Islamism and fascism- it was Alexey Malashenko who familiarized the Russian audience with the state of affairs in this sphere.
In Russia, it is the media controlled by the liberal Russophobic circles that are zealously promoting anti-Muslim sentiments. The best evidence of this was the Vremena program run by famous TV personality Vladimir Pozner. In the fall of 2004, he suggested that the Islamists as a whole, and the Muslims living in Europe, in particular, should be treated with more severity. Some of the members of Russia's Muslim clergy went as far as accusing the anchorman and the ORT channel of deliberate anti-Muslim propaganda.
The National Organization of Russia's Muslims (NORM) circulated a statement in which it called on the country's leaders «to revise in the most radical way the information policies of the state-owned TV channels with respect to Islam. «4
At the same time, we can hardly agree with Islamic Committee Chairman Gheidar Jemal, who described «demonization of Islam» as the «conceptual guidelines of Russia's political class. «5 It has become obvious, however, that anti-Islamic information policy is on the agenda of the most influential groups in Russia's establishment: political clans, business groups, and media corporations are openly promoting their anti-Islamic ideas. Here is a typical example: after 9/11 a State Duma deputy, who represents the Union of Rightist Forces, called on the law enforcement bodies to start checking the contacts of all Russian Muslims to find out whether any of them were connected with Osama bin Laden. 6
The same circles tend to present any attempt to check anti-Muslim campaigns, as well as any pro-Muslim sentiments, as «the threat of Wahhabism» or connivance of terrorism. This has become an effective instrument of political pressure willingly used by political opponents, as well as rivaling Muslims organizations. Despite its sensation mongering and doubtful statements, this approach has struck root in the academic community: there are people who look at Islam, and also Russia, as an opponent to be carefully studied.
They tie the Koran and the Sunnah to terrorism and assert that evil was allegedly present during the very act of Islamic creation. By the same token they argue that the Koran and the Islamic world's spontaneous radicalization are a cause and effect. Here is what well-known Deacon Andrey Kuraev has to say: «If terrorism is a product of the distorted interpretation of the Koran, it must be stressed that we are talking here precisely about the Koran, and not the Winnie-the-Pooh book. And it was distorted by learned Islamic ulema, not by illiterate Arabian skinheads. It is not poor students who bring together the Islamic world and the world of terror, but excellent and very popular teachers… At this level, the terrorist message is an ailment of the entire Islamic community. «7
This approach has pushed aside the key parameters of development: alternatives, turning points, phenomenological evidence, and borderline cases to replace them with tags and teleological formulas.
Strange as it may seem, the latest works by prominent Russian academics Alexey Malashenko and Alexey Vassiliev also betrayed certain signs of anti-Islamic academic didactics.8 In an effort to identify
2 A. Malashenko, «Islamizm na vse vremena,» Svobodnaia mysl--XXI, No. 12, 2004, p. 19.
3 See: Moskovskiy komsomolets, 18 June, 2004.
4 NG-Religia, 1 December, 2004, p. 3.
5 Ibidem.
6 See: D. Glinskiy, «Musul'mane Rossii: obretenie politicheskoy sub'ektnosty,» Konstitutsionnoepravo: Vostochno-evropeiskoe obozrenie, No. 2 (39), 2002, pp. 21−22.
7 A. Kuraev, «Kak otnositsia k islamu posle Beslana?» Izvestia, 15 September, 2004.
8 See: A. Malashenko, op. cit.- A. Vassiliev, «Ot rassveta do zakata? Ekstremizm kak proiavlenie krizisa tsivilizat-sii,» Poisk. Ezhenedel'-naia gazeta nauchnogo soobshchestva, No. 6 (820), 11 February, 2005, p. 13- S. Gradirovskiy's culturologically beautified conception of «Russian Islam» is another variant of fear of Islam.
the rhythms and pace of the Islamic world's activization and the causes of its «overheating» at the turn of the 21st century, the authors ask: «Why is Islamism dangerous?» This alone shows that they treat Islam as an enemy. Regrettably, they never formulated another important question: «What is behind the radi-calization of Islam?» Meanwhile, an answer is urgently needed. The respected scholars are holding forth about the evil and immutable line of Islamic development associated with anti-modernism. They look at the Islamic world as an impasse of modernity caused by the sick cells of the Islamic tradition.
Why does the renovated form of Islam, including its radical forms, prove attractive to the broad masses? Indeed, extremism is no answer to social problems. Do people look at the «Islamic order» as an alternative to «democracy Russian style» («Uzbek,» Kyrgyz» or Afghan style) as the greatest delusion of their past?
In an effort to identify and assess the signs of Islamic revival today, the Russian academic community has obviously been driven to despair. It was Editor-in-Chief of Otechestvennye zapiski Vitaly Kurennoy who measured the deepness of this feeling by saying that as a source of study Islam is developing into an evasive object. 9
Research Landmarks
The Islamic community is a very complicated phenomenon with a lot of phenomenological features manifested in different spheres: the economy, socio-territorial organization, communication, and the reproduction channels. Some Russian academics believe that the possibilities offered by investigative neo-classicism, understood as «predominantly empirical studies of specific groups (trends, movements, schools, etc.) which appear and function in Islam as Islamic phenomena,"10 should be tapped to help understand the phenomenon of Islam.
We shall copy this approach-it alone will help us explain changing Islam as a social and political enigma. It should be said that certain analysts have correctly identified the phenomenon of Muslim regionalization as a situation under which the Islamic leaders concentrate on religious developments at the local level. 11 We shall try to explain this phenomenon through the de-modernization conception. We regard the Islamic answer as part of society's crisis conscience.
Working hypothesis. In Russia, radical Islam is, first and foremost, part of a nationwide political protest and social adaptation. The Islamic jamaats are a variant of local Muslim completeness and a form of self-defense under the conditions of a systemic crisis. We believe that this variant has proven successful and viable in the context of the tormenting and vague transformations, which are especially painful in their marginal forms. 12 This explains why the local level of the «Islamic alternative"13 can be regarded as an extremely fruitful unit of political analysis.
Here are several preliminary yet necessary explanations.
Nature of the research. It is not our aim to discuss the forms of Islamic existence and its religious-teaching component- we favor the wider approach typical of political science in which there is
9 See: V. Kurennoy, «Uskol'zaiushchiy predmet,» Otechestvennye zapiski, No. 5 (14), 2003.
10 V. Ignatenko, «Raskolotaia umma v ozhidanii Sudnogo dnia (Novy vzgliad so starykh pozitsiy», Otechestvennye zapiski, No. 5 (14), 2003- V. Kurennoy, op. cit.
11 It should be noted that professor of the Center of Slavic Studies at Hokkaido University Kimitaka Matsuzato has arrived at a truly novel approach within the research project «Islam and Politics in Russia: Multilayered and Comparative Approach (April 2003-March 2006).» A. Malashenko's idea about the «multilayered» nature of Islamic alternative that exists at four layers-local, national, regional, and global-can be described as heuristic and fruitful. (see: A. Malashenko, op. cit., pp. 22−23).
12 In their latest work Magomed-Rasul Ibragimov and Kimitaka Matsuzato described the role of the jamaats as the basic system-forming territorial stability of Daghestani society (see: M. -R. Ibragimov, K. Matsuzato, «Chuzhoy, no loial'niy: prichiny 'nestabil'noy stabil'nosti' v Daghestane, avanposte slavianskoy Evrazii,» Polis, No. 3, 2005).
13 A. Malashenko's term.
a component of Islamic studies. We are turning to the problem's religious side in order to better and more adequately understand the phenomenon of Islam and politics in multiethnic transition societies, of which Russia is one. 14
It is highly important to reach an agreement about the terms used: they should be easily understood and should not offend anyone. We are convinced that in Russia today the term «Wahhabis» is a tag rather than a description of confessional identity. We do believe that the more neutral term «Sala-fis» is much better suited to describe radical Islam.
This is important: the term «Wahhabis» has become one of the symbols of the post-communist «witch-hunt.» In this context, we cannot accept as sincere M. Roshchin's arguments that «the North Caucasian Islamic fundamentalists who are frequently called «Wahhabis» do not like the term for not quite clear reasons"15 (italics ours. -A.M., V.V.). We shall demonstrate that the reasons are clear and absolutely justified.
We have posed ourselves the task of analyzing Islam's borderland within the Caspian-Cauca-sian Foothills Muslim communication lines. We have asked the question: What is the nature of the Islamic religious revival «from below» and what is the nature of the local «Islamic alternative» on this periphery of the contemporary Islamic world?
Our article is structured in the following way: first we analyze the historical and geographical roots of the Astrakhan political «flexibility» which predetermined the specific features of Caspian borderland Islam. Then we look at the key social and migration features responsible for the phenomenon of the Caspian-Caucasian Foothills Muslim case. Finally, we try to identify the nature of the «local Islamic alternative» by studying the community of the Astrakhan Salafis.
1. The Phenomenon of Astrakhan Political Flexibility
Historically, Astrakhan has been always associated with the Caspian Sea and its related problems. The Caspian Region offers the best possible illustration of Russia's cultural and ethnic specifics, therefore we deemed it necessary to provide a concise overview of the Caspian sub-area.
The Caspian meso-area is one of Russia's key polyethnic migration areas of more or less recent development. Its historical and demographic specifics are responsible for its «mutually penetrating» ethnic and confessional content: Christian and Muslim, with Buddhist and Lama fringes and Judaic components. This all determines the great potential of the political flexibility and social stability of the region.
The region is an obvious Islamic fringe. As one of the busy trade and transportation crossroads of the south of Russia, Astrakhan is imbibed with diverse forms of classical and periphery Islam. Below we shall demonstrate that these processes have changed and enriched the content of Islam in Russia as whole. This is explained by the fact that Astrakhan historically represented the southern migration belt of Russia crossed by the human migration routes. A stranger normally saw Astrakhan as a unique city of the «Istanbul on the Volga» type, in which the East and the West, Islam and Christianity meet and coexist. It seems that Alexander Dumas' father, who visited the Astrakhan Gubernia in 1858, put his impressions in a nutshell in his Voyage de Russie: «Its background is Russian, while its designs are Armenian, Tartar, and Kalmyk. «16
14 Our inadequate knowledge of the subtler points of Islam limits us in our more detailed use of the results of Islamic studies- we want to avoid profanation of Islam, a fascinating and monumental phenomenon.
15 M. Iu. Roshchin, «Islamskiy fundamentalism na Severnom Kavkaze» [http: //viktorpopkov. narod. ru].
16 Quoted from: V. Viktorin, E. Idrisov, «'Astrakhanskiy mir'-prezhnie i novye grani mezhetnicheskogo edinstva i sotrudnichestva,» Astrakhanskie izvestia, No. 5, 29 January, 2004.
In the religious context Astrakhan proper is seen as a perspective Eurasian borderland. Scottish missionary W. Glenn, who visited the city long before Dumas' father, pointed out that the city was a strategic coordinating center of Turkic, Persian, and Armenian missionary efforts. 17
The geopolitical feature-the region's strategic importance for Russia-which revealed itself once more late in the 20th century played an important role in adding new characteristics to Islam in Astrakhan. When the Soviet Union disappeared from the map of the world, it was through Astrakhan that Russia overshadowed the Caspian Sea-and the Islamic world-with its continental mass. The city's geographical location between the Islamic world in the south and the emerging «strategic Caspian initiative» of the Kremlin has transformed the region into an important compositional element of the Caspian meso-area.
The geographic factors were also responsible for the historical specificities of the Caspian-Cau-casian Foothills Islamic synthesis.
Islam came to the Lower Volga in the 10th century together with Arabian travelers and merchants- the Tartar-Mongol invasion intensified its spread across the area: under Khan Berke, Islam was accepted as the Golden Horde's official religion. In the middle of the 14th century, under Khan Uzbek, Islam claimed an even firmer foothold.
Russian Orthodox Christians came to the region when there was no longer the Golden Horde and the Astrakhan Khanate had become part of Russia. The area fell under Russian administration- the large Muslim stratum was represented by the Turkic-speaking descendants of the Polovtsians and the settled descendants of the formerly nomadic Nogais. Late in the 14th century, during the process of their formation, the latter adopted Sunni Islam of Hanafi madhab, which allowed the local people to preserve their customs and rites (adat and maslagat as norms of customary law). At that time, the nomads had not yet fully embraced Islam. According to 17th-century traveler Jean de Luc, the Nogais «are Muslims, yet they never obey the rules of their religion, they do not fast and not gather together for prayers- there are hajii and mullahs, Muslim theologians, yet they do not live among them since they cannot get used to the Nogais' way of life. «
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Nogais, as well as merchants from Bukhara and Persia (Gilan) and migrants from Kazan were the only Muslims in Astrakhan. The newcomers were Muslim Kalmyks (Sheret), Turkmen, and Kazakhs from the Inner Bukeev Horde.
There were Sunnis in the region: Tartars, Nogais, Turkmen, Kazakhs, Uzbeks from Bukhara (Sarts), and Shi'as (Persians from Gilan). There were rather specific sects, such as mendicants, which were reminiscent of the Persian and Central Asian Sufi dervishes. There were 23, mainly Nogai, «auli-as"-burials of saints served by «mutshafirs"-the saints' descendants.
This all speaks of the highly specific nature of local Islam generated by its borderland location and of the mutations of Islamic trends in the fringes.
2. The Nature and Trends of the Caspian-Caucasian Foothills Islamic Communication Lines
In the recent past, Astrakhan Islam has been developing under the strong impact of the social-Muslim transformations in the Northern Caucasus and primarily under religious-political pressure from another Caspian region, Daghestan (see Fig.).
17 See: S. Batalden, «Musul'manskiy i evreyskiy voprosy v Rossii epokhi Aleksandra I glazami shotlandskogo bibleis-ta i puteshestvennika,» Voprosy istorii, No. 5, 2004, pp. 48−49.
Let's have a look at the key stages and basic characteristics of the Muslim communication lines in the Caspian-Caucasian Foothills area, in which Astrakhan played the role of a useful crossroads and a cozy asylum.
1. Astrakhan became a center of Muslim revival in Russia at the beginning of the 1990s: on 9 June, 1990, an «informal» congress convened by activists from Daghestan and Islamic ideologists from Moscow set up the Islamic Revival Party (IRP) Nadkhat, the first ever Islamic political structure in the Soviet Union that described its aim as «defense of the right of all
Muslims to live according to the laws of Allah.» People from the «revivalist» Islamic society based in Kizil-iurt in Daghestan headed by the Kebedov brothers, Abbas and Bagautdin, were among the founders.
2. Astrakhan was where the notorious Khachilaev brothers convened a legal congress of the Union of the Muslims of Russia on the eve of the 1996 elections. The leaders were quite open about their intention to replace the local clergy and put all local Muslim communities under their control. This forced Mufti Nazymbek-khazriat to appear at the congress uninvited to quench these ambitions.
3. It was under pressure from Daghestan that plans were formed to open a branch of the Buy-naksk Islamic Institute in Astrakhan under the aegis of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Northern Caucasus. The local clergy rebuffed the onslaught by opening a madrasah of their own under their own spiritual administration based in Ufa. In 1999, it became an Islamic Institute.
4. Finally, the North Caucasian factor was clearly manifested in the environment of so-called «radical Islam.» By the mid-1990s, the Avar family of the Omarovs, well known for its profound religious knowledge, took over leadership in Astrakhan «fundamentalist revivalism» (so-called Wahhabism) from the confessionally ignorant local Tartar-Nogais (Khalikov and Abuliasov).
Table 1 and the text below offer detailed social and migration descriptions of local Islam.
The increase in the number of Muslims can be explained by two factors: the high birth rate among the Kazakhs living in rural areas and the Russian-dominated migration of the 1990s, which also brought people of other nationalities (Tartars and Muslims of other ethnic origins) to the region. Since 1988, over 80,000 passed through the region, while 63,000−65,000 of them settled in it. There were about
45. 000 Russians (75 percent) among them- 4,000 Tartars (7 percent) — 3,500 Azeris and Talyshes (5.5 percent) — 4,300 Daghestanis (7.1 percent) — 3,000 Chechens (5 percent) — 2,300 Meskhetian Turks, Tajiks, and Uzbeks (3 percent).
The political representation problem. On the whole, the regional bodies of power correspond to the region's ethnic composition. This is especially true of the State Duma of the Astrakhan Region-no deputies, however, were elected for their ethnic origin. Young Duma deputy and prominent businessman Alikper (Alikerim) Pashaev, a Kumyk from Daghestan and political leader of the North Caucasian Muslims, is supported by the trade quarters of Astrakhan. Leader of the regional Tartar Duslyk Society Anver Almaev, who was elected to representative bodies of all levels and who in December 2004 ran for the mayor of Astrakhan, is inclined to more fully tap the ethnic and religious factor. The chairman of the regional court and the minister of construction and road building are Kazakhs- an editor of one of the most popular newspapers is a Tartar of Nogai-Bukhara extraction- another such paper is headed by an Armenian (a descendant of those who arrived in the area in the 18th century to escape the Persians).
The share of Muslim students. The share of Muslim students in the secular higher educational establishments (the State University, the State Technical University, Medical Academy, Conservatory, and numerous branches offering paid education) on the whole corresponds to the share of Muslims living in the region. The share of educated Muslims has grown due to those studying new subjects (Oriental tongues-Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and also the Kazakh and Tartar languages) at Astrakhan State Technical University and graduates from the Turkish lyceum.
There is another no less important fact: in the last 25 years the share of educated Kazakhs in the local Kazakh diaspora increased by 80 percent between 1979 and 1989. This means that every year
3. 000 to 5,000 Kazakhs received higher education, first in the Soviet Union and then in the Russian Federation- the corresponding figure for the Tartars was 60 percent, with less than 40 percent among the Russians.
Table 1
The Qualitative and Quantitative Parameters of the Islam-Biased* Population of
the Astrakhan Region
Total Population: 4
1989 2002
1 million 1,200,000
& lt-• s. Of them Muslims:
22−23% (about 20,000) 26% (about 250,000)
s Of them:
Kazakhs: J
13% 14. 5%
— 7. 2%
s'- Daghestanis (over 30 ethnoses):
In 1959 there were 239 people 1. 8% (30,000)
0. 8% 1% (15,000−20,000)
Azeris (and Talyshes):
0. 5% 0,8%
0. 4% 0,5%
— 0,2%
— 0,1%
Traditionally gravitating toward Islam of different types to different degrees.
ll S o u r c e: Personal archives of V.M. Viktorin, advisor to the governor of the Astrakhan Region. Jl
In the 1990s, the progress of paid education accelerated the process: the number of educated Kazakhs among the more or less recently (until 1939) nomadic ethnic group greatly increased. As a result, this ethnic group acquired young intelligentsia.
The growing number of Muslim migrants influenced the development of Islam in the region.
3. The Rise and Fall of the Astrakhan Muslim Revivalists Community
Islam in Astrakhan consists of two components: the structures developing within official policies, the leaders and activists of which have regular contacts and consultations with the region's authorities (the so-called «official» Islam). The second component took shape much later, in the dramat-
ic circumstances of the 1990s when «revived» Islam was gaining momentum in its peaceful and radical forms.
There are 39 Muslim spiritual communities and 11 groups in the region, which comprise about one-third of all religious communities, as well as 32 mosques (seven of which are registered as historical or cultural monuments of local or regional importance) and 6 prayer houses.
Nazymbek-khazriat (N.A. Iliasov) is the mufti (previously-imam-mukhtasib) of the region's Muslims and an elected deputy of Sheik Talgat Tadjuddin, the Supreme Mufti, Chairman of the Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia and the CIS European Countries based in Ufa. There are also two Islamic centers based in large mosques, as well as the Khaji-Tarkhan Islamic Institute, which produced its first graduates in July 2003. Muhammed Va-al Abdat from Algeria, who himself graduated from a higher educational establishment in Astrakhan, was its first rector.
The local authorities and local people regard the Muslims as an important historical and cultural component of their region- well aware of the considerable numerical strength of the Muslim electorate, the local politicians deem it necessary to cooperate in a constructive way with the Islamic organizations and their most respected members and leaders. The regional budget regularly allocates money for these purposes.
It should be added that, behind the screen of fairly smooth official Islamic policies, the storm of Muslim revivalism was raging. The sub-regional specifics were generated by the Astrakhan-Cauca-sian Islamic synthesis, in which the active Daghestani radical Islamic group dominated. I have in mind the community of Astrakhan Muslim revivalists («mukhmins»), wrongly called Wahhabis.
Their community (mukhmins are supporters of the iman, the Islamic code of piety) was headed by Angut Magomedovich Omarov, better known as Ayiub of Astrakhan, a remarkable figure, known among the Islamic theologians as an expert without equals. He was one of the best pupils of Bagautdin Kebedov. Ayiub, an Avar by nationality, was born in the Tsumada District of Daghestan.
The earthquake of 1970 drove people away from this district to more prosperous Astrakhan. Early in the 1990s, the migration outflow from the North Caucasian republics swelled the ranks of the Muslim community in Astrakhan. The mukhmins group was one of the results of these processes. It occupied a niche of its own in the city's economy: engaged in trade they mainly live in the Bolshie Isady neighborhood bordering on the city's central marketplace. Its spiritual leader Ayiub did not want any contact with the authorities, therefore the community remained isolated both from the city and regional official structures, the public, and the mass media. The local «official» clergy preferred to keep away from the well-educated mukhmin theologians who criticized the «apparatchik mullahs» for their abandonment of the religious ethics («iman»). In the mid-1990s, the mukhmins were actively involved in missionary efforts, which attracted many new members-Tartars, Kazakhs, and Russians, along with people from the Northern Caucasus. By 1994, there were 300 members.
It is not enough to say that Islam in Astrakhan is a unique phenomenon-we have to explain its nature. The members of the local Islamic community observe Russian laws and speak good Russian. On the other hand, their religious fervor is much more passionate than in other places, they preach the revival of Islam's original purity with a good share of fanaticism. Astrakhan is their home where they seek a social niche in which they must be accepted as true Muslims. They say: «Astrakhan is our home. We want to live and work here without interfering in the affairs of others and without slipping into paganism. «18 Their leaders consider themselves tied to the region by moral and social obligations and believe it necessary to obey Russia's laws.
What were the religious ideas of Ayiub and the members of the jamaat of mukhmins? They wanted to profess «pure» Islam cleansed of later additions. Ayiub was fairly strict primarily with his followers
18 B. Akhmedkhanov, «Zhizn 'Wahhabita' na perekrestke okrain,» Obshchaia gazeta, No. 42 (376), 19−25 October, 2000, pp. 1−3.
(his strictness often being interpreted as religious radicalism or even extremism) as far as their traditional appearance and adherence to the religious dogmas were concerned. This strictness, limited to the religious sphere, had no political or military undertones. 19
The trend itself was not only dynamic-it was contradictory. Back in 1993, before the first war in Chechnia the community betrayed the first signs of dissent- by the late 1990s it had been divided into several trends-the radical, moderate, and peaceful-as well as several transition groups inclined toward traditional Islam. The split was sealed when, in the early spring of 1999, 200 young supporters of Ayiub left to fight in Daghestan and Chechnia. Their departure strengthened the 70-strong group of supporters of peaceful religious and cultural revivalism.
Ayiub's community, which had finally acquired its numerical strength and ideological convictions, did not support the Chechen and Daghestani separatists. There is information that at a secret meeting held in the summer of 2000 at some place on the Caspian coast of Daghestan, the revivalists outside the Northern Caucasus (Ayiub-Angut Omarov from Astrakhan among them) condemned the second Chechen war and war in general. Ayiub's supporters from Astrakhan were united in their opinion that «there was no jihad in Chechnia» and «we condemn this war.» The radical fighters outlawed them in the Caucasus. 20 Despite this, after the well-known events of 1999 when the so-called Wahhabi enclave in Karama-khi, as well as the Basaev-Khattab detachments had been routed, Ayiub and his followers were branded Wahhabis with far-reaching political and religious consequences and criminal persecutions. Ayiub of Astrakhan was branded as a Wahhabi for purely political purposes: the Daghestani authorities and the supporters of the official «Muslim vertical» wanted to uproot any manifestations of opposition in Islam.
As a result, the leaders and the official clergy of Daghestan suggested that the Law on Banning Wahhabism and Other Extremist Activities in the Republic of Daghestan (adopted by the republic's People's Assembly in September 1999 in the wake of the Karamakhi bloodbath) should be extended to the neighboring territories and Russia as a whole. An impressive delegation of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Daghestan which came to Astrakhan on 6 December, 1999 supported the motion. More than that: the prominent figures of the Daghestani Murid societies-the tariqates-accused all the Muslims of North Caucasian extraction living in Astrakhan of Wahhabism. 21 In the fall of 2000, official Makhachkala used force against the Ayiub community, which the Astrakhan special services described as unjustified.
The Astrakhan «mukhmins» whom official Islam loathed as an internal enemy became an easy prey. The jamaat leaders had to adjust to the new realities: they abandoned their previous unwillingness to come in contact with the official structures and addressed the region's leaders. Driven into a corner, the community had no other alternative. Ayiub kept receiving threats that force would be used against him and his family- in February 2000 he was wounded in an assassination attempt that cost his assistant's life. 22 Later, on 4 October and 2 December of the same year, his house was shelled by grenades (luckily no one was hurt as a result). For some time the leader and founder of the jamaat had to go underground- and his community was steadily driven away from its trade niche in local business and the city markets.
No wonder, the «mukhmins» twice, on 13 and 18 December, 2000, sent the region's governor letters in which they asked for their rights to be restored and for people to stop calling them by the derogative term of Wahhabis. Some of the local and central media made the situation even worse by calling Astrakhan «the capital of Russia's Wahhabism. «
19 Interview with Rector of the Astrakhan branch of the All-Russia Institute of Law Prof. O.I. Cherdakov, Astrakhan, June 2004.
20 B. Akhmedkhanov, op. cit.
21 Interview with the leader of the Daghestani community in Astrakhan A. Pashaev, deputy of the State Duma of the Astrakhan Region, May 2002, June 2004.
22 See: Volga, No. 22, 15 February, 2000- Komsomolets Kaspia, 27 July, 2004.
Nor did this help the local Muslim population or the region's leaders. The local religious and official leaders clearly stated that the reports in the press amazed them «by their authors' lack of information and obviously deliberate falsifications. «23 Miron Blier, head of the information department of the administration of the Astrakhan Region, had the following to say: «It seems that someone is profiting from the unending discussions of Wahhabism and this someone is not found here, in Astrakhan, but in Moscow. Several people asked me: 'How can you tolerate the fact that the Wahhabis freely live in your city?' I should say that Astrakhan and the Astrakhan Region is home to 170 ethnic groups and confessions-so far we have had no ethnic or religious conflicts here. The problem appears when it is constantly discussed. The authorities are creating irreconcilable enemies themselves, against whom they then have to fight. So-called Wahhabism in Astrakhan is a way of life. It is a form of Islamic Protestantism which does not violate Russian laws. All those who are called Wahhabis trade in the Kirov market, this is a merchant guild of sorts which defends its members' interests.» The mufti of the Astrakhan Region Nazymbek-khazriat pointed to the same specific feature of the Astrakhan «revivalists.» He described them with a great deal of respect as a «fully-fledged community of a fairly large number of Astrakhan dwellers active in the religious and absolutely secular sphere by trading on the market. «24
The genuine Islamic alternative can be locally realized as jamaats: this has been amply demonstrated by its successful transformation «from below» in the Kadar enclave of Daghestan. This is how this alternative can be realized: it does not need a political party for its realization. In this connection we should say that by formulating a question about the multi-layered nature of political Islam and by identifying its viable local cross-section, K. Matsuzato and A. Malashenko made a significant contribution to Islamic studies.
The «Islamic Protestants» have become perfectly adapted to the business and everyday life of Astrakhan. A Moscow correspondent who wanted to know what the local people thought about the «bearded men» learned that they did not give them a second thought: «They came here long ago and do not interfere with us» was the most frequent answer. 25 They are reserved and ascetic in their personal tastes, they do not drink, smoke, or use drugs-these features are approved by the neighbors of the «mukhmins» and other peaceful «revivalists.» The neighbors of the Karamakhi Salafis also approved them for the same reason (see Table 2).
The above is not intended as an apology for Ayiub's community- he is a cruel and theologically controversial figure. Whatever the case, the experience of his community has demonstrated that the «revivalist» groups are perfectly viable if they make their aims public- the local social-religious initiatives «from below» profit from such openness-it is secrecy that breeds suspicion on the part of their neighbors and leads to persecutions.
In fact, Islam may avoid radicalization in the revivalist environment and may turn radical in the traditional environment. This suggests a far from simple question: To what degree does a low educational level stimulate radicalism and aggression? The leaders of the Islamic Revival Party which met in Astrakhan for its congress in 1990 were very educated people: a secular scholar and academician, Vali-Akhmed Sadur, a prominent theologian and preacher, Bagautdin Kebedov, his pupil, Ayiub (Angut) Omarov, and others. Their Astrakhan followers, however, (M. Abdurazak-ov is an unskilled worker and A. -Kh. Khalikov a gardener) demonstrate very aggressive and primitive instincts. Similar religious activists normally acting at the grass-root level of the radical-re-
23 «Radikalizm ot imeni islama i Astrakhanskiy kray.» Materialy 'kruglogo stola' 13 oktiabria 1999 g. ,» Informatsion-ny biulleten administratsii Astrakhanskoy oblasti, No. 4, November 1999, p. 2.
24 Obshchaia gazeta, No. 42 (376), 19−25 October, 2000- Informatsionny biulleten administratsii Astrakhanskoy oblasti, No. 4, November 1999.
25 B. Akhmedkhanov, op. cit.
Table 2
Profiles and Parameters of the Local Islamic Alternative in Russia Today (Comparison of Caspian-Caucasian Salafi Case Studies)
& lt-T
1. Karamakhi community (the «Kadar zone» enclave)
2. Ayiub's Astrakhan community
Form self-administering rural community self-administering urban community
Economics agriculture (commercial production of vegetables) — market trade freight haulage, wholesale and retail trade*
Religious development through conflict and a split inside the rural community through conflicts with rural dwellers, relatives and final split inside the community**
Public morals fight against drug abuse, drinking, and smoking fight against drug abuse, drinking, and smoking
Assessment of critical: as corrupt and criminal especially
power with respect to the Daghestani authorities
neutral and not publicly announced
Relations with conflict with the republic's leaders and
the authorities its power-wielding structures
no relations at first and later positive relations
through the use of armed force and liquidation of the jamaat
through negotiations and a dialog with the regional authorities
& lt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N
* According to journalist Milrad Fatullaev, «there were no poor in Karamakhi.» An average family possessed 70,000 sq. m of land (a large amount for Daghestan) — 12 calves for fattening, and a heavy KamAZ truck. The fertile soils, not much inferior to those of the Kuban area, produce rich yields of vegetables- one thousand and six hundred households own over 700 KamAZ trucks- men are involved in freight hauling in Russia and earn between 30,000 and 50,000 rubles every month, the lion'-s share of the total income of local families (M. Fatullaev, «Daghestan: tri goda posle voyny,» Nezavisimaia gazeta, 3 December, 2002, p. 5). These are very good economic results for the republic, produced by the truly Herculean efforts of the Islamic Protestants and their entrepreneurship.
** In 1997, people of the village of Kvanada in Daghestan where Ayiub Omarov was born started burning down the houses of their neighbors who had embraced so-called Wahhabism. Religious enmity between the Wahhabis and those who followed official Islam spread to Astrakhan. In the same way the conflicts, clashes, and murders in the villages of the Kadar zone accompanied the Karamakhi Salafi jamaat as it was being formed. This casts doubts on the arguments of those who say that the radical Islamic communities were tied together by kindred and community bonds. Here we have an opposite process: an Islamic response of sorts to the crisis of public conscience in the country'-s remote areas.
Comments to the table:
The table excludes an attempt at typologization-it concentrates on examples of the local Islamic alternatives. The latter are different forms of local Muslim self-organization and adaptation to market conditions. It turned out that sometimes they are realized contrary to the «natural» ethnic features and geographic boundaries and are bonded by social parameters and shared values. Even though the Salafi communities were based on the «area factor» and were formed within enclaves their development caused splits and severed kindred and community ties.
vivalist movement follow the pattern: ignorance-narrow-mindedness-enemy image-attack. This proves that de-modernization and archaization of society are accompanied by radicalization and aggressiveness.
C o n c l u s i o n
We have demonstrated that the multi-layered approach to Islam, which identifies its viable local segment, has a considerable heuristic potential. This approach helps understand the inner dynamics of the «Islamic alternative» as a complex social and political phenomenon. This reconfirms the old truth that the deeper the analyst goes into the past the more integral an image of reality he acquires.
The de-modernization conception offers a fairly exact explanation of the roots of the «Islamic alternative,» the different variants of which are society's response to the systemic crisis of the 1990s and the collapse of the social institutions-the fall of the Soviet Union delivered a cruel blow to the ethnic and Muslim communities. No matter what the liberal ideologists say about the Soviet Union as a «totalitarian monster,» the Soviet epoch was a time of social modernization and flourishing ethnic cultures (even the smallest ethnic minorities acquired their own culture based on their written tongues and elites of their own), as well as budding civil awareness. Socialism gave the Muslims and ethnic minorities a modern free system of education, social guarantees, and free medical services. They were given the chance to increase their numerical strength and realize vertical social mobility. No wonder, says Austrian historian Andreas Kappeler, the Muslim peoples, with the exception of the Crimean Tartars, kept away from the nationalist-separatist movement of the perestroika period and did not contribute to the downfall of the Soviet Union. 26
The political system of today has deprived the ethnic and religious minorities of fair representation in the bodies of power- this is one of the reasons why the Muslims treat Russian democracy as an alien phenomenon. The ruling classes have unequivocally condemned everything «non-Western» in Russia. The liberal crowd in Moscow and the academic circles that serve it have absolutely openly betrayed their disapproval of the fact that there are ethnic minorities in Russia. At one time Sergey Averintsev said that «the existence of different peoples was accepted as a purely ethnographic fact" — today these peoples «are making their claims.» The state of affairs at the top level is supported by no less eloquent facts: in ten years (between 1992 and 2002), there were only three «ethnic Muslims» in the seven RF cabinets (154 ministers in all) appointed by former president Boris Yeltsin and President Vladimir Putin. 27 There are no ethnic Muslims among the heads of Russian TV channels and the major press. Meanwhile, Russia is home to about 20 million Muslims, or 14 percent of the total population. This is how official Moscow demonstrated its attitude toward the national minorities, including the Islamic minority.
The de-modernization processes are graphically illustrated by the so-called reforms in the sphere of education. Russia's newly formed educational system, open to commercialization, corruption, and degradation, is turning into a service sphere- it is no longer an institution of professional selection, social mobility, and realization of equal opportunities (we have already written about a direct connection between lack of knowledge and radicalization). Under these conditions, the Muslim youth is easily tempted by the Islamic educational alternative-pilgrimages under easy terms, free education abroad, and the prospect of coming back home an emir or a religious authority. 28
Islamization is an answer to the ideological «impotence» of the leaders of «new» Russia and the state's inability to ultimately formulate a national idea and philosophy. By buying short-term political loyalty of the ruling clans of the Muslim regions, something that the Kremlin was doing throughout the 1990s, it pushed away the local people. They, in turn, rallied around the radical Islamic leaders
26 See: A. Kappeler, «Dve traditsii v otnosheniakh Rossii k musul'manskim narodam Rossiiskoy imperii,» Otechest-vennaia istoria, No. 2, 2003, p. 134.
27 See: D. Glinskiy, op. cit., p. 17. In the past three years only one more ethnic Muslim-head of the Ministry of the Interior Rashid Nurgaliev-joined the government.
28 State Duma Deputy from Daghestan M. Mammaev said in this connection that school education at the local level has been neglected for a long time. «Young people have no choice,» said he (Zavtra, No. 28 (608), 2005, p. 5).
who could offer a much more comprehensible «truth.» In a way it was the answer «from below» to the corrupt and crippled power in the center and the regions.
Islamic religious feelings grow out of the fact that the ethnic minorities are deprived of channels of vertical mobility and political representation of their interests at the all-Russia level- they are pushed out to the margins of the contemporary educational and information processes. 29
The process of Islamization in the local enclaves (Astrakhan and the Karamakhi) has acquired a logic and dynamics of its own. The story of the Astrakhan «mukhmins» testifies that the local «Islamic alternative» has large mobilization potential- the Muslim self-administering communities have shown that they can survive and protect themselves against persecution and economic risks.
29 See: D. Glinskiy has offered the most professional description of this aspect (see: D. Glinskiy, op. cit.).
Elmir KULIEV
Chief Consultant, State Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan for Work with Religious Associations (Baku, Azerbaijan)
Together with independence, the peoples of Azerbaijan acquired the freedom of worship envisaged in the republic's constitution, which serves as the legal basis of religious resurrection in the country. The upsurge of religious feelings is partly explained by what a casual observer may take for a paradox. I have in mind the lack of spirituality caused, among other things, by the absence of religious continuity among the younger generation, which is willingly embracing Islam. Islamic religious and philosophical thought in Azerbaijan is struggling through an ideological fog to bring the nation back to its traditional moral and spiritual values. The traditional clergy and religious radicals exploiting the ideological vacuum left by socialism are little interested in the resurging interest in Islam and its potential contribution to the country's rebirth.
In fact the clergy, which betrayed its inability to meet the current challenges, has become a serious obstacle for those who wanted to reach religious perfection: many of them cannot accept the archaic and even anti-social tradition which imposes ideological limitations and bans free thinking. Those members of the clergy who have retained their former role as Islam's social-historical sheath allegedly designed to shape the religion's environment are rejected together with the fossilized traditions. We should admit, however, that it was thanks to the conservative-minded clergy that religious resurrection in Azerbaijan did not acquire political hues. However, this should not be taken to mean that the clergy is not responsible for the deep internal and external crisis of religion in Azerbaijan.
Today, the revivalist movement, which has already acquired a fairly wide scope, stands opposed to the traditional religious leaders. It has failed so far to grasp the meaning of the key tasks civil soci-


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January 04, 2017
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• Enthusiasm for cystectomy has resulted in many such operations having been performed in cases in which either bladder resection or radium implantation would have been better, if accompanied by transplantation of the ureter into the bladder. A bladder of fairly normal capacity and a ureter long enough to avoid tension upon the implanted ureter are necessary for such a successful transplantation. In five cases where ureteral transplantation into the bladder was possible, a better long-term clinical result was obtained when this procedure was substituted for the usual colon transplantation.
Boyd ML. TRANSPLANTATION OF THE URETER INTO THE BLADDER. JAMA. 1957;164(6):651-654. doi:10.1001/jama.1957.02980060027007
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'On the Road Again' — Willie is back
San Antonio restaurant inspections: February 17, 2017
NWS calling for heavy rain, threat of hail and 60 mph winds...
Lisa Marie Presley says she's broke after ex asks for money
Senior Trump appointee fired after critical comments
Meet the S.A. 'chola' with hundreds of thousands of fans online
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Police say man revealed chilling details in killing of S.A....
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Burger Boy opening a second location
Yearly Archive for 2007
Exotic getaway for Parkers
Honeymoon alert: Word has it that Tony and Eva sealed their glittery wedding in Turks & Caicos, an unspoiled group of British isles located halfway between Miami and Puerto Rico. According to the …
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The Tony-Eva wedding was indeed TV's entertainment story of the weekend and continues to be so even now. Look for more on Monday's "Entertainment Tonight" (at 6:30 p.m. on KSAT) and "Access …
S.A. love story
Though most of the press about the Eva-Tony star-studded nuptials and reception will come out of France, one set of interviews airing Sunday on the TV Guide Channel actually will originate from San …
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Paris Hilton's release from jail may have had paparazzi scoping her every move, but her "Simple Life" co-star managed a quiet lunch today in none other than San Antonio. Nicole Richie and her …
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OK! Magazine is reportedly the winner in the contest for exclusive rights to Eva and Tony's wedding pictures. This according to Page Six of the New York Post — which is known as the print bible …
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Updated: Bruce Bowen on Leno
Two Spurs stars will light up late-night TV. Bruce Bowen, defensive star for the San Antonio Spurs, will twinkle on NBC's "The Tonight Show" tonight. Tony Parker, the 2007 finals MVP, will shimmer on …


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Data Deluge
Researchers Turn to Cloud Computing as Genomic Sequencing Data Threatens to Overwhelm Traditional IT Systems
Seeking Young Scientists for Research in Space
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Pancreatic Cancer Drug Tanks in Pivotal Study
Clovis Oncology reported disappointing results from its LEAP (Low hENT1 and Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas) study of CO-101 versus gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer. There was no difference in overall survival between the two arms in either the primary analysis of the hENT1-low patient population, or in the overall intent-to-treat population. Median survival in each arm was approximately six. Toxicities were comparable between the two arms, and no differences were observed in any subgroup analyses. Key prognostic variables, including performance status and age, were balanced between the hENT1-low and -high groups.
The study also demonstrated that, contrary to the results of numerous published retrospective studies, hENT1 status had no impact on survival for patients on gemcitabine.
CO-101 is a lipid-conjugated form of gemcitabine. It was designed to enter cancer cells regardless of hENT1 expression. CO-101 was targeted at patients with pancreatic cancer whose tumors express low amounts of hENT1 and, therefore, were expected to be resistant to standard gemcitabine therapy.
As part of the LEAP study, Clovis established a collaboration with Ventana Medical Systems to develop an in vitro diagnostic to measure tissue hENT1 expression and enable prospective classification of patients as either hENT1-high or hENT1-low. Clovis utilized this IVD to establish the definition of hENT1-high and hENT1-low patients from a number of clinical studies of gemcitabine, which allowed outcome data to guide an optimized definition of "hENT1-low" that identified patients who were expected to derive little benefit from gemcitabine therapy.
"We are obviously disappointed with these results, which are unambiguous," said Patrick J. Mahaffy, president and CEO of Clovis Oncology. As a consequence of these results, Clovis will suspend all development of CO-101, pending further evaluation of the LEAP data.
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Tyson Ross (10-9, 3.27 ERA) and Alex Wood (9-9, 3.67 ERA) start in the third of a four-game series between the San Diego Padres (65-70) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (76-58) at Petco Park. The Dodgers won the last game 8-4 and the series is currently tied 1-1. Action begins at 8:40 p.m. ET on Saturday, Sep. 5 and can be seen on FSSD and SNLA.
Ross pitched 7.0 innings in his most recent start, surrendering zero runs, striking out seven and walking two in a 7-0 win over the Rangers. Matt Kemp (.266, 67 Rs, 18 HRs, 89 RBIs, 11 SBs) went 1 for 4 yesterday with one run, one home run, and two RBIs. Wood went 6.0 innings, surrendering two runs, striking out seven and walking one in a 2-0 defeat to the Cubs in his last outing. Justin Turner (.292, 44 Rs, 15 HRs, 52 RBIs, 3 SBs) went 1 for 4 yesterday with one run.
The odds for San Diego and Los Angeles are even, while the Over/Under (O/U) is sitting at seven runs. Within its division, San Diego has a record of 27-24 SU. The Padres are one of the best in the MLB in terms of extra base hits with 372. Crossing over to the pitching staff, opponents have consistently been struck out by the Padres, who lead the NL in strikeouts per home game with 9.1.
The Dodgers are 32-21 against teams in their division. Los Angeles is excellent at drawing walks with 3.4 per game, ranking second in the NL. Los Angeles's pitching staff is one of the top in the NL, with a 3.44 ERA. When it comes to preventing batters from getting on base, the Dodgers are one of the best in the league with a WHIP of 1.19 for the season. The Dodgers have established a reputation of overwhelming hitters with an NL-best 8.7 strikeouts per game.
The Dodgers lead the season series, 9-5. The Padres have a 15-14 record against left-handed starting pitchers on the year, which is what they'll be facing when Wood takes the mound. Ross (RHP) will be on the hill against the Dodgers, who have a 61-44 record against right-handed starting pitchers.
Predictions: SU Winner - LAD, O/U - Over
The total has gone UNDER in 11 of LA Dodgers's last 15 games.
LA Dodgers are 9-2 SU in their last 11 games.
The total has gone UNDER in 6 of LA Dodgers's last 9 games on the road.
LA Dodgers are 4-9 SU in their last 13 games on the road.
LA Dodgers are 4-1 SU in their last 5 games on the road.
LA Dodgers are 8-4 SU in their last 12 games when playing San Diego.
The total has gone OVER in 4 of LA Dodgers's last 6 games when playing San Diego.
The total has gone UNDER in 16 of LA Dodgers's last 22 games when playing on the road against San Diego.
LA Dodgers are 6-3 SU in their last 9 games when playing on the road against San Diego.
Los Angeles has won 52% (24-22) of its games when leading after 7 innings. However, San Diego has won 53% (35-31) of its games when taking a late lead.
The Dodgers are coming into this game after allowing two walks during their last outing. The Padres have a 31-45 record when opponents give up that many walks or fewer.
When they outhit their opponents, the Padres are 49-14. The Dodgers have a 56-11 record when outhitting opponents.
Both falling in the bottom half of the league based on total runs this season, San Diego ranks 16th with 559 runs and Los Angeles is 19th with 551.
Ranking 22nd, San Diego is near the bottom of the league in walks, notching 341 this season. Los Angeles ranks in the top five at third with 457.
The Padres are 45-27 when they hit at least one home run. The Dodgers perform similarly when they hit one or more homers with a 58-34 record.


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Is Yamuna Doctor S incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Yamuna Doctor S in Chennai Tamil Nadu. Yamuna Doctor S is located at H-110/S2 Waves First Seawaroad Road Valmiki Nagar Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai Tamil Nadu 600041 and provides Healthcare services. Contact them on 044 2442 6535.
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Mammut Twitch Pant
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
These Mammut Twitch Pants are warm ski pants with a casual look thanks to DryTechTM Premium and cozy fleece lining. The sophisticated range of basic features is complemented by practical pocket solutions and attention to detail in the finish. These pants are perfect for alpine skiing and freeriding / boarding.
- CampSaver.com
When you get the itch to make turns, you're going to head to the hill regardless of what old man winter decides to do. The Mammut Men's Twitch Pant lets you scratch that itch with reliable all-weather protection from the Dry Tech Premium shell and polyester insulation for warmth on the chilliest days. The loose-fit cut will permit every trick in your bag, and the two-way side zips allow you to cool down when the storm passes and the sun starts to shine.
- Backcountry.com
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The Mammut Twitch Pant is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen March 7, 2014 at CampSaver.com.
If you're looking for a new synthetic insulated pant, check out the best reviewed current models.


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Quality Assurance Lead (Products), New York
We're the proven Salesforce strategic partner for a reason— our technology-driven method combines our team's years of experience with cloud solutions that continually connect our clients with their customers. We specialize in leading cloud technologies like Salesforce, but our clients come to Bluewolf for so much more than our technical expertise. We serve a community of future-focused industry leaders dedicated to building the next generation of digital experiences. The way we see it, when business is done in real time on the cutting edge, it's always now.
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- Develop and document a test strategy based on business needs.
- Develop processes to ensure the highest level of quality assurance possible.
- Develop formal testing tactics, procedures for manual or automated testing to ensure software quality.
- Investigate procedures, workflows, and software to keep our processes up to date
- Create end-to-end test plans to ensure desired functionality works as expected, as well as test for other anomalies that may occur by working independently on assignments.
- Document and facilitate communication and troubleshooting of issues, bugs, changes
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- Ability to problem solve technical issues and creatively design test cases to ensure all desired functionality has been developed per specifications.
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- 2 – 4+ years in of progressive and relevant experience in software quality assurance or software testing
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- Experience performing QA duties in an agile team environment with continuous integration
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- Experience in system integration testing, regression testing, performance testing, security testing, functional testing of web applications, etc.
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Meet Some of Bluewolf's Employees
Andrew O.
Sr. Salesforce Consultant
Andrew works hands-on with businesses to help them build out their Salesforce platform. To do so, he talks with them in detail about how he can improve their operations.
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Wholesale High-def Mini DV with The Functions
Guide price: $60
Last updated on 23rd Jul 2010
Wholesale High-def Mini DV with The Functions
I bought a cellphone jammer on this site,but didn't work since the antenna was broken after several months,then the customer service tried every effort to help me solve the problem and even send me a pair of antennas for free immediately,moreover,they made discounts for me in my new order!That's rea...
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Sony Xperia Z3 Compact LCD with Digitzer Assembly
iCell Spare Parts is a leading specialist in iPod touch, iPhone, and iPad spare parts in Canada. We prone quality parts over quantities. All of our parts are tested before shipped out. We try to get the latest parts and help out our customers as much as we can. If any part that you require is not on our website please let us know and we'll do our best to find it for you. We can also have other spare parts for different brands.
Daylight 24 402071-39 High Output Led
Shopping online Arc Lamps products. Looking for Arc Lamps products online? Find top recommended Daylight 24 402071-39 High Output Led Adjustable Beam Floor Lamp online on lightsdaddy.com
High Power Portable 3G/ GPS/ WiFi/ Lojack Jammer
Product Description This selectable 6 Antennas Mobile phone Jammer that you are scanning is 6 Antennas High Power Portable 3G/ GPS/ WiFi/ Lojack Jammer which is a powerful multi-purpose signal jammer which can cut off the signals of Bluetooth GPS LoJack 2G 3G mobile phones at the same time. And also because of that this selectable Bluetooth GPS LoJack 3G mobile phone blocker is designed with multiple bands, so that you can adjust ON or turn off any single band without influencing the other bands operation. Thus as this handheld WiFi GPS LoJack phone signal jammer has applied the latest design and Good cooling system with cooling fan inside, in this way it can always stay in good working condition. What's more, as this selectable handheld jammer has applied the external Omni-directional antennas, so that all the TX frequency covered down link only. In addition, with the design of the car...
8 Antennas High-power GPS/WiFi/VHF/UHF jammer
Product Specification: Here the signal jammer that you are viewing is 20 Watt Adjustable 8 Antennas High-power GPS/WiFi/VHF/UHF Jammer, which is the new 8 bands Jammer, and have good jamming effect for all mobile phone 2G,3G,GPS and WIFI,UHF,VHF bands. And because of having used the stronger and longer External Omni-directional antennas, all the TX frequency covered down link only, and latest design and Good cooling system with cooling fan inside, so with 20 W high output power the jamming distance of this high power 2G 3G UHF VHF GPS WiFi jammer is up to 40 meters at most while 15 meters to block the UHF VHF signals. And since designed with the 12V car charger, this Cellphone UHF VHF GPS WiFi jammer can be easily use in the car even it is the desktop style jammer. And because of the good function and working condition for places such as the meeting...


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Your Companion in Caring for Your Loved OnesIf you're constantly busy and need help in caring for your senior loved one, turn to Momma's Lil Helpers Homemakers and Companions LLC. Based in New Port Richey, FL, we provide companionship services as well as light housekeeping and meal preparation for seniors. We'll take care of your relatives, just like a mother would. Our family-owned business was established by a mother-daughter tandem. As Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA) for over four years, our owners have always been passionate about providing care to clients in need. When it comes to leading the company, they also make sure that our team takes care and respects all our clients. We understand that seeking external help requires a significant amount of trust. This is why we thoroughly screen our caregivers so rest assured that your loved ones are in good hands. While we are only an emerging business, we have already garnered the trust of numerous clients. To hire our services, contact us today at your convenience. We'll be more than happy to assist you.Amenities: Dish Washing, Errand Running, Light Housekeeping, Meal Preparation, Medication Reminder, Transportation to Appointments, CompanionshipProfessional Affiliations: West Pasco Chamber of CommercePayment Options: Cash, Visa, Master Card, American Express, Discover, Debit Card, Personal Checks
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Posted on 23 November 2004
- 12:00
The Swedish full-back felt the problem in the first half and was replaced by Reto Ziegler at half-time with Thimothee Atouba switching from left midfield to full-back.
Back at Spurs Lodge this morning, Erik reported: "After 35 minutes I was out by the corner flag with Carlton Cole and stretched to reach the ball. I over-stretched my Achilles a bit, it felt tight for a while and I had to go off.
"Already today I feel a lot better. I have taken some anti-inflammatory tablets and within a couple of days I hope to be training again."
Head Coach Martin Jol added: "He had a problem with the same injury last season in Holland as well and he maybe needs two or three days before he's training again.
"What was important though was Thimothee Atouba played at full-back in the second half and played well. That's the benefit of having players who can play a couple of positions."
24 November 2016
Our Official Supporters' Clubs in the USA are once again acting as a force for good in their communities for Thanksgiving.
15 November 2016
This is your chance to take a tour of White Hart Lane with an all-time Tottenham Hotspur great.
26 August 2016
To assist our fans at the beginning of the new season we have launched an updated interactive map to illustrate best access routes into the stadium following the removal of sections of the North and East stands, the closure of Paxton Road to general access and the changes to the West Stand Car Park during the close season.
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Cold dyes in Ahmedabad
Found: 7 products← Back to category "Textile dyes"
Fast Colour Salts
Brand: Fast. Description: Fast Colour Salts are used when it is necessary to make prints on Cotton, Khanga , Batik fabrics. 01 FAST YELLOW GC SALT AZOIC DIAZO COMPONENT 44 37000 95-15-2 02 FAST ORANGE GC SALT AZOIC DIAZO COMPONENT 2 3700 Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Brill Violet 5R textile dye
Product Category: Reactive (Vinyal Sulphone) Industry: Textile Other Details: Solubility - GMS/LTs at Room Temp: 100 Day Light - 1/6: 4-5-6, 1/1: 6-7 Washing (Natural) - 60°C Change of Shade: 5 Staining of Cotton: 5 Staining of Staple rayon: 5 Washing (Natural) - 9 Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Reactive Cold Dyes
The range of reactive cold dyes offered by is manufactured using high grade raw material which caters the needs of textile industry. These dyes offered by us are fiber reactive dyes which are well known for its varied features and can even produce diversified attractive colors. Some of its distinct Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Wool Reserves Dyes
Wool Reserve Dye Our organization is engaged in manufacturing and exporting high quality Wool Reserve Dyes that are in compliance with industry standards. These are formulated using high grade ingredients, which are sourced from renowned vendors of the industry. Further, these dyes are stringentl Read more
India, Ahmedabad
India, Ahmedabad
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Inkjet Ink dyes
Price:100 INR
Wholesale price:500 INR(from 100 kg.)
We Phoenix Colours, are Leading Manufacturer & Exporters of customized Specialty Dyestuffs & Pigment Products based in INDIA. Salt Free R.O. Dyes ( Inkjet Ink dyes, Digital Printing Ink dyes ) Reactive Dyes Direct Dyes Acid dyes Reactive Blue 21 Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Pthalogen Blue Powder Dyes
Price:1000 INR
Manufacturing of Dyestuff since 1960 at Ahmedabad.The firm has been specially Trading, Manufacturing Dyestuff required by various Textile Processing Units engaged in Hosiery Dyeing, Cotton Dyeing & Printing, Denim Dyeing. OUR PRODUCTS:- We are manufacturing and exporting a wide range of Rapid Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Cotton Fabric Manufacturer
Kanti Fashion Fabs (I) Pvt. Ltd. is amongst the pioneer in manufacturing Dyed Cotton Fabrics and Printed Cotton Fabrics in Ahmedabad, India. Being an integrated textile unit with infrastructure from Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Direct - Orange TGLL
We have established ourselves as a renowned manufacturer and supplier of Direct - Orange TGLL. These products are used in different industries for dyeing purposes. Our range is highly demanded across the nation, due to its brilliant quality, accurate composition and minimum impurity level. Widely ap Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Acid Metal Complex Dyes
Acid Metal Complex Dyes are also known as pre-metalized dyes and provides superior working when used with protein fibers. Normally, metal complex dyes comprise chromium or cobalt complexes and find application for dyeing polyamide fibers. Features : Dyes are non-caustic, thus delivering superior Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Acid Dyes, Acid orange II
section 1: chemical product and company identification product name: orange ii cas#: 633-96-5 synonym: acid orange 7; 4-(2-hydroxy-1-napthylazo)benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt chemical name: orange ii chemical formula: c16-h12-n2-o4-s. Na section 2: composition and information on ingredients Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Cassia Gum Powder
CASSIA TORA GUM POWDER (NATURAL) Mesh 200 , 150 , 100 , 80 Viscosities (Brookfield Viscometer) 3000-5000 Cps Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromGandhidham
Vibrant Colour Glitter Powders
Our clients can avail from us a wide spectrum of Glitter Powder which is available in vibrant and lush colors. These are basically used as paint additives or gel coat to enhance paintings, handicrafts and others. Our offered product find immense applications in cosmetic industry and are often used a Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromSonipat
Reative HE Dyes
The comprehensive range of gujofix 'he' dyes is formulated using bis monochloro triazine and is widely used to dye various cellulosic material including cotton. As compared to the conventional reactive dyes, these dyes lead to cost reduction as they possess higher exhaustion and are efficient in fix Read more
India, Ahmedabad
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Leather Chemicals
We are reckoned as one of the most stupendous Leather Industry Chemicals Manufacturers from India. The materials used in the manufacturing of the Leather Tanning Chemicals are of optimum quality that ensures universal norms. Moreover, various national as well as international clients are placing hug Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Orange Acid Dyes
We are one of the eminent manufacturers, exporters and suppliers of Orange Acid Dyes which are formulated from superior quality raw material. The acid dyes are mainly used to dye wool, nylon, silk and other protein fibers and are known for accurate chemical composition, colorfastness and solubility. Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromAhmedabad Cantonment
Disperse Orange RL-200
We are engaged in offering Disperse Orange RL, which are used in various industries across the country for printing and dyeing purpose across the country. These dyes are used for textile dyeing applications. Our dyes are formulated using eco-friendly material, so that no harmful results are caused. Read more
India, Ahmedabad
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Reactive Yellow 86
We are the top quality manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of Reactive Yellow 86 across and outside India.Our company provides wide range of reactive yellow 86 to meet the maximum demands of customers therefore we have reputed image in market .We are doing well by attaining the positive custom Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Acid Fast Red
Our organization is engaged in formulating premium quality Acid Fast Red A. Widely demanded for several industrial applications, this dye is pure and safe to use. The dye can be easily used by the client, as it is soluble in water. We offer this dye in plethora of colors to cater to the variegated d Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Bon Acid (Beta Oxynapthoic Acid)
Adyeis acoloredsubstance that has anaffinityto thesubstrateto which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in anaqueous solution, and requires amordantto improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of ligh Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Mordant Brown Dye
With unmatched color fastening properties, ourMordant Brown Dyeretains color on fabric for a long period of time. Manufactured with quality chemicals, the Mordant Brown Dye is pure and safe on fabric. Our Mordant Brown Dye improves the texture of fabric and makes it more appealing. Even after many w Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Acid Dyes Acid Black 194
Available only in powder form, our range of acid dyes are known for their efficient performance in varied dyeing applications concerning products made from materials like leather, wool, nylon silk & ink. Packaging: Available in 25 kg carton drums or bags. Available Range: Commerci Read more
India, Ahmedabad
Indolene Disperse Dyes
We formulate a high grade Indolene Disperse Dyes, which is ground into fine granules using high technology. Derived from anthraquinone, these dyestuffs find application for dyeing cotton yarns , packages and piece goods. These dyes work very effectively in continuous dyeing, exhaust dying and batch Read more
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromMumbai
Delivery to Ahmedabad fromBaghpat
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£127,000 Offers over
*** IMMACULATE 3 BEDROOM SEMI DETACHED BETT VILLA WITH MULTI CAR DRIVEWAY *** Homes for U are delighted to present to the market this immaculate 3 bedroom semi detached villa located in a very desirable residential development in Bonnybridge. Offering excellent family accommodation, this property has been tastefully decorated and is a credit to the current owners. Internally, ground floor accommodation comprises welcoming reception hallway, w.c, spacious lounge, dining room and a modern fitted kitchen. Upstairs there are three generously sized bedrooms and a luxury three piece family bathroom. The property also features double glazing, gas central heating and ample storage. Externally the front garden is laid to lawn with an extended driveway leading to the child friendly, enclosed rear garden which benefits from being South West facing, easily maintained being mainly laid to lawn with feature timber raised decking . Bonnybridge offers a fine selection of local amenities which include local shopping, schooling and transport links to Falkirk and Denny as well as excellent motorway links to all major centres of business.***EARLY VIEWING IS RECOMMENDED ***
Fully enclosed south west facing garden
Bright entrance hall offering access to all areas the property
WC 1.88m (6' 2') x 0.89m (2' 11')
Modern two piece WC newly decorated
Located off the main entrance hall
Fully tiled flooring
Lounge 4.27m (14' 0') x 3.82m (12' 6')
Bright and spacious front facing lounge
Large window to front of property
Laminate flooring
Kitchen 2.50m (8' 2') x 2.22m (7' 3')
Modern fitted kitchen with a wide range of base and wall mounted units
Appliances include: integrated 4 gas hob burner with electric oven,fridge,freezer and washing machine.
Access to rear garden
Fully tiled flooring
Large storage cupboard
Dining Room 2.48m (8' 2') x 2.50m (8' 2')
French doors leading to rear patio and south west facing rear garden
Bright and spacious dining room located off the kitchen and lounge
New floor covering
Upper landing
Access to upper areas &loft
Bathroom 1.99m (6' 6') x 1.69m (5' 7')
Newly fitted modern bathroom
Consists of modern white three piece suite and new electric shower over bath
Window to rear with fitted blinds
Vanity storage
Quality tiled flooring
Master Bedroom 2.86m (9' 5') x 2.71m (8' 11')
Bright and Spacious double bedroom
Integrated wardrobes
Newly decorated in neutral colours
Large rear window to rear with blind
Bedroom 2 3.21m (10' 6') x 2.76m (9' 1')
Well proportioned bedroom to the front of the property and offers storage cupboard
Newly decorated
Bedroom 3 2.45m (8' 0') x 2.24m (7' 4')
Well proportioned bedroom to the front of the property and offers storage cupboard
Newly fitted carpet flooring
Newly decorated
Rear Garden
Excellent child friendly, enclosed rear garden which benefits from being South West facing, easily maintained being mainly laid to lawn with feature timber raised sun decking .
Extra Information
Home Report Value £130000
Council Tax Band 'D'
Partially floored loft
This house description is based upon information supplied by the owner, or on behalf of the owner. These property particulars are produced in good faith and do not constitute or form part of any contract. s1homes do not take any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this document.
If a property value displays '0', don't worry it just means no properties have been sold in that area during that time.
Sold house price data is supplied to us by the Registers of Scotland, a government department responsible for compiling and maintaining property registers, every month. There can be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is sold to being recorded with Registers of Scotland. We provide house price data for your information only, we do not accept any liability for any errors. If you have noticed any incorrect information, please contact Registers of Scotland.


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Building elements from the 'gtstrudl_physical.ifc' file (Source: NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology).
The figure above shows several further characteristics that are imported in addition to the geometry of the building elements. These include
- GlobalId: identification of the building element
- Name, Descrip.: description
- Material: assossiated material description
- LoadBe(aring): displays whether the element bears load (1) or not (0)


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With just three weeks to go until fight time, WSOF lightweight champion Justin Gaethje has a new opponent for New Year's Eve. read news >>
See what the fighters of Saturday's UFC 205 event in New York City went with as their backing tracks.Filed under: News, UFC, Videos read news >>
Rafael Natal may be Brazilian but, after eight years of living in New York City, UFC 205 sure feels like home. After securing his spot at Saturday's Madison Square Garden event, Natal can just make t read news >>
Apart from its two protagonists, one particular fighter has a lot riding on Saturday's UFC 205 co-headliner.Filed under: Featured Videos, News, UFC, Videos read news >>
Not long now. Not long until the greatest MMA fight card of all time comes to fruition. That's right, ladies and gents. It's UFC 205, going down from a little venue known as Madison Square Garden, in read news >>
Liz Carmouche, the No. 9-ranked women's bantamweight contender, faces Katlyn Chookagian at UFC 205 on November 12 in her first bout since a win over Lauren Murphy in April of 2015. read news >>
UFC 205 is absolutely stacked – from the curtain-jerker to the champion-vs.-champion main event – and in a new extended preview of next month's event, we get a deeper look at the championship triple- read news >>
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Rashad Evans calls in to discuss his Middleweight debut at UFC 205 versus Tim Kennedy in NYC, comebacks in MMA and a lot more. Also, Aljo Sterling joins Jim and Matt in studio to talk about his fight read news >>
The World Series of Fighting is pulling out all the stops for Madison Square Garden. WSOF President Ray Sefo told broadcaster Ariel Helwani on The MMA Hour Monday that it would cancel two shows prior read news >>
Inside, check out the slick new "Live Like Legends" commercial ahead of UFC 205 in New York City. Filed under: Featured Videos, News, UFC, Videos read news >>
UFC 205 is going to be one mother of a pay-per-view. Check out 25 photos from the news conference inside. Filed under: News, Photo Gallery, UFC, Videos read news >>
Conor McGregor, MMA's biggest attraction, will be back in action at UFC 205 in November. The incomparable Irishman, who still holds the featherweight belt, takes on lightweight champion Eddie Alvarez read news >>


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Bob James was putting the "smooth" into "jazz" long before it was an official format, and as an elder statesman, the keyboardist continues to be one of the most consistent slow groove crowd-pleasers around. But some of the most inspired moments of his career have come from key collaborations with peers from his generation like David Sanborn and Earl Klugh. While never straying far from the melodic, pleasant sort of cool he's best known for, on Playin' Hooky, James duets on various tunes with some of the new kids on the charts, from classical guitarist Fareed Haque to trumpeter Rick Braun and the increasingly ubiquitous saxman Boney James (no relation).
My daughter Hilary & I poured our heart & soul into this project. We tried to create a similar atmosphere that we experience in our home during the holiday season. These are our interpretations of both traditional carols and contemporary songs. The highlight for me is the title song composed by Hilary & her husband Kevin DiSimone. We're very confident that this CD will be a perfect way to help you celebrate the holidays. Seasons greetings! ~ Bob James
Bob James, who for many years has gained fame and fortune for his commercial pop/jazz crossover sets, on this set returns to his roots in straight-ahead jazz. James is showcased in a trio with bassist James Genus and drummer Billy Kilson, paying tribute to some of his favorite pianists. James' interpretations of nine standards are not necessarily in the style of the pianists, but there are moments when he consciously quotes one of their phrases, including putting a phrase from "Mona Lisa" in "Straighten Up and Fly Right" for Nat King Cole. Along the way he also pays homage to Red Garland, Glenn Gould (the classical pianist liked "Downtown" ), Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Ahmad Jamal, Erroll Garner (his version of "Caravan" ), Mal Waldron, and John Lewis. It is to Bob James' credit that he still sounds so natural playing this bop-oriented music; this is one of the most rewarding playing dates of his recording career.
Reissue with the latest remastering. Pianist Masabumi Kikuchi leads the set, but the group's a very equally-balanced trio that features wonderful work from James Genus on bass and Victor Jones on drums – both players who shape the sound every bit as strongly as the piano! In fact, if you were to hear the record without the cover, you might even think Genus is the leader at times – given the way his rich, deep lines begin some of the cuts – and give a grounding to the record that allows Kikuchi to create these little constellations in sound with his deft lines on the piano – archly modern, yet deeply soulful at the same time – and almost "sparked" into greater flames by Jones' drums. A really special sort of trio date – one that's way more than just the sum of its parts – on titles that include "Free Stroll", "Zig Zag", "Pain Killer", "Up Beat Blues", "20th Street Shuffle", and "Little Treat".


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I am a passionate skier. What I discovered in Zermatt last week is quite outstanding and unique. Hublot branded the newest chairlift and gave it its name. In the winter season 2017 hundred thousands of skiers will use the chairlift.
Watch of the week
The German Watchtime.net editor Melanie Feist, interviewed François-Henry Bennahmias during the SIHH about the new Royal Oak collection.Discover now


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Congrats myfam! Bet you can't contain your excitement at work
Congrats myfam! Bet you can't contain your excitement at work
Good bfp nila! Congratulations xx
Mygosh those are some amazing bfps!
So many bfp's, I hope it's catching!
I used up all my tests yesterday so I'm just waiting for af to show up.
Chillies (09-11-2012)
Congrats Nila and mummyx2.
Keep the BFPs coming ladies
Mummyx2 princesses (09-11-2012)
OMG! This thread is overwhelming! Congrats again to the lovely 2 liners-I'm def hoping it catches! How exciting What is the most successful thread for BFPs on BH I wonder??
AFM-still the same-3 days til AF n used my last FRER on FMU for nothing yet! Baby dust all x
Wow. Mire bfp's. How wonderful
The evil witch af showed her terrible face this morning!!! So back to cd1 for me and I'll be heading over to the December thread! Good luck to everyone still here. Baby dust to all
So sorry to hear that MrsLA
MrsLA (10-11-2012)
Congratulations to all the BFP's awesome news!!!
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