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Check in from 14h / Check out prior to 12h
Phoom Thai Garden Hotel: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 3 stars hotels in Phrae, Thailand.
Phoom Thai Garden Hotel is located in Phrae and features free Wi-Fi. It also provides bicycle rental, meeting rooms and massage services.
Hotel description
The air-conditioned rooms at Phoom Thai Garden Hotel Phrae are spacious. They provide tea and coffee making facilities, a refrigerator and a mini bar.
Phoom Thai Garden Hotel serves breakfast every morning, and has a bar where guests can unwind with a drink. There is also the added convenience of an in-house restaurant.
Phrae Airport is a 10-minute drive from Phoom Thai Garden Hotel Phrae. The hotel also provides parking.
Hotel features
Room Service, Restaurant, Air Conditioned, Mini Bar, Refrigerator, Cable / Satellite TV, Coffee / Tea Maker, Hair Dryer, TV, Shower, Coffee Shop/Cafeteria
Business Center, Concierge, Elevator / Lift, Meeting Rooms, Laundry service, Bicycle Rental, Shops, Designated Smoking Area, Shops in Hotel
Tour Desk, Massage / Beauty Centre, Bath / Hot Tub, Garden, Massage
High-speed Internet, Internet Connection (wireless)
Parking, Airport shuttle
Availability and Prices
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Users who viewed Phoom Thai Garden Hotel also viewed these 3 stars Phrae hotels:
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225/4 Yuntrakitkosol Road, Ni Vieng, Mueng, Phrae
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20/1 Che ta one Road, Nai weang Sub District, Muang District, Phrae
20/1 Che ta one Road, Nai weang Sub District, Muang District, Phrae
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Water and Sewer Board Election November 6
Posted in the Glynn County Forum
1 - 1 of 1 Comments Last updated Oct 9, 2012
#1 Oct 9, 2012
As a Glynn County taxpayer, consumer and voter, I have some interest in the November 6, 2012 election for Brunswick-Glynn County Joint Water and Sewer Commission.
I have spoken with as many of the candidates as I could. E-mailed all and got replies back from most. I see good in some and others have raised red flags with their replies.
In Post 1, 3 of the 4 replied to me and I spoke with them. Danny Hickey seems to be one who knows about water but nothing about finances. He has plans but his plans, from what I can tell will cause rates to go up. Danny hickey admits his chances of winning are slim. So he also decided to try to get appointed by the Grand Jury. If he does not trust the voters, why should we trust him?
Ronnie Perry is a real estate developer. He wants water and sewer lines to grow. His answer was take away peoples wells and septic tanks and make them hook up to the county water and sewer. The taxpayers in 2012 alone voted against the proposed T-SPLOST in Georgia. Ronnie Perry was out doing speeches for the added tax. He has been quoted in the paper saying we need more taxes for the county to grow. I, along with many other voters feel our taxes are too high now. Ronnie Perry says raise taxes, raise fees and raise rates. I say NO to Ronnie Perry.
My choice for post 1 is Bruce Pobanz. This person seems to be the only candidate in Post 1 that has the common sense to work for us taxpayers. He offers a New Vision and a New direction. From what I read and speaking with him, to me he is the best choice.
As to Post 2 candidates. 4 of the candidates I refuse to vote for. Clifford E. Adams, Tom Crankshaw, Charles E. Lamkin and Daniel Parshley. These 4 also are trying to get in the backdoor by seeking appointment with the Grand Jury instead of trusting the voters to pick the correct candidates.
Charles Lamkin also scares me. His wife is Becky Rowell. The number two leader in Glynn County. She is Public works director and Assistant Glynn County Administrator. Him being in the race smells of back door politics. The County leaders have already said rates need to be raised. A vote for Charles Lamkin will assure your rates will go up, and up and up.
Sandy Dean and John Terris have run for Brunswick City Council and county Commissioner. They lost each time. Their replies to me have divulge some interesting ideas but ones that are not cost effective. What they want, the community does not have money for. If they get elected, I see higher rates, and added debt fees to both water and sewer to pay for the 50 million dollars of bonds it will take to implement some of their ideas. 6 years ago, my water bill was 45 dollars. Today it is 197 dollars. If Sandy dean, John Terris or Charles Lamkin get on the commission, I foresee my water bill over 300 dollars a month. I cannot afford that and will consider moving out or selling my home and renting an apartment.
My choice for Post 2 is between two candidates. Jacqueline Branch-Pobanz and George Metz. The board I feel needs a woman to put those men in line. Too often the Water and sewer Board is a discussion of who's is longest. Who has the bigger set. Ego fighting ego. A woman will reign in those egos and more discussion could take place on what is best for the local consumer instead of who can fight who. the other choice I see is George Metz. George Metz used to be a Federal law enforcement driving instructor. I see some age in him but I also found out he tends to go off. He and his wife sued the Federal government in 1986, when he was fired as a driving instructor. He claimed the government was out to get him. The case went to the Supreme court and he lost. This was 26 years ago. maybe he has mellowed by now. Maybe not. So as of now, Im leaning towards the only woman candidate that seems to have the common sense needed to reign this run away commission back down to earth.
If I had to vote today, my vote would go to Jacqueline Branch-Pobanz for Post 2.
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GED Directory
GED Blog
|How to Get a GED in Spanish
|Como Obtener Su GED En español
Do you want to get your GED but have many questions about where to start? Many people want to get their GED but they do not know exactly what to do to get their ged. People do not know about the Adult Education Centers that offer free GED preparation and Adult Basic Education programs in states across the country. We provide you with free, accurate and reliable GED information that will help you better understand the process of getting your GED and locate resources nearby that are free and effective.
One of the first things that you should do in order to get your GED for Free is to find adult education programs in your area and speak with representatives to learn information about how to qualify for their program for free. Some examples that may allow you to qualify for free adult education programs are: income level, number of children in your home and the area where you live. There are many Adult Education agencies in each state that can provide you with free information on GED exams and also get you enrolled and registered to take the exam free, through some of their programs. Please refer to the GED Directory to see a list of agency by state that will provide you with free information about the GED exam and the process for registering.
The GED also known as the General Equivalency Diploma or General Education(al) Diploma. The official definition of GED is: General Educational Development. The GED Diploma is awarded to people who meet the GED score requirements. Each state has a different minimum score and different standard scores that are needed to earn a GED. Some Test Centers will tell you your score immediately while others may take up to several weeks to let you know. To increase your chances of getting your GED diploma it is strongly recommended that you take preparation courses. You can also take a practice exams.
Additionally, there is the Adult Basic Education programs (ABE) which are allow adults or young adults ages 16 and over to improve their basic education so they can advance their employment and increase their wages. After completing and ABE program, the Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE). This test covers basic skills in the following areas: Reading, Math, Language, Language Mechanics, Vocabulary and Spelling.
In some situations you can have your registration fee waived. However a new method of getting your GED free is now becoming increasingly popular. Colleges are now providing applicants with a small scholarship that is equivalent to their GED registration fee or equivalent to a percentage of the college tuition. Sounds good but here is the catch: GED recipients have up to 90 days to claim their Post GED scholarship and enroll in college courses.
Do you know how to get your GED? GED requirements for taking the GED test vary from state to state. GED age requirements are one of the requirements that differs from state to state. Some states allow you to be as young as 16 while others require that you are atleast 19 years of age and officially withdrawn from High School. You can take the GED test if you are not a US citizen and you may also take the GED test if you have a High School Diploma from outside the US. Also a person is allowed to retake any portions of the GED test that they have previously failed.
Now you can get your GED fast in a few days.
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Colleges require that you have atleast a high school degree or equivalent.
GED graduates are accepted by over 90% of colleges and over 95% of employers.
Most employers would like to see you have atleast a high school degree or equivalent.
The GED Test consists of Language Arts, Social Studies, Science and Math. Each test is administered with strict instructions and a time limit that may change for each portion of the test. Some GED Test Questions are multiple choice while others may be long or short answer form.
Language Arts Test- In part 1 of the language arts test you will read literature in sentence form: resumes, reports, emails etc. This portion of the language arts test contains grammar, sentence structure and basic writing task. In part 2 of the GED language arts test you will write an essay on a specified topic. You will be allotted a specific amount of time. Language Arts, Reading GED Test- In the Language Arts Reading portion of the test you will read stories, essays, plays etc. This is the reading comprehension part of the GED Language Arts Reading test.
Social Studies GED Exam- The Social Studies test is a 1 part exam. You will be answering multiple choice questions based on high school level social studies criteria.
GED Science Exam - On the Science Test you will be asked to answer basic science questions related to earth, space and physical science.
Math GED Exam- The math portion of the GED test is a 2 part test. On the first part of the Math test you may use a calculator. Both parts of the Math test consists of basic addition, subtraction, geometry, algebra and other high school level math questions. This concludes the GED Test description.
Did you know that taking GED Preparation Courses increases the likely hood of successfully passing the GED test? There are plenty of resources that you can use to prepare. One of the most used sources is GED for Dummies listed below this paragraph. This is a book that contains every aspect the GED and preparation for the GED test. GED Practice exams, sample GED questions, study guides you name it, it's in GED for Dummies and it can be purchased online below.
Another method of preparation can be utilized online by taking online GED courses and online ged practice test. Some courses are a few days and some are a few weeks. If the courses last a few days, then you are probably getting a lot of practice and preparation in a very short period of time. Once you are ready you can get your GED immediately after you register to take the GED test.
In order for you to take the GED Test you have to register. You can do so either over the phone or in person at your states Department of Education. You can also register at an actual GED testing center and you may be able to register for the GED Test online. The fee is required upon registration. The GED registration process for each state may be slightly different. The Test can be taken in English, Spanish and French. When you arrive to take the test there will be a check in and you will be required to present proper identification and they may or may not allow you to bring certain things into the testing area such as: food drinks, hats etc.
Sources are saying that in about 2 years you will be allowed to earn your ged online. Many people think you already can. The problem with this is: the need to create an internet friendly ged curriculum. This curriculum would consist of courses and exams that will help you get your ged online. The format of this online curriculum would somewhat follow that of online colleges. That raises another problem that advocates who support the idea; they think that online colleges should implement online ged test with their current programs.
If you could earn your ged online then it would be convenient, private and comfortable. But you do have to consider the temptation for high school students to try and get a ged online instead complete their high school requirements. What would the opportunity to earn your ged online do to the school systems? This would definitely pose a threat.


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Range Description
National Distribution
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Global Range: It occurs in the U.S. in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming, Oklahoma; in Canada in Alberta and Saskatchewan; and likely in Mexico.
Plains pricklypear grows in the northern and southern Great Plains, the shrub- and woodlands of the Great Basin, the eastern Sierra Nevada, the borders of the Rocky Mountain forest regions, and the northern Chihuahuan Desert. It occurs from British Columbia to Manitoba southward through the Dakotas and Missouri to Texas and every state westward [6,30,42]. A distributional map of plains pricklypear is available on the PLANTS database. Distribution of infrataxa is as follows [70]:
Opuntia polyacantha var. arenaria - in sandy soils near the Rio Grande of southeastern New Mexico, extreme western Texas, and northern Chihuahua
Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea - Arizona
Opuntia polyacantha var. hysricina - eastern Utah and western Colorado
Opuntia polyacantha var. nicholii - Arizona and New Mexico
Opuntia polyacantha. var. polyacantha - Alberta and Saskatchewan south to western Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Utah
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
Occurrence in North America
Physical Description
Plains pricklypear is a perennial, typically reaching 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) in height and rarely growing more than 16 inches (40 cm) tall [42]. The glabrous, flattened stems are 2 to 4 inches (5-12 cm) broad, 2 to 5 inches (5-13 cm) long, and about 0.4 inches (1 cm) thick. Spines of these stems are only slightly barbed. The species tends to form clumps or mats that extend several yards in diameter [6,42]. Mats up to 12 feet (3.7 m) in width and 30 feet (9.15 m) long were observed in the Great Plains [104].
The fruits are dry at maturity and are covered with barbed spines. Fruits develop on stem lobes. An examination of 550 randomly selected branches revealed fruit on 32% of the stem lobes, varying from none to 5 fruits per lobe. The most fruit is produced on stem branches that are 6 to 8 years old. The number of seeds varies from none to more than 70 per fruit [97]. Seeds are flat, and about 1.5 to 3.5 mm thick [70].
Plains pricklypear has a shallow, laterally extensive root system that takes advantage of rainfall as scant as 2.5 mm. Its high water retention capability in aboveground tissues allows it to survive drought. A clump 1 foot (0.3 m) in diameter may have a root system 4 to 6 feet (1.2-1.8 m) in diameter [17,22,71,97].
Opuntia plants usually live less than 20 years, but vegetative propagation can ensure a very long life span for the clonal colony [93].
Diagnostic Description
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Comments: Sandy soils of flats, washes, cayonsides, and hillsides in the desert, woodlands, plains.
Habitat characteristics
Plains pricklypear occurs on dry sites in 22 central and western states and provinces. It is common in the Great Plains, Great Basin, and Southwest [,6,45]. Plains pricklypear occurs both on grazed ranges and in areas not used by livestock [38,97]. It occurs in disturbed roadside areas [63] and in old, relict, pre-agricultural plant communities [3,25]. It is found on clay loam and sandy loam soils but is infrequent on sand dunes. In grasslands, pricklypear does not occur in areas characterized by abundant soil moisture, such as swales and depressions. Its frequency decreases in wet years. Precipitation is a primary determinant of the distribution and abundance of plains pricklypear [76,97].
Plains pricklypear was classified in a Utah salt-gradient study as having a low tolerance to salt [86], but a survey of saline areas (visible salt crystals on the soil surface) in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan revealed that plains pricklypear was present on more than 11% of the sites [11].
Throughout its range, plains pricklypear occurs from as low as 1,000 feet (300 m) in the Great Plains [83] to at least as high as 8,000 feet (1,600 m) in the southern Great Basin [6].
Elevations reported in the literature are as follows:
4,300 to 7,500 feet (1,310-2,285 m) in Colorado [25,40]
2,250 to 5,700 feet (685-1,735 m) in Montana [61,83]
4,920 to 6,560 feet (1,500-2,000 m) in Utah [31]
1,000 to 5,000 feet (300-1,525 m) in the northern Great Plains [83]
1,000 to 8,000 feet (300-2,440 m) in the southern Great Plains [6,83]
Key Plant Community Associations
In the Great Plains of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, the western Dakotas, and eastern Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, common associated grasses include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), green needlegrass (Nassella viridula), needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), and threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia). Associated shrubs and forbs may include big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), plains silver sagebrush (A. cana ssp. cana), fringed sagewort (A. frigida), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), Gardner's saltbush (A. gardneri), fourwing saltbush (A. canescens), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), and little clubmoss (Selaginella densa). Plains pricklypear occurs infrequently in the understory of open stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) [4,19,40,43,44,57,61,79,83].
In the cold desert grasslands and shrublands of the northern interior, including southern British Columbia, eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, plains pricklypear occurs with blue grama, western wheatgrass, thickspike wheatgrass, green needlegrass, needle-and-thread grass, Sandberg bluegrass, prairie junegrass, threadleaf sedge, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis). Common associated shrubs are big sagebrush, fringed sagewort, gray low sagebrush (A. arbuscula spp. arbuscula), rubber rabbitbrush, green rabbitbrush (C. viscidiflorus), gray horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens), and broom snakeweed. Exotics include cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) [,49,60,66,72,79,83]. A bluebunch wheatgrass/plains prickly pear habitat type has been described for west-central Idaho [25,95,96].
In montane Utah, Nevada, and western Colorado, common plant associates are Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Utah serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis), big sagebrush, black sagebrush (A. nova), budsage (A. spinescens), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), shadscale, winterfat, Gardner's saltbush, green rabbitbrush, Hood's phlox (Phlox hoodii), and white sage (Kochia americana). Grasses include Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), saline wildrye (Leymus salinus), and mutton grass (Poa fendleriana) [3,25,31,78].
In the southern Great Plains region of northern Texas, western Oklahoma, and eastern New Mexico, common plant associates include blue grama, buffalo grass, western wheatgrass, threeawn (Aristida spp.), lovegrass (Eragrostis spp.), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), tobosa (Pleuraphis mutica), galleta (P. jamesii), and vine mesquite (Panicum obtusum). Dominant woody plants are broom snakeweed, sand sagebrush (A. filifolia), sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii), cholla (Opuntia imbricata), soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) [28,83].
Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types
This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):
More info for the terms: cover, shrub
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough-fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
501 Saltbush-greasewood
502 Grama-galleta
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
506 Creosotebush-bursage
507 Palo verde-cactus
508 Creosotebush-tarbush
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
604 Bluestem-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
610 Wheatgrass
611 Blue grama-buffalo grass
612 Sagebrush-grass
613 Fescue grassland
614 Crested wheatgrass
615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalo grass
718 Mesquite-grama
727 Mesquite-buffalo grass
729 Mesquite
Habitat: Cover Types
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the term: cover
68 Mesquite
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
242 Mesquite
Habitat: Plant Associations
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term: shrub
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodlands
K031 Oak-juniper woodlands
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood
K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalo grass
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K085 Mesquite-buffalo grass
K088 Fayette prairie
Habitat: Ecosystem
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES40 Desert grasslands
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300
Comments: 150+ EO's (Benson).
General Ecology
Fire Management Considerations
Frequent fire reduces populations of low-growing Opuntia species like plains pricklypear [7]. Plants that survive in unburned refugia provide parents for regenerating burned areas. Observations of 1,665 plants from 19 succulent species on burned areas Arizona showed that 13% were in unburned refugia [93]; the spatial extent of the refugia was not described.
Fire has been used as a tool to increase the edibility of plains pricklypear and related species for livestock by burning off spines [32,84]. Wildlife consumption of burned plains pricklypear is also a consideration. In southern Alberta, pronghorn were attracted to burned areas to graze on plains pricklypear when spines were singed off green plants [19,88].
Although prescribed burning may effectively control plains pricklypear in some cases, in dry years desirable forage is lost [105,106]. In a 1965 Wyoming study, burning was among 4 treatments tested for controlling plains pricklypear. The other 3 methods were chemical, bulldozer blading over frozen ground, and beating with a tractor attachment. Burning was found to be unsatisfactory because, though cactus kill was estimated to be 70%, an unacceptable amount of preferred vegetation was damaged. At that time, the most successful method was thought to be blading, despite vegetation and soil damage [47].
Plant Response to Fire
The succulent stems of pricklypear species are not combustible and without sufficient fuel may suffer little damage from fire [46]. However, it is reported that a related species, brownspine pricklypear (O. phaecantha), is easily killed by fire if the plant's height is less than 1 foot (0.3 m) [107]. In west Texas, Heirman and Wright [41] also reported that brownspine pricklypear less than 2 feet (0.61 m) tall were easily killed by fire because flames readily engulfed the plants. Plains pricklypear postfire mortality may be delayed for 3 or more years. Secondary effects of fire include insect infestation of weakened plants and increased grazing pressure when spines are burned off [,13,14,77,101,105,107]. Studies in Texas showed that the cactus bug and the blue cactus borer prefer burned cactus pads to unburned pads [20,80,85,101]. This preference may increase pricklypear mortality after burning [80]. In Wyoming, Smith and others [87] attributed mortality of plains pricklypear to dehydration following the burn rather than from fire-caused heat damage.
Brownspine pricklypear experienced high die-off following low-severity fire in Texas. Initial mortality was 20%. Insects entered surviving plants through fire-scarred tissue, spreading bacterial and fungal infections. New sprouts appeared within a few weeks following the fire, but many sprouting plants lost their vascular connection to the root because of insect damage and decay. By the end of the 3rd year, mortality exceeded 70%. Most plants surviving through postfire year 3 had sprouted from the root crown. The authors observed that mortality of both burned and unburned plants of brownspine pricklypear increased during years of below average precipitation [13].
Immediate Effect of Fire
Moderate or even low-severity fires can top-kill pricklypear species [7,93,99,106]. Aboveground tissues of Opuntia spp. are easily killed by fire, but some fleshy stem segments usually survive low- to moderate-severity fire and resume growth, even when burned off the parent plant [7,46,49,93,106]. Prickly-pears are vulnerable to mortality from heat generated by fires as well as by actual burning [99]. Hotter fires probably lead to higher mortality, but data are needed [46,93].
Post-fire Regeneration
More info for the term: geophyte
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
Fire Ecology
Plains pricklypear plants are vulnerable to fire [49,93,106]. Plants regenerate by sprouting from the root crown, by layering of unburned or partially burned stem pieces that contact soil, and from seedling establishment [1,13,56,93,97].
Many succulents, including plains pricklypear, live in fire-prone habitats with fire frequencies ranging from 1 to 3 years (Canadian prairies), to more than 250 years (Sonoran Desert). Succulent mortality after a fire is often greater than 50%, but rarely total. Authors speculate that increased fire severity causes increased succulent mortality, but data are lacking [46,93].
FIRE REGIMES for plant communities and ecosystems in which plains pricklypear is likely to occur are summarized below. For further information regarding FIRE REGIMES and fire ecology of communities and ecosystems where plains pricklypear is found, see the `Fire Ecology and Adaptations' section of the FEIS species summary for the plant community or ecosystem dominants listed below.
|Community or Ecosystem
|Dominant Species
|Fire Return Interval Range (years)
|bluestem prairie
|Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium
|sagebrush steppe
|Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata
|20-70 [12]
|basin big sagebrush
|A. t. var. tridentata
|12-43 [81]
|Wyoming big sagebrush
|A. t. var. wyomingensis
|10-70 (40)** [30,108]
|Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus
|desert grasslands
|Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica
|plains grasslands
|Bouteloua spp.
|blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass
|B. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii
|blue grama-buffalo grass
|B. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides
|grama-galleta steppe
|Bouteloua gracilis-Pleuraphis jamesii
|blue grama-tobosa prairie
|B. gracilis-Pleuraphis mutica
|Bromus tectorum
|paloverde-cactus shrub
|Cercidium microphyllum/Opuntia spp.
|curlleaf mountain-mahogany*
|Cercocarpus ledifolius
|13-1000 [2,82]
|mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub
|C. l.-Quercus gambelii
|Coleogyne ramosissima
|western juniper
|Juniperus occidentalis
|wheatgrass plains grasslands
|Pascopyrum smithii
|Pinus-Juniperus spp.
|Mexican pinyon
|P. cembroides
|20-70 [65,91]
|Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine*
|P. ponderosa var. scopulorum
|galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe
|Pleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea
|Prosopis glandulosa
|mesquite-buffalo grass
|P. g.-Buchloe dactyloides
|Texas savanna
|P. g. var. glandulosa
|oak-juniper woodland (Southwest)
|Quercus-Juniperus spp.
|little bluestem-grama prairie
|Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp.
Successional Status
More info for the terms: climax, cover
Although plains pricklypear is present and often abundant in climax or late-successional communities throughout its range [3,25,37,103], it is often regarded a disturbance-adapted, early seral species [83]. It increases in number in response to disturbances such as drought [103], grazing pressure [79], and severe hailstorms [56]. Plains pricklypear cover decreases as precipitation normalizes following drought [45,97,103].
Regeneration Processes
Plains pricklypear reproduces by seeds, layering, and sprouting from segments mechanically separated from the parent plant. Stem die-back in mature clumps can separate the plant into several individuals [56,97]. Detached stems buried in soil or litter may grow horizontally before sprouting [6,38,62,71,97,103]. Root sprouting has been documented in diploid populations of Opuntia polyacantha var. polyacantha in New Mexico [38,70]. Root sprouting may occur in other Opuntia polyacantha populations and infrataxa, but is poorly documented in the literature and in herbaria specimens [70].
Following a severe July hailstorm in northeastern Colorado, researchers quantified the number of plants that established from the many broken and scattered stem segments. In a pasture with an original plains pricklypear ground cover of 1.2%, the hail detached an estimated 1,660 segments/acre (4,100 segments/ha). In another pasture that had 3.3% plains pricklypear ground cover, 7,700 segments/acre (19,100 segments/ha) were detached by the storm. By August of the following year, 1,400 and 2,400 of the segments had rooted, respectively, in the 2 pastures [56].
Seeds of plains pricklypear fall near the parent plant or are dispersed by mammals that consume the fruits. They are also dispersed when barbs on the fruits or lobes attach to a passing large mammal [45,48,93,97,103,104]. Information on seed longevity was not found.
Seedling growth was measured for 3 years in 22 field plots in northeastern Colorado. By the end of the 3rd growing season plains pricklypear seedlings were only 2.5 to 3 inches (6-8 cm) in length. The diameter of well-developed clumps may increase 3 inches (8 cm) annually. Plains pricklypear clusters 3 feet (0.9 m) in diameter may take as much as 15 years to develop [97].
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
More info for the term: stem succulent
Stem succulent
Life Form
Life History and Behavior
More info for the term: phenology
Fruits ripen approximately 2-1/2 months after flowering [70]. The phenology of plains pricklypear over a 1-year period in northern Colorado was as follows [64]:
|Pads regreening
|Pads enlarging
|Floral buds developing
|Fruit developing
|Fruit drop
Plains pricklypear showed a decline in carbohydrate reserves throughout winter quiescence, regreening of pads, and flowering, with a low point reached at the end of flowering. A maximum in the root carbohydrate reserves was found at fall quiescence [64].
In a southern Colorado study site, plains pricklypear bloomed for 21 to 28 days, beginning in late May. Individual flowers were open from 7-11 hours per day [68].
Flowering generally occurs from June to July in Montana and North Dakota [21].
Opuntia polyacantha as with other widespread Opuntias is known to reproduce both sexually and asexually, in addition to being self-dispersed and dispersed by animals that eat the fleshy fruits (Valiente-Banuet and Godinez-Alvarez 2002). This species is generally self-incompatible (Osborn et al. 1988).
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Opuntia polyacantha
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Opuntia polyacantha has a very wide range, is abundant, and there are no threats. Hence, it is listed as Least Concern.
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Widespread throughout the southwestern United States.
Population Trend
Comments: Most cacti subject to horticultural collecting.
Conservation Actions
Management considerations
Land managers often view pricklypear cacti as a mixed blessing.
In some places dense stands of plains pricklypear compete with more desirable forage species and grass production is reduced. However, plains pricklypear grows in sites that will not support a high level of grass production (e.g. drought stricken and dusty, saline, or shallow and gravelly) [32,33,79,103]. Abundant plains pricklypear is sometimes cited as an indicator of poor range condition.
The presence of plains pricklypear can reduce both the production and
availability of forage [87]. Hyde and others [47] reported forage
production doubled where mechanical beaters had been used to control
plains pricklypear.
In the Colorado plains, Bement [5] measured percent cover of plains pricklypear after 25 years of light, moderate, and heavy cattle grazing and observed little effect on the abundance of plains pricklypear. He concluded, "The illusion that pricklypear abundance in this area is associated with heavier grazing is because the pricklypear in the more lightly-used pastures is camouflaged by the ungrazed grass." The cactus was more visible in the heavily grazed areas, thus appearing to be increasing as a result of grazing. He reported no increase in blue grama production after plains pricklypear control (hand clipping at the root crown) but did report that more forage was physically available for grazing.
Plains pricklypear is susceptible to damage by several insects,
including a moth (Melitara dentata), the blue cactus borer (Olycella
subumbrella), and the cactus bug (Chelinidea vittiger) [80,102]. These
insects are favored by moist conditions and can be an effective means of
natural control during wet periods [17]. Both the cactus bug and the
blue cactus borer prefer burned cactus pads (stems) to unburned pads [58,80]. This preference may help to increase pricklypear
mortality after prescribed fire [101].
Because plains pricklypear colonies can survive and even increase during drought, they provide structural protection for more desirable species, usually grasses, to grow and produce seed. Where soil drifting and blowing occurs, the clusters of plants become microsites where topsoil, moisture and litter collect [5,45,103]. The ecology of pricklypears during the drought of the 1930's was closely observed by Weaver and Alberston [103], along with other Great Plains species. Their summary comments about the cacti are excerpted here:
"Interrelations of the short grasses to cactus, especially the opuntias which form large clumps, are of interest and importance. During the years of desiccation when the cactus increased so greatly, it furnished a haven for relict blue grama. It could not be grazed and consequently afforded oases for seed production. With the return of a more favorable environment for the enemies of cactus, their death began...Since the more drought resistant blue grama was often the sole survivor in or near the place where the cactus had grown, the ratio of this species to buffalo grass was often higher in soil formerly occupied by the cactus."
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Cover Value
In Texas, northern bobwhite quail rely on plains pricklypear for cover while traveling and escape from predators. Many other small birds and mammals rely on pricklypear species for protective cover [33,59].
The palatability of plains pricklypear to livestock and wildlife is generally considered poor to fair, because spines deter grazing [21]. When spines are singed off by wildfires not severe enough to destroy the plants, plains pricklypear becomes a desirable food source [19,88]. Cattle ranchers in the
southwestern U.S. burn plains pricklypear plants to remove spines and rendering them fit for livestock consumption [32,84].
Other uses and values
Many species of Opuntia pricklypear are used as food by humans [32,33,35,67]. Native Americans ate plains pricklypear fruit raw, dried, or cooked. Fruit was piled on the ground and stirred with branches, rolled or singed with hot coals to remove spines, then split and dried in the sun. The flesh of plains pricklypear was used as a binding agent in garment and weapon making. Ripe fruits were used for dye [15,24,36].
Nutritional Value
Prickly-pear in the genus Opuntia have been utilized as a forage substitute for grazing livestock in Texas and Mexico for at least a century. It is highly variable in nutrient content, depending on species or variety, age, and plant part. Most research indicates that Opuntia pricklypear are low in protein and phosphorus but high in energy, water, fiber, and ash
Singed plains pricklypear was evaluated as a cattle forage in Colorado. Plains pricklypear increased total dry matter consumption and weight gain in cattle. Chemical analyses indicated that digestibility of plains pricklypear was at least equal to that of alfalfa
(Medicago sativa) hay. Plains pricklypear contained about 40% more soluble carbohydrates than alfalfa
hay, but only about 3.4% digestible protein. The authors concluded that singed plains pricklypear was palatable and nutritious, but should be supplemented with protein [84].
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
Plains pricklypear is an important seasonal food of the black-tailed prairie dog, composing up to 58% of its winter diet [10,16,27,53,90].
Pronghorn rely on plains pricklypear [4,92], notably after fire [19,88]. Fires burn the spines off the plants, providing a source of preferred forage.
Other animals reported to eat plains pricklypear include:
northern pocket gopher [100]
bushy-tailed woodrat [50]
Nuttall cottontail [50,60]
black-tailed jackrabbit [60]
white-tailed jackrabbit [23]
desert cottontail [34]
least chipmunk [39]
bison [73,74]
white-tailed deer [32,33]
collared peccary [33,59]
northern bobwhite [33]
Plains pricklypear is regarded as an important emergency forage for livestock. Although the moisture content of aboveground tissues of plains pricklypear is high, nutrient content is low [32,33].
Opuntia polyacantha
Opuntia polyacantha is a common species of cactus known by the common names plains pricklypear,[1][2] hairspine cactus,[1] panhandle pricklypear,[3] and starvation pricklypear.[4] It is native to North America, where it is widespread in Western Canada, the Great Plains, the central and Western United States, and Chihuahua in northern Mexico.[3][4]
This cactus grows in a wide variety of habitat types, including sagebrush, Ponderosa pine forest, prairie, savanna, shrublands, shrubsteppe, chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, and scrub.[1]
Opuntia polyacantha grows up to 40 centimetres (16 in) tall. It forms low mats of pads which may be 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) wide.[1] Its succulent green pads are oval or circular and reach 27 by 18 centimetres (10.6 by 7.1 in) wide. Its areoles are tipped with woolly brown fibers and glochids. Many of the areoles have spines which are quite variable in size and shape. They may be 0.4 to 18.5 centimetres (0.16 to 7.28 in) in length, stout or thin, straight or curling, and any of a variety of colors.
The flowers are 2.5 to 4 centimetres (0.98 to 1.57 in) long and may be yellow or magenta in color. The fruit is cylindrical, brownish, dry and spiny.[4] The cactus reproduces by seed, by layering, and by resprouting from detached segments.[1]
Native Americans used it as a medicinal plant, with different parts treating various symptoms. [5]
This pricklypear provides food for many types of animals. It provides over half the winter food for the black-tailed prairie dog in one area. Pronghorn deer eat it, especially after the spines are burned off in wildfires. Ranchers intentionally burn stands of the plant to make it palatable for livestock when little other food is available. It will also grow in waste areas where good forage will not take hold. In fact, an abundance of the cactus indicates land that is poor in quality.[1]
Several insects attack the cactus, including the cactus moth Melitara dentata, the blue cactus borer Olycella subumbrella, and the cactus bug Chelinidea vittiger.[1]
- ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, K. A. 2000. Opuntia polyacantha. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ Opuntia polyacantha. USDA Plants Profile. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Opuntia polyacantha. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c Opuntia polyacantha. Flora of North America. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ University of Michigan - Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany (Opuntia polyacantha)
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Distinct taxon.
Common Names
plains prickly-pear
hairspine cactus
The fully documented scientific name of plains pricklypear is Opuntia
polyacantha Haw. (Cactaceae) [6,30,42,51,69]. Infrataxa are as follows
Opuntia polyacantha var. arenaria (Englm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea (Englm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. hysricina (Engelm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. nicholii (L. Benson) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha. var. polyacantha
Grizzlybear pricklypear (Opuntia × columbiana Griffiths) is a brittle
pricklypear × little pricklypear (O. fragilis) hybrid [69].


text:
It is tempting, in the wake of the local and European elections last week, to turn to economics for explanations. After all, experience suggests that when the electorate swings in vast numbers away from established political parties and towards untested alternatives, the root cause is often economic disenchantment.
However, trying to divine a statistical pattern behind Ukip's success last week is fiendishly difficult. In the run-up to the elections, my Sky News colleagues and I put together a database that included some key economic and social data about all of England's local authorities — everything from unemployment rates and wages to


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Great investment potential in Sabah – Raymond
KOTA KINABALU: Sabah has great resources and potentials that can lure more investors to do business in the state, said Industrial Development Minister Datuk Raymond Tan Shu Kiah.
He said these investors' operations here would eventually have spillover activities to benefit others, particularly the small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
"When we talk about big investments, the SMEs' participation is mainly to provide the support to the industry operating in the state. We must not forget that over 50 per cent of the nation's revenue comes from SMEs," he said when launching Naza Quest Sdn Bhd's Chevrolet 3S (sales, services, spare parts) Centre at Alam Mesra, near here, yesterday.
He said the investors' presence in the local market would also create positive impact on the state, as well as the people.
"When they build factories, they would also improve the road conditions, or other kinds of infrastructure development.
"Take Petronas for instance, when they launched the Sabah Ammonia Urea plant in Sipitang, the company built additional power plant to support their operations, which also benefit the people in the area.
"Apart from roads, there is also great potential for pharmacies; we need pharmacists and doctors, not just engineers, as the demand for healthcare may increase. Food is also another sector that should be taken into account, and we are not talking about opening five-star restaurants, but the micro ones such as mamak stalls or kuih cincin operators.
"That is why I would encourage investors to come to Sabah, just so that the people would have their fair share of benefits from their development," he said.
He was also happy to note when OBM Automart (M) Sdn Bhd managing director Datuk Oi Thiam Beng expressed his wish to invest in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP).
"I have always wanted to start a motor hub in KKIP. I do not want it to be scattered. And while we are all ready to provide the space, it is my hope that interested investors and players do business in KKIP; they are very much welcome," he said.


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Thailand's Raw Sugar Premium Seen High on Limited Western Supply
The premium buyers pay for raw sugar from Thailand, the second-biggest exporter, is "high" because of limited supplies from the Western Hemisphere, according to Green Pool Commodity Specialists Pty Ltd.
Raw sugar from Thailand is being offered at $3 to $3.20 a pound above the price on ICE Futures U.S. in New York, Green Pool, a Brisbane-based research company, said in a report e- mailed today. It was for sale at $2.60 a pound a week earlier.
"Thai raw premiums were steady but not traded as Western Hemisphere supplies are still rickety," Tom McNeill, a director at the Brisbane, Australia-based company, said in a weekly report e-mailed today.
Above-average rainfall last month in Brazil, the world's largest producer, delayed the crop and shipments. Sugar output in Brazil's center south, its main growing region, fell 29 percent to 6.7 million metric tons from the start of the 2012-13 season through the end of June compared with a year earlier, according to industry group Unica.
In India, the world's second-biggest producer, local prices rose to the highest in 18 months because of lack of rains, Green Pool said. The monsoon, which brings more than 70 percent of the country's annual rainfall, was 22 percent lower than a 50-year average since June 1, the weather bureau said July 15.
"People remember 2009, when a similar deficit in the monsoon caused estimates of the crop to be reduced by 5 million tons," Paul Bannister, head of the sugar brokerage at Marex Spectron Group in London, said in a report e-mailed today. "A sensible 'worst case scenario' would therefore be to the order of a 3 million tons loss."
To contact the reporter on this story: Isis Almeida in London at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Claudia Carpenter at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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ESCAPE ARTIST: No. 10 WCHS rallies, survives vs. Comets in OT
WEBSTER CITY – One quick glance up was all Drew Fielder took before he turned and sprinted towards the sideline with his arms raised. He was already jumping into the arms of his teammates as the referee raised his arms signaling the kick was good.
The biggest moment in the budding freshman's football career came when Webster City needed him the most.
Following three straight misses on extra points dating back to the fourth quarter of a Week 1 win over Ballard, Fielder stayed out of his own head long enough to split the uprights to break a 26-all tie in overtime and send the 10th-ranked Lynx to a survival-mode 27-26 victory over winless Charles City in the Class 3A District 3 opener Friday night at Lynx Field.
"It hit perfectly on my foot and I knew it was dead straight," Fielder, who pushed his first PAT attempt of the game wide left in the first quarter, said. "Coach (Bob Howard) just told me to relax, keep my head down and kick the ball like I did all summer, and that's what I did."
Charles City (0-3, 0-1) – losers of 17 straight games dating back to September of 2011 – had WCHS (3-0, 1-0) on the ropes for much of the second half, but was never able to deliver the knockout blow. Even when the Comets scored quickly in overtime to jump ahead 26-20, they failed to convert on a two-point run attempt and left the door open for the Lynx to prevail.
Two Connor Larson runs – the first covering nine yards before he dove from the 1-yard line and across the goal line – drew the Lynx even and set the stage for Fielder's game-winning chip shot.
"We didn't play our best, but it feels good (to be 3-0) because I know we're going to continue to get better," WCHS senior wide receiver Ben Mossman said after catching six passes for 90 yards and a touchdown.
The Comets owned a 284-269 advantage in total offense, including a 187-169 edge on the ground. They forced five turnovers and possessed the ball for nearly five minutes longer in the second half and better than four minutes more in the contest.
And yet WCHS won … somehow.
"It's great to win and it's nice to be able to chew some butt after you win," WCHS head coach Bob Howard said. "I don't want to kill the excitement and enthusiasm, but we also didn't play well in spots. We've got a lot of work to do."
WCHS jumped out to a 12-0 lead with just under 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter. Larson's first of three touchdown runs covered eight yards and on the Lynx next possession Mossman split two defenders on a pass from spinback Trey Tesdahl and raced 42 yards to the house.
"I saw one guy and I knew I had to go get the ball from him, so that's what I did," Mossman said.
But the early lead was actually the beginning of the downfall, Howard said.
"We got up 12-0 and we relaxed," he said.
A 47-yard burst up the gut on a fullback trap by Dylan Isakson pushed the Comets down to the WCHS 5 and Brian Foster plunged into the end zone on the next play for his team's first touchdown of the season with 3:25 to go in the first half.
But Charles City wasn't done.
With just 16 ticks left in the half, quarterback Levi Miller hit Thomas Nairn in stride across the middle for a 20-yard touchdown, and suddenly the Lynx went to the locker room trailing 14-12.
"We definitely could have played better. Our defense needed to step it up a little bit," WCHS senior linebacker Nelson Ball said after registering six solo tackles. "We can't let them put up 26 points in a game."
The Comets stayed hot early in the third quarter and pushed their cushion to 20-12 on a fourth-and-goal touchdown pass from Miller to Nairn that covered three yards. But WCHS senior Dylan Fielder stopped the bleeding by blocking the PAT to keep the Lynx within one score.
"Dylan Fielder's blocked extra point was a huge play and that may have been the game right there because that kept us where we had a shot," Howard said.
Tyler Lockwood kept the momentum for the Lynx by returning the ensuing kickoff 69 yards up the seam and then down the sideline before being tackled at the Comets' 14. Larson pushed his way into the end zone from three yards out several plays later and then tacked on the two-point run to knot the game at 20.
Larson again led the Lynx rushing attack with 78 yards on 21 carries. Tesdahl churned out 77 yards on 15 totes to go with 100 passing yards on seven completions.
WCHS again struggled to gain offensive traction. There were 11 plays that went backwards and only four runs that netted double-digit yardage, the longest on a 29-yard scamper by Larson late in the fourth quarter.
Lockwood made another game-changing – perhaps even game-saving – play midway through the fourth quarter. Charles City methodically maneuvered down the field and converted on another fourth down play to get to the Lynx 20, but on the next snap Lockwood stepped in front of a Miller pass near the goal line for an interception.
"Tyler's a tough kid and he's one that's going to make plays," Howard said. "In a 27-26 game, they're all big plays."
WCHS gave the ball right back to the Comets on their fifth turnover though; Foster returned an interception down to the Lynx 8 with just 2:57 left on the clock.
But Charles City was in the giving mood as well, as Isakson fumbled on the very next play and Lynx senior defensive tackle Gus Gasca was there to fall on top.
Isakson led all rushers with 125 yards on 16 carries. Foster churned out 68 yards and scored a pair of touchdowns. Miller completed 8 of 13 passes for 97 yards.
Linebacker Rylee Lawson again led all Lynx defenders with 7 tackles, including five solos.
WCHS will stay local for homecoming week, as it gets set to host rival Iowa Falls-Alden (1-2, 0-1) on Friday at 7:30 p.m. The Cadets – losers of two straight – were dealt a 42-22 setback by No. 8-ranked Humboldt in their district opener.


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Contacts and SMS stopped working on Galaxy S4
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A student from Royal Holloway, University of London will have the honour of carrying the Olympic flame during the torch relay.
Katherine Trotter, a Criminology and Sociology student, is one of 8,000 inspirational people who have been asked to carry the Olympic flame as it journeys across the UK. She was nominated by Great Britain Canoe Team in recognition of her dedication and success at canoeing.
LOCOG have pledged the torch relay – which will be travelling through Egham tomorrow – will travel to within an hour of 95 per cent of people in the UK on its way to London. Katherine will be carrying the torch on the Dover leg.
"I had no idea I had been nominated," Katherine says. "I received a phone call from someone at LOCOG to tell me and it was a complete surprise. I still wasn't sure if I would be picked because so many people with great stories had been nominated."
Katherine began canoeing at the age of 10 after going to a taster session during the school holidays. She was immediately hooked and hasn't looked back since. She is a member of Royal Holloway's Student Talented Athlete Recognition Scheme (STARS), which offers support to elite athletes to help them juggle their sporting commitments and study.
Katherine recently won a silver medal at the World Junior Canoeing Championships and will be representing Great Britain in the European Championships under-23s sprint canoe events. She is excited at the chance of watching her fellow athletes competing in the London 2012 Games.
"I've got tickets to see the Olympic canoeing races at Dorney Lake, which I'm really excited about. I know some of the canoeing team, so it will be really exciting to watch them compete. I think we have a strong team and think we have a good chance of getting a medal in the men's 200m. I will be cheering the team on."
As a future Olympic hopeful, Katherine is delighted at the opportunities the London 2012 Games have provided her with.
"I am part of the Olympic Ambitions scheme, which helps support up and coming athletes," she says. "I got to meet some Olympic athletes and had a tour of the Olympic Village. It was so inspiring to meet them and realise that what I am working towards is achievable. I'm hoping to make the 2016 Olympic Games and meeting athletes who are achieving what you want is so inspiring."
Katherine will be carrying the Olympic Flame during the torch relay in Dover on July 18.
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SandRidge Energy, Inc. Prices Initial Public Offering
Nov 05, 2007, 00:00 ET from SandRidge Energy, Inc.
OKLAHOMA CITY, Nov. 5 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- SandRidge Energy, Inc. ("SandRidge") announced today the pricing of its initial public offering of 28,700,000 shares of common stock at $26.00 per share. An entity controlled by Tom L. Ward, SandRidge's Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, has agreed to purchase 4,170,000 of such shares at the initial public offering price. SandRidge has granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 3,679,500 additional shares. Lehman Brothers Inc., Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Banc of America Securities LLC are acting as joint book-running managers and representatives of the underwriters. SandRidge's common stock is expected to begin trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "SD" on November 6, 2007. This information does not purport to be a complete description of these securities or the offering. Please refer to the prospectus for a complete description. This news release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities issuable pursuant to the registration statement, nor will there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction. The offering is being made only be means of a prospectus, copies of which may be obtained from (i) Lehman Brothers Inc., c/o Broadridge Prospectus Fulfillment, 1155 Long Island Avenue, Edgewood, NY 11717, via fax at 631-254-7140 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com; (ii) Goldman, Sachs & Co., Attn: Prospectus Department, 85 Broad Street, New York, NY 10004, via fax at 212-902-9316 or via e-mail at prospectus- firstname.lastname@example.com; or (iii) Banc of America Securities LLC, Prospectus Department, 100 West 33rd Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10001, via phone at 800-294-1322 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com. For further information, please contact: Dirk M. Van Doren Chief Financial Officer SandRidge Energy, Inc. 1601 N.W. Expressway, Suite 1600 Oklahoma City, OK 73118 (405) 753-5520 SandRidge Energy, Inc. is an oil and natural gas company headquartered in Oklahoma City with its principal focus on exploration and production. SandRidge also owns and operates drilling rigs and a related oil field services business operating under the Lariat Services, Inc. brand name; gas gathering, marketing and processing facilities; and, through its subsidiary, PetroSource Energy Company CO2 treating and transportation facilities and tertiary oil recovery operations. SandRidge focuses its exploration and production activities in West Texas, the Cotton Valley Trend in East Texas and the Gulf Coast. SandRidge also owns oil and gas properties in the Piceance Basin of Colorado, the Gulf of Mexico and the Anadarko and Arkoma Basins. The company's Internet address is www.sandridgeenergy.com
SOURCE SandRidge Energy, Inc.


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This site is dedicated to the art of landscape photography and nature photography by British photographer John Greenwood using both a traditional 5x4 large format wooden field camera and digital SLRs.
John loves being outdoors and is privileged to be a landscape photographer as he is able to spend more time in the landscapes he loves. Living in the beautiful county of Worcestershire, England, offers lots of wildlife and stunning views for both nature and landscape photography and is also central to many beautiful landscapes. John enjoys travelling so you will see a spot of travel photography too.
John is now selling greeting cards of the Malvern Hills along with his 2017 charity calendar exclusively at 'Just So' in Malvern.


text: Centers / Institutes http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/centers AARC http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/aarc African American Resource Center No publisher Centers 2011-10-28T15:50:00Z Folder CETL http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/cetl The Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) is to promote excellence in teaching practices through a wide range of professional development activities. No publisher Academic Centers 2007-11-07T16:45:00Z Folder CUNY Aviation Institute http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/aviation The CUNY Aviation Institute at York College is the first CUNY institute to focus specifically on aviation studies. No publisher Academic Institute Aviation Institute 2007-02-27T20:05:00Z Folder CUNY Teacher Academy http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/teacher-academy The Teacher Academy at York College provides an intellectually stimulating environment in which to master the professional qualifications needed to become an exemplary teacher in mathematics and science. No publisher Academic Institute 2007-03-04T16:20:00Z Folder Health Promotion Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/health-promotion-center Achieving Optimal Health in the Entire Community No publisher Centers 2008-06-04T16:50:00Z Folder Math Learning Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/academics/departments/mathematics-and-computer-science/math-learning-center We offer tutoring, workshops and a lab for students to enhance their mathematical skills. No publisher Mathematics Math and Computer Science Student Support Services Centers 2012-12-05T21:20:00Z Folder Men's Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/student-development/mens-center The purpose of the York Male Initiative Program and Men's Center is to provide a system of support, through various resources, that contribute to the improvement of enrollment and graduation rates of under represented populations, and particularly male students. Coordinated efforts to recruit students from various areas in the community, is one of our main goals. The other main goal is to provide various systems of support that lead to continuous satisfactory progress towards degree completion. The cornerstone of the program is our Mentoring Program, in which students have the opportunity to interact with other role models on our faculty/staff, and in the college community. No publisher Academic Centers 2007-04-09T18:25:00Z Folder Performing Arts Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/performing-arts One of the Finest State-of-the-Art facilities in New York City, the York College Performing Arts Center is the perfect setting for productions of any size or scope. No publisher Academic Centers 2007-03-14T19:20:00Z Folder Small Business Development Center (SBDC) http://www.york.cuny.edu/economic-and-workforce-development/sbdc Through a network of 23 regional centers, the New York State Small Business Development Center delivers high quality business counseling and training to New Yorkers who want to start a business or improve the performance of an existing business. Thanks to our partners in the public and private sectors, our services are free of charge and have significant impact. No publisher Centers 2007-03-19T23:05:00Z Folder VITA Program http://www.york.cuny.edu/academics/departments/accounting-and-finance/vita The Department of Accounting & Business Fall 2009 VITA (Volunteer Income Tax Assistance) Initiative No publisher Academic Centers 2010-01-23T22:10:00Z Folder Women's Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/student-development/womens-center "The York College Women's Center provides supportive services for the growth and development of women students as they pursue academic and lifelong goals. No publisher Academic Centers Centers Academic Institute 2007-10-23T21:40:00Z Folder Writing Center http://www.york.cuny.edu/student/writing-center The York College Writing Center provides writing tutoring for all York College students. Tutors work with students on all aspects of the writing process. No publisher Academic Centers Centers Writing 2007-03-29T15:15:00Z Folder YECA http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/yeca The York Early College Academy aims to ready middle school students for college-level courses by the 9th grade. YECA opened in the fall of 2006 with 81 sixth-graders and adds a grade each year growing to become a full 6th-12th grade school. No publisher Centers 2008-07-21T14:20:00Z Folder York College Observatory http://www.york.cuny.edu/centers-institutes/observatory The Observatory is open to the public every second or third Wednesday of the month rain or shine at 7:30pm (8:30pm during daylight saving time). Please call 718-262-2082 for more information. Except for special events, we will meet in Room 2E01 and then move to the 4th floor terrace on the G corridor of the Academic Core Building of the College to view the stars and planets by eye as well as with the observatory's instruments. If the weather is poor, we will enjoy activities and/or a topical lecture. No publisher Academic Centers 2007-07-02T14:05:00Z Folder


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Nintendo Reborn: Blessing or Doomsday?comments powered by Disqus
Posted on Monday, November 17 2008 @ 18:32:03 PST
Nintendo, without a doubt, was the leader of games during the 1990s. Ask any Nintendo fan who was around in that era and you're bound to find a few responses with the phrase "The Golden Age of Gaming" in it. Of course, Nintendo was not without its flaws. Ever since its fallout with Sony, it has come to bite them back in the ass for many years to come.
Nintendo has made many stupid decisions over the years, such as sticking to the expensive cartridge format for games instead of going with CDs which held more space. Being a dictator over how many games 3rd parties could make did not help either and it caused 3rd parties to jump from Nintendo's ship and into the arms of Sega and Sony. The Gamecube did not fare any better; while it did go to DVD discs, they were mini sized, thus they held way less data compared to the Playstation 2. This of course turned off 3rd parties again since less space meant less things to put in for their games, just like the N64 did. Now combine this with overpriced accessories Nintendo makes for their games which only a handful of them use, and you'll wonder how they still managed to stay in the business.
At this point, everyone believed Nintendo would go the way of Sega and become a 3rd party. Once the Wii rolled around, Nintendo became the phoenix and and was reborn. Fans, however, are not so sure on that and if you go on many forums, you're sure to find someone complaining about the Wii.
The major complaint about the Wii are its games. People will call the games the following:
-Mini game collection
(And you'll also hear "lack of hardcore")
Nintendo fans go on and on about how Nintendo has "abandoned" them, "sold out", etc. but most do so only because they either think they are more deserving than the new fanbase Nintendo has paid attention to, or they fear that Nintendo will "kill off gaming as they know it". I am a Nintendo fan myself and I too do not like some of the things Nintendo is doing. However, I can see where Nintendo is coming from with their new marketing decision.
As stated in the opening paragraphs, Nintendo got beaten badly by Sony and even more when Microsoft introduced its Xbox console. You have to think and wonder where did all the Sony and Microsoft fanboys come from? They surely did not come from thin air, but I believe most of them were ex-Nintendo fans. Nintendo's stupid decisions, lack of 3rd party support, and a more appealing collection of games from the other guys surely have coaxed many disgruntled Nintendo fans to join the other side and the sales show it. The Gamecube only sold 20 something million units more or less compared to the Playstation 2's 100+ million units sold. That is a huge beating.
Nintendo pretty much knew they had to do something in order to stay in the game otherwise being beaten for the 3rd time in a row would cause serious trouble. Microsoft and Sony as of now are fighting each other over the hardcore fanbase and Nintendo would get destroyed if they also tried to fight for the small pie by going through the usual better graphics route. Not to mention that most 3rd parties already banked with Sony and Microsoft before their PS3 and Xbox360 were officially out, meaning 3rd parties lost faith in Nintendo. What's Nintendo to do?
The Wii.
Rather than trying to fight for the same hardcore audience, Nintendo aims for a new pie; the casual crowd. This gamble paid back highly and it even caught Nintendo and 3rd parties off guard. As time went on, the long time Nintendo fans start the complaints, whining about lack of games or tacked on waggle controls or how Nintendo ditched them.
If you think about it, the fans ditched Nintendo first! While it is true Nintendo did a ton of stupid stuff in the past, I'm sure most of its fans jumped ship to play games by Sony and Microsoft. Nintendo at this point has a small fanbase to please and trying to please a small base won't make much profit. It does suck for the long time Nintendo fans getting the shaft, but in a world where one decision can make or break a company and tons of jobs are at risk, money comes first and it is a sad but true fact. Nintendo is trying to survive and it did so in a way where they will be well off for a while. Of course, Nintendo is weakly trying to keep its old fans with the usual Mario, Zelda, Metroid, etc. titles, but those games now are changed in a way where the causal base can enjoy them.
Nintendo is raking in the dough and it no longer needs the fans that were with them. I guarentee you that if Nintendo did as well as Sony had done back then, we wouldn't have a Wii, but something different and probably different games.
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Given the 350 plus Equity funds out there, which one should you invest in? Can you simply invest in one fund, which in turn will pick the Equity funds to put your hard earned money into? Yes you can – with the Quantum Equity Fund of Funds (QEFOF). QEFOF is an equity fund of funds that invests in 5-10 diversified equity schemes of third party mutual funds, shortlisted after extensive research. However, please consider the tax implication before investing as it is taxed as a Debt fund.
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Chirag Mehta has more than 11 years of experience in handling commodities. Chirag is a qualified CAIA (Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst), and has also completed his Masters in Management Studies in Finance. He has interned at Kotak & Co. Ltd and has also attended the Federation of Indian Commodities Exchanges as part of his internship.
The scheme would be benchmarked to the S&P BSE 200 Index. The Scheme proposes to invest in underlying equity schemes, which are diversified across market-segments and sectors. A large portion of these investments will happen in diversified equity schemes ranging from large cap, mid cap to flexi cap variety. Since S&P BSE 200 Index captures the combination of large cap and mid cap stocks along with diversification, the performance of the Scheme will be benchmarked against S&P BSE 200 Index.
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We have one of the lowest expense ratios in Mutual Fund industry because we are direct to investor fund house and does not pay any commission to distributors.
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The following features are available in the Quantum Equity Fund of Funds: Systematic Investment Plan (SIP): This feature enables investors to save and invest periodically over a long period of time. Click here to know more about SIP in detail.
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1, Report #1054679
May 29 2013
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