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From Moondoggies to premiere beer destination
Chad Deal 5 p.m., Feb. 22
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Sycamore Partners buys The Limited for $26.75 million
The apparel chain filed for bankruptcy in January and closed its e-commerce site and stores.
Sycamore Partners buys The Limited for $26.75 million
The apparel chain filed for bankruptcy in January and closed its e-commerce site and stores.
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Average page load times improved by more than 30%, Keynote Systems says.
Toys 'R' Us Inc. performed some major reconstruction on its mobile commerce site Aug. 4-5 and the result is a significant improvement in site performance, according to the Keynote Mobile Commerce Performance Index. Before the changes the site's home page was loading from server to smartphone on average in 12.4 seconds. After, the site loads in 8.1 seconds, an improvement of more than 30%. The site showed the greatest improvement among all 30 retail sites tracked by the index.
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Office Depot Inc. came in first again with a load time of 2.78 seconds and a success rate of 100% for a score of 999. Buy.com came in second with a load time of 3.55 seconds and a success rate of 99.78% for a score of 913. And HSN Inc. came in third with a load time of 4.15 seconds and a success rate of 99.67% for a score of 861.
The index average load time was 7.28 seconds, the average success rate was 99.24% and the average score was 627.
Office Depot is No. 53 in the Internet Retailer Mobile Commerce Top 300. Buy.com is No. 19 and HSN is No. 58.
Click here and then click on Keynote Mobile Commerce Performance Index Part 1 and Part 2 to see this week's complete results for all 30 retailers on the index.
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The key takeaway: Start early, because sales tail off in the last few days before ...
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Telecom ABC - E
Enterprise Resource Planning is a business management system that integrates all major facets of a business such as manufacturing, finance, sales and human resource management. ERP softare links together various back-office computer systems.
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Wilmoore Allstone
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New Feature: Recurring Tasks
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(817) 410-1227
One Specialty Xteriors
12 years in businessPO Box 92850
Southlake, TX 76092-0850
Additional Website Addresses
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 06/20/2011
Business Started: 08/01/2004
Business Started Locally: 08/01/2004
Business Incorporated: 08/17/2004 in TX
Type of EntityLimited Liability Corporation
Contact Information
- Principal: Mr. David Gaona, Owner
Business Category
- Landscape Designers
- Landscape Architects
- Landscape Contractors
- Outdoor Kitchens
- Patio & Deck Builders
- Landscape Lighting
Products & ServicesLandscape, landscape design, custom landscaping, landscape designers, landscape architects, swimming pool landscaping, outdoor kitchens, outdoor kitchen designs, outdoor living spaces.
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A design/build firm that specializes in custom landscape design & installation, outdoor kitchens & living areas, ponds & fountains, arbors & pergolas, patios, fencing, masonry work, and drainage solutions.
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Mon: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Tue: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Wed: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Thu: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Fri: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Sat: 07:30 AM to 06:00 PM
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Advertising Review
BBB promotes truth in advertising by contacting advertisers whose claims conflict with the BBB Code of Advertising. These claims come to our attention from our internal review of advertising, consumer complaints and competitor challenges. BBB asks advertisers to substantiate their claims, change ads to make offers more clear to consumers, and remove misleading or deceptive statements.
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BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.


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Ruth Norton
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About me
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Bereavement Training.
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Registered / Accredited
Accredited register membership
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- Affairs and betrayals
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- Bullying
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- Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
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£35 - £50 some concessions available for students
Maps & Directions
Type of session
|Online counselling:
|Telephone counselling:
|Face to face counselling:
Practical details
|Sign language:
|Other languages:
Types of client
|Older adults
|Employee Assistance Programme


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services REIMERSHOLME HOTEL Stockholm is offering a tasfefully furnished, nice room for those looking for a place to stay at in Stockholm. The hotel is happy to have you in the restaurant for a hearty lunch or a romantic dinner. For meetings and nice evening chats the local café will provide an ideal location. Wireless Internet connection (WiFi) is available at the hotel, enabling portable devices and smartphones to go online. The exact list of services available at REIMERSHOLME HOTEL Stockholm (including those for an extra fee) and the exact list of equipment in a room can be found on the information sheet below.
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SANS and EDUCAUSE have developed a free privacy awareness video that colleges and universities can use during Data Privacy Month in January, and throughout the year, in their privacy education and training efforts. High and low resolution versions of the video are available.
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ClearPackage is a web-based content management system built on CakePHP. CakePHP is a PHP MVC Framework inspired by the Ruby on Rails architecture. ClearPackage is an ideal tool for developing small to large dynamic Web sites.
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Davilla Blogs aims to be an alternative to sites that want to host small blogs in their domains. For exemple, a school that has a site could offer blogs to their teachers. Or a small newspaper could host blogs to their jornalists or columnists.
Another backend all-databases manager, yet!This will enable you to manage all kind of webpliance. Backend per amministrare database, ti permette di amministrare qualsiasi tipo di front-end sviluppato con estrazione di dati da DB
The Official port of the STUNNING! CMS/CMFx "Drupal" to the .NET Framework. Combining The greatest open source CMS with the greatest development platform. It will have the same architecture and will support Drupal modules & themes out of the box.3 weekly downloads
DutchCMS is an open-source cms, it works with PHP5, MySQL and TemplatePower template parser, it is a simple cms, for a simple website.
A CMS, or maybe a KMP (knowledge management platform.) DynaPlateBlog does web site content management and blogging with Atom, XMLRPC, snippets, a file repository, customizable templates, collaborative blog projects, a simple CGI installation process
EIS - Extensible Information System © Technical 2006-20088 weekly downloads
ESPOLON is a content management system, made with php, using smarty has the template engine and adodb has the database API
Easy to use and install content management system that allows you to easily convert static sites to dynamic.
Eclipse Wikipedia Editor
(The Bliki engine Wikipedia API now moved to http://code.google.com/p/gwtwiki ). Eclipse plugin: Converts Wikipedia syntax to HTML. Features: syntax highlighting, content outline&assist, templates, HTML preview&insert, Java/PHP link2wiki, PDF creation.1 weekly downloads
Edge LAN Party Portal System
Simply Put is is a Portal Website for LAN Parties it includes registration and prepay system(PayPal) as well as a LAN Manager for running at the LAN Party that gives information on Tournaments, Servers, Files, as well as the Schedule of Events!


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Dr. Luciano Demarco MD Patient Reviews
- Internal Medicine Valhalla, NY
Overall Rating
2 Patient Reviews
- Easy Appointments
- Promptness
- Friendly Staff
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Bedside Manner
- Spends Time With Patients
- Appropriate Followup
- Wait Time 30 minutes
Showing 1 - 2 reviews
1.0 of 5
March 29th, 2016
The office is an outdated dump.
Was sorry the minute I got their. Then I'm confronted by a nasty Receptionist. The doctor a strange man, who asked too many Personal questions. I couldn't get out of their quick enough. Old antique equipment, dusty & unclean.
1.0 of 5
January 19th, 2016
Bad new Nurse
I have been going for couple of years now. His new nurse is horrible. She is very nasty and get flustered when you ask questions. She is ruining his practice. She seems not know what she is doing. I have always liked going to his office, now I feel like I should find another office.
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Luciano Demarco, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Valhalla, NY.
Dr. David Marshall
Dr. Mala Sharma
Dr. Marc El Khoury


text: I am not really a hobby kind of person - but I really enjoy geocaching. Any other cachers on the board? I am something of a casual cacher. I like to look for caches in new areas I visit, but am not too crazy about numbers. I am on about 350 finds in seven countries and five US states. Www.geocaching.com


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swingOil is a new drink billed as the Ultimate Golfer's Supplement made by golfer's for golfers with several key ingredients to help support and promote flexibility & focus. The product is NSF certified and can be used before your round, at the turn or after your round. SwingOil contains...Read More
It's that time of year again! The 2017 PGA Merchandise Show and Demo Day will be held January 24-27, 2017 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida. This year marks Equip2Golf's 18th consecutive year to cover the show reporting on the latest GOLF ESSENTIALS (Gear, Technology, Style,...Read More
The Latrobe putter from Toulon Design is a beautiful tribute to Arnold Palmer's Wilson 8802 model. Toulon Design is now part of the Odyssey putter family and owned by Callaway Golf. The putters have a distinctive Deep Diamond Milled face featuring diamond groove lines that effectively channels the...Read More
This week at the Hero World Challenge, Tiger Woods is wearing a prototype of his latest signature golf shoe, the Nike TW '17. The new shoe has been in design over the past year and a half where Woods share with Nike designers that his new swing has shifted his dominance from...Read More
SCNS Sports Foods recently introduced the 1st Tee Plus+ and 10th Tee Plus+ Bars. The new nutrition and energy bars replace the original four 1st Tee and 10th Tee bars which have been on the market since 2001. In a move to make the bars more healthy, the...Read More
Introducing the Linen Textured Blazer from Linksoul. This new blazer features garment dyed linen for a causal look and style. Available in 3 colors: Dark Navy, Light Toast, and Petrol (shown) priced at $190 each. This blazer is comfortable and goes as well with a pair of jeans as it does your...Read More
The Harry Taylor Series 305 Wedges from Harry Taylor Golf. So, just who is Harry Taylor? He is a former club designer for TaylorMade, Founders Club, and Mizuno and after a long career in golf introduced a new wedge this past year. The new wedges are precision milled from 303 stainless steel designed to...Read More
The 2016 U.S. Open gets underway this week at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania. Check out the Nike apparel being worn by the Nike tour staff this year. Featured athlete is Rory McIlroy. GOLF ESSENTIALS | important golf things | basic, indispensable, necessary. Follow us on Instagram...Read More
Carnoustie Sportswear was founded 20 years ago and features classic timeless apparel designs combined with exceptional quality. Just in time for Father's Day, Carnoustie Sportswear has introduced their Spring/Summer 2016 Performance Knits line of polo shirts. The new line only uses the best micro poly material available and...Read More
True Linkswear introduces the True Elements Hybrid for 2016. It is called the hybrid because it has features that make the shoe breathable and waterproof. This is the challenge all shoe companies face - how to make a shoe that has these features and is also comfortable. ...Read More


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Top Definition
A cheaper version of the escalade, although the 2007 tahoes look much better than 06 escalades.
Bob is smart. he got a chevy tahoe for 30k
Bob#2 is stupid, he got an escalade for 60k
Bob#2 is stupid, he got an escalade for 60k
by octopus August 24, 2006
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).Buy the t-shirt


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Abt Card
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Take your workout to the next level with Powerbeats3 Wireless earphones, featuring up to 12 hours of battery life to last through multiple workouts and secure-fit earhooks to maximize comfort and stability. With Fast Fuel, a 5-minute charge gives you 1 hour of playback. Sweat and water resistance provides trusted durability and dual-driver acoustics deliver dynamic sound to power your workout.
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(based on 6 reviews)
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I love this device I buy this over and over again
By Roming
from Park Ridge IL
Comments about Beats By Dr. Dre Powerbeats3 Yellow In-Ear Wireless Headphones:
This is an outstanding piece
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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I would buy this device every time there is a new every year
from Park ridge IL
Comments about Beats By Dr. Dre Powerbeats3 Blue In-Ear Wireless Headphones:
perfect also for driving, workout and specially when your working in the kitchen
Outstanding for work out
Comments about Beats By Dr. Dre Powerbeats3 Black In-Ear Wireless Headphones:
I would recommend this outstanding products to my friends
Longer battery life
By StevieD
from Chicago
Not beats fault - I like the product. Bought these for longer battery life. Apple bought beats, then forced everyone with iPhone 7 to use Bluetooth headphones. Not a coincidence
Solid Headphones
By chasfiji
from outside Chicago, IL
First set of Beats headphones. Really does a good job in blocking outside noise. Stays on ears well. Connects easily. It charges quickly and had really good battery life.
Can you hear me now...nope
By Latoya
from undisclosed
My middle son is a ball player...very happy that he can practice and still hear his music. He also loves the fact they stay charged for a long time! I love them because I can't hear what he's playing now:)
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Hometown Cinderella / The Inn at Hope Springs(2012)
An omnibus of novels by Patricia Davids and Ruth Axtell Morren
After years traveling in Europe with her musician husband, all that widow Mara Hoffman wants is security for her son. A half-share in her father's Maine farmhouse is the only refuge she has left, even if her resentful stepmother treats Mara as little more than a servant. But there is one bright spot: the unexpected kindness of neighbor Gideon Jakeman.
A widowed farmer with a teenage daughter, Gideon hardly pictures himself as anyone's Prince Charming. Especially a woman of Mara's refinement. Yet his quiet, rugged strength makes her feel as though she's found her rightful place by his side, if they can find faith enough to forge their own happy ending.
Genre: Inspirational
Similar Books by other authors...
Used availability for Patricia Davids's Hometown Cinderella / The Inn at Hope Springs
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Kindle Editions
February 2012 : USA, Canada Kindle edition
|Title: Hometown Cinderella (Love Inspired Historical)
Author(s): Ruth Axtell Morren
Publisher: Love Inspired Historicals
Availability: Amazon Amazon CA
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Hello Head-Fi! Long time lurker, first time poster here.
I'm looking to do a full upgrade on my audio system for my computer, coming from on-board audio (I used to use an external sound card but, upon getting new IEMs, I began to notice a hiss much worse than the one from the on-board audio). I'm in search of new headphones under, preferably, $250 USD.
I'm looking for something with a similar frequency response curve of the RHA MA750 IEMs, with a fit that's not too tight. As someone who wears glasses, in the past, I've often found fullsize headphones to be discomforting after an hour or so of use due the pressure that's being applied to my glasses against my head. Because of this I've often resorted to IEMs.
Here's what I've looked at so far:
Beyerdynamics DT 660
Audio Technica AD700x
Audio Technica AD900x <-- pushin' the price a bit.
I'll be using the headphones in conjunction with either the Modi/Magni Schiit Stack or the Audioengine D1. Haven't quite decided yet.
On a quick note, maybe someone can also answer a small question I have about the Audioengine D1. (I know it's off-topic =()
Since it has 10ohm output impedance, and I were to use it with 16ohm impedance headphones, is there anything bad that could happen here?
Basic knowledge of physics tells me that I'd barely have to turn the volume dial to get a respectable listening volume, however many sources I've read suggest that the output impedance should be 1/8th or 1/10th of the impedance of the headphones.
Thanks for your time!


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iCOAT Vic, SA and Tas
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7 Products for the HP OfficeJet 5610 InkJet Printer
You Are Here: > Top > HP > OfficeJet > OfficeJet 5610
Need Cheaper than 30.89 ?
We also offer a cheaper compatible version of this ink cartridge, NOT manufactured by HP . 30 Days Warranty.
About My HP Officejet 5610 Multifunction Printer
Pages Per Minute
Cost of Consumables
Printer Resolution
Based Off 2504 Similar Printers
HP OfficeJet 5610 Printer Review
The HP Officejet 5610 ink printer is an all-in-one that doesn't offer any outstanding qualities. Its dimensions are 17.1 x 16.5 x 9.3 in and it weighs 13 lbs. This unit has an input tray that can hold up to 100 sheets of paper at a time. It can handle a variety of media types including labels, envelopes, photo paper, plain paper, transparencies, and iron-on transfers.
Output quality with the HP OfficeJet 5610 is outstanding. When printing in color it produces resolutions of 4800 x 1200 dpi. Color prints are sharp and show no signs of dithering. This unit offers print speeds of 20 pages per minute in black and white and 13 pages per minute in color.
The HP OfficeJet 5610 lacks some of the finishing options that other multifunctional units offer. However it does offer many outstanding features.
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text: Seller: jd1652 (360) 100%, Location: Plainwell, Michigan, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 132013774520 Here is a VERY old turn of the century copper porch light sconce. I don't know the exact age but it's very early, possibly into late 1800's, but that's an estimate. The frame is copper and the roof is what appears a copper washed tin. The mounting bracket is a very heavy hand forged iron. The bracket has a bazillion layers of chipped black paint but is how we found it. I had new wire and socket installed for safety, and there were 2 copper screws added at some point to act as a bottom tab on the inside to hold and secure the glass panel as the original tabs must have broken off years ago. The screws are new copper screws just like the ones that were already there, just replaced. The wires are wrapped with black insulator tape just as the wires were when found and that was purely cosmetic just to help blend them in with the black mounting bracket as the wires are exposed. We just put the light back to how it was originally found to keep it authentic as possible..including its flaws. The light is very aged. There's scrapes, scratches throughout and actual weather erosion in the tin roof.......age like this just can't be replicated! It's absolutely stunning. The glass panels are all well seated and silicone adhered for extra security. This light is ready to hang and be enjoyed for many more decades to come. Please keep in mind this light is more than likely 110 plus years old. If your looking for stream line perfection than you will want to look for a new reproduction,,,,,,this is the REAL DEAL and it's magnificent! Perfect for those who demand authentic and will not settle for less. There's imperfections as you would expect in anything this age. The measurements are as follows- 13' inches in totall length from top of bracket to bottom of actual light. 11' inches out from the wall. 9' inches wide at the light roof. Please enjoy all photos as they describe this beautiful turn of the century survivor best. Thank for looking!! NO SHIPPING OUTSIDE THE LOWER 48 STATES. INTERNATIONAL BUYERS WELCOME BUT MUST USE EBAYS GLOBAL SHIPPING. PAYPAL ONLY. Material: Copper, Color: copper


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Good news for the governance structure at Parramatta Eels today with the PNRL Club appointing five n...
3 days ago - 1 Likes
The Bulldogs have stamped themselves as genuine premiership contenders with a committed performance to trounce the North Queensland Cowboys 30-18 at ANZ Stadium in Friday Night Football action.
Bulldogs flyer Bryson Goodwin scored a brace of tries for the home side, in a match robbed of a number of big game players.
The Cowboys, already without Matt Bowen, lost Carl Webb and Luke O


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- Description
DEWALT D26441 Palm Sander with a 230W motor sands at 14,000 orbits per minute, providing a superior finish. Its hook and loop platen allows faster paper change, better dust extraction and increase sanding efficiency. Paper clamps provided for conventional abrasives.
The textured anti-slip top and body grip provides ultimate comfort and control during prolonged use, and the dust sealed switch provides increased durability. Sealed 100% ball-bearing construction provides longer life.
Is fitted with a high capacity dust bag with built in vacuum adaptor provides maximum dust collection with or without vacuum. Has a dual plane counter-balance low-vibration design reduces user fatigue
Includes: Sanding sheets, Paper punch, Dust bag with built-in extractor connection
Input Power: 230 Watt.
No Load Speed: 14,000/min.
Orbits Per Minute: 28,000/opm.
Orbit Size: 1.4mm.
Base plate: 108 x 115mm.
Weight: 1.4kg.
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Condition New SKU PTDGRPDEWD26441 Brand DeWalt Manufacturers Part Number D26441-GB Retailer Barcode 5035048147139 Package Height (cm) 16.8 Package Width (cm) 14.6 Package Length (cm) 24 Bullet 1 Excellent sanding efficiency Bullet 2 Fitted with dust bag Bullet 3 Hook and loop platen for fast paper change Bullet 4 Dual plane, counter-balance low vibration design Bullet 5 Sealed ball bearing construction for longer life Bullet 6 N/A
- Reviews
Customer Reviews 1 item(s)
- excellent
Quality Ease of Use Value


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$ 207.35
In store pick up and returns available for online orders.
Everyday low price and price match guarantee.
Free shipping on most orders over $100.
"FuturePay tabs up to $3,000."
Flex Waves FW-EQ7 FLEX EQ7 brings you seven bands of pure ANALOG circuit EQ ranging from 100Hz to 6.4kHz, ideal for guitar sounds, with boost/cut of +/- 15dB per band. This lets you TOTAL control your sound, eliminate unwanted feedback, give a thin-sounding single-coil the girth to stand up to a high-output humbucker, turn a vintage one-channel amp into a two-channel firebreather. Create scooped-mid death tones, midrange-heavy singing lead sounds, thunderous lows, crystalline highs. The Level Slider gives you a great amount of gain, so you can make a fill or a solo jump to the forefront.
Use it as a boost for solos or to create thrash-approved, scooped-mid rhythm tones. Create raging sustain and feedback while getting more thunderous low-end out of your rig than you ever thought possible. The FLEX EQ7 is 100% ANALOG TONE digitally controllable, you CREATE your sounds, you STORE them and you RECALL them whenever you want in a glance.
With Flex Waves technology, you Create your Sounds, you can Store them in Preset and you can Organize them in Banks. Finally with 8 recallable presets and 6 Banks, Flex- EQ7 allows to use of all the different tones you have meticulously crafted. Recalling them is easy and done on the fly, so you have all Your Tones instantly/suddenly available for your gigs, recording sessions, practice etc. No more tapes on the knobs!!
Just Link in chain the Flex Waves effects with a stereo audio cable and Press the Stomp switch of the first pedal, you will have total control on the tones/presets of all Flex Waves pedals. In Link Mode, the first pedal of the chain becomes the Master and it controls all the other FW pedals, when you press its stomp button it will change the preset on all effects, giving you endless sound possibilities on the fly in a very practice way.
Flex-EQ7 is true bypass which means no sucking of your precious tone when the pedal is off.


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Some Turning Points in the Chemical Electron Microscopic Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts
From its initial appearance as a low-resolution commercial instrument in the early 1960s to its present ultra-high-resolution (aberration-corrected) state, the electron microscope has proved invaluable, often uniquely so, in the elucidation of structural aspects of solid catalysts. When one of us (JMT) used it for the study of surface reactivities of layered solids (graphite and molybdenite), topographical features at a resolution of 3.4 Å could be readily distinguished by using the so-called gold-decoration technique, which enabled the catalytic channelling of graphite surfaces (by nanoparticles of various metals) to be charted. This technique also enabled vacancy concentrations in individual (i.e., graphene) layers to be quantitatively determined with unequalled precision. Progressive improvements in electron, optical and other instrumental features became so significant that, by the early 1980s, high-resolution images of zeolites, intercalates and metal-carbide-tipped multiwall carbon nanotubes could be routinely retrieved. High-resolution studies of zeolites (natural and synthetic) proved particularly illuminating, as they uncovered the ubiquity of coherent (regular and irregular) intergrowths, especially amongst the important pentasil catalysts (ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, that is, MFI and MEL structural types).
By the mid-1980s, commercial conventional transmission electron microscopes operating at 200 keV yielded atomically-resolved structures of nanoparticles of supported noble-metal catalysts, such as Pt and Au, in which it was found that microtwinning and other unexpected structural irregularities were common. Parallel advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy, pioneered by Crewe and co-workers, and the use of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy introduced by Howie and Treacy, added further power to chemical electron microscopy, especially when spectroscopic information like electron energy-loss and X-ray emission signals could be routinely recorded.
Our own development (PAM and JMT) since the early 2000s of electron tomography (ET) provided deeper insights into the nature of the growing families of nanoporous solids, especially those designated as single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). In these catalysts, the active site may be an integral part of the micro- or mesoporous framework (as in MFI and the so-called MAPOs), or, alternatively be a multinuclear-single site bimetallic nanocluster like Ru10Pt2 anchored at the pore walls of mesoporous solids. With the dramatic advances in instrumentation, ET now yields quantitatively, features such as fractal dimension in addition to surface areas, pore volumes and visual representation of tortuosity. With the added procedure of "compressed sensing", far-reaching possibilities, particularly in ET, now exist for the future study of nanostructured catalysts that have, hitherto, been so vulnerable to electron beam damage as to render them inaccessible to electron microscopic investigations. Another major recent advance, that flows from the work of Vincent and Midgley in the 1990s, is the so-called precession electron diffraction (PED) procedure, where, by judicious recording (e.g. involving rocking the electron beam in a hollow cone), diffracted intensities can be used for structure determinations because of the elimination of multiple electron (i.e., dynamical) scattering. Solids of catalytic interest that have been structurally determined by PED include Ba6Mn5O15 and MCM-68. There are real prospects that the PED approach may be able to solve the structures of notoriously beam-sensitive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), the catalytic potential of which is continually increasing.
Although two other major advances in chemical electron microscopy—the 4 D microscopy pioneered by Zewail, and the in situ electron microscopy of Gai and others—have not been experimentally explored by us, we also summarize their power and future potential in this Essay.


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Plugin for Outlook
This project received 13 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $368 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids13
Project Description
I need to develop the following plugin for outlook 2007 and 2010/13. (x86 & x86_64
goal of the plug in is to add some text in a specific syntax inside the subject of an email that users is going to send/forward/reply.
When the users click, the message windows open editing/writing the email (or part of that email toolbox panel - hint: using outlook form design) that is going to be sent there must be a button that when clicked shows a pop up window that contains some fields:
- 2 text fields
- 2 selection fields (options will be coded in a separate parameter file)
the user enters the information in the form orpop up windows and hitting confirmation button the plug in provides to write the information in the subject of the open mail message according to a specific synthax:
#first test field#second text field#1 selection#2 selection#
The plug in should check and replace if some space or dash is present in text field 1. e.g, Validation
Skills Required
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Afkham Azeez <afk...@gmail.com>
|Re: Undeploying webapp programatically
|Wed, 07 Jul 2010 13:26:39 GMT
Hi, I'm using embedded Tomcat 5.5.23. I undeploy the webapps programmatically using the following code segment: host.removeChild(context); Now, when I send a request to the context which was undeployed, I get an HTTP 503. But I expect to get an HTTP 404 since that resource is not actually available. It seems that the webapp is not completely getting undeployed. What should I do to completely undeploy the webapp so that I get a 404 when a request to the undeployed webapp is made? Thanks Azeez -- Afkham Azeez Senior Software Architect & Product Manager, WSO2 WSAS; WSO2, Inc.; http://wso2.com Member; Apache Software Foundation; http://www.apache.org/ email: email@example.com cell: +94 77 3320919 blog: http://blog.afkham.org twitter: http://twitter.com/afkham_azeez linked-in: http://lk.linkedin.com/in/afkhamazeez Lean . Enterprise . Middleware --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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Faces convey information about identity and emotional state, both of which are important for our social interactions. Models of face processing propose that changeable versus invariant aspects of a face, specifically facial expression/gaze direction versus facial identity, are coded by distinct neural pathways and yet neurophysiological data supporting this separation are incomplete. We recorded activity from neurons along the inferior bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), while monkeys viewed images of conspecific faces and non-face control stimuli. Eight monkey identities were used, each presented with 3 different facial expressions (neutral, fear grin, and threat). All facial expressions were displayed with both a direct and averted gaze. In the posterior STS, we found that about one-quarter of face-responsive neurons are sensitive to social cues, the majority of which being sensitive to only one of these cues. In contrast, in anterior STS, not only did the proportion of neurons sensitive to social cues increase, but so too did the proportion of neurons sensitive to conjunctions of identity with either gaze direction or expression. These data support a convergence of signals related to faces as one moves anteriorly along the inferior bank of the STS, which forms a fundamental part of the face-processing network.
Faces are dynamic and complex stimuli that convey information about the identity and emotional state of an individual. A highly influential model of face processing, first proposed by Bruce and Young (1986) and later refined by Haxby and colleagues (2000), suggests that the different aspects of a face, such as its identity and expression, are processed by functionally and anatomically separated pathways. According to this model, regions in the inferior occipital gyrus first process low-level aspects of face stimuli (e.g., gender). From there, information concerning the specific aspects of a face is fed into 2 divergent pathways. The first pathway, which projects along the superior temporal sulcus (STS), is thought to be responsible for encoding the changeable aspects of a face (i.e., facial expression, gaze direction, and lip movement) (see also Allison et al. 2000). The second pathway, which projects ventrally along the fusiform gyrus, is thought to be responsible for encoding the invariant aspects of a face (i.e., identity). Collectively, these 2 pathways have been labeled the "core system" for face processing (Haxby et al. 2000). More recently, however, the degree to which these 2 pathways are indeed anatomically segregated, and at what level(s) this segregation is present, has come under debate (Calder and Young 2005; Engell and Haxby 2007; Hoffman et al. 2007; see Graham and LaBar 2012 for review).
Neurons responsive to face attributes have been found throughout macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex, including the superior and inferior banks of the STS and the IT gyrus (Gross et al. 1969; Bruce et al. 1981; Perrett et al. 1982, 1984, 1985; Desimone et al. 1984; Rolls 2000). More recently, several groups have begun to parcellate these neuronal populations into functionally (and, in some cases, anatomically) distinct groups based on their selectivity for various facial features (Yamane et al. 1988; Hasselmo et al. 1989; Eifuku et al. 2004, 2011; Freiwald et al. 2009; Ghazanfar et al. 2010; Ohayon et al. 2012), which may provide clues as to if, where, and when the pathways responsible for processing faces might segregate. For example, a small proportion of neurons in the inferior bank, fundus, and superior bank of the STS were found to be sensitive to head orientation and gaze direction (Perrett et al. 1985) as well as facial expressions and different identities (Baylis et al. 1985; Hasselmo et al. 1989; Young and Yamane 1992; Sugase et al. 1999). The degree to which these cues interact appears to increase as one moves anteriorly along the STS (De Souza et al. 2005; Freiwald and Tsao 2010). Neurons sensitive to facial identity are found in more anterior and ventral areas of IT cortex (Eifuku et al. 2004; Leopold et al. 2006; Freiwald and Tsao 2010).
To provide further neurophysiological evidence addressing how social cues are encoded along the face-processing network, we examined the sensitivity of IT neurons to changeable and invariant properties of face stimuli. We chose to focus our recordings on 2 subdivisions of the inferior bank of the STS in monkeys, approximately corresponding to the face-selective patches recently identified using fMRI (Tsao et al. 2006, 2008; Pinsk et al. 2008; Bell et al. 2011; Ku et al. 2011). Three different facial expressions were used (neutral, fear grin, and threat), each presented with the gaze either directed toward the observer, or averted, from 8 different identities. We targeted 3 fundamental questions concerning face processing in the IT cortex: (1) How are social cues encoded in IT cortex? (2) How does the encoding of social cues progress along the STS?, and (3) Are social cues (i.e., facial expression, gaze direction, and identity) processed by separate neural populations?
Animal Subjects and Recording Techniques
All procedures were approved by the National Institute of Mental Health Animal Care and Use Committee and observed all NIH guidelines. Two adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), weighing between 10 and 14 kg, were used in this study. MR-compatible head posts (Applied Prototype, Inc., Franklin, MA, USA) and recording chambers (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD, USA) were surgically implanted under aseptic conditions. The recording chambers were placed over 19 mm craniotomies in the right hemisphere of both subjects, centered 12–14 mm anterior to the interaural axis.
Neuronal data were recorded from the right IT cortex (ventral bank of the STS and the immediately adjacent IT gyrus) using procedures described elsewhere (Bell et al. 2011) (Supplementary Fig. 1). During recording sessions, between 1 and 3 electrodes were lowered into IT cortex, guided by transdural guide tubes held in place by a delrin grid (Crist Instruments). Waveform data were sampled at 40 kHz and later sorted into individual units using Offline-Sorter (Plexon Systems, Dallas TX, USA).
Fixation Task and Stimuli
Monkeys were rewarded for passively viewing images of conspecific faces and non-face control stimuli (objects and monkey body-part images). Each trial began with a fixation interval of 100–300 ms. The stimulus was presented for 300 ms followed by an additional 100-ms fixation interval. Eye position was sampled at 240 Hz using an infrared eye-tracking system (ISCAN, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA). Monkeys were given a liquid reward for maintaining stable fixation within 2–3° from a central fixation point for the entire duration of a single trial. Trials where the animal failed to maintain fixation were removed.
Forty-eight different conspecific face stimuli were used in this study (Gothard and Erickson 2004; Gothard et al. 2006), selected from the same stimulus set used previously in neuroimaging studies of social cue encoding in the temporal cortex of monkeys (Hoffman et al. 2007; Hadj-Bouziane et al. 2008). They consisted of 8 different facial identities (taken from monkeys at a different institution, therefore not familiar to the 2 subjects used in this study; male and female, juvenile to adult), and each presented with 3 different facial expressions (neutral, fear grin, and threat) with the gaze (head and eyes) directed toward or averted relative to the observer. In addition, 20 images of monkey body parts (e.g., arms, torsos, etc.) and 20 familiar objects (i.e., objects that the monkeys saw/interacted with daily, such as water bottles, toys, sipper tubes, etc.) were also presented (Bell et al. 2008). Stimuli were presented using an LCD monitor (refresh rate: 60 Hz). All stimuli were full color, approximately 5 × 5° in size, and presented on a neutral gray background. They were controlled for overall luminance (variation in image intensity was <10% across the stimuli, <1% when presented on gray background) but not spatial frequency. Each of the 88 stimuli was presented at least 3 times per neuron (mean number of trials for each stimulus: 4.3 ± 3, median: 4; mean number of trials for each expression: 68.6 ± 23; mean number of trials for each gaze direction: 102.9 ± 35; mean number of trials for each gaze direction: 25.7 ± 9), in randomized order.
Data Analysis
Spike trains were converted into spike-density functions using a normal Gaussian kernel (σ = 10 ms) and summed to yield a single density function for each trial. Neurons were defined as visually responsive if the average firing rate (50–400 ms following stimulus onset) to any/all of the 3 stimulus categories (neutral direct gaze faces, body parts, and objects) was significantly different from baseline (200 ms prior to 50 ms after stimulus onset) (Wilcoxon rank sum tests, P < 0.05). We examined all neurons that showed a significant response to faces (average of all 8 neutral, direct gaze face stimuli), regardless of whether the neuron responded more strongly to faces or stimuli from either non-face category. Data from neurons that responded most strongly to faces versus those that responded to faces but more strongly to stimuli from another category were quantitatively and qualitatively similar and so are considered together and are henceforth collectively referred to in this study as "face-responsive neurons." Neuronal responses to different facial features (facial expression, gaze direction, and identity) and interactions between the various factors were analyzed using repeated-measures 3-way ANOVAs (factors: expression, gaze direction, and identity). Neurons that showed a main effect of identity, facial expression, or gaze direction were considered sensitive to that feature.
We recorded activity from 637 neurons from the IT cortex (between ∼5–19 mm anterior to the interaural axis) of 2 monkeys (463 from monkey A and 174 from monkey B; see Supplementary Fig. 1 for recording locations), of which 64% (439/637) responded to at least one of the visual stimuli presented (summarized in Table 1). Approximately 44% (278/637) of the neurons encountered were responsive to face stimuli, 2 examples of which are shown in Figure 1. Both of these neurons were highly selective for faces. The neuron on the left also showed a significant effect of facial expression on the magnitude of the face responses (ANOVA, F2,160 = 16.08, P < 10−6), such that the response to threat (direct gaze) was greater than that to either neutral or fear grin (Fig. 1B, left). In contrast, the neuron on the right showed approximately equal responses to all 3 facial expressions (Fig. 1B, right), but showed a significantly greater response to direct gazes (neutral faces) compared with averted gazes (ANOVA, F1,186 = 39.66, P < 10−8) (Fig. 1C, right).
|Face-responsive neurons (n = 278) Total (monkey A/monkey B)
|278 (183/95)
|44% (40%/55%)
|Effect of facial expression
|65 (44/21)
|23% (24%/22%)
|Not significant
|213 (139/74)
|77% (76%/78%)
|Effect of gaze direction
|77 (49/28)
|28% (27%/29%)
|Not significant
|201 (134/67)
|72% (73%/71%)
|Effect of identity
|128 (85/43)
|46% (46%/45%)
|Not significant
|150 (98/52)
|54% (54%/55%)
|Face-responsive neurons (n = 278) Total (monkey A/monkey B)
|278 (183/95)
|44% (40%/55%)
|Effect of facial expression
|65 (44/21)
|23% (24%/22%)
|Not significant
|213 (139/74)
|77% (76%/78%)
|Effect of gaze direction
|77 (49/28)
|28% (27%/29%)
|Not significant
|201 (134/67)
|72% (73%/71%)
|Effect of identity
|128 (85/43)
|46% (46%/45%)
|Not significant
|150 (98/52)
|54% (54%/55%)
Encoding of Social Cues by Individual Neurons in IT Cortex
Of the 278 face-responsive neurons sampled, 23% (65/278) were sensitive to facial expression (ANOVAs with significant main effect of facial expression, P < 0.05). The average spike-density function for these 65 neurons is shown in Figure 2A. At the population level, threatening faces elicited the greatest response, followed by neutral faces. Fear grin/submissive faces did not elicit statistically different responses compared with neutral faces. From these data, it might be tempting to assume that neurons sensitive to facial expressions all exhibited this pattern of activity (threat > neutral > fear grin). However, closer examination of these neurons revealed that, in fact, many showed the opposite effect. Figure 2B shows the relative (normalized) responses to threat versus fear grin for all 278 face-responsive neurons. Filled symbols indicate neurons that exhibited a significant main effect of facial expression (n = 65, 23%). Those shown in red are neurons whose response to threat was greater than fear grin (n = 44/65), and those shown in blue are those whose response to threat was less than fear grin (n = 21/65). Therefore, while at the population level (Fig. 2A, inset), the greatest response was found for threatening faces, a third (32%) of these neurons responded more strongly to fear grin faces.
A similar trend was seen for gaze direction (Fig. 2C,D). At the population level, averted gaze stimuli (neutral only) elicited stronger responses among the 28% (77/278) of neurons that showed a main effect of gaze direction (n = 45/77, Fig. 2C, inset). However, there was a larger proportion of neurons that responded more strongly to direct gaze stimuli (n = 32/77) when compared with averted gaze stimuli (Fig. 2D).
Forty-six percent of face-responsive neurons (128/278) exhibited a main effect of identity (ANOVAs, P < 0.05). The average spike-density functions for these 128 neurons are shown in Figure 3A. The 4 different traces show the responses to 4 different identities, sorted according to each neuron's preference, so that the responses to each neuron's most preferred identity (neutral, direct gaze) are shown by the solid trace and the least preferred identity is shown by the black dashed trace. This panel shows that, on average, while these neurons exhibited a clear preference for specific identities, the neurons tended to respond to all 8 identities presented.
It is possible that a factor contributing to the larger proportion of neurons sensitive to identity when compared with the proportion sensitive to facial expression or gaze direction was the larger number of exemplars used to assess identity (8) when compared with facial expression (3) or gaze direction (2). Therefore, we repeated the ANOVAs using 3 identities (selected at random). This analysis revealed that, indeed, when sensitivity to identity is defined on the basis of 3 versus 8 identities, the number of neurons drops to 22% (60/278). The implications of this finding will be addressed in the section Discussion.
We calculated an identity selectivity index to measure the degree to which neurons were selective for their preferred identity, with larger indices indicating a greater difference between the mean response to the preferred identity (neutral, direct gaze) relative to the mean response to all identities (Fig. 3B). Across the population of neurons with a significant effect of identity, the average selectivity index was 0.24 ± 0.01, indicating that the response to the preferred identity was approximately 60% greater than that to the average of all the other identities. We also quantified the selectivity of these neurons by calculating the tuning width (full-width half maximum) (Freiwald and Tsao 2010) of the sorted responses to each of the 8 identities. Values close to zero indicate broader tuning. The average tuning width of neurons responsive to faces was 2.39 ± 1.7 (Fig. 3C).
Hierarchical Representation of Social Cues Along the STS
To examine how the encoding of social cues (i.e., facial expression, gaze direction, and identity) evolves along the STS, we divided the sample population into 2 datasets: Neurons sampled from regions 5–10 mm anterior to the interaural axis ("posterior STS" dataset, n = 206; 155 from monkey A and 51 from Monkey B) and those sampled from regions 14–19 mm anterior to the interaural axis ("anterior STS" dataset, n = 317; 223 from monkey A and 94 from monkey B). These posterior and anterior subdivisions were purposefully selected so as to encompass the locations of the fMRI-identified posterior/middle and anterior face-selective regions, respectively (Pinsk et al. 2008; Tsao et al. 2008; Freiwald et al. 2009; Moeller et al. 2009; Bell et al. 2011; Ku et al. 2011).
The distributions of neurons responsive to faces (vs. neurons responsive only to non-face stimuli, Fig. 4A), individual social cues (Fig. 4B), and proportion of neurons exhibiting interactions (ANOVAs) between social cues were all significantly different across the 2 populations (χ2 tests, P < 0.05). Compared with the posterior STS, the proportion of neurons in the anterior STS responsive to any of the visual stimuli dropped by 8% (66–58%), whereas the proportion of face-responsive neurons increased by 7% (34–41%) (Fig. 4A). Of greater interest was the increase in the proportion of neurons sensitive to social cues, facial expression, gaze direction, and identity alike—in most cases at least doubling—in the anterior STS relative to the posterior STS (Fig. 4B). Likewise, the proportion of neurons that showed a two-way significant interaction (ANOVAs, P < 0.05) between identity and facial expression or gaze direction substantially increased. Notably, these interactions were largely between facial expression and identity or gaze direction and identity, while rarely between facial expression and gaze direction (Fig. 4C).
Separate Neuronal Populations for Facial Expression and Gaze Direction
Two critical questions to be addressed with these data are: (1) Whether the same or different populations of face-responsive neurons process the 3 social cues and (2) whether this organization changes along the STS. If the 3 subpopulations were completely independent (meaning that no neurons show sensitivity to more than one social cue), this might suggest that social cues are processed, at this stage, independently. On the other hand, if most neurons were sensitive to 2 or more factors, this would suggest that at this level of the face-processing pathway, social cues are processed together.
In the case of neurons in the posterior STS sensitive to social cues, the majority of neurons process a single cue. For example, of the 10 neurons sensitive to facial expression, 50% are sensitive to facial expression only (Fig. 5A). Likewise, of the 28 neurons sensitive to identity, 68% are sensitive to identity only. In contrast, in the case of neurons in the anterior STS, not only is there an increase in the proportion of neurons sensitive to social cues (as described above, Fig. 4), but there is also an increase in the proportions of neurons that are sensitive to at least 2 different social cues (i.e., showing at least 2 main effects of identity, facial expression, and/or gaze direction), suggesting an integration of the different aspects of a face in the anterior STS.
This is summarized in Figure 5C, which shows the relative proportion of neurons sensitive only to a "single" social cue, relative to the total number of neurons sensitive to "at least" one cue. The effect was particularly evident for neurons sensitive to identity: compared with 68% of neurons sensitive to only identity in the posterior STS, 44% are sensitive only to identity in the anterior STS, and with the rest being sensitive to identity and facial expression and/or gaze direction. Neurons sensitive to facial expression also exhibited a substantial decrease in the proportion of neurons sensitive to facial expression alone (50–34%). Interestingly, neurons sensitive to gaze direction showed a much more modest decrease (42–38%), which may indicate that gaze direction is processed differently.
Note again that similar to the presence of interaction effects between social cues (Fig. 4C), the majority of neurons exhibiting sensitivity to more than one social cue (i.e., more than main effect) are those that are sensitive to identity and either facial expression and gaze direction, with relatively few neurons sensitive to gaze direction and facial expression.
Therefore, in addition to an increase in sensitivity to social cues in general as one progresses anteriorly along the STS, there is also an increase in the level of complexity with respect to individual neurons.
Effect of Social Cues on Neurons not Responsive to Faces
In previous fMRI studies, we demonstrated that the influence of facial expressions and gaze direction is not restricted to the fMRI-identified face patches, but is instead distributed along the STS (Hadj-Bouziane et al. 2008; Furl et al. 2012). This suggests that the effect of social cues may not be restricted to only those neurons that respond to neutral faces. To further investigate this possibility, we examined the effect of facial expressions and gaze directions on the responses of neurons that were not classified as face-responsive neurons according to our selection criterion (i.e., showed a statistically significant response above baseline to neutral, gaze-directed faces). Two-hundred and seventy-five neurons met this criterion (183 were not responsive to any of the visual stimuli tested, 35 responded significantly to body-part stimuli, and 57 responded significantly to object stimuli). Of the 275 neurons that did not exhibit significant responses to neutral, gaze-directed faces, 17% (48/275) showed a significant main effect of facial expression. The average spike-density function for these 48 neurons is shown in Figure 6A. As with face-responsive neurons (Fig. 2A,B), threatening faces appeared to elicit a greater response at the population level. However, we encountered neurons that exhibited stronger responses to fear grin as well (Fig. 6B).
Similarly, 15% (41/275) of the neurons that did not respond to neutral, gaze-directed faces did exhibit a main effect of gaze direction (Fig. 6C). The majority of these showed stronger responses to averted faces, while a small subset responded more strongly to directed faces (i.e., were suppressed by averted faces).
To determine to what degree these 2 subpopulations represented the same neurons, we constructed a Venn diagram (Fig. 6E). As with face-responsive neurons, the majority of neurons (77%) that exhibited a main effect of facial expression did not exhibit a main effect of gaze direction, and vice versa (73%), thus suggesting relatively little overlap between the 2 populations.
Here, we examined the responses of neurons in the posterior and anterior STS to face stimuli, including several identities, facial expressions, and gaze directions. Consistent with previous reports (Perrett et al. 1985; Hasselmo et al. 1989; Sugase et al. 1999; De Souza et al. 2005; Freiwald et al. 2009; Freiwald and Tsao 2010), we found a modest proportion of neurons in these regions sensitive to these different facial attributes. Furthermore, we found: (1) A higher proportion of neurons sensitive to social cues (identity, facial expression, or gaze direction) and (2) a higher degree of integration of these different face attributes as one moves from the posterior to anterior STS, particularly in the case of facial expression and identity. These data provide novel neurophysiological evidence for increased complexity in how neurons encode social cues as one moves anteriorly along the STS.
Hierarchical Encoding of Social Cues Along a Posterior-to-Anterior Gradient
According to Haxby and colleagues' model of face processing in the human (Haxby et al. 2000), the changeable aspects of a face, including its expression and gaze direction, are processed in the STS, whereas the invariant aspects of a face, such as its identity, are processed in the lateral fusiform gyrus. More recently, there has been some debate as to precisely where and to what degree the changeable versus invariant aspects of a face are encoded in anatomically distinct cortical regions (Calder and Young 2005; Calder 2011) and whether facial expression and gaze direction might be processed by partially segregated pathways (Graham and LaBar 2012).
Over the past decade, there has been increasing electrophysiological support for a posterior–anterior hierarchy in face-encoding, primarily along the dimension of viewpoint invariance. For example, a recent study by De Souza and colleagues (2005) demonstrated that selectivity for facial view increases as one moves anteriorly along the STS, a finding later supported by Freiwald and Tsao (2010). In the latter case, the researchers specifically targeted the fMRI-identified middle [middle lateral (ML)/ middle fundus (MF)] and anterior [anterior lateral (AL)/anterior medial (AM)] face-selective regions (located ∼3–8 and 12–19 mm anterior to the interaural axis; Tsao et al. 2006; Freiwald et al. 2009; Freiwald and Tsao 2010).
Our results extend the findings from these studies by demonstrating a similar hierarchical progression for facial expression, gaze direction, and identity. Here, we show that, in a relatively early stage of face processing (area TEO, the approximate location of the face patches ML and MF) (Tsao et al. 2008), these classes of social cues appear to be encoded by primarily distinct neuronal populations (Fig. 5). However, at a later stage (area TE, the approximate location of the face patches AL and anterior fundus (AF)), not only is there a general increase in the number of neurons that encode social cues (Fig. 3B), there is also a marked increase in the overlap of neurons encoding the different social cues (Fig. 5) as well as neurons encoding interactions between social cues, especially between facial expression and identity or gaze direction and identity (Fig. 4C), further supporting the hypothesis that facial expression and gaze direction are processed by partially segregated pathways.
Behavioral evidence has shown that facial expression and gaze direction influence one another (Senju and Hasegawa 2005; Adams and Franklin 2009; Graham and LaBar 2012) and early neuroimaging studies in humans found that both cues are encoded within the posterior STS (Hoffman and Haxby 2000; Andrews and Ewbank 2004). More recent studies, however, have shown that they are processed by distinct yet overlapping regions within the STS (Engell and Haxby 2007; Harris et al. 2012; Baseler et al. 2014). Our data confirm these later findings by demonstrating that neurons encoding these 2 features are found in the same locations along the STS, but form 2 largely distinct populations (e.g., Figs 4C and 5A,B). A similar segregation has been reported in the monkey amygdala (Hoffman et al. 2007).
The above data show that, while there might be an initial degree of separation in the encoding of facial attributes in the posterior STS, as one moves more anteriorly along the STS, these properties become integrated within the same neurons; at least in the monkey brain. How then does this change our conception of face processing in the human brain? There is, first, the matter of how face-responsive regions within IT cortex of the monkey brain map onto regions of the human brain, which is still under much debate. Current evidence suggests that the more posterior face-responsive regions in the monkey (ML and MF) share properties with the occipital face area (OFA) and possibly posterior the fusiform face area (FFA) in the human, whereas more anterior regions in the monkey (AL and AF) share properties with anterior FFA and anterior temporal face regions in the human (Tsao et al. 2008; see Tsao and Livingstone 2008; Yovel and Freiwald 2013 for Discussion). Given these putative, albeit imperfect, homologies and the current data, one would expect to see a blending of social cue encoding in the human brain as early as the FFA, which is indeed the case (Ganel et al. 2005; Cohen Kadosh et al. 2010). One would also predict an effect of one cue on the discrimination of another at the behavioral level—which is again the case (Lobmaier et al. 2008; Ewbank et al. 2009; Pourtois et al. 2010; Milders et al. 2011), thus supporting the notion that the human brain, like the monkey brain, follows a pattern of converging neural signals related to social cues from posterior to anterior IT cortex.
Greater Diversity in Facial Identity Drives Increased Neuronal Selectivity
Our data showed a relatively high proportion of neurons sensitive to facial identity (Fig. 2). From this, one might conclude that neurons in the STS are, on average, more likely to show sensitivity to identity when compared with facial expression or gaze direction. However, with further analysis, it was revealed that this effect may be due, at least in part, to experimental design—specifically the larger number of exemplars used to assess identity, when compared with facial expression or gaze direction. While we acknowledge this limitation, we nonetheless argue that it may, indeed, be the case that under natural conditions, a greater proportion of neurons in STS will show sensitivity to identity, given the assumed limited classes of facial expression (anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, happiness, and fear) (Darwin 1872; Ekman et al. 1969) when compared with the limitless range of facial identities one can recognize.
Generalized Effect of Social Cues on Neuronal Activity in the STS
In addition to demonstrating an effect of social cues on face-responsive neurons, we have also shown that a small proportion of neurons that do not respond to neutral, gaze-directed faces nonetheless show an effect of facial expression and/or gaze direction, which is consistent with our previous neuroimaging studies (Hadj-Bouziane et al. 2008; Furl et al. 2012). In the majority of cases, this was expressed as an increase in neuronal activity in response to facial expressions or averted gazes (Fig. 6). However, in the case of gaze direction, some neurons showed a decrease in activity in response to averted faces.
These data are suggestive of a sparse but widespread effect of social cues on IT cortex. In support of this, we recently showed that ablation of the amygdala obliterates the effect of social cues on activation within temporal cortex while sparing the processing of faces per se (Hadj-Bouziane et al. 2012). It therefore seems likely that projections from the amygdala mediate the effect of social cues on the responsiveness of IT neurons, and that these projections do not selectively target face-responsive neurons.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material can be found at: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program (E.L.M., F.H.B., L.G.U., and A.H.B.).
The authors thank Katalin Gothard for generously providing the face stimuli; Nicholas Malecek for his invaluable assistance with setting up the electrophysiological recording apparatus and his contributions to training the animals; and Andrew Calder for his insightful comments. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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3 bedroom, 1 bath, 2 car garage home with many updates, wood floors, custom paint, ceiling fans, marble counter tops, tile floors in the bathroom, tile surround in the bathroom. Tenant pays all utilities. Copy link - http://ah.qa/9a3QN2M to browser to see more details or call 310-982-2538 now! (listing id: → Read More
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Case / Legal Brief for Mincey V. Arizona 437 U.S. 385 (1978)
Here I am writing a hub for the case Mincey V. Arizona case number 437 U.S. 385 (1978). Please feel free to ask questions.
1 Title and citation: Mincey V. Arizona 437 U.S. 385 (1978)
2 Type of Action: Violation of the 4th amendment right of seizure of narcotics at the scene of a murder, and that violation of the 14th amendment.
3 Facts : The facts of the case are as follows. An undercover drug operation was done in which one of the officers was killed, along with Mincey the defendant being shot. While in the hospital a thorough interrogation is done against the will of Mincey, and his house is illegally searched without warrant for 4 days. Upon finishing of the investigation Mincey was indicted for, and convicted of, murder, assault, and narcotics offenses. He then claimed that the evidence was gained illegally, and in violation of his rights.
4 Issues : Were Mincey's rights violated by the search and seizure, and was his 14th amendment rights violated by the interrogation conducted by the officers.
5 History/Decision: In the lower courts Mincey was indicted for, and convicted of, murder, assault, and narcotics offenses. The Arizona Supreme Court reversed the Murder and Assault charges but affirmed the drug charges. The United States Supreme court reversed the Drug charges.
Reasoning: The reasoning behind the Supreme Court to overturn is as follows. They find that in the end a warrantless search of someone's apartment violates their rights. That a 4 day search gave more than enough time to acquire a search warrant, and by not acquiring one the Supreme Court find no solution other than reversing the charges.
7 Rule of law : What we can take from this is that, every single person has the right to their privacy, and under no way can you do an unlawful search of their home without consent, or without a warrant. That this is what changed the case in the end in favor of Mincey.
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