text:
Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
proper noun
(1899–1989), Algerian nationalist leader. President of the provisional government of the Algerian republic from 1958, he was appointed first president of independent Algeria in 1962 but fell from favour the following year.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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text:
Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence
Volume 1502 of the series Lecture Notes in Computer Science pp 273-283
The problem of missing values in decision tree grafting
- Geoffrey I. WebbAffiliated withSchool of Computing and Mathematics, Deakin University
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
Decision tree grafting adds nodes to inferred decision trees. Previous research has demonstrated that appropriate grafting techniques can improve predictive accuracy across a wide cross-selection of domains. However, previous decision tree grafting systems are demonstrated to have a serious deficiency for some data sets containing missing values. This problem arises due to the method for handling missing values employed by C4.5, in which the grafting systems have been embedded. This paper provides an explanation of and solution to the problem. Experimental evidence is presented of the efficacy of this solution.
Key wordsGrafting Decision Tree Learning Missing Values
Chapter Metrics
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- Title
- The problem of missing values in decision tree grafting
- Book Title
- Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence
- Book Subtitle
- 11th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AI'98 Brisbane, Australia, July 13–17, 1998 Selected Papers
- Pages
- pp 273-283
- Copyright
- 1998
- 10.1007/BFb0095059
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-540-65138-3
- Online ISBN
- 978-3-540-49561-1
- Series Title
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Series Volume
- 1502
- Series Subtitle
- Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
- Series ISSN
- 0302-9743
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Grafting
- Decision Tree Learning
- Missing Values
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Authors
- Geoffrey I. Webb (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. School of Computing and Mathematics, Deakin University, 3217, Geelong, Vic, Austrlia
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


text:
March, May or June? Fed minutes may hold clues on timing of next interest-rate hike
The stock market is winning so much, investors are thinking Nasdaq 6,000
Tesla earnings: Expect Model 3 updates amid record stock highs
HP earnings: Holiday PC sales could be a win, but not a cure
It's worse than you thought: Americans are drastically under-saved for retirement
Here are 6 global flashpoints Trump could ignite with a simple tweet
Market timing is out of favor — so is a stock-market top near?
U.S. stocks on pause after record rally, with Fed minutes ahead
The RetireMentors
Virtual Stock Exchange
Location Scouts
Lazy Portfolios


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text:
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
With the unbridled and often haphazard growth of the Internet, various guides have evolved to organize and simplify its use. These compilations of selected resources, generally arranged by topic or type, can be an invaluable aid. Guides existing on World Wide Web (WWW) servers not only provide links to resources all over the world, but also may include images, sounds, and video clips. (See Glowniak and Bushway, JAMA. 1994;271:1934-1939 for information on the WWW and Internet in general.) As with any guided tour, these tours of the Internet vary in completeness and currency.
With its focus on clinical medicine, Medical Matrix is one of several noteworthy efforts to organize the Internet biomedically. It is an ongoing project of the Internet Working Group of the American Medical Informatics Association and is accessed by using a graphical WWW browser, such as Mosaic or Netscape. Connecting to Medical Matrix the first time is
Pratt GF. Medical Matrix. JAMA. 1995;274(17):1405-1406. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530170085042
© 2017


text: Disc Jam is a new arcade sports game being developed by former Call of Duty, Guitar Hero, and Tony Hawk developers. Relive the intense competitive action of an old coin-op classic, but in a modern package complete with online play and ranked leagues. Jump in with 2-4 players and compete 1v1 or 2v2 in a unique combination of air hockey and tennis. Every character is unique; find the one that matches your playstyle.


text:
A civil war is on the horizon for the watery world of Mon Calamari, but the Jedi are on hand to help ... right?
In this exclusive preview of Cartoon Network's one-hour 'Star Wars: The Clone Wars' Season 4 premiere (Fri., Sept. 16, 8PM ET), Yoda and Mace Windu consult with Anakin Skywalker, Captain Ackbar (yep, he's not an admiral -- yet!) and Padme Amidala about the impending war. Can they stop it and protect the Mon Cala from the Quarren?
Check out the clip from 'Water War' below!


text:
Is Roof Works CC incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding Roof Works CC in East London Eastern Cape. Roof Works CC is located at 15 Moore St, East London Eastern Cape 5201 and provides Home Improvement services. Contact them on 083 235 3403.
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text:
Demonstrators protest Alabama's immigration law in 2012.
Alabama's notoriously harsh anti-immigration law may have breathed its last gasp.
The state quietly settled a lawsuit over what critics called the measure's "scarlet letter" provision, which would have required the state to publish the names and other private information of immigrants unable to prove their legal status in state court.
"What you have now is the state of Alabama coming to terms with the fact that not only was this law bad policy, it was also illegal as a constitutional matter," Karen Tumlin, managing attorney for the National Immigration Law Center, told BuzzFeed News.
Alabama agreed last Thursday to drop the provision. The settlement is awaiting near-certain approval by a federal judge.
Civil rights groups — including the Southern Poverty Law Center, the NILC, and the ACLU of Alabama — challenged the law on the grounds that the information was confidential, could lead to vigilantism against immigrants, and did not accommodate changes to people's immigration status.
Alabama's law, known as HB 56, passed in 2011, and was the most extreme in a wave of state legislation across the country designed to punish undocumented immigrants in as many ways as possible. Since then the law has been steadily unraveling, with most of its major provisions either blocked by courts or dropped by the state itself. The "scarlet letter" provision is the last to fall.
Immigrant advocates say that the unraveling of HB 56 is part of a broader shift around the country away from harsh anti-immigrant laws on the state and local level. Instead, more and more states are passing what Tumlin of the NILC called "pro-immigrant, inclusive" legislation, such as laws granting driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants or in-state tuition for DREAMers.
The Alabama law and others like it were directly inspired by S.B. 1070 in Arizona, which caused a national stir in 2010 by requiring that law enforcement officers demand immigration papers from people they stopped.
But HB 56 went much further.
The law was guided by the philosophy of "self-deportation," popular among conservative Republicans — the idea that if you can make their daily life difficult enough, undocumented immigrants will leave on their own.
When the bill passed, one of its sponsors, State Rep. Micky Hammon, proudly said it "attacks every aspect of an illegal alien's life," as AL.com reported at the time. As such, Hammon said, "This bill is designed to make it difficult for them to live here so they will deport themselves."
To that end, HB 56 criminalized nearly every aspect of an undocumented immigrant's life. It made it illegal for undocumented immigrants to work or to seek work, required police to arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally, forced schools to check the immigration status of its students, made it illegal to rent an apartment to an undocumented immigrant, and so forth.
But the law unleashed a flurry of unintended consequences, many of them damaging to the state's economy or embarrassing to its image. It suffered a backlash from law enforcement, which did not appreciate legislators dictating their priorities, and from two of Alabama's most powerful business constituencies — agriculture and auto manufacturing — seriously undermining support for the law.
Initially, HB 56 succeeded in driving undocumented immigrants out of the state in droves. This exodus laid bare the rarely acknowledged fact that farms in Alabama, as in most states, depend on cheap labor from undocumented immigrants. Deprived of many of their workers, farmers lashed out against the law, and Republicans in the state started having second thoughts.
Then, in a widely publicized, awkward incident in November of 2011, cops in Alabama stopped a Mercedes Benz executive driving a rental car and were forced, under the new law's provisions, to arrest him when he couldn't produce acceptable ID. The executive was driving near Tuscaloosa, where Mercedes Benz has a manufacturing plant — Alabama, like many Southern states, has bent over backward in recent decades to attract foreign automakers by giving them generous tax breaks and other incentives.
Over the next two years, the law was taken apart piece by piece. Alabama settled most of the lawsuits against it, brought both by the Justice Department and by various civil rights groups, in October of 2013. By a combination of these settlements and court decisions, the state agreed to drop or significantly narrow the law's major components.
Sam Brooke, an attorney for the SPLC, highlighted one of those court decisions — Central Alabama Fair Housing Center v. Magee — which halted the law's criminalization of renting property to undocumented immigrants. That decision, Brooke told BuzzFeed News, "was fundamental in saying that there likely was racial animus behind the passage of this law."
By and large, Alabama's immigration law has died a quiet death. None of the settlements and decisions burying HB 56's various components have met any real opposition, even from the lawmakers who originally championed the bill.
The law's opponents say this is because HB 56 proved to be little more than a headache and an embarrassment to Alabama. And even as the House of Representatives is pursuing similarly harsh anti-immigrant bills on the federal level (such as the SAFE act), they also tie the decline of HB 56 to a broader turn away from anti-immigrant legislation around the country on the state and local level.
Tumin, of the NILC, said that similar laws in Georgia, Indiana, Utah, and other states have been scaled back or blocked in recent months, usually in the face of lawsuits like the ones that brought down HB 56.
The outlier, Tumin said, is Arizona, which continues to aggressively defend legal challenges against S.B. 1070, the progenitor of all other anti-immigrant laws around the country.
"It's telling that you're not seeing new proposals that target immigrants coming out of statehouses," Tumin said. "The era of anti-immigrant state policies has subsided."
- Churches across the US are prepping an underground railroad system for immigrants who fear deportation under Trump.
- The widow of a Kansas immigrant allegedly killed by a white nationalist demanded answers from the government about stopping hate crimes in the US.
- Time to change your passwords: Uber and Fitbit are among the millions of websites that may have been compromised 🔐
- A billboard in North Carolina that claims "Real men provide. Real women appreciate it," has sparked controversy across the country 👀


text:
Gira offers a wide range of control devices, actuators, transformers and more besides for dimming lights. The conventional lighting control, eNet wireless system and KNX system product groups include devices for the the open DALI standard. As a digital alternative to the usual 1–10 V technology with various intelligent functions, DALI system devices fulfil the same requirements as complex bus systems, although they are easier and less expensive to install.
DALI, which stands for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface, is a manufacturer-independent standard for lighting control in buildings.
Are you looking for the perfect dimmer for your LED light source, or vice versa? Test your light source/dimmer combination in three steps. The Gira dimmer compatibility tool shows you which of the tested dimmer/light source combinations match your search criteria.
The rotary dimmer switches and dims light sources such as lightbulbs, HV halogen lamps, LV halogen lamps with Gira Tronic transformers or LV halogen lamps with conventional transformers.
A brief touch switches the light on or off. Pressing it for longer dims the light continuously.
A light touch is all that's needed to operate the Gira Touchdimmer as it uses capacitive sensor technology.
The Gira series dimmer is a touch dimmer that allows the user to control two lights or light groups independently of each other.
The Gira System 2000 universal LED dimming insert can be used to switch and dim lightbulbs, HV halogen lamps, HV LED and compact fluorescent lamps. It can be combined with various operating top units and enables individual adjustment of the switch-on brightness and the operation of other auxiliary units.


text:
Meditation Levitation Revealed
Season 1 - Ep. 20
Michael teaches a new form of meditation that (literally) lifts up body and soul.
Up Next
The Carbonaro Effect
Season 1 - Ep. 20
Full Episodes
Meditation Levitation Revealed
Michael teaches a new form of meditation that (literally) lifts up body and soul.
More From The Carbonaro Effect
- The Carbonaro Effect The After Effect - Episode 118 Michael admits how it feels to play tricks on children, and spills secrets from the set.
- The Carbonaro Effect Pop-Up Goldfish Children's pop-up books are a lot more exciting when they come alive...literally.
- The Carbonaro Effect Reaction Interviews (Part 7) Two construction workers talk about what it was like to spend a shocking day with Michael.
- The Carbonaro Effect The After Effect - Episode 117 Michael dives into fan questions, and spills secrets from the show.
- The Carbonaro Effect Antique Chest With Modern Flair Two women discover an antique bespoke chest that was way ahead of its time.
- The Carbonaro Effect The After Effect - Episode 116 In the newest Fan Q&A, Michael talks about trick testing, and admits some of his bad habits.
- The Carbonaro Effect Instant Candy Factory The DE-NUTTER is the perfect holiday gift for your favorite loved one with allergies.
- The Carbonaro Effect Shocking Customer Service A customer tries to make a simple exchange at a hardware store, but Michael blocks her way.
- The Carbonaro Effect Reaction Interviews (Part 6) Two innocent bystanders try to describe their experience under The Carbonaro Effect.
- The Carbonaro Effect The After Effect - Episode 115 Michael talks about favorite shoot locations and how he deals with disgruntled non-believers.
- The Carbonaro Effect 5 Things You Didn't Know About Michael Your favorite magician reveals some lesser-known facts about himself.
- The Carbonaro Effect This Is Not An Orange - FULL EPISODE Michael stuns customers in a thrift store. Get a taste now and binge more episodes On Demand.
- The Carbonaro Effect Escape Artist Tarantula Revealed A big spider makes an unwanted appearance right in the middle of a flea market.
- The Carbonaro Effect Baby Dinosaur Revealed A fossilized egg cracks open and terrifies a museum worker back to prehistoric times.
- The Carbonaro Effect Builder Beetles Revealed Handymen everywhere have a new (tiny) best friend: the Alaskan builder beetle.
- The Carbonaro Effect The New truTV: First Look (sampler) Get a first look at the shows, like THE CARBONARO EFFECT, that make the new truTV way more fun.


text:
Did Burgos use all the unions for chicken soup?
Free e-mail watchdog
Answer this question
Did Burgos use all the unions for chicken soup?
Answer for question:
Your name:
Answer #1
| 24/02 2011 12:49
91 %
Answer #2
| 24/02 2011 14:08
Yes Burgos used all the onions for chicken soup.
85 %
Answer #3
| 25/02 2011 01:22
Yes, one must be a member of a union, teamsters, I believe, in order to make chicken soup while in Burgos. What kind of question is this?
65 %
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text:
The best superhero movie in years.
The best superhero movie in years.
I can report that it enraptured and delighted, and most importantly, made quiet, the houseful of little kids and their nannies with which I watched…
Roger Ebert on James Ivory's "Howards End".
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
An Ebert Fellow on films and programs from Sundance that focus on the environment.
A report on three documentaries from Sundance that tackle race relations in the era of Black Lives Matter.
A news brief on the Agnès Varda exhibition set to premiere at New York's Blum & Poe on Thursday, March 2nd.
The boy loves soccer.
Jana Monji journeys to the legendary Disney vaults to learn more about the creation of Disney's "Pinocchio."
Four honorees were celebrated during a special luncheon preceding the African American Film Critics Association awards on February 8.
Peyton Kennedy on "American Fable"; Dale Robinette's iconic "La La Land" photo; Hollywood diversity report; "I Am Not Your Negro" and white film critics; ReFrame…
A review of the new mini-series "When We Rise," which starts tonight on ABC.
Amy Adams and Matthew Goode have the charm necessary to float a romantic comedy like "Leap Year," and this is a story that needs their buoyancy. A sort of conspiracy forms between the audience and the screen: We know what has to happen, and the movie knows what has to happen, and the point is to keep us amused. "Leap Year" does better than that: It made me care. It does that by not being too obvious about what it is obviously trying to do.
Let's start off on the same page. A sweet but over-organized young woman named Anna (Amy Adams) has been dating a high-powered heart surgeon named Jeremy (Adam Scott) for four years. He's pleasant, attentive, presentable and shares her goal of buying a condo in the best building in Boston. He does nothing, absolutely nothing, wrong. For veteran filmgoers, he has one fatal flaw: He has a healthy head of hair, and every strand is perfectly in place. No modern movie hero can have his hair combed.
When, oh, when, will Jeremy ask Anna to marry her? After dashing her hopes yet again, he hurries off to Dublin for a cardiologists' convention, because as we all know, it's a professional necessity for cardiologists to meet in faraway places they're always wanting to go. Anna is told that in Ireland on Leap Day every four years, a woman can ask a man to marry her. Anna double-checks this on the Web, somehow not discovering that this is believed nearly everywhere, and if for instance a man on Denmark turned her down, he would have to buy her pairs of gloves.
Anna flies off to Ireland. The flight lasts only long enough for her to survive severe turbulence. The plane is diverted to Cardiff. Is anyone surprised that Anna doesn't arrive in Dublin on schedule? Despite canceled ferry boats, she makes her way to Ireland by hiring a tugboat. The skipper says they can't land at Cork but must head for Dingle. Dingle in Ireland is more or less as far as you can get from Wales (or Dublin), but never mind.
We know what's coming. Anna must meet her co-star, Declan, played by Matthew Goode as the owner of the local pub. I suspect business has fallen off ever since Robert Mitchum left after filming "Ryan's Daughter" there in 1969. Anna is now wet and tired but still plucky. In the pub, she asks Declan how she can get to Dublin. Turns out Declan is not only the publican but the taxi driver and runs the local hotel. They get a good smile out of this, but wouldn't you be asking yourself why neither one mentions "Local Hero"?
OK, enough fooling with the plot. Let's agree it stays firmly on course, and that Anna and Declan argue all the way to Dublin through adventures that, by law, must include get getting all muddy and them being forced to share a bedroom together. Therefore, the success of the film depends on the acting and direction.
Amy Adams and Matthew Goode sell it with great negative chemistry and appeal. Adams has an ability to make things seem fresh and new; everything seems to be happening to her for the first time, and she has a particularly innocent sincerity that's convincing. (Who once said if you can fake sincerity, you can fake anything?) Goode is wisely not made too handsome. Oh, you could shoot him as handsome; he's good-looking, let's face it. But the director, Anand Tucker, shoots him as annoyed, rude and scruffy. Hair not too well combed.
Then take another look at Jeremy. I'm not going to say he's too handsome. All I have to say is that in a silent movie, he could simply walk on the screen and you'd know he's not going to get the girl. The movie carefully avoids making him a heavy. It's rather clever: He smoothly does more or less exactly what she's trained him to do, and what he doesn't understand is that she no longer believes in that version of himself.
Bottom line: This is a full-bore, PG-rated, sweet rom-com. It sticks to the track, makes all the scheduled stops and bears us triumphantly to the station. And it is populated by colorful characters, but then, when was the last time you saw a boring Irishman in a movie?
A review of Netflix's new series, Lemony Snicket's "A Series of Unfortunate Events," which premieres January 13.
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Our resident awards expert predicts who will go home with an Oscar on Sunday night.


text:
Saturday 23 June 2012 at 6:00am
Terminus Place, Victoria, London, SW1V 1JR, United Kingdom
Tel: (020) 7833 3139
Web: http://www.pachalondon.com
Pukka Up "We Just Got Hotter" Official Album Launch
Pacha, London Saturday 23rd June 2012
Pukka Up head to their spiritual home of Pacha for their Album Launch Party to celebrate the launch of their latest album in the 'Loves Me' Series "We Just Got Hotter" with DJs Mark... Robinson, Sam Walker, Soulshaker, Ruffloaderz, & DJ OZ!
Ahead of another mind-blowing season in Ibiza throwing sell-out boat parties and rocking Space (No 1 Club In The World), global clubbing brand, Pukka Up is gearing up to keep the kick start the summer with the release of the third instalment in the 'Loves Me' compilation series; 'We Just Got Hotter'. The guys will be playing the soundtrack to the latest album, recreating the inimitable Pukka Up Ibiza vibe that has become synonymous with flirtatious fun and free-spirited clubbing.
So get dressed up and head down to the exclusive launch party. As with all Pukka Up Events tickets always sell out in advance so make sure you book yours early!
On the night they will also be joined by our Exclusive Merchandise suppliers SubSpecies for an Exclusive Fashion Show Case!
So get your glad rags on and hit the Pacha dancefloor with us for the official Album Launch and celebrate in the way only Pukka Up know how!
As with all Pukka Up events tickets always sell out well in advance so make sure you book yours early! Visit www.pukkaup.com/tickets to get your tickets now!
Pukka Up Album Launch Party //
Pacha London, Terminus Place: 10pm – 6am
Club Tickets: Earlybird £10 / Normal £15 (All advanced)
Ticket Websites: www.pukkaup.com


text: Seller: beehiveboutiques (942) 100%, Location: Baldwinsville, New York, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 162283843678 The triple acorn hook measures 4" and the two double hooks measure 3". All hooks are in VERY GOOD condition showing natural wear consistent with their age. There are no cracks or damage to the cast iron.CONDITION RATING CHART:MINT - Brand new, like new or dead stockEXCELLENT - Minimal wearVERY GOOD - Normal wear and/or minor flaws noted that do not compromise the itemGOOD - Numerous flaws noted, sold "as is" Pre-owned clothing, shoes & accessories occasionally show signs of age so expect some natural wear and/or flaws. Be sure to view the photos carefully as they are used as part of the description. All items are described with honest intent and come from a smoke free and pet free environment. Condition: If using eBay's mobile app be sure to view all pics and tap on "Item Description" to see the details., Material: Cast Iron


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We studied the existence, localization and attentional modulation of gamma-band oscillatory activity (30–130 Hz) in the human intracranial region. Two areas known to play a key role in visual object processing: the lateral occipital (LO) cortex and the fusiform gyrus. These areas consistently displayed large gamma oscillations during visual stimulus encoding, while other extrastriate areas remained systematically silent, across 14 patients and 291 recording sites scattered throughout extrastriate visual cortex. The lateral extent of the responsive regions was small, in the range of 5 mm. Induced gamma oscillations and evoked potentials were not systematically co-localized. LO and the fusiform gyrus displayed markedly different patterns of attentional modulation. In the fusiform gyrus, attention enhanced stimulus-driven gamma oscillations. In LO, attention increased the baseline level of gamma oscillations during the expectation period preceding the stimulus. Subsequent gamma oscillations produced by attended stimuli were smaller than those produced by unattended, irrelevant stimuli. Attentional modulations of gamma oscillations in LO and the fusiform gyrus were thus very different, both in their time-course (preparatory period and/or stimulus processing) and direction of modulation (increase or decrease). Our results thus suggest that the functional role of gamma oscillations depends on the area in which they occur.
Oscillatory synchrony has been proposed as a mechanism of neural cooperativity enabling the dynamic formation of distributed cell assemblies (Singer and Gray, 1995). In humans, scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings consistently reveal the existence of synchronized oscillatory activity in the gamma range (>30 Hz) when subjects experience a coherent visual percept (Muller et al., 1996; Tallon-Baudry et al., 1996; Revonsuo et al., 1997; Tallon-Baudry et al., 1997; Keil et al., 1999; Rodriguez et al., 1999; Grice et al., 2001; Gruber et al., 2002). A plausible interpretation of these findings is that objects giving rise to a coherent percept recruit visual areas that are synchronized in the gamma range. However, it is difficult to make inferences about the underlying cell assemblies from scalp recordings. We thus investigated the existence, localization and attentional modulation of gamma oscillations in a series of intracranial recordings in humans.
If gamma oscillatory synchrony were to play an important functional role, it should be confined to some discrete active regions rather than being ubiquitous in the brain, and this localization should be consistent from one subject to the other. Our first objective was thus to determine which regions were systematically engaged in oscillatory synchrony in all subjects and to check how these regions matched against the known functional anatomy of the human visual system.
Our second objective was to describe how these gamma oscillations were modulated by attention. Oscillatory synchrony could not only signal relatedness but could also act as a powerful attentional filter (Fries et al., 2001b, 2002): synchronized outputs are likely to be more efficient on the target structure at the next processing stage than unsynchronized ones. Stimulus-driven gamma oscillations are indeed modulated by attention at the scalp level in humans (Gruber et al., 1999; Shibata et al., 1999). More generally, attention is known to modulate not only sensory responses, but also the activity preceding stimulus onset, when the subject 'prepares to attend' (Luck et al., 1997; Kastner and Ungerleider, 2000). So-called 'baseline shifts' raise many questions (Driver and Frith, 2000; Driver and Frackowiak, 2001). In particular, how they might influence the following sensory response has not been much documented, although it is usually held they should convey some advantage to subsequent stimulus processing.
A series of 14 patients with depth electrodes implanted in extrastriate visual cortex were recorded in a blocked experimental design (Fig. 1). In the 'attend' condition, subjects prepared to attend while fixating a central cross (baseline) and actively processed the incoming stimulus for delayed comparison with a second stimulus. In the 'unattend' condition, subjects knew they had to detect a change in the luminance of the central fixation cross that could only occur at the end of the trial. No activity other than fixation was thus required during baseline in the 'unattend' condition, and the first stimulus was irrelevant. Subjects were reminded which task to perform at the beginning of each recording block. We present here how attention modulates both the gamma activity preceding stimulus onset and the gamma sensory response, in the lateral occipital cortex (LO) and the fusiform gyrus, two regions that play a key role in visual object processing as shown in numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies.
Material and Methods
Fourteen patients (6 males, 8 females; mean age 34, range 20–58 years) with medically intractable partial epilepsy were implanted with depth electrodes for presurgical seizure focus localization. Their visual acuities were normal or corrected to normal. One patient showed a scotoma that spared the central visual field. Recordings were performed at the end of the fortnight monitoring period, once a sufficient number of seizures had been recorded. At the time of recordings, most patients were under antiepileptic monotherapy, most often carbamazepine. Evoked potentials recording is part of the functional mapping of eloquent cortical areas that is performed routinely before epilepsy surgery in patients implanted with depth electrodes. According to the French regulations concerning invasive investigations with a direct individual benefit, patients were fully informed about the electrode implantation, stereotactic EEG (SEEG) and evoked potential (EP) recordings, and the cortical stimulation procedures used to localize the epileptogenic and eloquent brain areas. All patients gave their informed consent to participate in the experiment.
Electrodes and Implantation Sites
Electrode contacts were 2 mm long and spaced every 3.5 mm (center-to-center). Depth probes (diameter 0.8 mm) with 10 or 15 contacts each were inserted perpendicularly to the midsagittal plane (Figs 2 and 3) using Talairach's stereotactic grid (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). Electrode locations were measured on X-ray images obtained in the stereotactic frame. The depth of penetration of each contact was measured on the frontal X-ray image from the tip of the electrode to the midline, which was visualized angiographically by the sagittal sinus. The co-registration of the lateral X-ray image and a midsagittal MRI scan, both having the same scale of 1, gave the electrode coordinates in the individual Talaraich space defined by the median sagittal plane, the anterior commissure–posterior commissure(AC–PC) horizontal plane and the vertical AC frontal plane, these anatomical landmarks being identified on the three-dimensional MRI scans. Eventually, this procedure led to the superimposition of each electrode contact onto the patients' structural MRIs.The accuracy of the registration procedure was 2 mm, estimated on another patient's MR images obtained just after electrode explantation and in which electrode tracks were still visible. In order to pool results across subjects, these coordinates were normalized and projected onto the Talairach and Tournoux stereotactic atlas (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The analysis was restricted to the electrodes located within the visual extrastriate cortex but outside the epileptic focus. In particular, electrodes located in the anterior medial temporal structures and the hippocampus as well as electrodes located within lesions were excluded from the analysis.
Paradigm and Recordings
Patients were presented with two tasks in a blocked design (Fig. 1). In the first task ('attend' condition), they had to remember the first stimulus presented to decide whether it was identical or not to the second one. In the second task ('unattend' condition), they ignored the first stimulus but monitored a change in the color of the fixation point that could only occur at the end of the delay. Subjects were reminded at the beginning of each block of recordings which of the two tasks they were going to perform. Stimuli were smooth black shapes presented against a gray background. One trial consisted in a red fixation cross for 800 ms, first stimulus for 400 ms, delay for 800, 1200 or 1600 ms, and either second stimulus (attend condition) or red fixation cross (control condition) for 400 ms. Intertrial interval was randomized between 2500 and 3500 ms. Two or three 8 min blocks of 80 stimuli were recorded in each condition in each patient. Performance was monitored online and the difficulty of the task (difference between the two shapes or luminance decrement of the fixation cross) modified to keep the subject's performance 80–90% correct. The paradigm has already been presented in detail elsewhere (Tallon-Baudry et al., 1998, 2001). In accordance with the online adaptation of task difficulty, all subjects performed both tasks 80–90% correct. Subjects performed slightly better but more slowly in the control than in the attend condition [mean performance: 84.8 ± 0.7% (control), 81.8 ± 1.2% (attend), paired t-test P < 0.02; mean reaction times from second stimulus onset: 1391 ± 10 ms (control), 1344 ± 15 ms (attend), paired t-test P < 0.03]. The video-display refresh rate was 60 or 100 Hz. Continuous data were acquired at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz with a 0.1–200 Hz bandwidth with a Neuroscan system. A vertical electro-oculogram was recorded to monitor eye blinks and eye movements. The ground electrode could be either a contact in the bone or a scalp electrode placed on the forehead. The reference electrode was usually a contact in the skull. In some patients a deep electrode was used as a reference for recordings and the data were re-referenced offline prior to data analysis using a contact in the bone.
Data Analysis
Raw data were visually inspected and any trial containing an artefact (mainly eye blinks detected in the electro-oculogram) discarded, leaving on average respectively 122 correct trials in the attend condition (range 86–169) and 117 correct trials in the control condition (range 88–158). There were not enough error trials to analyze these.
For each single trial, data were analyzed in the time–frequency domain by convolution with complex gaussian Morlet's wavelets with a ratio f/σf of 7, with f the central frequency of the wavelet and σf its standard deviation in frequency, the frequency ranging from 6 to 150 Hz in 2 Hz steps (Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand, 1999). This leads at 30 Hz to a wavelet with a σf of 4.28 Hz and a σt of 37.2 ms. At each time t and frequency f the result of the convolution for trial j is a complex number:
To quantify independently the attentional modulation of the baseline and of the sensory response, we worked directly on the mean value p of power in the 30–130 Hz frequency band. Statistical significance of attentional modulations were tested using randomization procedures on a subject-by-subject basis. These procedures have the great advantage that they can be applied to data of unknown distribution. Randomization procedures test whether a difference between two datasets (here attend and unattend) is or is not likely to have arisen by chance. The comparison between two groups involves randomly swapping data between groups and computing the difference for these resampled data. This procedure is repeated 1000 times per subject. If the original difference is larger than any of the 1000 differences obtained from the resampled data, then the original difference can be considered as significant with a P-value <0.001. The generalized Monte-Carlo test we used is fully described in Manly (1991). For comparison purposes, the same analysis has been replicated on the mean value p of power between 8 and 12 Hz (alpha range) and between 15 and 20 Hz (beta band) [The beta band has been shown previously (Tallon-Baudry et al., 1998, 2001) to be reactive during the delay in the same paradigm].
Attentional modulations of the evoked potentials were analyzed in 50 ms time-window centered around the main peaks (see Results) on a subject-by-subject basis. The mean potential value in the 50 ms time-window (corrected by the mean amplitude in the −400 to 50 ms baseline) was measured for each single trial, in both conditions. For each subject, the attend and unattend conditions were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test for unmatched samples.
Existence and Localization of Gamma Oscillations
Large gamma oscillations could be observed at some recording sites on raw data during stimulus presentation (Fig. 2). These oscillations rose sharply between 100 and 150 ms, and were present during the whole stimulus presentation. Their latency varied from one trial to the other. Hence they tended to cancel out on the averaged evoked potential. To quantify these induced oscillations, time–frequency plots averaged across trials were computed for each recording site in the attend condition. The amplitude of the gamma response was defined as the mean between 50 and 400 ms and 30 and 130 Hz of the Z-transformed power. As a first approach, this amplitude was plotted at each implanted site in the Talairach normalized brain (291 contacts across 14 patients, Fig. 3a). Among the regions sampled, two regions consistently displayed a large gamma response. One region was located in the LO sulcus and the other in the fusiform gyrus (Fig. 3b). The only contact located in the vicinity of the calcarine sulcus (red arrow in Fig. 3b) also showed a gamma response (Fig. 4).
To quantitatively assess the localization of the gamma response, a site was defined as responsive if it displayed gamma oscillations whose mean Z-score exceeded 2 for at least 200 ms during stimulus presentation in a 10 Hz frequency band located between 30 and 130 Hz. Going back to individual structural MR images, we checked that all patients implanted with an electrode in the fusiform gyrus displayed a gamma response to the stimulus (5 patients, mean Talairach coordinates in mm x = 31, y = −53 and z = −11) and that all the patients implanted with an electrode in the LO region displayed a gamma response to the stimulus (4 patients, mean Talairach coordinates in mm x = 24, y = −80, z = 11). Figure 3 illustrates the full amplitude range of the sites considered responsive, Figure 3c (left) showing the largest gamma response and Figure 3d (left) the weakest.
Gamma oscillations were confined within these structures: contacts located a few millimeters away did not show any oscillatory response. Figure 5 illustrates the spatial distribution of gamma oscillations along four electrode tracks recorded in a single patient. The lateral extent of the gamma response is small, in the range of 5 mm. None of the other implanted regions showed large gamma oscillations during stimulus encoding (Fig. 3a,b) according to the criterion defined above, except for the single electrode contact located in the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus (Fig. 4).
Time and Frequency Characteristics of Gamma Oscillations
Oscillations rose between 100 and 160 ms at all sites, with a latency at half height of 138.0 ± 10.2 ms (mean ± SEM) in LO and 117.6 ± 15.7 ms in the fusiform gyrus. Across all patients, the difference in latency between the two regions was not significant (Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0.54). Two patients were simultaneously implanted in LO and the fusiform gyrus. These two patients showed opposite trends, one showing a shorter latency in LO and the other a shorter latency in the fusiform gyrus. The latency difference between LO and the fusiform gyrus remained small in these two patients (22 ms in one patient, 45 in the other). There was thus no evidence for one site responding systematically before the other, either in the two cases of simultaneous recordings in LO and the fusiform gyrus or across the group of patients.
The peaking frequency of gamma oscillations varied a lot from one patient to the other and one site to the other, ranging from 32 up to 120 Hz. The frequencies in LO and the fusiform gyrus were markedly different in the same patient (Fig. 3c,d) in the two cases of simultaneous implantation. However, there did not seem to be any systematic difference in frequency between LO and the fusiform gyrus: one patient showed a higher frequency in LO than in the fusiform gyrus, the other a lower frequency in LO than in the fusiform gyrus. Across all patients, there was no significant difference in frequency between LO (84.5 ± 14.7 Hz, mean ± SEM) and the fusiform gyrus (62.5 ± 7.9 Hz) (Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0.54).
Attentional Modulation of Gamma Oscillations
Since attention could modulate independently the amplitude of gamma oscillations both before and after stimulus onset, attentional modulations were analyzed directly on power measure rather than on Z-scores. The power of gamma oscillations in the 30–130 Hz range was compared in the attend and unattend conditions in the two regions of interest, LO and the fusiform gyrus. Two time-windows were defined, one during the baseline (−400 to −50 ms, before stimulus onset), when the subject prepared to attend, and one during stimulus presentation (50–400 ms after stimulus onset), when the subject processed the stimulus. Differences in gamma power between the attend and unattend conditions were tested on a subject-by-subject basis using Monte-Carlo randomization procedures.
During baseline, attention did not modify the amplitude of gamma oscillations in the fusiform gyrus (P > 0.15 at each of the five recording sites) but increased significantly the baseline gamma power in LO (P < 0.03 at each of the four recording sites). During stimulus encoding, attention increased the gamma response in the fusiform gyrus (P < 0.03 in the five patients) but decreased the gamma response in LO (P < 0.02 at the four sites). Attentional modulations of gamma power are summarized in Figure 6: in the fusiform region, attention did not modify the baseline level of gamma oscillations but increased the oscillatory response to the stimulus. In LO, the baseline level of gamma oscillations was enhanced by attention, but the following oscillatory response to the stimulus was reduced. These amplitude modulations were not accompanied by a modification of the peaking frequency of the oscillations (Wilcoxon test for matched pairs, P = 0.55), or by a change in the latency of the stimulus-induced oscillations (latency at half width, Wilcoxon test for matched pairs, P = 0.28).
The attentional modulation of oscillations was confined to the gamma range. No consistent attentional modulation of the baseline level or of the stimulus response could be observed, either in the alpha range (8–12 Hz) or in the beta range (15–20 Hz). In the alpha range, the stimulus-induced power was not modulated by attention, either in LO (P > 0.1 at each site) or in the fusiform gyrus (p > 0.2 at each site). During baseline, there was no modulation of alpha power by attention in the fusiform gyrus (P > 0.11 at each site). In LO, only one recording site out of four showed a significant increase of alpha oscillations in the baseline in the attend condition (P < 0.01 at one site). In the beta band (15–20 Hz), two recording sites (one in the fusiform gyrus and the other in LO) showed the same modulations by attention than in the gamma range. These two sites were those showing the lowest peaking frequency of gamma oscillations (32 and 48 Hz respectively). The effects obtained in the 15–20 Hz range at these two sites are thus likely to correspond to the spreading of a phenomenon centered at higher frequencies.
One electrode contact was located in the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus (Fig. 3b, arrow) and showed large gamma oscillations in response to the stimulus onset. At this site, attentional modulations were qualitatively similar to those observed in the fusiform gyrus: the baseline level of gamma oscillations was not modulated by attention (P = 0.3), and there was a trend for the stimulus-induced oscillatory response to be enhanced (P = 0.07).
Evoked Potentials in LO and the Fusiform Gyrus
In LO, evoked potentials with large peaks could be identified in two out of four patients. They were similar to the evoked potentials described in the literature (Allison et al., 1999; Huettel et al., 2004), with a first deflection around 140 ms, a second one around 200 ms and a third one at 290 ms. In the two other patients evoked potentials were small and did not show any prominent deflections. Figure 7a illustrates the worst (top) and best (bottom) evoked responses recorded in LO. To quantify attentional modulations in each patient, the amplitude of the response was averaged in a 50 ms window centered around 290 ms on each single trial, in the attend and unattend condition. In three out of four patients, the amplitude of the evoked response around 290 ms was modulated by attention, with more positive values in the attend condition (Mann–Whitney U-test on single trials, P < 0.03 in three patients, P = 0.23 in the remaining patient).
Evoked potentials recorded in the fusiform gyrus were also consistent with the literature (Huettel et al., 2004), with a first deflection around 100 ms and a second peak around 180 ms. None of these two peaks were modulated by attention (Mann–Whitney U-test, P > 0.37 in the five patients). The third peak around 300 ms was modulated by attention in four out of five patients (P < 0.05). Suprisingly, this modulation could be either positive or negative, depending on the subject, as illustrated in Figure 7b. No polarity inversion along the electrode track could be observed in any patients, either at 290 ms or earlier.
Gamma Oscillations and Evoked Potentials
Oscillatory induced gamma responses and evoked potentials were not systematically co-localized. Large evoked potentials could be observed outside LO and the fusiform gyrus at various extrastriate recording sites not displaying any gamma activity. Conversely, evoked potentials were not always present in LO and the fusiform gyrus, where large gamma oscillations were observed. Figure 8 shows an example of a recording site in LO showing a large oscillatory-induced response but barely an evoked response, and an example in the lingual gyrus where a large evoked potential could be recorded without concomitant gamma oscillations. Across all sites defined as responsive in the gamma range, the correlation between the evoked potential (mean area under the curve) and the induced gamma response (mean Z score) between 50 and 400 ms is low and not significant (Spearmann correlation coefficient ρ = 0.144; P = 0.5765).
We report the existence of sustained gamma oscillations in the human lateral occipital sulcus (four cases), the fusiform gyrus (five cases), as well as in the posterior calcarine region (one case). These oscillations were characterized by their high central frequency (from 32 up to 120 Hz) and their sustained time-course (plateau maintained throughout stimulus presentation). Sustained gamma oscillations in response to simple visual stimulus have already been observed in the calcarine sulcus in one epileptic patient (Chatrian et al., 1960) as well as in the monkey lunate gyrus (Hughes, 1964; Rols et al., 2001). More transient and broad-band modulations have been reported in the human temporal lobe (Klopp et al., 1999; Lachaux et al., 1999). The high frequency and sustained time-course of those intracranially recorded gamma oscillations are in contrast to the lower frequency (∼30 Hz) and transient increase of gamma oscillations observed with occipital scalp EEG electrodes in the same paradigm (Tallon-Baudry et al., 1998). This suggests that either only the lower components of gamma oscillations can be observed at the scalp level, or that the brief burst of oscillatory activity detected at scalp occipital electrodes reflects complex and transient interactions between sustained oscillations occurring at different frequencies in the LO sulcus and fusiform gyrus. The third possibility is that the signal at occipital scalp electrodes is dominated by another source of more transient gamma oscillations that was not investigated here, given the necessarily finite sampling of the occipito-temporal lobe obtained here.
The two active regions (LO sulcus and fusiform gyrus) were anatomically well localized. All contacts in the posterior fusiform gyrus displayed large oscillations, while the power of these oscillations dropped close to zero as soon as the contacts were localized either more laterally or just above the fusiform gyrus. The LO region is more complex anatomically (Duvernoy, 1999). In some patients the LO sulcus itself could be identified without any doubt, in others the responsive contacts could be rather located in the transverse occipital sulcus. In any case the lateral extent of the gamma responsive region was again confined to a few contacts.
Although the electrode distribution covers pretty well the posterior ventral visual pathway, it cannot be excluded that an active region has not been investigated. For instance, only one electrode track explores the calcarine sulcus. It is all the more possible that an active region has not been sampled since the spatial extent of gamma oscillations is small, of the order of 5 mm. However, it is interesting to note that the two regions we identified on the basis of the strength of their gamma oscillatory response have repeatedly been reported as activated in object perception tasks in fMRI experiments. The lateral occipital complex is a region that was originally functionally defined as responding more to objects than to their scrambled counterpart (Malach et al., 1995; Grill-Spector et al., 1998b). It was also shown to be strongly involved in object shape analysis (Grill-Spector et al., 1998a; Kourtzi and Kanwisher, 2001). This vast complex was subdivided in a dorsal region referred to as LO and a more anterior and ventral region in the posterior fusiform gyrus called pFs (Grill-Spector et al., 1999; Malach et al., 2002). The anatomical localization of the two foci showing large gamma oscillations during stimulus presentation fits quite well with LO and pFs as defined by fMRI experiments. The differences in frequency and the different effects of attention in LO and the fusiform gyrus further support the idea that they are two functionally distinct regions (Grill-Spector et al., 1999; Malach et al., 2002).
Stimulus-induced gamma oscillations (appearing with a jitter in latency from one trial to the other) and stimulus-locked evoked potentials (appearing with a fixed delay after stimulus onset) were not systematically colocalized: large oscillatory responses could be observed in the absence of evoked potentials and vice versa. The observation of gamma oscillations without concomitant evoked potentials points to the relevance of both types of activity when deciding whether or not an area is functional prior to a surgical ablation in clinical practice. It also suggests that gamma oscillations are worth taking into account when attempting to combine electrophysiological and fMRI data. Indeed, the spatial correlation between evoked potentials and BOLD responses has been found to be weak, especially in the fusiform region (Huettel et al., 2004), while the BOLD signal seems to correlate well with the plateau of 40–130 Hz oscillations in local field potentials in monkeys (Logothetis et al., 2001; Logothetis, 2003).
The gamma responses in LO and the fusiform gyrus were modulated by attention. Oscillatory synchrony has been proposed to be a mechanism of attentional selection (Fries et al., 2001b, 2002), the rationale being that coincident spikes are more likely to be efficient on subsequent processing stages. The increase of gamma oscillations by attention we observe in the fusiform gyrus fits well with this interpretation. It is also in keeping with fMRI studies showing that attention enhances activity in this region (Wojciulik et al., 1998; Vuilleumier et al., 2001; Pessoa et al., 2002). Whether the enhancement of the sensory gamma response we observe in the posterior fusiform region relates to the enhancement of gamma activity by spatially selective attention described in monkey area V4 (Fries et al., 2001b) is not clear, and the homology between human LO / pFs and monkey areas V4 / TEO remains a matter of intense debate (Tootell and Hadjikhani, 2001; Zeki, 2003; Denys et al., 2004).
In LO, the pattern of attentional modulation was very different and more complex than in the fusiform region. Because of these differences between LO and the fusiform gyrus, it seems unlikely that our results can be explained either by a global effect of the medical treatment some of the patients received or by a global state change between conditions. In LO, attention increased the baseline level of gamma oscillations: when preparing to attend the shape, LO was more synchronized in the gamma range. It should be noted that the fixed duration of the baseline probably enhanced attentionally driven anticipatory changes in neural dynamics. So-called 'baseline-shifts' are usually thought to convey an advantage to the attended stimulus — this advantage being most often considered to be an increase in the sensory response. This appealing notion is only partly supported by experimental evidence. Some studies indeed reported an increase of the sensory response following baseline enhancement in human area MT (Chawla et al., 1999), V2 and V4 (Kastner et al., 1999), as well as an increase in baseline gamma activity followed by a large gamma response in monkey area V4 (Fries et al., 2001b). However, others studies found that an increase of activity during baseline led to either no modification of the sensory response in human area V1 (Kastner et al., 1999) or even to a decreased response in monkey areas V2 and V4 (Luck et al., 1997).
In our findings, the increase in gamma oscillations during baseline was followed by a reduced gamma response to the stimulus in the attend condition. How can this reduced response facilitate stimulus processing? A decisive advantage that could be given to the attended stimulus is the speeding of its processing. The increase in pre-stimulus oscillatory synchrony by attention in LO could lead to a better temporal coordination of the first spikes following stimulus onset, thereby increasing the efficacy of neural firing on subsequent processing stages (Fries et al., 2001a). In the attend condition, the temporal coordination of membrane potential fluctuations in LO during the expectation period could enable a brief but efficient burst of spikes in response to the stimulus. Processed information would then quickly be transmitted to other areas such as the fusiform region in which the processing of the attended shape is large and sustained when paying attention to the stimulus. The hypothesis that the strength of oscillatory synchrony in LO influences the latency of the spiking output thus cannot be readily tested in the experiment presented here, because the electrodes we used record local field potentials, considered to reflect mainly intracortical processing, but not the spiking activity related to the output of the structure (Logothetis, 1998).
In the unattend condition, the stimulus is irrelevant but produces large gamma oscillations in LO. It should be noted that the perceptual load of the task in the unattend condition (detection of a luminance change of the fixation cross at the end of the delay) is low at the time of stimulus onset. As postulated by Lavie (1995) and shown by Rees et al. (1997), irrelevant stimuli are automatically processed when the concurrent task does not exhaust perceptual capacities. It could thus be that in the unattend condition the irrelevant stimulus is fully processed in LO, yielding large gamma oscillations, but that information is not transmitted to the fusiform gyrus which remains silent in the unattend condition.
Our results demonstrate the existence of a functional dissociation between gamma oscillations occurring simultaneously in two distinct extrastriate regions. Gamma oscillations were observed to occur at markedly different frequencies in LO and the fusiform gyrus during stimulus encoding (Fig. 3c,d). A similar difference in the central frequency of stimulus-related oscillatory activity was already reported from the anesthetized monkey areas V1 and V4 (Rols et al., 2001). This could suggest that oscillations during stimulus encoding reflect local, within-area processing rather than a synchronized assembly distributed over distinct functional areas. The different attentional modulation of gamma oscillations in LO and the fusiform gyrus supports the idea that gamma oscillatory synchrony could play a different role depending on the functional specificity of the area in which the oscillations occur. Self-generated preparatory attention influenced the baseline level of gamma oscillations in LO, while stimulus-driven oscillations were modulated by attention in opposite directions in LO and the fusiform gyrus. Attention thus seems to influence neural synchrony differently at different levels of processing. Internally driven and stimulus-driven attention may either interact as in LO, or act separately as in the fusiform gyrus. Attentional mechanisms seem finely tuned both in time, depending on whether the subject prepares to attend or actually pays attention to the stimulus, and in space, depending on the functional specificity of the area considered. Our study thus reveals a pattern of attentional modulations more complex than originally thought. However, this complexity potentially enhances the capacity of the system by increasing its flexibility and thereby its ability to provide an adapted response in different attentional conditions.
We are very grateful to the patients who accepted to participate in this study and to the hospital staff who helped during the experiments. We also wish to thank Nathalie George and Bernard Renault for discussion and helpful suggestions. This work was supported grants from the Fyssen Foundation and the French Ministry of Research (ACI Neurosciences Intégratives et Computationnelles).
Author notes
1LENA CNRS UPR 640, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France, 2INSERM U280, 151 cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France and 3Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Bd Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France


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2. On 'Compose Message Page', verify the order number you want to request return on the top of the page, choose 'RMA Inquiry' from the drop down menu, provide the item# (you can find on your order invoice e-mail) and the reason you want to return, and indicate you want to return for replacement or refund before click 'send message' button.
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Games & Hobbies, Video Games, TV & FilmFollow
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The leaders in gaming news hand-pick the day's hottest news. Basically, if you've ever wished the Paparazzi would follow around Batman and Zelda, the Daily Fix is for you.
October 24th, 2014
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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
nounmass nounrare
A form of madness involving the delusion of being a dog, with correspondingly altered behaviour.
insanity, insaneness, dementia, mental illness, derangement, dementedness, instability, unsoundness of mind, lunacy, distraction, depression, mania, hysteria, frenzy, psychosis, psychopathy, schizophrenia, hydrophobiaView synonyms
- 'From the illnesses of Cynanthropy and Lycanthropy, many change into dogs, their eyes become fiery, with threatening teeth and a sharp nose.'
- 'Some bite and snarl like dogs, and hence it has been called cynanthropy.'
- 'A general cynanthropy prevailed - man ran about, and bit at man.'
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- 'In Hegel's day, the abundant evidence of cynanthropy and lycanthopy in folk-lore and mythology was usually treated as subject-matter for the pathologist.'
Late 16th century: from French cynanthropie (after lycanthropie 'lycanthropy'), from Greek kun-, kuōn 'dog' + anthrōpos 'man'.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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To conceive baby boy
First delivery in 2000 at the 17 years and second delivery 2006 at the age 23 for second delivery i had a neuro stroke that affected my right hand slightly to right leg.But now i am perfectly all right .Now i want to conceive what are things to take care and can I conceive do i face any problem at the time of delivery.Please help because my both babies expired.
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Doctor Answers (1) on To conceive baby boy
Dr. BKN Sudha
10 yrs. of exp | Hyderabad | Gynecologist
Ur age is 33 now.so u can start treatment for infertility as soon as possible. wat is the cause for death of ur babies and ur neuro stroke.take precautions not to get them repeated.
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Is Lmt Surgical incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Lmt Surgical in Ellerslie. Lmt Surgical is located at 2 Kalmia St, Ellerslie and provides Healthcare services. Contact them on 07 3367 6600 or by visiting them on their website http://www.lmtsurgical.com.
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The range consists of implants and related instrumentation for trauma, degenerative disease and other medical conditions.
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April Productions Video & Photography
DVD production, video editing, dvd authoring
Our Cine transfer service is fast and simple.
All transfer is undertaken in our Towcester office, so if you deliver and collect, there is no risk of lost or damaged in the post.
Using broadcast cameras, April Productions will digitally transfer your cine onto Video or DVD or Blu-ray.
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Set up £25 (Per entire job order)
50 ft reels (3″ Diameter) 3-4 minutes £5 (per reel)
200 ft reels (5″ Diameter) 12-17 minutes £10 (per reel)
400 ft reels (7″ Diameter) 24-35 minutes £15 (per reel)
600 ft reels (8″ Diameter) 35-40 minutes £20 (per reel)
Additional dvd copies at time of order £6 per disk
upgrade from video to Blu-ray £30 per Blu-ray disc
Additional Blu-ray copies at time of order £10 per disk
Personalised titles 50 pence per title
Soundtrack 50 pence per reel
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Wedding Video & Photography under one roof
VIDEO COMBI – £1100 or VIDEO-C plus BLU-RAY UPGRADE £1300 This package will include the following: Commencing with the finishing
This package is designed to help you fill in the time between your wedding breakfast and the first dance of
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We are big fans of peanut butter in this house and when we had the opportunity to try several different kinds of nut butters, we were over the moon!
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Family in Maple Ridge
Hi im a single dad, looking for morning care Thursday and Friday's from 6am to 830 so they can get to school my kids are 7 and 9and .the school is laity view
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DRDO Recruitment 2017 - 18 www.drdo.gov.in Apply for New Openings
Defence Research and Development Organization is also known as DRDO as its short name. The DRDO Organization has announced the recruitment form as DRDO Recruitment 2017.The candidates interested for the recruitment form they can check the official notification and get applied as soon as possible before the last date.
The aspirants are advised that they can apply for the posts as Junior Research Fellowship (JRF). There are only two vacant positions for the application form. The qualification needed by the candidates is Graduate in Electronics and Communication Engineering with 1st division with valid GATE Score.
The appliers may check the more details regarding the recruitment form from the website www.sarkarinaukricareer.in
Read Also : DRDO CEPTAM Online Application Form
Read Also : DRDO CEPTAM Online Application Form
DRDO Recruitment Details:
Name Of Organization
Defence Research and Development Organization
Total posts
Post Name
Junior Research Fellowship
Educational Requirement
Graduate degree in electronics and Communication with valid GATE Score
Selection Process
Walk-in Interview
Last Date for Submission of Applications
Check Below
Required Qualification:
The candidates must have the graduate degree (B.E/B. Tech. in respective Engg.) from the recognized university or institution.
Read Also: जीवन में सफलता चाहते है तो जरूर पढ़े
Limitation of Age:
Age of the applicants who are willing toapply for DRDO Recruitment should not be more than 28 years at the time of interview
Age relaxation:
· For SC/ST: 5 years and
· For OBC applicants: 03 years
Applicants, who will be selected for Junior Research Fellowship post, will get the good amount of stipend of Rs. 25, 000/- and HRA admissible as per rules.
Mode of Selection:
An Interview will be conducted by the selection committee of Defence Research and Development Organization.
Interview Question and Answers
Fresher's Interview Questions
Way to Apply for DRDO Recruitment
Contenders may visit at the Interview venue bio data and all the attested copies of mark sheets/certificates (10th slandered onwards), caste certificate and experience certificates should be brought at the time of interview with recent passport size photographs.
Candidates will be required to produce all certificates/testimonials, photo identity card in original like Aadhar card, driving license, passport, voter ID etc during the interview.
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Read Also: किसी काम पर Focus कैसे करे : Tips & Trick
Interview Venue:
Refer to the Official Notification
Last date: within 30 days of Advertisement
Note: For any other details kindly log in to the OfficialWebsite.
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Apply for Sarkari Naukri
Employment Newspaper Section
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Candidates who have been prepared for the examination , they will be required to download Admit Card for DRDO through Official Link.


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Home > News > Nanotubes switch back and forth
May 23rd, 2004
Nanotubes switch back and forth
Two groups of physicists have shown that carbon nanotubes respond to magnetic fields in ways that are not seen in other materials. Junichiro Kono and colleagues at Rice University and Florida State University and Alexey Bezryadin and co-workers at the University of Illinois have discovered that semiconducting nanotubes can be made metallic, and vice versa, by applying a magnetic field. In addition to their fundamental importance, the results could have practical applications (more on earlier articles)
|Related News Press
Boron atoms stretch out, gain new powers: Rice University simulations demonstrate 1-D material's stiffness, electrical versatility January 26th, 2017
New stem cell technique shows promise for bone repair January 25th, 2017
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Is Need To Talk incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Ireland provides information regarding Need To Talk. Need To Talk provides Therapy services. Contact them on 086 8927685 or by visiting them on their website http://www.needtotalk.ie.
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A Special Kind Of Love!!
Yvette , 51 years old
Montgomery, United States
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Drinks: Green Tea, Not important
My food: Other
Sense of humor: Friendly


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- Oplysninger
- Anmeldelser
- Fotos
Anmeldelser på andre sprog
Anmeldt af: Stephen T , august 2016
Great tour! Thoroughly recommend this to anyone visiting Granada. Flamenco is the heart of the city. No visit to Granada should miss it otherwise what is the point? The cave tavern in Sacramonte where the show is held is cool and comfortable.
Anmeldt af: Alan P , marts 2016
Thoroughly enjoyable evening.
Anmeldt af: Iftekhar I , United States of America, februar 2016
Beautiful tour. Highly recommend it!
Anmeldt af: Ann Marie M , juni 2015
Stunning and professional performance in fascinating location. The dinner was plentiful and delicious too!
Anmeldt af: Ann F , marts 2015
This tour was amazing!
Anmeldt af: Ju Leprevost , oktober 2014
Resumindo em uma palavra = Imperdível.
Anmeldt af: susan k , oktober 2014
From pick-up to drop off - FANTASTIC. Spend the extra dollar and get the dinner. Well worth it and better seats! The show was touristy and fun. Just what you wanted on this tour. No disappointment. It was as expected.
Anmeldt af: Mohd Nasriq M , september 2014
Lovely show. Wish the pickup was punctual or at least 5-10 minutes late.
Anmeldt af: shuk ling sara f , august 2013
Wonderful flamenco and night scene, also the guide had excellent knowledge about the city and history of it
Anmeldt af: Gonzos , august 2013
Everything we expected! The performance was mesmerizing!
Anmeldt af: Margrét Þ , juli 2013
Very well organized and worth every penny! The flemenco dancers are true artists, we enjoyed the evening very much! Our two grandchildren, 5 and 6 years, liked it too :)
Anmeldt af: Blanca , United Kingdom, januar 2013
Anmeldt af: SCV , december 2012
Anmeldt af: MUHAMMAD C , januar 2017
interesting experience, the dancers were very talanted and worked very hard to a bemused chinese audience
Anmeldt af: Donna L , juli 2016
The Flamenco dancing was very exciting! Completely worth seeing this! The process however was confusing. After confirming hotel pick up time via email with the local tour supplier, they apparently arrived at the hotel 30 minutes earlier, and did not know our names, so the hotel could not call to tell us. We were waiting in our room. When we came out - we were told they'd come and gone. So we instead took a taxi and arrived just in time to be seated for our appointed show.
However, we had also booked the 'dinner' part of the show, and I had to go back to the front and ask them to pull our voucher to check that. Then they found us a table, and started our service late.
The walking tour of Albaicin at night was also interesting, but the guide really rushed us along. Very little time to appreciate the views, or take pictures. There were many other groups also walking, and running into each other. It was a tad chaotic. The view of the Alhambra at night was lovely though. And our guide was funny. They did drop us back at our hotel- last.
I think they could improve their organizational bits and communications. The price seemed fair.
Anmeldt af: margaret m , juni 2016
A uniqu experience to fet to visit the gypsey caves, see the flamenco dancers, then totop off the evening, the al hambre at night...truly magnificent
Anmeldt af: alistair m s , marts 2016
This was great. Not sure we were comfortable being the only people in our cellar eating but relaxed quickly. The dancing was excellent and energetic
Anmeldt af: Francoise V , marts 2016
Très bonne soirée,bien organisée. Nôtre accompagnatrice était très agréable et la visite après le spectacle nous a permis de découvrir l Alhambra by night. Très beau.
Anmeldt af: Akiko S , december 2014
We'll organized tour
Anmeldt af: Jillian M B , december 2014
There was some confusion as the tour organisers seemed unable to pick me up from my hotel as was expected and paid for. it meant that I had to walk for ten minutes late at night and on my own - I'm 72 years old - from the drop off point to my hotel.
Anmeldt af: Russell B , april 2014
Exciting, unique, and wonderful! One of the highlights of our trip! The venue isn't the most comfortable. The language barrier is significant. You'll be shoulder to shoulder with people you don't know. But the show is amazing! The rhythms are complex and fascinating. The dancing is enthralling. This experience was worth every penny and more.
The only reason I gave it 4 stars rather than 5 is because, upon exiting the venue, there were a few moments of confusion where our group didn't know where to go or what to do. We were collected by one of the workers (someone we had not yet met) and led quickly through the streets to one of the Alhambra viewpoints, where our guide stopped to tell us something. (But I have my doubts that any in our group could understand what she was saying.) That was the walking tour part. When she was done, we were given about 5 minutes to appreciate the very nice night-time view. And then it was over. Not much of a "walking tour." But a fun "cultural moment" nevertheless. The van ride through the Albaicin up to Sacromonte is an experience of a lifetime...
It was a wonderful night, filled with laughter, culture, and amazing rhythm.
Anmeldt af: Iris C , juni 2013
Amazing Flamenco show. Great ambience. A different touch! Dinner was terrible:(
It was too dark to appreciate the short walk. There was a lot of waiting around and this part of the itinerary disorganised! The lighted Alhambra was nevertheless lovely.
Anmeldt af: mm4peace , april 2013
We enjoyed the authentic Flamenco show that was given in a building that built was in a cave. We saw two groups of dancers/singers and they were obviously very talented The performers danced, sang and performed with passion and aplumb,
Anmeldt af: Brunilda P , januar 2017
The flamenco show was really nice but it started 30 minutes later than the time in the ticket. The dancers were very interesting and the atmosphere was nice even though the show was not in Sacramento, as it is written in the tour, but in Albaicin. After an hour show we were supposed to take a tour of Albaicin but we were just taken to the upper part of Albaicin and after 10 min the taxi was called to pick us up. So basically we did only one hour show and almost nothing else.
Anmeldt af: Brenda K , juni 2016
Very Good evening good value


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Telephone System SA
VoIP, Office Equipment, Voice over IP
Online marketer for the Worlds leading VoIP Telephone Systems pabx suppliers business phone systems switchboard pabx systems and provides independent and unbiased advice on purchasing telephone systems and related services in SOUTH AFRICA. Our aim is to make the selection process easy by keeping things simple. Your company complete our online quote form and we do the work for you and get the best quote for your company.
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