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Death Before Dishonor: Secure Email Services Close to Avoid U.S. Spying
Jason Mick
August 9, 2013 11:40 AM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Lavabit and Silent Circle refuse to be "complicit" with government, decides to kill encrypted services
Someday it may be written, "first they came for Lavabit and Silent Circle." A telling sign of the
growing atmosphere of censorship
and surveillance
of the internet by the U.S. federal government arrived this week with the shuttering of these two top encrypted email services.
I. Lavabit Chooses Death Before Dishonor
Lavabit was founded in 2004 and was owned/operated by Ladar Levison. It offered free accounts of 128 megabytes, and paid accounts up to 8 GB. As of July 2013, it had a reported 350,000 customers. Among them -- allegedly --
was Edward Snowden
, the man who leaked secrets of the
U.S. National Surveillance Agency
ubiquitous surveillance
of millions of Americans
Not long after Edward Snowden's usage of the service was revealed at a July 12 press conference, Lavabit reportedly received either
a national security letter
(NSL) -- a warrantless demand for citizen data -- or a full-blown search/eavesdropping warrant -- both of which are
sealed under gag order
. While unable to talk about the demand publicly, under threat of prosecution, Mr. Levison fought the government for six weeks with internal appeals seeking to protect his customers' privacy.
After reportedly losing that battle he
posted the following message
this week:
My Fellow Users,
I have been forced to make a difficult decision: to become complicit in crimes against the American people or walk away from nearly ten years of hard work by shutting down Lavabit. After significant soul searching, I have decided to suspend operations. I wish that I could legally share with you the events that led to my decision. I cannot. I feel you deserve to know what's going on–the first amendment is supposed to guarantee me the freedom to speak out in situations like this. Unfortunately, Congress has passed laws that say otherwise. As things currently stand, I cannot share my experiences over the last six weeks, even though I have twice made the appropriate requests.
What's going to happen now? We've already started preparing the paperwork needed to continue to fight for the Constitution in the
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
[in Richmond, Virg.]. A favorable decision would allow me resurrect Lavabit as an American company.
This experience has taught me one very important lesson: without congressional action or a strong judicial precedent, I would _strongly_ recommend against anyone trusting their private data to a company with physical ties to the United States.
Ladar Levison
Owner and Operator, Lavabit LLC
Defending the constitution is expensive! Help us by donating to the Lavabit Legal Defense Fund
It's important to note here that Mr. Levison is not a privacy absolutist. As
's Kevin Poulsen points out, he
complied with a June 2013 search warrant
of a suspect child pedophile's account. However, he clearly felt there was a vast difference between helping bring to justice a misanthrope who preyed on children and colluding with the U.S. government to help silence criticism of its spying on its citizens.
Some users are angry at Lavabit, complaining on
its Facebook
, Inc. (FB) social network page that they lost their Steam accounts and that the company provided them with no migration route/refund. A supporter of Lavabit blasted these critics, writing:
Holy shit, you guys are crying over your Steam accounts. Just change your email to something else. Lavabit either had to roll over for the government, compromising our privacy, or shut down service. Be happy Ladar shut it down instead of rolling over.
The angry users seemed to outweigh the proponents.
II. Silent Circle is the Second Casualty
Soon after Lavabit's announcement, Silent Circle -- a hot new encrypted email service launched in Oct. 2012 and co-founded by Phil Zimmerman, the creator of the popular Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption program -- announced that it was also proactively closing up shop.
Company CEO Michael Janke
It goes deeper than that. There are some very high profile people on Silent Circle- and I mean very targeted people- as well as heads of state, human rights groups, reporters, special operations units from many countries. We wanted to be proactive because
we knew [the U.S. Government] would come after us
due to the sheer amount of people who use us- let alone the "highly targeted high profile people". They are completely secure and clean on Silent Phone, Silent Text and Silent Eyes, but email is broken because govt can force us to turn over what we have. So to protect everyone and to drive them to use the other three peer to peer products- we made the decision to do this before men on [SIC] suits show up. Now- they are completely shut down- nothing they can get from us or try and force from us- we literally have nothing anywhere.
These losses may just be the first in a far greater anti-privacy crackdown by the powers that rule the U.S. In recent weeks the NSA and other intelligence agencies have demanded companies like Google Inc. (
turn over master encryption keys
allowing them to access any U.S. citizens private messages without permission.
Jennifer Granick, the Director of Civil Liberties at the
Stanford Center for Internet and Society
(Stanford CIS) at
Stanford University
, says that the U.S. federal government's policing may kill the growing cloud software, services, and hosting industry in the U.S. Already
clients from Europe
, Asia, and the Middle East have started to cancel their contracts and move elsewhere she says. Even some companies in the U.S. are eyeing a move to European cloud hosting, fearing their competitive secrets will be seized by U.S. government spies.
Bush and Obama have over the last 13 years worked to successively increase government spying. [Image Source: NJ Today]
The U.S. government, in its rush to spy on everybody, may end up killing our most productive industry. Lavabit may just be the canary in the coal mine.
She may want to watch that free speech -- top U.S. politicians -- such as
Rep. Peter King
(R- N.Y.) have suggested that academics and reporters who "severely damage national security" by disclosing or criticizing government spying on U.S. citizens
should face criminal charges
The public, though, remains partially apathetic. A recent survey by the non-partisan
Pew Research Center
found that nearly half of Americans were fine with rolling over and meekly surrendering their freedom of privacy, saying they would have
no problem with the government reading their emails
. In fact over half were fine with it if their party of choice was in power, with many only being opposed to it when the other ruling party was in power. More recent polls however, suggest that this may be shifting with over half of Americans saying collecting emails/phone records is wrong and that the NSA may be "going to far", according to
this summary
compiled by the
Electronic Frontier Foundation
That said, the vast majority of Americans -- critics or not of surveillance -- continue to either directly or indirectly support the parties that have championed it. In recent elections the majority has chosen to either not vote or continuing to vote for the same two parties that have ballooned the national debt and trampled the Constitution. Still, at least the public is starting to realize that America today might not be in the same free state it was in our parent's times.
"It seems as though my state-funded math degree has failed me. Let the lashings commence." -- DailyTech Editor-in-Chief Kristopher Kubicki
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Phillip Island + Jonathan Rea have combined again. In an effort to work out how and why JR has achieved so much in the last two years we embarked on a special feature with Monster Energy. Read on to find out more about #65
One of the UK's brightest chances for success in 2017 MXGP – Shaun Simpson – says he is gunning for the top elite of the premier class this year in what will be the Scot's return to Yamaha machinery
2017 is the fifth year that MXGP will launch at Losail: will the series renew terms to continue an annual Qatar inaguration? We look at the possibilities as the first Grand Prix of the year readies for action
Motomatter scribe David Emmett gives his perspective on 2017 MotoGP so far with two from three tests in the bag. Ducati in trouble? Rookies looking strong? Honda in 'early positive vibe' shock?
Neil lends his thoughts on the way back from Phillip Island and after studying the second MotoGP test of 2017 where a fruity battle for this season's position of top dog seems firmly in the making


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Pressure restored after water main break in Philadelphia
PHILADELPHIA - Cleanup has begun and water pressure has returned in several northeast Philadelphia neighborhoods flooded by a massive water main break.
The 48-inch cast iron pipe burst around 9 a.m. Monday. Dozens of schools and day care centers in the affected area were forced to close early due to lack of water pressure.
City officials said 19 locations, all of them businesses, had reported that they were without power because of the flooding.
It's unclear what exactly caused the 106-year-old pipe to break. City officials said the age of the main may be the reason but an investigation is ongoing. Meanwhile, repairs are already underway.
The city has insurance adjusters going through the neighborhood assessing damage. Officials will also assess the damaged buildings for safety hazards.
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ELECTION 2014 | Strategic Planning is heart of Village Mission
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The University of Chicago's dean of students, John Ellison, sent a letter to this year's incoming freshman class that touched off a firestorm of reaction when he wrote, "…we do not support so-called "trigger warnings," we do not cancel invited speakers because their topics might prove controversial, and we do not condone the creation of intellectual "safe spaces" where individuals can retreat from ideas…" The NY Times wrote about it last week and the letters to the paper have been both measured and enraged on both sides of the issue. Where does your organization stand on the question of Political Correctness vs. Free Speech?


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Associates of David Sarnoff, responding to The General's request for investment in the radio in 1921, responded with: 'The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to no one in particular?' Sarnoff went on to found the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and NBC. The name of the dog on the RCA Victor logo was Nipper, and he was owned by Mark Henry Barraud. The pit bull got that name because he liked to bite the back of guests' legs. Neighbors say Barraud was puzzled as to why he received so few visitors.Ā
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Tuesday 10pm. Starting February 14th
Catastrophe on Super Écran
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5 shocking running facts
Surprising facts all runners should know
Whether you're a beginner runner or a have been training for decades, there may still be some things you don't know about running. Here are 5 shocking running facts you need to know.
Stretching before running may lower your endurance
Many of us have been taught to warm up before exercise, however recent studies suggest that stretching before a run may not be beneficial to your workout. A study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research found that stretching before going for a run made a runner's body less efficient so that they did not perform as well and were unable to run as far.
Instead of stretching, try warming up with a walk and running-specific moves to mobilise your joints before your run. You should then make sure to include stretches as part of your post-run routine.
Eating baked beetroot could help you beat your PB
You may know all about the powers of carbs like pasta for improving your run, however researchers at St Louis University have found that eating baked beetroot before a race could help you to run faster. The study recorded the running speed of 11 fit and healthy participants as they ran 5km on a treadmill; once after consuming a portion of baked beetroot an hour before, and once after consuming a similar sized portion of cranberry relish, which had a similar amount of calories.
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Running a marathon could make you better at your job
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Wearing cheap running shoes could cut your risk of injury
While it can be fun to splash out on a new piece of kit, research studies have suggested that, when it comes to your running shoes, opting for low cost items could be good for your health.
A study by a researcher at the University of Bern in Switzerland analysed 4,358 runners and found that runners whose shoes cost more than $95 were more than twice as likely to get injured as those whose shoes that cost less than $40. Later studies have revealed similar results, with research results published in Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise showing that runners who wore expensive shoes with additional features such as extra cushioning were significantly more likely to get injured.
Male runners are more likely to have daughters
If you're trying to conceive and are hoping for a son, research suggests it may be beneficial for you or your partner to temporarily reduce your mileage. While maintaining a healthy weight and level of activity can improve your chances of conceiving, regular running could also increase your chances of conceiving a daughter.
Researchers at the University of Glasgow divided male runners into three categories, based on how often they trained while trying to conceive. The categories consisted of those who were taking a break from running, those who were running less than 30 miles a week, and those who were running more than 30 weekly miles. They found that the proportion of boys fathered by non-runners and those running less than 30 miles a week was 62 per cent, while for those covering more than 30 miles a week, only 40 per cent of their babies were sons. It is believed that this is due to the fact that a higher running mileage causes testosterone (the male hormone) to decrease.
Want to perfect your running technique? Check out these 5 things all runners get wrong.
Editorial Credit: Abel Tumik / Shutterstock.com
Comments (4)
RAllenSkriens 'I agree with most of this - & I have 2 daughters & no sons! I'm not so sure about the shoes, however. I wear more expensive stability shoes because I'm prone to discomfort/injury. Indeed, the reason why I am so prone is because I used to run in the 70s & 80s with cheap so-called running shoes. Since I've been using shoes like Asics Gel Kayano 18 my discomfort/injury has been significantly less. Is it possible that - generalising from my experience - the reason why people wearing more expensive shoes get injured more often is because they are more prone to injury & are therefore buying more expensive shoes to deal with it? As for beetroot - I'd certainly run faster to get away from it!'
t_d 'The shoe study would need to be better explained. Are people that buy cheap shoes less likely to be injured because they are less likely to run very often/far. You could hardly suggest that having less padding and support is a good thing.'
renton 'Ye I'm a bit sceptical too about buying cheap shoes to avoid injuries... maybe as t_d said more determined runners by more "pro" equipment, and of course training more and harder is equal to having more chances of getting injured... From my personal experience my long-term knee injury is far better since I've bought a more expensive shoes, of course being helped by an expert.'
Cadigan 'Agreed. Cheap shoes are a false economy. Unless you get a usually expensive pair on sale, you're not doing your feet––or yourself––any favours by scrimping on footwear.'


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2/9 - Program Manager Kathy Reed reflects on the ways love is celebrated on Valentine's Day, in our schools and in our daily lives.
February Newsletter
2/5 - Check out this month's issue of The BLC Bulletin! The theme is health literacy and the many serious ways literacy affects healthcare - our access to it and our ability to understand it.
Poor literacy skills lead to trouble accessing healthcare, reading medicine bottles, and understanding food labels and nutrition information.
75% of incarcerated people either have low literacy levels or did not graduate from high school. Educated inmates are 43% less likely to return to prison.
70% of people who receive welfare assistance have low literacy skills. 43% of people at the lowest literacy levels live in poverty.
Illiteracy is generational. When parents have low literacy skills, their children have a 72% chance of being in the lowest literacy levels themselves.
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Unemployment, loss of tax revenue, and low productivity due to illiteracy cost the United States in excess of $225 billion every year.
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February 17th, 2015
Episode 249 of 1244 episodes
The founder of the Choir of Hard Knocks joins Alan in the studio to talk about "Street Requiem" – a special musical performance taking place on Saturday night.
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After celebrating his 79th year in office Friday, Dayton Mayor Bob Wood announced he will not seek re-election this year.
Tuition at the state's only university is going up by $5 per credit hour for residents and $22 for out of state students.
Sheridan Police Chief Rich Adriaens was a guest this week on our Public Pulse news talk show.
The fund-raising arm of a local hospital gave a report, recently, on how funds are being spent. Leslie Stratmoen has the report.
A collaboration of Sheridan artists, Bighorn National Forest and Sheridan College will come together in the Bighorn National Forest Plein Air Celebration of Wildflowers this spring.
Dayton Mayor Bob Wood observes his seventy-ninth birthday today (Friday, April 4).
Sheridan is to have a new creamery. Farm Management leader C.J. Oviatt says plans are complete and the corporation is to be formed in the course of a day or two.
Latest Wyoming news, sports, business and entertainment
Buffalo Youth Baseball brought a number of requests before the Buffalo City Council at their meeting this week, asking them to approve moving the concessions trailer to Prosinski Field and keeping it there from April 26th through July.
The Johnson County Commissioners discussed funds they set aside for the YMCA with Director Mike Quast at their meeting this week, questioning what exactly they had set the money aside for.


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Growth of seedlings of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (l.) millsp), wand riverhemp (Sesbania virgata (CAV.) PERS.), and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) de wit) in an arsenic-contaminated soil [Crescimento de mudas de feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan (l.) millsp), sesbania (Sesbania virgata (CAV.) PERS.) e leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit) em solo contaminado por arsênio]
Dias L.E.,Federal University of Vicosa |
Melo R.F.,EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria |
de Mello J.W.V.,Federal University of Vicosa |
Oliveira J.A.,Federal University of Vicosa |
Daniels W.L.,Dep. of Crop and Soil Environmental science
Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo | Year: 2010
Phytoremediation strategies utilize plants to decontaminate or immobilize soil pollutants. Among soil pollutants, metalloid As is considered a primary concern as a toxic element to organisms. Arsenic concentrations in the soil result from anthropogenic activities such as: the use of pesticides (herbicides and fungicides); some fertilizers; Au, Pb, Cu and Ni mining; Fe and steel production; coal combustion; and as a bi-product during natural gas extraction. This study evaluated the potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), wand riverhemp (Sesbania virgata), and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala) as phytoremediators of soils polluted by As. Soil samples were placed in plastic pots, incubated with different As doses (0; 50; 100 and 200 mg dm -3) and then sown with seeds of the three species. Thirty (pigeon pea) and 90 days after sowing, the plants were evaluated for height, collar diameter and dry matter of young, intermediate and basal leaves, stems and roots. Arsenic concentration was determined in different aged leaves, stems and roots to establish the translocation index (TI) between the plant root system and aerial plant components and the bioconcentration factors (BF). The evaluated species showed distinct characteristics regarding As tolerance, since the lead tree and wand riverhemp were significantly more tolerant than pigeon pea. The high As levels found in wand riverhemp roots suggest the existence of an efficient accumulation and compartmentalization mechanism in order to reduce As translocation to shoot tissues. Pigeon pea is a sensitive species and could serve as a potential bioindicator plant, whereas the other two species have potential for phytoremediation programs in As polluted areas. However, further studies are needed with longer exposure times in actual field conditions to reach definite conclusions on relative phytoremediation potentials. Source


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by Steven Robinson
This is the second part of a four-part series looking at U.S. information security laws and the way those laws affect security professionals. In the first part of this series, we looked at the legal framework for protection of information systems and the role of information security professionals in the creation of trade secret interests. In this installment, we will look at the legal framework for security of an enterprise's working environment from the perspective of information security professionals, with particular emphasis on the protection of communications.
Of course, protecting communications necessarily depends on the security of the systems used to transmit and store them. Drawing a rigid line between protecting systems and protecting communications might not always be useful or possible. That said, for our discussion, treating the protection of communications separately from the protection of systems illustrates how the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C.§ 1030 (the "CFAA"), and the Electronic Communications Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-22 and §§ 2701-12 (the "ECPA"), two critically important federal information security statutes, work together.
As discussed in the first article in this series, the primary thrust of the CFAA, with respect to private sector systems, is to prohibit access to protected computers without authorization or exceeding authorization, whether to obtain something of value or to damage systems or data. The primary concern of the ECPA is related, but distinct. The ECPA prohibits the unauthorized and unjustified interception, disclosure, or use of communications, including electronic communications[1]. In a situation in which a bad actor hacks into a corporate network and obtains access to sensitive email, the CFAA and the ECPA are both violated. But having discussed the CFAA in Article 1, our discussion of the legal framework for protecting communications will focus on the ECPA.
Understanding the organization of the ECPA is a real help in understanding how the act works. The ECPA has two major parts: Title I - The Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-22 (the "Wiretap Act"); and Title II, the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-12. (the "Stored Communications Act"). The Wiretap Act was a pre-existing statute that, prior to the passage of the ECPA, protected communications mediated by a "wire, cable or other like connection" from unauthorized and unjustified interception and disclosure. In theory, the ECPA amended the Wiretap Act to extend those protections to electronic communications. As we will see below, there is reason to question how fully the ECPA accomplished that goal. The second part of the ECPA, the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-12, was a new enactment that protects communications stored in electronic communications facilities from unauthorized and unjustified access or disclosure. We will look at the Wiretap Act and the Stored Communications Act in turn.
The Wiretap Act.
Of course, certain interceptions of wire, oral or electronic communications serve legitimate, beneficial purposes. To ensure that such interceptions could occur without causing exposure to liability, the Wiretap Act makes a number of exceptions to the prohibitions listed above. The Wiretap Act imposes no liability for: (a) interceptions by service providers acting within ordinary scope of their business, as a necessary incident to either: (i) rendering its services; or (ii) protecting the service provider's rights or property; (b) interceptions authorized by court order or other lawful authority; (c) interceptions made by a party to the communication; (d) interceptions made with the consent of one party to the communication; and (e) interceptions of a computer trespasser's communications made to, through, or from a protected computer if the owner authorized interception, interception is part of an investigation, and the contents of communications are reasonably believed to be relevant to the investigation[7].
The Wiretap Act imposes civil and criminal liability for unauthorized and unjustified interceptions. Civil litigants may obtain injunctive or declaratory relief, and may be awarded damages, including punitive damages, as well as reasonable attorney's fees and litigation costs. Statutory damages of at least $10,000 may be awarded[8].
At first inspection, the Wiretap Act appears to provide reasonably comprehensive protection against the unauthorized and unjustified interception of electronic communications of all kinds, while allowing for beneficial and useful interceptions conducted under appropriate circumstances. That said, there is an important aspect of the application of the Wiretap Act to electronic communications that deserves particular attention from security professionals.
The Wiretap Act's definition of "electronic communication" does not refer to electronic communications in storage[9]. But the definition of wire communications in the ECPA as it was originally passed, expressly included "any electronic storage of such [wire] communication."[10] By including storage of wire communications while remaining silent about storage of electronic communications, Congress created a question of statutory interpretation as to whether "interception" meant the same thing with regard to wire communications and electronic communications. The language of the Wiretap Act clearly imposed liability for the interception of a wire communication in storage, after transmission was complete. It was not clear, from the statutory language, whether the Wiretap Act applied to electronic communications in storage.
Konop v. Hawaiian Airlines, Inc., 302 F. 3d 868 (9th Cir., 2002), addresses this issue. Konop involved a secure Web site created and maintained by Robert Konop as a forum for content critical of his employer, Hawaiian Airlines, and his union. Access to the Web site was by password, which Konop's fellow union members received when they registered for access to Konop's site. Registration involved entering into Konop's user agreement, which prohibited users from either allowing the airline's management to view the Web site or disclosing the Web site's content. An airline vice president, concerned that some of the content of Konop's site was inaccurate and possible defamatory, obtained access to the Web site and accessed its content approximately twenty times over a five month period, using the names of two other pilots, both of whom permitted management to sign on to Konop's site in their names. Konop sued, alleging among other things that the Airline's actions constituted a violation of the Wiretap Act.
The parties agreed that the Web site was an "electronic communication" as defined by the ECPA. The question of the airline's liability under the Wiretap Act turned on whether its actions constituted "intercept[ion]" of that electronic communication, and so the pivotal issue came down to how "intercept" was to be defined with respect to electronic communications. The question came down, in the court's language, to whether a "broad" or "narrow" definition was correct. The narrow definition of "intercept" is "acquisition contemporaneous with transmission," basically the definition straight out of the dictionary. The broad definition is acquisition contemporaneous with or after transmission. In deciding that the narrow definition of "intercept" was the appropriate one to use with respect to electronic communications, the Court analyzed the differences in the treatment of wire and electronic communications under the Wiretap Act as follows:
Using the narrow definition of 'intercept' with electronic communications means that the Wiretap Act only protects electronic communications from interception during transmission, not in storage. Because the airline's vice president viewed Konop's Web site from a stored copy on the host server, not contemporaneously with Konop transmission of the site's content, the unauthorized viewing of Konop's Web site did not constitute 'intercept[ion]' in violation of the Wiretap Act.
As an exercise in statutory interpretation, this result has considerable support. From a practical standpoint, however, this result was unexpected, because the underlying technology of electronic communications depends on storage. Transmission of email or Web site contents involves intermediate servers between the source of the communication and its recipient. Each server along the route between the initiator of the communication and its recipient receives the communication from the previous server, and stores it, pending transmission to the next server in the chain. The final server delivers the communication to the recipient. Transmission takes places essentially instantaneously. Consequently, electronic communications are in storage at essentially all times other than during the instant required for transmission. In the case of email, storage continues indefinitely, until the recipient retrieves the message. If 'intercept[ion]' can only occur during transmission, the Wiretap Act's application to electronic communications is significantly restricted. It is hard to understand why Congress would decide to amend the Wiretap Act so that it would apply to electronic communications on the one hand, but do so adopting a definition for electronic communications that resulted in no protection for them when they are in storage, as they exist nearly all of the time. The Konop court commented on this issue as follows:
The lesson from Konop, which may well come as a surprise to information security professionals, is that in the Ninth Circuit and other jurisdictions that have decided the issue the same way, the application of the Wiretap Act to electronic communications will be limited to interceptions that take place contemporaneously with transmission.
State law that governs the interception of electronic communications where your enterprise operates may supplement the Wiretap Act's protections. The variations between the laws of various states' in this area include variations in the standard for consent. Some states permit only one party to authorize interception of a communication, others require that both parties consent. The only way to be sure what law applies to your enterprise is to consult your counsel.
The Stored Communications Act
The Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-12, protects stored communications from being accessed and disclosed without authorization. More specifically, the Stored Communications Act imposes civil and criminal for the intentional, unauthorized access to an electronic communication service facility to obtain, alter, or prevent authorized access to, a stored wire or electronic communication. Access to communications authorized by: (a) wire or electronic communications service providers; (b) users of communication services, with respect to communications intended for them; or (c) the provisions of the ECPA that permit lawful access by government entities are expressly exempted.[13]
With regard to disclosure of communications, the Stored Communications Act prohibits providers of electronic communication or remote computing services from knowingly divulging the contents of a communication in electronic storage by such a service. Exceptions to this prohibitions are provided for divulging contents of stored communications: (a) to intended recipients and their agents; (b) with the consent of the originator or the recipient of the communication, and in the case of remote computing services, the subscriber to the service; (c) to authorized parties or to facilities that forward the communication to its destination; (d) as necessarily incident to providing a service or to protecting the rights or property of the service provider; and (e) to a law enforcement agency, if the communication was inadvertently obtained and appear to be pertain to criminal activity; and (f) as otherwise authorized by law.[14]
Violations of the Stored Communications Act are subject to civil and criminal liability. In general, penalties under the Stored Communications Act are less severe than under the Wiretap Act.
Consent under the ECPA
It may seem obvious that a party to a communication ought to be able to authorize the interception of that communication or access to it in storage, and the ECPA so provides. [15]However, information security professionals should be aware of how this language has been interpreted in one context that is of particular concern.
In re DoubleClick Inc. Privacy Litigation, 154 F.Supp.2d 497 (S.D.N.Y. 2001), involved the question of whether the Web advertising service run by DoubleClick, Inc. ("DoubleClick") violated both the Wiretap Act and the Stored Communications Act, and involved, among many other points, the interpretation of the ECPA's consent provisions.
DoubleClick's service places banner ads for advertisers' Web sites in front of users who meet each advertiser's demographic requirements. To provide this service, DoubleClick gathered information on user behavior using a cookie, a file stored on users' hard drives. The cookie was installed when a user first visited sites operated by a DoubleClick customer, any of more than 1,500 sites that collectively made up the 'DoubleClick Network,' or two sites run by DoubleClick through which it collected user data. These cookies were updated thereafter to reflect users' subsequent visits to any of those sites. The information acquired using these cookies was used by DoubleClick to create a user profile associated with each cookie. The profile was then used to select banner ads that each profiled user would see whenever they viewed a DoubleClick customer's Web site. All the communications in question were between individual users and DoubleClick customers' sites or sites that were part of the DoubleClick Network (collectively, the "DoubleClick Affiliated Sites").
The plaintiffs, a group of users who had been profiled by DoubleClick, sued, claiming that by placing cookies on their hard drives and gathering information about them, DoubleClick had violated: (a) the Stored Communications Act, on the theory that it had accessed each plaintiff's hard drive without authorization, and obtained unauthorized access to stored electronic communications on each plaintiff's personal computer; and (b) the Wiretap Act, on the theory that DoubleClick had intercepted the plaintiffs' communications without authorization.
DoubleClick took the position that its access to the communications between the plaintiffs and Web sites had been authorized, not by the individual plaintiffs, whose hard drives stored the cookies in question, but by the DoubleClick Affiliated Sites with which the plaintiffs had communicated. The court agreed, reasoning that the individual submissions of information by the plaintiffs were intended for DoubleClick Affiliated Sites, and that the language of 18 U.S.C. § 2701(c)(2) permitted those sites, as the parties for whom the plaintiffs' communications were intended, to consent to DoubleClick's access to the communications between those sites and the individual plaintiffs. [16]Given that the same Web sites' had given prior consent to DoubleClick to intercept communications between these sites and individual plaintiffs, the court rejected the plaintiffs' Wiretap Act claim, relying on 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d).[17] Since DoubleClick was decided, the same rationale has been utilized to defeat Wiretap Act and Stored Communications Act claims arising from the use of Web monitoring service that used cookies and Web bugs to track individual's browser activity.[18]
These cases are a warning that the ECPA provides enterprises with less protection for their electronic communications than one might otherwise expect on a first reading of the statutory language. As interpreted in DoubleClick and Pharmatrak, the ECPA permits strangers to an enterprise to monitor its electronic communications as long as the other party to those communications consents. The same result seems quite possible under state laws that permit communications to be monitored with the consent of only one party to that communication.
Understanding the protections and limitations of the ECPA is an important aspect of securing the enterprise's working environment, but that task also encompasses topics related to, but generally considered distinct from information security, such as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, monitoring of employee communications, a function contemplated by the ECPA and when appropriately conducted, excepted from liability[19] , and laws and regulations related to the protection of personal data.[20] Balancing these factors to achieve the appropriate level of security for each enterprise in a manner that is respectful of its legal, technological and business requirements is far easier when decision makers have the benefit of the input from information security professionals, business people and legal counsel.
This second article of SecurityFocus's four-part series on U.S. Information Security Law concludes the discussion of basic provisions of information security law that relate to the protection of private sectors systems and communications. Part three will begin the discussion of information security in the public sector, with a look at the criminal law aspects of information security.
[1] Under the Wiretap Act, 'electronic communication' [means] any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectronic or photooptical system that affects interstate or foreign commerce, but does not include - (A) any wire or oral communication [defined as aural communications in the statute];(B) any communication made through a tone-only paging device; (C) any communication from a tracking device [as defined]; or (D) electronic funds transfer information stored by a financial institution in a communications system used for the electronic storage and transfer of funds. 18 U.S.C. § 2510 (12).
[2]18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(a)("[A]ny person who- (a) "intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication" ...shall be punished ... or shall be subject to suit.").
[3]18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(b)("[A]ny person who- (b) "intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when - (i) such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or (ii) such device transmits communications by radio, or interferes with the transmission of such communication; or (iii) such person knows, or has reason to know, that such device or any component thereof has been sent through the mail or transported in interstate or foreign commerce; or (iv) such use or endeavor to use (A) takes place on the premises of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (B) obtains or is for the purpose of obtaining information relating to the operations of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (v) such person acts in the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States" ...shall be punished ... or shall be subject to suit.").
[4]18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(c)("[A]ny person who- (c) intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this subsection shall be punished ... or shall be subject to suit.").
[5] 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(d)("[A]ny person who- (d) intentionally uses, or endeavors to use, the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this subsection shall be punished ... or shall be subject to suit.").
[6]18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(e) ("[A]ny person who- ("(e)(i) intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, intercepted by means authorized ...[in] this chapter, (ii) knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of such a communication in connection with a criminal investigation, (iii) having obtained or received the information in connection with a criminal investigation, and (iv) with intent to improperly obstruct, impede, or interfere with a duly authorized criminal investigation, shall be punished ... or shall be subject to suit.").
[9] See Note 1, supra.
[10] Under the Wiretap Act as amended by the ECPA, ''wire communication'' means any aural transfer made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications affecting interstate or foreign commerce and such term includes any electronic storage of such communication. 18 U.S.C. § 2510 (1)(emphasis supplied). Section 209 of the USA Patriot Act deleted communications in electronic storage from the ECPA's definition of wire communications.
[11] Konop, 302 F.3d 877-78 (citations omitted).
[12] Id. at 878, n.6.
[13] 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701 (a) & (c).
[14]18 U.S.C.§ 2701 (b).
[15] 18 U.S.C.§ 2511(2)(d)("It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person not acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication "where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception.")(the "Wiretap Act"); 18 U.S.C.§ 2701 (c)(2)("This section [imposing liability for unauthorized access to stored communications] does not apply with respect to conduct authorized by a user of that [wire or electronic communications] service with respect to a communication of or intended for that user.")(the "Stored Communications Act").
[16] DoubleClick, 154 F.Supp.2d at 510-11; See footnote 15, supra.
[17] Id. at 515; See footnote 15, supra.
[18] In re Pharmatrak, Inc. Privacy Litigation, 220 F. Supp.2d 4, 6, 11-13 (D. Ma. 2002).
[19] 18 U.S.C. §§ 2511 (a), (c), and (d).
[20] The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6801 (1999); The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 42 U.S.C. § 103 (1996); The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6501 (1998); and regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition state laws, and regulations promulgated thereunder, may provide protection for personal data where your enterprise operates.
Relevant Links
U.S. Information Security Law, Part One
This article originally appeared on SecurityFocus.com -- reproduction in whole or in part is not allowed without expressed written consent.


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Labor and Social Protection
An ageing population needs older workers
Growth is not enough for Mozambique's informal workers
Social protection and the World Humanitarian Summit
In a world increasingly filled with risk and potential, social protection systems help individuals and families cope with civil war, natural disaster, displacement, and other shocks.
Social protection systems also help people find jobs, allow them to meet their basic needs while also investing in the health and education of their children, and protect the elderly and other vulnerable groups. The World Bank Group (WBG) supports universal access to social protection, which is central to its goals of ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. We also have projects that are directly or indirectly supporting humanitarian work around the world.
Bhutan's Gross National Happiness (GNH) and the World Bank
The concept of "Gross National Happiness" has been long discussed, debated, understated, overstated or seen as a gimmick. Now what is really Gross National Happiness? And how does the World Bank engagement fit in it? Let's look into it together in an attempt to de-mystify the concept into what it really is, which is: a vision, broad policy directions trickling down to programs, a survey, a policy screening tool, and yes also, a foreign policy instrument and a brand.
The visionary statement, "Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross Domestic Product" was first enunciated by His Majesty the Fourth King of Bhutan in the 1970s. In turn, the Fifth King declared: "Today, GNH has come to mean so many things to so many people but to me it signifies simply - Development with Values. Thus for my nation today GNH is the bridge between the fundamental values of kindness, equality and humanity and the necessary pursuit of economic growth." Article 9-2 of the constitution directs the state "to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness".
GNH is translated into broad policy directions that provide the Government's overarching, long-term strategies and five-year plans. The four pillars of GNH philosophy are: sustainable development; preservation and promotion of cultural values (traditional and cultural heritage paramount - its loss leads to a general weakening of society); conservation of the natural environment (Bhutan's constitution: 60 percent forest coverage, green economy), establishment of good governance.
Preventing distortions in minimum wages
Can Moldova have a viable pension system … if retirement age is increased?
In my first blog on Moldova's pension system, I discussed challenges and reform options. My second one focused on the incentives to contribute into that pension system. Now, in this third blog, I am going to discuss Moldova's retirement age: why it is important to raise it ... and why it is equally challenging to do so.
To better understand the issues faced by public pension systems today, it is important to remember that they are generally pay-as-you-go schemes. This means that those who work today pay the pensions of those who are retired.
This particular system was first introduced in Germany back in the 19th century, when the workforce was growing – a very different situation from what we have today. Rapidly ageing societies, longer life expectancy at retirement, lower fertility and migration are all adding pressures on pension systems in many European countries, including Moldova.
Humanitarian assistance versus safety nets: are we asking the right questions?
As the World Humanitarian Summit approaches, the buzz around humanitarian issues is reaching fever pitch (see here, here and here). This is complemented by a growing literature on how government safety nets such as cash transfer programs can be 'scalable' in response to shocks (see here and here).
Amidst the excitement, the distinction between humanitarian assistance and safety nets is not always clear: how do they differ? Are they complementary or alternatives? What are the trade-offs? In a recent note, I tried to explore some these quandaries.
Ending poverty means closing the gaps between women and men
For the first time in history, the number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen below 10%. The world has never been as ambitious about development as it is today. After adopting the Sustainable Development Goals and signing the Paris climate deal at the end of 2015, the global community is now looking into the best and most effective ways of reaching these milestones. In this five-part series I will discuss what the World Bank Group is doing and what we are planning to do in key areas that are critical for ending poverty by 2030: good governance, gender equality, conflict and fragility, creating jobs, and, finally, preventing and adapting to climate change.
The world is a better place for women and girls in 2016 than even a decade ago. But not for everyone, and definitely not everywhere: This is especially true in the world's poorest, most fragile countries.
It's also particularly true regarding women's economic opportunities. Gender gaps in employment, business, and access to finance hold back not just individuals but whole economies—at a time when we sorely need to boost growth and create new jobs globally.
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- Sahel
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- data
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- Social Development
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- The World Region
- Liberia
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- international development association
How can the World Bank support LGBTI inclusion?
Stigmatization and discrimination often have a direct impact on the lives of LGBTI people, but also affect economies and societies at large: when entire groups are left behind - including due to sexual orientation or gender identity - everyone loses out on their skills and productivity.
On this International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT), Ede Ijjasz and Maninder Gill detail some of the actions taken by the World Bank to make sure LGBTI people can be fully integrated into global development.


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This is one of Tennessee's oldest towns, tucked away in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains. It's easy to see that the original Avery's Trace (see box on page 23) travelers found this area one of the most difficult to travel but also one of the most beautiful, earning it the nickname "The Switzerland of the Upper Cumberland." It's home to the annual Poke Sallet Festival, celebrating the native poke weed plant.
Tennessee Vacation eGuide
The 2016 eGuide gives you instant access to Tennessee's irresistible attractions and destinations. Peruse venues online, then put in your order to get a free guide delivered to your doorstep.


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All Jackets - MensSave on Men's All Jackets at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of street gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling All Jackets and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
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11 Objective Examples for Resume Customer Service
If you're on the lookout for sure job as a customer service, you'll actually want a resume that professionally current you in entrance of the hiring supervisor. On this opportunity, you'd better to create an incredible resume objective and tell what your job's objective to the hiring manager. This could also assist you to verify what you'll carry for the company and still take note to write some standpoint statements in your resume objective particularly for customer service job place. This job requires you to serve the customers first and show you can do it by making a resume and look at these all resume samples given below as your references.
Incoming search terms:
- objectives for resumes customer service


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LNK files are system files mainly associated with Windows. Windows uses LNK files as references to original files, according to FileInfo.com, an online database of file extensions. If you have deleted a LNK file by accident, you can recover it and use it from its original location.
Other People Are Reading
LNK files contain shortcuts for computer locations, folders, web addresses or file names. Moreover, a LNK file will usually have the appearance of the original file, except for a curled arrow in the corner of the icon.
Restoring the Deleted File
To restore a deleted LNK file, simply go to your computer desktop and open the "Recycle Bin." Then type "LNK" in the search bar, and all your deleted LNK files will appear. Right-click on the file you wish to recover and click on "Restore." This process will restore your LNK file to its original location.
To open a LNK file just double-click on it. If, despite doing this, your LNK file won't open, you should run a registry scan to check for errors, as you might have a damaged computer registry.
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Love Me Spells in Vancouver, British Columbia
Merry Meet and Blessed Be! My name is Phelan, I am a white witch that practices white witchcraft, I am also a gifted psychic and root worker. I strive to provide ethical and honest services to all of our clients in Vancouver, British Columbia or Corpus Christi, TX from our Atlanta location. If you are in need of assistance with love binding spells, binding spells for protection, protection/shielding spells or white magic binding spells, call us at 678-918-3333 or create an account today, if you live within the Atlanta area we can setup an appointment in person to discuss your situation or to schedule a psychic reading.
Our clients have come from Vancouver, British Columbia, Corpus Christi, TX and even Vancouver, British Columbia for more than a decade now, they have gotten my assistance in matters of love binding spells, binding spells for protection, protection/shielding spells or white magic binding spells and also with "Love Me Spells", remember I can help with my white magic from Atlanta even if you are located in Vancouver, British Columbia.
I use white magic to heal a clients situation, contact me today to heal the heart of your situation.
I look forward to working with and aiding you in effecting the positive change within your life that you desire, need and deserve!
Blessed Be, Phelan
Love Me Spells | Bind Lovers Spell | Vancouver, British Columbia


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Love is hard when its in a box, unyielding to the Spirit of Love.
You put Love in a box when
you love only those that look like you
….. that talk like you
…... that dress like you/ tattoo/ piercing/style
…… with your skin color
,,,,,,,, who believe just what you believe
……..who worship God the way you do.
Like God (Spirit of Love) is that narrowed minded. Please!
….. those in your inner circle
……. those who can offer/give you something
……. the book rather than the man that book Loves
……. your rules more than people
……..your money
………your position
………your looks
……….your youth
……….your possessions
……….there is so many things that hinder the Spirit of Love
Love is hard when your love is boxed in, imprison.
Open the box and yourself to the possibility of Love
© Copyright 2017 Ripples. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Editorial and Opinion
Oh I really liked it :) beautiful flow. The message was loud, clear and very thought provoking. You captured the essence well my friend.
I don't like the format, but what does it matter? The message is what's important, and it's good.
My motto is and will be "No gods, no masters." Don't you think man's vices are a good part of his virtues?
Good work!
This poem is L-o-v-e-l-y.. hehehe... :)
Essay / Religion and Spirituality
Poem / Religion and Spirituality
Essay / Editorial and Opinion
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Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
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An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
There was an error uploading your file.


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NEW AUDITORS are to take on FTSE 100 insurer RSA Insurance, as the group looks to avoid conflict issues.
KPMG will take on the audit work at RSA from this year, with Deloitte stepping down.
In its full year results stock exchange statement, RSA said that Deloitte is set to take on consultancy work for the insurer in Scandinavia, which RSA and the firm "feels would impair the perception of their independence".
Former Deloitte chairman Martin Scicluna joined RSA at the end of 2012.
A KPMG spokesman said the firm was "very pleased" to win the audit.
RSA suffered a rough ride after announcing its results yesterday. The insurer cut its dividend by a third, off the back of low bond yields threatening its ability to invest.
Analysts criticised the decision as over-cautious, and its share price slumped 14% – wiping £700m off its market value.
For more companies and markets data visit the Share Price Centre
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UHY Hacker Young appoints new partner to audit team
Stephen Grayson to join the audit department in Manchester
Six partner promotions at Crowe Clark Whitehill
Promotions have been made in the private clients tax team and corporate business team


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Designed Baby shows, to showcase what is available in your local area for you and your little one.
Pre-register your attendance at one of our FREE events, and you could win a £50 Voucher as you walk through the door. We also give away 100 Goodie Bags, and have a fantastic on the day charity raffle raising money for both Bliss and Sands.


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- Map/Street View
- Things Nearby
2701 West Avenue A, Ocean City, This vacation rental property sleeps 6 with 3 bedrooms and 2 baths. Lovely open corner property. Gold Coast, minutes to beach, new living room furnishings and laminate floors. Covered front and rear decks (furnished). Enclosed garage with → Read More
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Daniel Eden / Tags / puting students
1 Shot
Puting Students I got a little bored, so I whipped up a super nerdy banner for my University's "Puting Students" Facebook group.
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Daniel Eden
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Season 2 of the Overtime podcast is here! Listen to the first episode with Meg Robichaud now.


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Twitter Link Facebook link
In their hour of greatest need, the most vulnerable are being let down by the mainstream media, and particularly our national publicly funded broadcaster.
At times the government's approach to the poor and disadvantaged seems baffling, their reasoning tortured. Take child poverty for instance: recently Ian Duncan Smith and his supporters in the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ) declared that child poverty was not a matter of low parental incomes. They blurred the distinction between poverty, which is undeniably a lack of money, and child neglect, which is another matter entirely.
Government figures show a 16 per cent increase in homelessness acceptances between January and March 2012, compared to the same quarter in 2011.
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament has condemned the "unbridled expenditure" on Britain's Trident nuclear weapons system.
Are well-meaning but politically naïve charities unwittingly helping the government to dismantle the welfare state?
I'm about to leave for the rebpublican protest against the monarchy and the royal jubilee. For me, this is not only a demonstration for democracy, important though that it. It is also an anti-cuts demonstration.
Here is the full text of the letter published in the Guardian (17 May 2012) from disability organisations and disabled rights advocates, backed by signatories from charities, NGOs, academics and others (including Ekklesia), on the impact of government cuts hitting disabled people.
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced spending of £5 billion at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) at Aldermaston and Burghfield in Berkshire.
Teachers in England are witnessing increasing numbers of pupils coming into school "hungry", "dirty" and "struggling to concentrate" since the economic crisis began, according to a Prince's Trust and Times Educational Supplement survey. Interviews with over 500 secondary school teachers painted a bleak picture.
Newham Council has written to housing associations across the country, including one in Stoke, in an attempt to find accommodation for the 32,000 families on its housing waiting list.
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Operation Noah is calling on local churches to commit to divesting from fossil fuels during a week-long Global Divestment Mobilisation in May.
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Posting Projects: Not showing up?
I tried to post a project, and it said it'd been posted, but I clicked the "Projects" section, and it's not there. I went to my studio and it wasn't there either, but when I clicked "My activity", it said I'd posted it.
Also, I accidentally posted the same project on my Sister's profile, and it has the same problem: It doesn't show up. I tried to delete the one on my sister's account, but it wouldn't delete.
Now both of the projects are showing up, but I can't delete the one I accidentally posted on my sister's profile…
1 Post Sign in to add a post
Feb 17, 2012, 09.20 PMby sew4my3
Hello NeederMoo,
Are you still having this issue? Sometimes it takes a while for it to show up in the projects section. With that being said it shouldn't take anything longer than about 10 or 15 minutes. Please let me know if you need additional assistance.
Happy sewing!
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- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Vomiting
What causes fever, shortness of breath and vomiting? 17 possible conditions
See a list of possible causes in order from the most common to the least.
Common colds and influenza are contagious infections that affect the respiratory system. Both are airborne illnesses, spread through coughing and sneezing. Shared symptoms include headache, cough, sore throat, and more.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer of the lymphatic system that occurs when tumors develop from the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell.
The recommended amount of caffeine is usually 400 mg per day for healthy adults. Caffeine overdose may occur if you ingest more than this amount.
This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required.
Many marine animals bite or sting. Some animals are venomous, while others can inflict deep bites. Learn more about the risks and prevention.
Whooping cough is a serious respiratory infection that can be deadly for infants and young children, but adolescents and adults can get it too. Vaccination is available.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania parasite found in sand flies.
This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required.
An adrenergic bronchodilators overdose is when you take too much of a certain kind of asthma medication.
This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of viral pneumonia. The virus that causes SARS was first identified in 2003.
Burkitt's lymphoma is a relatively rare and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
The plague is a serious bacterial infection that can be deadly. It's caused by poor sanitation, overcrowding, and large rodent populations.
A transfusion reaction is when your body has an adverse response to a blood transfusion. Learn how transfusion reactions occur and how to minimize your risk.
MRSA is an infection caused by a type of staph bacteria that's resistant to many different antibiotics. Learn about its symptoms, causes, and treatment.
This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required.
A bite from a venomous snake should always be treated as a medical emergency. Even a bite from a harmless snake can lead to an allergic reaction or infection.
Please consult a healthcare professional if you have health concerns.
Click to add a symptom to your list
- Top Symptoms
Copyright © 2005 - 2017 Healthline Media. All rights reserved for Healthline. Healthline content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice. See a certified medical professional for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


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Crockerton House
Accommodation, hotel, Bed and Breakfast
Three luxurious bedrooms with en suite bathrooms. Handsome entrance hall, drawing room and dining room with family antiques. Originally part of Lord Bath's Longleat Estate and purchased by Lord Heytesbury in 1921. Modern facilities including refurbished bathrooms, flatscreen TVs and wireless broadband internet access. Fresh local produce, organic meat and eggs, and freshly ground coffee. Over an acre of glorious gardens overlooking Southleigh Wood and the Wylye Valley. Candle-lit dinner also available from Monday to Thursday. Only 10 minutes from Longleat and CenterParc, 20 from Stourhead and Shaftesbury and 30 from Bath, Salisbury and Stonehenge.
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Anti-Nausea Wristbands for Kids
Anti-nausea wristbands for travel for kids - 1 pair
For Québec customers, some products may only be available for purchase at Accès Pharma, Wal-Mart's Québec-based affiliated pharmacies http://www.accespharma.ca/en.
Every medication or natural health product may cause serious adverse reactions or interactions with other medications. Read the label, warnings and inserts provided by the manufacturer and consult your pharmacist when purchasing such medications or natural health products. Always keep medications and natural health products out of reach of children.
To be sure this product is right for you, always read and follow the label.
Featured Products
Description & Features+
Anti nausea wristbands offer all-natural, drug-free relief for nausea.
Wristbands are adjustable to ensure a secure, snug fit - size recommended for children under the age of 11, or for users with smaller wrists.
1 pair (2 bracelets) per package, blue or pink (stock may vary)
- Offers natural, drug-free relief for nausea associated with motion sickness, post-operative side effects, chemotherapy and other conditions
- Ideal for air, boat or car travel and roller coasters
- Works by exerting a gentle pressure on the NEI-KUAN acupressure point on each wrist
- Adjustable size ideal for smaller wrists - custom fit around wrist for snug, secure fit (see instructions for details)
- Recommended for ages 3-11, or users with smaller wrists
- One size fits most
- Latex free
For best results, it is recommended to wear a wristband on each wrist before and during the duration of travel. Precise positioning of the wristband may improve results.
Please see full instructions and caution statements inside package before use.
Assembled product dimensions: L 7.88 inches x W 2.92 inches x H 0.72 inches x W 0.05 pounds
Store Availability+
From the Manufacturer +
Sponsored Products


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just wondering what clothing I should put on my toddler and infant under their snow suits? Toddler I was thinking leggings, thick snow socks, thermal skivvy and long sleeved Spencer. For infant I was going to put him a singlet, bonds onsie as well as a pair of thick socks.
Do you think this will be enough to keep them warm?
Also, I'm going to buy a lil pair or sunnies for my toddlers eyes to guard against reflection on the snow. But what about my infants eyes?


text: Seller: businessinferndale2011 (1,672) 99.3%, Location: Ferndale, Michigan, Ships to: US, Item: 222316368297 Authentic Antique Pre Columbian Pottery Chimu Stirrup Bottle Private Collection 8 1/4 Inches Tall. Please Look at the pictures as they are most of my description! Feel free to send me a message if you are not 100% sure about the item!. PAYMENT: Local pick up buyer must pay at pick up. Payment must be made within 48 hours after the item ends. If you need more time, please feel free to send me a message! SHIPPING: Package will be shipped within 24 hours after payment is received. Tracking number or delivery confirmation will be provided within 24 hours. Local pickup is available. Thank you for looking! Material: Pottery


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Divorced Dudes is loading on Pandamovie..
Divorced Dudes - Plot
Divorced Dudes, is a dramatic, romantic comedy about three guys who go through breaks-ups, divorces and separations and ultimately launch a reality romance television show for the guys to score with the ladies and the ladies to score with the guys. And with an even more touching payoff for the main character Tom, to perhaps finally find his one true love, after suffering a bitter betrayal by his wife, Annie. On A Television Show? Get Real. This fun fill...
Director: Bill Stoneking
Actors: Bill Stoneking, Deneen Melody, Laura Atwood, Renee Domenz
IMDb Rating: 6.8 ( based on 13 votes )
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The stand-in Wales captain, Ashley Williams, is winning his race to be fit for tonight's Euro 2012 qualifier in Switzerland.
Williams, wearing the armband in the absence of Craig Bellamy, turned his ankle late on in Friday's defeat to Bulgaria at the Cardiff City Stadium. The Swansea defender was given the all-clear to travel to Basle after an X-ray on Saturday and has shown considerable improvement since, playing a full part in training yesterday.
The caretaker manager, Brian Flynn, said yesterday: "His ankle has got better every day and I am very confident he will be able to start."
Flynn must make changes in defence with Chris Gunter and Sam Ricketts suspended. Cardiff's Darcy Blake, 21, will win his first cap at right-back while Williams, if fit, is likely to revert to centre-half after playing in midfield last week.
Flynn has further defensive options, having drafted in Rhoys Wiggins of Bournemouth on Saturday and then making a further late addition to his squad by calling up Preston's Craig Morgan yesterday. "Darcy will play at right-back. I've seen a lot of him in that position and I like him there," Flynn said. "I've brought Craig in for his aerial ability, his strength and his power. He will be a good addition to the squad and he will help us."
Flynn also revealed that Gareth Bale and James Collins suffered minor strains in the Bulgaria match but both have been overcome.
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- Fitness
- Gareth Bale


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Riga, Latvia born 1939
Hollywood, County Wicklow, Ireland born 1922
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1940 – Bendigo, Victoria, Australia 2009
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia born 1938
commenced 1984
print workshop (organisation)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia commenced 1977
co-publisher (organisation)
co-publisher (organisation)
In the studio.
1998 Description: A bound artist's book of 8 pages, containing 2 lithographs and 3 silkscreens, within red fabric cover with printed design on front and artist's name, presented in a blue paper dust jacket. Design by Tate Adams at Lyre Bird Press. Lithographs by Jan Senbergs and John Robinson. Silkscreens by Jan Senbergs and Larry Rawling. Text by Jenny Zimmer and Larry Rawling.
Page: collection record
Place made: Larry Rawling Fine Art Prints, 675 Coombs Road, Kinglake West, Victoria, Australia
Materials & Technique: books, artist's books, ink; paper lithographs and screenprints, printed in black ink Support: thick off-white wove Arches 310 gsm paper
Manufacturer's Mark: watermark: title page (p.1) upper right edge, 'ARCHES/FRANCE' and infinity symbol.
Edition State: published state
Impression: hors a commerce 1/7
Edition: edition of 30; 7 hors a commerce