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The Trans-Saharan Book Trade
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1 The Trans-Saharan Book Trade
2 Library of the Written Word VOLUME 8 The Manuscript World Editor-in-Chief Richard Gameson, Durham University Editorial Board Martin Kauffmann, Bodleian Library, Oxford Kathryn Rudy, University of St Andrews Roger S. Wieck, The Morgan Library & Museum, New York VOLUME 3
3 The Trans-Saharan Book Trade Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa Edited by Graziano Krätli Ghislaine Lydon LEIDEN BOSTON 2011
4 On the cover: Copy of the Fath al-h aqq, by Muh ammadhin Fāl b. Muttālī al-tandaghī al-agdabījī (d. 1287/ ), in the Ahl Shaykh Sīdiyya library in Boutilimit (Bābā w. Hārūn proprietor). Photography by Charles C. Stewart. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The trans-saharan book trade : manuscript culture, Arabic literacy, and intellectual history in Muslim Africa / edited by Graziano Krätli, Ghislaine Lydon. p. cm. -- (Library of the written word, ISSN ; v. 8. The manuscript world ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (acid-free paper) 1. Manuscripts, Arabic--Africa, Northwest. 2. Manuscripts--Collectors and collecting--africa, Northwest. 3. Codicology--Africa, Northwest. 4. Book industries and trade--africa, Northwest--History. 5. Islamic learning and scholarship--africa, Northwest--History. 6. Sahara--Commerce--History. I. Krätli, Graziano. II. Lydon, Ghislaine. Z106.5.A3554T ʹ dc ISSN ISBN Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.
5 To John O. Hunwick
7 CONTENTS Foreword... ix Houari Touati Note on Transliteration and Spelling... xiii Maps... xv A Historical Geography of the Trans-Saharan Trade... 1 Eric Ross A Thirst for Knowledge: Arabic Literacy, Writing Paper and Saharan Bibliophiles in the Southwestern Sahara Ghislaine Lydon The Paper Trade of Egypt and the Sudan in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries and its Re-export to the Bilād as-sūdān Terence Walz The Historic Core Curriculum and the Book Market in Islamic West Africa Bruce S. Hall and Charles C. Stewart The Book and the Nature of Knowledge in Muslim Northern Nigeria, Murray Last Literary Culture and Arabic Manuscripts in 19th-Century Iloṛin Stefan Reichmuth An Overview of the Major Manuscript Libraries in Timbuktu Abdel Kader Haïdara Information and Communication Technologies for the Preservation and Valorization of Manuscript Collections in Morocco Said Ennahid
8 viii contents Coming to Terms with Tradition: Manuscript Conservation in Contemporary Algeria Judith Scheele Camel to Kilobytes: Preserving the Cultural Heritage of the Trans-Saharan Book Trade Graziano Krätli Glossary African Toponyms Mentioned in the Volume Bibliography Notes on Contributors Index...399
9 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PRESERVATION AND VALORIZATION OF MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS IN MOROCCO Said Ennahid The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) constitutes the backbone of e-maroc 2010, a national strategy championed by the Moroccan Ministère des Affaires Economiques et Générales (Département de la Poste, des Télécommunications et des Technologies de l Information, SEPTI) to build a knowledge economy, reduce the digital divide and carve out a place for Morocco in the information society. 1 In recent years, several sectors in Morocco have integrated the use of ICT as a key component in their strategic agendas (e.g., e-gov., e-learning, e-commerce, etc.). However, the use of ICT for the preservation of manuscript collections was not on the e-maroc 2010 agenda. And today, except for a few on-line portals of key content holders such as the Bibliothèque nationale du royaume du Maroc (BNRM) and the Qarawiyyin Library in Fez (hosted by the Web site of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs), and scattered personal Web pages and blogs, Moroccan manuscript collections are still far from crossing the digital divide. 2 This chapter will start with a review of major Moroccan manuscript collections and their contents, followed by a historical outline of the book trade in Morocco and the origin and evolution of the Maghribi script. It will continue with a critical assessment of recent ICT initiatives, both institutional and individual, for the preservation and valorization of manuscript collections in Morocco, with a special emphasis on The Manuscript Treasures in the Kingdom of Morocco Project 1 For more details on e-maroc 2010 National Strategy, visit <http://www.septi.gov.ma> (accessed 31 January 2009). 2 Although not specifically designed for dealing with documentary heritage, the Strabon Project (Multilingual and Multimedia Information System for The Euro- Mediterranean Cultural Heritage and Tourism) is one of the highlights of international partnerships between the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Ministry of Tourism in Morocco and the EUMEDIS Initiative (a European program to contribute to building an Information Society).
10 266 said ennahid (Dhakhāʿir al-makht ūt āt bi al-mamlaka al-maghribiyya), to date the most important ICT-related initiative of this kind in Morocco. Championed by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and sponsored by UNESCO-Rabat Office, it targeted the selective digitization and complete cataloging of ancient manuscript collections hosted at three heritage libraries (bibliothèques patrimoniales): the Qarawiyyin Library in Fez, the Ibn Yūsuf Library in Marrakech, and the Library of the Great Mosque of Meknès. The chapter will conclude with a brief discussion of most recent research in automatic text transcription, indexing, searching and retrieval of Arabic historical manuscripts, followed by some concluding remarks and recommendations. Manuscript Collections in Morocco in Historical Perspective The corpus of Moroccan manuscripts is estimated at more than 80,000 titles and 200,000 volumes 3 held at a number of public and private libraries mostly religious institutions and zawāyā. 4 These collections are invaluable both as repositories of human knowledge and memory and for their aesthetic value in terms of calligraphy, illumination, iconography and craftsmanship. Several medieval authors position Morocco as an important center in the Muslim West (al-gharb al-islāmī) for manuscript production, illumination, binding and exchange. However, except for a few scattered publications, a history of North African Arabic calligraphy (al-khatṭ al-maghribī) remains to be written. By providing the tools for making these collections readily accessible to the scholarly community in the Maghrib and beyond, ICT will make possible the study of North African scripts within the broader context of Arabic calligraphy and the Islamic arts of the book in general. The two main manuscript collections in Morocco are hosted at the National Library of Morocco (Bibliothèque nationale du royaume du Maroc, or BNRM, formerly General Library and Archive) in Rabat (12,140 titles), and the Qarawiyyin Library in Fez (5,600 titles, 3,157 3 Based on official figures provided by the BNRM. 4 For example, the libraries of the Zāwiyya of Tamgrūt and the Zāwiyya of Sīdī H amza in south-eastern Morocco, both administered by the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs. For further details, see Latifa Benjelloun-Laroui, Les Bibliothèques au Maroc (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1990), 280 5;
11 ict for manuscripts in morocco 267 of which in several volumes). 5 Theses collections originated mostly from waqf (pious endowments) 6 and state appropriation of private collections (e.g., 1,311 and 3,371 titles from the al-glāwī and al-kattānī collections respectively). 7 They are written almost entirely in Arabic and in various scripts; Amazigh (Berber) manuscripts in Arabic script and Hebrew manuscripts constitute less than one percent of the total collections. 8 In terms of content, these manuscripts cover a wide range of disciplines including sacred (i.e., Qurʾānic) texts, Islamic religious sciences (exegesis of the Qurʾān, Traditions of the Prophet Muh ammad, and jurisprudence), Arabic grammar and lexicography, Arabic poetry, hagiography and genealogy, Islamic theology and mysticism, philosophy and logic, historiography, medicine, astronomy and astrology, mathematics, agriculture and natural sciences. Most of these manuscripts are several centuries old and their content is now in the public domain. One of the earliest inventories of manuscript collections in Morocco is the Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de deux bibliothèques de Fès (al-qarawiyyin and al-ras īf), compiled in 1883 by René Basset. Many other catalogs, inventories and indexes, in Arabic as well as in French, were published since then. 9 Most manuscripts in Morocco are written on paper produced locally and, to a lesser extent, imported from Europe. 10 Only two to three percent of those at the BNRM are on parchment (raqq or riqq), and most of them are Qurʾānic texts. Until the end of the 10th century, however, 5 Benjelloun-Laroui, Bibliothèques au Maroc, 150, 232 (note 166). 6 Ahmed-Chouqui Binebine, Histoire des bibliothèques au Maroc (Rabat: Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines, 1992), Mukhtārāt min makht ūtạt al-maktaba al-watạniyya lil al-mamlaka al- Maghribiyya (Selection of Manuscripts at BNRM), 1 Pilot CD-ROM, BNRM, Rabat, For Amazigh manuscripts in Arabic script, see Ali Amahan, Notes bibliographiques sur les manuscrits en langue tamazight écrits en caractères arabes, in Le manuscrit arabe et la codicologie, ed. A.-Ch. Binebine (Rabat: Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines: Colloques et seminaires, vol. 33, 1994). 9 For example, Fihris al-makht ūtạt al-ʿarabiyya al-mah fūzạ fī al-khizāna al-ʿāmma bi al-ribāt (Catalog of Arabic Manuscripts Preserved at the General Library in Rabat), 6 vols. (Rabat: BNRM, ); see also ʿAbd al-salām al-barrāq, Fihris al-makht ūt āt al-mah fūzạ fī khizānat al-jāmi al-kabīr bi maknās (Rabat: Wizārat al-thaqāfa, 2004), and Muh ammad al-manūnī, Dalīl makht ūt āt dar al-kutub al-nāsịriyya bi tamgrūt (Rabat: Wizārat al-awqāf wa al-shuūn al-islāmiyya, 1985). For earlier catalogs and indexes, see Benjelloun-Laroui, Bibliothèques au Maroc, 411 3, and Binebine, Histoire des bibliothèques au Maroc, Chiefly from Xàtiva (formerly Jativa, from the Arabic Shātịba), in the province of Valencia, eastern Spain, which was a major paper manufacturing center since the twelfth century c.e.
12 268 said ennahid parchment remained the support of writing par excellence, especially for musḥ afs. The first evidence of a paper (kāghad or kāghid) industry in Morocco dates to the Almoravid period ( c.e.), when Fez had no less than 104 paper-mills. By the Almohad period ( c.e.), their number had increased four times. Further more, Fez had a special quarter for papermakers (kaghghādīn), located near the river (Wādī al-zaytūn) so that water energy could be used to operate paper mills, and special quarters for bookbinders/book sellers (warrāqīn) and parchmenters (raqqāqīn) near the Qarawiyyin mosque. 11 In Marrakech, the booksellers quarter gave its name to the congregational mosque of the city (Jāmiʿ al-kutubiyya), as attested by Leo Africanus (al-h asan b. Muh ammad al-wazzān al-fāsī): Sous le portique de ce temple [Jāmiʿ al-kutubiyya], il y avait autrefois une centaine de boutiques de libraires, mais maintenant il n y en a plus une seule. 12 This booksellers quarter dates to the Almohad period and has been identified archaeologically. 13 In another passage, Leo Africanus states that Maghribi manuscripts were prized merchandise in Timbuktu markets: On vend aussi beaucoup de livres mansucrits qui viennent de Berbérie. On tire plus de bénéfice de cette vente que de tout le reste des marchandises. 14 In addition to paper production, bookbinding (al-tasfīr) was a well established and highly specialized profession, as attested by two treatises, Bakr al-ishbīlī s Kitāb al-taysīr fī sịnāʿat al-tasfīr, compiled during the Almohad Period and consisting of twenty chapters on bookbinding and manuscript restoration, 15 and the Sịnāʿat tasf īr al-kutub wa h all al-dhahab, 16 written by Abū al-ʿabbās Ah med b. Muh ammad al-sufyānī in 1619 c.e., 11 ʿAlī Ibn Abī Zarʿ al-fāsī, Rawd El-Qirt ās (Rabat: Imprimerie Royale, 1999), 59; cited also in al-manūnī, Taʾrīkh al-wirāqa al-maghribiyya: Sịnāʿat al-makht ūt al-maghribī min al-ʿasṛ al-wasīt ila al-fatra al-muʿāsịra (Rabat: Kulliyat al-ādāb wal Ulūm al-insāniyya, Silsilat Buh ūt wa Dirāsāt, 1991), 2:33. Elsewhere, Ibn Abī Zarʿ al-fāsī mentioned 472 mills without any specifications to their link to paper factories (Rawd El-Qirt ās, 57). Cf. Bloom (quoting the same source): by the end of the twelfth century the city of Fez, in Morocco, had 472 papermills. Jonathan Bloom, Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), Leo Africanus, Description de l Afrique (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1981), 1: Gaston Deverdun, Marrakech, des origines à 1912, vol. 1 (Rabat: Editions Techniques Nord-Africaines, 1959), Leo Africanus, Description de l Afrique, 1: Bakr al-ishbīlī, Kitāb al-taysīr fī sịnāʿat al-tasfīr, annotated by A. Gannun, in S ah īfat Maʿhad al-dirāsāt al-islāmiyya fī Madrīd, vols. 7 8 (Madrid ). 16 al-sufyānī, Ah mad Ibn Muh ammad, Sịnāʿat tasfīr al-kutub wa h all al-dhahab (Art de la reliure et de la dorure), ed. P. Ricard. 2nd ed. (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1925).
13 ict for manuscripts in morocco 269 under the Saʿadians. From the mid-19th century on, when paper production in Fez, and most likely elsewhere in Morocco, ceased almost completely, manuscripts were made using European paper. 17 Most manuscript collections in Morocco were penned in Maghribi script (al-khatṭ al-maghribī). 18 This is a script that Moroccan scribes, copyists and calligraphers must have developed from an eastern style called Kufic (al-khatṭ al-kūfī, or angular scrip), which was introduced to the Maghrib by the Arabs. What remains unclear is when and how the transition from tifinagh, the local script of the indigenous populations of North Africa (Berbers or Amazigh), to Arabic occurred. 19 Numismatic research provides evidence of Kufic epigraphy on dirhams (silver coinage) minted during the Idrisid period ( c.e.). The Kufic script used in minting these coins only rarely uses diacritical marks. The oldest were struck in the cities of Tudgha and Walīlā (Volubilis) under the founder of the dynasty Idrīs I ( c.e.). 20 In the course of time, the Maghribi script became very distinct from eastern Kufic and more so from naskhī (cursive script) by its swooping tails, flat diacritical marks, unusual pointing for fāʾ [a single dot below the letter] and qāf [a single dot above the letter], and typical letter shapes such as alif with a club foot, flat sad, kāf with a diagonal bar, and dāl like pursed lips. Letters are set on a flat baseline, and the tails regularly descend to the line below. The strokes are exaggerated and attenuated See al-manūnī, Taʾrīkh al-wirāqa, 21, 33 4, 232; Binebine, Histoire des bibliothèques au Maroc, For an early study of maghribi script, see Octave Houdas, Essai sur l écriture maghrebine, in Nouveaux mélanges orientaux (Publications de l Ecole des langues vivantes orientales, IIe série, vol. XIX) (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1886). For more recent discussions, see Binebine, Histoire des bibliotheques au Maroc, 184 8, Blair Islamic Calligraphy, 221 8, 392 9, , and François Déroche, O. Houdas et les écritures maghrebines, in Le manuscrit arabe et la codicologie, ed. A.-Ch. Binebine (Rabat: Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines: Colloques et séminaires, vol. 33, 1994), See Ahmed Skounti, Abdelkhalek Lemjidi, and El Mustapha Nami, Tirra: aux origines de l écriture au Maroc (Rabat: Institut royal de la culture amazighe, 2003), For a detailed list of the kufic characters used in Idrisid coinage, see Daniel Eustache, Corpus des dirhams Idrissites et contemporains: Etudes sur la numismatique et l histoire monétaire du Maroc I (Rabat: Banque du Maroc, ), 87 8; for an archaeological discussion of the spatial distribution of Idrisid mints, see Said Ennahid, Political Economy and Settlement Systems of Medieval Northern Morocco: An Archaeological-Historical Approach, British Archaeological Reports, International Series No. S1059 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2002), Sheila Blair, Islamic Calligraphy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 567.
14 270 said ennahid Figure 1. al-mus h af al-h asanī al-musabba (1417 a.h.) in Maghribi script (al-khat t al-mabsūt ). Source: S. Ennahid. Questions related to the geographic origin of the Maghribi script, whether it came from Ifrīqiya (modern-day Tunisia and western Algeria) or al-andalus (Muslim Spain), its historical evolution and its typology are still subjects of debate among experts. Several Moroccan
15 ict for manuscripts in morocco 271 scholars quoted the following passage from the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldūn (written in 1377 c.e.) to argue for an Andalusian origin: In the later Merinid dynasty [Marinid: c.e.] in Morocco [al- Maghrib al-aqsa], a kind of Spanish script 22 [al-khatṭ al-andalusī] established itself, because (the Spaniards) were close neighbors and the (Spaniards) who left (Spain) soon settled in Fez, and the Merinids employed them during all the days of their rule. (But) in regions far from the seat and capital of the realm, writing was not cared for, and it was forgotten as if it had never been known. The (various) types of script used in Ifriqiyah and the two Maghribs inclined to be ugly and far from excellent. 23 For example, both Ahmed-Chouqui Binebine and Muh ammad al-manūnī 24 trace the origin of the Maghribi, as a national script of Morocco, to the 14th century under the Marinids. And since Fez was the intellectual and spiritual capital of the country, this national script was also named al-khatṭ al-fāsī, or al-qalam al-fāsī, to distinguish it from a number of local styles such as the al-khatṭ al-sūsī (in southern Morocco), the al-khatṭ al-badawī (in rural areas) and the al-khatṭ as -sạh rāwī (in the Sahara). Al-Manūnī proposes a typology of the Maghribi script as an urban national script (i.e., al-khatṭ al-fāsī) made of five writing styles: al-mabsūt, used mostly for Qurʾānic texts, including the oldest lithographs of the Holy Book (Figure 1); 25 al-mujawhar, the most widely used script, including for royal decrees and correspondence, and early printed materials; al-musnad or al-zimāmī, used for notarized texts and personal memoranda; maghribized mashriqī (eastern cursive script rendered in a Maghribi style), used for chapter headings and waqfiyyas (marble plaques placed on important monuments to show endowment 22 This, according to al-manūnī (Taʾrīkh al-wirāqa, 45), is no other than maghribi script. 23 Ibn Khaldûn, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, trans. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967, 1980), 2: 387. In another passage, Ibn Khaldūn states that the Andalusī script has supplanted the Ifrīqī script of modern-day Tunisia and western Algeria. For a critique, see Blair Islamic Calligraphy, 573, and Binebine, Histoire des bibliothèques au Maroc, Binebine, Histoire des bibliothèques au Maroc, 185; al-manūnī, Taʾrīkh alwirāqa, Beautiful examples of al-mabsūt script are provided in al-musḥ af al-h asanī al-musabbaʿ, commissioned by late King Hassan II (Moroccan Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, 1997).
16 272 said ennahid provisions); and maghribized kūfī (eastern angular script rendered in a Maghribi style), used for ancient Qurʾānic texts, written on parchment, and on monumental epigraphy. 26 Sheila Blair 27 has adopted a different approach by setting up a typology of the Maghribi script based on size as opposed to geographic origins (the four commonly cited origins are qayrawānī from Qayrawān in Tunisia, qurtụbī from Cordova, fāsī from Fez, and timbuktī or sūdānī from Timbuktu in Mali). 28 In particular, she distinguishes between two broad Maghribi styles, one (known as andalusī) small and compact and the other (fāsī) larger and looser, which eventually merged, in the sixteenth century, to form one style of medium size. The earliest paleographic evidence of the Maghribi script is a copy of a manuscript by Ish āq b. Sulaymān al-isrāʾīlī entitled Kitāb maʿrifat al-bawl wa-aqsāmihi and penned in 346 a.h./957 c.e., probably in al-andalus. 29 Numismatic evidence provides useful insight as well. 30 Maghribized mashriqī or maghribī thuluth was the script par excellence on Moroccan coinage (minted in Paris, Berlin and London) and inscriptions of the 19th and 20th centuries, especially during the Protectorate period. 31 Digitization of Manuscript Collections in Morocco The most important initiative in the last ten years to use ICT for the preservation and valorization of manuscript collections in Morocco is The Manuscript Treasures in the Kingdom of Morocco (Dhakhāʿir 26 Al-Manūnī, Taʾrīkh al-wirāqa, 13 14, Blair, Islamic Calligraphy, 221 2, These are all major intellectual centers and book markets in the Muslim West. 29 Vatican, ms. Arab 310, see Blair, Islamic Calligraphy, 223 (notes 71 and 72), citing François Déroche, Tradition et innovation dans la pratique de l écriture au Maghreb pendant les IVe-Xe et Ve-XIe siècles, in Afrique du Nord antique et médiévale: Numismatique, langues, écritures et arts du livre, spécificité des arts figurés (proceedings of the VIIe colloque international sur l Histoire et l archéologie de l Afrique du Nord, Nice, October 21 31, 1996), ed. Serge Lancel (Paris: Editions du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1999), Umar Afā, Malāmih min tatạwwur al-khatṭ al-maghribī min khilāl al-kitāba ʿalā al-nuqūd, in Majallat Kulliyat al-ādāb wa al-ʿulūm al-insāniyya, vol. 18 (Rabat, 1993), A large database of Maghribi coinage is available on the Web site of the American Numismatic Society, available from (accessed 1 February 2010).
17 ict for manuscripts in morocco 273 al-makht ūt āt bi al-mamlaka al-maghribīya), a collaboration between the Moroccan Ministry of Cultural Affairs, UNESCO and the Centre National du Patrimoine Manuscrit (CNPM) at the BNRM in Rabat. 32 The project consists of complete computer cataloging and selected digitization of the manuscript collections at the Qarawiyyin Library in Fez, the Library of the Great Mosque of Meknès and the Ibn Yūsuf Library in Marrakech. 33 Based on existing print catalogs 34 and inhouse inventories, the new digital database (available in Arabic only) features a bibliographic index for each of the three libraries; 3,823 searchable entries for the Qarawiyyin Library; 473 for the Library of the Great Mosque of Meknès, and 1,057 for the Ibn Yūsuf Library. 35 Each entry features twenty-three searchable fields including inventory number (al-sijjil), library catalog number, 36 subject matter, title, number of volumes, volume catalog number, author s name, alias (a.k.a.), author s date of death, opening line, colophon, dimensions (miqyās), number of folios, quality of book-making (al-wirāqa), ruling (al-mistạrah), type of support (paper or parchment), 37 type of script, place and date of composition, name of copyist, place of copy, date of copy, marks of ownership, author s authorization(s) of transmission (ijāza), ornaments (al-h ilyat), illuminations or paintings (al-rusūm), tables (al-jadāwil), binding (al-tajlīd), preservation conditions, microfilm number, microfilm type, author s biographical references, manuscript bibliography, name of library holding manuscript, and other additional information such as waqf details. One important field unavailable for searching through the CD-ROM interface is the microfilm number. Most researchers will need this information since 32 The Manuscript Treasures in the Kingdom of Morocco (Dhakhāʿir al-makht ūt āt bi al-mamlaka al-maghribiyya), 3 CD-ROM (Rabat: Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Morocco, 2000). Produced by Artlight Multimédia; the scientific content supervision of the project was conducted by Ahmed Toufiq, Mohamed Ibn Abdelaziz al-dabbagh, Mohammed Hijji and Abd al-salam al-barrak. 33 This excluding khurūm or loose sheets. 34 See, for example, al-barrāq, Fihris al-makht ūt āt. 35 Compare to 1,450 volumes (Benjelloun-Laroui, Les Bibliothèques au Maroc,195) and 1,840 volumes (Ministry of Cultural Affairs Web site, [accessed 1 February 2010]). 36 Of a total of 34 fields showing for each entry, only 23 (indicated with an asterisk) are actually searchable. 37 In the case of paper (especially if imported from Europe), the inclusion of watermark information would have been very useful to trace the production place, since watermarks are visible only when the original document (i.e., as opposed to a digital copy) is held against a light source.
18 274 said ennahid the manuscript collections are accessible only in microform, and users are not allowed to handle originals. Other information that cannot be searched through the CD-ROM interface regards manuscript ornamentation, illumination and marks of ownership. To access this type of information, users will have to circumvent the main interface and search a Microsoft Access database stored on the CD-ROM. In addition to the digital catalog of the entire manuscript collections in Fez, Meknès and Marrakech, the project produced the first complete digital version (in image mode and scanned two pages per frame) of nine manuscripts chosen for their unique historical, cultural and aesthetic value; these are: Kitāb tuh fat al-nāzịr wa ghunyat al-dhākir fī h ifz al-shaʿāʾir wa-taghyyīr al-manākir by Ah mad b. Qāsim al-ʿuqbānī (d ); 38 Kitāb al-uns al-jalīl bi taʾrīkh al-quds wa-al- Khalīl by Mujīr al-dīn al-h anbalī al-ʿulaymi (d. 1522); 39 al-futūh āt al-ilāhiyya fī ah ādīth khayr al-barīyya tushfa minha al-qulūb al-sạdiyya, by Muh ammad b. ʿAbd Allāh (Alawite Sultan of Morocco, d. 1789), 40 Sharh al-urjūrza fī tịbb Ibn Sīnā, by Abū al-walīd Muh ammad Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 1198); 41 Lubb al-azhār fi sharh al-anwār, by ʿAlī b. Muh ammad al-qalsādī al-gharnāt ī (d. 1482); 42 al-wād ih a fī al-sunan wa al-fiqh, by Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-mālik b. H ābīb al-sullamī al-andalusī (d. 852); 43 Ih yāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn, by Abū H āmid al-ghazālī (d. 1111); 44 Kitāb fī tịbb al-ajinna, by an anonymous author from Cordova (10th century c.e.); 45 and Musḥ af shātịba Qarawiyyin Library, catalog number: 1584; number of folios: 134; date of copy Qarawiyyin Library, catalog number: 556; number of folios: 179; most likely an autograph composed in Qarawiyyin Library, catalog number: 745; number of folios: 163; date of composition Qarawiyyin Library, catalog number: 1979bis? (1970 in the library MS Access database); number of folios: 95; date of copy? 42 Library of the Great Mosque of Meknès, catalog number: 470; number of folios: 29; date of copy: Library of the Great Mosque of Meknès, catalog number: 218? (110 in the library MS Access database); number of folios: 38; date of copy? 44 Ibn Yūsuf Library of Marrakech, catalog number: 262/1 see also 262/2; number of folios? Date of copy? 45 Ibn Yūsuf Library of Marrakech, catalog number: 604; number of folios? Date of copy? 46 Ibn Yūsuf Library of Marrakech, catalog number: 431/5, see also 430, 431/5 8, 432/1 2; probably the handwriting of the Almohad Caliph ʿUmar al-murtad a (d c.e.); number of folios? Date of copy: 1223 c.e.?
19 ict for manuscripts in morocco 275 Since it was not possible to digitize entirely a larger collection, a sample of 206 manuscripts (144 from Fez, 22 from Meknès and 40 from Marrakech) were partially digitized making it possible for users to view more than 1500 pages (in image mode and scanned one page per frame). These partially-digitized manuscripts present distinctive features in relation to their authorship (e.g., they are autographed), their origin, their content, their rarity or uniqueness, their aesthetic value, their endower (wāqif), the support on which they were written and their age. The digitized pages are accessible from a list that shows the subject matter, the author s name, the manuscript title, the date of composition and the library catalog number. A graphic user interface allows the viewer to zoom in and out of individual pages and provides a concise description of each manuscript, listing author, title, date of composition, subject matter, catalog number, number of folios, ruling (al-mistạrah) and dimensions. The sample covers a wide range of disciplines including Qurʾānic texts and exegesis, Prophetic Traditions, jurisprudence, biblical texts, Arabic grammar and lexicography, hagiography, Islamic theology and mysticism, philosophy and logic, historiography, medicine, astronomy, logic, mathematics and biographical dictionaries. The digitization of the manuscript collections in Fez, Meknès and Marrakech was conducted using a conventional off-the-shelf scanner, 47 which explains the low quality of some of the images especially in the case of tightly bound or damaged manuscripts. In similar situations, proper digitization would require more sophisticated equipment to allow face-up scanning or, in the case of extremely rare or fragile manuscripts, contact-free scanning. Some of the scanned pages from the Qarawiyyin Library collection show traces of lamination (plastification), or the application of a layer of plastic or tracing paper. This was done during the colonial period, the intention being to halt the course of degradation of some 54 rare manuscripts. 48 Ironically today, because of the chemicals used in lamination, these manuscripts are in a more advanced state of disintegration than many of those that were not laminated. Simultaneously with digitization, some of the most treasured manuscripts in Morocco are being reproduced using high-quality facsimile 47 Hassan Harnan, current curator of the Qarawiyyin Library in Fez (personal communication, 2007). 48 Of these manuscripts, 32 were laminated with plastic and 22 with tracing paper.
20 276 said ennahid technology. In 2003, the Moroccan Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs produced a limited series of very high-quality facsimiles of two treasured Moroccan manuscripts, the Dalāʾil al-khayrāt wa shawāriq al-anwār fī dhikr as -sạlāt ʿalā an-nabī al-mukhtār ( Tokens of blessings and advents of illumination in the invocation of prayers on behalf of the chosen prophet ) and other texts of panegyrics and praise, by Muh ammad al-jazūlī (d c.e.) 49 (Figure 2), and the Kitāb al-shifāʾ bi-taʿrīf h uqūq al-musṭạfā, by al-qād ī Iyād (d c.e.). 50 The Dalāʾil al-khayrāt also includes an introductory chapter by Ahmed Toufiq that places the text and its author in their cultural-historical and religious context, and a commentary on the material and aesthetic aspects of the manuscript (e.g., paper format, calligraphy, illumination and binding) by Marie-Geneviève Guesdon. In 2006, the same ministry produced another facsimile of a two-volume musḥ af transcribed by the hand of the Marinid sultan Abū al-h asan (d. 752/1351). Reproducing manuscripts by means of high-quality facsimiles is undoubtedly a commendable way of preserving and promoting cultural heritage, but the exorbitant cost of such initiatives tends to make these materials largely inaccessible to scholars and the general public. 51 To our knowledge, no other ICT initiative in Morocco has reached the scale of The Manuscript Treasures in the Kingdom of Morocco Project. In 2006, the BNRM produced a CD-ROM (Mukhtārāt min Makht ūt āt al-maktaba al-watạniyya lil al-mamlaka al-maghribiyya) showcasing a selection from a hundred of its most treasured manuscripts (about 5 10 pages per manuscript). 52 This is essentially a large panorama photographique of digital images with a simple interface and no zooming or searching capabilities. The digital reproductions were accompanied by a short note with the manuscript s title, author s 49 Manuscript penned in Fez in mid-15th century c.e.; facsimile of manuscript No. G. 356 of the BNRM, printed by ADEVA, Graz-Austria, see Muh ammad al-jazūlī, Dalāʾil al-khayrāt wa shawāriq al-anwār fī dhikr as -sạlāt ʿalā an-nabī al-mukhtār (Rabat: Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, Kingdom of Morocco, 2003). 50 Manuscript penned in Fez in ; facsimile of manuscript No. G. 636 of the BNRM. 51 The listed price of the complete color facsimile edition of Dalāʾil al-khayrāt (318 folios in the original size mm; Maghribi script) is euros. For further details, visit the Web site of the Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz, available from (accessed 1 February 2010). 52 Selection of Manuscripts at the BNRM (Mukhtārāt min Makht ūt āt al-maktaba al-watạniyya lil al-mamlaka al-maghribiyya, 1 Pilot CD-ROM (Rabat: BNRM, 2006). Available in French only and sponsored by the UNESCO-Rabat Office.
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text:
This clip starts where Part 1 ended... Illustrious is neckroped, her wrists are bound behind her back, the spreader rake is removed, her panties are cut off and shoved in her mouth behind the cleave gag. I manhandle and slap her tits before adding some rope under her ass cheeks and tying her thighs very tightly. Her ankles are bound and then I turn her around and start smacking her shapely ass again and again. I step away for a bit, leaving her to ponder. I return and remove her neckrope and seat her in a chair. Her gag is removed but soon it is replaced with her panties and a shop rag. Black tape seals them in nicely. This is where Part 2 ends.Format: mp4Duration: 18:36Video: 1280x720, AVC(H.264), 2965kbpsAudio: 121kbps
Casey Calvert Cyd Black In Heat
Illustrious Rouge is Wecomed Back with a Tight Crotchrope and a Hooded Hogtie - Part 1
Crazy skills
Terra's Legs Spread Hogtie 1-2

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1byone Weatherproof Solar Powered Outdoor LED Light Review & Giveaway
Frugality and solar power go hand in hand, and over the years we've saved quite a bit by using solar powered outdoor lights including our Christmas lights. Our newest addition to our solar-powered collection is a weatherproof LED solar powered wall light with motion sensor from 1byone.
The 1byone solar power light is perfect for our needs, and we've placed it on our fence, right by the gate, so that it not only helps whenever we get home late, but it also helps make our home look more lived in, whenever we're not home.
You can find out more about the 1byone Weatherproof Solar Powered Outdoor LED Light at the 1byone website.
What we love about the 1byone Solar Power Light:
- It gives off lots of light
- It has a motion-sensor mode
- It has two light modes – bright and dim light
- It is weatherproof, with drainage holes at the bottom to prevent water damage
- It is easy to install
- There are no need to mess with wires
- It comes with the screws you need
- It's affordable
Frugality Is Free dad often work on his car at night after work, and the solar-powered light is a great extra source of light for him. The light comes on and off as needed, as we move into the sensor's area.
Follow 1byone on their social networks to keep up to date on the latest products, promotions and discounts.
Buy It
You can buy the 1byone Weatherproof Solar Powered Outdoor LED Light on Amazon
for only $16.99 + get free shipping on orders of $35+., and you can also buy the solar power light at www.1byone.com.
Win It
One of Frugality Is Free's readers will win their own solar light from 1 by One.
FIF is not responsible for prize shipment.
This giveaway will end Wednesday March 23rd at midnight EST.
Disclaimer: The Frugality Is Free family received a sample for the purpose of writing a review. No monetary compensation was received, and any opinions expressed above are based solely on our experience with the product.
52 Responses to "1byone Weatherproof Solar Powered Outdoor LED Light Review & Giveaway"
I would love the worlds first portable smart car jump starter this would be terrific to have
I like the belt drive three speed turntable in black. Love this throwback product to play my box of albums.
I like the solar powered outdoor light which in reality is a security sensor light, which would be great for my very dark back yard.
It would be fun to have their Disco Party lights.
[…] 1byone Weatherproof Solar Powered Outdoor LED Light Giveaway – 3/23 […]
I could really use their 1byone Modern Design Premium Portable Waterproof Wireless Doorbell Chime Kit because I currently do not have a door bell and people knock and I do not hear them sometimes.
1byone has a number of products that I would love. The 1byone Wireless In-Ear Headphones – Black & Green, is on top of my list. Thanks so much.
I would like to win this solar powered outdoor light, because this would help us solve a problem we have in the back of our yard, by our deck. When you walk at night along our yards pathway, it's a blind spot by our deck and at night it can be pretty dangerous.
I would like to get 1byone's Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard with Multi Touchpad for Tablet PC /Smart Phone to use with my iPad
I would like the 1byone Modern Wireless Doorbell, 2 Plug in Chime + 1 Bell. I never seem to be able to hear anyone knock at the door. This would be perfect so I wouldn't miss anyone that was knocking at my door.
I would love the 1byone Amplified Outdoor Digital HDTV Antenna Attic Antenna with Power Supply Box it would help cut my cable bill.
I love this 1byone Belt Driven Bluetooth Turntable with Built-in Stereo Speaker, Natural Wood as it is old design
Oh my gosh there's so many cool things! I want the 1byone Belt-Drive 3 Speed Stereo Portable Turntable Turquoise, the garden laser light and bubble machine
I really like this and have good use for it.
I would love the 1byone Cool Mist Ultrasonic Humidifier and Aroma Diffuser "No Noise" – 7 Color LED Lights. What a neat thing!
I would like to win this solar powered outdoor light because we live in the country, and it is pretty dark at night. This would be great to light the front door entrance.
I would like to own their new 1byone digital smart body fat scale that works with phone/tablet apps to help monitor and manage diet and weight goals.
I would love to win the solar light because of it s motion sensor mode. Solar by nature has a limited capablity and it makes so much sense to reserve the power until it is needed.
1byone 9900mAh 12V Multi-Function Power Bank Car Jump Starter because everytime i have ever had a battery go dead, i have no one around to help jump start, or the car is in an odd location and cables own't reach!
I would love to have the 1byone Belt-Drive 3 Speed Stereo Portable Turntable Turquoise it takes me back to when i was a teenager
I am intrigued by the 1byOne product of the World's First Smart Portable Car Jump Starter – Start Your Car Countless Times ! 16000mAh 12V Multi-Function with Built in Ultra-bright LED Flashlight, High Capacity Power Bank for Smart Phones and Other Digital Devices. This sounds amazing!
I would also love to own the 1byone smart body fat scale. Looks like a great product and would be great for losing weight.
1byone Bluetooth Speaker 8.6″ Crystal Circular Disco Light Super LED Dome Light would be awesome for our next pool party. Thanks for the giveaway..
I would love to have the1byone Professional High Output Automatic Small Bubble Machine Auto Blower Maker. I think this would be a blast outside with my kitties. The bubbles would drive them crazy plus, it would exercise my one couch potato kitty!!
I would love to win this cool solar light because my outdoor light is broken.I am too broke for a electrician. LOL!
I would like to win this solar light to attach it to our fence gate. This would be helpful at night.
I would also like the 1byone Outdoor / Shower Portable Bluetooth 4.0 Speaker with Enhanced Bass, IPX6 Waterproof & Built-in Mic, Black. I need a waterproof speaker.
I would love to have the 1byone Wireless In-Ear Headphones – Black & Green
I need the 1byone Wireless In-Ear Headphones – Black & Green because I have my mother living with me and I let her watch the tv and I watch shows on my extra computer display and go through a lot of earbuds.
I would love to win the solar powered light because I have no lighting in my back yard and no where to plug in an electric one.
Aside from the solar powered light, I also like the laser light for special effects at certain times. Would have to be careful how they were positioned though, with the problem of them going into plane cockpits, etc.
I would like to have the World's First Smart Portable Car Jump Starter. It is portable and error-proof. It can also charges phones and tablet.
They have a lot of interesting products. One that caught my eye is the 1byone Digital Amplified Outdoor HDTV Antenna Attic Antenna with Power Supply Box.
I have been wanting to drop cable to save money and this would help
I would love to own the 1byone 7″ Color Wired Video Doorbell,1 Camera+2 Monitor. That way I could see who is outside beforehand instead of looking out the door window.
The 1byone 7 Inch Colorful LCD Touch Screen Video Doorbell Video Door Phone would be great- Nice to know who is at the door, friend or solicitor without actually opening the door.
I could use the 1byone Modern Wireless Doorbell. My current one doesn't always work and I would like one that is more reliable.
We are seriously getting rid of cable, so I'd consider the 1byone Amplified HDTV Antenna – 50 Mile Range with Detachable Amplifier Power Supply for the Highest Performance and 10ft Coax Cable
I would like to have the World's First Smart Portable Car Jump Starter. I think it would be a great addition to my emergency car kit.
i would love to get the paper thin tv antennae. i want to cut the cord.
I want to win it to install near our carport
I love the 1byone O00QL-0041 Mini Fog Machine 400-Watt with Wired Remote Control. Would be awesome to have for Halloween and parties for the kids.
I would like to own the 1byone Wireless In-Ear Headphones – Black & Green because I need some new headphones.
I would like to try the 1byone Omni-directional Amplified RV Antenna Caravan Antenna High Performance. I have a camper and I dont have any tv access yet. this looks like a great option
I would like the 1byone Cool Mist Ultrasonic Humidifier and Aroma Diffuser! The air in my home is so dry, I think this humidifier would help a lot. I also have static electricity inside, I'm hoping it will help with that as well. I also like the fact that when this humidifier runs out of water, it will shut down.
I would like to try the 1byone Modern Wireless Doorbell. We have a doorbell but it has not worked in years the way it should.
So many, it is hard to choose; I am partial to the wireless, in-ear earphones, right now, but the motion-sensor LED light is very useful, too.
1byone Omni-directional Amplified Outdoor Antenna for FM/VHF/UHF 60 Miles Range since I'm in the middle of nowhere without cable.
The World's First Smart Portable Car Jump Starter would provide a wonderful addition to a car's emergency tool bag.
i really like the 1byone digital smart body fat scale that works with phone.Pretty neat i must say
I really like the portable turntable in turquoise. I could play all my old records on it again.
I am like a kid- I want the Bubble Machine!! I don't even throw a lot of parties but just to have a Bubble Machine, I might have to start
I would also like this product
1byone Cool Mist Ultrasonic Humidifier and Aroma Diffuser "No Noise" – 7 Color LED Lights


text:
Check out our FREE Healthy U Group Classes and Yoga Classes for all TLAC members!MORE INFO
Train like an athlete in 30 action-packed minutes. A strong core, from your shoulders to your hips, will improve your athletic performance, help prevent back pain, and give you ripped absMORE INFO
This 60 minute cycling program is geared at anyone that can ride a bike. Motivating music, awesome instructors, and an inspiring group environment lets you Ride On!MORE INFO
As members of Active U, we work out with familiar faces and get to know the trainers, which creates accountability and encouragement that doesn't happen when working out alone. TLAC has turned working out from a burden into something we look forward to each day.MORE INFO
Thanks to the team at Tipton Lakes Athletic Club my wife and I have been able to stick to a good workout routine and diet. We have each lost weight, gained muscle, and feel great!MORE INFO
Over the past 7 months that I have been attending classes and been a member at TLAC, I have lost 25 lbs. and 25 inches overall. Better than the pounds or inches lost, I am so much happier and have more energy! If you were like me, have no idea what to do at the gym and needed accountability, come to Active U. Tell them I sent you!MORE INFO
Much of what I've been doing now and plan to do I would have been viewed as impossible and/or undesirable just a few years ago. Getting into fitness at TLAC has significantly changed my life for the better.MORE INFO
"During my two years as an Active U member, I was training almost every weekday. I gained muscles, but didn't lose weight (fat). I was working out hard but I was not achieving my goal. I'm a testament that your success is 30% exercise and 70% what you eat. The ACTIVE U Weight Loss Challenge definitely worked for me."MORE INFO
Stop by TLAC today to learn more about our new offer!MORE INFO
Holiday Special! Now through the end of December, buy 4 personal training sessions at $200, get one FREE! (5 sessions total a $250 value) Also, if you are not a member but are looking to try out or possibly gift our program, purchase punch card passes for our Healthy U classes at 5 classes for […]MORE INFO
New Healthy U Class Schedule for October and our Fall Break Schedule are available now.MORE INFO
Introducing Fresh Fork, where meal planning becomes easy! Check out the attached flier to coordinate pick up times @ TLAC!MORE INFO
Check out these clinics by simply clicking on the "Tennis Classes @ TLAC" button! Adult Tennis Clinics Fall 8.1.16 Fall 2016 junior clinics 8.1.16 Fall 2016 Quickstart 8.1.16MORE INFO


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CL by Laundry Marcie Wedge Pump
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # dsw12prod7430040
Polished, sleek and nicely understated! The Marcie from CL by Laundry are the perfect wedge pumps to show off your fabulous style.
- Faux patent leather upper
- Round toe
- 1½" sliver wedge heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- View more CL by Laundry
By: Shine99
Location: IL
July 11, 2016
"Love this pump. Very comfy and stylish. Love it."
By: SBoss
Location: Overland Park, KS
May 31, 2016
Cute and can take a day at the office
"I have these in navy, pink, nude and black - the patent leather look is classic and work well in the office with either a suit or skirt/dress. The rounded toe is comfortable and there is just enough height."
By: enit
Location: Stoneham, MA
May 09, 2016
Really liked them
"I really like these pumps, the height is perfect and they look great on. Unfortunately they seems to run narrow in the front and hit me in the wrong spot, so sadly I will have to return them. But if you have narrow feet, then I would recommend them for you!"
By: Dek816
April 13, 2016
Click anywhere to close this.


text:
Crest Cadillac Collision Center
ReScore Reviews™ (1)
93% Would Recommend
Latest Review 10 months ago
Review for Crest Cadillac Collision Center
Christina M. on 04/04/2011
Christina said that there was no certainty about when the vehicle would be returned. The business said it would be eight days but it ended up being longer. She did not elaborate. She called once to check on the vehicle and they told her eight days, that was all the communication she had with the business.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 03/30/2011
Review Created: 04/04/2011
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Abella Danger - Hes In Charge [HD 720p] (2016/NewSensations.com/1.48GB)
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text:
This i a new pic in my album.
basketball is my hand forever
It feels good to training legs if u wanna be fast
Traning my legs
Welcome to my blogg
Hi and welcome to my blogg i make pictures and i put my pictures here. and u can also like my facebook page>https://www.facebook.com/benjaminpictures1234 and there u can see my pictrues i put on facebook. I hope u gonna like my pictures i work mutch on da pictures but my first pics on facebook is not so good but soon it coming good pictures.


text:
|Tipo de imóvel
|Estadia Mínima
|3 - 7 noites
'Tween Waters Cottage' senta-se diretamente na areia açúcar entre o Golfo do México ea Intracoastal Waterway - oferecendo aos hóspedes a oportunidade de desfrutar de ambas as actividades de praia e passeios de barco. Este familiar único, de dois andares do Golfo de frente casa tem todo o charme de "Old Florida" e todos os confortos do século 21, incluindo wi-fi, 2 de tela plana de TV a cabo de alta definição, e ilimitado serviço de telefone gratuito para os EUA e Canadá.
Com 4 quartos e 2 banheiros, a casa faz um lindo férias, lua de mel, ou de inverno casa de repouso para um casal com clientes ocasionais ... ou para famílias e grupos de até 8 (9 com um aerobed arranha-céus).
Você vai adorar o mobiliário confortável e as amenidades, incluindo uma grande churrasqueira a gás, o abrigo para piquenique Golfo de frente para almoços na praia, acolchoadas espreguiçadeiras e cadeiras de Adirondack (para que você não perca um por do sol de lazer), uma varanda ou deck de desconto em cada um dos 3 quartos no andar de cima, e do cais privado do outro lado da rua. É fácil cair uma linha de pesca - ou alugar um barco ou de bicicleta a partir da loja, na mesma rua.
O primeiro andar den / quarto quarto tem uma cama queen-size (não um sofá-cama) e um banheiro contíguo ... ideal para pessoas que não fazem escadas. O cama king size no quarto principal tem uma 2. 5 polegadas topper memória de colchão de espuma - é como dormir em uma nuvem!
'Tween Waters Cottage' é profissionalmente limpos antes da chegada e é-lhe fornecida totalmente mobiliado, incluindo toalhas de praia, brinquedos de areia, banho e acessórios de cozinha e produtos de papel. Lojas, restaurantes, e todas as atrações da área de Tampa Bay estão por perto, mas uma vez que a visão suave do Golfo eo som relaxante das ondas trabalhar sua mágica, você vai achar que é difícil de sair. Este bairro residencial tranquila, não tem condomínios high-rise dentro mil pés. A praia se sente como o seu próprio pedaço de paraíso privado.
Aprecie a vista da água de cada quarto, um nascer do sol lindo todas as manhãs, e um por do sol brilhante a cada noite. Você, sua família e amigos vão fazer memórias de uma vida - '. Tween Waters Cottage' em
Palavras-chave: casa de praia, casa de campo, Single-Casa, Gulf-Front, doca para barcos
We spent a weekend here and it was lovely. So convenient to be steps from the beautiful white sand beach. The owner Dan was very helpful by staying in touch and making sure everything was good with the house before our arrival, as we arrived the day after a hurricane! Great place to stay with friends and hope to return with family in the future.
I can't say enough about T'ween Waters! I'd like to keep it a secret, but the owner is such a nice guy that I felt compelled to write a review. What do they say about real estate, - "LOCATION - LOCATION - LOCATION?" Well, this place has it! Step out the door onto the private, shaded area of beach for the best sunsets in the world, or cross the street to your own dock on the intercoastal waterway. That area of Indian Shores/Indian Rocks has lots to do and great restaurants and shops to explore.
But all you need is at T'ween Waters. The cottage has a retro "Old Florida" charm but an updated, well appointed kitchen and very comfortable leather furniture and HD TV in the living room. There is one bedroom and full bath on the first floor and another bath and three more bedrooms upstairs, which makes it ideal for extended family. Every room has a water view and you can sleep to the sound of the surf! The beds were so comfortable that I asked the owner, Dan, what kind of mattresses they had so I can get one for home!
What a wonderful vacation we had at this charming place. Highly recommended. Thanks, Dan. We WILL be back!
We had a great time at Tween Waters Cottage. It was our first time to stay in this area and we had a blast! The house was comfortable but the real prize was this beautifully shaded lot on the Gulf. It was fab-u-lous!!! Great location too.
Dan Callahan communicated well and took good care of us. We had memorable moments with precious friends at this house and we want to make it an annual trip.
Location A+. House, disgusting!! Pulled into driveway and took a walk about...junk, paint cans, old sails, on side of house #snakebait. Walked inside and the smell of must and mold was overwhelming. House was wet and damp, books on second floor shelf covered in white mold. Perhaps water is getting in from the inches of water pouring through the gutter since the downspout is missing?? Bathroom fixtures in downstairs bathroom are mildewed and rusted...just gross. Not AC...just window AC...no air in bathrooms. Here's the best. The dryer is sitting on top of the washer and the back control was removed and taped, yes taped to the front to look like a front loader. The paddle boat is broken and doesn't work which doesn't matter because the 'Dock' on the Intercoastal side is so rotten birds won't even sit on it. Whoever took and posted the pics advertising this shithole gets an A in Photoshop. I have pics of all of the above mentioned...dryer, moldy books, gutter, trash, rotted dock to back up this review. I WOULD RATHER HAVE SLEPT IN A TENT. Oh that reminds me, the ' shelter house' over the picnic table, falling apart and has about rusted nails sticking out on the underside, hundreds of them. This owner should be ashamed to let anyone stay in this moldy wet house. Health hazard. I'll bet the Pinellas Health Department would have a heyday inspecting this property.
If you are used to a modern condo with a swimming pool and lots of neighbors this is not your kind of place. However, if you are looking for an "Old Florida" beach cottage where you can just walk out the door, sit down under the shady pines and enjoy the gentle breeze and sound of the surf this is what you are looking for. Several good restaurants are located within 5 minutes or so or you can just cook out on the grill that is provided.
This house is very comfortable, has everything you need in it. The location is simply amazing!!! We had the beach only for us. Water is very clean and calm, excellent for kids. We could not wish anything better for our family. We enjoyed the gorgeous sunsets, swimming, sleeping at this clean and well-maintained property. Definitely will go back. Thank you!
Canoe and Foot-Barco de pá no local (para ser usado apenas em dias de água calma por conta e risco dos clientes)
Aluguer de Stand-Up Paddle Boat loja fica a 7 minutos
Barco, bicicleta e Scooter Aluguer de Loja é de 2 minutos
|Validade da Tarifa
|por noite
|Noite (fim de semana)
|por semana
|por mês
|Pacote ou Evento
Late Winter/Early Spring
fev 5 2017 - mai 6 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
Late Spring
mai 7 2017 - jun 10 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
jun 11 2017 - ago 26 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
ago 27 2017 - dez 16 2017
Estadia mínima: 3 noite(s)
|Cleaning Fee
Please contact for exact quote
Add $300 for Fourth of July Week, Add $200 for Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Easter Weeks; Add $100 for New Years Week; Add $100 for 9th Person
Check or Money Order


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Medical University of Graz


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Side Spring (Black - C=1.2) (2) by XRAY
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This is a pack of two optional XRAY Black 1.2 Rate Side Springs. These springs are harder than the stock Gold springs.
This product was added to our catalog on November 6, 2013.


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Abediterol, a novel long-acting β2-agonist: Bronchodilation, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic results from a single-dose, dose-ranging, active-comparator study in patients with COPD
Beier J.,Insaf Respiratory Research Institute |
Pujol H.,Astrazeneca |
Seoane B.,Astrazeneca |
Jimenez E.,Astrazeneca |
And 4 more authors.
BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Year: 2016
Background: Abediterol is a novel, once-daily long-acting β2-agonist in development for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent. This Phase IIa, randomised, double-blind, crossover study investigated the bronchodilation, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of abediterol in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Methods: Seventy patients (aged ≥40years, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Stage II/III) were randomised (1:1:1:1:1:1) to single doses of abediterol 0.625, 2.5, 5 or 10μg, indacaterol 150μg or placebo. Spirometry was performed up to 36h post-dose. Pharmacokinetics were assessed in a subset of patients (N=20). Safety and tolerability were evaluated throughout the study. Results: Abediterol (all doses) significantly improved change from baseline in trough forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) compared with placebo (0.102, 0.203, 0.233 and 0.259L for abediterol 0.625, 2.5, 5 and 10μg, respectively; all p<0.0001; primary endpoint). Abediterol 2.5, 5 and 10μg significantly improved trough FEV1 compared with indacaterol 150μg (0.092, 0.122 and 0.148L, respectively; all p<0.0001). Improvements in bronchodilation were maintained at all time points post-dose versus placebo (all abediterol doses) and from 15 or 30min post-dose versus indacaterol 150μg with abediterol 2.5, 5 and 10μg (all p<0.05). Abediterol had low systemic exposure; incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between treatment groups. Conclusions: All doses of abediterol (0.625-10μg) provided clinically and statistically significant, dose-dependent improvements in bronchodilation versus placebo, and abediterol 2.5, 5 and 10μg gave significant improvements versus indacaterol. All doses of abediterol were safe and well tolerated in patients with COPD. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01425814. Registered 29 August 2011. © 2016 The Author(s). Source
Efficacy and safety of aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate fixed-dose combinations compared with individual components and placebo in patients with COPD (ACLIFORM-COPD): A multicentre, randomised study
Singh D.,University of Manchester |
Jones P.W.,St Georges, University of London |
Bateman E.D.,University of Cape Town |
Korn S.,Mainz University Hospital |
And 5 more authors.
BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Year: 2014
Background: Aclidinium/formoterol is a twice-daily (BID) fixed-dose combination (FDC) in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy and safety of aclidinium/formoterol versus monotherapy and placebo in patients with COPD was assessed. Methods: In this 24-week double-blind, parallel-group, active- and placebo-controlled, multicentre Phase III study, patients (≥40 years, post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity <70% and FEV1 ≥30% but <80% predicted normal) were randomised 2:2:2:2:1 to aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg (n = 385) or 400/6 μg (n = 381), aclidinium 400 μg (n = 385), formoterol 12 μg (n = 384) or placebo (n = 194) BID via Genuair®/Pressair®a. Results: At Week 24, aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg and 400/6 μg lead to significant improvements from baseline in 1-hour post-dose FEV1 versus aclidinium (125 mL [95% CI: 90, 160; p < 0 · 001] and 69 mL [95% CI: 34, 105; p < 0.001], respectively) and trough FEV1 versus formoterol (85 mL [95% CI: 51, 119; p < 0.001] and 53 mL [95% CI: 19, 87; p < 0.01], respectively; co-primary endpoints). Additionally, aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg and 400/6 μg provided significant improvements in Transition Dyspnoea Index (TDI) focal score versus placebo (1.29 units [95% CI: 0.73, 1.86; p < 0.001] and 1.16 units [95% CI: 0.59, 1.73; p < 0.001], respectively; secondary endpoint). All treatments were well tolerated, with safety profiles of the FDCs similar to those of placebo and monotherapy. Conclusions: Both aclidinium/formoterol BID doses significantly improved bronchodilation versus monotherapy, and dyspnoea versus placebo, with no increase in safety risk. Aclidinium/formoterol may be an effective treatment for patients with COPD. © 2014 Singh et al. Source
Pyrazolo[1′,5′:1,6]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazin-4(3H)-ones as selective human A1 adenosine receptor ligands
Loza M.I.,University of Santiago de Compostela |
Cadavid M.I.,University of Santiago de Compostela |
Diaz J.L.,Almirall Randnter |
Gavald A.,Almirall Randnter
Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry | Year: 2010
A series of pyrazolo[1′,5′:1,6]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazin-4(3H)- ones was synthesized and tested in radioligand binding assays to determine their affinities for the human adenosine A1, A2A, A 2B and A3 receptors. Results indicated that this scaffold is appropriate for adenosine receptor subtype A1 ligands and that the best arranged groups around this scaffold are 3- and 4-pyridinyl at position 1, benzyl at position 3, hydrogen at position 6 and 3-thienyl or phenyl at position 9. The most interesting compounds showed Ki for A1 in the nanomolar range and an appreciable selectivity for other receptor subtypes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Source
2-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids as chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 lymphocytes (CRTh2) antagonists
Andres M.,Almirall Randnter |
Bravo M.,Almirall Randnter |
Buil M.A.,Almirall Randnter |
Calbet M.,Almirall Randnter |
And 8 more authors.
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | Year: 2014
In this manuscript, the synthesis and biological activity of a series of pyrazole acetic acid derivatives as CRTh2 antagonists is presented. Biological evaluation in vitro revealed that the pyrazole core showed in several cases a different structure-activity relationship (SAR) to that of related indole acetic acid. A potent series of ortho-sulfonyl benzyl substituents was found, from which compounds 27 and 63 were advanced to in vivo profiling. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Source
Discovery of novel quaternary ammonium derivatives of (3R)-quinuclidinyl amides as potent and long acting muscarinic antagonists
Prat M.,Almirall Randnter |
Buil M.A.,Almirall Randnter |
Fernandez M.D.,Thomson Reuters |
Tort L.,Almirall Randnter |
And 13 more authors.
Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters | Year: 2015
Novel quaternary ammonium derivatives of (3R)-quinuclidinyl amides have been identified as potent M3 muscarinic antagonists with a long duration of action in an in vivo model of bronchoconstriction. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation of this series of compounds are reported. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. Source


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06 December, 2016
Nassau, Bahamas - The return of Tiger Woods was more about the big picture than any of his big numbers.
Woods always used to measure the success of a tournament week by whether he was loading the winner's trophy into his courtesy auto on Sunday night.
Tiger Woods finished his fourth round at the Hero World Challenge with a 76. No one is close to Matsuyama, the hottest player in golf over the last two months.
Now world No 898, Woods said: "It feels a little weird not to play in a cart". "I missed it. I love it". On top of that, Woods appeared extra-lean and showed tremendous flexibility as he aggressively attacked the 7,300-yard golf course.
Wearing his trademark Sunday red shirt and black trousers, Woods began the final round with four pars, leaving a 20-foot birdie putt on the edge of the cup at the first hole then punching out of rough with the tip of his putter at two and sinking a three-foot putt.
So, when he finished 15th in a field of 18 at the 2016 World Challenge, that had been reduced further to 17 by the withdrawal of Justin Rose, Tiger was still pleasant and smiling.
"When I putt well, I can contend", he said after finishing at 18-under 270 to beat Henrik Stenson by two shots at Albany Golf Club.
Player of the year and US Open victor Dustin Johnson of the United States and Sweden's Henrik Stenson, the Open champion, were the only ones who stayed somewhere near Matsuyama, totalling 204s against the 24-year-old's three-day card of 19 under par 197.
Matsuyama chipped from one bunker to another at the 10th on his way to a double bogey that trimmed his lead to five after Stenson made bogey. The only player other than Tiger Woods with black heritage on the PGA Tour, Varner lost in a playoff a year ago at Royal Pines.
LeBron congratulates Russell Westbrook for (briefly) tying his triple-double mark
Oklahoma City Thunder Russell Westbrook nickname for both himself and his brother and their pet dog is "Brodie", per CBS Sports . The Spurs improved to 10-0 away from home with their latest win. "They just outmuscled us", coach Jeff Hornacek said afterward.
"It was nice to have my speed back, hit some balls out there with some aggression again and not have to worry about anything", Woods said.
"I just hope he's given time", Spieth said.
However, the week was all about Woods who was making a comeback after spending 466 days recovering from multiple back surgeries.
Asked about his plans for 2017, Woods said, "In my heart of hearts I would like to play a full schedule next year", but added he has not made a plan for next year yet. The good thing is is that because I have been away for so long, that everything I do here, I just keep accruing points.
"The pain, the issues I have, it was just rough - there were some pretty dire times where I just couldn't move". I wasn't going to compare him to the rest of the field they've been playing all year and they've been playing great.
Woods, three shy of Sam Snead's all-time PGA Tour win mark, opened with birdies on four of the first five holes Saturday on the way to a 70 but struggled early Sunday.
Ranked a career-best sixth in the world, Matsuyama began the day with a seven-shot lead and made it eight with a birdie at the par-5 third.
"We'll have small little windows where we will practice when I have time to do it", Woods said.


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Seeking Young Scientists for Research in Space
Sounds of Science Podcasts
Infectious Fight
Tackling the Inevitability of Resistance One Genome at a Time
Long Noncoding RNAs: Clarity or Confusion?
Because They Are Such Elusive Prey, lncRNAs Have Yet to Emerge as Therapeutic Targets
Markets Expand for Single-Use Bioreactors
Biobags Offer Advantages Over Fixed-Tank Systems
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February 01, 2014 (Vol. 34, No. 3)
Microbioreactors for Process Applications
Novel Approach for Cell-Line Development and Improving Decisions Making at Early Stages
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Reef Mens Deck Hand 2 - - Back by popular demand! Choose from an array of colorways. Reef coastal cruisers boat shoe styling/short eye row. Vulcanized mid sole tape for added durability. Compression molded wax texture cushion insole with odor management compounds to quell those smelly extremeties. Convenient, removable insole features washable function to minimize outer wear. Reef molded rubber traction outsole prevents slippage,