text:
Most 2013
Sunday, 14 July 2013 00:00
The second race weekend with the team SBM motorsport took part on the track in Most (CZ). Everyone was motivated to show a good speed and good results on the home track.
In thursday was time for 5 free practice sessions. In the first 4 sessions we were able to show our speed on old tires and we tried many different setups on the car. In our last session of the day an electric problem stopped us. The team worked long in this night to repare and prepare the car for the next day.
The team did a good job and prepared me the car for this fridays qualifying. During the qualifying it was raining a lot and there was nearly on the whole track aquaplaning. But the mechanics gave me a car with a good setup and we could drive on the fourth position completely and second position from the formula renaults.
The first race took part in saturday. The weather was again nice and everyone was ready to drive for good points and a nice result. At the start i had to much wheel spin but i could hold the fourth place on the grid. The complete 25 minutes in the race i was on fourth position and tried to overtake the driver in front of me. It was a hard but fair fight. In the finish we ended up on the fourth place completely and on the second place of the formula renaults. It was a very good results for me and same the team was happy with this.
In the early sunday morning was the second qualifying and this time the sun was already shining. We drove our personally best times during this qualifying and it was a hard fight between me and the polish formula renault driver for the first place of the formula renaults. In the end we lost only one tenths for the pole position of the renaults and we finished on position 2 and completely on position 5.
The second race was in the afternoon and we were again ready to fight for a good result but the again the electric stopped us and I was not able to start when the five red light were off. So the race ended for us before we started.
The team worked really hard in this weekend to repare the car from thursday to friday again and they did a good job. I just want say thank you to them. We made a big step up from Poznan and we can see that we have the speed to drive in the front. We missed the luck in the sunday race but this is same part of racing. We are looking forward to the next race where we will show again our speed and we will fight for podium places


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 1993
|Filing date
|Mar 5, 1991
|Priority date
|Aug 25, 1988
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Philip D. Henshaw, Steven A. Lis
|Original Assignee
|Sparta Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (25), Referenced by (27), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The U.S. Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Defense Department Contract No. N6600-86-C-0095.
This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S Patent Application Ser. No. 236,604 filed Aug. 25, 1988 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,236, for "Apparatus for High Density Holographic Data Storage," assigned to the assignee hereof.
The teachings of the above-cited parent application are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates generally to optical memory techniques and devices, and, more particularly, relates to optical data storage techniques and devices utilizing holographic storage in volume media, in conjunction with coherent writing and reading beams.
In recent years, a wide range of different optical media have been considered or proposed for Providing high capacity data storage and retrieval. The dimensionality of various media is one identifying characteristic of optical storage systems. Two-dimensional media, such as optical disk and microfiche storage devices, are common. Three-dimensional memory media are also possible. Three-dimensional media include, for example, volume holographic memories. Such media are discussed in Collier et al., "Optical Holography" Academic Press, New York (1971), pp. 454-493, incorporated herein by reference.
A second identifiable characteristic is the use of either holographic or bit-oriented storage. Holographic storage is inherently parallel in nature. Although schemes have been proposed for selective erasure of data in holographic memories, selective erasure using bit-oriented storage is conceptually simpler Holographic storage methods in which the reading or writing radiation is incident on the entire memory medium are limited in information capacity by the erasure of old data during reading operations or the storage of new data. However, photon gating or electronic gating of memory planes can solve these problems for both holographic and bit-oriented storage. Holographic storage is less susceptible to dust and media imperfections, but the same effect may be achieved using bit-oriented storage through the use of coding schemes. Holography provides a method of storing and accessing information stored throughout the volume of a medium without the requirement of a complex optical system to access individual planes in the medium.
It is known that multiple two-dimensional planes of data can be stored in a volume holographic medium, and that these planes may be accessed individually by introducing the reference beam into the medium at a different angle for each individual plane of data. A volume medium therefore has three spatial dimensions, corresponding to the dimensionality of the information stored in a two-dimensional output array multiplied by the number of independent reference beam directions in a linear array of reference beams.
Certain conventional optical data storage systems, such as optical disk memory, can provide large storage capacity In particular, 30,000 tracks multiplied by 150,000 bits per track results in a capacity of approximately 560 megabytes on a 12 centimeter optical disk. However, the use of a single detector for readout provides only a serial data stream, which limits the data transfer rate. The disadvantages of this memory device also include difficulties caused by the dynamic focusing and tracking problems associated with a moving disk and the latency or time required to wait for the desired bits to rotate to the reading location.
In other optical data storage systems, cascaded orthogonal beam-steering stages are used to access data Pages stored in a two-dimensional holographic format. In this system, the memory medium is stationary, eliminating the need for active tracking in the beamsteering system. Because the data are stored holographically, no readout optics are required, eliminating the need for a wide field of view high-resolution lens. Parallel readout can be used to obtain an entire two-dimensional array of bits from one beam position, allowing the use of a somewhat slower beamsteering mechanism to be used than for an optical disk, while still maintaining the same data transfer rate. A millisecond deflection time provides a possible data rate of 109 bits per second, which exceeds the data transfer rates of current detector arrays.
However, two-dimensional holographic memory requires a high spatial frequency response memory medium, and is characterized by limited storage capacity and excessive size, because the information is spread out over a two-dimensional area. The storage capacity of two-dimensional holographic memory is also limited by the resolution of the medium. Assuming that an array of 1000 by 1000 bits can be stored in a 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter hologram, a 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter memory plane can contain 100 holograms with 106 bits per hologram or 108 bits in total. Since each bit is approximately 10 micrometers in size at the detector array, the optical system must have an optical configuration of approximately f/20 for a 0.5 micrometer reading wavelength. Thus, the detector must be approximately 20 centimeters from the memory plane. Since none of the pages can be directly on-axis, the pages at the far side of the 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter array must have an angle of approximately 60� between the illumination and the signal beam, corresponding to a hologram fringe spacing of one wavelength, or 0.5 micrometers. Storage of more holograms in a single memory plane would require even greater spatial resolution.
In view of the constraints discussed above, there has long been a need for high capacity optical data storage techniques and devices that eliminate the requirements for mechanical translation or rotation of a storage medium and read/write element --with its associated latency and tracking problems --while providing compact, high density data storage.
High capacity multi-dimensional optical data storage systems are disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604. The storage devices disclosed therein utilize a four-dimensional optical storage medium, having three spatial dimensions and one wavelength-dependent dimension. Photochemical spectral hole burning materials (SHBs) are employed to store holograms at multiple wavelengths. While the data storage systems discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604 offer substantial improvements in storage density over conventional storage systems, even greater resistance to erasure and data density may be required in future optical computing applications.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide improved high capacity optical data storage methods and systems.
It is another object of the invention to provide such systems affording high density data storage.
A further object of the invention is to provide optical data storage methods and systems having high access speeds, in which both the storage medium and the read/write element are substantially stationary.
It is another object of the invention to provide methods and devices adapted for use in high speed optical computing interconnection systems.
Other general and specific objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.
The foregoing objects are attained by the invention, which provides methods and apparatus for storage and retrieval of digital data. In one aspect of the invention, a multidimensional holographic storage medium is provided for storing phase holographic images representative of the digital data. Selected frequency or spatial regions of the medium are independently addressable by a beam of light.
The storage medium is a spectral hole burning (SHB) material having absorption regions independently addressable by selected frequencies of light, and including selectively bleached absorption structures forming frequency channels. Frequency channeling elements, including a narrow linewidth tunable laser, provide controlled bleaching of the SHB material to generate these frequency channels. The SHB material Can include porphyrin tautomers in a polyethylene matrix, organic dyes in organic polymer host materials, organic dyes in inorganic host materials, or color centers in glass.
Read/write elements, including a frequency agile laser for generating an interrogating beam of laser light having at least one selected frequency, enable reading and writing of holographic images into and out of the storage medium. Beam steering elements steer the laser beam in at least a first direction, and a spatial light modulator interposed between the frequency agile laser and the medium provides selected spatial modulation of the interrogating beam of laser light. The beam steering elements and frequency agile laser can be controlled by a microprocessor and associated control elements, to vary frequency and spatial position of the interrogating beam.
The invention also provides a method for storing digital data, including the steps of configuring a multidimensional holographic storage medium from a spectral hole burning material, utilizing a laser to generate in the spectral hole burning material a set of selectively bleached absorption structures to form addressable frequency channels, and utilizing a laser to write phase holograms representative of the digital data in index modulation regions near spectral hole absorption edges.
A further aspect of the invention includes optical interconnection apparatus for selectively interconnecting an input optical plane and an output optical plane in accordance with selected interconnection encodings. The optical interconnection apparatus includes a multidimensional holographic storage medium for storing phase holographic images representative of the interconnection encodings. Selected regions of the medium containing the holographic images are independently addressable by an interrogating beam of light, the position and frequency of which can be controlled. The SHB material contains selectively bleached absorption structures forming addressable frequency channels, and the interconnection-specifying holograms are stored in index modulation regions near spectral hole absorption edges.
In this aspect of the invention, feedback elements can be employed for transmitting feedback signals from selected nodes in the output plane to selected nodes in the input plane.
The invention can be practiced in optical computing systems for digital information processing, utilizing a multidimensional holographic storage medium for storing phase holographic images representative of digital data. The medium includes a spectral hole burning (SHB) material having absorption regions independently addressable by an interrogating beam of light having a selected frequency and position. In accord with the invention, the SHB material contains selectively bleached absorption structures forming addressable frequency channels.
In a further aspect of the invention, an external electric field of selected voltage can be applied to the storage medium to induce Stark effect broadening of the spectral holes, so that at a given frequency of light, a different phase hologram can be stored for each of a plurality of voltages. Multiple phase holograms can thus be stored at each given frequency of light. The voltage of the applied electric field can be varied, thereby utilizing the Stark effect to address holographic images recorded at selected electric field strengths. The Stark effect accordingly provides another "dimension" of information storage within the holographic medium.
Similar broadening can also be induced by applying a physical stress of selected magnitude to the optical storage medium This stress alters the local environment of each recording location in the medium, changing the frequency of response of each recording location, so that at a given frequency of interrogating light, a different phase hologram can be stored for each of a plurality of electric field magnitudes. Consequently, multiple phase holograms can be stored for each frequency of interrogating light.
By controlling the magnitude of the physical stress applied to the optical storage medium, the system can address holographic images recorded at different stress field magnitudes. In one aspect of the invention, physical stress is applied to the optical storage medium by at least one piezoelectric element in contact with at least one surface of the optical storage medium. The piezoelectric element can be excited by an applied electrical signal.
The invention will next be described in connection with certain illustrated embodiments; however, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications, additions and subtractions can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a four dimensional memory device constructed in accordance with the disclosure of related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting an optical computing interconnection apparatus constructed in accordance with the disclosure of related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604, utilizing a four dimensional memory for providing selected interconnections between the input plane and the output plane.
FIG. 3 is a graph of absorption versus wavelength, schematically illustrating the principle of spectral hole burning.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the principle of phase hologram writing with regard to the relationship between real and imaginary refractive indices for an SHB material.
FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the principle of frequency channelling with regard t adjacent absorption structures.
FIG. 6 is a graph depicting the principle of Stark effect broadening.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram depicting an embodiment of the invention utilizing an applied electric field to generate rearrangement of the spectral hole profile to enhance the recording capacity.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram depicting a further embodiment of the invention, utilizing piezoelectric elements to generate rearrangement of the spectral hole Profile by applying physical stress.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a four dimensional memory device constructed in accordance with the disclosure of related U.S patent application No. 236,604. The optical data storage apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 uses a conventional tunable laser source 101 of coherent radiation for optically writing holographic data representations in an optical storage or memory medium 112 and optically reading holographic data representations from the memory medium 112. The reading and writing of holographic data is known in the art, and is discussed in R.J. Collier et al., Optical Holography, Academic Press, New York (1971), pp 454-493, incorporated herein by reference.
Unlike conventional holographic storage media, however, memory medium 112, as disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604, is a four-dimensional optical storage medium, having three spatial dimensions and one wavelength-dependent dimension. Photochemical spectral hole burning materials (SHBs) can be employed in the illustrated system to store holograms at multiple wavelengths. It is known in the art that absorption sites in the volume of an SHB material are affected by the local polymer environment to absorb photons at slightly different wavelengths. At very low temperatures, each absorption site is unaffected by thermal phonons, so the spectral width of the absorption is very narrow. Since the volume of an absorption site is very small, much less than a cubic wavelength, many absorption sites are available in each region which would normally store one sample of the hologram fringe pattern, and multiple fringe patterns can be stored using different optical wavelengths.
Optical memory media with inhomogeneously broadened spectral absorption permit multiple bits to be stored in any physical wavelength-sized region. The number of bits is proportional to the ratio of the inhomogeneous linewidth of the absorption spectrum to the homogeneous linewidth. For example, in SHB materials this ratio can be as high as 103 to 107. SHB materials are discussed in greater detail in W.E. Moerner, ed., Persistent Spectral Hole-Burning: Science and Applications, Springer-Verlag, N.Y. (1988), incorporated herein by reference; and A.R. Gutierrez et al., "Multiple Photochemical Hole Burning in Organic Glasses and Polymers: Spectroscopy and Storage Aspects," IBM Vol. 26 J. Res. Develop. p. 198 (1982), incorporated herein by reference.
As disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604, multiple quantum well dot structures can also be utilized to provide a four-dimensional memory medium. It is known in the art that the wave function of a conduction electron trapped in a cubic well or dot structure defines a series of sharp resonances. These resonances correspond to preferred photon energies for absorbed photons to "bump" an electron into the conduction band. By changing the well dimensions, the wavelength of absorption can be changed. The dimensions of a quantum dot can be made smaller than a wavelength, so that in each region that would normally store one hologram fringe sample, multiple fringe pattern samples can be stored, corresponding to the number of quantum dots of different dimensions within that region. Quantum dot materials are discussed in greater detail in H. Temkin et al., "Low-Temperature Photoluminescence from InGaAs/InP Quantum Wires and Boxes," 50 App. Phys. Lett. 413-415, incorporated herein by reference; and Wei-Yu Wu et al., "Effect of Size Non-Uniformity on the Absorption Spectrum of a Semiconductor Quantum Dot System," 51 Applied Physics Letters 710 (1987), incorporated herein by reference.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the laser beam generated by the tunable laser source 101 is divided into two mutually coherent beams of radiation by the beamsplitter 102. The first of these two beams is directed by mirrors 104, 105 into a conventional beam deflection stage 106, in which the beam can be deflected, for example, vertically (i.e., in the plane of the drawing) to provide a reference beam 109. The deflection stage 106 preferably provides selected deflection in response to externally applied control signals.
Those skilled in the art will understand that the beam can be controlled in several different ways. For example, utilizing conventional means, the laser wavelength spectrum can be tuned, the laser beam direction can be varied, or the laser wavefront curvature can be changed. Each of these laser beam control methods provides a means to access information stored in the optical medium. Techniques for producing tunable lasers are well known, as are means for producing lasers with a "comb" spectrum. A large number of means for steering a beam of laser radiation exist, including moving mirrors, acousto-optic deflectors, electro-optic deflectors, and photorefractive deflectors.
The reference beam 109 is directed into the four-dimensional memory medium 112, where the beam is used as the reference beam during the writing of information in a holographic format, and as the reconstruction beam during the reading of data stored in a holographic format.
The second beam derived from the tunable laser 101 by means of the beamsplitter 102 is directed by mirror 103 through an external shutter 107 to a data-specifying plane 108. The data-specifying plane 108 includes a conventional spatially-variable transparency which carries a pattern of data in the form of a two-dimensional array of bright or dark spots. This pattern is impressed upon, and carried by, the beam passing through the data-specifying plane 108. The open or closed state of shutter 107 controls execution of the alternate writing and reading functions of the memory apparatus 100.
During writing, the shutter 107 is open, permitting the beam from mirror 103 to reach the data-specifying plane 108. The input data beam 111, which carries the input data specified by data-specifying plane 108, passes through collimator 110 to the memory medium 112 where the input data beam 111 is combined with the reference beam 109. The reference beam 109 and the input data beam 111 are coherent, and form an interference pattern throughout the volume of the memory medium 112. This interference pattern, when recorded in the memory medium at a specific wavelength, can be used to reconstruct the data Pattern impressed on the data beam 111.
During the reading process, the shutter 107 is closed, and only the radiation in the reference beam 109 reaches the memory medium 112. The memory medium 112 transmits diffracted output radiation which is collimated by lens 113 to produce an output data beam 114. In accordance with the invention, when a large number of different patterns are stored in the memory medium 112, the pattern of interest can be selected by controlling the direction and wavelength of the reference beam 109 to be exactly equal to the direction and wavelength used to record the desired data. When this equality is satisfied, the beam 114 carrying the output data diffracted from the memory medium 112 will project the desired array of output data onto the output plane 115. The output plane 115 may be, for example, a two-dimensional CCD array which produces electrical signals responsive to the light incident upon its surface. Alternatively, the output plane 115 may be a spatial light modulating optical computing element.
An important feature of the invention is the large data capacity which is achieved due to the large number of independent reference beams that can be generated by varying the angle and wavelength of the reference beam. Extremely large storage capacity can be achieved through the use of angular and spectral multiplexing of data in a thick volume medium. For example, the memory medium can contain multiple holograms, each representing an array of 1000�1000 bits. By varying the reference beam angle, as many as 500 holograms can be stored at each wavelength. Using 50,000 different wavelengths to store data in the medium, a total of 2.5�1013, bits can be stored in a 1 centimeter cube. By utilizing applied electric or stress fields to rearrange the spectral hole profile, providing a smooth profile for further recording, an additional enhancement of up to 100 can be achieved resulting in a storage capacity of up to 2.5�1015 bits/cm.
In addition to the extremely large capacity provided by the four-dimensional memory apparatus, four-dimensional memory is fundamentally necessary for certain important applications. Neural network research, for example, has investigated the means for connecting two fully populated data planes in a selectable fashion. The selectable connection of two fully-populated two-dimensional planes has been an important goal of recent optical computing research. The ability to realize a completely selectable interconnection device has important implications for neural network application to such important problems as vision preprocessing, pattern and speech recognition, and the solution of difficult mathematical problems which can be expressed in matrix form.
It has been shown that due to duplication of volume gratings stored in the memory medium, selectable connections cannot be achieved between two fully-populated two dimensional planes Instead, a solution has been proposed which limits the number of populated elements in the input and output planes to K3/2 where K is proportional to S/lambda, with S being the dimension of one side of the input plane or interconnection medium, and lambda being the wavelength used to illuminate the input plane. The required K3 interconnections can be stored in a volume of size proportional to K wavelengths on a side.
By utilizing an optical memory medium with four independent dimensions available for storage of interconnections, K4 connections can be stored, sufficient to interconnect two Planes each containing K2 elements. These K2 elements can be placed so as to completely fill the input and output planes.
The four dimensional optical memory apparatus of FIG. 1 can be used to implement one stage of a neural network which connects two 2-dimensional planes; such a network can be used, for example, in speech or vision preprocessing, or in the solution of complicated optimization problems which are difficult to perform on current digital computers.
FIG. 2 depicts a four-dimensional interconnection apparatus 200, as disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604. The interconnection apparatus 200 operates in a manner similar to that of the system illustrated in FIG. 1, utilizing a tunable laser source 201 of coherent radiation for executing optical interconnection operations for the interconnection of designated active sites of one memory element (referred to as the input) with the designated active sites of another memory element (referred to as the output). These operations include optically writing data in the four-dimensional interconnection medium 212 and optically reading data from the medium.
The beam generated by the tunable laser source 201 is divided into two mutually coherent beams of radiation by the beamsplitter 202. The first of these two beams is directed by mirrors 204, 205 through an input connection-specifying plane 206. The input connection-specifying plane 206 includes a conventional spatially-variable transparency which carries a pattern of data in the form of a two-dimensional array of bright or dark spots. The pattern carried on the input connection-specifying plane specifies designated active input locations which are to be connected to designated active output locations. This pattern is impressed upon the beam from mirror 205 to generate an input state beam 217.
The second beam derived from the tunable laser by means of the beamsplitter is directed using mirror 203 to an output connection-specifying plane 208 controlled by spatially variable shutter 207. Output connection-specifying plane 208 includes a spatially-variable transparency carrying a pattern of data in the form of a two-dimensional array of bright or dark spots. This pattern is impressed on the beam from mirror 203 to transmit an output state beam 218 specifying the designated active output locations. The spatially-variable shutter 207 controls whether the "interconnection" (reading) or "learning" (writing) function of the network apparatus 200 will be executed.
During the learning operation, the shutter 207 is opened at a sequence of locations forming a set of vertical stripes, permitting the output state beam 218 to reach the interconnection medium 212 through lens 209, where it is combined with the input state beam 217. The two beams are coherent, and form an interference pattern throughout the volume of the four-dimensional interconnection medium 212. In accordance with the invention, a different wavelength is used for each vertical stripe to prevent crosstalk between the patterns stored in association with different vertical columns. Each different wavelength is directed to the proper vertical stripe by a grating 220 and a cylindrical lens 222.
Those skilled in the art will understand that this interference pattern, when recorded in the interconnection medium 212 at a specific wavelength, can be used to connect the data activity at a series of input locations to an selectable set of output locations or states arranged in communication with the two-dimensional output Plane 216. In particular, the selected interference pattern stored in interconnection medium 212 is transmitted through collimator 213, and the resulting output beam 214 is projected onto output plane 216, which may be, for example, a two-dimensional CCD array.
During the interconnection operation, the shutter 207 is closed, and only the radiation in the input state beam 217 reaches the interconnection medium 212. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when many different patterns have been stored in the interconnection medium 212, the medium of interest can be used to execute selectable connections between input states and output states by simultaneously illuminating all input states with all the wavelengths used during the learning process. Each input state can be connected to any output state, but only the contributions at the output at the wavelength used to record connections to that state are of interest. A spectral filter array 215, positioned in the path of output beam 214 can be utilized for filtering the beam directed at output plane 216, to select the proper contributions for each state.
Understanding of the invention is facilitated by further explanation of spectral hole burning, illustrated on a molecular level by FIG. 3. FIG. 3 depicts the relationship between absorption and wavelength for a sample having guest molecules embedded in a solid host matrix, such as a rigid glass or polymer film, including the spectral profile of the overall absorption band for all sites (301); the absorption lines of individual sites (302); removal of one site by hole burning (303); and a hole dip (304) caused by spectral hole burning.
Within the sample, the degree of guest-host interaction for a molecule embedded in the solid matrix depends upon the environment surrounding each molecule. A potentially infinite number of different surroundings exist around each embedded molecule. This leads to broad absorption bands with approximately Gaussian profiles. The inhomogeneously broadened absorption bands shown in FIG. 3 thus represent a superposition of sharp homogeneously broadened lines from individual molecules occupying various sites in the solid host matrix.
A single molecule has a set of energy levels between which transitions are allowed when the molecule interacts with a photon of light. If the energy of the photon approximately matches one of the required transition energies, the photon can be absorbed by the molecule. If a chemical change to the molecule is induced upon absorption, the absorption levels of the new molecule will not match that of the original molecule. Therefore, the new molecule will probably not absorb light at the frequency of the first photon. In this way, absorption at a specific frequency can be modulated by exposure to light, permitting the recording of information. Utilizing the full range of frequency available can provide an enormous potential storage capacity when coupled with the spatial dimensions.
As depicted in FIG. 3, the inhomogeneous absorption peak for an SHB material, such as a glass sample, is composed of a large number of individual molecular populations, each of which can be individually addressed by selecting the frequency of the interrogating light beam.
The width of the absorption peak is determined by the fundamental lifetime of the energy levels involved, and the vibrations of the molecule. The resultant spectral width is called the homogeneous linewidth At low temperatures, the broadening due to thermal effects can be reduced to the 10 to 30 MHz level If a large number of molecules are immersed in a single crystal, due to the highly periodic structure of the lattice, all the molecules will absorb at the same frequency. The frequency of absorption will be altered somewhat by the nearby molecules, but the modifications will be uniform for each. As noted above, if the molecules are contained, for example, in a glass sample that has little or no short range order, then each molecule will see a separate environment, providing separate absorption frequencies. This spread in absorption caused by the variation in molecular environment is the inhomogeneous linewidth, and is generally quite large, on the order of 10 terahertz or more. (For light at a wavelength of 600 nanometers, ten terahertz is approximately ten nanometers wide.)
Irradiating the sample at a single frequency which causes a photochemical change can effectively burn a hole in the medium over a narrow frequency range. In particular, if the sample is irradiated with a spectrally narrow laser beam, only those molecules that absorb the monochromatic laser light can undergo a photoreaction. The photoproducts, which generally absorb at a different spectral position, will leave a dip or hole in the absorption band at the spectral position of the irradiation, as indicated in FIG. 3. The width of the hole in frequency space is simply the homogeneous linewidth of medium. This effect has been observed with spectral widths ranging from 1 gigahertz at 77� Kelvin to 10 megahertz at 1� Kelvin. Hole burning thus permits selective detection of the sharp homogeneously broadened line profile within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band.
Analysis indicates that available SHB materials lend themselves well to the holographic storage approach, in contrast to the bit oriented approach disclosed in Moerner et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B2 (1985) 915-924, which has been found to display significant material problems. In particular, experiments conducted by the assignee of this application have demonstrated that available SHB materials are highly suited to holographic storage techniques and that the low temperature operation of the material also permits high efficiency and low power consumption storage and retrieval--with less than 10 milliwatts laser power for an ultra-high capacity system.
The SHB materials can include porphyrin tautomers in a polyethylene matrix; organic dyes in organic polymer host materials, organic dyes in inorganic host materials, or color centers in glass. Several candidate materials can be easily prepared from commercially available supplies. Some preferred host materials are polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate (common plastics).
By utilizing a spectral hole burning medium in conjunction with holographic storage, the systems depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 (and discussed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 236,604) provide enhanced data storage density. Holographic storage of data in a volume medium provides much higher storage capacity than that afforded by two-dimensional media, without the processing requirements associated with silicon-based integrated circuit memories. Spectral hole burning (SHB) allows storage and access to data as a function of frequency, with very high densities of data being allowed in frequency space.
However, a fundamental limitation of conventional spectral hole burning is that it is primarily an absorption phenomenon. In a conventional bit-oriented memory apparatus, absorptive spectral hole burning is acceptable because it provides a "black and white" demarcation of the bit, which translates directly to the measured light signal. Unfortunately, this same absorptive attribute of conventional spectral hole burning also limits the efficiency of the holograms that can be stored, and therefore the number of holograms that can be stored. Both bit-oriented and holographic memories based on absorption require large amounts of light to be absorbed during reading operations, causing erasure of the data Moreover, the optical addressability of conventional bit-oriented optical memories is constrained by a material thickness limited to the depth of focus--and thus resolution --of the optical system. The full volume of a thick material, on the order of 0.5 to 1 centimeter, is therefore difficult to address.
The present invention overcomes these limitations, by utilizing refractive index modulation holograms, or phase holograms, which are recorded using the real part of the material's refractive index, and which diffract light without significant absorption. The utilization of phase holograms permits data storage in depth, and reading of data without erasure. These are two critical factors in achieving extremely high data density in a practical storage system.
The present invention utilizes spectral hole burning in conjunction with phase holograms--i.e., using the real part of the refractive index for recording. In order to maintain usable diffraction efficiency with a large number of overlapping holograms, refractive index effects must be used for storage. The invention utilizes a unique method which allows the recording of refractive index holograms in SHB materials that have previously been considered only in terms of absorptive effects. When fully exploited, the estimated storage density achievable with this novel approach is 2.5�1013 or greater, limited only by the number of molecules required to store a single bit.
The generation of phase holograms can be described with reference to the dielectric constant and refractive indices of the storage medium, as depicted in FIG. 4. If a single molecule of a medium is modeled as a slightly damped harmonic oscillator, mathematical functions can be derived to relate the real and imaginary parts of the material's refractive index. The known Kramer-Kronig function indicates the relationship between the real--i.e. refractive --component of the refractive index and the imaginary or absorptive component of refractive index.
FIG. 4 depicts this relationship for a single absorption line. Due to a spectral absorption at a single frequency (only homogeneously broadened) the real component is modified in the vicinity of the absorption peak. The significant feature of this relationship is that the absorption component falls off more rapidly than the real or refractive component. In accord with the invention, the absorption is modulated spatially so that optical interrogating elements can read a phase hologram when the reading frequency is off-resonance, and an absorption hologram when on-resonance. If the modulation is large enough and the absorption at the reading frequency low enough, efficiency approaching 100 percent is possible, limited only by the absorption tail.
If the absorption peak is broadened by using a multiplicity of populations centered over a range of frequencies, then the real part of the refractive index can be enhanced near the absorption edge. This effect is logarithmic with frequency range, but as depicted in FIG. 5, the effect can be large enough to make the Peak of the real component of the refractive index modulation even larger than the peak of the imaginary component. Their locations in frequency space are still shifted relative to each other, allowing reading in a low absorption region of the spectrum. This structure can be replicated many times in frequency space and each can be accessed independently simply by changing illumination frequency.
In one practice of the invention, writing operations are also executed in a frequency-space region corresponding to the low absorption frequency tail. Absorption in the tail region permits modulation of absorption throughout the absorption range of the broad population peak, but because the absorption is low, it also permits modulation of the absorption through the depth of the material. This enables efficient and selective holograms to be generated, and enables the system to fully exploit the capacity of a large molecular population without the interrogating light being completely absorbed by it.
In accord with the invention, reading operations are executed at a frequency shifted slightly further down the tail region to permit reading of the phase hologram with reduced absorption and with reduced erasure. This frequency shift can be very small, depending on overall system needs, because operation at low temperature permits narrow homogeneous linewidths. The small frequency shift required permits hologram storage with minimal optical aberrations.
The invention Provides access to the full storage capabilities of volume media, as illustrated in FIG. 7, by utilizing a narrow linewidth tunable laser 704 to generate a beam 705 that burns or bleaches regions of frequency space, referred to as frequency channels, into the medium 701 prior to data storage. This bleaching can be generated by the same data-recording laser as used for data writing operations. The frequency channels allow efficient diffraction in material which is highly doped.
The laser 704 can be then utilized to record phase holograms near the absorption edge where the refractive index modulation is appreciable. In these regions, the real component is modulated by the molecular population present in the adjacent absorptive structure. This principle is illustrated in FIG. 5. The high molecular population within the absorption structure provides a large reservoir of potential storage capacity. The transparent channels effectively provide "access channels" to the vast storage capacity of the SHB material. The refractive index modulation present within the bleached channels is adequate to allow the storage of many high efficiency phase holograms, and many of these channels can be Contained within the frequency range of the SHB material.
These channels thus enable efficient reading and writing of data, while allowing for high molecular densities in the adjacent absorption structures where the data is actually stored.
The burning of channels effectively constitutes a Processing of the material prior to, or during, storage operations. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this processing can be accomplished in the illustrated memory unit.
The frequency channeling method is also compatible with further augmentation of data storage by Stark broadening which, as described below, provides extra storage as a function of applied field.
Because the real part of the index modulation falls off quite slowly, there is the potential for cross-talk between absorption structures. This can be reduced by allowing space between structures. The cross-talk effect can be seen as an asymmetry in the index modulation in FIG. 5. Because two absorption structures are present in the simulation shown therein, one can see that the positive lobe of the real index is greater on the left absorption structure, than the positive lobe on the right structure. The solution to this problem is to provide frequency space between absorption structures. The space required is related to the cross-talk limits of the system and the homogeneous linewidth.
Large index modulations are possible, which can provide a significant dynamic range to the medium --i.e., a number of holograms can be superimposed at the same wavelength and angle. For the case shown in FIG. 5, absorption is reduced by a factor of 200 from the absorption peak at a point 200 MHz from the absorption edge. Thus, for an absorption peak of 120 cm-1, the system can easily read and write at a frequency where the absorption is only 0.6 cm-1. This permits relatively high transmittance, of approximately 56 percent, for reading and writing. Higher efficiency can be attained where required. The magnitude of the real part of the refractive index modulation at this frequency is 2�10-4.
Analysis has demonstrated that in a medium of 1 centimeter thickness, at least 7 holograms can be stored at 56 percent efficiency, or 200 holograms at 0.1 percent efficiency. By reducing the peak absorption by a factor of 7 the system can store a single hologram at each frequency at 91 percent efficiency.
Currently available materials can provide the performance required by the illustrated system. A typical organic material such as porphyrin, for example, has a molecular weight of 300 grams/mole. At 6.02�1023 molecules/mole, a medium density of about 1 gram/cm3, and a 1 percent doping density, this yields 2�1019 molecules/cm3. To provide adequate absorption at each 10 MHz frequency interval, the number of molecules times the absorption cross-section must be high enough to give an absorption coefficient of approximately 100 cm-1. In a 10 terahertz inhomogeneous band there are 106 homogeneous widths, thus 1013 molecules/cm3 in each interval. Consequently, to attain the appropriate absorption coefficient requires a capture cross-section of about 10-11 cm2 /molecule. This is readily available among the materials that have already been studied. It should also be noted that these materials are also erasable.
FIG. 6 depicts the principle of the Stark effect enhancement to spectral hole burning. The Stark effect involves the interaction of the permanent electric dipole moment and the polarizability of an electronic state with an electric field, which leads to energy level shifts that depend on the field strength and the orientation of the molecule with respect to the electric field. In a polymer matrix the guest molecules are randomly oriented. The transition energy between two electronic states will show a small shift under the influence of the electric field. Due to the random orientation of the guest molecules, the superposition of the shifted transitions results in a symmetrically broadened, shallower hole profile. By application of sufficient field, the spectral hole profile can be completely rearranged resulting in a smooth profile suitable for further recording of data. This process is completely reversible, and the initially recorded data can be observed again if the initial conditions are restored.
Spectral lines can thus be broadened under the influence of static electric field. For a single molecular population--one which has a homogeneous linewidth with no applied field--the absorption peak is broadened. However, this is not a broadening of the homogeneous width, but is a broadening of the population. Adjacent populations in frequency space can then overlap and be rearranged by the electric field.
FIG. 6 illustrates this principle, depicting absorption at E =0 and at a given electric field strength E1. At each frequency and electric field coordinate pair, a separate spectral hole can be created within the limits of the homogeneous spectral width. The number of discrete electric fields that can be applied will be limited only by the molecular dipole moments, the homogeneous linewidth, and the breakdown limits of the material. More than 100 spectral holes can be made at a single frequency, which are independently selectable by electric field. This is not simply a redundancy in the concept of the spectral hole burning, but is an additional parametric control that allows greater access to more memory.
As indicated in FIG. 6, the recording of data at each electric field strength reduces the total molecular population available for recording. If the fraction of the population used at each electric field strength is small, then the dynamic range as a function of electric field can be large.
Apparatus for data storage utilizing the Stark effect is schematically illustrated in FIG. 7. Electrical contact plates 702 and 703 are placed on opposite sides of memory medium 701. A selected voltage is applied to the contacts 702, 703 by controller 706, thereby generating a selected electric field across the memory medium 701.
As indicated in FIG. 7, the Stark effect enhancement can be utilized in conjunction with the above described frequency channels used for hologram reading and writing. The only requirement is that the channels be burned in at each applied field strength. This will tend to reduce the total available molecular population to be modulated, but this reduction is far outweighed by the enhanced access.
Broadening and rearrangement of the spectral hole profile can also be induced by physical elements, as depicted in FIG. 8. It is known that physical stress applied to the SHB sample can modify the local environment of each recording location, resulting in a modification of the absorption wavelength. FIG. 8 depicts a configuration for generating stress-induced broadening. Piezoelectric elements 802 and 803 are placed in contact with opposite sides of memory medium 801.
When the piezoelectric elements are excited by an electrical signal applied by a controller element, the piezoelectric elements apply a physical stress to the medium 801, generating an internal electric field and Stark effect broadening. By controlling the magnitude of the applied physical stress, the system can address holographic images recorded at different stress field magnitudes.
Total storage capacity of the illustrated can be calculated. Assuming a spatial light modulator composed of 1000 by 1000 elements, a single hologram can contain as many as 106 bits. For a material having an inhomogeneous width of 10 terahertz (10 nanometers) and a homogeneous width of 10 megahertz, the system can create at least one absorption structure every 1 gigahertz, so that 104 frequencies can be used for storage. Several molecular species could be used simultaneously in the same material to provide storage. A reasonable estimate would be five species. Accordingly, there can be as many as 5�104 frequencies available for storage of data. By varying the reference beam angle, as many as 500 holograms can be stored at each wavelength. Employing the Stark effect or stress-induced broadening can Provide as many as 100 independent field strengths at each frequency, giving 2.5�1015 bits per cubic centimeter. This compares favorably with classical 1/lambda3 holographic storage density (lambda =600 nanometers yields 5�1012 per cubic centimeter.
Where system requirements permit a trade-off in hologram efficiency for data storage, holograms having approximately 0.1 percent efficiency can be employed. This would permit 200 holograms, each requiring a reference beam incident at a separate angle. In turn, the 200 hologram capacity would provide a storage capacity of 1015 bits per cubic centimeter. This compares favorable with classical 1/lambda3 holographic storage density (lambda =600 nanometers yields 5�1012 bits per cubic centimeter.
System capacity is likely to be limited only by the availability of molecules for storage. The extra degrees of freedom provided by the invention in frequency space and in electric field and stress field space may allow such a system to become technically realizable.
The invention thus provides multidimensional optical storage in spectral hole burning (SHB) materials to realize an ultra-dense digital random access memory. While conventional volume holography is unable to achieve storage densities greater than about one bit per cubic micrometer, the invention provides an additional factor of 103 in storage density by using the frequency diversity available from SHB materials.
In particular, the combination of holographic storage, frequency channelling, and the added dimension of applied electric field permits enormous storage densities to be achieved, far exceeding the limits of conventional holographic storage. By potentially providing storage densities as high as 2.5�1015 bits/cm3 of material, useful memories of enormous capacity could be extremely compact and also operate with very low power consumption. Because of the intrinsically parallel manner of reading and writing of data as holograms the potential data rate is extremely high. Moreover, the frequency channeling approach enables the storage of high efficiency holograms, and thereby facilitates cascaded memory implementations, as may be utilized in a neural net computer.
The invention thus addresses two significant optical data storage issues. The first is the use of spectral hole burning and parametric control enhancements to permit access to the full storage capacity of the volume medium. Frequency channeling and Stark effect broadening enable further increases in data storage density and access, providing extra degrees of freedom in frequency space and in electric field space. A second consideration is that access to the data must not interfere with data storage, and must not cause erasure of stored data. The utilization of phase holograms satisfies these criteria.
It will thus be seen that the invention efficiently attains the objectives set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description. In particular, the invention provides a high-capacity, high access speed memory system.
It will be understood that changes may be made in the above construction and in the foregoing sequences of operation without departing from the scope of the invention For example, various methods can be used for wavelength selection of the reading and writing lasers. Several methods for steering the reading and writing lasers in two orthogonal angular direction can be employed, and holographic or reflective optics can be used in place of the refractive optical elements illustrated in the Figures. Additionally, data storage can also be achieved on the basis of the Stark effect alone, using a fixed frequency laser Data is recorded at selected electric field strengths and read out by sweeping the electric field.
It is accordingly intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative rather than in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention as described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: SPARTA SYSTEMS, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HENSHAW, PHILIP D.;LIS, STEVEN A.;REEL/FRAME:005770/0001
Effective date: 19910709
|Sep 6, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 26, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 4, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 8, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010302

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Coenen Electrical - Electricial Contractors
Electrician West rand, Airconditioning Westrand, Electric Fencing Westrand,
• Certificate of Compliance for the following;
o Domestic premises
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o Industrial premises
• Domestic Electrical Installation & Repairs
• Commercial Electrical Installation & Repairs
• Industrial Electrical Installation & Repairs
• Installation of Generators
We do three phase and single phase installations,
• Electric Fence Installations and Repairs
• Installation of Gate motors
• Airconditioner Installation, Repairs and Servicing
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Coenen Electrical for all Airconditioner Sales, Servicing and Repairs
Electrical repairs on existing residential and commercial properties. Electrical fault finding on residential and commercial properties.
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text:
Drug Profile
RosiglitazoneAlternative Names: Avandia; BRL 49653; BRL 49653C; Rosiglitazone extended-release; Rosiglitazone maleate; Rosiglitazone XR; RSG XR
Latest Information Update: 12 Nov 2016
Price : $50
At a glance
- Originator GlaxoSmithKline
- Developer Bristol-Myers Squibb; GlaxoSmithKline
- Class Antidementias; Antihyperglycaemics; Antipsoriatics; Small molecules; Thiazolidinediones
- Mechanism of Action Antioxidants; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists
Orphan Drug Status
Orphan designation is assigned by a regulatory body to encourage companies to develop drugs for rare diseases.
On Fast track
Fast track status is assigned by the US FDA so therapies with the potential to address unmet needs can move faster through development.
- New Molecular Entity Yes
Highest Development Phases
- Marketed Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- No development reported Asthma
- Discontinued Alzheimer's disease; Psoriasis; Rheumatoid arthritis
Most Recent Events
Table of Contents
- At a glance
- Development Overview
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- Development Status
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- Related Safety Reports
- Scientific Summary
- Development History
- References


text:
Evansville has a population of 121,582 and is located in Vanderburgh county.
Legal Assistant schools in Evansville charged students an average tuition of $11,369.00 if they were Indiana residents, and $13,994.00 if they were non-residents, during the 2009 - 2010 school year.
The cost, on average, for books and supplies needed for legal assistant schools in Evansville is $1,183.00. Students who live on campus while attending a legal assistant school in Evansville, can expect to pay an average of $7,710.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $3,844.00. There is one legal assistant college in Evansville. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 4 students completed legal assistant programs in Evansville.


text:
Executive Director
Vincent Academy - Oakland, CA - Full time
Vincent Academy is a charter elementary school located in the heart of West Oakland. In its sixth year of operation, Vincent Academy is grounded in the essential belief that every child deserves a great education, and with adequate support, every child can succeed in school. Vincent Academy has created a safe, joyful, academically rigorous, and community-minded elementary school environment where children can develop their innate talents and skills, learn about the complex world around them, and receive the support necessary to truly thrive.
Open eleven hours each day throughout the school year and summer, Vincent Academy combines a rigorous academic program, augmented by a rich offering of the arts, with a strong system of support services for students. Approximately one-quarter of the school's students and their families access mental health services, which are offered through a contract with Lincoln Child Center, a local resource center that specializes in working with vulnerable children and families. To mitigate learning deficits, Vincent Academy also invests heavily in academic intervention for students needing additional academic support beyond the classroom. These efforts have paid off, with Vincent Academy students significantly outperforming their neighboring schools with proficiency rates that were 25 points higher in ELA and 30-40 points higher in math on the 2015 SBAC test.
The school is located in a new facility constructed in 2015. Current enrollment is approximately 300 students, of which approximately 98% are children of color and 94% qualify for free or reduced price lunch. Vincent Academy serves as a true community school, with two-thirds of students living within a mile of the school. The school is currently working on a plan to expand to a full middle school, i.e. serving grades TK-8 in the next few years. For more information about Vincent Academy, please visit www.vincentacademy.org.
Vincent Academy is seeking an entrepreneurial leader with a passion for the organization's mission to build its practices and results from good to great. The Executive Director (ED) will be responsible for the organization's success in meeting its academic, school culture, operations, finance and programmatic growth goals. S/he will be primarily responsible for: overseeing the school's academic program; managing Vincent Academy's administrative leadership team and central office staff; and will serve as the primary liaison between the school and its external audiences, including the board, parents, local authorizer bodies, and funders. Vincent Academy is also considering the extension of its elementary school program to serve students in grades TK-8th grade, a project that the ED may ultimately oversee during his/her tenure.
The ideal Executive Director candidate will be an experienced manager with: a passion for educational equity; an eye for recruiting and retaining high-quality talent; a knack for strategic planning and prioritizing; an understanding of high-quality instructional practice; and the ability to foster relationships with a diverse array of constituents. Excellent interpersonal and communications skills and experience working with similar communities to those that Vincent Academy serves are also essential to success in this role.
The Executive Director's key responsibilities include:
- Leading the vision for Vincent Academy's success, including ensuring that its academic programs, school culture, community engagement, and external partnerships are highly effective and tightly aligned to the school's mission and goals;
- Managing the principal and other senior staff, remaining deeply committed to developing and bringing out the strengths of all of Vincent Academy's people while holding them accountable for their goals and desired student outcomes;
- Partnering with the Board of Directors and funders to secure and allocate the resources and supports necessary to maintain the health and growth of the school;
- Inspiring students and faculty to be their best selves every day, ensuring an unyielding focus at all times on what is best for Vincent Academy's scholars, their families and their community.
In order to fulfill these responsibilities, the ideal Executive Director will be:
- An accomplished leader (preferably in the charter school sector), with experience as a school-site administrator serving a similar community of students and families.
- Inspiring in his or her management style; one who sees the possibility in all adults and is willing to devote time to coach and develop them while holding them accountable to measurable results.
- Instructional expert, one who is experienced in building sustainable academic programs and knowledgeable about best practices related to school expansion.
- Culturally competent and a self-reflective leader who understands the effects of race, class, ethnicity, income, and other issues of difference in our society and has personally worked in similar urban communities to ensure all students have the opportunities they deserve.
- Skilled in strategic planning, project management, and organization; able to focus on big picture priorities while not losing sight of the details.
- Dynamic and versatile, engages effectively with a variety of individuals and speaks in a clear, compelling, and authentic manner about the organization's goals and priorities without confusing or alienating community stakeholders.
Please submit a resume and thoughtful cover letter addressed to the Vincent Academy Executive Director Search Committee online at goo.gl/K73rWp. For additional questions about this position or to speak with someone about your interest, please contact Christina Legg Greenberg at firstname.lastname@example.com or at 510.575.9635.
6 or more years
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text:
Hi All,
We're incredibly excited to announce the inaugural Boston Riak Meetup. This has been a long time coming, as the Boston/Cambridge area plays home to Basho HQ.
We'd like to invite you to come to our offices on Massachusetts Ave for an evening of talk about distributed systems, technology, and whatever else that may peak your interest.
Basho will be providing food and refreshments--and breaking with typical meetup traditions, food != pizza this time around. All you need to bring is yourselves, your friends and your hard questions.
The talk itself should run about 45 minutes, after which we hope you'll help consume the beer supply while getting to know other members of the Riak community as well as some of the Basho team.
Look forward to seeing you there, and thanks for being a part of Riak.
Robby Grossman, Tech Lead
Shareaholic (http://www.shareaholic.com/)
Migrating to Riak @Shareaholic
Powering hundreds of thousands of clicks and shares and hundreds of millions of pageviews every month, Shareaholic found itself needing to scale up it's big data architecture. Learn why we chose Riak, what it does for us, and how we imported 100 gigabytes of data from a live Mongo database while maintaining data consistency and zero downtime. I'll discuss the things that went smoothly and the things I'd do differently next time. I'll assume a general familiarity with NoSQL data stores, but no prior knowledge of or experience with Riak.
About Robby
Robby leads tech at Shareaholic in Cambridge, MA. Before Shareaholic he was a senior developer at oneforty, which was acquired by Hubspot in August 2011. He also founded PaperPhobic, a mobile receipt tracking service, and wrote natural language processing software at Inxight, which was acquired by SAP/Business Objects in 2007. He holds a B.A. in Computer Science from Wheaton College and an M.L.A. in Management from Harvard University.
A couple folks asked for my slides from last night. I just posted them here: http://rob.by/2012/migrating-to-riak-at-shareaholic/
The benchmark graphs are a bit more visible than than they were last night.
If anybody has follow-up questions you can catch me on Twitter @freerobby or email me at [masked].
0 · August 31, 2012
This was a great talk that was high level, but still full of useful details.
0 · August 31, 2012
Interesting and relevant presentation and good meeting.
0 · August 31, 2012
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Is C&s Distributors incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding C&s Distributors in Manukau. C&s Distributors is located at PO Box 58774 Botany, Manukau 2163 and provides Web Design services. Contact them on 09 577 1015 or by visiting them on their website http://www.cnsd.co.nz.
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Slayer is now streaming an extremely heavy track from their upcoming album, Repentless, called "Cast The First Stone."
Tom Araya sings plenty about vengeance and war cries in "Cast the First Stone." He tells "Rolling Stone" he got the idea for the song while walking around Athens, Greece and thinking about all the battles that took place there over the centuries.
The track is also available as a free download through Adult Swim Singles.


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Helpful (1)
I have been working at Blue Shield Of California full-time (More than 3 years)
It's a fair and predictable work environment.
It needs to remain vigilant to compete in the ever changing Healthcare landscape.
Advice to Management
Support more innovation!
Helpful (1)
I have been working at Blue Shield Of California full-time (More than 3 years)
Coworkers are great. The work is great. The work/life is great. Salary is great.
There are no cons really.
Advice to Management
There is no advice to management from me.
Helpful (7)
I worked at Blue Shield Of California full-time (More than 5 years)
- Most of the workers are very nice and generally decent people, who truly believe they are doing the right thing.
- They are very diligent about managing within the law (race, gender, sexual orientation, harassment, even though they are iffy when it comes to age and bullying.)
- They actively promote health care reform.
- The Privacy and Info Security teams rock - you can feel pretty secure about your health care data.
- A fairly decent social network even though it has no external connections.
- Once you're in as an employee, you can probably stay awhile, which is a good thing (even if you are mediocre) given today's job market. If you're a contractor there, you get a maximum of 12 months unless they hire you.
- More than a few execs, directors, and senior managers are incompetent and pose serious career roadblocks to those in lower positions. Promotions are very rare, and performance reviews for the large majority of staff end up as a "3" ("1" is the highest, "4" means you're about to be fired.)
- Executives are shockingly out-of-touch with the issues of the majority of staff. Their tiny attempt at building trust and engagement was demonstrated when they attended a company meeting in jeans (and were clearly so uncomfortable doing so that each successive speaker tittered about it as if it were a really cool thing).
- For a company with $10 Billion annual revenues, Pitiful Benefits! NO employee discount on health insurance except what customers could obtain anyway. NO other perks worth mentioning. Not even a way to connect your smart phone to WiFi. But the CEO got almost $5 million last year.
- One of the most useless HR departments I have ever seen. They pay little or no attention to employee allegations against managers unless racial discrimination or sexual harassment is alleged, and even investigations they take up are quickly dropped.
- If you are trying to get hired, you could wait 6-9 months before they even respond to you about a posting, even if the hiring manager is in desperate need to fill the position. Not sure exactly who interferes, but I suspect internal recruiters in HR and department directors trying to cut costs.
- Best tried and true methods of getting ahead: 1) Backstabbing; 2) Quitting.
Advice to Management
- Make sure every person who works at your company can afford the health insurance you offer no matter what their pay grade. It is shameful that $10/hr call center employees can't afford to cover their own families' health care - yet some directors get free parking, some VPs get paid housing, and execs get million$. You are known by how you treat the lowest among you!
- Tackle the tough problems in the "engagement" surveys first, from the top down. Token efforts like having each department come up with one suggestion (that ends up being something like "make T-shirts with a positive message") doesn't cure the big problems.
- Promote your best people from within (not just the directors) and get rid of the dead wood holding them back. Take more chances on employees' ideas, not just their bosses'.


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Is Jacobs Construction incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Jacobs Construction in Waipukurau Hawke's Bay. Jacobs Construction is located at 248 Hatuma Road, Waipukurau Hawke's Bay 4281 and provides Construction services. Contact them on 06-858 8808 or by visiting them on their website http://www.myrthapools.com.
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RD 1 Waipukurau Hawke's Bay 4281
PO Box 333 Waipukurau Hawke's Bay
Hastings NZ Napier NZ Waipukurau Hawke's Bay 4200
725 Lindsay Road R.D.3 Waipukurau Hawke's Bay 4283
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By Cristina Arreola | 10/22/2013 - 11:04
A new study reveals that second-generation Americans and native-born citizens are much more likely to commit a crime than first-generation immigrants.
According to the Pew Research Center, second-generation immigrants are "catching up" to the native-born population when it comes to committing crimes.
Read more
By Fox News Latino | 10/16/2013 - 15:34
President Barack Obama said on Tuesday that stalled immigration reform would be a top priority once the fiscal crisis has been resolved.
"Once that's done, you know, the day after, I'm going to be pushing to say, call a vote on immigration reform," he told the Los Angeles affiliate of Spanish-language television network Univision.
Read more
By Cristina Arreola | 10/16/2013 - 14:43
Frustrated by the lack of progress in Congress on immigration reform, protestors have resorted to drastic new tactics to prevent deportations.
Read more
By Cristina Arreola | 10/15/2013 - 13:11
Amidst the buzz of tourists, airline traffic, and announcements for final boarding call at a busy airport, two immigrants quietly depicts their heartbreaking journey away from their family and home country.
In a viral video called "The Surprise: Dedicated to Everyone Who Is Far Away," two Spaniards who have lived in Mexico for two and a half years capture their journey to visit their parents in Spain.
Read more
By Latina Staff | 10/09/2013 - 11:01
California Gov. Jerry Brown has been working hard to sign bills into law that will speed up the assmilation of immigrants in the country illegally -- at least throughout California. A study conducted by the University of Southern California found that over 2.6 million people in the state of California, the majority being Latinos, do not have legal status.
Read more
By Priscilla Rodriguez | 10/02/2013 - 15:58
Three dozen undocumented immigrants, who dubbed themselves the Dream 30, staged a protest near Laredo, Texas on Monday. "Undocumented! Unafraid!" the group shouted as they stood at the Mexican border.
This is the second time in only a few short months that a group of undocumented immigrants, who lived part of their lives in the United States, attempted to bring attention to the 1.7 million-plus people who had been deported during President Obama's first term in office.
Read more
By Cristina Arreola | 09/26/2013 - 11:17
A new bill has reached the desk of California Gov. Jerry Brown, and it could make it easier to many undocumented immigrants to achieve the American Dream.
Read more
By Samantha Leal | 09/24/2013 - 14:13
We understand that some misguided folks portray undocumented immigrants like some kind of horror movie, but this is a bit much. In a segment called "The Grapevine," Fox News referred to undocumented youth as "children of the corn," in a screen graphic displayed at the top of their broadcast, reports the Huffington Post.
Read more
By Cristina Arreola | 09/23/2013 - 09:44
Mexican actor Diego Luna has never been shy about speaking up about immigration policy.
Luna, who just finished directing a biopic about U.S. civil rights activist Cesar Chavez, recently said the U.S. can strengthen its border with Mexico, but it cannot eliminate people's need to survive.
Read more
By Cristina Arreola | 09/13/2013 - 14:56
A new report proves that immigration reform could positively impact the U.S. economy.
According to a report conducted by the Americas Society/ Council of the Americas (AS/COA), immigrants in the United States have proven to be a contributing factor in creating manufacturing jobs and increasing housing wealth.
Read more
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Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Can a gluten free person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Can a vegan person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Does this restaurant specialize in Halal food?
Is this a Kosher restaurant?
Is this primarily a coffee shop?
Thanks for helping!
This is a quaint little place with a cool Tiki-Bar and restaurant. Our favorite menu item is the New England Clam Chowder. It may be the best you've ever had!
Hard to get a better fish sandwich and a bowl of clam chowder. Fun, relaxing but vibrant place to get a relatively inexpensive lunch. Parking can be a problem.
The New England clam chowder is excellent. Everything else trends toward the fried. Think clam strip basket, but, hey, it was 9.99 with 4.50 wine a glass house wines. Multiple beer choices. Good, fun place and a great choice for kids.
We had a party of 11, and had a variety of seafood meals. I had the crabcakes which were excellent, with a lot of crabmeat. Everyone enjoyed their meal. Service was average, atmosphere was comfortable and laid back. We enjoyed our visit.
Busy place and parking can be a challenge but the food is good and not overly priced like many places in the area. Stop for lunch or dinner on your way to or from the beach. If looking for some place a little different, this is it but don't expect quiet.
Great food. I had the cheesy jalapeño crab bites and prime rib. Everyone in our party of 5 thought the food was excellent!
This is our 5 th year going to Capt. Curt's,great atmosphere & great food especially the clam chowder.
Very good seafood, prime rib sandwiches, and crab cake, but the BEST clam chowder ever. Seriously! 👍
Had to give this place another shot, and this time it was delicious! No complaints. The kids each got a frisbee to go with their meals, and the adults just got good quality food. Not too crowded and the staff were friendly and fun.
I have been going to Siesta Key Beach for years & Captain Curts is definitely a place to stop by for some great food & fun!! Will always be going there. The staff os excellent & food is great!!
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.
Your address and do you serve conch chowder?
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Wash and dry the peaches.
Score the bottoms of each peach with a 1/2-inch "X."
In the pot that underlies your standard steamer configuration, combine the sugar, 2 cups water, bourbon, salt, and juice. Go ahead and throw the halved lemon in the syrup for a little bitter punctuation if you are so inclined; otherwise discard it.
Bring the syrup to a full rolling boil.
Place the peaches in the steamer basket, scored side up, and cover the steamer. Steam for 3 minutes, or until the peel starts to "open" up away from the score marks.
Remove the steamer basket from the steamer configuration (leave the peaches in it), and set aside to cool for a few moments, until the peaches can be handled safely.
Back at the stove, the syrup should be rolling away at a boil (and some lovely peach juices should have dripped into it).
Over medium-high heat, reduce the syrup 5 minutes, until it coats the back of a spoon and is about the consistency of real maple syrup at room temperature.
Turn off the syrup and let it rest.
The peaches should be cool enough to peel. With clean hands, peel from the "X" toward the stem end of the peach. You should be able to remove the peel in 4 easy "fillets."
Using a paring knife, halve the peaches. Then tumble them in the syrup to coat.
Serve the peaches, slightly warm or at room temperature, with about 2 tablespoons of the reduced syrup.


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Thanks liscia. I'm talking to my OB about having the Mirena inserted at the end of this month. That will have me on permanent contraception for another year, then I might be ready to ttc #2. if we have 1 we can give her so much. But I would like to give her a little sister too. I loved pregnancy & birth etc! So I'm certain on there being a number 2!
I need to sort out the contraception tho because DH is ok if we accidentally fall pregnant now!! And I'm not!
Hi all,
I just turned 42 and I'm 11 weeks pregnant!
We started late, couldn't get pregnant, got some help and then lost 3 angel babies before having our DD (at age 36) now 5 and then our DS (at age 38) he'll be 4 in Sept.
We thought we might be pushing out luck to keep trying for our much wanted 3rd child but I got pregnant again and we lost this angel baby in Jan 2010.
I am now busting to tell everybody that I am 11 weeks pregnant again and (fingers crossed) all seems to be going well.
My DS, my last angel and this (touch wood) young wigglebum were all natural conceptions.
I can't believe my luck!
My DH and I are very (nervously) thrilled.
Last edited by LindaYNM; 25-08-2011 at 10:32.
Congratulations Linda! All the best to you for this pregnancy
hey all yes congrates Linda.
so how are we all?
I just wanted to say thanks for the well wishes and...
There was a time in my life of TTC that (although I would always be happy for someone who found themselves pregnant with a much longed for baby) I would suffer with mixed emotions when hearing their good news. Sadness, Envy, Anger (why not me)
So to those still longing - I hoped that posting this message might offer some hope to those needing some.
Good luck to all...
hi, I'm 42...woo hoo -
from perth, three children DS 7, DD1 6 and DD2 3. DH is 45.
if i had started younger, i would have had another, but unless a miracle happens, and not that we're planning anything anyway, i'd say our family is complete.
hi everyone!
it took hubby and i over 14 yrs to have ds1.
so anything is possible.
well girls xox
well girls, Im booked in next week to have my Mirena IUD inserted.
Im definately decided that I will wait to have #2, and planning for DD1 to be around 3 by the time the next one arrives..... I hope we fall easily
I really enjoyed my pregnancy experience, birth and newborn and developing stages with DD1 and I want to be able to do that with no2.... with DD1 being that bit older and more independant, feeding herself, out of nappies - and hopefully settling easier!!
So, no TTC for us for about a year! DH will be about 45 by the time we get to no2! Ohwell, thats just the way it is!
Hope everyone is travelling well x
Pregnant for the first-time?
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Private In-Home and Online SAT Tutoring in Missouri
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