text:
Development of antibiotic treatment algorithms based on local ecology and respiratory surveillance cultures to restrict the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a retrospective analysis
DOI: 10.1186/cc13990
© De Bus et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 26 March 2014
Accepted: 23 June 2014
Published: 15 July 2014
Timely administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy has been shown to improve outcome in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Empirical treatment guidelines tailored to local ecology have been advocated in antibiotic stewardship programs. We compared a local ecology based algorithm (LEBA) to a surveillance culture based algorithm (SCBA) in terms of appropriate coverage and spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
We retrospectively assessed 2 hypothetical empirical antibiotic treatment algorithms for HAP on an existing high-quality prospectively collected database in a mixed 36-bed tertiary intensive care unit (ICU). Data on consecutive episodes of microbiologically confirmed HAP were collected over a period of 40 months and divided in a derivation (1 July 2009 to 31 October 2010) and validation (1 November 2010 until 31 October 2012) cohort. On the derivation cohort we constructed a LEBA, based on overall observed bacterial resistance patterns, and a SCBA, which targeted therapy to surveillance culture (SC) in the individual patient. Therapy was directed against pathogens found in respiratory SC collected two to five days before HAP, and in the absence of these, presence or absence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in other SC dictated broad-spectrum, respectively narrow spectrum antibiotic therapy. Subsequently, LEBA and SCBA were retrospectively reviewed and compared with actually prescribed antibiotics in the validation cohort.
The first 100 HAP episodes made up the derivation cohort and the subsequent 113 HAP episodes the validation cohort. Appropriate antibiotic coverage rates by applying LEBA and SCBA were 88.5% and 87.6%, respectively, and did not differ significantly with respect to appropriateness of the actually prescribed initial therapy (84.1%). SCBA proposed more narrow spectrum therapy as compared to LEBA and the actually prescribed antimicrobials (P <0.001). SCBA recommended significantly less combination therapy and carbapenems compared to LEBA (P <0.001). SCBA targeted antibiotics to recent respiratory SC in 38.1% (43 out of 113 episodes) of HAP; in these cases adequacy was 93% (40 out of 43).
Rates of appropriate antimicrobial coverage were identical in LEBA and SCBA. However, in this setting of moderate MDR prevalence, the use of SCBA would result in a significant reduction of the use of broad-spectrum drugs and may be a preferential strategy when implementing antibiotic stewardship programs.
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts both made to improve appropriateness of antibiotic prescription and to reduce antibiotic selection pressure by limiting unnecessary use of antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum [1, 2]. As hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a frequent indication for antibiotic prescription as well as a manifestation of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic policy for HAP is an important target area for antibiotic stewardship. Early appropriate antibiotic therapy is a major determinant of outcome in HAP: early refers usually to the time of the initial clinical diagnosis or suspicion of pneumonia [3–5]. As at this early stage, microbial etiology is still unknown and potentially multi-drug resistant (MDR), broad-spectrum antibiotics, often in combination schemes, are advocated as empirical therapy. As the microbial and resistance patterns are variable across ICUs, these empirical schemes have to be matched to the local situation in order to achieve high rates of appropriate coverage whilst avoiding unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotics [6, 7]. In addition, algorithms may contribute to antibiotic stewardship as they assist to rationalize antibiotic choices and reduce prescription variability, improve overall appropriateness and restrain use of certain drug classes such as carbapenems. As a more controversial approach, early antibiotic therapy may be guided by surveillance cultures (SC) to improve its appropriateness [8–11]. With this approach, antibiotics are essentially selected in order to cover colonizing pathogens in the individual patient.
In this study, we developed two algorithms for initial antibiotic prescription in ICU patients with suspected HAP. We aimed a) to assess the potential of an algorithm to aid in antibiotic stewardship in our setting and b) quantify the contribution of SC to antibiotic stewardship as compared to empirical therapy based upon local epidemiology.
Materials and methods
Clinical setting and design
This retrospective analysis was conducted at the 14-bed Medical ICU and the 22-bed Surgical ICU of the Ghent University Hospital (1,056 beds). With the aid of the software application, Computer-based Surveillance and Alerting of infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic consumption in the ICU (COSARA), all episodes of pneumonia were registered prospectively from 1 July 2009 to 31 October 2012. COSARA assists the attending ICU-physician in acquiring an overview of the various daily collected data related to infection diagnosis (trends in laboratory values, temperature, oxygenation et cetera) and treatment. This includes a graphical display of current and past antibiotic treatments as a timeline and provides direct links to a real-time copy of the various source records. The graphical interface allows the user to label infectious episodes during daily clinical rounds and interdisciplinary staff meetings to a predefined list of diagnoses in all patients admitted to the ICU. As such, the program facilitates the build-up of an extensive data-warehouse on antibiotic use and infection in the ICU [12]. During the study period treating physicians were not guided in the choice of the empirical antimicrobial by treatment algorithms. The Ghent University Hospital ethics committee approved the study and waived informed consent as prospective registration did not affect treatment decisions, and all subsequent analyses were performed retrospectively on an anonymized database. Only patients aged 16 years or above were included.
Definition of hospital-acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia was defined to be hospital-acquired if it occurred 48 h or more after admission to the hospital. HAP was defined clinically as the presence of new and/or progressive and persistent pulmonary infiltrates on the chest radiograph, in combination with two or more of the following criteria: worsening of oxygenation, increase in purulent tracheobronchial secretions, presence of fever (≥38.5°C) or hypothermia (≤36°C). Only microbiologically confirmed HAP was included: confirmation consisted of the isolation of a respiratory pathogen with at least 1+ semiquantitative growth of a good quality respiratory sample (defined as <3 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field) obtained within one calendar day prior or after clinical diagnosis of HAP. In our hospital, microbiological analysis of respiratory samples routinely consists of semiquantitative culture of endotracheal aspirate (ETA) in the ventilated patient or sputum in the non-intubated patient. For logistic reasons, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) is not systematically performed, similarly to current practice in the majority of European ICUs [13]. We previously found that BAL and ETA had good qualitative and quantitative concordance in a cohort of patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Positive and negative predictive values of a semiquantitative growth score of 1+ of a pathogen in ETA to identify the same pathogen in a quantity of at least 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml in BAL were 81% and 87%, respectively [14]. HAP was defined to be ventilator-associated if at the time of diagnosis, patients were under mechanical ventilation for 48 h or longer, or had been extubated for less than 48 h after mechanical ventilation for at least 2 days.
Development of the algorithms
S cale quantifying the spectrum of the antibiotic treatment
Non-antipseudomonal penicillins (amoxicillin-clavulanate)
Second generation or third generation non-antipseudomonal cephalosporins (cefuroxime, ceftriaxone)
Antipseudomonal penicillins (piperacillin-tazobactam)
Third generation antipseudomonal cephalosporins (ceftazidime)
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
Antipseudomonal carbapenems (meropenem)
Combination therapy of two or more antibiotic agents
Appropriateness and spectrum of antimicrobial therapy
We compared rates of appropriateness and spectrum between LEBA, SCBA and actually prescribed antimicrobial therapy by the treating physician. Therapy was considered appropriate when all pathogens involved in the HAP episode were covered by the antibiotic, or by at least one component of the antibiotic combination. To quantify the antimicrobial spectrum, we constructed a scale ranging from 1 - the most narrow-spectrum of empirical therapy, lacking antipseudomonal activity - to 5 - a combination therapy of two or more antibiotic agents (Table 1). We ranked fluoroquinolones higher than broad spectrum antipseudomonal β-lactam antibiotics other than carbapemens, based upon the knowledge that exposure to fluoroquinolones is particularly associated with rapid emergence of MDR pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [15], and with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea [16], and by our aim to preserve the use of fluoroquinolones for directed therapy of Stenotrophomonas spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In case of appropriate therapy, the antimicrobial spectrum was expressed as x steps in excess to the most narrow-spectrum therapy possible covering all causative pathogens isolated in the HAP episodes.
Continuous variables are described as mean (±standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for normal or non-normal distribution, respectively. To compare paired proportions the McNemar test for related samples was used. Differences in medians were checked using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS® software (SPSS, version 21, Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was defined as P <0.05.
All data reported apply to the validation cohort of 113 episodes of HAP, including 52 (46%) episodes of VAP, registered between 1 November 2010 and 31 October 2012 in 104 patients. There was need for subsequent mechanical ventilation in 39/61 (64%) of the non-VAP patients. The median age of the patients was 64 years (54 to 74), and 74% were male. In 99 (87.6%) of the HAP episodes, clinical risk factors for MDR pathogens were present: prior antibiotics in 81%, current hospitalization for 5 days or more or hospitalization in the previous 6 months in 82%. Septic shock was present in 23% of the HAP episodes. The length of ICU stay following diagnosis of HAP was 10 days (6 to 22) when appropriate antibiotics were administered, 7 days (2 to 16) if the prescribed antibiotics were inappropriate (P = 0.10). The overall ICU mortality was 30.1% and did not differ between patients with or without appropriate antimicrobial therapy (28.4% versus 38.9%, P = 0.375).
Pathogens (n = 140) associated with HAP
Number of total
Gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
14 (10.0)
Streptococcus pneumonia
5 (3.6)
Other streptococci
1 (0.7)
Gram-negative bacteria
70 (50.0)
Escherichia coli
31 (22.1)
Enterobacter sp.
13 (9.3)
Klebsiella sp.
12 (8.6)
Serratia sp.
6 (4.3)
Morganella morganii
4 (2.9)
Citrobacter sp.
2 (1.4)
Hafnia alvei
1 (0.7)
Proteus sp.
1 (0.7)
ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae
35 (25)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
27 (19.3)
Ceftazidim resistance
Carbapenem resistance
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
5 (3.6)
Acinetobacter baumannii*
3 (2.1)
Other gram-negative bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae
12 (8.6)
Moraxella catarrhalis
3 (2.1)
Appropriateness and spectrum of antimicrobial therapy
Pathogens associated with inadequate empirical therapy
Prescribed therapy
Acinetobacter baumannii
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia sp.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Surveillance culture-based algorithm
Respiratory SC sampled 2 to 5 days before HAP onset were available in 63 episodes (55.8%) of HAP, of which 43 (68%) grew at least one pathogen. As such, SCBA suggested targeted antimicrobial therapy in 43/113 (38.1%) of HAP episodes: HAP for which targeted therapy was suggested was ventilator-associated in 72% (31/43), occurred more than 5 days after ICU admission in 77% (33/43) and was caused by the following pathogens (n = 53): S. aureus (6/53, 3 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and 3 MRSA), S. pneumonia (1/53), Enterobactereaceae (29/53), P. aeruginosa (10/53), other Gram-negative bacteria (7/53). Recent respiratory SC accurately predicted all causative pathogens in 81.4% (35/43) of HAP; SCBA-targeted antimicrobial therapy would appropriately cover all causative pathogens (including those not predicted by SC) in 93% (40/43) of cases.
In the case of negative or absent respiratory SC 2 to 5 days before start of HAP (n = 70, 61.9%), SCBA took into account both respiratory SC more than 5 days prior to infection and non-respiratory SC. In 28/70 (40%) of these HAP episodes positive SC were available, leading to upgrading of the proposed empirical therapy in 13/70 HAP (19%) and a switch from inappropriate to appropriate antibiotic proposals in 10 episodes. By not upgrading our therapy in these cases our rate of appropriate antibiotic therapy would have dropped from 87.6% to 78.8%.
Both guidance by SC as well as the use of ICU-specific empirical schemes that incorporate local microbiology data have been shown to increase appropriate empirical prescription and reduce the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials as compared to general guidelines [4, 7, 8, 17–19]. Our study is the first to demonstrate the benefit of SC in surplus to tailoring guidelines to local susceptibility data. We found that incorporating results of SC (SCBA) in a clinical algorithm (LEBA) to help the choice of an empirical antibiotic regimen in suspected HAP would allow reduction in the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for equal rates of appropriate coverage. In particular, a 60% decrease in the empirical use of carbapenems would be attained, which is an important achievement in terms of antibiotic stewardship. Similarly, as compared to actually prescribed antibiotics, which were at the discretion of the attending physician with access to SC results but without guidance by a treatment algorithm, stricter adherence to SCBA would lead to further constraint of empirical use of broad-spectrum drugs. We measured the expenditure of antibiotics in terms of extension of spectrum by ranking antimicrobial classes along a scale of increasingly broad antimicrobial coverage. While this scale artificially translates a complex phenomenon into a simplified score, it allows some quantification of ecological selection pressure between different antibiotic schemes.
Two observations underlie the construction of SCBA. First, previously we found high negative predictive values of negative SC for the presence of MDR pathogens in HAP [9], allowing a narrower-spectrum antibiotic even in patients with clinical risk factors for MDR. Second, we followed the paradigm that ICU-acquired pneumonia is often preceded by colonization of the upper and lower airways by the same pathogen, going through a possible intermediate stage of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis [20]. Following Bayes' theorem, the positive and negative predictive values of SC were then applied to the ATS-IDSA guideline-based clinical risk categories for MDR HAP. Although there are no reports suggesting resistant micro-organisms cause more septic shock, we opted for broader therapy in these cases to minimize the risk of harm caused by inappropriate therapy.
In hospital-acquired infection, narrowing the spectrum of antibiotic therapy is usually done as de-escalation following an initially broad-spectrum therapy aimed at maximal chance for appropriate coverage. However, limiting antimicrobial therapy upfront may offer several advantages. First, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides, which carry an important toxicity profile [21, 22], were abandoned in the SCBA if there were no SC results supporting their need. A study in patients with pneumonia found increased mortality in patients who were treated with strict adherence to the ATS-IDSA guideline, including the recommendations for combination therapy, as compared to patients in whom treatment deviated from the recommendations [23]. The authors proposed the toxic effects of combination antimicrobial therapy as a potential explanation. Second, although prolonged exposure to antibiotic therapy has been clearly associated with the emergence of resistance [24], there is no proof that a short course is ecologically harmless and devoid of selection pressure. Finally, there exists a gap between the concept of de-escalation and what is achieved in practice. In several observational studies, the authors found rates of de-escalation to be fairly low [25–27], with lack of an identifiable microbial agent as the main barrier. SCBA partially circumvents this, as in case of negative diagnostic cultures and SC, a narrower spectrum empirical therapy, is recommended as compared to LEBA.
Restricting the number of empirical combination therapies will reduce direct antibiotic costs. On the other hand one fulltime-equivalent microbiology laboratory technician is assigned to process SC of all patients admitted to our 36-bed ICU and the cost for the laboratory material is estimated at 33 euro per week. However, not all of this cost is exclusively for surveillance purposes, as few additional respiratory cultures for diagnostic purposes are required under this SC regime. Additionally, it can be argued that SC are a cornerstone in infection control in settings where MDR pathogens are endemic and that their guidance of antibiotic therapy is only an added benefit [28, 29].
A number of limitations have to be addressed. First, our study is evidently monocentric and our SCBA is site-specific. However, the concept of SCBA may be more universally applicable, as the predictive values of SC as reported in several recent studies are fairly consistent, provided that SC are regularly and at least twice weekly sampled [19]. Our SCBA could serve as a template, which has to be translated into antibiotic recommendations depending on local ecology and carefully assessed before implementation. Second, resistance rates are moderate in our setting and the added value of SC in combination with guidelines tailored to local susceptibility data has to be re-evaluated in settings with higher resistance rates. As targeted antimicrobial therapy was proposed by SCBA in more than one third of HAP episodes, we suspect that implementing this algorithm would also lead to reduction in empirical broad-spectrum combination antibiotic therapy in these high-resistance environments. Third, it would be safe to regularly test the algorithms in order to match potentially changing ecology. Fourth, this analysis was performed retrospectively, subsequently the algorithms and adherence by the treating physicians to the algorithms have not been evaluated in practice. As such, the performance of the algorithms may in reality be different from what is anticipated. Finally, our study design does not allow us to conclude whether an empirical strategy with de-escalation, as compared to a strategy that is more targeted to colonizing pathogens translates into a different patient outcome or microbiological selection pressure.
As compared to an algorithm based upon clinical risk factors for MDR and adapted to local susceptibility results, an algorithm with additional guidance from SC could achieve comparably high rates of appropriate coverage with the use of fewer broad-spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy specifically targeted to respiratory pathogens identified in recent SC would be possible in 38% of HAP episodes. SC-guided algorithms may constitute a component of antibiotic stewardship programs. Additional studies should be performed in ICU settings with higher levels of antibiotic resistance.
Key messages
Addition of surveillance culture results in empirical antibiotic treatment algorithms for hospital-acquired pneumonia could restrict the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs.
Targeting empirical treatment to recent respiratory surveillance cultures could be achieved in more than one third of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
American Thoracic Society-Infectious Diseases Society of America
broncho-alveolar lavage
colony forming units
Computer-based Surveillance and Alerting of infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic consumption in the ICU
endotracheal aspirate
hospital-acquired pneumonia
local ecology-based algorithm
multi-drug resistant
methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
surveillance cultures
surveillance culture-based algorithm
ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Financial support: This research project is funded by the IWT (Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders) (project IWT-TBM COSARA (project number 060517)). This funding allowed the development and implementation of the COSARA software in Ghent University Hospital ICU. DD Benoit was supported by a senior clinical investigator grant from the Flemish Research foundation (project number 1800513N), Belgium. This funding had no influence on the concept of the study or the manuscript. L De Bus was supported by a Clinical Research Grant (project number KW/1394/INT/001/001) from Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. This funding created more time for research, coordination of the study and data interpretation.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


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In 2003, a last herd of sheep made its way through Montana's Absaroka-Beartooth mountains, taking over three months and covering some 150 miles. That journey is documented in Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Castaing-Taylor's superb documentary, premiering on PBS on 5 July. For long stretches, the film observes sheep in motion—trekking along dirt roads, up and down mountainsides, through densely green forest trails or snowy fields. As a parable, the story of sheep seems unsubtle: they are herded, they are unthinking, they go along. As poetry, the film is stunning. With no narration and remarkably little conversation among the herders, it reveals the loneliness and day-to-day difficulty of living among sheep, as human labor and desire are reflected by their surroundings—their bleating charges and also the land they all traverse. "I'd rather enjoy these mountains than hate 'em," says one man. You need faith, persistence, and extraordinary patience to herd sheep, whether the job is handed down in families (as it is so often), a refuge or an adventure. The herders spend most of their days apart, that is, on opposite sides of their herd, atop their horses, directing dogs and smiling occasionally at each other. The film is neither nostalgic nor romantic, but instead shows how this hard life has effects, good and bad, that it presses workers to their own edges and also helps them to discover themselves as well as the world around them.
See PopMatters' review.
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Depeche Mode "Where's the Revolution" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Beth Bombara "Sweet Time" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Oceans Are Zeroes "Inside" (audio) (premiere) // Music
'Fire Emblem Heroes' Is a Bad Crossover
// Moving Pixels
"Fire Emblem Heroes desperately and shamelessly wants to monetize our love for these characters, yet it has no idea why we came to love them in the first place.READ the article


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The Turkish government's pre-election media crackdown has been so unpopular it has created unlikely alliances on the streets
The conflict in Yemen which has caused immense suffering is largely invisible to the world while reporters and activists face intimidation, abduction and torture
Open door: Does it matter if we write 'Europe' when we mean 'the EU'? Perhaps not, but as the referendum approaches there are other points of potential Euro-confusion that we should keep an eye on
The proclaiming of the 'end of feminism' by the Spectator and others is merely an attempt to deflect blame for problems society has failed to tackle
The seven priorities for young feminists todayJune Eric UdorieWith the film Suffragette about to be released, feminists should celebrate 'the massive patchwork quilt' of the movement, focusing on consent, reproductive rights and diversity
Open door: When the Guardian reported Jeremy Corbyn had sung the leftist anthem at a rally, it sparked a furious debate among readers as to the song's provenance
Editorial: Jeremy Corbyn has a leader's mandate but he must cut his opponents some slack if Labour is to rediscover an election-winning strategy
It's time the media treated Muslims fairlyMiqdaad VersiWhen a study finds that nearly all stories about Muslims are negative it's clear this is the last acceptable form of bigotry – and it's tearing society apart
Open door Spoiler alert: this article says why Terry Pratchett review didn't have a warningClaire ArmitsteadOpen door: If we add an alert to one review, what about the others? Readers have different sensitivities; who is to say which details may spoil a book for any one of them?
The debate Is it justifiable to show footage of people being killed?Peter Preston and Emma Graham-HarrisonLast week, two TV journalists were shot dead on air by an ex-colleague. Peter Preston and Emma Graham-Harrison debate the ethics of sharing such violent footage
The term is badly tarnished after years of abuse by those who seek to strip refugees of their humanity
Open door: The Guardian has readers who daily scan the 64 places whose sun and rain is recorded in Around the UK and Ireland Yesterday. But the data wasn't always what it seemed
First thoughts Sexpot trot? The human virus? The Labour leadership debate is facileRhiannon Lucy CosslettThe level of commentary on the next opposition leader has been reduced to mud-flinging and celebrity tittle-tattle. What about their policies?
In the movies, we jump into bed with practically every interviewee. Strange how the men don't get that treatment
Open door: Our setters don't rely on 'lower standards', as one reader suggested. But we must take care with clues that use terms for people with mental and physical health issues
The new owner of the Pink 'Un is unlikely to find Fleet Street culture to its taste


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Sky Brasil, a provider of subscription television services and a unit of DIRECTV, the US-satellite TV company, aims to acquire rival company Acom Comunicacoes, the largest pay-tv operator...
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2013 in review and Ed Tech trends for 2014
I came across an interesting article today about educational trends in 2014. Some were obvious while others were a bit surprising. The writer Victor Hu is an Ed Tech investment banker at Goldman Sachs, so I assume he has his nose to the ground and has a great deal of knowledge of the industry. However, I do wonder just how much Ed Tech business there is for a firm like Goldman to try and win. It's not exactly a multi-billion dollar industry like Oil & Gas is… But that's beside the point. Here are a few snippets from his article.
"In higher ed, aggregate student debt has ballooned past a trillion dollars, while unemployment and underemployment continue to plague the 54% of students who manage to graduate in 6 years (not to mention the 46% who do not). Colleges and universities face shrinking public funding, declining enrollment and contracting endowment returns – and in some cases deeper, more existential questions."
Student debt has been a serious problem that has grown out of control in the past decade. Forbes wrote an article recently that really opened my eyes to just how bad it was. It states that two out of every three students graduate college with some type of debt, and one in ten graduate with over $40,000 of loans. That's insane! Even community college, which traditionally has allowed students to more easily graduate with less debt, saw ~40% of their students graduate with loans outstanding. Students are getting saddled with increasingly heavier burdens and I haven't heard of many effective initiatives to slow this trend.
Victor also writes about universities facing declining enrollment and shrinking funding. One news story came to mind immediately. The Wall Street Journal ran an article detailing The Thunderbird School of Global Management's problems with lower endowment and fewer students. The school is on the verge of bankruptcy and has decided to try to sell their campus to a for-profit college operator. When most people think of for-profit college, names likes DeVry and University of Phoenix come to mind…not exactly the first-rate institutions that alumni of the school want to be associated with. Still, this is as problem faced to a lesser extent by many schools. As job placement worsens and student debt grows, students are beginning to find other ways of securing a job and starting a career.
"The private markets have never been more robust, with new generations of edupreneurs and investors partnering to tackle some of education's most intractable problems."
It's good to hear my thoughts confirmed. Victor sees much more of the market than I can, but even I was able to figure out that 2013 was a good time for EdTech entrepreneurs to build a business and raise capital. Which leads us to one of his trends for 2014:
After averaging around $260 million for the ten years ending in 2011, venture and growth investment in education technology and services spiked to over a billion dollars in 2012, and surpassed that figure again in 2013, prompting many in the industry to cry "bubble" with reference to the first edutech crash in the aftermath of the original Internet implosion.
The difference this time, however, is that many of the companies tapping the private markets have proven product-market fit, and some have already achieved meaningful scale. The majority of edutech companies raising sizeable growth rounds recently have demonstrated the ability to serve their market segments in sustainable ways. Expect the capital trend to continue in 2014 as more and more companies seek to apply software and internet technology to transform different parts of the education value chain.
This was surprising to me. Kind of. I've only covered this industry for the past few years so I probably entered around the time of the up-swing. It is amazing to hear that between 2002-2011, the average yearly investment in this industry was only $260 million. In a matter of 2 years, that number has grown 5x. Hard to tell whether EdTech is a bubble right now (maybe all of tech is a bubble), but either way, hopefully these companies can use that money to make a real difference in the classroom.
Online education has been around for decades, but historically has been the domain of smaller education market segments, nontraditional learners and non-elite institutions.
We have now passed the inflection point, and online is ready to go mainstream in every part of the education continuum in 2014.
Next year, we'll be five years into the famous prediction by disruptive innovation gurus Clay Christensen and Michael Horn that online education will account for half of all high school courses delivered by 2019. In higher ed, elite universities have joined in, likely causing any institution who has not yet implemented an online strategy to race to do so. In the meantime, a variety of online learning platforms have proliferated, with diverse content and monetization strategies. After causing a media swoon in 2012, MOOCs have moved quickly beyond Gartner's "peak of inflated expectations"; some have already plunged into the "trough of disillusionment," and others are beginning the long, steady climb up the "slope of enlightenment" toward product and business model sustainability.
Obviously the most interesting portion of the article for me personally. I think it's interesting how people have predicted the "peak" and "trough" of online education. A few years ago, the internet was littered with praise of the MOOCs and initiatives to globalize education and remove the traditional barriers. This year, I saw tons of articles about how online education was a failure and how hard it was to actually learn through a MOOC course. I've dabbled with MOOCs also and if you look through my edX profile, you'll see many classes that I failed to complete. Work got busy, the class wasn't a top priority for me, I fell too far behind and forgot about it. I'm sure it happens to many of us. Still, this resource has undoubtedly helped millions of people already from all over the world (remember that Mongolian kid who took MIT's Circuits and Electronics course?) With time, these MOOCs will evolve into more engaging, thoughtful classes.
Victor brings up a great point about the online learning platforms with diverse content and monetization strategies. Obviously, the number of learning platforms is incredibly broad; just look at the homepage of No Excuse List. But have you ever thought about how diverse the monetization strategies are? There's the traditional subscription program from sites like Lynda, the pay-per-class structure from sites like Udemy and General Assembly, or the enrollment programs that give you one-on-one time with mentors like bloc. Ebook writers often allow you to read the book online for free, but charges money if you want to download it. I wonder if there's one type of monetization plan that will become the standard in 2014.
Looking back, 2013 was an incredible year for EdTech. It has been building momentum for years now, but I didn't expect it to explode like it did. Let's hope it continues in 2014.


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Our Pretties
I can show a strong woman, but I need a real man, with whom I will feel fragile girl. I'm looking for a real relationship and not virtual communication. But I understand that first we need to know each other. After all, we are here to meet in the future, is not it?
When I have spare time I do aerobics in order to keep fit. I like listening to good music, being outdoors, making my home a comfortable place to live in. I am a very good housewife. I like cooking and I hope that one day you will try my cakes, salads and other very delicious dishes.
Need partner: 25 - 65 years old
I am sure that I will find the ideal man on this site. Ideal man for me is an adult, experienced, confident man. Which will be my mentor, friend and husband at a time. I'm waiting for you, my king. Write me!


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Membership has its privileges! Sign up or sign in to gain full access to both All About Jazz and Jazz Near You. Learn more.
Personnel: Joel Palsson; Tenor & Soprano Sax: Hilmar Jensson; Guitar: Eythor Gunnarsson; Piano: Gulli Gudmundsson; Bass: Einar Scheving; Drums: Matthias Hemstock; Drums (selected tracks): Sigurdur Flosason; Alto Sax, Bass Clarinet (selected tracks).
We need your help and we have a deal. Contribute $20 and we'll hide the six Google ads that appear on every page for a full year!


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Loney, Dear is the pseudonym of Swedish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Emil Svanängen. He has self-released four albums of music in his native Sweden. His first major release came in February, 2007 in the U.S. when Sub Pop re-issued his album Loney, Noir.
Emil Svanängen self-released his first album, The Year of River Fontana, in 2003. Recorded in the basement of his parents' home in Jönköping with a minidisk microphone and a home computer, released on home-made CD-Rs, and sold only through his website and at live performances. The album became popular solely on word-of-mouth. The next two years saw Svanängen record and release three more albums.
In 2006 Loney, Dear was signed by U.S. record label Sub Pop. Sub Pop released Loney, Dear's fourth album, Loney, Noir, on February 6, 2007.
In 2009, Loney, Dear joined Andrew Bird as he toured to support Bird's January release ofЧитать далее в Википедии...
Дискография [+]
Альбомы и синглы:
- The Year of River Fontana [альбом]
- Citadel Band [2004, альбом]
- River Fontana [2004, альбом]
- Sologne [2004, альбом]
- Loney, Noir [2005, альбом]
- The City, the Airport [24.09.2006, сингл]
- The Battle of Trinidad & Tobago [25.02.2007, сингл]
- Dear John [27.01.2009, альбом]
- The Privateers / I Got Lost [10.02.2009, сингл]
- Hall Music [04.10.2011, альбом]
|I Am John
|I Was Only Going Out
|I Will Call You Lover Again
|In With The Arms
|No One Can Win
|Saturday Waits
|Sinister In A State Of Hope


text: Ferrari Is Planning A Second Entry-Level GT Car: Report Justin T. Westbrook4/01/16 3:50pmFiled to: FerrariFerrari DinoFerrari CaliforniaDino608EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Photo: Raphael Orlove (the greatest) According to a new report, there's a decent chance that Ferrari is planning on selling a second "entry-level" model alongside the current California T. Are you going to say it? Fine, I'll say it. Are they bringing the Dino name back?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?! Advertisement (?!?!?!?!?!?!)Back in June of last year, Sergio Marchionne, a crazy man full of words and CEO of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, "confirmed" that the Dino nameplate will be making a return to the Ferrari lineup... eventually. Advertisement The original Dino name was used in the late 1960's and 1970's to denote Ferrari models that were less expensive and featured engines that weren't a V12—because only a Ferrari had a V12 back then. The Dino name was shared with company-founder Enzo Ferrari's son. This nomenclature was eventually scrapped for better brand synergy.And now, according to CarScoops, Dieter Knechtel, a Far East regional CEO for the supercar company, spoke to The Motor Report recently about a new Ferrari model built on the company's upcoming modular chassis joining the current entry-level California in the GT segment:"...there will also be another model after the California in the GT segment coming."Knechtel confirmed that the California would remain the least expensive entry-level model in the Ferrari lineup, but the fact that the company has plans for a fifth model that will likely be a mid-engine layout and not feature a V12 could mean Marchionne's promise to bring the Dino back may be coming true. Sponsored It could also not be a new Dino. But if they want a cool name, I mean, come on.Justin T. email@example.com@WestbrookTweetsNight editor at JalopnikReply60 repliesLeave a reply


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We have a wide selection of cottages suited to guests with different access requirements. We have tried to make it really easy to find the accessible properties which match your requirements using our Search facility. By clicking on the "Refine my Search" filter (yellow button) and scrolling down to the Accessible tab, you can choose the category which suits your requirements. We use VisitEngland's National Accessible Scheme to identify those properties which meet specific access criteria. This means you can be sure that those properties with the relevant "yellow badge" will meet your requirements. Click Here to see an explanation of each logo.
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The Kent 81T is a 73mm fine-toothed small mustache comb. At less than 3 inches in length, it's the perfect size for any pocket.
Our Kent combs are saw cut so the teeth are flat and glide smoothly through your beard and mustache, unlike regular drugstore combs which pull and break the hair.
73mm / 2.87"
- Applying mustache wax
- Training your mustache to grow into your beard
- Comb through mustache after using all-natural mustache wax.


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RPSC RAS Admit card 2017: At website rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in RAS Mans Admit card 2017 available. Candidate going to appear for Exam in RAS Main Exam they can download their RAS Admit card and Know about their RAS Mains Exam Date (27th and 28th March 2017), Exam Time and Exam Center. Rajasthan public service commission going to conduct RAS Mains 2016-2017 Exam in March 2017. People who will appear in RAS Mains Exam and passed through the 1st phase exam they are able to appear in RAS Personal Interview Round Exam. If you are going to appear in RAS Exam then you will be able to Download you RAS Main Exam Call letter by using your Application ID and Date of Birth By visit RPSC official website.
RAS Mains Exam Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Best Book for crack Exam
Rajasthan public Service Commission will conduct RAS Mains Exam 2016-17 in March 2017 All candidate will take RAS Mains Exam will get Their RAS Admit card 2017 from March 2017 that will be uploaded at here also. You will be able to get our RPSC Admission card by using given link.
RPSC also known as name Rajasthan Public Service Commission Department. It is responsible to conduct all competitive exams to recruit candidates in various Rajasthan Government departments. In process to select candidates for Rajasthan Administration Services, RPSC conduct RAS Exam and select candidate through phases like RAS Preliminary Exam, RAS Mains Exam and Final Selection decided on the RAS Interview process.
RAS Mains 2016 Exam Date:
27th and 28th March 2017
Download RAS Admit card 2017, Main Exam 2016 @rpsconline.rajasthan.gov.in/admissionCard
RAS Prelims Exam result will declare and if you cleared the exam and will for next phase for RAS. Then you can download your RAS Mains Admit card 2017 by using some instruction those are given here.
While you are downloading your admit card you must have sufficient information like your Registration number, Date of birth and your exam name. You can get your details by check RAS Application form printout.
- In process to Download your Main exam Admit card your must login at rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in/admissioncard page.
- You can access this page by just click on below mentioned link.
> RPSC RAS Mains 2016-17 Admit Card (Available)
- After access this page you must select your exam name and fill the entries.
- Enter your application id same as RAS Pre exam form/ admit card.
- Enter your Date of birth.
- Now you can Download your Admit card by just click on proceed button available at right bottom corner of the screen.
- You should take a hard copy that you have to keep at time of RAS Exam.
- By using your admit card you can know about the exam date, you RAS exam center details and exam time.
Screen you will appear while Download your RAS Admit card:
RAS Mains 2016-17 New Exam Pattern:-
RAS Mains 2016-17 Exam Admission Card:
If you know the process to download your admit card and have details that How to download your RAS Main Admit card 2017 then you should keep update with our latest updates or you can subscribe here with us. We will update for upcoming latest updates and information about the admit card released date. So after release of admission letter you can download your admit card by available details and link.


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Cedar Rapids has a population of 120,758 and is located in Linn county.
Public Relations schools in Cedar Rapids charged students an average tuition of $14,339.00 if they were Iowa residents, and $14,489.00 if they were non-residents, during the 2009 - 2010 school year.
Books and supplies for public relations schools in Cedar Rapids cost an average of $852.00. Students who live on campus while attending a public relations school in Cedar Rapids, can expect to pay an average of $7,065.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $4,541.00. Students have a choice of two public relations colleges in Cedar Rapids to attend. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 8 students completed public relations programs in Cedar Rapids.
|Average Salary
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Whisk 1 egg, 1 ounce Irish cream liqueur and 1/4 ounce Irish whiskey in a bowl until smooth. Bring 2 cups whole milk to a boil in a saucepan (do not use a slow cooker-it will overcook the eggs). Pour over the egg mixture, stirring to mix well. Pour into mugs. Sprinkle with nutmeg and garnish with cinnamon sticks.
If you don't have a slow cooker, keep these drinks warm in a saucepan on the stovetop over low heat.
Photograph by Johnny Miller
Recipe courtesy Sandra Lee for Food Network Magazine
The best comfort food is comforting both to cook and to eat, like Ree's pork chops.


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AAAAK! LOVE this!
Doorman turned the headboard of his bed into the gang from Mystery Science Theater 3000, ready to critique and ridicule whatever goes on in that bed.
MST3K headboard (via Making Light)
Doorman turned the headboard of his bed into the gang from Mystery Science Theater 3000, ready to critique and ridicule whatever goes on in that bed.
MST3K headboard (via Making Light)
It's been seven years since we previewed Theft: A History of Music, a comic book that explains the complicated history of music, borrowing, control and copyright, created by a dynamic duo of witty copyright law professors from Duke University as a followup to the greatest law-comic ever published: the book was due out years ago, but the untimely and tragic death of illustrator Keith Aoki delayed it — until today.
Back in 2014, Google announced Project Ara, a click-in/click-out modular concept-phone that you could customize by adding or removing modules as you saw fit.
Announced today: So It Is, a new album of Cuban-inspired jazz from the monumentally amazing Preservation Hall Jazz Band (previously), due out on April 21. Available today: Santiago, an instrumental track from the album that will MAKE YOU DANCE.
Although there will never be a consensus about the best way to make coffee, any coffee connoisseur will agree that controlling the grind of your beans and balancing water temperature are the keys to a tasty cup. Since your plastic coffee pot doesn't really allow for that kind of customization, going back to the French […]
Not all hackers are malicious information thieves—white-hat ethical hackers work with technology companies to ensure the security of their computer systems and user data. With all of today's high-profile data breaches, ethical hackers are in considerable demand. To learn these critical skills and break into the high-paying cyber security field, try taking the courses in this […]
Making people aware of goods and services in the digital age requires an array of new strategies from social media and email to number-crunching tools like Google Analytics. To get a handle on the techniques used to capture attention and convert traffic into dollars in a crowded online environment, the Full-Stack Marketer Bundle offers 22 hours of training to get […]
AAAAK! LOVE this!
So much awesomeness.
We've got movie sign just got way creepier sounding…
Thanks. Now I've got a new image for We've got wormsign, too.
Anything that replaces Goatse should be seen as a good thing shouldn't it?
Well, that's about the coolest thing I've seen in a while. Definitely the coolest thing I've seen since I watched an episode last night. :) If I have any critique, it's only that it appears to be Mike's silhouette rather than Joel's. Yeah, Mike was cool, but Joel really rocked the SoL.
I'm thinking that that looks more like Mike than Joel.
It's kind of weird that we all immediately knew that it's Mike. Even more disturbing is that, as soon as I realized that it was Mike, Crow's voice switched from Trace Beaulieu to Bill Corbett.
"I'm different!"
(I'm different because I like the Mike episodes better, but I grew up watching those and didn't see any Joel episodes until later)
I look at this and all I can think of is random lines and how they'd be even funnier in bed…
"No, no, Jerry, you blow in the big end…"
"Maybe the dagblamed thing is over yonder…"
"But I've got a mantis in my pantis…"
"Well, there it is. Spankings all around then."
"So, can I split your top and butter your buns?"
"Trumpy, no!"
This is awesome, but I do have one picky problem with it. If they are there to critique bed activities then shouldn't the image be reversed? The way it is now they are primed to critique your shadow puppet displays.
I was going to say it should have been a footboard.
Needs a huge poster behind it…and a movie sign nightlight.
Audrino, motion sensor, wav files….
oh the humanity!
"Welcome to the Satellite of Love, baby!"
That's cool and all but it's so 10 months ago.
He sleeps in a twin?
Comments are closed.


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BUNN 2 Station Pourover BrewerCoffee Makers
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BUNN 2 Station Pourover Brewer - Pourover model brews coffee immediately. Holds two 12-cup carafes (sold separately). Two separately controlled warmers. Commercial grade thermostat and warmer. Stainless steel and black vinyl exterior. Includes filters, water pitcher, coffee funnel and cleaning spring.
- Maintenance-free stainless steel tank and copper tubing.
- Separately controlled porcelain finish warmers maintain coffee temperature.
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- Holds two 12-cup carafes (sold separately).
- Top warmer keeps at 185°F.
- Commercial-grade thermostat and warmer.
- Stainless steel and black vinyl exterior.
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Love it or loathe it: Jessie J
Since dying her bob purple Jessie J can't get enough of the colour. She performed at Sketch for the launch of the Blackberry 7 Smartphone collection in this cosmic print jumpsuit with matching purple shoes and a gold Chanel belt. Do you think Jessie's outfit is out of this world or shouldn't be allowed out of the house?
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Citi: Janet Yellen Has Violated "One of the Cardinal Rules" of Economists
On Wednesday, the Federal Reserve's triumvirate reiterated that liftoff in December was still a possibility.
That possibility is contingent on economic data continuing to show improvements in the labor market that give monetary policy makers more confidence that inflation will trend back to 2 percent over the medium-term.
But Janet Yellen, Stanley Fischer, and William Dudley aren't really data-dependent, according to Citigroup Head of North America Economics William Lee. They're market-dependent.
During an interview on Bloomberg TV, Lee said the Fed seems to react much more to financial market conditions than the evolution of economic data.
The economist put together a model that seeks to track what the federal funds rate should be based on how much progress is being made toward the central bank's dual mandate of full employment and price stability - in essence, a modified Taylor Rule. He then calculates how much actual policy has deviated from the prescribed path based on volatility in bonds, his preferred proxy for market stress. Lee concludes that skittishness in fixed income tends to elicit an easier stance from the central bank than the economic data would imply, especially since the financial crisis:
This, according to Lee, is a huge mistake.
"That violates one of the cardinal rules of a young economist that you learn at the Fed, which is don't let the markets push you around because markets tend to overreact and tend to panic first and think later," said Lee, who worked as a Fed economist prior to joining Citi.
"The boss is violating that cardinal rule that every young economist has learned," the economist continued. "Now she's the insider's insider so that makes it even more disturbing that the boss, who's the ultimate insider boss, has violated those junior rules."
Lee's assertion gels with the findings of a paper co-authored by Eric Rosengren of the Boston Fed, which noted that "Frequent mentions of financial instability terms at the FOMC…result in a statistically significant reduction in the funds rate."
The notion that the Fed has an unspoken tertiary mandate to maintain market calm gained traction in the wake of September's interest rate decision. Monetary policymakers refrained from hiking rates in part due to concerns that August's carnage in financial markets could weaken real economic activity going forward.


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It's been almost two years since I wrote a blog post about Canada's dismal reputation for bribery enforcement, referring to the fact that there had been only one prosecution under Canada's 1999 Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA). At the time, the OECD had released a scathing report criticizing Canada's record of foreign bribery detection, investigation and prosecution, noting that even in the one prosecution that was successful, the fine turned out to be less than the amount of the bribe.
Since Canadians doing business overseas are no less exposed to demands for bribes than their counterparts from other jurisdictions, it seems safe to say that Canada's dearth of prosecutions was at least partly due to a lack of commitment to fighting corruption. Experts were quick to point out problems with the legislation that also made bribery more difficult to prosecute.
While Canada's record has improved since then, with two high-profile prosecutions involving fines of $9.5 million and $10.35 million and some 35 cases under review, its reputation has not fully recovered. Compared to other countries, Canada's anti-bribery regime is still lacking.
But last month, the Canadian government announced amendments to the CFPOA that could change all that.
Territoriality Principle
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The establishment of two dedicated anti-corruption units of the RCMP, in Ottawa and Calgary, showed that the government was taking a more determined approach to bribery. Several large prosecutions followed the OECD report, but enforcement was still sluggish and problems with the legislation weren't addressed until recently.
Proposed Amendments
The recent announcement of important amendments to the CFPOA is encouraging for the future of Canadian anti-bribery enforcement and for the country's reputation as a straight-shooter.
The proposed amendments include:
- Nationality jurisdiction for CFPOA offenses, meaning that prosecutors would no longer need to prove a "real and substantial link" with Canada
- Elimination of the facilitation payments exception
- Introduction of a books and records offense
- An increase of the maximum penalty for bribery from five to 14 years
- Exclusive authority for the RCMP to lay charges under the CFPOA
- Clarification of the definition of "business" for the purposes of the bribery offence
The New Prosecution Environment
The amendments, which are expected to pass, make the CFPOA bribery offence one of the few Canadian criminal offenses that doesn't include the territoriality principle. This will mean that Canadians and Canadian companies engaged in bribing foreign public officials will be liable under Canadian law no matter where the bribery occurs and even if the only connection to Canada is their nationality.
The amendments also propose the eventual elimination of the exception for facilitation payments (small payments made to foreign public officials for performing administrative tasks that are part of their regular duties), even though the US FCPA will continue to include this exception. This will remove some of the "grey" areas in determining whether a bribe has occurred.
A separate "books and records" offense will make it illegal for companies to conceal the bribery of foreign public officials in their record-keeping. This is one of the most effective sections of the current FCPA and could help to encourage better financial reporting and controls for Canadian companies.
These amendments demonstrate that Canada is finally taking seriously its commitment to anti-corruption, and Canadian companies doing business internationally will have a new standard to comply with.
Related Resources
How to Write and Enforce Your Ethics and Compliance PolicyArticle
Fraud Recovery Statistics in Canada Paint a Sad PictureArticle
12 Tips for International Fraud Prevention WeekArticle
Workplace Theft & Fraud Prevention Tips Part 1Article
An Information Security Nightmare: The Disgruntled EmployeeArticle
How to Investigate Allegations of Bullying With an Open MindArticle
Foreign Corrupt Practices (FCPA) InvestigationsArticle
The Future of the FCPA: Keep Your Bribes to YourselfArticle


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This beautiful 5 bedroom, 3.5 bath home features a large and welcoming foyer that opens to a stunning 2 story great room with built-in arched lighted bookshelf, hardwood floors and a marble fireplace. The arched entry flanked by columns leads into a formal dining room with large windows. The spacious kitchen has hardwood flooring, granite counter tops, Shaker-style cabinetry, stainless Samsung appliances, and a deep-shelved pantry. A large breakfast area surrounded by windows provides loads of natural light and access to a huge partially covered deck. Windows have remote control window treatments. The first floor master suite has an octagonal tray ceiling and corner fireplace. The master bath has a skylight, whirlpool tub and large separate shower.
4402 Carolyn Ct
Crestwood, KY
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HWY 22 to Northridge Farms OR I71 N to Exit 18, right on 393, left on HWY 22, left on Northridge Circle, left on Carolyn Court, home is on the right.
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4402 Carolyn Ct, Crestwood, KY, 40014 is a Single Family Home for sale at $399,000 with 3,722 sqft and a lot size of 1.10 Acre(s). 4402 Carolyn Ct has 5 bedrooms, 3.1 baths, and was built in 1998. The property's zip code is 40014 which is in Crestwood, KY
Based on 20.00 % down and a 4.13 % financing rate
Includes Mortage, Insurance, and Tax payments
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Default based on a 30-year fixed rate of 4.125% with 20% down. The estimated payment is offered for convenience and is not an offer of credit. Due to market fluctuations, interest rates are subject to change at any time and without notice. Your individual rate may vary. Rates may differ for FHA, VA or jumbo loans.


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PS409: luxury 2 bdrm w private poolBrazilBahiaSalvador
About this listing
The space
This is a stunning two story beachfront penthouse apartment with a private deck & pool in the upscale seaside neighborhood of Ondina. The two bedrooms, one on each floor, both have private bathrooms. Each is laid out w a double bed & air conditioner. The apt is beautifully wrought and features original artwork by the owner - designer Burt Sun of New York City – as well as Bahian artifacts especially selected by the former to add a touch of local flavor to the decor.
This is a serviced co-op that is guest-friendly & boasts 24 hr. security, reception desk, as well as maid service (the maid comes in daily for a light cleaning; sweep the floors, make the beds, take out the trash & wash any dishes that may have been left in the sink).
The apt is located in a prime area in Ondina, just across the street from the beach, & is perfect for Carnival. We can supply a double mattress to sleep 2 additional pax as needed.
Ondina is very sought after. It is where the Barra-Ondina circuit ends. Bloco goers are quickly able to get home on foot after an evening of intense partying & get their needed R&R
Wi-Fi internet is available on request.
Electricity is charged separately.
8 Reviews
Your Host
Want to rent an apartment (flat) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil? A holiday or temp rental? I'm a licensed realtor here, CRECI 8527, and will happily discuss your accommodations as well as the purchase of property.
I'm located right here in Porto da Barra (a beachside Salvador neighborhood for those of you who aren't familar with the city) and I own & manage a number of holiday & temp apartments, flats, and houses, one or more of which should work very nicely for you & fit your budget.
Feel free to e-mail me and let me know what you're looking for...
("CRECI" stands for "Conselho Regional dos Corretores de Imóveis", or "Regional Council of Real Estate Brokers")


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Kristy Hom
A friend loaned me his Canon Reflex Zoom 8-3 8mm movie camera for a few days, and this video is a product from my learning about the camera.
Come see an informative and entertaining tour of the camera, and then a ttv ("through the viewfinder" ) movie
with authentic camera sight sound filming experience!
video made: July 19-20, 2011


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Human Values Foundation
Social And Emotional Education
Our ready-to-use VALUES EDUCATION programmes offer a simple yet
structured and systematic approach to understanding and applying chosen values
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Easily understood framework guiding young people's thoughts, decision-making & actions. Time saving. Very cost-effective. Improves performance. Raises achievements. Transformative.
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Historic Vintage Napa home - The Thomas Earl House (circa 1861), classic Italianate architecture. Almost 1/3 acre lot with potential for additional unit or parking (please verify). Damaged in the 2014 earthquake. Examined by structural engineer and now priced to sell. Seller encourages all interested parties to investigate with their contractor and submit all offers. A MUST SEE.
Listing provided by Terry McGowan at Coldwell Banker B of V-Napa
This Listing is for Sale .The listing status is Contingent, considered Resale, and located within Napa County
Copyright 2015, Bay Area Real Estate Information Services, Inc. All Right Reserved


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Impact Products Extended Twist-and-Lock Lambswool DusterBrushes & Dusters
33" Length - Lamb's Wool - Assorted Colors - View Complete Details
Product Number: IMP3106
In Stock - Hurry, only 119 left.
Estimated Delivery - 1 business day(s) - Mon 2/27 2 business days - Tue 2/28
Shipping - This item is eligible for Free Shipping on orders over $45
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Product Details
Impact Products Extended Twist-and-Lock Lambswool Duster - Lambswool duster safely cleans dust from surfaces to reduce the effects of allergies and irritations in your home or office. Genuine lambswool attracts dust like a magnet from both irregular and flat surfaces. Handle extends to easily dust hard-to-reach areas. Durable material is washable for long-lasting use. Duster is perfect for cleaning door frames, shelves, large furniture and more.View Product Specs
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Eve Broderie Shirt WSI-01160
Make 4 interest-free payments of
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when you spend over $75.00
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Elevate your style with our Eve Broderie Shirt. Fabricated from a soft voile fabric, it features a concealed button placket and broderie detailing at the hem for a beatiful feminine touch. This top is designed to be relaxed in fit and is easily paired with distressed denim for a polished weekend ensemble.
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Made from 100% Viscose Voile


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Find must-see attractions and long-distance travel resources, including visa information, regional overviews and tour operator credentials.
Discover the unique differences among South Carolina's three key geographic regions, where you'll always find Southern hospitality.
South Carolina is the perfect vacation destination for every family. Plan your Palmetto State adventure today.
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South Carolina accommodations are famous for their beauty and Southern charm.
Content: See & Do
Category: Events
300 State Park RD
Summerville, SC 29485Get Directions
Phone: (843) 873-1740
City: Summerville
Region: Coastal & Islands
A living history interpreter will be on site demonstrating an aspect of colonial life. From cooking to surveying, military life to medical practices, each month will feature something new. Stop by for five minutes or four hours and learn a little more about colonial living.
Upcoming Date:
April 1, 2017
Info & Amenities
Info & Amenities
Free with paid park admission
Event Hours
Meeting Place
Open field near parking lot
What to Bring
Sunscreen, water, and dress for the weather.
Park Passport Plus
Nearby Attractions
1205 Pendleton Street Columbia, SC 29201
or uncover more great South Carolina trip ideas on:


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Rick Owens Womens Cropped Bomber Jacket Black [2016SS]
In stock
Special Price €547.00 was €1,094.00
[row028ss16] *Cropped flight bomber jacket in black lamb leather featuring a zipper front fastening and long sleeves in viscose blend fabric from Rick Owens 2016 spring & summer collection. *Ribbed neck line, cuffs and hem line. *Two side pockets, one zipped sleeve pocket and two pockets. *Ref. RP16S9720 LNV [Measurement] -IT40(UK8/US6/DE36/Small) Chest 48cm, Back Length 46cm (Sold-out) -IT42(UK10/US8/DE38/Medium) Chest 48cm, Back Length 48cm [Material] Body 100% Lamb Leather Sleeves 98% Viscose 2% Spandex Front Lining 100% Cotton Back Lining 53% Viscose 47% Cupro Knit Rib Cuff+Collar+Band 100% New Wool Buttons 100% Corozo [Country of Origin] Made in Italy [Retail Price] 1094.00 EUR [Shipping fee] Shipping fee will be different depends on weight and destination. If you add the item to cart, Enter your destination (Country, State/Province and Zip code), You can get a shipping estimate. Also you can check http://doshaburi.com/shipping-method-fee. *All parcel has full insurance (up to 3000.00EUR per package). If your package is lost, damaged or stolen in transit, Shipping insurance will ensure that your package is covered. you don't have to any additional insurance fee to the any country. [Terms and conditions] Check our terms and condition before order
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(Question) Anyone doing transfer to Atlantic anytime soon?
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Ko Tao by zwischenmieter
Ko Tao Travel Guide: 219 reviews and 525 photos
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Check rates!
Free WiFi! WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Free parking! Free private parking is possible on site (reservation is not needed).
From 14:00 Until 00:00 hours
From 07:00 Until 11:00 hours
All children are welcome.One child under 16 years is charged EUR 25 per night when using existing beds.All children under 2 years are charged EUR 10 per night for children's cots/cribs.All children under 16 years are charged EUR 25 per night for extra beds.All further older children or adults are charged EUR 40 per night for extra beds.The maximum number of extra beds in a room is 1.
Pets are allowed. Charges may be applicable.
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Properties nearby – Hotel Ulivi
Featuring free WiFi, a seasonal outdoor pool and a terrace, Hotel Stazione offers pet-friendly accommodation in Paratico. Guests can enjoy the on-site restaurant. Free private...
Hotel Sebino has a lake-front location at Sarnico, 30 km from Bergamo. The hotel's Il Chiostro Restaurant is just a few steps away.
La Contrada is in the centre of Sarnico, on the first floor of a historic building dating back to the 17th century. This modern B&B offers en suite rooms with free Wi-Fi. The...
Set in Sarnico on Lake Iseo, Centrostorico is a family-run B&B, 50 metres from the dock for boat trips across the lake. It is on the first floor of a characteristic building...
Set in Sarnico, this apartment features a patio. The property is 23 km from Bergamo and private parking is featured. Free WiFi is offered throughout the property.
Nearby Cities – Hotel Ulivi
Top Destinations: Italy
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I think if you decide to go ahead with the pregnancy you must be fully at peace and prepared to do so as a single mum. I wouldn't be relying on either of these guys.
I also don't think you should do the paternity test behind guy number one's back. I understand the desire to keep the paternity issue from him if he doesn't need to know, but even if he then commits to you there will always be that hidden secret in the back of your mind. A lie is no foundation on which to build a relationship, let alone a family.
Good luck with it all.


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Nikon D3300
Too Faced – Born This Way Foundation in Ivory
The Born This Way foundation is also vegan. You can find out which Too Faced products are vegan when you check out the ingredient lists on their website. It always mentions if a product is vegan. Born This Way is a medium coverage foundation, but when you layer it, you should be able to achieve full coverage. It's infused with coconut water and is oil-free which helps to create a more matte look.
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Saponaria – Face Serum
Dr. Organic – Organic Moroccan Argan Oil Hair Treatment Serum
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Mademoiselle YéYé – Lovely Cardigan in Red
Mademoiselle YéYé is a German brand that produces all clothes under ethical conditions in the European Union. Their clothes are vegan and certified to be free of harmful substances.
Avalon Organics – Nourishing Lavender Hand & Body Lotion
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