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Profile Information
FC Porto Guide
SladePT posted a topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017FC Porto Full Name: Futebol Clube do Porto Nickname: Dragões (Dragons) Stadium: Estádio do Dragão (former Estádio das Antas) (Capacity: 50035 seats) Foundation year: 1893 (refounded in 1906) Current chairman: Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa Honours: Primeira Liga winners (27x) Taça de Portugal winners (16x) Campeonato de Portugal winners (4x) Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira winners (20x) Champions League winners (2x) Europa League winners (2x) UEFA SuperCup winners (1x) Intercontinental Cup winners (2x) Fernando Gomes: 352 goals in 455 matches. Yet a record to be broken. This was one of FC Porto's greatest players. Unfortunately never had a chance to watch him play in real life. I'm only 22 years old. He's now, currently one of FC Porto's scouts. Vitor Baía: This is my favorite player of FC Porto since I started watching football. This was the greatest goalkeeper in my opinion, right alongside with van der Sar. He is one of the players with the most awards conquered in the world. Total of 35 awards. Expectations FC Porto is currently playing in the Champions League after a tremendous victory against the English champion, Leicester, a marvelous 5-0 win. Having to face Juventus real soon, FC Porto needs to prove everyone they're worthy of staying at the Champions League. As likely, on the game, you're also on the Champions Cup, and the Board expects you to atleast reach the first knockout round. Superb training facilities as well as superb youth facilities. We do have a lot of wonderkids in real life. Rui Pedro, Afonso Sousa, Diogo Dalot, Rui Pires.. Immense sheer talent! FC Porto is also known in real life for its business. Unfortunately, nowadays, we don't see that much. But, in the game, you only get 6.25M€ to invest as you would like. Staff The Backroom Team consists in an all-round Coaches, which all of them are Gold. Rui Pedro Silva, specializes in Defensive training, Rui Barbosa in Goalkeeping, António Dias in Fitness and Rui Barros in Attacking. As for the scouts, all Gold scouts. Fernando Gomes as a Bargain Hunter, (which is something that Porto, in real life, keeps an eye on) Francisco Craveiro also as a Bargain Hunter and Fernando Bandeirinha as a Tactical Analyst. I do recommend releasing Francisco Craveiro as we already have a Bargain Hunter, and buy ourselves a Gold Youth Scout if possible. If not, a Gold First Team Scout should do it. Unfortunately, for Physios we have a Bronze and a Silver one. José Mário is the only Gold Physio. But, I recommend keeping Pedro Vale, only releasing Luís Pinto for another Rehab Silver/Gold Physio. Key Players Danilo Pereira, one of the strongest portuguese midfielders as we speak. Since he traded Maritimo for Porto, he's improved a lot. He's now one of FC Porto's finest The mighty Casillas. Who has never heard about Casillas? As a fan, this was the greatest sign by FC Porto. With 35 years old, Casillas proves that he can still be considered one of the top Goalkeepers. I do consider him the Star Player of this team. Diogo Jota. With only 19 years old, Diogo Jota scores a lot. And I mean a lot! Unfortunately, he's only on a loan from Atl. Madrid. That doesn't mean he can't be a key player of the team, right? He's one of the game's wonderkid, and he's really brilliant! Although he lacks a little maturity and leadership, he's still perfect for the team and his age will still make him improve even more on those points. Yacine Brahimi... I mean, I love Brahimi. Although he has no Positioning, and his Teamwork is not one of the best, his Techinque and Dribbling made him also, one of FC Porto's finest. I wouldn't be choosing anyone over Brahimi to be honest. And we got ourselves another Wonderkid! Andre Silva, he's simply a beast on the game. Performs really well alongside with Diogo Jota, making those two the best duo at FC Porto And finally, Ivan Marcano. Yes, he's not one of the greatest on Porto, and last season (in real life) his performance was not one the best I've seen. But this season, he has been proving everyone that they were wrong. Between Felipe and Marcano I would always choose Marcano, no matter what. Future Prospects Rui Pires Rui Pedro André Silva Otávio Ricardo Pereira Ruben Neves Rafa Soares As I've said before, currently Porto has good prospects in Sub-19 and Sub-17, and they have been improving A LOT lately. I'm really glad to see my team using their prospects to reach for greatness. Players to Sell/Loan/Release Although I never release any of the players, it's your own choice if you want to do so. Silvestre Varela (sell) Diogo Costa (loan) Josué (loan) Zé Manuel (loan) Evandro (sell) Chidozie Awaziem (loan) I do recommend loaning out Awaziem has he's still 19 years old, and he can improve a lot in the game. You can try it out yourselves. Same for Diogo Costa, he's still really young and can step up his game once Casillas retires. Players to Buy Although I don't usually buy any players unless I sell any, I usually try to buy/loan some players. I'll name them below. Ricardo Quaresma (Besiktas) Bruno Alvez (Cagliari) Tiago Ilori (Liverpool - Loan) This is my usual players to buy if I do need them. I have a thing for Portuguese players. There's so much talent hidden... Tactics I do use this 4-2-3-1 tactic. I saw it once on the Vibe community, and if it belongs to you, I'm sorry but I didn't find your topic to give you credits for. I tried this tactic and it works wonders! I hope you find this guide helpfull if you ever trying to coach FC Porto. But please do. You won't want anything else! Cheers! Credits: BatiGoal (Thanks for letting me use your guide template. Hope you'll enjoy this guide as I did!)
H2H Challenges
SladePT replied to BatiGoal's topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017Is this still a thing? I'd join one
Fiorentina Team Guide
SladePT replied to BatiGoal's topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017Can I copy your guide template to make one of FC Porto myself?
Best 30+ Players to create Evogens
SladePT replied to Dec's topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017Miroslav Klose is one of my favourite players of all time! I remember buying him on FM07 and he was a top scorer along with Villa
I think this is enough, right? P.S. He's a beast
I have Cancelo. Bought him on the 2017/2018 season. I'm on the 2026/2027 so one more season and done
In Portugal they can't be considered reserves because they play in the league below (hence operating like a different team). That's why I've asked if coming from FCP B counts as a sign
New translation (Portuguese)
SladePT replied to SladePT's topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017I'm on iOS (not jailbroken, unfortunately (yet))
New translation (Portuguese)
SladePT posted a topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017I wanted to know, if it's possible to create a new translation to the game. Do I need any files? Any programs in specific? What do I need?
I'm slow af...
What do you mean?
I can always wait for Ruben Neves to retire...
Coming from B team counts as a sign? Like Rui Pedro or Rui Pires?
Son In The Team
SladePT posted a topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017I've been coaching FC Porto for 10/11 years now and I didn't get my son on the team yet. Wasn't it 10 years? Or has it changed?
BG's FIFA FIFPro World XI 2016
SladePT replied to BatiGoal's topic in Football Manager Mobile 2017Thank god you didn't chose Chiellini along with Suarez


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Tatted Up Monroe Phone Case
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Assistant Professor of Psychology
Kanbar Hall - 213
Zachary Rothschild
A survey of theory and research on individual social behavior. Topics include self-concept, social cognition, affect, attitudes, social influence, interpersonal relationships, and cultural variations in social behavior.
Zachary Rothschild
A systematic study of the scientific method as it underlies psychological research. Topics include prominent methods used in studying human and animal behavior, the logic of causal analysis, experimental and non-experimental designs, issues in internal and external validity, pragmatics of careful research, and technical writing of research reports.
My research interests focus on the psychological defenses people employ to maintain a meaningful and controllable conception of reality and a positive moral identity when faced with circumstances that threaten to undermine these perceptions. I am particularly interested in the destructive consequences these defensive processes have on interpersonal and intergroup relationships. For example, one recent line of research examines how people engage in scapegoating to protect their perceived personal control or moral identity when confronted with large-scale negative events (e.g., climate change, economic turmoil). In a related line of research, I am exploring how feelings of guilt over personal/collective harm-doing can drive defensive expressions of moral outrage at other perceived harm-doers in the name of justice.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., Rothschild, Z. K., Keefer, L. A. (2014). Searching for the root of all evil: An existential-sociological perspective on political enemyship and scapegoating. Invited Chapter in J. van Prooijen & P. A. M. van Lang (Eds.), Power, Politics and Paranoia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Press.
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., Molina, L. K, Branscombe, N., & Sullivan, D. (2013). Displacing blame over the ingroup's harming of a disadvantaged group can fuel moral outrage at a third-party scapegoat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 898-906.
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., & Keefer, L. A. (2012). A dual-motive model of scapegoating: Displacing blame to reduce guilt or increase control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1148-1163.
Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., Keefer, L. A., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2012). Subjectivity uncertainty theory of objectification: Compensating for uncertainty about how to positively relate to others by downplaying their subjective attributes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1234-1246.
Keefer, L. A., Landau, M. J., Rothschild, Z. K., & Sullivan, D. (2012). Attachment to objects as compensation for close others' perceived unreliability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 912-917.
Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., Rothschild, Z. K., & Keefer, L. A. (2012). Deriving solace from a nemesis: Having scapegoats and enemies buffers the threat of meaninglessness. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns. (pp. 183-202). American Psychological Association.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., Branscombe, N. B., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2012). Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 778-795. *Winner of the Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Award
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., & Sullivan, D. (2011). By the numbers: Structure-seeking individuals prefer quantitative over qualitative representations of personal value to compensate for the threat of unclear performance contingencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1508-1521.
Landau, M. J., Rothschild, Z. K., & Sullivan, D. (2011). The extremism of everyday life: Fetishism as a defense against existential uncertainty. In M. A. Hogg & D. L. Blaylock (Eds.), Extremism and the psychology of uncertainty. (pp. 131-146). West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological function of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 84-94.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010). An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 434-439.
Rothschild, Z. K., Abdollahi, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009). Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 816-827.
Pyszczynski, T., Rothschild, Z. K., & Abdollahi, A. (2008). Terrorism, violence, and hope peace a terror management perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 318-322.


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The most significant deficiency of most of today's interactive ray tracers is that they are restricted to static walkthroughs. This restriction is due to the static nature of the acceleration structures used. While the best reported frame rates for static geometric models have been achieved using carefully constructed kd-trees, this article shows that… (More)
Current GPUs rasterize micropolygons (polygons approximately one pixel in size) inefficiently. We design and analyze the costs of three alternative data-parallel algorithms for rasterizing micropolygon workloads for the real-time domain. First, we demonstrate that efficient micropolygon rasterization requires parallelism across many polygons, not just… (More)
Designed for computer graphics, oRGB is a new color model based on opponent color theory. It works well for both HSV-style color selection and computational applications such as color transfer. oRGB also enables new applications such as a quantitative cool-to-warm metric, intuitive color manipulation and variations, and simple gamut mapping.
Figure 1: Ray tracing can robustly and naturally support next generation visual effects not easily combined with GPU graphics including depth-of-field, motion blur, glossy and specular reflection, soft shadows, and correct refraction. More details on the system that generated of these images are available in Boulos et al. (2006). Abstract The modern… (More)
Much progress has been made toward interactive ray tracing, but most research has focused specifically on ray casting. A common approach is to use "packets" of rays to amortize cost across sets of rays. Whether "packets" can be used to speed up the cost of reflection and refraction rays is unclear. The issue is complicated since such rays do not share… (More)
- Ingo Wald, William R. Mark, Johannes Günther, Solomon Boulos, Thiago Ize, Warren A. Hunt +2 others
- Eurographics
- 2007
Ray tracing has long been a method of choice for off-line rendering, but traditionally was too slow for interactive use. With faster hardware and algorithmic improvements this has recently changed, and real-time ray tracing is finally within reach. However, real-time capability also opens up new problems that do not exist in an off-line environment. In… (More)
We introduce GRAMPS, a programming model that generalizes concepts from modern real-time graphics pipelines by exposing a model of execution containing both fixed-function and application-programmable processing stages that exchange data via queues. GRAMPS allows the number, type, and connectivity of these processing stages to be defined by software,… (More)
Figure 1: Our three test scenes rendered with two bounces of diffuse path tracing and one light sample per bounce (six rays per path) at 64 paths per pixel. Our reordering method maintains high SIMD utilization even for these incoherent ray distributions, achieving 1.2M rays per second for the conference scene (far right) (1.5× faster than BVH packet… (More)
We present recent results in the application of distributed shared memory to image parallel ray tracing on clusters. Image parallel rendering is traditionally limited to scenes that are small enough to be replicated in the memory of each node, because any processor may require access to any piece of the scene. We solve this problem by making all of a… (More)
Almost all current games are implemented using the graphics processing units (GPUs) found on almost every PC. These GPUs use the z-buffer algorithm to do visibility calculations. Ray tracing, an alternative to the z-buffer algorithm, delivers higher visual quality than the z-buffer algorithm but has historically been too slow for interactive use. However,… (More)


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The prisoners were said to have revolved, attacking jail wardens and tying them up but their escape was foiled after security forces surrounded the prison and gunned down 10 inmates who tried to escape as 5 died instantly.
Confirming the incident, Ebonyi State Police Command spokesman George Okafor said:
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DCA, Inc.
About us
DCA is a Boston based consulting firm dedicated to helping clients achieve large-scale social progress. DCA helps public serving organizations to create, expand or reinvigorate initiatives, leverage philanthropic investments for greater impact, and attracting financial support for their work. Current and recent clients include the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, City of Boston, CARE, CADCA, United Way of America, the Centralina Workforce Development Board and many others.
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Stana Katic, Kate Upton or Kerry Washington. What are the sexiest girls saying? Twitter is a window to the world. Enjoy it today!
Stana Katic, a queen on TV playing the role as Detective Kate Beckett in Castle Season 7, and a funny twitter member, is congratulating birthday to friends. By the way, we love Geoff Stults too.
"@SidneySidell: @geoffstults Happy Birthday Stud…..ummmmmmm pic.twitter.com/y94CykZeCC" Perfection!
— Stana Katic (@Stana_Katic) December 16, 2014
Remember that as of December 8, 2014, 138 episodes of Castle have aired. Wooow! And the show premiered as a midseason replacement on March 9, 2009. No doubt, Stana Katic and Nathan Fillion (Richard Castle) rock!
However, Kerry Washington is speaking as a gladiator. She will always be a brave woman. Simply the best! Don't you think so?
**The fourth season of the American television drama series Scandal began airing on September 25, 2014, in USA on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and consists of 22 episodes. The season aired in the Thursday night timeslot at 9:00 EST, a new timeslot from the three previous seasons which aired at the timeslot 10:00 EST.
BTS with the #Scandal crew! I tried to get spoilers for all you #Gladiators… https://t.co/ZCAu3uuKus — kerry washington (@kerrywashington) December 11, 2014
Beautiful model Kate Upton usually tweets about Instagram.
"I can't change my bra size. They're natural! I can work out and I can stay healthy and motivated, but I can't change some things. I really just live my life. I love my body. It's what God gave me! I feel confident with myself, and if that inspires other women to feel confident with their bodies, great." Kate Upton.
#Athenaisback #GOW quinnmurphy1 @brycescarlett http://t.co/crC6qEYrHp
— Kate Upton (@KateUpton) December 12, 2014
And you? How about you? What is your best tweet?
Enjoy your day, Yareah friends. Art is everywhere and up to you. Be happy! Christmas are coming!


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Woke up this morning feeling a little nostalgic mixed with fear and excitement about the future. Both feelings can be beneficial, but what about the present. What about how I feel about what I am doing today? I am about to head to the DIA to see the exhibition "30 Americans" with a couple buds. Later tonight, I hope to get a tarot reading while asking a question about the future. I symbiotically live in the moment and stress about the future everyday. I wish I could STOP more often to you know…smell the flowers. I am trying to practice mindfulness and I think its really important, BUT… what about the 25 page procedure paper I have to write, and the huge Star Wars piece I need to paint for a upcoming show, and the 20 portraits I need to paint for the Tiny Expo, and the cat portrait commission I need to get started, and when will I find the time to see my family? I am a self proclaimed Queen of multitasking and I always seem to finish the things I need to do. I've learned worrying about my todo lists only makes my heart race. So today, I will take the time and appreciate that I am here, present in the moment, grateful to be alive, and enjoying things that make me happy.
My heart goes out to France, the lives that have been lost, and the people effected by the terrible shit that happened last night. Its difficult to NOT live in fear when in any second it could all be over. I am trying to take that fear and use it as a way to take more meaning and joy out of today, and everyday for that matter. I've got the present, right now, I am thankful for that and won't waste any minute of it.
Join us for a new kind of event for the The Ann Arbor Art Center; a short-run 1 week exhibit, curated by local artists, showing work from local artists, but who operate on a national level. The opening night reception will have music, food, and drink, with an after party nearby. It's not just an art show, it's full night of engaging and interesting creativity.
'Refractive' is the act of shaping perception through our creative endeavors. The 20 regional artists involved are a talented and multidisciplined group. Their art is a reflection of themselves — and the world that they have chosen to inhabit. This show is as much about them as it is about what they create.
Artists Include:
Scott Allen, Erin Anderson-Ruddon, Peter Baker Photography, Aaron Bobzien, Lucy Cahill, Doug Coombe, Steven Emshwiller, Peter Breese, Jason Gibner, Helen Gotlib, Christina Huff, Corryn Jackson, Jen Munford Tattoo/Artist, Louis Perchikoff, Chris Sandon, Matthew Shlian, Fred Thomas, Tavi Veraldi and more…
Curated by Pete Baker and Jeremy Wheeler.
I can't keep apologizing for not staying up to date on this site. Ha, I am sooo busy! I have been back in school for the past year and work full time, not a ton of free time. I am at Wayne State University studying community counseling and art therapy. Its one of the best decisions I have ever made and I am super stoked to start helping people through art. Here are a few new pieces I did for class, a couple others just for fun, and the commissions Ive had in the past year….
2014 is upon us!! I have been a very unconnected artist these past few months. Partly for personal reasons and partly for lack of motivation and confusion about what the fuck I am doing. Day by day I am regaining the drive to network, show new work, and get more involved in the art world. It takes its toll on me sometimes. I get overwhelmed and tire of the game.
But its a new year and I am ready. I haven't shown new work since May when I was out in San Francisco and I have produced some interesting new stuff that I can't wait to unleash. I am slowly getting into planning this next years series of events and have some great new ideas for work that I cannot wait to execute. Above is my first new piece I did inspired by the POLAR VORTEX that has entrapped the midwest this week. Stay tuned….
On March 25th with a carload of artwork, art supplies, and camping gear I set out on an adventure across the country. For the past year I have been questioning my creativity and I needed inspiration, a reboot. As long as I am painting and creating I can usually say that I am happy. However, with a constant flow of incoming commissions and a one woman production line of art fair merchandise, I was feeling like my brain was no longer conceptually being tapped into. So, I set out on a mission.
My main goals were being able to relax, submerge into nature, make art, and see art. I spent most of my days hitting the pavement, getting lost and discovering parts of San Francisco and Oakland that I had never seen before. I was able to see artists that I admire live painting and throwing up 30 foot murals. Throughout the month my artwork was hanging at Brainwash Cafe, this showing gave me the feedback I needed in a new community. I also had to train my spastic brain into being able to sit in a park for hours with out any pressure of what I should be doing. I experienced Big Sur, the most beautiful and magical place I have ever been.
Five weeks later I headed home. The 3 day drive let me process what I had learned, what I wanted to change in myself and what I wanted for my future. I believe 2013 is my year to shine brighter than I ever have before. I'm working on me this year. Using my past, whether good or bad, as a stepping stone and not something to dwell on. Confronting issues within relationships in a timely matter, rather than letting the pressure build up resulting in a volcanic explosion. It's become really important for me to be open to new mediums within my work, i.e. sculpture and public work. Finally, I need to create more conceptual art with imagery that is rooted in my brain and seen in my experiences.
This trip has changed my life and I am excited to see what happens next.
This January/February has some sweet shows I am involved with. January 26th from 7-11 at the Yellow Barn, 416 W. Huron, Ann Arbor Fancy Pants Arts & entertainment presents Venus Rising, an all woman art exhibition. I have 4 pieces on display for this one night only event. Its gonna be sweet, check out Facebook/fancypantsA2 for more info. On February 2nd, Jeremy Wheeler and the Vault of Midnight put together an action 80s movie themed show to raise awareness of awesome movies like "Miami Connection" playing at the Michigan Theater that same night. I should have a few new pieces ready for that. And finally, Lindsey Leyland and I are co-curating "Partners in Crime-a renegade love story" at the Vault UltraLounge on February 9th from 8-11pm, 219 Main Street, Ann Arbor. Sooooo many sweet themed art shows in the works, come on out and support your local artists, you wont regret it…
Its Christmas time! Probably one of my most favorite times of year. People are typically nicer and more thoughtful. Its when we all take a month to think about others and spend as much time possible with friends & family. This season puts things in perspective. The reflection over the past year, what I would do differently and how I will be a better person in the year to come.
I love trying to come up with that perfect gift that so&so mentioned dreaming of back in February. Paintings make A PERFECT GIFT. I can take an old favorite photo and make it into a one of kind piece of art. Pick a celebrity or favorite character and I can create your dream image. Or maybe you want a portrait of you and your best friend made into monsters, I do that too. The possibilities are endless!!! I am taking on new commissions right up to the last minute but please if you have an idea or wanna talk pricing please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com. The last day to put an order in will be Dec. 20th, with only a local guarantee that I can get it to you in time for Christmas. If you are out of state it will depend on where and what I would be painting for you, so get your order in asap!
As always I want to thank everyone for your support. This year I have painted more new work than I thought possible and I am so thankful for all of the opportunities.
Here is a photo of my Grandfather made into a painting for my Dad.
Its that time of year again where everything about me feels enhanced. I feel stronger, more creative, and totally optimistic about the future. I get more done in the fall. This season makes me want to be involved in the world more. I am simply happier. I love pressure and the challenge of juggling a million things at once, its just how I work I guess.
Right now I am getting prepared for the DIY Street Fair http://diystreetfair.com which takes place September 14th-16th in Ferndale, MI. I'll be located in booth 9 and there is a map on their website of where all the vendors are located. This is my first booth festival. I had to paint a lot of new work and come up with a variety new designs for my Memade Goods stuff to fill a 10 foot booth. I am super stoked about it. If you are around that weekend it's gonna be a fun festival. tons of local music. tons of local artists. great food. drinks. need i say more.
After the festival it's GO time for holiday commissions. Its gonna be a busy season so if you're looking to get a custom piece done for presents let me know as soon as possible so can make sure to have them done. Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com with any questions!


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 15, 2009
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael F. Coulas, Matthew J. Bonness, Valentin Oprescu-Surcobe
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (7), Classifications (20), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for making sidebar calls in parallel with conference calls, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for making private, parallel sidebar calls using session initiation protocol commands.
2. Background Art
Business is becoming more and more seamless due to advances in technology. Until recently, people had to travel to offices and factories each and every day to conduct business. They had to travel by car, boat, plane and train to meet with clients, customers and vendors. To run a global business, one had to log many hours and many miles on the road.
With the advent of electronic communication technology, however, the world has become a smaller place. New electronic devices like computers, mobile telephones and pagers allow people to stay in touch with customers, suppliers and their offices regardless of their physical location. Inexpensive long distance and the rise of the Internet allow telecommuting and nearly instant communications across the globe. Where a virtual "tether" once existed between a businessperson and his desk, he is now able to conduct business while traveling or even while on vacation.
Despite these technological advances, however, some people feel they still have to travel to properly conduct business. This perceived need exists because some of the options and flexibilities of meeting in person are not matched with a technological interface. One such example is the caucus, or side bar conversation, that takes place in a group meeting.
When people meet face to face, perhaps in a conference room for a negotiation, the various parties are able to communicate directly to discuss the terms of a deal or merger. When two people want to have a private discussion away from the group, for example to discuss the pros and cons of a particular proposal, they simply step into another room or office and talk. After talking in private, they are able to rejoin the group meeting feeling assured that they have the same understanding on that particular issue. They are also assured that the other party has not been privy to their conversation.
When using a multiparty teleconference in place of the face-to-face meeting, these sidebars are almost impossible to conduct. By way of example, if two people from company A are talking with two people from company B, where each person is calling from a different state or country, it is all but impossible to have a sidebar conversation. Where all the parties have dialed into a central conference number, the two parties must each hang up the conference call connection, call each other, talk and the redial the central conference number.
One prior art solution to this problem is for the people calling in to all subscribe to multiple phone lines. Where this is the case, the parties may each put the teleconference being conducted on line 1 on hold, both connect to a second line, dial each other, talk, hang up line 2 and then rejoin the conference call on line 1.
The problem with this prior art method is that it is both cumbersome and expensive. It first requires all of the parties who may desire a sidebar to have multiple line telephones. Further, they have to execute a large number of steps to have both lines going at the same time. Finally, should the second line ring while the teleconference is ongoing, the recipient of the call has no way of knowing whether the incoming call is related to the conference call unless someone announces the intent of holding a sidebar call to the entire group. For large, multiparty calls, such an announcement may be both distracting and of little benefit to the group.
Further complicating matters, the callers may be calling into the conference from mobile telephones. While some existing mobile telephone standards and protocols, for example IMS standards, do allow multiparty calls, they make no provision for splitting out of an existing multiparty call to conduct a subconference call.
There is thus a need for an improved method and apparatus for initiating and conducting sidebar, subconference calls in parallel with a multiparty conference call.
The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
Before describing in detail embodiments that are in accordance with the present invention, it should be observed that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of method steps and apparatus components related to initiating and conducting sidebar, subconference calls in parallel with multiparty conference calls using session initiation protocol (SIP) commands. Accordingly, the apparatus components and method steps have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
It will be appreciated that embodiments of the invention described herein may be comprised of one or more conventional processors and unique stored program instructions that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of initiating and conducting sidebar calls using SIP protocol commands described herein. The non-processor circuits may include, but are not limited to, a radio receiver, a radio transmitter, signal drivers, clock circuits, power source circuits, memory circuits and user input devices. As such, these functions may be interpreted as steps of a method to perform initiation and handling of sidebar calls with SIP commands. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches could be used. Thus, methods and means for these functions have been described herein. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is now described in detail. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts throughout the views. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise: the meaning of "a," "an," and "the" includes plural reference, the meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on." Relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.
The invention described herein teaches a method for using session initiation protocol (SIP) commands to initiate and conduct sidebar, or subconference, calls in parallel with multiparty conference calls. The use of SIP commands to split subconference calls from multiparty conference calls is well suited for implementation in systems utilizing the Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) standards, the UMTS standards, the cdma2000 family of standards (for example 1XevDV, HRPD) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system standards.
In one embodiment of the invention, a method and apparatus are provided for initiating a subconference call by using a SIP REFER command. The details of some SIP commands and their usage are recited by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects MultiParty (MPTY) Supplementary Services technical specification 3GPP TS 22.084, which is incorporated herein by reference. The details of the SIP REFER command are outlined in 3GPP RFC 3892 and 3GPP2 X.S0013, which are incorporated herein by reference.
This embodiment is most easily visualized by way of the following example. Presume that there is a conference call between four parties, A, B, C and D. Also presume that at sometime during the four-way call, party A and party B desire to have a subconference call privately between themselves. Using the SIP REFER command, this would occur as follows:
Party A in the conference call sends a SIP REFER command from his handset to the handset of party B, who is the party he would like to split out of the conference with to create a separate, parallel call. In accordance with the standard specifications relating to the REFER command, the REFER command includes a data field indicating to whom the SIP REFER command is to be directed. This data field is populated with party B's identifying characteristics, which may be his telephone number, handset identifier, uniform resource indicator (URI), uniform resource locater (URL) or Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card identifier.
The REFER command also includes a data field listing party A's URI, which indicates the method of responding to the REFER command. This data field is set to INVITE, indicating that party B may accept the REFER command request to enter a subconference call by transmitting an INVITE command.
The REFER command further includes another data field that indicates from whom the REFER command was referred. In one embodiment, this data field is populated with an identifier of the conference call. This data field is very useful, as party B may have his handset set so as to reject incoming calls while he is engaged in the multiparty conference call. With the data field indicating from whom the REFER command was referred, further indicating that the conference is the referring party, party B is able to identify that the REFER command, and thus the resulting subconference call, relates to the multiparty conference call. This data field therefore provides context for the subconference call, indicating that the REFER command came from a member of the conference call, and not a random, non-participatory party.
Upon receipt of the REFER command, party B's handset may read these data fields and verify that the incoming request is related to the multiparty conference call. As the incoming URI in this example was set to INVITE, party B accepts the request to join the subconference call by transmitting an INVITE command back to party A. When party A accepts the INVITE command, both party A and party B may temporarily place the conference call on hold and conduct their subconference call.
Identification of the conference and participants may be provided to the handsets of the parties through subscription services. For example, the parties may subscribe to a conference event package that allows their handset set monitor conference calls, including the identities of the conference bridge and participants. This information enables them to know which parties are available to participate in subconference splits. It also allows the parties to verify that the initiator of a subconference split request is a participant in the conference call.
In one embodiment, to better alert users that subconference calls are occurring, audiovisual alerts, including lights, sounds or on-screen messages (similar to used for conventional call waiting) may be provided to the user. These audiovisual alerts may prompt a party that a subconference request has been received, and may offer them the option of accepting or rejecting the request.
In an alternate embodiment, the subconference call is initiated by transmission of an INVITE command directly. Continuing with the presumptions set forth above, party A may initiate a subconference call by directly sending an INVITE command to party B, thereby saving the need of the extra REFER request.
As with the REFER command, the INVITE command includes at least one data field that indicates from whom the INVITE command was referred. In accordance with the invention, this data field is populated with a conference identifier, thereby alerting party B that the subconference call is related to the multiparty conference call. Where party B accepts the INVITE command, both parties may place the multiparty conference call on hold and then complete the subconference call.
Turning now to
Each party's handset 105-108 joins the teleconference by establishing a telecommunication 109-112 with a conference host 115. The telecommunication path may be any of a variety of forms known in the art. For example, a first party 101 may have a handset 105 that establishes a telecommunication link 109 first with a mobile services tower 113 and then through a more traditional switched network 114. A second party 103 may have a handset 107 that establishes a communication link 111 directly with a switched telephone or data network 114, while other handsets 106,108 may take additional routes 110,112 to the conference host. The communication paths 109-112 of
The conference host 115, which is a conference bridge in one embodiment, is a central hosting component that facilitates the multiparty conference call. While the conference host 115 may take many forms, including a dedicated server capable of networking telecommunication links, a cellular or conventional telephone services provider, a central exchange or PBX with a multiparty dial-in number and access ID or other suitable links as are known in the art, in one embodiment, the conference host 115 is known as a conference bridge having a telecommunications networking server 116 capable of handling multiparty calls. As such, the conference host 115 will be referred to herein as the "conference bridge" for discussion purposes.
The conference bridge 115 includes at least a conference identifier. This conference identifier may be as simple as the conference telephone number. Alternatively, the conference identifier could be a unique alphanumeric code. The conference identifier may also be a unique URI identifying the conference bridge.
When the parties 101-104 have all joined the multiparty call, the invention provides a mechanism for establishing a private, parallel, sidebar or subconference call. As will be described in detail below, a first party, e.g. party 101, may initiate a call by sending a SIP command 117 to a second party 102. The SIP command 117, be it a REFER command or INVITE command, includes at least one data field indicating that the conference bridge 115 is the entity from whom the SIP command 117 was referred. This reference to the conference bridge 115 allows the receiving party's handset 106 to determine that the subconference call is related to the multiparty conference call. The handset 106 may therefore provide the user 102 with the option of accepting the subconference call. Where the recipient 102 accepts the request, the subconference call may be established.
Turning now to
At step 203, the user initiates a direct telecommunication with one of the first party and the second party by transmitting at least one SIP command. In one embodiment of the invention, the SIP command used to establish the subconference is selected from the group consisting of a REFER command and an INVITE command. The use of the REFER command will be described first, followed by the use of the INVITE command.
Turning briefly to
The REFER command 300 may also include other data and fields. For example, another data field 302 may indicate an identity of a target party to whom the REFER command 300 is to be transmitted. Another data field 303 may indicate an originating party from whom the REFER command 300 was sent. Yet another data field 304 may indicate a method by which the recipient may accept the REFER command 300. In this embodiment, the REFER command 300 may be accepted by transmission of an INVITE command as is indicated by data field 304.
Optionally, the REFER command 300 may include a data body 305. The data body 305 may be populated with information relating to the subconference call. For example, the data body 305 may include information telling the recipient that the call is to be an audio call as opposed to a video call. The data body 305 may inform the recipient what type of CODEC was used in the transmission, or what type of technology is supported by the hardware making the transmission.
Turning now back to
At step 207, both the parties engaging in the subconference call place the multiparty conference call on hold. Note that this step is optional, as the parties engaging in the subconference call may listen to both calls concurrently if so desired. Also, this step 208 may be done anywhere in the method, as is indicated by the dashed lines in
Note that this method may take place between the parties without ever announcing their desire to do so to the multiparty group. In other words, two parties can conduct a subconference call by sending SIP commands without the need to make an audible announcement to the group regarding their intentions. Additionally, as the conference identifier is listed in the SIP commands as the party from whom the subconference request was referred, the parties' handsets are able to distinguish between incoming requests that relate to the multiparty call, and those that are extraneous.
Turning now to
Turning briefly to
The INVITE command 500 also includes a data field 502 indicating the identity of a target party to whom the INVITE command 500 is to be transmitted. Another data field 503 indicates the originating party from whom the INVITE command 500 was sent. Another data field 504 indicates possible responses to the INVITE command. Additionally, a data body 505 may include characteristics of the originating party's call that assist the recipient in establishing an efficient subconference call.
Turning now back to
Turning now to
As an optional step, to provide a more seamless interface to the user, the recipient's handset may reference the conference identifier against a locally stored list of conference participants at step 609. For example, when a user subscribes to a special conference package, his handset may record the identifiers of the conference and all of the participants upon joining the multiparty call. Where this is the case, to distinguish conference-related calls from extraneous ones, the handset may read any of the data fields upon receipt of a communication request. The handset may read the conference identifier to determine if it is the referring entity. The handset may also read the sender's identity to see if they are presently participating in the conference.
Continuing with the example of the handset reading the conference identifier, the handset determines whether the conference identifier is recognized at decision 610. Where the conference identifier is recognized, the handset may optionally present the communication request to a user at step 612. The handset may further provide the user the option of accepting the request at step 613. Where the conference identifier or sender is not recognized, the handset may reject the call by ending the loop at step 611.
The recipient's handset then determines which SIP command was received, REFER or INVITE, at decision 602. Where the received command is a REFER command, the recipient (presuming that he wants to participate in the subconference call) will transmit an INVITE command at step 603 in response to receiving the REFER command. The recipient will then receive a 200(OK) command at step 604 in response to transmitting the INVITE command. The recipient will then transmit an ACK command at step 605 in response to receiving the 200(OK) command. Now that the subconference call can be established, the recipient places the call on hold at step 606.
Where the received command is an INVITE command, the recipient transmits a 200(OK) command at step 607. The recipient then receives an ACK command at step 608.
Turning now to
The memory 703 stores modules capable of directing the central processor 702 as to what commands to execute. An application module 705, operable with the central processor 702, is capable of establishing telephonic communications by way of transmission and receipt of SIP commands. A telecommunication module 706, operable with the central processor 702, is capable of joining a multiparty conference call with at least two other parties by way of a conference bridge having a conference identifier.
In one embodiment, the application module 705 initiates the subconference call by transmitting a SIP command. The SIP command may either be an INVITE command that includes at least one data field indicating that the conference identifier referred the INVITE command, or it may be a REFER command having at least one data field indicating that the conference identifier referred the REFER command.
Another module, the reference module 707 that is operable with the central processor 702, references a locally stored list of call participants from the data fields in the SIP command, be they the conference identifier or identifiers of the respective participants. The reference module 707 may also present the incoming call request or conference identifier to the user where it is recognized, and may further present the user with an option of accepting the request.
In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments of the present invention have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below. Thus, while preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions, and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims. For example
Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present invention. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendancy of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 1, 1998
|Jun 11, 2002
|Siemens Information And Communication Networks, Inc.
|Subconference calling in a telephony-over-LAN environment
|May 22, 1998
|Aug 20, 2002
|Avaya Technology Corp.
|Dynamically scaleable conference system
|Aug 14, 2001
|Feb 20, 2003
|Charles Baker
|Conference call tunneling method and apparatus
|Nov 19, 2004
|Nov 24, 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Managing a conference session
|Nov 8, 1999
|Jun 7, 2000
|Siemens Information and Communication Networks Inc.
|Subconference calling in a telephony-over-lan environment
|R. Sparks, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer Method", IETF Standard, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, CH, Apr. 2003, Sections 1 and 2, Section 2.4.3.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 21, 2010
|Jan 1, 2013
|Adtran, Inc.
|System and method for call transfer within an internet protocol communications network
|Nov 18, 2010
|Feb 18, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Managing subconference calls within a primary conference call
|Sep 2, 2011
|Nov 4, 2014
|Broadnet Teleservices, Llc
|Teleforum participant screening
|Sep 2, 2011
|Jul 14, 2015
|Broadnet Teleservices. LLC
|Conference screening
|Jan 14, 2014
|Sep 8, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Managing subconference calls within a primary conference call
|Oct 30, 2006
|Sep 24, 2009
|Nobuyuki Ema
|Poc server automatic search method, quality adjustment method, and communication system using these methods
|Apr 21, 2011
|Oct 27, 2011
|Burt Brian D
|Teleconferenceing system for allowing interchange between facilitator LED discussions in a main conference and breaking out groups into sub-conferences based on data about callers
|U.S. Classification
|379/202.01, 709/227, 709/204, 370/261
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 30, 2005
Owner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOIS
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|Property type
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|3 nights
***THIS IS A FAMILY ORIENTED PROPERTY - NO PARTIES ARE ALLOWED*** This beautiful apartment is right in front of the ocean, with wonderful water views, and exquisite modern furniture. Cable , internet, and phone with unlimited local calls are included on the rate. This property is ideal for big families (accommodates up to 6 people). The building offers state of the art facilities, gym, pool, chair and umbrella service, tiki bar, convenience store, and valet parking and security 24 hours a day. Best residential area in Miami Beach, with easy access to public transportation. You won't regret spending your vacation in this beautiful apartment.
I am a real estate investor.
Santiago Moreno purchased this apartment in 2014
Building is well maintained and has an excellent location .
Really enjoyed our stay, nice location and owner very helpful. The only bad thing was the bar across the balcony door, my daughter didnt realize it was there and cut her foot open really badly when she ran into it causing her to not be able to walk very well for most of our vacation so people need to watch out for that. (She was carrying food to the balcony so that was the reason she didnt see it)
Wir waren vom 26.03. bis 01.04.2016 zu 4. im Apartement und es hat alles wunderbar geklappt. Das Apartement war genauso wie beschrieben, sehr geräumig und es war sauber und gepflegt. Die ganze Anlage inkl. Pool und Strand sind sehr gepflegt. Die Lage ist einfach Top. Der Kontakt zum Vermieter war sehr freundlich. Wir können es nur empfehlen.
Located in an excellent area! An incredible sight for both sides! Comidad very good and excellent cleaning. It is highly recommended to go with several people and spend a vacation in Miami in the best way.
We arrived in middle of the night. Was very smooth to check in. Excellent and swift communication and response. A pleasure to deal with, honest and a true gentleman. Highly recommended will book again. Thank you so much !
first of all, I would like thanks and congrats Mr. Santiago Moreno that was a great professional during my enquiries to rent this apartment. Every time, all was clear and simple.
second - the apartment is very placed in Miami beach. It's a very good place to take few days to relax. The pool was very nice for us. The privet access to the beach is perfect.
in resume - all that we talk with Mr. Moreno and that we combined was exactly realized to spend gorgeous days in this perfect place.
I recommend this place.
The property is located in Millionaire's row, one of the most exclusives areas of Miami Beach, just minutes from the best restaurants of the city, shopping centers and night clubs. Moreover it has easy access to public transportation.
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|Refundable Damage Deposit
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Last Updated: 2/26/2017 2:19 AM
Description for 132nd Hesperia, MI 49421
Beautiful 5 acres of rolling hills. Located conveniently to M-20 for ease of commute. Paved road. Very nice location! Call today.
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M-20 to 132nd Ave, N to property on west side of road just south of Fish Rd.
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Hesperia is located in Michigan. Hesperia, Michigan 49421 has a population of 1,028.
The median household income in Hesperia, Michigan 49421 is $30,163. The median household income for the surrounding county is $39,667 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Hesperia 49421 is 32.5 years.
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Wink's new smart home hub is slimmer and more powerful
Every person who's tried to smarten up their home knows the woes of dealing with multiple hubs for each brand's products. Wink tried to solve that problem two years ago with its original Hub, and is now launching a successor that not only looks much better and is 25 percent slimmer, but also offers a simplified setup and pairing process thanks to a new app. The Wink Hub 2, basically a control panel for all your connected devices, will be available for $99 in late October at Amazon, The Home Depot and Walmart.
The new Wink Hub 2.0 packs a more powerful WiFi radio that supports both 2.4 and 5GHz networks. It also sports an Ethernet port for wired Internet connections that are more reliable, and will be compatible with a large number of common smart home protocols such as Zigbee, ZWave, Lutron Clear Connect, Kidde and Bluetooth Low Energy. The device also got an improved processor and eight times more memory for better performance, and it's protected by what Wink calls industrial-grade security that checks, every time you run the hub, that all the files onboard are the same as they were out of the box.
One of the Hub 2's coolest new features is its ability to run schedules and robots. The former lets you set actions to happen at specific times of day, such as turning on the lights in the evening and turning them off every night to pretend like you're home. Robots let one connected device trigger a series of actions in other products when activated. These programs can be stored to the hub's local memory so they'll keep running in case of internet outage.
The new app automatically detects your Hub 2 when it's plugged in for the first time, and will walk you through what the company says is a "drastically simplified" setup process. Plus, if you're porting over from an existing Hub, the Wink app saves all your linked products, personal settings and automations to transfer over to the new one easily.
While the previous Wink Hub had some hiccups along the way, the company appears to be focusing on simplifying the user experience to the point where making your home smart could eventually be dummy-proof. Wink's compatibility with Amazon's Echo may also give home automation fans more reason to invest, but if you're not looking to install more than two different connected appliances, Wink's platform agnostic benefits may not appeal to you.
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text: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=186382 Summary: order of menu bar entries is wrong Product: akregator Version: unspecified Platform: Compiled Sources OS/Version: Linux Status: NEW Severity: normal Priority: NOR Component: general AssignedTo: akregator-devel@... ReportedBy: jjm@... Version: 1.4.50 (using Devel) OS: Linux Installed from: Compiled sources Running akregator standalone (i.e. not within Kontact), the order of the menu bar entries is incorrect. See attached screenshot. Running from current trunk (up-to-date as of today), with no user *rc files present in ~/.kde/share/apps/akregator. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugs.kde.org/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are the assignee for the bug.


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Die Technik Der Vorzeit Der Geschichtlichen Zeit Und Der Naturvolker; Ein Handbuch Fur Archaologen Und Historiker, Museen Und Sammler, Kunstha
Written by Franz Maria Feldhaus
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Die Technik Der Vorzeit Der Geschichtlichen Zeit Und Der Naturvolker; Ein Handbuch Fur Archaologen Und Historiker, Museen Und Sammler, Kunstha by Franz Maria Feldhaus
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688 pages
Franz Maria Feldhaus
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Nabu Press
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9th March 2010
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Sports and Hobby > Bicycling - Vintage - Ads
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11 Chic Sweater Hacks That'll Give Your Old Clothes New Life
Genius DIY fixes for those cozy gems that I just can't seem to part with quite yet
Genius DIY fixes for those cozy gems that I just can't seem to part with quite yet
The average household has over 600 of these in their home in baby's first year of life.
If you're like me you forget to do a few things...like water the plants. With this DIY, plants can take care of themselves.
We go through so many cans every week, so it's nice to give them some new life.
Don't toss that old sweater: This easy DIY gives it new life.
Hoard those popsicle sticks for a while for this practically free craft project for kids that make on-trend geometric home decor!
A few steps to a fabulous kitchen chalkboard menu!
I upcycled this old water trough into a beautiful planter for my herb garden!


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Flake Pearls and Patinaed Sterling Silver Dangles
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The earrings I ordered are a Christmas gift for a friend. They looked lovely on the website and even more incredible when they arrived. I will certainly order from this artist in the near future.


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Audio categorization is essential when managing a music database, either a professional library or a personal collection. However, a complete automation in categorizing music into proper classes for browsing and searching is not yet supported by today's technology. Also, the issue of music classification is subjective to some extent as each user may have… (More)
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I. INTRODUCTION Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) shows great promise for the future communication systems, such as fourth generation (4G) mobile radio systems and fixed broadband wireless systems. MIMO systems are known to achieve near Shannon channel capacity and hence the practical implementation of MIMO signal detection systems is very important.… (More)
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Memory Management Ashish Sangwan Dipankar Sarkar Ghanshyam Dass Naman Singhal
Describing Physical Memory
Nodes typedef struct pglist_data { zone_t node_zones[MAX_NR_ZONES]; zonelist_t node_zonelists[GFP_ZONEMASK+1]; int nr_zones; struct page *node_mem_map; unsigned long *valid_addr_bitmap; struct bootmem_data *bdata; unsigned long node_start_paddr; unsigned long node_start_mapnr; unsigned long node_size; int node_id; struct pglist_data *node_next; } pg_data_t;
Zones typedef struct zone_struct { spinlock_t lock; unsigned long free_pages; unsigned long pages_min, pages_low, pages_high; int need_balance; free_area_t free_area[MAX_ORDER]; wait_queue_head_t * wait_table; unsigned long wait_table_size; unsigned long wait_table_shift; struct pglist_data *zone_pgdat; struct page *zone_mem_map; unsigned long zone_start_paddr; unsigned long zone_start_mapnr; char *name; unsigned long size; } zone_t;
Zone Watermarks Pages Low: When the pages low number of free pages is reached, kswapd is woken up by the buddy allocator to start freeing pages. The value is twice the value of pages min by default. Pages Min: When pages min is reached, the allocator will do the kswapd work in a synchronous fashion, sometimes referred to as the direct-reclaim path. Pages High After kswapd has been woken to start freeing pages, it will not consider the zone to be "balanced" when pages high pages are free. After the watermark has been reached, kswapd will go back to sleep. The default for pages high is three times the value of pages min.
Zone Watermarks
Zone Wait Queue Table When I/O is being performed on a page, such as during page-in or page-out, the I/O is locked to prevent accessing it with inconsistent data. Processes that want to use it have to join a wait queue before the I/O can be accessed by calling wait on page(). When the I/O is completed, the page will be unlocked with UnlockPage(), and any process waiting on the queue will be woken up. It is possible to have just one wait queue in the zone, but that would mean that all processes waiting on any page in a zone would be woken up when one was unlocked. This would cause a serious thundering herd problem. Instead, a hash table of wait queues is stored in zone_t→wait_table. In the event of a hash collision, processes may still be woken unnecessarily, but collisions are not expected to occur frequently.
Sleeping on a locked Page
Struct page typedef struct page { struct list_head list; struct address_space *mapping; unsigned long index; struct page *next_hash; atomic_t count; unsigned long flags; struct list_head lru; struct page **pprev_hash; struct buffer_head * buffers; #if defined(CONFIG_HIGHMEM) || defined(WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL) void *virtual; #endif /* CONFIG_HIGMEM || WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL */ } mem_map_t;
Page Status Flag
Page Status Flag(Contd.)
Page Table Management Linux instead maintains the concept of a three- level page table in the architecture independent code even if the underlying architecture does not support it. Architectures that manage their Memory Management Unit (MMU) differently are expected to emulate the three-level page tables.
Page Table Layout
Linear Address Size Macros
Page Table Protection Bit
PTE API The read permissions for an entry are tested with pte_read(), set with pte_mkread() and cleared with pte_rdprotect(). The write permissions are tested with pte_write(), set with pte_mkwrite() and cleared with pte_wrprotect(). The execute permissions are tested with pte_exec(), set with pte_mkexec() and cleared with pte_exprotect(). The dirty bit can be checked by pte_dirty(), set by pte_mkdirty(), cleared with pte_mkclean(). The accessed bit can be checked by pte_young(), set by pte_mkyoung(), cleared with pte_old().
Allocating and Freeing Page Tables Page tables, as stated, are physical pages containing an array of entries, and the allocation and freeing of physical pages is a relatively expensive operation, both in terms of time and the fact that interrupts are disabled during page allocation. The allocation and deletion of page tables, at any of the three levels, is a very frequent operation, so it is important the operation is as quick as possible. Hence the pages used for the page tables are cached in a number of different lists called quicklists. pgd_quicklist, pmd_quicklist and pte_quicklist.
Mapping Addresses to a struct page There is a requirement for Linux to have a fast method of mapping virtual addresses to physical addresses and for mapping struct pages to their physical address. Linux achieves this by knowing where, in both virtual and physical memory, the global mem map array is because the global array has pointers to all struct pages representing physical memory in the system. Physical addresses are translated to struct pages by treating them as an index into the mem map array. #define __pa(x) ((unsigned long)(x)-PAGE_OFFSET) #define virt_to_page(kaddr) (mem_map + (__pa(kaddr) >> PAGE_SHIFT))
Reverse Mapping Reverse mapping(rmap) grants the ability to locate all PTEs that map a particular page given just the struct page. In 2.4, the only way to find all PTEs that mapped a shared page, such as a memory mapped shared library, is to linearly search all page tables belonging to all processes. This is far too expensive, and Linux tries to avoid the problem by using the swap cache. This means that, with many shared pages, Linux may have to swap out entire processes regardless of the page age and usage patterns. In 2.6 instead has a PTE chain associated with every struct page, which may be traversed to remove a page from all page tables that reference it. This way, pages in the LRU can be swapped out in an intelligent manner without resorting to swapping entire processes.)
rmap - working First, it is the responsibility of the slab allocator to allocate and manage struct pte chains because it is this type of task that the slab allocator is best at. Each struct pte chain can hold up to NRPTE pointers to PTE structures. After that many PTEs have been filled, a struct pte chain is allocated and added to the chain. The struct pte chain has two fields. The first is unsigned long next and idx, which has two purposes. When next and idx is ANDed with NRPTE, it returns the number of PTEs currently in this struct pte chain and indicates where the next free slot is. When next and idx is ANDed with the negation of NRPTE (i.e., ∼ NRPTE), a pointer to the next struct pte chain in the chain is returned2.
rmap – working - (Contd.) what happens when a new PTE needs to map a page? The basic process is to have the caller allocate a new pte chain with pte chain alloc(). This allocated chain is passed with the struct page and the PTE to page add rmap(). If the existing PTE chain associated with the page has slots available, it will be used, and the pte chain allocated by the caller is returned. If no slots were available, the allocated pte chain will be added to the chain, and NULL returned.
Kernel Address Space The region between PAGE OFFSET and VMALLOC START - VMALLOC OFFSET is the physical memory map, and the size of the region depends on the amount of available RAM.
System Calls Related to Memory Regions
Process Address Space Descriptor struct mm_struct { struct vm_area_struct * mmap; rb_root_t mm_rb; struct vm_area_struct * mmap_cache; pgd_t * pgd; atomic_t mm_users; atomic_t mm_count; int map_count; struct rw_semaphore mmap_sem; spinlock_t page_table_lock; struct list_head mmlist; unsigned long start_code, end_code, start_data, end_data; unsigned long start_brk, brk, start_stack; unsigned long arg_start, arg_end, env_start, env_end; unsigned long rss, total_vm, locked_vm; unsigned long def_flags; unsigned long cpu_vm_mask; unsigned long swap_address; unsigned dumpable:1; /* Architecture-specific MM context */ mm_context_t context; };
Descriptor API Allocating a Descriptor: Allocate mm() is just a preprocessor macro that allocates an mm struct from the slab allocator. mm alloc() allocates from slab and then calls mm init() to initialize it. Initializing a Descriptor: The first mm_struct in the system that is initialized by the macro INIT_MM() is called init_mm. All subsequent mm_structs are copies of a parent mm_struct. Destroying a Descriptor: The mm_count count is decremented with mmdrop() because all the users of the page tables and VMAs are counted as one mm_struct user. When mm_count reaches zero, the mm_struct will be destroyed.
Reasons for Page-Fault
Page Fault Flow Diagram
Handling Page Fault The first stage of the decision is to check if the PTE is marked not present or if it has been allocated with, which is checked by pte_present() and pte_none(). If no PTE has been allocated (pte_none() returned true), do_no_page() is called, which handles Demand Allocation. Otherwise, it is a page that has been swapped out to disk and do_swap_page() performs Demand Paging. A COW (Copy-On-Write) page is one that is shared between multiple processes(usually a parent and child) until a write occurs, after which a private copy is made for the writing process. A COW page is recognized because the VMA for the region is marked writable even though the individual PTE is not. If it is not a COW page, the page is simply marked dirty because it has been written to.
Managing Free Blocks The 0th element of the array will point to a list of free page blocks of size 2 0 or 1 page, the 1st element will be a list of 2 1 or 2 pages up to 2 MAX_ORDER – 1 number of pages. This eliminates the chance that a larger block will be split to satisfy a request where a smaller block would have sufficed. The page blocks are maintained on a linear linked list using page→list. Each zone has a free_area_t struct array called free_area[MAX_ORDER]. It is declared in as follows: 22 typedef struct free_area_struct { 23 struct list_head free_list; 24 unsigned long *map; 25 } free_area_t;
Free Page Block Management This Page describes how physical pages are managed and allocated in Linux. The principal algorithm used is the Binary Buddy Allocator. If a block of the desired size is not available, a large block is broken up in half, and the two blocks are buddies to each other. One half is used for the allocation, and the other is free. The blocks are continuously halved as necessary until a block of the desired size is available. When a block is later freed, the buddy is examined, and the two are coalesced if it is free.
Allocating Physical Pages All of functions of the API take a gfp_mask as a parameter, which is a set of flags that determine how the allocator will behave. These flags determine how the allocator and kswapd will behave for the allocation and freeing of pages. For example, an interrupt handler may not sleep, so it will not have the GFP_WAIT flag set because this flag indicates the caller may sleep. There are three sets of GFP flags, which are all defined in.
Allocating Physical Pages – An Example
Allocating Physical Pages Allocation is done based on the buddy system discussed earlier. Which memory node or pg_data_t to use ? –Linux uses a node-local allocation policy, which aims to use the memory bank associated with the CPU running the page-allocating process. Here, the function alloc pages() is what is important because this function is different depending on whether the kernel is built for a UMA (function in mm/page alloc.c) or NUMA (function in mm/numa.c) machine. __alloc_pages(), which is never called directly, examines the selected zone and checks if it is suitable to allocate from based on the number of available pages. If the zone is not suitable, the allocator may fall back to other zones. The order of zones to fall back on is decided at boot time by the function build_zonelists(). If number of free pages reaches the pages low watermark, it will wake kswapd to begin freeing up pages from zones, and, if memory is extremely tight, the caller will do the work of kswapd itself. After the zone has finally been decided on, the function rmqueue() is called to allocate the block of pages or split higher level blocks if one of the appropriate size is not available.
Physical Page Allocation API
Free Pages The principal function for freeing pages is __free_pages_ok(), and it should not be called directly. Instead the function __free_ pages() is provided, which performs simple checks When a buddy is freed, Linux tries to coalesce the buddies together immediately if possible. This is not optimal because the worst-case scenario will have many coalitions followed by the immediate splitting of the same blocks.
Free Pages To detect if the buddies can be merged, Linux checks the bit corresponding to the affected pair of buddies in free_area→map. Because one buddy has just been freed by this function, it is obviously known that at least one buddy is free. If the bit in the map is 0 after toggling, we know that the other buddy must also be free because, if the bit is 0, it means both buddies are either both free or both allocated. If both are free, they may be merged.
Slab Allocator The basic idea behind the slab allocator is to have caches of commonly used objects kept in an initialized state available for use by the kernel. Without an object-based allocator, the kernel will spend much of its time allocating, initializing and freeing the same object. The slab allocator consists of a variable number of caches that are linked together on a doubly linked circular list called a cache chain. The slab allocator has three principle aims: The allocation of small blocks of memory to help eliminate internal fragmentation that would be otherwise caused by the buddy system. The caching of commonly used objects so that the system does not waste time allocating, initializing and destroying objects. Better use of the hardware cache by aligning objects to the L1 or L2 caches.
Page Frame Reclamation A running system will eventually use all available page frames for purposes like disk buffers, dentries, inode entries, process pages and so on. Linux needs to select old pages that can be freed and invalidated for new uses before physical memory is exhausted.
Page Replacement Policy The LRU in Linux consists of two lists called the active list and the inactive list. The objective is for the active list to contain the working set of all processes and the inactive list to contain reclaim candidates. The replacement policy is a global one. When pages reach the bottom of the list, the referenced flag is checked. If it is set, it is moved back to the top of the list, and the next page is checked. If it is cleared, it is moved to the inactive list. The algorithm describes how the size of the two lists have to be tuned, but Linux takes a simpler approach by using refill inactive() to move pages from the bottom of active list to inactive list to keep active list about two-thirds the size of the total page cache. In summary, the algorithm does exhibit LRU-like behavior, and it has been shown by benchmarks to perform well in practice.
Pageout Daemon (kswapd) During system startup, a kernel thread called kswapd is started from kswapd init(), which continuously executes the function kswapd() in mm/vmscan.c, which usually sleeps. The casual reader may think that, with a sufficient amount of memory, swap is unnecessary. A significant number of the pages referenced by a process early in its life may only be used for initialization and then never used again. It is better to swap out those pages and create more disk buffers than leave them resident and unused.
MM Comparison – Solaris In Solaris, every process has an "address space" made up of logical section divisions called "segments." The segments of a process address space are viewable via pmap(1). Solaris divides the memory management code and data structures into platform-independent and platform-specific parts. The platform-specific portions of memory management is in the HAT, or hardware address translation, layer.
MM Comparison - FreeBSD FreeBSD describes its process address space by a vmspace, divided into logical sections called regions. Hardware-dependent portions are in the "pmap" (physical map) module and "vmap" routines handle hardware- independent portions and data structures. Linux uses a memory descriptor to divides the process address space into logical sections called "memory areas" to describe process address space.
MM Comparison contd... Linux divides machine-dependent layers from machine-independent layers at a much higher level in the software. On Solaris and FreeBSD, much of the code dealing with, for instance, page fault handling is machine-independent. On Linux, the code to handle page faults is pretty much machine-dependent from the beginning of the fault handling. A consequence of this is that Linux can handle much of the paging code more quickly because there is less data abstraction (layering) in the code. However, the cost is that a change in the underlying hardware or model requires more changes to the code. Solaris and FreeBSD isolate such changes to the HAT and pmap layers respectively.
Solaris Paging Solaris uses a free list, hashed list, and vnode page list to maintain its variation of an LRU replacement algorithm. Instead of scanning the vnode or hash page lists (more or less the equivalent of the "active"/"hot" lists in the FreeBSD/Linux implementations), Solaris scans all pages uses a "two-handed clock" algorithm as described in Solaris Internals and elsewhere. The two hands stay a fixed distance apart. The front hand ages the page by clearing reference bit(s) for the page. If no process has referenced the page since the front hand visited the page, the back hand will free the page (first asynchronously writing the page to disk if it is modified).
FreeBSD Paging All three operating systems use a variation of a least recently used algorithm for page stealing/replacement. All three have a daemon process/thread to do page replacement. On FreeBSD, the vm_pageout daemon wakes up periodically and when free memory becomes low. When available memory goes below some thresholds, vm_pageout runs a routine (vm_pageout_scan) to scan memory to try to free some pages. The vm_pageout_scan routine may need to write modified pages asynchronously to disk before freeing them. There is one of these daemons regardless of number of CPUs. The FreeBSD daemon uses values that, for the most part, are hard-coded or tunable in order to determine paging thresholds.
Comparison - conclusion A brief example to highlight differences is page fault handling. In Solaris, when a page fault occurs, the code starts in a platform- specific trap handler, then calls a generic as_fault() routine. This routine determines the segment where the fault occurred and calls a "segment driver" to handle the fault. The segment driver calls into file system code. The file system code calls into the device driver to bring in the page. When the page-in is complete, the segment driver calls the HAT layer to update page table entries (or their equivalent). On Linux, when a page fault occurs, the kernel calls the code to handle the fault. You are immediately into platform-specific code. This means the fault handling code can be quicker in Linux, but the Linux code may not be as easily extensible or ported.
Bibliography Perens publication – Understanding the linux virtual memory manager (Available online) _a_comparison_of_solaris__linux__ and_freebsd_kernels/ - comparing various unix kernels.http://www.opensolaris.org/os/article/ _a_comparison_of_solaris__linux__ and_freebsd_kernels/ Last but not the least – Silberschatz, Galvin "OS made easy for dinosaurs" :)
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