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Visual search for feature singletons is slowed when a task-irrelevant, but more salient distracter singleton is concurrently presented. While there is a consensus that this distracter interference effect can be influenced by internal system settings, it remains controversial at what stage of processing this influence starts to affect visual coding. Advocates of the "stimulus-driven" view maintain that the initial sweep of visual processing is entirely driven by physical stimulus attributes and that top-down settings can bias visual processing only after selection of the most salient item. By contrast, opponents argue that top-down expectancies can alter the initial selection priority, so that focal attention is "not automatically" shifted to the location exhibiting the highest feature contrast. To precisely trace the allocation of focal attention, we analyzed the Posterior-Contralateral-Negativity (PCN) in a task in which the likelihood (expectancy) with which a distracter occurred was systematically varied. Our results show that both high (vs. low) distracter expectancy and experiencing a distracter on the previous trial speed up the timing of the target-elicited PCN. Importantly, there was no distracter-elicited PCN, indicating that participants did not shift attention to the distracter before selecting the target. This pattern unambiguously demonstrates that preattentive vision is top-down modifiable.
Everyday, humans and other primates spend a large amount of time searching their environment for critical objects, or "targets," that are necessary to achieve their current action goals. Which object will be attentionally selected first from the multitude of stimuli present in the visual field is assumed to depend on the dynamic interplay between 2 distinct attentional control mechanisms (e.g., Corbetta and Shulman 2002). Setting oneself to certain types of visual information relevant to one's current intentions (e.g., the color of one's own car) mediates "expectancy-driven" or "top-down" controlled selection. By contrast, the automatic attraction of attention by salient objects that "pop out" from their surroundings (e.g., the flashing beacons of a police car) is referred to as "stimulus-driven" or "bottom-up" controlled selection. This functional distinction is widely accepted and forms the basis for recent models of visual search and selective attention (e.g., Müller and Rabbitt 1989; Wolfe 1994, 1998; Itti and Koch 2001; Wolfe and Horowitz 2004; Serences and Yantis 2006), albeit the idea of a 2-component framework of attentional selection dates back at least a century ago, when William James (1890) suggested "active" and "passive" modes of attention.
The Im-/Penetrability of Preattentive Vision
However, the notion that stimulus-driven control, and thus preattentive visual coding, may be influenced by top-down (expectancy-related) factors has repeatedly been challenged (e.g., Theeuwes 1991, 1992, 2004; Mortier et al. 2005; Hickey et al. 2006; Theeuwes et al. 2006). This scepticism has been derived mainly from findings in the so-called "additional-singleton search task," originally devised by Theeuwes (1991). Typically in this task, participants look for a singleton target, such as an item defined by a unique shape (amongst homogeneous nontarget items possessing a different shape), and then respond to another attribute of the target, such as the tilt, left versus right, of a small line segment inside the target shape. Crucially, the target may not be the only singleton in the display; rather, there may be an additional "distracter" singleton, such as a uniquely colored item (with all the other items being of homogeneous color), which is completely task-irrelevant. In Theeuwes' (1991) original study, there were trial blocks in which the target was the only singleton in the display (e.g., a green "diamond" among green circles) and blocks in which a distracter singleton was always present (e.g., a diamond plus a "red" circle amongst green circles). Note that the additional singleton was defined in a visual dimension different to that of the target (color rather than shape), and it was perceptually more salient than the target. Comparing search performance between "no distracter" blocks (i.e., diamond-only displays) and "100% distractor" blocks (red distracter singleton present on all trials), Theeuwes observed a significant reaction time (RT) delay of some 25 ms for the distractor condition. Theeuwes explained this interference effect in terms of the "capture of attention," in bottom-up controlled counterintentional manner, by the highly salient distracter item. That is, even though the color singleton was completely task-irrelevant, visual attention was first deployed to this high-saliency item, before being reallocated to the response-relevant but less salient target item. This basic additional-singleton interference effect has since been replicated in many studies (e.g., Yantis 1993; Theeuwes 1994; Yantis and Hillstrom 1994; Folk and Remington 1998; Theeuwes and Godijn 2002; Proulx 2010; Sawaki and Luck 2010).
Recently, Theeuwes' notion of attentional capture has received support from an electroencephalogram (EEG) study by Hickey et al. (2006), which concentrated on the Posterior-Contralateral-Negativity (PCN) (i.e., the N2pc [Traditionally, this component has been referred to as N2-posterior-contralateral (N2pc); however, given its clear-cut independence in terms of timing and activation of the nonlateralized N2 (Shedden and Nordgaard 2001; see also Töllner, Zehetleitner, Gramann, et al. 2011), we prefer to use the term PCN (instead of N2pc) to avoid misleading associations.]) component of the event-related potential (ERP) to track the allocation of attention to lateralized singleton positions. Investigating the same stimulus design as used by Theeuwes (1991) (see above), Hickey et al. found that both target and distracter singletons elicited a PCN component when they were presented concurrently in opposite visual hemifields (see Experiment 2 of Hickey et al. 2006). Crucially, the distracter-elicited PCN was found to occur earlier than the target-elicited PCN, indicative of attention being first captured by the more salient distracter item (prior to being reallocated to the target item). That is, again, observers seemed to be unable to overcome the interference associated with the concurrent presentation of a highly salient distracter object.
However, Theeuwes' (1991, 1992, 2004, 2010) strong stance that preattentive visual coding is top-down impenetrable and that focal attention is always deployed to the visually most salient item (location) in the field, has been challenged by a number of studies that used variants of the additional-singleton paradigm (e.g., Folk et al. 1992; Bacon and Egeth 1994; Folk and Remington 1998; Kumada and Humphreys 2002; Leber and Egeth 2006; Müller et al. 2009). For instance, in the study of Leber and Egeth (2006), 2 groups of observers were trained with displays designed to induce 2 different search strategies, or "search modes," before both groups were tested with the same additional-singleton displays. For the first group, the target was 1 of 3 possible forms (square, triangle, and circle) presented among form-homogeneous nontargets (diamonds); by contrast, for the second group, the target was always a circle and the nontargets were form-heterogeneous (consisting of squares, triangles, and diamonds). After training, both groups were tested under identical search conditions: the target was always a circle among diamonds. Importantly, Leber and Egeth observed interference from additional singletons only in the group trained with homogeneous distractors but not in that trained with heterogeneous distractors, even though observers in the latter group received identical stimulation in the test session. In line with the original proposal of Bacon and Egeth (1994), Leber and Egeth took this finding as conclusive evidence for 2 different search modes induced by the different training regimes: 1) a "singleton search" mode, in which observers look for any singleton in the search array so that attention might be captured automatically by the most salient item in the display (as in Theeuwes' experiments) and 2) a "feature search" mode, in which observers (top-down) set themselves to a specific target feature, thereby abolishing the (automatic) capture effect of even more salient distracter singletons (as in Leber and Egeth's experiments).
This idea of allocating processing resources to specific target attributes to optimize target detection bears a close resemblance to the "dimension-weighting account" proposed by Müller and his colleagues (DWA; e.g., Müller et al. 1995; Found and Müller 1996). On this account, visual selection is based on a saliency-based processing architecture (as in Wolfe's "Guided Search"), however, feature contrast signals computed in separate dimensionally organized processing modules (e.g., color, form, and motion) being attentionally weighted prior to their integration by the attention-guiding saliency map units. Given that the total weight available is limited, weighting of one feature dimension (e.g., form) would lead to enhanced coding of feature contrast signals and, thus, detection of singleton targets defined in this (weighted) dimension, relative to other, nonweighted, dimension (e.g., color; for further details, see Müller and Krummenacher 2006). Based on this architecture, Müller et al. (2009) theorized that the distracter interference observed by Theeuwes (1991) might, in fact, represent one end of a continuum of top-down attentional control, where even maximum downregulation of the weight assigned to feature contrast signals in the distracter dimension is not sufficient to overcome the attracting force of the (after all: physically more salient) distracter singleton. Toward the other end of the continuum, however, the interfering impact of the distracter may be varying depending on the degree of dimension-based top-down control applied.
That is, in conditions in which a distracter singleton is present on all trials (such as in Theeuwes' 100%-distracter condition), top-down distracter suppression should be maximal and consistent, resulting in relatively small interference effects. On the other hand, top-down suppression would be less strong or less consistently applied the less often the distracter singleton appears, resulting in larger interference effects. To test this prediction, Müller et al. (2009) used the same stimuli as in Theeuwes (1991) but systematically varied the proportion of additional distracters within a given trial block. Specifically, in 2 different experiments, observers started with a pure block of trials in which a distracter singleton was either "always" (100% Distracters) or "never" (0% Distracters) presented. In the subsequent trial block, the proportion of distracter singleton was systematically varied (20%, 50%, or 80%, respectively). The RT data showed that the attentional capture effect (by the distracter singleton) was modulated by both the initial experience with distracters and the incentive to suppress them: distracter interference was reduced with relevant practice (100% distracter presence in the initial training block) and with increased incentive of distracter suppression (i.e., increased frequency of distracters in the test phase). Accordingly, this finding contradicts the strong view that preattentive saliency coding is exclusively driven by the physical stimulus attributes of the scene.
Recently, however, Theeuwes (2010) (see also Theeuwes et al. 2000) suggested a "disengagement" explanation to account for the distracter frequency-dependent modulation of the attentional capture effect demonstrated by Müller and colleagues (Geyer et al. 2008; Müller et al. 2009). Specifically, Theeuwes argued that this RT modulation does not reflect variation of the occurrence of capture events but rather the speed with which attention can be disengaged from the distracter singleton (after it has been captured by this stimulus). That is, during the initial sweep of visual coding, attention is automatically attracted by the most salient item in the field: the distracter, which is not influenced by the frequency with which a distracter is presented. Instead, distracter frequency modulates the time required to redirect focal attention away from the distracter to the target location: disengagement takes longer with lower distracter frequencies.
Rationale of the Present Study
The present EEG study was designed to provide a more detailed picture as to whether irrelevant singletons always capture attention in an automatic stimulus-driven fashion—as assumed by the stimulus-driven account (Theeuwes 1991, 1992) or alternatively, whether attentional capture by irrelevant singletons can be modified on the basis of top-down dimension-based search strategies—as assumed by the dimension-weighting (e.g., Müller et al. 2009) as well as other accounts (e.g., Bacon and Egeth's 1994, "search mode" account and Folk et al. 1992, "contingent-capture" hypothesis). To exactly trace the time course (and direction) of visuospatial attention shifts as a function of distracter frequency in an additional-singleton search task, we combined RT performance with the PCN component, an established electrophysiological marker for examining (millisecond-by-millisecond) the deployment of focal attention in visual space (Eimer 1996; Woodman and Luck 1999). More precisely, this component is a negative-going deflection most pronounced over lateral parietooccipital electrode sites contralateral to the location of an attended stimulus, with neural generators residing within the human homologues of monkey inferotemporal cortex and area V4 (Hopf et al. 2006). To further isolate the PCN from overlapping nonlateralized ERP components, it is recommended to subtract the waveforms at electrodes PO7/PO8 ipsilateral to the target location from contralateral ERPs according the following formula: (PO8[left] − PO7[left] + PO7[right] − PO8[right])/2, which results in the so-called PCN difference wave. While there is a general consensus that this component reflects the allocation of focal attention based on perceptual stimulus properties (Luck and Hillyard 1994; Eimer 1996; Luck and Ford 1998; Woodman and Luck 1999), there has been a growing interest in the timing of this component, which can be used as marking the transition from the preattentive sensory coding of the stimulus display to the focal-attentional stage of target selection (e.g., Töllner, Zehetleitner, Krummenacher, et al. 2011). Consistent with this, it has been shown that the timing of visual selection is modulated by, for example, stimulus intensity (Brisson et al. 2007), stimulus saliency (Töllner, Zehetleitner, Gramann, et al. 2011), set size (Wolber and Wascher 2005), or intertrial history (Töllner et al. 2008).
Thus, by analyzing the PCN in combination with RT performance, we are able to decide between the 2 alternative (stimulus-driven vs. dimension-weighting) accounts that provide differential predictions concerning the time demands of visuospatial attention shifts (In the present study, the distracter singleton could occur only at positions contralateral to the target location. Accordingly, due to the way in which the (target) PCN difference wave is extracted from the nonlateralized ERPs [see formula above], the presence of a distracter-induced PCN would be indicated by a positive-going deflection that precedes the negative-going deflection elicited by the target.) as a function of distracter frequency: 1) If the distracter frequency effect described by Müller et al. (2009) originates from the speed with which attention can be disengaged from the distracter location (as suggested by Theeuwes 2010), we should observe first a distracter frequency-independent PCN elicited by the distracter singleton, followed by a target-induced PCN, which is delayed for a lower (relative to a higher) additional-singleton probability. 2) If feedforward visual processing is not completely stimulus-driven and can, instead, be intentionally downregulated (Müller et al. 2009), 2 scenarios are possible depending on how efficient the additional singleton can be suppressed: a) If distracter singleton suppression is relatively inefficient, we should observe a distracter-induced PCN (preceding the target-induced PCN), which is enhanced for a lower (relative to a higher) additional-singleton probability, indicative of a higher (relative to lower) percentage of trials in which attention was indeed captured and allocated to the distracters location. b) If distracter singleton suppression is relatively efficient, we should observe no distracter-induced PCN at all but rather a target-induced PCN which may be delayed for a lower (relative to a higher) additional-singleton probability. The latter would be indicative of prolonged preattentive processing required to directly select the target, that is, without attention being initially captured by the more salient distracter singleton. According to the DWA, such a pattern would arise if the weight assigned to the distracter dimension (e.g., color) can be downregulated to such a degree that the target, even though less salient than the distracter singleton, wins the preattentive competition for focal selection. Furthermore, this (top-)down modulation of distracter weights, which would be inherently associated with an upregulation of target weights, would be the more efficient the more likely the additional singleton can occur.
A second aim of the present study was to investigate whether, and at what stage of processing, distracter interference (on trial N) is further modulated by the presence (vs. the absence) of a distracter singleton on the previous trial (N-1). Such a modulation has recently been reported by Müller and his colleagues (Müller et al. 2009; see also Geyer et al. 2008) who found a large influence of the previous trial when distracters were relatively infrequent (20%): the interference caused by a distractor on trial N was greatly reduced when there was also a distractor on trial N-1, compared with when there was no distractor; but this effect decreased with increasing distracter probability (50%, 80%). Müller et al. took this as evidence that, with a low distracter frequency (20%), observers were able to reactively enhance top-down control (on trial N) as an immediate consequence of encountering a distracter and its interfering effect on the previous trial (N-1; cf. Botvinick et al. 2001; Kerns et al. 2004). To establish the (preattentive vs. postselective) origin of this distracter frequency-dependent intertrial effect, we additionally examined RT performance in association with the PCN component as a function of "distracter frequency" (25% vs. 50%), "distracter presence on trial N" (present/absent), and "distracter presence on trial N-1" (present/absent). If observers were indeed able to actively enhance (top-down) distracter singleton suppression at the preattentive coding stage after encountering a distracter (under conditions of low distracter probability), one should observe a speedup of target selection—as indicated by the PCN wave—in the subsequent trial episode.
Materials and Methods
Thirteen observers (4 females) took part in this study. Their ages ranged from 20 to 30 (median 25) years. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and reported no history of neurological disorders. Observers gave their written informed consent and were either paid or, alternatively, received course credit for participating.
Stimuli, Task, and Study Design
The visual search array (see Fig. 2) consisted of 38 colored bar stimuli arranged along the circumferences of 3 (concentric) imaginary circles around a white central fixation point. The inner, middle, and outer circles consisted of 8, 12, and 18 items placed at an eccentricity of 4.5°, 8.5°, and 12.5° of visual angle, respectively (see Fig. 2). All bar stimuli were 0.6° wide, 2.7° high, and had a gap (of width 0.216°) either at the top or bottom. All stimuli were presented against a black background. On each trial, the stimulus display contained a target singleton tilted ±15° relative to the remaining 37 vertically oriented items. The target singleton and all nontargets (except the additional-singleton distracter if present) were pink (3.2 c/m2 CIE [0.28, 0.14]). The position of the target singleton was selected randomly from 1 of the 6 lateral positions of the middle circle. On some trials, an additional distracter singleton (cyan; 78.3 c/m2 CIE [0.21, 0.30]) could occur at 1 of the 3 lateral positions of the middle circle contralateral to the target singleton. The likelihood of an additional task-irrelevant distracter singleton occurring was either 25% or 50%, depending on the respective experimental condition. Observers were instructed to maintain central eye fixation throughout the experiment and to give a speeded forced-choice response indicating the gap location (top vs. bottom) of the orientation target, using their left or right thumb to press the left or the right mouse button, respectively. The stimulus–response mapping was counterbalanced across participants.
Observers were seated in a dimly illuminated and sound-attenuated chamber (Industrial Acoustics Company GmbH). The stimuli were presented on a 17″ computer screen, placed at a viewing distance of approximately 75 cm. One experimental session consisted of 24 blocks of 84 trials each, resulting in a total of 2016 trials. A trial started with the presentation of a central, white fixation point for 500 ms, followed by the search display for 200 ms. Trials were terminated by the observer's response or after a maximum duration of 1000 ms. During the intertrial interval, a central white fixation point was presented for a variable duration uniformly distributed between 950 and 1050 ms. In case of a response latency longer than 1000 ms or an erroneous response, the word "FEHLER" (German word for "error") was centrally presented for 1000 ms, providing direct error feedback. Half of the observers started with an additional-singleton probability of 25%, whereas the other half started with a 50% probability. After the first experimental half (=12 blocks), the likelihood of additional-singleton occurrence (25% vs. 50%) was reversed. Prior to the start of each experimental half, observers were explicitly informed about the probability of an additional task-irrelevant singleton occurring. Prior to the start of the experiment, one block of practice was performed to ensure a proper stimulus–response mapping. After each block, participants received summary performance statistics (mean error rate and RT).
EEG Recording and Data Analysis
The EEG was recorded continuously from 64 scalp electrodes with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Electrodes were mounted on an elastic cap (Easy Cap, FMS), with positions corresponding to the 10–10 System (American Electroencephalographic Society 1994). Horizontal and vertical electrooculogram was monitored by means of electrodes placed at the outer canthi of the eyes and, respectively, the superior and inferior orbits. Electrophysiological signals were amplified using a 0.1 to 250-Hz band-pass filter using BrainAmp amplifiers (BrainProducts, Munich) and filtered offline with a 1 to 40-Hz band-pass (Butterworth zero phase, 24 dB/Oct). All electrodes were referenced to Cz during data acquisition and rereferenced off-line to linked mastoids. Impedances were kept below 5 kΩ. Prior to epoching the EEGs, an independent component analysis (ICA), as implemented in the Brain Vision Analyzer software (BrainProducts, Munich), was run to identify and exclude components that represent blinks and/or horizontal eye movements. The continuous EEG was then epoched from 200 ms prior up to 500 ms after search display onset, using the 200 ms prestimulus interval for baseline correction. Only trials with correct responses and without artifacts—defined as any signal exceeding ±60 μV, bursts of electromyographic activity (permitted maximal voltage steps per sampling point of 50 μV), and activity lower than 0.5 μV within intervals of 500 ms (indicating dead channels)—were selected on an individual-channel basis, prior to averaging. The (target-related) PCN component was measured at lateral parietooccipital positions PO7/PO8, subtracting ERPs ipsilateral to the side of the target singleton from contralateral ERPs. Note that, due to the way by which the (target) PCN difference wave is extracted from the nonlateralized ERPs (see formula above), the presence of a distracter-induced PCN would be indicated by a positive-going deflection that precedes the negative-going deflection elicited by the target item. Accordingly, in order to test the existence of an initial attention shift to the distracter location in the present experiment, we defined distracter-induced PCN latencies individually as the maximum positive deflection in the 150 to 300-ms time window poststimulus, whereas target-induced PCN latencies were determined as the maximum negative deflection in the 150 to 350-ms time window following stimulus onset. Both distracter and target PCN amplitudes were calculated averaging 5 sample points before and after the maximum deflections. PCN onset latencies were determined using the Ulrich and Miller's (2001) jackknife-based scoring method, which defines the onset as the point in time at which the amplitudes reaches a specific criterion relative to the prestimulus baseline. As suggested by Ulrich and Miller (2001), we used 50% maximum amplitude as an optimal criterion for determining the onset of stimulus-locked ERP potentials.
Behavioral Data
RTs and error rates were examined in separate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with the factors Distracter Presence (present, absent), Distracter Frequency (25%, 50%), and N-1 Distracter Presence (present, absent). For RTs, the main effect of Distracter Presence, F1,11 = 66.11, P < 0.001 and the interaction between Distracter Presence and Distracter Frequency, F1,11 = 7.30, P < 0.020, were statistically significant. As illustrated in Figure 1 (lines), participants were overall slower to respond when a distracter singleton was presented simultaneously with the target singleton compared with when the target was the only singleton (499 vs. 491 ms). Importantly, however, this distracter interference effect was modulated by the probability of a distracter singleton occurring. As confirmed by post hoc contrasts (Tukey HsD), the interference effect was increased from 5 ms in the high-frequency condition (492 vs. 497 ms, P < 0.02) to 12 ms in the low-frequency condition (491 vs. 503 ms, P < 0.001). For errors rates, only the main effect of Distracter Presence was significant, F1,11 = 8.96, P < 0.001: error rates were increased when a distracter was present rather than absent (7.4% vs. 5.8%).
Electroencephalographic Data
Figure 2 shows grand average ERP waveforms elicited by target displays that either did or did not contain an additional (more salient) distracter singleton (bottom and top panels, respectively). Separate waveforms for contra- and ipsilateral targets relative to the hemisphere of the recording electrode are shown from lateral parietooccipital scalp sites (PO7/PO8). For both conditions, a (target-related) PCN component can be seen as a more negative (i.e., less positive) voltage starting at approximately 150 ms poststimulus for "no distracter trials" and at approximately 200 ms poststimulus for "distracter trials."
To segregate the (target-induced) PCN component from the overlapping nonlateralized ERP components, Figure 3A shows the corresponding contralateral-minus-ipsilateral difference waveforms as a function of "Distracter Presence" and "Distracter Frequency." As can be seen from this figure, the rise of the PCN was markedly delayed and more pronounced for trials on which a distracter singleton was present (rather than absent). In addition, for distracter trials, the PCN was more delayed the lower (relative to higher) the likelihood that an additional distracter could occur, and when there was no distracter presented on the preceding trial (see Fig. 4A). This pattern of a delayed as well as more enhanced rise of the target-related PCN is further demonstrated by the PCN scalp distributions (see Figs 3C and 4C), which—in line with previous studies (e.g., Hopf et al. 2002; Töllner et al. 2011)—revealed this difference wave to be strongest over extrastriate visual areas. Critically, however, the data revealed no indication of distracter-induced positive-going deflection preceding the target-induced negative-going deflection (PCN). The absence of a positive-going deflection contradicts the notion that focal attention is always initially shifted to the most salient (i.e., in the present study, the distracter singleton) item in the field and must be then disengaged from that (distracter) location in order to select less salient items (i.e., the target singleton).
These observations are statistically substantiated by repeated-measure ANOVAs with the factors Distracter Presence (present, absent), Distracter Frequency (25%, 50%), and N-1 Distracter Presence (present, absent). For target-related PCN latencies, this ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of Distracter Presence, F1,11 = 63.59, P < 0.001 (230 vs. 260 ms), which interacted with both Distracter Frequency, F1,11 = 6.161, P < 0.030, and N-1 Distracter Presence, F1,11 = 13.06, P < 0.004. Subsequent post hoc contrasts confirmed that the distracter interference effect was scaled down in the high- (21 ms, P < 0.001) relative to the low-frequency condition (38 ms, P < 0.001) as well as when the previous trial also contained a distracter singleton compared with when it did not (25 ms, P < 0.001 vs. 34 ms, P < 0.001). For target-related PCN amplitudes, only the main effect of Distracter Presence reached significance, F1,11 = 31.69, P < 0.001, reflecting enhanced (target-induced) PCN activations (−3.72 vs. −2.87 μV) for trials on which an additional distracter singleton was presented simultaneously in the hemifield contralateral to the target singleton.
To statistically examine the numerical absence of a distracter-induced PCN as suggested by Figures 3A and 4A, we further compared "fast" and "slow" distracter trials (as defined by an RT median split, on an individual subject level), thereby testing the possibility that participants might have been more distracted—owing to possibly more frequent initial attention shifts to the distracter location and, associated with this, a more pronounced positive distracter-induced PCN—in "slow" than in "fast" distracter-present trials (see Fig. 5). However, for both RT groups, this analysis revealed the mean amplitudes (as defined as the average of 5 sample points before and after the maximum positive deflection in the 150 to 300-ms time window poststimulus) to be negative: −0.33 μV [95% confidence interval: −0.77 to 0.11 μV] for the fast and − 0.24 μV [95% confidence interval: −0.63 to 0.15 μV] for the slow RT group, respectively. Statistically, the confidence intervals reject the hypotheses that a (theoretical) distracter-induced PCN (indicative of an initial attention shift to the distracter location) would have been greater than 0.15 μV, which corresponds to 4% of the negative target-induced PCN activations. Consequently, if there were any attention shifts to the distracter, the activation strength of those shifts would have been less than 4% of the activation strength of a shift to the target.
By examining electrocortical brain responses, the present study was designed to yield novel insights into the currently controversial issue of whether preattentive vision is purely bottom-up driven by physical stimulus attributes (e.g., Hickey et al. 2006; Theeuwes 2010) or, alternatively, whether it can be—at least to some degree—top-down modulated by internal system settings (e.g., Folk et al. 1992; Müller et al. 1995). To study this question, we used an additional-singleton paradigm adopted from Müller et al. (2009), in which the probability of the task-irrelevant additional singleton was systematically varied. The behavioral data were as expected from previous studies (e.g., Geyer et al. 2008; Müller et al. 2009): speeded RTs (Note that, due to "temporal smearing," ERP latency differences cannot be simply equated with RT differences.) were found for conditions with a higher (as compared with a lower) additional-singleton probability, indicating that distracter singleton suppression was the more efficient the more likely a distracter singleton could appear.
Probability Effects on Distracter Singleton Suppression
Our electrophysiological data demonstrate that this effect of distracter probability originates from processing stages located prior to focal-attentional target selection. This is indicated by the timing of the PCN—a component that is conventionally used to trace shifts of focal attention in visual space (e.g., Eimer 1996; Woodman and Luck 1999). The target-induced PCN was elicited earlier when the likelihood of an additional singleton was higher (relative to lower). Of theoretical importance, there was no indication of a distracter-elicited PCN preceding the target-elicited PCN. Recall that such a pattern should have been observed if focal attention were indeed captured initially by the distracter singleton (the item or location with the highest feature contrast), before being disengaged and redirected to the target item—a key assumption of Theeuwes' (2010),stimulus-driven account. The failure to observe a proper distracter-related PCN in the present study provides strong evidence that the differential RT costs associated with rare versus frequent task-irrelevant distracter singletons cannot be attributed to an initial automatic attention shift to the more salient distracter location (with both rare and frequent distracters) and, following this, prolonged times required to disengage attention from this location and reallocate it to the target location with rare (as compared with frequent) distracters. Instead, our findings indicate that the simultaneous presentation of a distracter, especially a rare distracter, prolongs the preattentive times required to directly select the target item, consistent with a modulation of an attentional "filtering cost" (cf. Kahneman et al. 1983; Folk and Remington 1998; Becker 2007; Wykowska and Schubö 2011).
Besides these PCN timing effects, the presence (but not likelihood) of the distracter singleton was found to further determine the activation strength of the PCN. That is, a stronger PCN was elicited on trials on which a distracter did (vs. did not) occur concurrently in the hemifield contralateral to the target. This activation pattern is in close correspondence with Hopf et al. (2002), who suggested that the processes underlying the PCN primarily reflect the suppression of distracter interference. Accordingly, in the present study, enhanced PCN amplitudes for distracter-present trials may reflect the strengthened operation of suppressive processes so as to effectively shield target selection against interference generated by the distracter singletons (It should be noted that Hickey et al. (2006) [Experiment 1] found target-related PCN amplitudes to be enhanced for distracter-absent [relative to present] trials. Crucially, however, by extracting amplitude values [from contra- and ipsilateral waveforms] over identical fixed time windows, they did not acknowledge that the timing actually differed between these conditions. Thus, it might well be that the time window analyzed for distracter trials in the study of Hickey et al. covered only half of the actual difference.).
Following the DWA (e.g., Müller et al. 1995, 2009, 2010), the more (relative to less) frequent presentation of distracter singletons (defined in a dimension other than the target) would help participants to more efficiently shield against their interference. This shielding is accomplished at preselective processing stages through a downregulation of the weights assigned to feature contrast signals in the distracter dimension. Given that the total amount of attentional weight is limited (a key assumption of the DWA; for a modality-weighting account, see also Töllner et al. 2009), down modulation of the weight for the distracter dimension (e.g., color) would automatically translate into an increase of the weight for the target dimension (e.g., orientation). This, in turn, would help the target to win the preattentive competition for selection at the level of the attention-guiding supradimensional saliency map, even though it is physically less salient than the distracter item. This is not to say that the human visual system can downregulate any task-irrelevant visual signal, independently of its absolute physical salience, to such an extent that the signal would no longer cause interference. Rather, with task-irrelevant stimuli of very high feature contrast, our top-down control mechanism may no longer be able to prevent them from capturing attention. Arguably, this limited ability to prevent interference from stimuli salient in a nonweighted dimension would be evolutionarily adaptive, permitting such signals to alert us to objects of potential danger in our environment (e.g., predators, etc.). However, as we have demonstrated, simply the physical saliency difference between the 2, target and distracter, singletons does not necessarily determine which 1 of the 2 will be selected first (for a discussion of the comparative evidence for the various alternative accounts, see also Müller et al. 2009).
Our results are in close resemblance with a number of recent EEG studies which likewise found perceptual/attentional ERP components, and thus feedforward visual processing, to be modulated by top-down factors such as "feature set" (Zhang and Luck 2009), "dimensional set" (Töllner et al. 2010), or "task set" (Eimer and Kiss 2008). For instance, Töllner et al. (2010) investigated whether participants would be able to intentionally set themselves to a specific visual dimension in order to improve their search performance for pop-out signals defined in this dimension. To realize this, participants were provided with preknowledge (i.e., semantic word cues) as to the dimension likely to define the upcoming singleton target, on a trial-by-trial basis. In addition, a compound-search task was employed, in which the feature dimension (color or shape) that singles out the target from its surround is dissociated from the feature (vertical or horizontal) that determines the motor response. The results showed that, even though the semantic precue contained no information whatsoever regarding the response-defining feature, participants reacted faster, associated with both shorter latencies and enhanced amplitudes of the PCN, when the target was validly (relative to invalidly) precued. This unequivocally demonstrates that dimensional expectancies modulate the time demands of visual (pop-out) target selection.
This is consistent with Zhang and Luck (2009) who found that (top-down) feature-based attention can modulate feedforward sensory activity, as reflected by the P1 wave (for dimension-based P1 cueing effects, see also Gramann et al. 2010). They presented a continuous stream of intermixed red and green dots in one visual hemifield (e.g., on the left), with participants instructed to attend to either the red or the green dots in this hemifield in order to detect occasional luminance decrements in the respective target color. Additionally, probe arrays consisting of only red or only green dots were flashed in the opposite (in the example, the right) hemifield. Analyzing the brain activity elicited by the task-irrelevant probe arrays presented intermittently in the nonattended hemifield, Zhang and Luck observed P1 amplitudes over the cortex contralateral to be significantly enhanced when the probe arrays were flashed in the attended (as compared with the unattended) color. This, again, provides strong evidence for an (space-independent) attentional influence on feedforward sensory processing and appears inconsistent with the view (advocated by Hickey et al. 2006; Theeuwes 2010) that top-down set can bias visual selection only after 150 ms poststimulus.
Previous Trial History Effects of Distracter Singleton Suppression
A second aim of the present study was to obtain further insight into whether, and to what degree, experiencing a distracter on the previous trial would influence distracter interference on the current trial. Behaviorally, such a pattern has recently been described by Müller et al. (2009) (see also Geyer et al. 2008) who found the interference effect caused by a distracter on the current trial N to be substantially increased when there was no distracter (relative to when there was one) on the previous trial N-1; crucially, however, this effect was evident only with infrequent distracters (probability of 20%) but absent with relatively frequent distracters (i.e., probabilities of 50% and 80%). To explain this pattern, Müller and colleagues proposed (following Botvinick et al. 2001) that, with low distracter frequency, encountering a distracter on the preceding trial helps the observer to reactively enhance online (top-down) control, so as to effectively shield target selection from the potential interference of competitive signals defined in the distracter dimension (with high distracter frequency, by contrast, this shielding is applied rather consistently, whether or not a distracter is encountered on the preceding trial). From the perspective of the DWA, enhanced top-down control of selection processes should again modulate preattentive selection times, involving a reactive shift of dimensional weight (away from the distracter) toward the target-defining dimension.
Our electrophysiological data exactly support this view: for conditions of simultaneous distracter singleton presentation, visual (target) selection times, as indicated by the target-induced PCN latencies, were significantly faster when the display on the previous trial did (vs. did not) contain a distracter singleton. However, in contrast to Müller et al. (2009), this intertrial effect of distracter singleton suppression was not further modulated by distracter probability. One possible reason for the absence of such an interaction might lie in the particular distracter frequencies used in the present study, namely, 25% and 50%, whereas Müller et al. had also used one condition with a much higher frequency, 80% (and greater differences between the frequencies introduced). In the present study, the difference between the 2, relatively low, distracter frequencies (25% and 50%) may have been too small for the interaction effect to approach statistical significance.
To conclude, the findings of the present EEG study add to the mounting evidence (e.g., Zhang and Luck 2009; Töllner et al. 2010) that the initial feedforward sweep of visual information through the brain is not exclusively driven by physical stimulus attributes. This is attested by the present observations that 1) attention was not automatically captured by the location exhibiting the highest feature contrast (i.e., distracters failed to elicit a PCN) and 2) the interference associated with the occurrence of a distracter singleton (i.e., the distracter's effect on the timing of the target-elicited PCN) interacted with both distracter expectancy and intertrial history. These results provide, to our knowledge, the first unambiguous demonstration that both high (relative to low) distracter expectancy and experiencing a distracter on the previous trial can influence the preattentive time demands for directly selecting a less salient target item. Both observations refute the strong stimulus-driven view advocated by Theeuwes (2010) and provide support for models (such as the DWA) that envisage preattentive visual coding processes to be modifiable—at least to some degree—by internal system settings that are under top-down control.
This research was supported by German Research Foundation (DFG) grant EC142 (Excellence Cluster "Cognition for Technical systems").
Conflict of Interest : None declared.


text:
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Nasonex and Insomnia concerns - from FDA reports
Insomnia concerns is found among people who take Nasonex, especially for people who are female, 60+ old , have been taking the drug for < 1 month, also take medication Singulair, and have Asthma . We study 17,665 people who have side effects while taking Nasonex from FDA. Among them, 602 have Insomnia concerns. Find out below who they are, when they have Insomnia concerns and more.
What to expect?
If you take Nasonex and have Insomnia concerns, find out what symptoms you could have in 1 year or longer.
You are not alone!
Join a support group for people who take Nasonex and have Insomnia concerns
Personalized health information
On eHealthMe you can find out what patients like me (same gender, age) reported their drugs and conditions on FDA since 1977. Our tools are simple to use, anonymous and free. Start now >>>
Nasonex has active ingredients of mometasone furoate monohydrate. It is often used in allergies. (latest outcomes from Nasonex 18,707 users)
Insomnia Concerns
Insomnia concerns has been reported by people with depression, multiple sclerosis, pain, insomnia (latest reports from 207,183 Insomnia concerns patients).
On Jan, 22, 2017
17,665 people reported to have side effects when taking Nasonex.
Among them, 602 people (3.41%) have Insomnia Concerns
Number of reports submitted per year:
Time on Nasonex when people have Insomnia Concerns *:
- < 1 month: 34.48 %
- 1 - 6 months: 17.24 %
- 6 - 12 months: 10.34 %
- 1 - 2 years: 10.34 %
- 2 - 5 years: 24.14 %
- 5 - 10 years: 3.45 %
- 10+ years: 0.0 %
Gender of people who have Insomnia Concerns when taking Nasonex *:
- female: 68.07 %
- male: 31.93 %
Age of people who have Insomnia Concerns when taking Nasonex *:
- 0-1: 0.0 %
- 2-9: 2.6 %
- 10-19: 4.11 %
- 20-29: 9.96 %
- 30-39: 10.82 %
- 40-49: 13.2 %
- 50-59: 25.76 %
- 60+: 33.55 %
Top conditions involved for these people *:
- Asthma (62 people, 10.30%)
- Depression (54 people, 8.97%)
- Pain (52 people, 8.64%)
- Gastrooesophageal Reflux Disease (32 people, 5.32%)
- Hypersensitivity (30 people, 4.98%)
Top co-used drugs for these people *:
- Singulair (103 people, 17.11%)
- Allegra (98 people, 16.28%)
- Aspirin (94 people, 15.61%)
- Zyrtec (86 people, 14.29%)
- Protonix (73 people, 12.13%)
Top other side effects for these people *:
- Stress And Anxiety (190 people, 31.56%)
- Nausea (172 people, 28.57%)
- Depression (145 people, 24.09%)
- Fatigue (130 people, 21.59%)
- Breathing Difficulty (122 people, 20.27%)
* Approximation only. Some reports may have incomplete information.
** Reports from social media are used.
How to use the study: print a copy of the study and bring it to your health teams to ensure drug risks and benefits are fully discussed and understood.
Do you have Insomnia concerns when taking Nasonex?
- Check symptoms - is insomnia concerns caused by a drug or a condition?
- Get alerts to symptoms - forecast your symptoms and get alerts
- Join related support groups - you are not alone, join a support group on ehealth.me
- Report the side effect - help people in need and in real time
- More tools...
Browse all side effects of Nasonexa b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Drugs that are associated with Insomnia concernsInsomnia concerns
Could your condition cause Insomnia concernsInsomnia concerns
Related studies
Can you answer these questions?
Aggravated Muscle weakness that keeps me up at night, could be the drugs. insomnia, anxiety in the morning, OCD.
I've been on 20 mg Parnate daily for depression for about 1 year. It's very difficult to get to sleep at night when on Parnate. Would like to find a less medical way than what I take now for it which is .25 xanax and 15 mg Seroquel. That gives such a deep sleep, I have trouble waking up and ...
I have been taking sertraline tablets 100mg for years with good result. I recently obtained sertraline capsules 100mg from Canada. The last three nites I haven't been able to go to sleep until midnight to l:30 am. This is really new for me. I don't feel sleepy at "bedtime," nor do I yawn ...
I am only on Pravastin for 5 days now. I can't sleep. I am crazy tired. I have a wicked headache and Benadryl isn't even working. 😔 help !! Is this just a coincidence?
More questions for: Nasonex, Insomnia concerns
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I have strabismus since when I was a kid I use glasses all my life but now is getting worse even with glasses and lately only I sleeping 5 hours.Im 42 I'm a male.
Hi, I am 68 and new to this group. I have a problem like most of you do, just wonder, if I could have some advice. I have insomnia for past 2 years and kept taking benzodiazepines for long time which are not very effective for sleep any more . I am addicted to it and having mostly adverse ...
Hello, I am titrating up on Xyrem (currently 3.0x2). After I take each dose, I feel like my mind is activated and kind of revved up, making it hard to get any sleep. I also suspect histamine tolerance (reaction to certain foods) and have been fighting a bronchial/sinus infection since I first ...
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text:
Letters to Thomas and Adele Seltzer.
Place Published: Santa Barbara
Publisher: Black Sparrow
Date Published: 1976
Description: Ed. by Gerald M. Lacy. Frontis, illus. 284pp. 8vo, cloth-backed boards. Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press, 1976. First Edition.Edition: First
Binding: hardcover
Condition: fine
Language: English
Type: Books
Book ID: 64025
By This Author: LAWRENCE, D.L.
By This Publisher: Black Sparrow


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Turdltrek Fall Capstone – Race Review and Contest!
"There are never enough Fall 50k races" – one of the most
Dugway Trail & Ultra Race Review & CONTEST!
Brandon Stapanowich – Gifted Runner Giving Something Back
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Sandia Quad Crossing (OKT)
Today (6/10/16) Travis McWhorter is beginning his attempt for the
To Live Simply – Interview with Jason Schlarb
In early March, Editor Matt Williams and I had the pleasure of spending the
Small Change – Erin Fitzgerald
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If the name sounds intimidating,
Interview with Cancer Survivor and Ultra Runner, Tonia Smith
When I read Tonia Smith's Bryce 100 Miler race report, which details her


text:
2015 CCAPS Profile Report
The 2015 CCAPS profile report has been redesigned with the following new features:
- Redesigned layout with both graphical and tabular presentation of up to 15 administrations.
- SI/HI responses are graphed over time.
- Graphical representation of high/mid/low distress zones and floor zones.
- Treatment Response Features were added to the CCAPS-34, including:
- Average treatment-response curves, calculated from the baseline score per subscale.
- Use of attended individual therapy appointments for measuring "dose" of
- Alerts for each subscale when clients are not changing as expected
- Updated norms based on more than 230,000 clients.
Availability and Scoring
The CCAPS is available to counseling centers members of CCMH and to researchers. Non-counseling center entities are required to contact CCMH to learn about additional distribution policies. To request a copy of the CCAPS Technical Manual please contact us.
The CCAPS has been gradually refined over time since the original implementation in 2007. The CCAPS-2015 is the most recent version and is available via:
- Participating EMR companies
- CCAPS-Web – A dedicated website for users without an EMR or who use an incompatible EMR.
Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms
The first CCAPS instrument was developed by Counseling & Psychological Services at the University of Michigan in 2001 for the purpose of creating a high-quality, multi-dimensional assessment instrument that was affordable and clinically useful for college counseling centers. Based on this foundation, the current family of CCAPS instruments, clinical/administrative reports, and related research are managed by CCMH as a service to university and college counseling centers. The CCAPS instruments are intended to meet the clinical, research, and administrative needs of counseling centers while also contributing valuable information to the science of mental health in college students.
In addition to very strong psychometric properties and a balanced rational/empirical design that is highly relevant to clinical work in counseling centers, the CCAPS instruments provide regularly updated peer-based norms drawn from very large samples. For example, the current CCAPS norms (2015) are based on approximately 233,000 students seeking counseling services at institutions across the US. The previous CCAPS norms (2012) were based on 60,000 students. Because of the size and diversity of the norming group, clinicians can feel very confident that a scored CCAPS profile provides an up-to-date, relevant, and accurate evaluation. The CCAPS norms will be continually updated and improved as data becomes available.
The CCAPS-62 was first released in June, 2009 and was updated in 2012. It is a 62-item instrument with eight distinct subscales related to psychological symptoms and distress in college students, and incorporates the distress index. Details about the development of the CCAPS-62 can be found here: Locke, B.D., Soet Buzolitz, J., Lei P.-W., Boswell, J.F., McAleavey, A.A., Sevig, T.D., Dowis, J.D., & Hayes, J.A. (2011). Development of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 97-109.
The eight CCAPS-62 subscales are:
- Depression
- Generalized Anxiety
- Social Anxiety
- Academic Distress
- Eating Concerns
- Family Distress
- Hostility
- Substance Use
The CCAPS-62 takes approximately 7-10 minutes to complete. Due to its more comprehensive nature, sensitivity to low-range distress, and the inclusion of family-related questions, the CCAPS-62 is best suited for initial and post-treatment assessments though it can also be used to monitor ongoing treatment. Clinicians find the range of items under each subscale clinically useful during initial assessment and at termination as a useful check on treatment effects.
The CCAPS-34 was released in September, 2009 and updated in 2012. It is a 34-item instrument with seven distinct subscales that are related to psychological symptoms and distress in college students, and incorporates the distress index. All items of the CCAPS-34 are present in CCAPS-62 under the same subscales. The CCAPS-34 does not have a Family Distress subscale and the Substance Use subscale of the CCAPS-62 is renamed Alcohol Use in the CCAPS-34 because all subscale items refer to alcohol. The CCAPS-34 takes approximately 2-3 minutes to complete, can be used as a brief assessment instrument at any point in treatment and, due to its brevity can be used for repeated measurements of clients at every session, a specific interval, or on a calendar basis.


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Six Lakes MI Real Estate & Commercial for Sale
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The median home value in Six Lakes, MI is $38,500.
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The national median home value is $177,414.
The average price of homes sold in Six Lakes, MI is $38,500.
Approximately 70.97% of Six Lakes homes are owned,
compared to 10.51% rented, while
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SB-700 : Noise when lens zoom
Started Sep 3, 2011 | Discussions thread
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Ratez • Regular Member • Posts: 117
SB-700 : Noise when lens zoom
Sep 3, 2011
hello, just wondering if any of you having SB700 can confirm this behavior. when i use the zoom on my lens in or out i see a small noise from the SB-700 flash as it adjusts for the newer range changes. do you hear it as well or is something wrong with the flash.
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RIGS Adventure CO Fly Shop and Guide Service
fly fishing apparel
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{ disclosure : was provided a copy of Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale from MomSelect & Barbie to facilitate this review but the opinions expressed here are always my own }
Barbie has gone tech in more than one way. Barbie of my days was all about imaginative play. Never having a Barbie doll of my own, I vowed that if my daughter wanted a Barbie, she would have as many as she wanted.
Barbie isn't just dolls now, she's got movies! In this colorful animated heartwarming movie Barbie is an actress who is recently fired from her latest movie and dumped by Ken (?%!@*) and trying to find herself in fabulous Paris! "Tweet that and Post it on my blog" – Barbie is for this generation for sure. Visit her aunt, the head of a failing fashion empire, Barbie learns there's more to life than fabulous frocks while helping her Aunt save her company. My little fashionista/ballerina loved this movie. She was dancing around the whole time while watching the movie!
Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale was released on September 14th at stores across the US and Barbie toys are available now! For more information, and amazing games related to the movie, you can also visit www.barbie.com .
About Suzanne Chan
Suzanne is student, daughter, wife, (labor & delivery) certified registered nurse, certified lactation counselor, friend, entrepreneur and blogger – but the job she's most proud of is mother… She shares her journey on this blog and The Disney Files. Read more about her here.


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The Isle of Wight turned up the volume on the UK's festival season with a star-studded line-up of British musicians, rounding off three days of music last night with the Leicestershire indie kings Kasabian and the Welsh rockers Manic Street Preachers.
Master guitarist Jeff Beck, Liam Gallagher's Beady Eye and pop princess Pixie Lott were among the acts who drew thousands to the main stage yesterday despite driving rain.
Opening with the distinctive guitar riff of "Clubfoot", the single that first propelled the band into the UK charts in 2004, Kasabian vocalist Tom Meighan won the crowd over with ease despite strong winds disrupting the sound. Thanking the festival-goers for waiting in the rain, Meighan stoked cheers by telling fans "I take my hat off to you," before launching into "Shoot the Runner" to rapturous applause. However, such a response was notably not bestowed on the band's next offering, the debut festival performance of the title track from their forthcoming album Velociraptor.
Sporting a Union Jack tunic coat, Liam Gallagher swaggered on to the main stage earlier in the evening with trademark aggression to open Beady Eye's set with a sneering rendition of four-letter words. Brandishing a white towel, he swore at the drenched crowd, but told them: "You still look good mate," before launching into the popular sing-along single "The Roller".
Fairer conditions welcomed the Nineties Brit pop stars Pulp, who played their UK comeback show on the main stage on the gloriously sunny Saturday evening to a packed crowd.
Playing in the UK for the first time since 2002, Pulp frontman Jarvis Cocker and his bandmates delivered one of the best performances of the weekend in signature tongue-in-cheek style. "Shall I tell you a secret? We're actually better than we were then and there's more people here too," Cocker joked of the comeback, after beginning the set with the upbeat crowd pleaser Do You Remember The First Time?
The Sheffield group treated fans to Disco 2000 and Common People, which offered more style and charisma than Cocker's infamous dance moves would have suggested possible, and easily matched their best performances at the height of their fame.Reuse content


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Savannah is located in Chatham county and has a population of 131,510.
For Georgia residents, the average tuition for all Savannah respiratory therapy schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $9,919.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Savannah respiratory therapy schools was $13,317.00.
The average cost of books and supplies for respiratory therapy schools in Savannah is $1,279.00. Students who live on campus while attending a respiratory therapy school in Savannah, can expect to pay an average of $7,831.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $4,713.00. There are three respiratory therapy colleges in Savannah from which students can pick the one that best suits their needs. Respiratory Therapy programs in Savannah reportedly graduated 70 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.


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Portrait night at the Melbourne Camera Club (MCC) again last Monday Night
Being the night before Melbourne Cup (most took a 4 day weekend) there was not many people there tonight.
As we had 3 models and 2 studios my mate Tim took this one outside and I followed. Took this shot under street lights with my new 50mm 1.4
Sony DSLR Alpha 900
F-Stop 2.0
Exp Bias 0.3 step
Exposure 1/50 sec
ISO Speed ISO-800
Focal Len 50mm
Lens SAL50F14 (50mm 1.4)
Flash None, Street Lights


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Sit, stay, save 20% sitewide. 24 hours only. Use code GOFETCH20
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bird black coat hanger silhouette talk tbotalk vector
Clever – Love it!
Another great one!! lovely. you've been very busy =D
Brilliant simplicity at work, well done
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Very original and really sweet.
Definitely clever! I love it too! Now for a stupid question…what does it mean? Cheers!
cute – naaaww!
so cute!
bloody excellent !
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Facial Plastic Surgery
Facial aging is slow and steady over time, but almost everybody can tell when they are ready to have something done about it. The signs of facial aging are familiar—the skin is losing its elasticity, the fat and muscles in the face begin to sag, the muscles in the neck become more prominent. These aging changes of the face can be corrected or improved with a surgical procedure called a facelift, or rhytidectomy, at the Edina, Minnesota practice of Dr. Edward Szachowicz, a facial plastic surgeon.
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BOTOX acts similar to a light switch - when injected into a muscle which causes wrinkles, it turns the electricity to the muscle off, thus smoothing the wrinkle.
With any surgery on the eyelid, the artistic goals should consider all the appearance of the two key features of the region: the position and shape of the eyelids, and their relationship to the eyebrow.
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Man killed in accident on northbound I-5
SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO – A man was killed Friday when the Ford Taurus he was driving sideswiped another vehicle and went off the shoulder of the northbound I-5 freeway just south of the Junipero Serra off-ramp, authorities said.
A female passenger in the Taurus was hospitalized with traumatic injuries.
The accident occurred at 2:17 p.m., said California Highway Patrol officer Chris Goodwin.
The white Taurus was traveling at a high rate of speed in the middle lanes when it moved one or more lanes to the right, Goodwin said. It sideswiped a slower-moving Nissan Sentra in the slow lane and went off the shoulder.
The Taurus continued up an embankment, through "a lot of brush" and went through a chain-link fence, Goodwin said. It then went through some more brush, may have rolled once or twice, and wound up in a bed of cactus, he said.
The man's body had to be cut out of the Taurus by Orange County Fire Authority firefighters. His female passenger was out of the vehicle when emergency personnel arrived and was taken to Mission Hospital's trauma unit, Goodwin said.
The driver of the Sentra, Brandon Smith of Dana Point, said he was heading to In-N-Out Burger with his daughters when the accident happened.
"I look over to change lanes and all I see is this huge white car flying at me doing what looked to be close to 90," Smith said. "He smashed into the side of me, bounced off and ended up in front of me."
The white Taurus then "jumped a 12-inch curb, hit a berm, and honestly it looked like I was in a 'Dukes of Hazzard' movie because he caught air, and when he caught air I'm like, 'Oh my God, this isn't going to be good,'" Smith said.
Smith and his daughters were uninjured in the accident, although Smith was stung by bees after he exited his car, he said.
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Emotional Literacy Hour
Working Towards Emotional Literacy
By (author) Jean Gross Barbara Maines
Format: Paperback
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Emotional Literacy Hour by Jean Gross
Book DescriptionBristol Schools began to introduce some emotional literacy initiatives across all key stages, using a variety of programmes and interventions. The results are documented in a video and book, which celebrates the achievements in 10 schools. Topics include: you can do it; Year 6 transition; locus of control; drama; PSHE lessons; Circle Time; mediation; parenting issues; assembly; puppet work. The video with explanatory book introduces a wide range of activities and inspires schools to timetable emotional literacy. Bristol City Council is grateful to the Gulbenkian Foundation. Its funding enables this package to be offered on a not for profit basis.
Buy Emotional Literacy Hour book by Jean Gross from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781412920353
(297mm x 210mm x mm)
Pages: 66
Imprint: SAGE Publications Ltd
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Publish Date: 30-Jan-2000
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Jean Gross
Tackling Selective Mutism, Paperback (September 2014)
In this definitive guide to selective mutism the latest research and understanding are consolidated in chapters from experts in the fields of speech therapy, psychology, music therapy and education and communication. It includes helpful information on the various treatment and therapeutic options with illustrative case studies.
Special Educational Needs and School Improvement, Paperback (June 2003)» View all books by Jean Gross
Providing a guide to strategic management in the field of special educational needs, this text gives the reader a framework for raising achievement throughout the school. By focusing on how to manage SEN strategically it shows how you can make it part of the overall school improvement process.
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1 Both supply and demand change It is possible that in the world that a determinant of demand and a determinant of supply will change at the same time. Our model can handle that, although it is a bit tricky. Here are the basic outcomes 1) If demand and supply move in the same direction the quantity traded will definitely change, but we need more information to know if the price will change. 2) If demand and supply move in opposite directions the price will definitely change, but we need more information to know if the quantity traded will change.
2 Both supply and demand increase P D1 D2 S1 S2 P1 Q
3 Both supply and demand change On the previous screen I have shown a situation where both supply and demand INCREASE, and in fact they increase by the same amount. You can see the price has not changed but the quantity traded has increased. Now, draw in a demand curve that shifted less than the one shown(a new D2). In this case demand shifts less than supply and thus the supply impact on the market is stronger than the demand impact. Thus the PRICE FALLS and the quantity traded rises.
4 Hint if supply and demand move in opposite directions: Show demand shift a little and supply shift a lot. And then do the opposite. Then shift them about the same amount (although in opposite directions.) Summary When (both S and D increases) P goesQ goes S and D increase the same amountnowhereup S increases more than D increasesdownup S increases less than D increasesupup
5 When (S and D both decrease) P goesQ goes S and D decrease the same amountnowheredown S decreases more than D decreasesupdown S decreases less than D decreasesdowndown When (S increases and D decreases) P goesQ goes S and D change the same amountdown nowhere S increases more than D decreasesdownup S increases less than D decreasesdowndown When (S decreases and D increases) P goesQ goes S and D change the same amountup nowhere S decreases more than D increasesupdown S decreases less than D increasesupup
6 Wow, you are still with me after these few slides? They were a pain in the wazoo to type, but I wanted you have the whole story. Now, let's see a shortcut to all this so you can get good at this. On the next slide I have a summary stable (made by Sara Petty in an econ class of mine in 2003 – and if you make a neat table or summary I will put it in my notes for the rest of my career!) where each line is what happens to P and Q if just supply or demand shifts. You see if demand rises, P and Q rise. Now if both S and D change put the arrows under P together. If the arrows are in the same direction, you know for sure that is the change. If the arrows are in opposite directions you can not be sure which way the change is until you know if S or D changed more. Then do the same for Q.
7 Price Quantity D emand Supply So, if demand falls and supply rises the price surely falls, but we need to know more about the size of each shift before we can make a statement about the quantity traded in the market.
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Sir Richard Branson has promised all profits from his travel companies to combat global warming. The anouncement was made at former President Clinton's Global Initiative. The money is supposed to be used to fund more efficent fuel technologies, which sorta makes sense for travel company profits. That's a heck of an expensive gauntlet to throw down for global warming. Here's hoping the "investment" reaps rewards for us all.
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I run a high performance diesel shop in Kentucky, and I have used a practice to raise fuel milage on my full size diesel pickup dramatically. It is not really a secret, however many do not know about it. The economical benefits would be amazing if everyone were required to do the same.


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Healthy Mouth, Healthy Baby
The link between good oral health and a healthy pregnancy.
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Volume 29 Number 4 Fall 2016
By Dana Schmit
It is hard to believe that fall is almost done and the holiday season is upon us. I'd like to take this opportunity to wish you all a happy and fun filled holiday season. We will be enjoying it between both our families and look forward to the time we get to spend with them all eating lots of food, enjoying each other's company, and making new memories with our little ones.


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KMP is a leading Chartered Accountancy and Business Advisory firm in Croydon Surrey providing a quality and bespoke service to our clients.
Kings Mill Accountants maintain business and personal confidence in your affairs by offering professional and specialist advice in areas such as Taxation, Audit, Financial Planning, Accounts, Corporate Finance, Business Start Ups, Payroll Services, VAT and Bookkeeping, giving you the time to manage your business effectively.
Spring Newsletter 2017
In this issue we include articles discussing the employment rights; utilising tax allowances; payroll round-up; limits on pension contributions; voluntary pension contributions and the final chance for offshore disclosure.


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Soccer Icon Romario, Rio Mayor Paes Cited in Corruption Tapeby and
Secret recording contains allegation of Romario-Paes pact
Tape led to arrest of top Brazilian banker and politician
One of Brazil's most famous soccer players and the mayor fronting Rio de Janeiro's build-up to next year's Olympic games were mentioned in a recording that led to Tuesday's arrests of one of Brazil's richest men and a senior politician. Former soccer star Romario and Mayor Eduardo Paes both denied any wrongdoing.
On the tape, which was made available by prosecutors, Delcidio Amaral, the government's leader in the Senate, says he has just returned from a meeting with Romario, Paes and Pedro Paulo, Paes's chief lieutenant and his anointed successor. Amaral cites Paes as saying he had struck an agreement with Romario, the top scorer on Brazil's triumphant 1994 World Cup team and a now a senator, to support Paulo rather than run for mayor himself.
Brazil's largest-ever corruption investigation into kickbacks at state-run oil company Petrobras has spread and ensnared top political and business leaders. While many of the companies implicated are the same ones performing Olympic works, the sprawling scandal until now hasn't touched Paes, whose name is often floated as a 2018 presidential candidate. Romario has been one of the biggest critics of corruption in soccer.
The taped conversation takes place in a Brasilia hotel suite between Amaral, the first sitting lawmaker to be arrested in the probe, Edson Ribeiro, a lawyer for jailed former Petrobras executive Nestor Cervero, and Cervero's son Bernardo, an actor who secretly recorded the exchange and turned the tape over to prosecutors.
In the recording Ribeiro mentions a bank account Romario allegedly has in Switzerland. The soccer star in July forced popular news weekly Veja to apologize after it published what it claimed was a bank statement purporting to show Romario had 2.1 million Swiss francs ($2.1 million) in an account with BSI SA that he hadn't declared to tax authorities. The bank and Romario said at the time the statements were fakes. It wasn't clear if Ribeiro was talking about the same account.
When asked if the former Barcelona striker had a Swiss account, Amaral replies in the recording that an agreement with Paes to support his chosen candidate "was a function" of that bank account.
Romario and Paes both confirmed that the meeting with Amaral did take place on Nov. 4. On social media, Romario once again denied he had a Swiss account or that he had agreed to back Paulo.
"I make it clear I have no agreement with anyone, and unfortunately, the money is not mine," Romario said in a Facebook post. "I say unfortunately because, of course, if it were mine, it would be the result of hard honest work." Romario's office did not immediately respond to an e-mailed request for comment.
Paes's office said in an e-mailed statement that the meeting was to discuss municipal debt legislation, and highlighted Veja's apology for publishing a false document. "Mayor Eduardo Paes has never denied that he'd like to have the political support of Romario for his candidate to be Rio mayor in 2016," according to the statement.
The tape led to the arrests of both Amaral and Andre Esteves, the billionaire chairman of investment bank Grupo BTG Pactual, for allegedly trying to interfere with Cervero's potential plea bargain. BTG in September completed a 1.25-billion Swiss franc acquisition of BSI, the Swiss bank that denied it had Romario's bank account. Paes's brother Guilherme Paes is a partner and director at BTG, according to the firm's website.


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Advanced Modern Macroeconomics: Analysis and ApplicationBy: Max Gilman (author)Paperback
1 - 2 weeks availability
DescriptionModern Macroeconomics, by Max Gillman, takes a new and modern approach to macroeconomic theory using microeconomic foundations. Building from the standard neo-classical models, Gillman has developed a new dynamic model which works to explain business cycles and unemployment, why you can have a banking lead recession as well as fiscal and monetary policy. Although strong in mathematical rigour all calculations in this text are fully derived and graphs provide a direct representation making it accessible. This text is suitable for undergraduate students studying Advanced Macroeconomics courses.
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About AuthorMax Gilman is a highly respected Professor of Macroeconomics at Cardiff University and Director of PG studies. He was educated at Chicago University, where Barro and Lucas, the founders of a micro foundation approach to macroeconomics were his PHD supervisors. He has written many research articles on micro foundation approaches to macroeconomics and is well known in research circles such as MMFRG (Money, Macro and Finance Research Group). He is also Research Associate at the Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Part 1 MICROFOUNDATIONS OF MACROECONOMICS 1 Overview of the book Part 2 LABOUR AND GOODS MARKETS 2 Labour, leisure and productivity 3 Employment cycles and taxes 4 Trade in labour and goods markets Part 3 CAPITAL AND GOODS MARKETS 5 Savings and investment 6 Capital policy and business cycles 7 Trade in physical capital markets Part 4 MODERN AS--AD 8 Dynamic analysis and AS--AD 9 Employment 10 Dynamic AS--AD solution methodology Part 5 GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL AND BUSINESS CYCLES 11 Exogenous growth 12 Human capital and endogenous growth 13 Explaining cycles and trends 14 International trade Part 6 RISK, BANKING AND ASSETS 15 Incomplete markets and banking 16 Investment and banking productivity 17 Asset prices and finance Part 7 FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY 18 Public finance 19 Taxes and growth 20 Monetary theory and policy Index
Product Details
- publication date: 14/12/2010
- Format: Paperback
- Number Of Pages: 624
- weight: 1172
Delivery Information
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- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
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Hello everybody, i play on Twisting Nether EU and it's not the best server to find people for RBG. oQueue is helpful but it doesn't get me as far high rated wanted as Quakenet did. However, Quakenet is deserted now i see, i entered the #RBG.EU Channel and there was like 20 people in the list. Also i can't find any other way to find people than oqueue atm and rarely in trade.
So i came up with an idea, wondering if this site could come up with some sort of Live-chat for constant LFG for Arena/RBGs?
Deserted RBG finding
Started by Nille, Mar 19 2014 09:53 AMRBG Looking for RBGs Looking For Group Looking For Arena mates
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After the ManifestoBy: Craig Buckley (editor)Paperback
1 - 2 weeks availability
DescriptionDoes the recent explosion of the architectural manifesto signal a new urgency of the form, or does it represent a hopeless effort to resuscitate something that has outlived its useful lifespan? After the Manifesto brings together architects and scholars to revisit the past, present and future of the manifesto. In what ways have manifestos transformed the field over the last 50 years, and in what ways has the manifesto itself been transformed by new modes of communication? Authors include Ruben Alcolea, Craig Buckley, Beatriz Colomina, Carlos Labarta, Felicity D. Scott, Bernard Tschumi, Anthony Vidler, Enrique Walker, and Mark Wigley.
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About AuthorCraig Buckley is an assistant professor in Art History at Yale University, and the former Director of Print Publications at Columbia GSAPP.
ContentsContents: Craig Buckley (Yale University)Introduction Anthony Vidler (Brown University)From Manifesto to Discourse Beatriz Colomina (Princeton University)Manifesto Architecture Rub n A. Alcolea and H ctor Garc a-Diego (Universidad de Navarra)Anonymous Manifestos: The Eye of the Architect Jos Manuel Pozo (Universidad de Navarra)The Alhambra Palace, the Katsura of the West: A Stone Manifesto Carlos Labarta and Jorge T rrago (Universidad de Navarra)The Last Manifesto: The Permanence of Humanity and the Eventuality of Geniuses Felicity Scott (Columbia University)Tournaments Enrique Walker (Columbia University)Retroactive Manifestos Mark Wigley (Columbia University)Manifesto Fever Bernard Tschumi (Columbia University)Architectural Manifestos
Product Details
- publication date: 30/04/2013
- Format: Paperback
- Number Of Pages: 176
- weight: 454
Delivery Information
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes


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Best Female Singer in Asiaagent_j
The Contenders: Page 6
I love her voice.. and her song's are so inspiring.. one of the best jazz singer in IndonesiaV 1 Comment
Mix European, British and Indonesia called Indo who involve actively in Indonesia music industry
She is one of diva in Indonesia. She begin her career at 93 with her group, ab three. In 2000, she separated with ab three and begin her solo career. She is very good singer and hot mommy for her children. Nchy, it's her dear name. Nchy, you can do it.
She's on of female singer in Indonesia. She is multitalented singer, she can singing, dancing, create a song, and she is the best mother for her childs. Lusy, we love you so much.
She had a hoarse voice characteristic but tunable, she nicknamed "Si Burung Camar". At her prime she was a lot of hits that generate a lot like the teens. Beautiful songs, light but of good quality
She rules the Rock and Blues genre of music and her songs still on the air at this very moment. In radio, hotel lounges and gatherings her songs will always be selected by deejays. Her voice suits the Rock an Blues Genre perfectly and till now in my opinion I don't think any other singer are as good as her when you talk about RnB.
Known for the first time after got 3rd Place in Indonesian Idol season 3, after the winner Ikhsan from Medan North Sumatera and Dirly from Manado North Sulawesi. She has unique tender sexy voice as well
She has an unique voice and wonderful singer in every single song. She is one of the best that Indonesia have
Together with Dirly runner up Indonesian Idol singing the hits song as duo.
Mellow and sweet face with sweet, powerful and beautiful voice. She won National Teenage Singer Competition in the mid 80s
Winner The Teenager Song Competition in the late 80s, who had good looking and sweet mellow face
Vocalist Geisha Band that currently as a hitsmaker with the Pop Mellow Genre Song. Her voice very smooth, clean like 80s Type Singer without any acrobatic voice but very melodious though.
I like her voice, she's got the charracter just like a legend after allV 1 Comment
With her big and high voice, every song become spectacular in her voice. Ever duo with Andrea Bocelli sing the same song that Andrea duo with Celine Dion.
The Best Singer in 2000 Asean Song Festival in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. She was born from mix marriage Father of Filipino and mother coming from Japan.
Down to earth person with powerful voice.V 1 Comment
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