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PLOS Biology: New Articles PLOS http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/ email@example.com A Peer-Reviewed Open-Access Journal http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/feed/atom All PLOS articles are Open Access. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/resource/img/favicon.ico http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/resource/img/favicon.ico 2017-02-25T15:48:26Z Subscribe with My Yahoo!Subscribe with NewsGatorSubscribe with My AOLSubscribe with BloglinesSubscribe with NetvibesSubscribe with GoogleSubscribe with Pageflakes Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs Trevor T.-J. Chong Matthew Apps Kathrin Giehl Annie Sillence Laura L. Grima Masud Husain 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002598 2017-02-24T22:00:00Z 2017-02-24T22:00:00Z
by Trevor T.-J. Chong, Matthew Apps, Kathrin Giehl, Annie Sillence, Laura L. Grima, Masud Husain
 In everyday life, we have to decide whether it is worth exerting effort to obtain rewards. Effort can be experienced in different domains, with some tasks requiring significant cognitive demand and others being more physically effortful. The motivation to exert effort for reward is highly subjective and varies considerably across the different domains of behaviour. However, very little is known about the computational or neural basis of how different effort costs are subjectively weighed against rewards. Is there a common, domain-general system of brain areas that evaluates all costs and benefits? Here, we used computational modelling and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the mechanisms underlying value processing in both the cognitive and physical domains. Participants were trained on two novel tasks that parametrically varied either cognitive or physical effort. During fMRI, participants indicated their preferences between a fixed low-effort/low-reward option and a variable higher-effort/higher-reward offer for each effort domain. Critically, reward devaluation by both cognitive and physical effort was subserved by a common network of areas, including the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, and the anterior insula. Activity within these domain-general areas also covaried negatively with reward and positively with effort, suggesting an integration of these parameters within these areas. Additionally, the amygdala appeared to play a unique, domain-specific role in processing the value of rewards associated with cognitive effort. These results are the first to reveal the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective cost–benefit valuation across different domains of effort and provide insight into the multidimensional nature of motivation. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002598 ARGONAUTE10 promotes the degradation of miR165/6 through the SDN1 and SDN2 exonucleases in Arabidopsis Yu Yu Lijuan Ji Brandon H. Le Jixian Zhai Jiayi Chen Elizabeth Luscher Lei Gao Chunyan Liu Xiaofeng Cao Beixin Mo Jinbiao Ma Blake C. Meyers Xuemei Chen 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001272 2017-02-23T22:00:00Z 2017-02-23T22:00:00Z
by Yu Yu, Lijuan Ji, Brandon H. Le, Jixian Zhai, Jiayi Chen, Elizabeth Luscher, Lei Gao, Chunyan Liu, Xiaofeng Cao, Beixin Mo, Jinbiao Ma, Blake C. Meyers, Xuemei Chen
 The degradation of small RNAs in plants and animals is associated with small RNA 3′ truncation and 3′ uridylation and thus relies on exonucleases and nucleotidyl transferases. ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins associate with small RNAs in vivo and are essential for not only the activities but also the stability of small RNAs. AGO1 is the microRNA (miRNA) effector in Arabidopsis, and its closest homolog, AGO10, maintains stem cell homeostasis in meristems by sequestration of miR165/6, a conserved miRNA acting through AGO1. Here, we show that SMALL RNA DEGRADING NUCLEASES (SDNs) initiate miRNA degradation by acting on AGO1-bound miRNAs to cause their 3′ truncation, and the truncated species are uridylated and degraded. We report that AGO10 reduces miR165/6 accumulation by enhancing its degradation by SDN1 and SDN2 in vivo. In vitro, AGO10-bound miR165/6 is more susceptible to SDN1-mediated 3′ truncation than AGO1-bound miR165/6. Thus, AGO10 promotes the degradation of miR165/6, which is contrary to the stabilizing effect of AGO1. Our work identifies a class of exonucleases responsible for miRNA 3′ truncation in vivo and uncovers a mechanism of specificity determination in miRNA turnover. This work, together with previous studies on AGO10, suggests that spatially regulated miRNA degradation underlies stem cell maintenance in plants. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001272 Correction: Tracking Career Outcomes for Postdoctoral Scholars: A Call to Action Elizabeth A. Silva Christine Des Jarlais Bill Lindstaedt Erik Rotman Elizabeth S. Watkins 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002600 2017-02-23T22:00:00Z 2017-02-23T22:00:00Z
by Elizabeth A. Silva, Christine Des Jarlais, Bill Lindstaedt, Erik Rotman, Elizabeth S. Watkins
 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002600 A new explanation for unexpected evolution in body size Loeske E. B. Kruuk 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001832 2017-02-22T22:00:00Z 2017-02-22T22:00:00Z
by Loeske E. B. Kruuk
 Bigger is apparently frequently fitter, and body size is typically heritable, so why don't animals in wild populations evolve towards larger sizes? Different explanations have been proposed for this apparent "paradox of stasis." A new study of snow voles in the Swiss Alps finds higher survival in animals with larger body mass and heritability of body mass, but, surprisingly, a genetic decline in body mass is also indicated. The authors suggest a novel explanation for this observation: the appearance of positive phenotypic selection is driven by a confounding variable of the age at which a juvenile is measured, whereas the evolutionarily relevant selection actually acts negatively on mass via its association with development time. Thus, genes for larger mass are not actually "fitter" because they are associated with longer development times, and juvenile snow voles with longer development times run the risk of not completing development before the first winter snow. However, the genetic decline in body size is not apparent at the phenotypic level, presumably because of countervailing trends in environmental effects on the phenotype. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001832 Putting placebos to the test Liza Gross 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001998 2017-02-21T22:00:00Z 2017-02-21T22:00:00Z
by Liza Gross
 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001998 Beyond negative valence: 2-week administration of a serotonergic antidepressant enhances both reward and effort learning signals Jacqueline Scholl Nils Kolling Natalie Nelissen Michael Browning Matthew F. S. Rushworth Catherine J. Harmer 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000756 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z
by Jacqueline Scholl, Nils Kolling, Natalie Nelissen, Michael Browning, Matthew F. S. Rushworth, Catherine J. Harmer
 To make good decisions, humans need to learn about and integrate different sources of appetitive and aversive information. While serotonin has been linked to value-based decision-making, its role in learning is less clear, with acute manipulations often producing inconsistent results. Here, we show that when the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI, citalopram) are studied over longer timescales, learning is robustly improved. We measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in volunteers as they performed a concurrent appetitive (money) and aversive (effort) learning task. We found that 2 weeks of citalopram enhanced reward and effort learning signals in a widespread network of brain regions, including ventromedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. At a behavioral level, this was accompanied by more robust reward learning. This suggests that serotonin can modulate the ability to learn via a mechanism that is independent of stimulus valence. Such effects may partly underlie SSRIs' impact in treating psychological illnesses. Our results highlight both a specific function in learning for serotonin and the importance of studying its role across longer timescales. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000756 The enteric nervous system promotes intestinal health by constraining microbiota composition Annah S. Rolig Erika K. Mittge Julia Ganz Josh V. Troll Ellie Melancon Travis J. Wiles Kristin Alligood W. Zac Stephens Judith S. Eisen Karen Guillemin 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000689 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z
by Annah S. Rolig, Erika K. Mittge, Julia Ganz, Josh V. Troll, Ellie Melancon, Travis J. Wiles, Kristin Alligood, W. Zac Stephens, Judith S. Eisen, Karen Guillemin
 Sustaining a balanced intestinal microbial community is critical for maintaining intestinal health and preventing chronic inflammation. The gut is a highly dynamic environment, subject to periodic waves of peristaltic activity. We hypothesized that this dynamic environment is a prerequisite for a balanced microbial community and that the enteric nervous system (ENS), a chief regulator of physiological processes within the gut, profoundly influences gut microbiota composition. We found that zebrafish lacking an ENS due to a mutation in the Hirschsprung disease gene, sox10, develop microbiota-dependent inflammation that is transmissible between hosts. Profiling microbial communities across a spectrum of inflammatory phenotypes revealed that increased levels of inflammation were linked to an overabundance of pro-inflammatory bacterial lineages and a lack of anti-inflammatory bacterial lineages. Moreover, either administering a representative anti-inflammatory strain or restoring ENS function corrected the pathology. Thus, we demonstrate that the ENS modulates gut microbiota community membership to maintain intestinal health. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000689 Narciclasine attenuates diet-induced obesity by promoting oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle Sofi G. Julien Sun-Yee Kim Reinhard Brunmeir Joanna R. Sinnakannu Xiaojia Ge Hongyu Li Wei Ma Jadegoud Yaligar Bhanu Prakash KN Sendhil S. Velan Pia V. Röder Qiongyi Zhang Choon Kiat Sim Jingyi Wu Marta Garcia-Miralles Mahmoud A. Pouladi Wei Xie Craig McFarlane Weiping Han Feng Xu 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002597 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z 2017-02-16T22:00:00Z
by Sofi G. Julien, Sun-Yee Kim, Reinhard Brunmeir, Joanna R. Sinnakannu, Xiaojia Ge, Hongyu Li, Wei Ma, Jadegoud Yaligar, Bhanu Prakash KN, Sendhil S. Velan, Pia V. Röder, Qiongyi Zhang, Choon Kiat Sim, Jingyi Wu, Marta Garcia-Miralles, Mahmoud A. Pouladi, Wei Xie, Craig McFarlane, Weiping Han, Feng Xu
 Obesity develops when caloric intake exceeds metabolic needs. Promoting energy expenditure represents an attractive approach in the prevention of this fast-spreading epidemic. Here, we report a novel pharmacological strategy in which a natural compound, narciclasine (ncls), attenuates diet-induced obesity (DIO) in mice by promoting energy expenditure. Moreover, ncls promotes fat clearance from peripheral metabolic tissues, improves blood metabolic parameters in DIO mice, and protects these mice from the loss of voluntary physical activity. Further investigation suggested that ncls achieves these beneficial effects by promoting a shift from glycolytic to oxidative muscle fibers in the DIO mice thereby enhancing mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, ncls strongly activates AMPK signaling specifically in the skeletal muscle. The beneficial effects of ncls treatment in fat clearance and AMPK activation were faithfully reproduced in vitro in cultured murine and human primary myotubes. Mechanistically, ncls increases cellular cAMP concentration and ADP/ATP ratio, which further lead to the activation of AMPK signaling. Blocking AMPK signaling through a specific inhibitor significantly reduces FAO in myotubes. Finally, ncls also enhances mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species in cultured myotubes. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002597 Ecological networks to unravel the routes to horizontal transposon transfers Samuel Venner Vincent Miele Christophe Terzian Christian Biémont Vincent Daubin Cédric Feschotte Dominique Pontier 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001536 2017-02-15T22:00:00Z 2017-02-15T22:00:00Z
by Samuel Venner, Vincent Miele, Christophe Terzian, Christian Biémont, Vincent Daubin, Cédric Feschotte, Dominique Pontier
 Transposable elements (TEs) represent the single largest component of numerous eukaryotic genomes, and their activity and dispersal constitute an important force fostering evolutionary innovation. The horizontal transfer of TEs (HTT) between eukaryotic species is a common and widespread phenomenon that has had a profound impact on TE dynamics and, consequently, on the evolutionary trajectory of many species' lineages. However, the mechanisms promoting HTT remain largely unknown. In this article, we argue that network theory combined with functional ecology provides a robust conceptual framework and tools to delineate how complex interactions between diverse organisms may act in synergy to promote HTTs. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001536 Establishing a reliable framework for harnessing the creative power of the scientific crowd Adrian J. Carter Amy Donner Wen Hwa Lee Chas Bountra 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001387 2017-02-15T22:00:00Z 2017-02-15T22:00:00Z
by Adrian J. Carter, Amy Donner, Wen Hwa Lee, Chas Bountra
 Discovering new medicines is difficult and increasingly expensive. The pharmaceutical industry has responded to this challenge by embracing open innovation to access external ideas. Historically, partnerships were usually bilateral, and the drug discovery process was shrouded in secrecy. This model is rapidly changing. With the advent of the Internet, drug discovery has become more decentralised, bottom-up, and scalable than ever before. The term open innovation is now accepted as just one of many terms that capture different but overlapping levels of openness in the drug discovery process. Many pharmaceutical companies recognise the advantages of revealing some proprietary information in the form of results, chemical tools, or unsolved problems in return for valuable insights and ideas. For example, such selective revealing can take the form of openly shared chemical tools to explore new biological mechanisms or by publicly admitting what is not known in the form of an open call. The essential ingredient for addressing these problems is access to the wider scientific crowd. The business of crowdsourcing, a form of outsourcing in which individuals or organisations solicit contributions from Internet users to obtain ideas or desired services, has grown significantly to fill this need and takes many forms today. Here, we posit that open-innovation approaches are more successful when they establish a reliable framework for converting creative ideas of the scientific crowd into practice with actionable plans. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001387 Neural mechanisms of rhythm-based temporal prediction: Delta phase-locking reflects temporal predictability but not rhythmic entrainment Assaf Breska Leon Y. Deouell 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001665 2017-02-10T22:00:00Z 2017-02-10T22:00:00Z
by Assaf Breska, Leon Y. Deouell
 Predicting the timing of upcoming events enables efficient resource allocation and action preparation. Rhythmic streams, such as music, speech, and biological motion, constitute a pervasive source for temporal predictions. Widely accepted entrainment theories postulate that rhythm-based predictions are mediated by synchronizing low-frequency neural oscillations to the rhythm, as indicated by increased phase concentration (PC) of low-frequency neural activity for rhythmic compared to random streams. However, we show here that PC enhancement in scalp recordings is not specific to rhythms but is observed to the same extent in less periodic streams if they enable memory-based prediction. This is inconsistent with the predictions of a computational entrainment model of stronger PC for rhythmic streams. Anticipatory change in alpha activity and facilitation of electroencephalogram (EEG) manifestations of response selection are also comparable between rhythm- and memory-based predictions. However, rhythmic sequences uniquely result in obligatory depression of preparation-related premotor brain activity when an on-beat event is omitted, even when it is strategically beneficial to maintain preparation, leading to larger behavioral costs for violation of prediction. Thus, while our findings undermine the validity of PC as a sign of rhythmic entrainment, they constitute the first electrophysiological dissociation, to our knowledge, between mechanisms of rhythmic predictions and of memory-based predictions: the former obligatorily lead to resonance-like preparation patterns (that are in line with entrainment), while the latter allow flexible resource allocation in time regardless of periodicity in the input. Taken together, they delineate the neural mechanisms of three distinct modes of preparation: continuous vigilance, interval-timing-based prediction and rhythm-based prediction. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001665 Chrna2-Martinotti Cells Synchronize Layer 5 Type A Pyramidal Cells via Rebound Excitation Markus M. Hilscher Richardson N. Leão Steven J. Edwards Katarina E. Leão Klas Kullander 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001392 2017-02-09T22:00:00Z 2017-02-09T22:00:00Z
by Markus M. Hilscher, Richardson N. Leão, Steven J. Edwards, Katarina E. Leão, Klas Kullander
 Martinotti cells are the most prominent distal dendrite–targeting interneurons in the cortex, but their role in controlling pyramidal cell (PC) activity is largely unknown. Here, we show that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α2 subunit (Chrna2) specifically marks layer 5 (L5) Martinotti cells projecting to layer 1. Furthermore, we confirm that Chrna2-expressing Martinotti cells selectively target L5 thick-tufted type A PCs but not thin-tufted type B PCs. Using optogenetic activation and inhibition, we demonstrate how Chrna2-Martinotti cells robustly reset and synchronize type A PCs via slow rhythmic burst activity and rebound excitation. Moreover, using optical feedback inhibition, in which PC spikes controlled the firing of surrounding Chrna2-Martinotti cells, we found that neighboring PC spike trains became synchronized by Martinotti cell inhibition. Together, our results show that L5 Martinotti cells participate in defined cortical circuits and can synchronize PCs in a frequency-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Martinotti cells are pivotal for coordinated PC activity, which is involved in cortical information processing and cognitive control. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001392 How to Use a Chemotherapeutic Agent When Resistance to It Threatens the Patient Elsa Hansen Robert J. Woods Andrew F. Read 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001110 2017-02-09T22:00:00Z 2017-02-09T22:00:00Z
by Elsa Hansen, Robert J. Woods, Andrew F. Read
 When resistance to anticancer or antimicrobial drugs evolves in a patient, highly effective chemotherapy can fail, threatening patient health and lifespan. Standard practice is to treat aggressively, effectively eliminating drug-sensitive target cells as quickly as possible. This prevents sensitive cells from acquiring resistance de novo but also eliminates populations that can competitively suppress resistant populations. Here we analyse that evolutionary trade-off and consider recent suggestions that treatment regimens aimed at containing rather than eliminating tumours or infections might more effectively delay the emergence of resistance. Our general mathematical analysis shows that there are situations in which regimens aimed at containment will outperform standard practice even if there is no fitness cost of resistance, and, in those cases, the time to treatment failure can be more than doubled. But, there are also situations in which containment will make a bad prognosis worse. Our analysis identifies thresholds that define these situations and thus can guide treatment decisions. The analysis also suggests a variety of interventions that could be used in conjunction with cytotoxic drugs to inhibit the emergence of resistance. Fundamental principles determine, across a wide range of disease settings, the circumstances under which standard practice best delays resistance emergence—and when it can be bettered. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001110 Correction: The Leukemia-Associated Mllt10/Af10-Dot1l Are Tcf4/β-Catenin Coactivators Essential for Intestinal Homeostasis Tokameh Mahmoudi Sylvia F. Boj Pantelis Hatzis Vivian S. W. Li Nadia Taouatas Robert G. J. Vries Hans Teunissen Harry Begthel Jeroen Korving Shabaz Mohammed Albert J. R. Heck Hans Clevers 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002596 2017-02-07T22:00:00Z 2017-02-07T22:00:00Z
by Tokameh Mahmoudi, Sylvia F. Boj, Pantelis Hatzis, Vivian S. W. Li, Nadia Taouatas, Robert G. J. Vries, Hans Teunissen, Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving, Shabaz Mohammed, Albert J. R. Heck, Hans Clevers
 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002596 Seeking Goldilocks During Evolution of Drug Resistance Gavin Sherlock Dmitri A. Petrov 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001872 2017-02-03T22:00:00Z 2017-02-03T22:00:00Z
by Gavin Sherlock, Dmitri A. Petrov
 Speciation can occur when a population is split and the resulting subpopulations evolve independently, accumulating mutations over time that make them incompatible with one another. It is thought that such incompatible mutations, known as Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller (BDM) incompatibilities, may arise when the two populations face different environments, which impose different selective pressures. However, a new study in PLOS Biology by Ono et al. finds that the first-step mutations selected in yeast populations evolving in parallel in the presence of the antifungal drug nystatin are frequently incompatible with one another. This incompatibility is environment dependent, such that the combination of two incompatible alleles can become advantageous under increasing drug concentrations. This suggests that the activity for the affected pathway must have an optimum level, the value of which varies according to the drug concentration. It is likely that many biological processes similarly have an optimum under a given environment and many single-step adaptive ways to reach it; thus, not only should BDM incompatibilities commonly arise during parallel evolution, they might be virtually inevitable, as the combination of two such steps is likely to overshoot the optimum. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001872 Inefficiencies and Patient Burdens in the Development of the Targeted Cancer Drug Sorafenib: A Systematic Review James Mattina Benjamin Carlisle Yasmina Hachem Dean Fergusson Jonathan Kimmelman 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000487 2017-02-03T22:00:00Z 2017-02-03T22:00:00Z
by James Mattina, Benjamin Carlisle, Yasmina Hachem, Dean Fergusson, Jonathan Kimmelman
 Failure in cancer drug development exacts heavy burdens on patients and research systems. To investigate inefficiencies and burdens in targeted drug development in cancer, we conducted a systematic review of all prelicensure trials for the anticancer drug, sorafenib (Bayer/Onyx Pharmaceuticals). We searched Embase and MEDLINE databases on October 14, 2014, for prelicensure clinical trials testing sorafenib against cancers. We measured risk by serious adverse event rates, benefit by objective response rates and survival, and trial success by prespecified primary endpoint attainment with acceptable toxicity. The first two clinically useful applications of sorafenib were discovered in the first 2 efficacy trials, after five drug-related deaths (4.6% of 108 total) and 93 total patient-years of involvement (2.4% of 3,928 total). Thereafter, sorafenib was tested in 26 indications and 67 drug combinations, leading to one additional licensure. Drug developers tested 5 indications in over 5 trials each, comprising 56 drug-related deaths (51.8% of 108 total) and 1,155 patient-years (29.4% of 3,928 total) of burden in unsuccessful attempts to discover utility against these malignancies. Overall, 32 Phase II trials (26% of Phase II activity) were duplicative, lacked appropriate follow-up, or were uninformative because of accrual failure, constituting 1,773 patients (15.6% of 11,355 total) participating in prelicensure sorafenib trials. The clinical utility of sorafenib was established early in development, with low burden on patients and resources. However, these early successes were followed by rapid and exhaustive testing against various malignancies and combination regimens, leading to excess patient burden. Our evaluation of sorafenib development suggests many opportunities for reducing costs and unnecessary patient burden in cancer drug development. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000487 Correction: The RSF1 Histone-Remodelling Factor Facilitates DNA Double Strand Break Repair by Recruiting Centromeric and Fanconi Anaemia Proteins Fabio Pessina Noel F. Lowndes 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002595 2017-02-01T22:00:00Z 2017-02-01T22:00:00Z
by Fabio Pessina, Noel F. Lowndes
 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002595 Brain–Computer Interface–Based Communication in the Completely Locked-In State Ujwal Chaudhary Bin Xia Stefano Silvoni Leonardo G. Cohen Niels Birbaumer 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002593 2017-01-31T22:00:00Z 2017-01-31T22:00:00Z
by Ujwal Chaudhary, Bin Xia, Stefano Silvoni, Leonardo G. Cohen, Niels Birbaumer
 Despite partial success, communication has remained impossible for persons suffering from complete motor paralysis but intact cognitive and emotional processing, a state called complete locked-in state (CLIS). Based on a motor learning theoretical context and on the failure of neuroelectric brain–computer interface (BCI) communication attempts in CLIS, we here report BCI communication using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and an implicit attentional processing procedure. Four patients suffering from advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—two of them in permanent CLIS and two entering the CLIS without reliable means of communication—learned to answer personal questions with known answers and open questions all requiring a "yes" or "no" thought using frontocentral oxygenation changes measured with fNIRS. Three patients completed more than 46 sessions spread over several weeks, and one patient (patient W) completed 20 sessions. Online fNIRS classification of personal questions with known answers and open questions using linear support vector machine (SVM) resulted in an above-chance-level correct response rate over 70%. Electroencephalographic oscillations and electrooculographic signals did not exceed the chance-level threshold for correct communication despite occasional differences between the physiological signals representing a "yes" or "no" response. However, electroencephalogram (EEG) changes in the theta-frequency band correlated with inferior communication performance, probably because of decreased vigilance and attention. If replicated with ALS patients in CLIS, these positive results could indicate the first step towards abolition of complete locked-in states, at least for ALS. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002593 Lung Basal Stem Cells Rapidly Repair DNA Damage Using the Error-Prone Nonhomologous End-Joining Pathway Clare E. Weeden Yunshun Chen Stephen B. Ma Yifang Hu Georg Ramm Kate D. Sutherland Gordon K. Smyth Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000731 2017-01-26T22:00:00Z 2017-01-26T22:00:00Z
by Clare E. Weeden, Yunshun Chen, Stephen B. Ma, Yifang Hu, Georg Ramm, Kate D. Sutherland, Gordon K. Smyth, Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
 Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), the second most common subtype of lung cancer, is strongly associated with tobacco smoking and exhibits genomic instability. The cellular origins and molecular processes that contribute to SqCC formation are largely unexplored. Here we show that human basal stem cells (BSCs) isolated from heavy smokers proliferate extensively, whereas their alveolar progenitor cell counterparts have limited colony-forming capacity. We demonstrate that this difference arises in part because of the ability of BSCs to repair their DNA more efficiently than alveolar cells following ionizing radiation or chemical-induced DNA damage. Analysis of mice harbouring a mutation in the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key enzyme in DNA damage repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), indicated that BSCs preferentially repair their DNA by this error-prone process. Interestingly, polyploidy, a phenomenon associated with genetically unstable cells, was only observed in the human BSC subset. Expression signature analysis indicated that BSCs are the likely cells of origin of human SqCC and that high levels of NHEJ genes in SqCC are correlated with increasing genomic instability. Hence, our results favour a model in which heavy smoking promotes proliferation of BSCs, and their predilection for error-prone NHEJ could lead to the high mutagenic burden that culminates in SqCC. Targeting DNA repair processes may therefore have a role in the prevention and therapy of SqCC. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000731 Bigger Is Fitter? Quantitative Genetic Decomposition of Selection Reveals an Adaptive Evolutionary Decline of Body Mass in a Wild Rodent Population Timothée Bonnet Peter Wandeler Glauco Camenisch Erik Postma 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002592 2017-01-26T22:00:00Z 2017-01-26T22:00:00Z
by Timothée Bonnet, Peter Wandeler, Glauco Camenisch, Erik Postma
 In natural populations, quantitative trait dynamics often do not appear to follow evolutionary predictions. Despite abundant examples of natural selection acting on heritable traits, conclusive evidence for contemporary adaptive evolution remains rare for wild vertebrate populations, and phenotypic stasis seems to be the norm. This so-called "stasis paradox" highlights our inability to predict evolutionary change, which is especially concerning within the context of rapid anthropogenic environmental change. While the causes underlying the stasis paradox are hotly debated, comprehensive attempts aiming at a resolution are lacking. Here, we apply a quantitative genetic framework to individual-based long-term data for a wild rodent population and show that despite a positive association between body mass and fitness, there has been a genetic change towards lower body mass. The latter represents an adaptive response to viability selection favouring juveniles growing up to become relatively small adults, i.e., with a low potential adult mass, which presumably complete their development earlier. This selection is particularly strong towards the end of the snow-free season, and it has intensified in recent years, coinciding which a change in snowfall patterns. Importantly, neither the negative evolutionary change, nor the selective pressures that drive it, are apparent on the phenotypic level, where they are masked by phenotypic plasticity and a non causal (i.e., non genetic) positive association between body mass and fitness, respectively. Estimating selection at the genetic level enabled us to uncover adaptive evolution in action and to identify the corresponding phenotypic selective pressure. We thereby demonstrate that natural populations can show a rapid and adaptive evolutionary response to a novel selective pressure, and that explicitly (quantitative) genetic models are able to provide us with an understanding of the causes and consequences of selection that is superior to purely phenotypic estimates of selection and evolutionary change. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002592 Widespread Genetic Incompatibilities between First-Step Mutations during Parallel Adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a Common Environment Jasmine Ono Aleeza C. Gerstein Sarah P. Otto 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002591 2017-01-23T22:00:00Z 2017-01-23T22:00:00Z
by Jasmine Ono, Aleeza C. Gerstein, Sarah P. Otto
 Independently evolving populations may adapt to similar selection pressures via different genetic changes. The interactions between such changes, such as in a hybrid individual, can inform us about what course adaptation may follow and allow us to determine whether gene flow would be facilitated or hampered following secondary contact. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae to measure the genetic interactions between first-step mutations that independently evolved in the same biosynthetic pathway following exposure to the fungicide nystatin. We found that genetic interactions are prevalent and predominantly negative, with the majority of mutations causing lower growth when combined in a double mutant than when alone as a single mutant (sign epistasis). The prevalence of sign epistasis is surprising given the small number of mutations tested and runs counter to expectations for mutations arising in a single biosynthetic pathway in the face of a simple selective pressure. Furthermore, in one third of pairwise interactions, the double mutant grew less well than either single mutant (reciprocal sign epistasis). The observation of reciprocal sign epistasis among these first adaptive mutations arising in the same genetic background indicates that partial postzygotic reproductive isolation could evolve rapidly between populations under similar selective pressures, even with only a single genetic change in each. The nature of the epistatic relationships was sensitive, however, to the level of drug stress in the assay conditions, as many double mutants became fitter than the single mutants at higher concentrations of nystatin. We discuss the implications of these results both for our understanding of epistatic interactions among beneficial mutations in the same biochemical pathway and for speciation. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002591 Human-Specific Cortical Synaptic Connections and Their Plasticity: Is That What Makes Us Human? Joana Lourenço Alberto Bacci 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001378 2017-01-19T22:00:00Z 2017-01-19T22:00:00Z
by Joana Lourenço, Alberto Bacci
 One outstanding difference between Homo sapiens and other mammals is the ability to perform highly complex cognitive tasks and behaviors, such as language, abstract thinking, and cultural diversity. How is this accomplished? According to one prominent theory, cognitive complexity is proportional to the repetition of specific computational modules over a large surface expansion of the cerebral cortex (neocortex). However, the human neocortex was shown to also possess unique features at the cellular and synaptic levels, raising the possibility that expanding the computational module is not the only mechanism underlying complex thinking. In a study published in PLOS Biology, Szegedi and colleagues analyzed a specific cortical circuit from live postoperative human tissue, showing that human-specific, very powerful excitatory connections between principal pyramidal neurons and inhibitory neurons are highly plastic. This suggests that exclusive plasticity of specific microcircuits might be considered among the mechanisms endowing the human neocortex with the ability to perform highly complex cognitive tasks. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001378 Correction: Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Is Methylated by tRNA Methyltransferase TRMT61B in All Vertebrates Dan Bar-Yaacov Idan Frumkin Yuka Yashiro Takeshi Chujo Yuma Ishigami Yonatan Chemla Amit Blumberg Orr Schlesinger Philipp Bieri Basil Greber Nenad Ban Raz Zarivach Lital Alfonta Yitzhak Pilpel Tsutomu Suzuki Dan Mishmar 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002594 2017-01-19T22:00:00Z 2017-01-19T22:00:00Z
by Dan Bar-Yaacov, Idan Frumkin, Yuka Yashiro, Takeshi Chujo, Yuma Ishigami, Yonatan Chemla, Amit Blumberg, Orr Schlesinger, Philipp Bieri, Basil Greber, Nenad Ban, Raz Zarivach, Lital Alfonta, Yitzhak Pilpel, Tsutomu Suzuki, Dan Mishmar
 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002594 The Nuclear Receptor HIZR-1 Uses Zinc as a Ligand to Mediate Homeostasis in Response to High Zinc Kurt Warnhoff Hyun C. Roh Zuzana Kocsisova Chieh-Hsiang Tan Andrew Morrison Damari Croswell Daniel L. Schneider Kerry Kornfeld 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000094 2017-01-17T22:00:00Z 2017-01-17T22:00:00Z
by Kurt Warnhoff, Hyun C. Roh, Zuzana Kocsisova, Chieh-Hsiang Tan, Andrew Morrison, Damari Croswell, Daniel L. Schneider, Kerry Kornfeld
 Nuclear receptors were originally defined as endocrine sensors in humans, leading to the identification of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Despite intensive efforts, most nuclear receptors have no known ligand, suggesting new ligand classes remain to be discovered. Furthermore, nuclear receptors are encoded in the genomes of primitive organisms that lack endocrine signaling, suggesting the primordial function may have been environmental sensing. Here we describe a novel Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear receptor, HIZR-1, that is a high zinc sensor in an animal and the master regulator of high zinc homeostasis. The essential micronutrient zinc acts as a HIZR-1 ligand, and activated HIZR-1 increases transcription of genes that promote zinc efflux and storage. The results identify zinc as the first inorganic molecule to function as a physiological ligand for a nuclear receptor and direct environmental sensing as a novel function of nuclear receptors. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000094 The Yin and Yang of Memory Consolidation: Hippocampal and Neocortical Lisa Genzel Janine I. Rossato Justin Jacobse Roddy M. Grieves Patrick A. Spooner Francesco P. Battaglia Guillen Fernández Richard G. M. Morris 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000531 2017-01-13T22:00:00Z 2017-01-13T22:00:00Z
by Lisa Genzel, Janine I. Rossato, Justin Jacobse, Roddy M. Grieves, Patrick A. Spooner, Francesco P. Battaglia, Guillen Fernández, Richard G. M. Morris
 While hippocampal and cortical mechanisms of memory consolidation have long been studied, their interaction is poorly understood. We sought to investigate potential interactions with respect to trace dominance, strengthening, and interference associated with postencoding novelty or sleep. A learning procedure was scheduled in a watermaze that placed the impact of novelty and sleep in opposition. Distinct behavioural manipulations—context preexposure or interference during memory retrieval—differentially affected trace dominance and trace survival, respectively. Analysis of immediate early gene expression revealed parallel up-regulation in the hippocampus and cortex, sustained in the hippocampus in association with novelty but in the cortex in association with sleep. These findings shed light on dynamically interacting mechanisms mediating the stabilization of hippocampal and neocortical memory traces. Hippocampal memory traces followed by novelty were more dominant by default but liable to interference, whereas sleep engaged a lasting stabilization of cortical traces and consequent trace dominance after preexposure. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000531 Digital Health: Tracking Physiomes and Activity Using Wearable Biosensors Reveals Useful Health-Related Information Xiao Li Jessilyn Dunn Denis Salins Gao Zhou Wenyu Zhou Sophia Miryam Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose Dalia Perelman Elizabeth Colbert Ryan Runge Shannon Rego Ria Sonecha Somalee Datta Tracey McLaughlin Michael P. Snyder 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001402 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z
by Xiao Li, Jessilyn Dunn, Denis Salins, Gao Zhou, Wenyu Zhou, Sophia Miryam Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, Dalia Perelman, Elizabeth Colbert, Ryan Runge, Shannon Rego, Ria Sonecha, Somalee Datta, Tracey McLaughlin, Michael P. Snyder
 A new wave of portable biosensors allows frequent measurement of health-related physiology. We investigated the use of these devices to monitor human physiological changes during various activities and their role in managing health and diagnosing and analyzing disease. By recording over 250,000 daily measurements for up to 43 individuals, we found personalized circadian differences in physiological parameters, replicating previous physiological findings. Interestingly, we found striking changes in particular environments, such as airline flights (decreased peripheral capillary oxygen saturation [SpO2] and increased radiation exposure). These events are associated with physiological macro-phenotypes such as fatigue, providing a strong association between reduced pressure/oxygen and fatigue on high-altitude flights. Importantly, we combined biosensor information with frequent medical measurements and made two important observations: First, wearable devices were useful in identification of early signs of Lyme disease and inflammatory responses; we used this information to develop a personalized, activity-based normalization framework to identify abnormal physiological signals from longitudinal data for facile disease detection. Second, wearables distinguish physiological differences between insulin-sensitive and -resistant individuals. Overall, these results indicate that portable biosensors provide useful information for monitoring personal activities and physiology and are likely to play an important role in managing health and enabling affordable health care access to groups traditionally limited by socioeconomic class or remote geography. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001402 The Global Distribution and Drivers of Alien Bird Species Richness Ellie E. Dyer Phillip Cassey David W. Redding Ben Collen Victoria Franks Kevin J. Gaston Kate E. Jones Salit Kark C. David L. Orme Tim M. Blackburn 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000942 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z
by Ellie E. Dyer, Phillip Cassey, David W. Redding, Ben Collen, Victoria Franks, Kevin J. Gaston, Kate E. Jones, Salit Kark, C. David L. Orme, Tim M. Blackburn
 Alien species are a major component of human-induced environmental change. Variation in the numbers of alien species found in different areas is likely to depend on a combination of anthropogenic and environmental factors, with anthropogenic factors affecting the number of species introduced to new locations, and when, and environmental factors influencing how many species are able to persist there. However, global spatial and temporal variation in the drivers of alien introduction and species richness remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse an extensive new database of alien birds to explore what determines the global distribution of alien species richness for an entire taxonomic class. We demonstrate that the locations of origin and introduction of alien birds, and their identities, were initially driven largely by European (mainly British) colonialism. However, recent introductions are a wider phenomenon, involving more species and countries, and driven in part by increasing economic activity. We find that, globally, alien bird species richness is currently highest at midlatitudes and is strongly determined by anthropogenic effects, most notably the number of species introduced (i.e., "colonisation pressure"). Nevertheless, environmental drivers are also important, with native and alien species richness being strongly and consistently positively associated. Our results demonstrate that colonisation pressure is key to understanding alien species richness, show that areas of high native species richness are not resistant to colonisation by alien species at the global scale, and emphasise the likely ongoing threats to global environments from introductions of species. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000942 The Sharing Experimental Animal Resources, Coordinating Holdings (SEARCH) Framework: Encouraging Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement in Animal Research Bethny Morrissey Karen Blyth Phil Carter Claude Chelala Louise Jones Ingunn Holen Valerie Speirs 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000719 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z
by Bethny Morrissey, Karen Blyth, Phil Carter, Claude Chelala, Louise Jones, Ingunn Holen, Valerie Speirs
 While significant medical breakthroughs have been achieved through using animal models, our experience shows that often there is surplus material remaining that is frequently never revisited but could be put to good use by other scientists. Recognising that most scientists are willing to share this material on a collaborative basis, it makes economic, ethical, and academic sense to explore the option to utilise this precious resource before generating new/additional animal models and associated samples. To bring together those requiring animal tissue and those holding this type of archival material, we have devised a framework called Sharing Experimental Animal Resources, Coordinating Holdings (SEARCH) with the aim of making remaining material derived from animal studies in biomedical research more visible and accessible to the scientific community. We encourage journals, funding bodies, and scientists to unite in promoting a new way of approaching animal research by adopting the SEARCH framework. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000719 The Neural Representation of Prospective Choice during Spatial Planning and Decisions Raphael Kaplan John King Raphael Koster William D. Penny Neil Burgess Karl J. Friston 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002588 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z 2017-01-12T22:00:00Z
by Raphael Kaplan, John King, Raphael Koster, William D. Penny, Neil Burgess, Karl J. Friston
 We are remarkably adept at inferring the consequences of our actions, yet the neuronal mechanisms that allow us to plan a sequence of novel choices remain unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how the human brain plans the shortest path to a goal in novel mazes with one (shallow maze) or two (deep maze) choice points. We observed two distinct anterior prefrontal responses to demanding choices at the second choice point: one in rostrodorsal medial prefrontal cortex (rd-mPFC)/superior frontal gyrus (SFG) that was also sensitive to (deactivated by) demanding initial choices and another in lateral frontopolar cortex (lFPC), which was only engaged by demanding choices at the second choice point. Furthermore, we identified hippocampal responses during planning that correlated with subsequent choice accuracy and response time, particularly in mazes affording sequential choices. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses showed that coupling between the hippocampus and rd-mPFC increases during sequential (deep versus shallow) planning and is higher before correct versus incorrect choices. In short, using a naturalistic spatial planning paradigm, we reveal how the human brain represents sequential choices during planning without extensive training. Our data highlight a network centred on the cortical midline and hippocampus that allows us to make prospective choices while maintaining initial choices during planning in novel environments. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002588 Where Have All the Giants Gone? How Animals Deal with the Problem of Size Taylor J. M. Dick Christofer J. Clemente 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000473 2017-01-11T22:00:00Z 2017-01-11T22:00:00Z
by Taylor J. M. Dick, Christofer J. Clemente
 The survival of both the hunter and the hunted often comes down to speed. Yet how fast an animal can run is intricately linked to its size, such that the fastest animals are not the biggest nor the smallest. The ability to maintain high speeds is dependent on the body's capacity to withstand the high stresses involved with locomotion. Yet even when standing still, scaling principles would suggest that the mechanical stress an animal feels will increase in greater demand than its body can support. So if big animals want to be fast, they must find solutions to overcome these high stresses. This article explores the ways in which extant animals mitigate size-related increases in musculoskeletal stress in an effort to help understand where all the giants have gone. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000473


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3846 Ironwood Ash,San Antonio TX, 78261
Sold Price
3 beds , 2 Full baths
1,695 sq. ft
Status: Sold
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Don Johnson, REALTORS
(210) 493-1766
Last Updated: 2/21/2017 4:03 AM
Description for 3846 Ironwood Ash San Antonio, TX 78261
Move In Ready! Cul-de-Sac single story with Open Floor Plan. Lovely 42" Cabinets with Granite counters and Island. Eat-In Kitchen. Large Tile in Kitchen, Eat-in and Living Room. Office or Formal Dining Room. Nice Covered Patio with lush landscaping. 9' Ceilings. Trey Ceiling in Living Room. Master Bath has huge Garden Tub with Grab Rails as well as Separate Shower. Water Softner. Finished Garage. Award Wining NEISD Schools! Close to Shopping, Ft Sam Houston, Randolph AFB.
Listing Information
Bulverde Village
Water System
Sewer System
School Information
Room Information
Utility Room
Eat-In Kitchen, Island
Separate Tub & Shower, Dual Sinks, Garden Tub, Walk-In Closet, Full Bath
Interior Features
Microwave Oven, Range-Oven, Disposal, Dishwasher, Ice Maker Hookup
Ceramic Tile, Carpet
Central Air, Heat Pump, Ceiling Fan(s)
Electric Heating, Heat Pump
Double Pane
Smoke Alarm, High Ceiling, Open Floor Plan
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage, 2 Car Garage
Privacy Fence
Sidewalks, Street Lights, Cul-De-Sac, Curbs Walk
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Sport Court, Basketball
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Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 3846 Ironwood Ash
Active Market Trends
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Median list price$245,000
Days on market92
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Median sold price$185,000
Sales to list price9,776.0%
Properties sold4,068
Median sq ft price$100
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San Antonio Real Estate
San Antonio is located in Texas. San Antonio, Texas 78261 has a population of 1,335,287.
The median household income in San Antonio, Texas 78261 is $44,937. The median household income for the surrounding county is $49,141 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in San Antonio 78261 is 32.7 years.
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text:
Two souls with but a single thought; two hearts that beat as one.
– Friedrich Halm
Where there is love there is life.
– Mahatma Gandhi
Life is the flower for which love is the honey.
– Victor Hugo
Love doesn't make the world go 'round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile.
– Franklin P. Jones
My love for you is a journey; starting at forever, and ending at never.
– Anonymous
This day I will marry my friend; the one I laugh with, live for, dream with, love.
– Anonymous
God gave us eyes to see the beauty in nature and hearts to see the beauty in each other.
– Anonymous
Love is a moment that lasts forever.
– Anonymous
Some love lasts a lifetime; true love lasts forever.
– Anonymous
To love and be loved is to feel the sun from both sides.
– Anonymous
Deep in the heart, somewhere in the soul, love finds a way to be forever.
– Anonymous
Once in awhile, right in the middle of an ordinary life, love gives us a fairy tale.
– Anonymous
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Private In-Home and Online Science Tutoring in Markham, IL
Receive personally tailored Science lessons from exceptional tutors in a one-on-one setting. We help you connect with in-home and online tutoring that offers flexible scheduling and your choice of locations.
Recent Tutoring Session Reviews
"The student and I went over combustion analysis and more stoichiometry. We practiced more problems and she had a good grasp of the information."
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"The student and I went over how to construct molecular formulae, and how to write ionic compounds. She scored a 100 on her quiz, and seemed to grasp the material well. She did have a little difficulty with the problems that were not represented in the homework, but she figured out effective rules and strategies for tackling them. She is going to complete the next homework before our next session. She also scored a 97 on her statistics test, which was a pleasant surprise."
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Najad 332 Boats for sale
Najad 332Lisboa, Portugal2006$159,24825
The Najad 332 family, with her direct predecessors the 330 and 331 can be considered as the most succesful model of the famous Swedish Yard. The 332 is ample, with good head-room below decks and the proverbial Najad touch. It is a real "pocket" blue water cruiser, able in every weather condition. It even won different important regattas in the USA (it was a special unit, however, with taller carbon mast rig). This unit is a veritable most unique than rare case: her owners never sailed with her, but never failed in a constant care, with regular yearly dry-out of the water, and engine maintenance and general cleaning. See her to believe! A boat fully new after ten years! For sure she is the best Najad 332 afloat nowadays. You can contact us in Spanish, English, French or Italian.More…Seller Barcos Singulares S.L.Request Information* We weren't able to post your message, please check the highlighted fields and try again.
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Farewell Invitation Cards
Farewell is a time which comes in everybody's life. Everyone goes through their last year of college or school, away from their alma mater. The moment is when emotions run high. The joy of entering a new world and the profound grief of leaving a comfortable world, friends behind is very painful indeed. It's generally schools, colleges and companies which organize farewell parties for their students and employees. Farewell is a time when teachers acknowledge you as their students good or bad, that day how much everybody hates each other or got beating and became the wrath of teacher doesn't matter. What matters then is the separation sometimes of more than a decade. And because you are preparing a farewell invitation card for such an occasion you would have to get your heart to it. And we at PrintLand.in are with you in making your employee's, student's or colleague's day special, and get them something to remember the day except the memories, which may someday fade but not the farewell invitation card.
Farewell Invitation Cards India
At PrintLand.in, we understand each and every emotion that lingers on that day. And to make that day more memorable and more eventful, we as always present you with the most amazing farewell invitation cards to choose from. Not only farewell invitation cards, but also customized invitation cards to help you pen down your emotions in a creative way. We offer farewell invitation cards for every occasion, like farewell invitation cards for students, farewell invitation cards for seniors, farewell invitation cards for teachers and general farewell invite. With so many options to choose from, we believe, we will be able to help you pick up the farewell invite of your choice. It's pressure to have every thing perfect when you are on the organizing stand. We help you look good with perfect farewell invitation cards.
Printable Farewell Invitation Cards Online
Farewell parties today are organized in afternoon, which probably include lunch. For that occasion, you can choose from the farewell lunch invitations, and in case the party is scheduled to be at night and includes dinner, then the option of opting from the farewell dinner invitation is appropriate. If your boss is exiting the company then you may want to see from the farewell invitation cards for boss section. And vice-versa from the farewell invitation card for employee. You can also go through farewell invitation cards for colleagues in case you need to invite all of them. School administration can choose from farewell invitation cards for school and can order them in bulk with their school logo and message which they find appropriate, similarly, office management can order farewell invitation cards for office and also get their company logo and matter printed on the farewell invitation cards. And because you also have the option of customized farewell invitation cards, so you can omit the options already provided and go with what your heart says.
Print Customized Farewell Invitation Cards
Personalized farewell invitations should be well thought before and should also be well executed, not because it's an official invitation card, but it's also something that someone would keep for years to come and may be see and remember the time he or she had years back. Cards are special because they are the memorabilia to the times one had. Therefore, printable invitation cards are both - special and a bit tricky to design.
The Facebook generation is crazy getting clicked, what's better to have then to have photo farewell invitation card. If you are designing for your seniors or for your colleagues then you may consider having a photograph of happy times on the farewell invitation cards. And to get farewell invitation cards online is the best decision you have made, because the local card maker won't provide you with as many options as we are providing and nor is there any guarantee of quality. We on the other hand are known for our quality and thus have a loyal customer base, of which we are proud of. So rest assured of the quality of your farewell invitation cards.
Invitation card for farewell party should have the proper emotions which are generally associated with farewell. Along with that, it's also important to have the correct numbers of cards ordered so that you won't have anybody left uninvited.View Farewell Invitation Cards. There are 5 Farewell Invitation Cards available online. Buy Farewell Invitation Cards Online in India. Farewell Invitation Cards available in Indian market start at Rs. 5. Whilst the most premium Invitation Cards available priced at Rs. 5.
We understand that you won't need any occasion to show your own people that you value them, but on farewell event or occasion when the world celebrates their importance, you would feel like doing something special for them. We at PrintLand are here to cater to every emotion of yours. Giving gifts on farewell event or occasion would mean special recognition if not anything else.
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Farewell Invitation Cards prices are updated on 25 February, 2017 and valid across India for online purchases including the following major cities in India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Kolkata, Gurgaon, Noida, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Indore, Ludhiana and Kochi.


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Projet : Where the sun don't shine : Chicago + Shameless
how could i ever have loved that wretched creature ? she wondered after he had gone. he was your twin, your shadow, your other half, another voice whispered. once, perhaps, she thought. he has become a stranger to her.
Te montrer à l'univers, le temps d'un éclair, puis m'enfermer avec toi, seul, et te regarder pendant l'éternité.THE STORM IS COMING (inspiré got/vikings) inspiré de king ∆ RƎⱭЯUM


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Xinhua/Xinhua Press/Corbis
The Yutu rover as seen by the Chang'e-3 lander in December 2013 during the mission's first lunar day.
'Selfies' are all the rage these days. Every smartphone is attached with a camera and to the Internet, so it was inevitable that our vain species would take full advantage of the technology, snapping endless photos of cats and, of course, ourselves. Selfies -- or 'self portraits' to the uninitiated -- have become such a cultural phenomenon that Oxford University Press has declared 'Selfies' their word of the year. This may sound asinine, but Merriam-Webster Dictionary balanced it outand declared 'Science' their word of 2013
. In the spirit of fairness, I've combined the two words of the year and applied them to robots. Yes, robots. Robots that explore space, doing science. And just in case you didn't know, robots can be pretty vain too, taking snapshots of their junk for the whole Internet to see. To narrow the field down a bit, I've only selected robots that have photographed parts of their own structure, or attached components. I've also allowed the occasional robotic camera that was deployed for the sole purpose of taking a selfie
(nice effort, IKAROS).
The first robot that likely comes to mind is the undisputed
King of Selfies
, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity. The car-sized rover impressed the world with its selfie prowess when mission scientists released a stunning high-resolution mosaic of the rover in November 2012, only a couple of months after it landed inside Gale Crater. Curiosity achieved the feat by holding its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) at (robotic) arm's length, taking a truly authentic "selfie." The world applauded this effort.PHOTOS: Mars Through Curiosity's Powerful MAHLI Camera
But Curiosity certainly wasn't the first robot on Mars to snap its own picture, and it won't be the last. Although the Viking landers that touched down on the Red Planet in 1976 didn't have robotic arm-mounted cameras capable of taking a "true" selfie, they did their best.This view
from Viking 2 was snapped on Nov. 2, 1976, showing a part of the lander's deck, the American flag, the bottom of the robot's high-gain antenna and a boulder-littered Utopia Planitia, the largest identified impact crater on Mars.
PHOTOS: Alien Robots That Left Their Mark on Mars
Staying on Mars, some amazing panoramic shots and top-down self portraits have been attained by NASA's epic twin Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. As you've probably guessed, commanding a robot on another planet to take self portraits isn't for fun (even though the outcome
a lot of fun), it actually serves a purpose. In the case of Viking and Curiosity, engineers on Earth can study the photos to see the condition of instruments on the robots' 'decks.'As shown here
, for solar powered rover Spirit, using its mast-mounted panoramic camera was very useful for capturing amazing 360 degree views of the surrounding terrain. It was also great for keeping track of the build-up of Martian dust on its panels. In this photo taken in 2005, Spirit's solar array shines in the sun, having collected only a very thin layer of dust two years after it landed.NEWS: 9 Years Later: Remembering Mars Rover Spirit
Spirit's twin rover Opportunity soldiers on to this day, exploring the Martian surface after nearly a decade since landing. Jan. 25, 2014, is its 10 year Mars "birthday" (mark your calendars!). Currently exploring the edge of Endeavour Crater, helping to piece together clues of Mars' evolution (complementing the science being done by Curiosity), Opportunity is no stranger to taking its own photo. As Spirit and Opportunity were designed to the same specifications, Opportunity can also take 360 degree views and monitor dust build-up on its solar panels.Seen here
in 2011, its once shiny solar array is blanketed with a camouflaging coat of dust.NEWS: Opportunity Finds More Hints of Mars Habitability
Mars again?
No, robotic Mars explorers aren't especially fond of sefies, it's just that NASA has sent a lot of Mars surface missions in the past few years. Seen here in 2008, NASA's Mars arctic lander Phoenix took its own photo using a mast-mounted panoramic camera in a similar style to Spirit and Opportunity. It seems that the first rule of robotic selfies is: If it ain't broke, don't fix it.PHOTOS: Phoenix Mars Lander's First Images
Now for something a little different. In 2007, the European comet-chasing spacecraft Rosetta made close approach with Mars, coming within 1,000 miles of the surface, using the planet for a fuel-saving gravity assist. The boost in speed is allowing Rosetta to catch up with comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko -- an encounter that is planned for 2014. But during the flyby, the spacecraft managed to snap this iconic photo of Mars from space. What makesthis view
so special is that Rosetta also caught its own solar array in the shot.ANALYSIS: Advice to Rosetta: Maybe She's Just Not That Into You
Leaving Mars, we now head to Venus where, in 1982, the Soviet Venera 13 lander managed to survive the hellish conditions and transmit data for two hours. In that time it also returned some color photos of the Venusian surface. In those photos, the hardy lander was able to capture some of its jagged landing gear at the bottom of the shot. It may not be perfect, but while sitting in a pressure-cooker with a limited amount of time to return valuable data, it's a superb effort.ANALYSIS: When the Veneras Challenged Venus' Hellish Atmosphere
In a video released by the Chinese Space Agency of the Chang'e 2 lunar orbiter in 2010, the view shortly after launch was captured by a camera overseeing the deployment of the mission's solar panels.Courtesy of the Planetary Society's Emily Lakdawalla
, the video in its entiretycan be watched on Youtube
Whoa! What's that huge UFO that photobombs the shot?
Oh, that's Earth.ANALYSIS: Chinese Probe Buzzes Asteroid Toutatis
The Japanese Hayabusa asteroid sample return mission got a little creative with this selfie effort. In 2005, as it approached near-Earth asteroid Itokawa, with the sun at its back the mission snapped its shadow falling on the sunlit asteroid surface.
Thanks to@AsteroidEnergy
for leading me to Hayabusa!
VIDEO: NASA Aircraft Videos Hayabusa Re-Entry
In 2010, the Japanese space agency JAXA launched a pioneering mission. Using only the sun's energy for propulsion, the Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun, or IKAROS, probe set sail through interplanetary space for a January 2011 rendezvous with the planet Venus. After the solar sail was launched, two miniature wireless cameras were ejected by IKAROS as it deployed in Earth orbit,returning this admirable "hands free" self portrait
. Then, as IKAROS reached its destination eight months later, it took a snapshot of a crescent Venus (inset). (Thank youEmily Lakdawalla
for reminding me about these stunning IKAROS photos!)
Special thanks to all my Twitter buddies who engaged in Wednesday evening's conversation about robot selfies!
Can you think of more space mission "selfies"? Feel free to share them in the comments below.
China's troubled Jade Rabbit lunar rover has survived a bitterly cold 14-day lunar night, officials said on Thursday, prompting hopes it can be repaired after suffering a malfunction last month.
The problem was a setback for Beijing's ambitious military-run space program, which includes plans for a permanent orbiting station by 2020 and eventually sending a human to the moon.
"The rover stands a chance of being saved as it is still alive," Pei Zhaoyu, spokesman for China's lunar probe programme told the official news agency Xinhua.
An earlier report by the semi-official China News Service said an attempt to restore the vehicle to full functionality on Monday had been unsuccessful.
The rover, named Yutu or Jade Rabbit after the pet of Chang'e, the goddess of the moon in Chinese mythology, experienced a "mechanical control abnormality" as the lunar night fell on Jan. 25, provoking an outpouring of sympathy from Chinese Internet users.
Scientists had been concerned it might not be able to survive the extremely low temperatures of the lunar night, when it was supposed to remain dormant, but it was now receiving signals normally, Xinhua cited Pei as saying.
"Yutu has come back to life!", he said, adding that the rover "went into sleep under an abnormal status".
Experts were still working to establish the causes of its mechanical control abnormality, the agency reported, without giving details.
Australia-based independent space expert Morris Jones told AFP that the problem involved a solar panel on the rover failing to close.
ANALYSIS: China's Rover Rolls! Yutu Begins Moon Mission
"This allowed heat to escape from the rover in the cold lunar night. The cold has probably damaged some parts of the rover permanently, but it seems that some parts are still working," he said.
Beijing sees the space program as a symbol of China's rising global stature and technological advancement, as well as the Communist Party's success in reversing the fortunes of the once-impoverished nation.
The Jade Rabbit was deployed on the moon's surface on December 15, several hours after the Chang'e-3 probe landed.
The landing -- the third such soft-landing in history, and the first of its kind since the Soviet Union's mission nearly four decades ago -- was a huge source of pride in China, where millions across the country charted the rover's accomplishments.
An unverified Weibo user "Jade Rabbit Lunar Rover", which has posted first-person accounts in the voice of the probe, on Thursday made its first update since January.
NEWS: China Moon Landing: Rover Rolling at Bay of Rainbows
"Hi, anybody there?" it said, prompting thousands of comments within minutes.
"I have missed you rabbit! Glad you are back!" said one poster, with another adding: "Yutu - you have finally woken. This is great!"
Xinhua has said the account is "believed to belong to space enthusiasts who have been following Yutu's journey to the moon".
In a previous online posting following the "abnormality", it said: "The sun here has fallen, and the temperature is dropping fast. I've said a lot today, but I still feel it's not enough.
"I'll tell everyone a little secret. I'm actually not that sad. I'm just in my own adventure story, and like any protagonist, I encountered a bit of a problem. Goodnight, Earth. Goodnight, humans."
NEWS: China Launches 'Jade Rabbit' Rover to the Moon
More than 6,000 Internet users wrote messages in response, many of them expressing hope that the rover had not seen its last day.
"We'll always remember that you're watching us on the moon," wrote one poster. "One day, we'll bring you home."
China first sent an astronaut into space a decade ago and is the third country to carry out a lunar rover mission after the United States and the former Soviet Union.
The central government has said the latest mission was "a milestone in the development of China's aerospace industry under the leadership of... Comrade Xi Jinping".


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Native Plants
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
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Sunday - March 21, 2010
From: Magnolia, TX
Region: Southwest
Topic: Plant Identification
Title: Is Texas Mountain Laurel what I planted in Magnolia TX?
Answered by: Barbara Medford
QUESTION:I think I planted Texas Mt. Laurels and need to see a pic of early plants. Can you help?
You think you planted Mountain Laurel? Were they big red seeds? According to this USDA Plant Profile, they are native to West Texas, but that wouldn't have prevented you from planting seeds in East Texas, in Magnolia. This plant is usually slow and difficult to germinate and grows very slowly. From our Native Plant Database, here is a description of the plant, without the flowers which would not yet appear if these are newly-emerged plants:
"Dense, dark green, glossy foliage is evergreen and has shiny, leathery, compound leaves, made up of 7–9 leaflets that are rounded on the ends. Leaflets up to 2 inches or more long, tapering more gradually to the base than to the tip, and arranged along an axis terminated by a single leaflet ."
We found no pictures of very small plants in our Native Plant Image Gallery, but you can look at this Texas AgriLIFE Research Extension at Uvalde website, pictures of leaves, branch, seeds of Sophora secundiflora (Texas mountain-laurel). Here are more pictures from Google Images.
If this doesn't help, go to our instructions for sending us a photograph, submit a photo, and we will see if we can figure it out.
More Plant Identification Questions
Plant identification from Prairie Village KS
August 25, 2012 - My friend has identified this plant as a Horseweed. It is 3 1/2 to 4 feet tall. Has a thick, fuzzy single stem. Linear leaves, about 3/4 inch across and 3 or 4 inches long with one or two notches on e...
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Identifying native sedges
October 14, 2013 - What's the best way to identify a specific sedge ?
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July 28, 2010 - I am trying to identify a plant that was given as a gift.It is growing outside in a pot, it is about 20 inches tall. Has green leaves on top, purple underneath and lovely purple flowers. Seems to lik...
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Plant identification
June 23, 2008 - Hi, I live in southeastern PA, and want to identify a wildflower . It about 36" tall, with a showy red spiked flower at the top, appox. 2" in diameter. Thanks, Robin
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Plant identification.
May 23, 2009 - Looking for the name of a green, bamboo-like plant with narrow leaves. Have no pictures.
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Principles of Human Computer Interaction Design
Dr. Raul Valverde
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Paperback. 120 pages. Dimensions: 8.7in. x 5.9in. x 0.3in.This book covers the design, evaluation and development process for interactive human computer interfaces including user interface design principles, task analysis, interface design methods, auditory interfaces, haptics, user interface evaluation, usability testing prototyping, issues in interface construction, interface evaluation, World Wide Web and mobile device interface issues. The book is ideal for the student that wants to learn how to use prototyping tools as part of the interface design and how to evaluate an interface and its interaction quality by using usability testing techniques. This item ships from multiple locations. Your book may arrive from Roseburg,OR, La Vergne,TN. Bookseller Inventory # 9783845414621
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About the Author: Raul Valverde works as a Lecturer for Management Information Systems and Supply Chain Management Operations at Concordia University in Montreal Canada. He is a Doctor of Business Administration in Information Systems. His research interests are Supply Chain Management Systems, E-business, Fraud and Re-engineering.
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nomaluba officeplants and services
Landscaping Services, Garden Care, Garden Maintenance
At Nomaluba Officeplants Services our competitive service provides the same reliable and professional standards to all our clients. The plant displays selected by the client are created to the highest standards and maintained by our fully qualified horticulturists. This ensures that the plants have the same visual appeal and high quality as the day they were installed. We are able to offer our clients the following three packages:
1- Rental Service including full maintenance of displays
For a fraction of the normal cost of purchasing, you can rent your plant displays for a fixed monthly or quarterly rental over a contract period that suits you.
We will design and install your office plant displays, and then visit your premises on a regular basis to maintain your plant displays so that they remain as visually appealing as the day they were installed. This service includes feeding, watering, pruning, cleaning and where a plant display has failed or outgrown its situation it will be replaced at no extra cost.
2 - Short and long term plant rental service
Having an opening, presentation, wedding or other special event why not hire plant displays from us to give your event the professional touch. We always carry a stock of fresh plants and the latest planters to suit your requirements.
3- Purchase plant displays including full maintenance
You purchase your chosen plant displays, we will install them for you and visit on a regular basis to feed, water, prune, clean and replace plants where necessary all for a fixed monthly or quarterly amount. 2013 special is R55 per plant per unit or less depending on how many units.
4- Garden services
we can do the following roses cutting and trimming , garden pests and diseases control and treatment and garden services maintenance .
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toddleongBack in the good ol' USA. 30 hours of traveling, tired as hell. First stop?
Beer for the room fridge! Only the best to welcome you back.
#samadams #samadamsbeer #lagerbeer #beer #lager #greatlakesbeer #greatlakesbrewingco #ohio #boston #bostonbeercompany
- davemunmaak@toddleong bring me some
- toddleong@davemunmaak - As there is not much to do here in lovely Ohio, I will make it my mission to search for more boutique beer brands. Btw, not a European car in site. ;)
- soseki2Where are you?
- soseki2@toddleong- are you stopping by Honolulu?
- toddleong@soseki2 - I'm in the middle of nowhere in Loveland, Ohio. Can't pass through Honolulu yet. Either May or June?
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Quick Details
- Type: Electric Contact Grill
- Interchangeable Plates: Waffle Plates
- Material: Aluminum
- Non-Stick Material: PTFE
- Function: Non-Stick Cooking Surface
- Certification: CE, EMC, EMF, LFGB, RoHS
- Power (W): 1400
- Voltage (V): 220
- Place of Origin: Zhejiang, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: OEM
- Model Number: C686-1
- Name: Home Appliance Electric Grill Pan
- Color: Black
- Feature: Smokeless
Packaging & Delivery
|Packaging Details:
New Designed Korean 3D Infrared Electric Barbecue Grill
Healthy grilling for new life
- Fish, meat, vegetables
- No unpleasant smells
- Easy to clean
Why Choosing us
1. Ordering with confidence! We guarantee that every transaction you make with us will be 100% Safe.
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Delivery Time
We are manufacturer ,we have enough goods carried in stock,so we can offer the goods you want in a short time(Generally 10~15days after payment).
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Our R&D team has rich experience and applies it to continually developing new designs and handling your OEM projects. Your samples will be ready in just 3 days. Our Standout R&D are waiting for you !
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We will repond to your inquiry within 8 Hours.
Contact us right now as below!
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Home » MA » Westborough
Articles in Westborough MA
Fleet Vehicle Maintenance Westborough MA
Your Westborough fleet service maintenance resource for fleet businesses or vehicle owners. Find the local information and resources you need in Westborough, MA. Whether you are looking for fleet vehicles, it maintenance services, auto parts, mechanics, car parts, oil change services, car leases, auto shops, or repair shops, or have questions about fleet services, this page will help you get the information you are searching for.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 51,200 this week
Katalin Karády (1910–1990)
Katalin Karády was born on December 8, 1910 in Budapest, Austria-Hungary as Katalin Kanczler. She was an actress, known for Szíriusz (1942), Külvárosi örszoba (1943) and Halálos tavasz (1939). She died on February 8, 1990 in New York City, New York, USA. See full bio »
Died:(age 79) in New York City, New York, USA


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Twitter quickly rolls back change to prevent abuse over worries it encourages abuse
Twitter rolled back a new fix aimed to prevent abuse a few hours after it met with protests, reflecting that the company is still scrambling to find solutions to the problem of harassment on its service.
Apple joins tech company coalition to oppose Trump immigration order in court
Google, Facebook, Intel, Netflix and Twitter are among a large group of companies that have filed a brief in opposition to an immigration order by U.S. President Donald Trump, citing the benefits to industry from liberal immigration rules and the disruption to business as a result of the regulation.
Apple to start assembling iPhones in Bangalore by April
Apple plans to start assembling the iPhone in Bangalore by end April under a contract manufacturing arrangement with Wistron.
Apple crosses Samsung in smartphone market, helped by the Note7 debacle
Apple has regained the top place in the smartphone market helped by the new iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, while rival Samsung Electronics grappled with the recall of its flagship Galaxy Note7 over overheating batteries, according to a research firm.
Twitter's rolling out new features to counter abuse soon
Twitter said late Monday it is rolling out features soon to counter abuse on its platform, though it did not provide details of the measures it is taking to address the problem.
Apple's plans for manufacturing in India gain momentum
Apple's plans to manufacture in India made headway on Wednesday with executives of the company presenting their detailed plans to the country's federal government.
Apple must face claims of monopoly in iPhone app market
An appeals court has ruled that Apple must face antitrust charges in a lawsuit that alleges that the company monopolized the market for iPhone apps.
Uber offers cities 'anonymized' ride data
Uber Technologies is offering data from trips on its ride-hailing platform to city officials, planners and policymakers to help them better understand traffic patterns and invest in infrastructure.
Uber admits its self-driving cars have issues with bike lanes
Uber Technologies admitted Monday that its self-driving cars have problems crossing bike lanes, and said it is working to fix the issue that could have deadly implications for cyclists.
U.S. Supreme Court leaves gap in Samsung-Apple patent ruling
The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday ruled in favor of Samsung Electronics and its backers in the industry in a design patent dispute with Apple, when in a 8-0 decision it said that "the term 'article of manufacture' is broad enough to embrace both a product sold to a consumer and a component of that product, whether sold separately or not."
Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft and YouTube will share terror content info
Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft and YouTube have agreed to share with one another identifying digital information of violent terror content that they find on their platforms.
Apple's 'excited' about self-driving car potential
Apple has said in comments to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration that it is "excited" about the potential use of automated systems in many areas, including automobiles.
Fitbit may buy smartwatch maker Pebble
Fitness wristband maker Fitbit is said to be close to a deal to acquire smartwatch maker Pebble, mainly for its intellectual property.
Apple offers new battery for iPhone 6s phones that suddenly shut down
Apple has said that a few iPhone 6s smartphones are unexpectedly shutting down, confirming a problem reported by a Chinese consumer protection group.
Apple offers to fix iPhone 6 Plus 'touch disease' bug for $150
Apple is offering to repair at a reduced price iPhone 6 Plus smartphones with display flickering or multi-touch issues.
Articles by John RibeiroNext Page


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I live in Ocala, go here all the time. Always good food & friendly staff. Price is right. I would recommend with no doubt.
Does this restaurant offer highchairs for toddlers?
Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Does this restaurant specialize in Southwestern style food?
Is this restaurant good for business meetings?
Does this restaurant offer outdoor seating?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Thanks for helping!Share another experience before you go.
I live in Ocala, go here all the time. Always good food & friendly staff. Price is right. I would recommend with no doubt.
My family and I were visiting the area and stopped by one Thursday night which happened to be trivia night. It was so much fun. I had the fish tacos and they were awesome. The staff was very friendly. Can't wait to go back again especially for trivia night.
Wish El Toreo was better as it is the closest Mexican place to our home. The food is just nothing special to write home about. Service is good and the staff is friendly. They try hard it's just not quite the type of Tex-Mex we really like. We go back every so often to see if they've got the spark,... More
Went for dinner Monday nite for their Fajita special. They were great and the portion was large even though it was a "special" - had to ask for the sour cream. The chips & salsa were just right. Service was fine as well. Recommend.
I was starving for mexican food so we went El Toreo. First bring a jacket its freezing in there. My husband ordered fajaitas and I had a taco,tostado,chulpa combination.cannot subsitute. I thought it would come with beans and rice. Nope. Those are extras as are the tortillas..No sizzling plate for the fijitas just onions,peppers and very thin steak slices. Wow... More
I keep my order simple, tacos or enchiladas, rice and beans. Cheap and cheerful. Enjoy outside seating.
The chips & salsa were good, but all the other food was super bland. The ground beef had absolutely no seasoning. Both my burrito supreme & my husband's fajita taco salad were tasteless. The lettuce is not shredded & both the guacamole & cheese were left off my burrito even though it specified they came on it. Tried this restaurant... More
the food was terrible....hubby and i ordered different things and we did not finish it. my tacos were so bland and my cheese enchilada tasted like american cheese melted on a torlilla and nothing else. my husband's enchladas were bland and crummy too. would NOT go back here!
I love coming to Ocala so I can eat here. The staff is always nice and the food is very good. Make sure you are hungry when you order
great food and service at this El Toreo location, never disappoints. We'll definitely return! Nice indoor and outdoor dining areas.
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HOla mi amigos . y amigas ! what is the special of the day at this restaurant on tuesdays and wed ? mucho gracias


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Is Samuel Galan Construction and Realty incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Samuel Galan Construction and Realty in Cebu City Cebu. Samuel Galan Construction and Realty is located at Gen. Echavez Street, Cebu City Cebu 6000 and provides Real Estate services. Contact them on (032) 412 9944 or by visiting them on their website http://www.galandesignstudio.com.
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Open Daily 8:00-17:00
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Music Gear News
30% Off Selected Ableton Products
For the next three days you can pick up an Ableton Push, a powerful 64 pad MIDI controller, for £251 or Ableton Live 9 Standard music software for £289 in the UK and Europe respectively. Pricing is available in Euros too.
Ableton develop software for creating, performing and producing music. In 2001, they introduced Ableton Live - Ableton's flagship DAW software - a favourite at Gear4music.com.
Unlike other DAW software, Ableton Live is as powerful a live performance tool, as it is a production tool. The interface has two views. The 'Session' view is unique to Live and takes the unorthodox, but innovative approach of stacking 'clips' in a vertical manner. Reputably used by the likes of Hot Chip, Ritchie Hawtin and NIN. With a host of other great features including audio warping, looping, effects, instruments and instant MIDI learn for controllers, Live is arguably the most powerful audio manipulation software.
Follow Gear4music.com on Facebook and Twitter to be the first to hear about the latest music gear offers and news.
By Michael Storey
Posted on 9 Jun 2015 13:01 to category : Instruments News
Related Music News
The ROLI Loop BLOCK, Lightpad BLOCK and Live BLOCK are now available for purchase at Gear4music. A revelation in your creativity, make music wherever you are.
After changing hands several times over the years, Kurt's revered Hagstrom will now be auctioned today with all the proceeds of the auction going to charity.
The M-Audio CODE 61 and CODE 49 has been released in a stylish new black design, combining a stunning aesthetic with classic tone.
Featuring an abundance of exciting new features, the M2 series promises a vast amount of creative and auditory opportunities to the discerning DJ.
An excellent audio solution to the mixing processes of the modern day producer, the JBL LSR6325P Studio Monitors are currently available with a huge reduction
Filled to the brim with exciting tonal options, the Canyon Delay and Looper pedal features 11 modes, each with their own distinctive sound and character.
Recent Music News
Those who purchase a copy of Superior Drummer 2 are eligible for any SDX completely free. Additionally, Superior Drummer 2 Crossgrade is available heavily reduced.
Gear4music are now stocking an extremely limited 5 piece Tama Star Bubinga Exotix 5 piece shell pack with an Australian Backwood Finish, Only one in stock!
A pedal that relives the glory of the last centuries' greatest synth sounds , the SYNTH9 Synth Pedal offers the player 9 timeless tones in one package.
Available for purchase now at Gear4music, Stone Deaf's brand new range of amplifiers give the modern player a number of tonal options and sizes to explore!
Taking the best features of active and passive pickups, then merging them into one versatile pickup, Duality offers the player a versatile selection of tones.
Tailor made and resolutely custom, SJC deliver the goods once again with some exclusive offerings that are available only to Gear4music. Don't miss out!