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About this project
ONDU Pinhole Cameras
Let me start by introducing myself; my name is Elvis Halilović and I am a passionate lensless photographer. For the last seven years, I've been photographing using pinhole cameras that I've made myself. Through the years, I've constructed and used extensively about 40 of them; the largest produced images measuring up to 3 x 4 metres while the smallest could fit inside a person's mouth.
I'm also an industrial designer and a carpenter. In the past few years I've been actively busy with various projects that involved a lot of woodworking. One of my most recognisable projects finished so far is the Floating City, a floating platform intended for sustainable solutions research. With sustainability and quality in mind I've set my mind on smaller and more manageable projects. This is how I came to work on the Ondu Pinhole cameras.
In the course of time, I've come to realise there are no simple to use, good-looking, and most of all, affordable cameras out there. Using my knowledge of what happens when the light passes trough the pinhole sized aperture, I've been able to come up with a family of six wooden pinhole cameras. To suit various photographic needs, they come in 6 different dimensions and film sizes, from the most common Leica 135 format to the 4˝ x 5˝ film holder camera.
For those who don't know what a pinhole camera is: It's a camera that uses a pin sized hole to produce an image; there are no lenses involved in this kind of photography. Because of its high aperture, the images produced create effects that no other lens based camera can achieve. The anticipation of what emerges from the exposures is what has kept me hooked on this kind of photography.
Nowadays, most of us own a camera and taking a picture has become such an everyday occurrence that we don't take notice anymore. Well, pinhole photography changes that. Suddenly, you remember what you were doing on the day you took the picture in detail, who approached you to ask about your camera, how you took the shot, and how you felt when you developed the film - all the things missing in today's photography.
One of the smallest and lightest cameras around, this camera is still durable enough to outlast any of its digital counterparts. The ONDU 135 Pocket Pinhole camera is great for when you are shy on space and want to take it anywhere with you! It has a pinhole size of 0.20 mm, a focal length of 25 mm, and it comes with a standard tripod mount.
This camera combines the best of both worlds. It can shoot the regular Leica format in 36 mm x 24 mm or panoramic double frames at 72 mm x 24 mm image. It also hosts a 0,20 mm pinhole size and a focal length of 25 mm and a standard tripod mount. Great for taking amazing panoramic shots with a field of view of 113°.
A tiny camera, given the fact that it uses 120 format film to expose an image! Like 135, it's small enough to take it anywhere with you but takes images with a greater resolution. The camera has a pinhole size of 0.20 mm, a focal length of 25 mm and a standard tripod mount. Because it uses 120 film, the negatives on this camera are 56 mm x 56 mm, and the angle of view is an astonishing 115°.
This is a multi-format all-in-one camera that can take 6 x 6, 6 x 9, and 6 x 12 images. It produces similar looking results as the ONDU 135 Panoramic but with much greater clarity, thanks to the 120 roll film. The camera has a pinhole size of 0.30 mm, a focal length of 40 mm and a standard tripod mount.
If you already know a thing or two about pinhole and large format photography, this is the perfect camera for you! It uses a standard 4˝ x 5˝ film holder that is secured snugly on the back with strong magnets. The camera has a 0.30 mm pinhole, a focal length of 60 mm and a standard tripod mount.
A camera for the collector enthusiasts. It's made with two sliding boxes that hold the paper in place for the exposure. This way, a single image is produced before heading to the darkroom or changing the paper in a changing bag. It uses a paper format of 10,5 x 14,8cm, has a 0.3 mm pinhole and a 50 mm focal length.
As you can see, my workshop is fairly well equipped for woodworking. Because all the cameras are made entirely by me and my brother Benjamin, at the current rate only a small amount of cameras can be made. That's why we need to invest in tools and equipment that will make our work safer, more efficient and, ultimately, easier.
We make all the wooden parts of the cameras ourselves but some parts, like the pins that rewind the film, and the actual pinhole require precise CNC machining. In order for that to be financially feasible I need to order a bulk amount of those parts.
Because there's only one screw in the design the winding pins and backplate are held in place with neodymium magnets that have a pulling force of about 0.5 kg a piece. To get them at a reasonable price a bulk order is necessary as well.
And lastly, since I want to make high-end products, the wood which the cameras are made of must be carpentry quality, which means no defects and also a suitable moisture content to minimise the moving of the wood.
My special thanks go to the team of people who have helped me make this project a reality.
Niko Klanšek | Business advisor |
Andraž Jerič | The brains and eyes behind the camera |
Simon Penšek | The ears behind the video |
DJ Borka | Supplied the awesome music for the video!
Buy his EP "What Sticks" on Bandcamp! |
Nejc Matjaž | Technical and engineering support |
Thank you all!
Risks and challenges
So far, not much can go wrong since I design and make the cameras myself. There is no third party carpenter or manufacturer that I need to rely on for the cameras to be made, and as this is my full-time job; I'm going to devote all of my time to deliver the cameras that have been on my mind for so long.
As the cameras are in the second field testing stage, I'm leaving a little room for last changes depending on the feedback. However, it will not affect the visual aspect of the cameras, just make them more fun to use.Learn about accountability on Kickstarter
Why is there an additional fee of $25 for shipping outside the US? Isn't your company located in Slovenia?
Due to the nature of the Kickstarter platform and its current policies we had to partner up with a company located in the US which will be taking care of distribution of our cameras there. That gives us an option of shipping US-based orders in bulk which significantly cuts down on shipping costs. Such an option is sadly not available for Europe or the rest of the world, where every order will have to be carried out individually. That's the reason we have to charge for international shipping.
Will there be an option to purchase further cameras from your website after you have fulfilled the Kickstarter orders?
Of course, once our Kickstarter campaign is finished we are planning on setting up an online shop where all of the ONDU products will be made available for purchase.
We are already hard at work coming up with interesting new ideas that could improve your pinhole experience. A lot of exciting new features, accessories and add-ons will be available once we finally set up our online shop, where you'll also be able to find a wide variety of ONDU merchandise, including ONDU t-shirts and hoodies - example of which you can see Elvis wearing in our promotional video.
Because we instill a great deal of precision and high standars in production of our cameras we're taking as much time as possible for giving attention to every single camera we make. That's why we have deliberately chosen October as a final deadline on delivery of our products because we simply couldn't expect how much of an interest we're going to spark with this. It's actually still to early to tell because new orders are coming in at a great pace, but for now we're not considerably concerned about the set date since we have enough of faith in our capabilities (which we also ask of you) so perhaps some of the models could eventually still be shipped out earlier than that. We'll definitely keep you posted on the state of production throughout the summer.
Will the 6x6 photos produced by the ONDU 6x6 Pocket Pinhole be pretty comparable to the 6x6 photos from the ONDU 6x12 Multiformat Pinhole camera?
While the models do use the same film format, the focal length on the cameras is different and therefore the angle of view also differs. The field of view on the ONDU 6x6 Pocket Pinhole is much wider at 115 degrees while the same image on the ONDU 6x12 Multiformat Pinhole camera will be taken at an angle of 90 degrees (diagonally).
As some of our supporters have already correctly guessed in the comment section, we're using a standard exposure number "window" with a dark red filter for our ONDU 6x6 Pocket Pinhole and ONDU 6x12 Multiformat Pinhole cameras, which allows you to see the film frame number on the back of the film roll (the Multiformat version will have two openings to see numbering for both 6x6 and 6x12 frame size).
For 135 film we're planning on incorporating a small "ticker" inside the camera, which counts the holes in the film roll's perforation - 9 clicks account for approximately one frame.
While these may not be the perfect solution they are here mostly to give some basic guidance to the average user without taking too much fun and magic out of the spontaneity of pinhole photography.
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Funding period
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Location :Central
Norman Manley Boulevard Bloody Bay Beach Negril Jamaica
Let me start by saying that my stay at Clubhotel was great! At first I read mixed reviews and I was terrified of what to expect. The staff was wonderful and very friendly.
5/5 Standard of room
5/5 Facilities
5/5 Quality of food
5/5 Service
5/5 Location
5/5 Value for Money

subset: commoncrawl


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The fog surrounding the macroeconomic situation in the US will be lifted slightly this week, since it will be loaded with important announcements all crammed into three and a half days of trading. The markets will end the trading week on Thursday, as Americans prepare for the July 4 celebrations the following day.
Employment figures are the really important news and this will be published on Thursday, with an expected 50,000 more jobs lost in June, taking unemployment to 5.4%. Tuesday saw the publication of the Chicago Purchasing Managers Index for June, and due to be published Tuesday is the Institute of Supply Management Survey, which tracks the manufacturing sector in the US.
Over the next ten days leading up to the start of the results season, we are likely to see several companies publish earnings warnings, with Israeli companies who took heavy losses because of the tumbling shekel-dollar exchange rate the most likely candidates. Publishing a warning in advance is not something that is required by law, and in recent years, more and more of the companies that have failed to meet the forecasts have avoided issuing advance warnings of this. BluePhoenix Solutions Ltd. (BPHX), for example, which crashed 56%, actually found itself railroaded into issuing an advance warning by two analysts who couldn't wait and downgraded their forecasts for it before the quarter was over.
Of the companies in my portfolio, tracked by "Globes", Ceragon Networks Ltd. (NASDAQ:CRNT) has taken the plunge and announced it would be unveiling its results on July 21, and I presume that despite the harm caused by the falling shekel-dollar rate, it will meet the market's estimate, which stands at earnings per share of $0.13 and $50 million sales for the quarter. Ceragon recently published a string of new wins in the East and in Mexico, something which, I feel, will also ensure it meets the full-year estimate, with expected growth of 25%.
Another company that has already announced a date for its report is SanDisk Corporation (SNDK), but this says nothing about the type of quarter it is likely to unveil, since it is one of those companies which, in principle, does not issue advance warnings, good or bad. SanDisk's share sank to a five-year low on Friday, in response to the collapse in the share price of Micron Technology (NASDAQ:MU), which last week unveiled its results for the third quarter in its fiscal 2008.
The signals coming from the market are that SanDisk has no chance of meeting the second quarter estimates and furthermore, there are those who feel certain that it will lower its guidance for the third quarter. So if it does have a surprise in store, the share will stage a strong rebound. SanDisk's advantage over the other NAND chip manufacturers is its safety cushion in the form of $120 million in royalties for the quarter, as well as the highly advanced production capabilities of the fabs it jointly owns with Toshiba (OTCPK:TOSBF), but whether these will be enough this time round, given the ongoing freefall in flash chip prices, is by no means certain.
Another company which, on the other hand, will have no difficulty meeting its guidance for the quarter, is Orckit Communications (NASDAQ:ORCT), which is expected to report sales of more than $3 million. The major contract that its subsidiary Corrigent Systems won in February from a business unit of Deutsche Telekom AG (DT ), has now reached the deliveries stage, with the first platforms installed at the end-customer, KDG, Germany's largest cable television provider, and the rate of installation will increase from one quarter to the next. Rumors on the market talk of further wins, including initial deliveries, worth an insignificant amount, to new customers in the US and Asia.
In 2009, Orckit is seen reaching a rate of annual sales of tens millions of dollars for the first time since 2006, on the basis of two solid foundations - the contract in Germany and the renewal of procurement by its longstanding Japanese customer KDDI Corp (TSE: 9433), which is rolling out a WiMAX network, among other things. In addition, it will have several small customers worldwide with whom it hopes to grow, and the chance of a third customer the size of KDDI in Canada. One of the major telecom carriers in South Korea, which has already tested and conducted successful tests with Orckit's equipment, is awaiting regulatory approval so that it can substantially expand its IPTV service.
Orckit will hold its annual shareholders meeting this Thursday. It will be an exceptional one, since it will be the first time I have come across a company that is asking for a generous options allocation to its managers, but only if they meet the annual sales targets they were set. For example, the aggregate sales target for 2009-2011 is $250 million, with a threshold of $50 million for 2009. I believe these are minimum targets that are already covered by the contract in Germany, but in the volatile world of today, with the risk of recession just around the corner, nothing can be assumed as a given, and nothing could be more fitting than giving managers an incentive like this to earn their options fair and square.
Disclosure: None
Published originally by Globes [online], Israel business news - www.globes.co.il
© Copyright of Globes Publisher Itonut (1983) Ltd. 2006. Republished on Seeking Alpha with full permission.


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Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service America is home to a boundless array of cultures, races, and ethnicities. With this diversity comes incalculable energy and optimism. Diversity has enriched our Nation by bringing global ideas, perspectives, and productive contributions to all areas of contemporary life. The enduring contributions of minorities, like those of all Americans, rest on a foundation of mental health. Mental health is fundamental to overall health and productivity. It is the basis for successful contributions to family, community, and society. Throughout the lifespan, mental health is the wellspring of thinking and communication skills, learning, resilience, and selfesteem. It is all too easy to dismiss the value of mental health until problems appear. Mental health problems and illnesses are real and disabling conditions that are experienced by one in five Americans. Left untreated, mental illnesses can result in disability and despair for families, schools, communities, and the workplace. This toll is more than any society can afford. This report is a Supplement to the first ever Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health, Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999). That report provided extensive documentation of the scientific advances illuminating our understanding of mental illness and its treatment. It found a range of effective treatments for most mental disorders. The efficacy of mental health treatment is so well documented that the Surgeon General made this single, explicit recommendation for all people: Seek help if you have a mental health problem or think you have symptoms of a mental disorder. The recommendation to seek help is particularly vital, considering the majority of people with diagnosable disorders, regardless of race or ethnicity, do not receive treatment. The stigma surrounding mental
illness is a powerful barrier to reaching treatment. People with mental illness feel shame and fear of discrimination about a condition that is as real and disabling as any other serious health condition. Overall, the earlier Surgeon General's report provided hope for people with mental disorders by laying out the evidence for what can be done to prevent and treat them. It strove to dispel the myths and stigma that surround mental illness. It underscored several overarching points about mental health and mental illness (see box). Above all, it furnished hope for recovery from mental illness. But in the Preface to the earlier report, the Surgeon General pointed out that all Americans do not share equally in the hope for recovery from mental illness: Even more than other areas of health and medicine, the mental health field is plagued by disparities in the availability of and access to its services. These disparities are viewed readily through the lenses of racial and cultural diversity, age, and gender (DHHS,1999, p.vi). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General Themes of the Report
• • • • •
Mental health and mental illness require the broad focus of a public health approach. Mental disorders are disabling conditions. Mental health and mental illness are points on a continuum. Mind and body are inseparable. Stigma is a major obstacle preventing people from getting help.
Messages from the Surgeon General
• • • •
Mental health is fundamental to health. Mental illnesses are real health conditions. The efficacy of mental health treatments is well documented. A range of treatments exists for most mental disorders.
This Supplement was undertaken to probe more deeply into mental health disparities affecting racial and ethnic minorities. Drawing on scientific evidence from a wide-ranging body of empirical research, this Supplement has three purposes:
• • •
To understand better the nature and extent of mental health disparities; To present the evidence on the need for mental health services and the provision of services to meet those needs; and To document promising directions toward the elimination of mental health disparities and the promotion of mental health.
This Supplement covers the four most recognized racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. According to Federal classifications, African Americans (blacks), American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and white Americans (whites) are races. Hispanic American (Latino) is an ethnicity and may apply to a person of any race (U.S. Office of Management and Budget [OMB], 1978). For example, many people from the Dominican Republic identify their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino and their race as black. The Federal Government created these broad racial and ethnic categories in the 1970s for collecting census and other types of demographic information.1 Within each of the broad categories, including white Americans, are many distinct ethnic subgroups. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, for example, include 43 ethnic groups speaking over 100 languages and dialects. For American Indians and Alaska Natives, the Bureau of Indian Affairs currently recognizes 561 tribes. African Americans are also becoming more diverse, especially with the influx of refugees and immigrants from many countries of Africa and the Caribbean. White Americans, too, are a profoundly diverse group, covering the span of immigration from the 1400's to the 21st century, and including innumerable cultural, ethnic, and social subgroups. Each ethnic subgroup, by definition, has a common heritage, values, rituals, and traditions, but there is no such thing as a homogeneous racial or ethnic group (white or nonwhite). Though the data presented in this Supplement are often in the form of group averages, or sample means (standard scientific practice for illustrating group differences and health disparities), it should be well noted that each racial or ethnic group contains the full range of variation on almost every social, psychological, and biological dimension presented. One of the goals of the Surgeon General is that no one will come away from reading this Supplement without an appreciation for the intrinsic diversity within each of the recognized racial or ethnic groups and the implications of that diversity for mental health.
Clearly, the four racial and ethnic minority groups that are the focus of this supplement are by no means the only populations that encounter disparities in mental health services. However, assessing disparities for groups such as people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender or people with co-occurring physical and mental illnesses is beyond the scope of this Supplement. Nevertheless, many of the conclusions of this Supplement could apply to these and other groups currently experiencing mental health disparities.
The Office of Management and Budget has recently separated Asian Americans from Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (OMB, 2000).
Main Findings
Mental Illnesses are Real, Disabling Conditions Affecting All Populations, Regardless of Race or Ethnicity Major mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and panic disorder are found world-wide, across all racial and ethnic groups. They have been found across the globe, wherever researchers have surveyed. In the United States, the overall annual prevalence of mental disorders is about 21 percent of adults and children (DHHS, 1999). This Supplement finds that, based on the available evidence, the prevalence of mental disorders for racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is similar to that for whites. This general finding about similarities in overall prevalence applies to minorities living in the community.2 It does not apply to those individuals in vulnerable, high-need subgroups such as persons who are homeless, incarcerated, or institutionalized. People in these groups have higher rates of mental disorders (Koegel et al., 1988; Vernez et al., 1988; Breakey et al., 1989; Teplin, 1990). Further, the rates of mental disorders are not sufficiently studied in many smaller racial and ethnic groups — most notably American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islander groups — to permit firm conclusions about overall prevalence within those populations. This Supplement pays special attention to vulnerable, high-need populations in which minorities are over-represented. Although
individuals in these groups are known to have a high-need for mental health care, they often do not receive adequate services. This represents a critical public health concern, and this Supplement identifies as a course of action the need for earlier identification and care for these individuals within a coordinated and comprehensive service delivery system. Striking Disparities in Mental Health Care Are Found for Racial and Ethnic Minorities This Supplement documents the existence of several disparities affecting mental health care of racial and ethnic minorities compared with whites:
• • • •
Minorities have less access to, and availability of, mental health services. Minorities are less likely to receive needed mental health services. Minorities in treatment often receive a poorer quality of mental health care. Minorities are underrepresented in mental health research.
The recognition of these disparities brings hope that they can be seriously addressed and remedied. This Supplement offers guidance on future courses of action to eliminate these disparities and to ensure equality in access, utilization, and outcomes of mental health care. More is known about the disparities than the reasons behind them. A constellation of barriers deters minorities from reaching treatment. Many of these barriers operate for all Americans: cost, fragmentation of services, lack of availability of services, and societal stigma toward mental illness (DHHS, 1999). But additional barriers deter racial and ethnic minorities; mistrust and fear of treatment, racism and discrimination, and differences in language and communication. The ability for consumers3 and providers to communicate with one another is essential for all aspects of health care, yet it carries special significance in the area of mental health because mental disorders affect thoughts, moods, and the highest integrative aspects of behavior. The diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders greatly depend on verbal communication and trust between patient and clinician. More broadly, mental health care disparities may also stem from minorities' historical and present day struggles with racism and discrimination, which affect their mental health and contribute to their lower economic, social, and political status. The cumulative weight and
interplay of all barriers to care, not any single one alone, is likely responsible for mental health disparities. Disparities Impose a Greater Disability Burden on Minorities This Supplement finds that racial and ethnic minorities collectively experience a greater disability burden from mental illness than do whites. This higher level of burden stems from minorities receiving less care and poorer quality of care, rather than from their illnesses being inherently more severe or prevalent in the community. This finding draws on several lines of evidence. First, mental disorders are highly disabling for all the world's populations (Murray & Lopez, 1996; Druss et al., 2000). Second, minorities are less likely than whites to receive needed services and more likely to receive poor quality of care. By not receiving effective treatment, they have greater levels of disability in terms of lost workdays and limitations in daily activities. Further, minorities are overrepresented among the Nation's most vulnerable populations, which have higher rates of mental disorders and more barriers to care. Taken together, these disparate lines of evidence support the finding that minorities suffer a disproportionately high disability burden from unmet mental health needs. The greater disability burden is of grave concern to public health, and it has very real consequences. Ethnic and racial minorities do not yet completely share in the hope afforded by remarkable scientific advances in understanding and treating mental disorders. Because of disparities in mental health services, a disproportionate number of minorities with mental illnesses do not fully benefit from, or contribute to, the opportunities and prosperity of our society. This preventable disability from mental illness exacts a high societal toll and affects all Americans. Most troubling of all, the burden for minorities is growing. They are becoming more populous, all the while experiencing continuing inequality of income and economic opportunity. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face a social and economic environment of inequality that includes greater exposure to racism and discrimination, violence, and poverty, all of which take a toll on mental health.
Most epidemiological studies using disorder-based definitions of mental illness are conducted in community household surveys. They
fail to include nonhousehold members, such as persons without homes or persons residing in institutions such as residential treatment centers, jails, shelters, and hospitals. Although a number of terms identify people who use or have used mental health services (e.g., mental health consumer, survivor, expatient, client), the terms "consumer" and "patient" will be used interchangably throughout this Supplement.
Main Message: Culture Counts
Culture and society play pivotal roles in mental health, mental illness, and mental health services. Understanding the wide-ranging roles of culture and society enables the mental health field to design and deliver services that are more responsive to the needs of racial and ethnic minorities. Culture is broadly defined as a common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values (DHHS, 1999). It refers to the shared attributes of one group. Anthropologists often describe culture as a system of shared meanings. The term "culture" is as applicable to whites as it is to racial and ethnic minorities. The dominant culture for much of United States history focused on the beliefs, norms, and values of European Americans. But today's America is unmistakably multicultural. And because there are a variety of ways to define a cultural group (e.g., by ethnicity, religion, geographic region, age group, sexual orientation, or profession), many people consider themselves as having multiple cultural identities. With a seemingly endless range of cultural sub-groups and individual variations, culture is important because it bears upon what all people bring to the clinical setting. It can account for variations in how consumers communicate their symptoms and which ones they report. Some aspects of culture may also underlie culture-bound syndromes — sets of symptoms much more common in some societies than in others. More often, culture bears upon whether people even seek help in the first place, what types of help they seek, what coping styles and social supports they have, and how much stigma they attach to mental illness. All cultures also feature strengths, such as resilience and adaptive ways of coping, which may buffer some people from developing certain disorders. Consumers of mental health services naturally carry this cultural diversity directly into the treatment setting.
Culture is a concept not limited to patients. It also applies to the professionals who treat them. Every group of professionals embodies a "culture" in the sense that they too have a shared set of beliefs, norms, and values. This is as true for health professionals as it is for other professional groups such as engineers and teachers. Any professional group's culture can be gleaned from the jargon they use, the orientation and emphasis in their textbooks, and from their mindset or way of looking at the world. Health professionals in the United States and the institutions in which they train and practice are rooted in Western medicine which emphasizes the primacy of the human body in disease and the acquisition of knowledge through scientific and empirical methods. Through objective methods, Western medicine strives to uncover universal truths about disease: its causation, diagnosis, and treatment. Its achievements have become the cornerstone of medicine worldwide. To say that physicians or mental health professionals have their own culture does not detract from the universal truths discovered by their fields. Rather, it means that most clinicians share a worldview about the inter-relationship between body, mind, and environment informed by knowledge acquired through the scientific method. It also means that clinicians view symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments in ways that sometimes diverge from their clients' views, especially when the cultural backgrounds of the consumer and provider are dissimilar. This divergence of viewpoints can create barriers to effective care. The culture of the clinician and the larger health care system govern the societal response to a patient with mental illness. They influence many aspects of the delivery of care, including diagnosis, treatments, and the organization and reimbursement of services. Clinicians and service systems, naturally immersed in their own cultures, have been ill-equipped to meet the needs of patients from different backgrounds and, in some cases, have displayed bias in the delivery of care. The main message of this Supplement is that "culture counts." The cultures that patients come from shape their mental health and affect the types of mental health services they use. Likewise, the cultures of the clinician and the service system affect diagnosis, treatment, and the organization and financing of services. Cultural and social influences are not the only influences on mental health and service delivery, but they have been historically underestimated — and they do count. Cultural differences must be accounted for to ensure that
minorities, like all Americans, receive mental health care tailored to their needs.
Personal Health Recommendation: Seek Help
The efficacy of treatment is well documented, according to the main finding of Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. There is evidence, described in this Supplement, that racial and ethnic minorities benefit from mental health treatment. And it is abundantly clear that good treatment is preferable to no treatment at all. Untreated mental disorders can have dire consequences — distress, disability, and, in some cases, suicide. Therefore, this Supplement underscores the personal health recommendation of the earlier report: Every person, regardless of race or ethnicity, should seek help if they have a mental health problem or symptoms of a mental disorder. Individuals are encouraged to seek help from any source in which they have confidence. If they do not improve with the help received from the first source, they are encouraged to keep trying. At present, members of minority groups may experience limited availability of, and access to, culturally sensitive treatments. With time, access to these services should improve as a result of awareness of this problem and the courses of action identified in this Supplement. In the meantime, anyone who needs help must hear a simple, yet resounding, message of hope: Treatment works and recovery is possible.
Organization of Supplement and Major Topics Covered
The first chapter reviews the core messages of the original Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health. It also covers scope and terminology, the overall public health approach, and the science base for this Supplement. Chapter 2 lays the foundations for understanding the relationships among culture, society, mental health, mental illness, and mental health services. Chapters 3–6 provide information about each of the four major racial and ethnic minority groups, and Chapter 7 concludes with promising courses of action to reduce disparities and improve the mental health of racial and ethnic minorities. Each chapter concerning a racial or ethnic minority group follows a common format. The chapter begins with the group's history in the United States, which is central to understanding contemporary ethnic identities, adaptive traditions, and health. Similarly, each chapter describes the group's demographic patterns, including their family
structure, income and education, and health status. These patterns reflect the group's history, and they are relevant for understanding that group's needs for mental health services. The chapter then reviews the available scientific evidence regarding the need for mental health services (as measured by prevalence), the availability, accessibility, and utilization of services, and the appropriateness and outcomes of mental health services.
Chapter Summaries & Conclusions
Chapter 2: Culture Counts The cultures of racial and ethnic minorities influence many aspects of mental illness, including how patients from a given culture communicate and manifest their symptoms, their style of coping, their family and community supports, and their willingness to seek treatment. Likewise, the cultures of the clinician and the service system influence diagnosis, treatment, and service delivery. Cultural and social influences are not the only determinants of mental illness and patterns of service use, but they do play important roles.
Cultural and social factors contribute to the causation of mental illness, yet that contribution varies by disorder. Mental illness is considered the product of a complex interaction among biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. The role of any of these major factors can be stronger or weaker depending on the specific disorder. Ethnic and racial minorities in the United States face a social and economic environment of inequality that includes greater exposure to racism, discrimination, violence, and poverty. Living in poverty has the most measurable effect on the rates of mental illness. People in the lowest strata of income, education, and occupation (known as socioeconomic status) are about two to three times more likely than those in the highest strata to have a mental disorder. Racism and discrimination are stressful events that adversely affect health and mental health. They place minorities at risk for mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Whether racism and discrimination can by themselves cause these disorders is less clear, yet deserves research attention. Mistrust of mental health services is an important reason deterring minorities from seeking treatment. Their concerns are reinforced by evidence, both direct and indirect, of clinician bias and stereotyping.
The cultures of racial and ethnic minorities alter the types of mental health services they need. Clinical environments that do not respect, or are incompatible with, the cultures of the people they serve may deter minorities from using services and receiving appropriate care.
Chapter 3: African Americans The overwhelming majority of today's African American population traces its ancestry to the slave trade from Africa. The legacy of slavery, racism, and discrimination continues to influence the social and economic standing of this group. Almost one-quarter of African Americans are poor, and their per capita income is much lower than that of whites. They bear a disproportionate burden of health problems and higher mor;tality rates from disease. Nevertheless, African Americans are a diverse group, experiencing a range of challenges as well as successes in measures of education, income, and other indices of social well-being. Their steady improvement in social standing is significant and serves as testimony to the resilience and adaptive traditions of the African American community.
Need for Services: For African Americans who live in the community, rates of mental illness appear to be similar to those for whites. In one study, this similarity was found before, and in another study, after controlling for differences in income, education, and marital status. But African Americans are overrepresented in vulnerable, high-need populations because of homelessness, incarceration, and, for children, placement in foster care. The rates of mental illness in high-need populations are much higher. Availability of Services: "Safety net" providers furnish a disproportionate share of mental health care to African Americans. The financial viability of such providers is threatened as a result of the national transformation in financing of health care over the past two decades. A jeopardized safety net reduces availability of care to African Americans. Further, there are very few African American mental health specialists for those who prefer specialists of their own race or ethnicity. Access to Services: African Americans have less access to mental health services than do whites. Less access results, in part, from lack of health insurance, especially for working poor who do not qualify for public coverage and who work in jobs that do not provide private health coverage. About 25 percent of African Americans are unisured. Yet better insurance coverage
by itself is not sufficient to eliminate disparities in access because many African Americans with adequate private coverage still are less inclined to use services. Utilization of Services: African Americans with mental health needs are less likely than whites to receive treatment. If treated, they are likely to have sought help in primary care, as opposed to mental health specialty care. They frequently receive mental health care in emergency rooms and in psychiatric hospitals. They are overrepresented in these settings partly because they delay seeking treatment until their symptoms are more severe. Appropriateness and Outcomes of Services: For certain disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and mood disorders), errors in diagnosis are made more often for African Americans than for whites. The limited body of research suggests that, when receiving care for appropriate diagnoses, African Americans respond as favorably as do whites. Increasing evidence suggests that, in clinical settings, African Americans are less likely than whites to receive evidence-based care in accordance with professional treatment guidelines.
Chapter 4: American Indians and Alaska Natives American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) flourished in North America for thousands of years before Europeans colonized the continent. As Europeans migrated westward through the 19th century, the conquest of Indian lands reduced the population to 5 percent of its original size. Movement to reservations and other Federal policies have had enduring social and economic effects, as AI/ANs are the most impoverished of today's minority groups. Over one quarter live in poverty, compared to 8 percent of whites. A heterogeneous grouping of more than 500 Federally recognized tribes, the AI/AN population experiences a range of health and mental health outcomes. While AI/ANs are, on average, five times more likely to die of alcohol-related causes than are whites, they are less likely to die from cancer and heart disease. The Indian Health Service, established in 1955, is the Federal agency with primary responsibility for delivering health and mental health care to AI/ANs. Traditional healing practices and spirituality figure prominently in the lives of AI/ANs — yet they complement, rather than compete with Western medicine.
Need for Services: Research on AI/ANs is limited by the small size of this population and by its heterogeneity. Nevertheless,
• •
existing studies suggest that youth and adults suffer a disproportionate burden of mental health problems and disorders. As one indication of distress, the suicide rate is 50 percent higher than the national rate. The groups within the AI/AN population with the greatest need for services are people who are homeless, incarcerated, or victims of trauma. Availability of Services: The availability of mental health services is severely limited by the rural, isolated location of many AI/AN communities. Clinics and hospitals of the Indian Health Service are located on reservations, yet the majority of American Indians no longer live on them. Moreover, there are fewer mental health providers, especially child and adolescent specialists, in rural communities than elsewhere. Access to Services: About 20 percent of AI/ANs do not have health insurance, compared to 14 percent of whites. Utilization of Services: An understanding of the nature and the extent to which AI/ANs use mental health services is limited by the lack of research. Traditional healing is used by a majority of AI/ANs. Appropriateness and Outcomes of Services: The appropriateness and outcomes of mental health care for AI/ANs have yet to be examined, but are critical for planning treatment and prevention programs.
Chapter 5: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AA/PIs) are highly diverse, consisting of at least 43 separate ethnic groups. The AA/PI population in the United States is increasing rapidly; in 2001, about 60 percent were born overseas. Most Pacific Islanders are not immigrants; their ancestors were original inhabitants of land taken over by the United States a century ago. While the per capita income of AA/PIs is almost as high as that for whites, there is great variability both between and within subgroups. For example, there are many successful Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander Americans; however, overall poverty rates for these two groups are much higher than the national average. AA/PIs collectively exhibit a wide range of strengths — family cohesion, educational achievements, and motivation for upward mobility — and risk factors for mental illness such as pre-immigration trauma from harsh social conditions. Diversity within this population and other hurdles make research on AA/PIs difficult to carry out.
Need for Services: Available research, while limited, suggests that the overall prevalence of mental health problems and disorders among AA/PIs does not significantly differ from prevalence rates for other Americans. Thus, contrary to popular stereotypes, AA/PIs are not, as a group, "mentally healthier" than other groups. Refugees from Southeast Asian countries are at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the trauma and terror preceding their immigration. Availability of Services: Nearly half of AA/PIs have problems with availability of mental health services because of limited English proficiency and lack of providers who have appropriate language skills. Access to Services: About 21 percent of AA/PIs lack health insurance, but again there is much variability. The rate of public health insurance for AA/PIs with low income, who are likely to qualify for Medicaid, is well below that of whites from the same income bracket. Utilization of Services: AA/PIs have lower rates of utilization compared to whites. This underrepresentation in care is characteristic of most AAPI groups, regardless of gender, age, and geographic location. Among those who use services, the severity of their condition is high, suggesting that they delay using services until problems become very serious. Stigma and shame are major deterrents to their utilization of services. Appropriateness and Outcomes of Services: There is very limited evidence regarding treatment outcomes for AA/PIs. Because of differences in their rates of drug metabolism, some AA/PIs may require lower doses of certain drugs than those prescribed for whites. Ethnic matching of therapists with AAPI clients, especially those who are less acculturated, has increased their use of mental health services.
Chapter 6: Hispanic Americans The Spanish language and culture forge common bonds for many Hispanic Americans, regardless of whether they trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, Europe or the Americas. Hispanic Americans are now the largest and fastest growing minority group in the United States. Their per capita income is among the lowest of the minority groups covered by this Supplement. Yet there is great diversity among individuals and groups, depending on factors such as level of education, generation, and country of origin. For example, 27 percent of Mexican Americans live in poverty, compared to 14 percent of
Cuban Americans. Despite their lower average economic and social standing, which place many at risk for mental health problems and illness, Hispanic Americans display resilience and coping styles that promote mental health.
Need for Services: Hispanic Americans have overall rates of mental illness similar to those for whites, yet there is wide variation. Rates are lowest for Hispanic immigrants born in Mexico or living in Puerto Rico, compared to Hispanic Americans born in the United States. Hispanic American youth are at significantly higher risk for poor mental health than white youth are by virtue of higher rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Availability of Services: About 40 percent of Hispanic Americans in the 1990 census reported that they did not speak English very well. Very few providers identify themselves as Hispanic or Spanish-speaking. The result is that most Hispanic Americans have limited access to ethnically or linguistically similar providers. Access to Services: Of all ethnic groups in the United States, Hispanic Americans are the least likely to have health insurance (public or private). Their rate of uninsurance, at 37 percent, is twice that for whites. Utilization of Services: Hispanic Americans, both adults and children, are less likely than whites to receive needed mental health care. Those who seek care are more likely to go to primary health providers than to mental health specialists. Appropriateness and Outcomes of Services: The degree to which Hispanic Americans receive appropriate diagnoses is not known because of limited research. Research on outcomes, while similarly sparse, indicates that Hispanic Americans can benefit from mental health treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that Hispanic Americans are less likely in clinical settings to receive evidence-based care in accordance with professional treatment guidelines.
Chapter 7: A Vision for the Future This Supplement has identified striking disparities in knowledge, access, utilization, and quality of mental health care for racial and ethnic minorities. Reducing or eliminating these disparities requires a
steadfast commitment by all sectors of American society. Changing systems of mental health care must bring together the public and private sectors, health service providers, universities and researchers, foundations, mental health advocates, consumers, families, and communities. Overcoming mental health disparities and promoting mental health for all Americans underscores the Nation's commitment to public health and to equality. This chapter highlights promising courses of action for reducing barriers and promoting equal access to quality mental health services for all people who need them. 1. Continue to expand the science base. Good science is an essential underpinning of the public health approach to mental health and mental illness. The science base regarding racial and ethnic minority mental health is limited but growing. Since 1994, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required inclusion of ethnic minorities in all NIH-funded research (NIH Guidelines, 1994, p. 14509). Several large epidemiological studies that include significant samples of racial and ethnic minorities have recently been initiated or completed. These surveys, when combined with smaller, ethnic-specific epidemiological surveys, may help resolve some of the uncertainties about the extent of mental illness among racial and ethnic groups. These studies also will facilitate a better understanding of how factors such as acculturation, help-seeking behaviors, stigma, ethnic identity, racism, and spirituality provide protection from, or risk for, mental illness in racial and ethnic minority populations. The researchers have collaborated on a set of core questions that will enable them to compare how factors such as socioeconomic status, wealth, education, neighborhood context, social support, religiosity, and spirituality relate to mental illness. Similarly, it will be possible to assess how acculturation, ethnic identity, and perceived discrimination affect mental health outcomes for these groups. With these ground-breaking studies, the mental health field will gain crucial insight into how social and cultural factors operate across race and ethnicity to affect mental illness in diverse communities. A major aspect of the vision for an adequate knowledge base includes research that confirms the efficacy of guideline- or other evidencebased treatments for racial and ethnic minorities. A special analysis performed for this Supplement reveals that the researchers who conducted the clinical trials used to generate treatment guidelines for several major mental disorders did not conduct specific analyses for
any minority group. While the lack of ethnic-specific analyses does not mean that current treatment guidelines are ineffective for racial or ethnic minorities, it does highlight a gap in knowledge. Nevertheless, these guidelines, extrapolated from largely majority populations, are clearly the best available treatments for major mental disorders affecting all Americans. As a matter of public health prudence, existing treatment guidelines should continue to be used as research proceeds to identify ways in which service delivery systems can better serve the needs of racial and ethnic minorities. The science base of the future will also determine the efficacy of ethnic- or culture-specific interventions for minority populations and their effectiveness in clinical practice settings. In the area of psychopharmacology, research is needed to determine the extent to which the variability in peoples' response to medications is accounted for by factors related to race, ethnicity, age, gender, family history, and/or lifestyle. This Supplement documents the fact that minorities tend to receive less accurate diagnoses than whites. While further study is needed on how to address issues such as clinician bias and diagnostic accuracy, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, now under development, will extend and elaborate the "Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes," the "Outline for Cultural Formulation," and other concepts introduced in DSM–IV regarding the role and importance of culture and ethnicity in the diagnostic process. In terms of the promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental and behavioral disorders, important opportunities exist for researchers to study cultural differences in stress, coping, and resilience as part of the complex of factors that influence mental health. Such work will lay the groundwork for developing new prevention and treatment strategies — building upon community strengths to foster mental health and ameliorate negative health outcomes. 2. Improve access to treatment. Simply put, the Nation's health systems must work to bring mental health services to where the people are. Many racial and ethnic minorities live in areas where general health care and specialty mental health care are in short supply. One major course of action is to improve geographic availability of mental health
services. Innovative strategies for training providers, delivering services, creating incentives for providers to work in underserved areas, and strengthening the public health safety net promise to provide greater geographic access to mental health services for those in need. Another step towards better access to care is to integrate mental health care and primary care. Primary care is where many minority individuals prefer to receive mental health care and where most people who need treatment are first recognized and diagnosed. A variety of research and demonstration programs have been or will be created to strengthen the capacity of these providers to meet the demand for mental health services and to encourage the delivery of integrated primary health and mental health services that match the needs of the diverse communities they serve. Another major step in improving access to mental health services is to improve language access. Improving communication between clinicians and patients is essential to mental health care. Service providers receiving Federal financial assistance have an obligation under the 1964 Civil Rights Act to ensure that people with limited English proficiency have meaningful and equal access to services (DHHS, 2000). Finally, a major way to improve access to mental health services is to coordinate care to vulnerable, high-need groups. People from all backgrounds may experience disparities in prevalence of illness, access to services, and quality of services if they are in under-served or vulnerable populations such as people who are incarcerated or homeless and children living in out of home placements. As noted earlier, racial and ethnic minorities are overrepresented in these groups. To prevent individuals from entering these vulnerable groups, early intervention is an important component to systems of care, though research is needed to determine which interventions work best at prevention. For individuals already in underserved or high-need groups, mental health services, delivered in a comprehensive and coordinated manner, are essential. It is not enough to deliver effective mental health treatments: Mental health and substance abuse treatments must be incorporated into effective service delivery systems, which include supported housing, supported employment, and other social services (DHHS, 1999). 3. Reduce barriers to mental health care.
The foremost barriers that deter racial and ethnic minorities from reaching treatment are the cost of services, the fragmented organization of these services, and societal stigma toward mental illness. These obstacles are intimidating for all Americans, yet they may be even more formidable for racial and ethnic minorities. The Nation must strive to dismantle these barriers to care. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (DHHS, 1999) spotlighted the importance of overcoming stigma, facilitating entry into treatment, and reducing financial barriers to treatment (DHHS, 1999). This Supplement brings urgency to these goals. It aims to make services more accessible and appropriate to racial and ethnic minorities, it encourages mental health coverage for the millions of Americans who are uninsured, and it maintains that parity, or equivalence, between mental health coverage and other health coverage is an affordable and effective strategy for reducing racial and ethnic disparities. 4. Improve quality of mental health services. Above all, improving the quality of mental health care is a vital goal for the Nation. Persons with mental illness who receive quality care are more likely to stay in treatment and to have better outcomes. This result is critical, as many treatments require at least four to six weeks to show a clear benefit to the patient. Through relief of distress and disability, consumers can begin to recover from mental illness. They can become more productive and make more fulfilling contributions to family and community. Quality care conforms to professional guidelines that carry the highest standards of scientific rigor. To improve the quality of care for minorities, this Supplement encourages providers to deliver effective treatments based on evidence-based professional guidelines. Treatments with the strongest evidence of efficacy have been incorporated into treatment guidelines issued by organizations of mental health professionals and by government agencies. A major priority for the Nation is to transform mental health services by tailoring them to meet the needs of all Americans, including racial and ethnic minorities. To be most effective, treatments always need to be individualized in the clinical setting according to each patient's age, gender, race, ethnicity, and culture (DHHS, 1999). No simple blueprint exists for how to accomplish this transformation, but there are many promising courses of action for the Nation to pursue.
At the same time, research is needed on several fronts, such as how to adapt evidence-based treatments to maximize their appeal and effectiveness for racial and ethnic minorities. While "ethnic-specific" and "culturally competent" service models take into account the cultures of racial and ethnic groups, including their languages, histories, traditions, beliefs, and values, these approaches to service delivery have thus far been promoted on the basis of humanistic values rather than rigorous empirical evidence. Further study may reveal how these models build an important, yet intangible, aspect of treatment: trust and rapport between patients and service providers. 5. Support capacity development. This Supplement encourages all mental health professionals to develop their skills in tailoring treatment to age, gender, race, ethnicity, and culture. In addition, because minorities are dramatically underrepresented among mental health providers, researchers, administrators, policy makers, and consumer and family organizations, racial and ethnic minorities are encouraged to enter the mental health field. Training programs and funding sources also need to work toward equitable racial and ethnic minority representation in all these groups. Another way to support capacity development and maximize systems of care is to promote leadership from within the community in which a mental health system is located. Issues of race, culture, and ethnicity may be addressed while engaging consumers, families, and communities in the design, planning, and implementation of their own mental health service systems. To reduce disparities in knowledge, and the availability, utilization, and quality of mental health services for racial and ethnic minority consumers, mental health educational, research, and service programs must develop a climate that conveys an appreciation of diverse cultures and an understanding of the impact of these cultures on mental health and mental illness. Doing so will help systems better meet the needs of all consumers and families, including racial and ethnic minorities. 6. Promote mental health. Mental health promotion and mental illness prevention can improve the health of a community and the Nation. Because mental health is adversely affected by chronic social conditions such as poverty, community violence, racism, and discrimination, the reduction of these adverse conditions is quite likely to be vital to improving the mental health of racial and ethnic minorities.
Efforts to prevent mental illness and promote mental health should build on intrinsic community strengths such as spirituality, positive ethnic identity, traditional values, educational attainment, and local leadership. Programs founded on individual, family, and community strengths have the potential to both ameliorate risk and foster resilience. Families are the primary source of care and support for the majority of adults and children with mental problems or disorders. Efforts to promote mental health for racial and ethnic minorities must include strategies to strengthen families to function at their fullest potential and to mitigate the stressful effects of caring for a relative with a mental illness or a serious emotional disturbance.
Breakey, W. R., Fischer, P. J., Kramer, M., Nestadt, G., Romanoski, A. J., Ross, A., Royall, R. M., & Stine, O. (1989). Health and mental health problems of homeless men and women in Baltimore. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 1352–1357. Druss, B. G., Marcus, S. C., Rosenheck, R. A., Olfson, M., Tanielian, T., & Pincus, H. A. (2000). Understanding disability in mental and general medical conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1485–1491. Koegel, P. M., Burnam, A., & Farr, R. K. (1988). The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among homeless individuals in the inner city of Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1085–1093. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (Eds.). (1996). The global burden of disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health. Teplin, L. A. (1990). The prevalence of severe mental disorder among male urban jail detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 663– 669. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental Health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Author. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Policy guidance on the Title VI prohibition against national origin
discrimination as it affects persons with limited English proficiency. Rockville, MD: Author. U.S. Office of Management and Budget. (1978). Directive No. 15: Race and ethnic standards for Federal statistics and administrative reporting. Washington, DC: Author. U.S. Office of Management and Budget. (2000). Guidance on aggregation and allocation of data on race for use in civil rights monitoring and enforcement (OMB Bulletin No. 00–02). Retrieved July 20, 2001, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/bulletins/b0002.html. Vernez, G. M., Burnam, M. A., McGlynn, E. A., Trude, S., & Mittman, B. (1988). Review of California's program for the homeless mentally ill disabled (Report No. R3631–CDMH). Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
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A rookie No. 1 pick at quarterback. A coveted veteran addition at running back. A new coaching staff and a defense with a ton of questions.
Few had the Atlanta Falcons as the team to beat in the division going into the 2008 season. But the team surprised the experts by finishing 11-5, one game behind the division-champion Carolina Panthers.
The first paragraph could also be described to use this season's projected cellar-dweller, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Nothing goes as scripted in the NFC South, and who know just how things will shake out in 2009?


text: Fashion > Shopping 30 Days, 30 Dresses January 31, 2013 9:37 amedited by Meredith Melling email Why not begin the year with feminine resolve? Click through to see our January dress-a-day guide. 31 View slideshow Photo: Marko MacPherson | Stylist: Lisa von Weise Shaw Subscribe now6 Issues for $6 Subscribe In This Story: Dresses Share Tweet Add a Comment Tweet Subscribe Now6 Issues for $6 Subscribe Recommended For You __title__ __category__ __title__ __category__


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The number of visible stars you can see with your eye on the clearest possible evening if you observed from both the north and south hemispheres on the Earth is about 9100. Astronomers measure the brightness of stars by their apparent magnitudes. The faintest stars we can see with our eyes is about an apparent magnitude of +6.5. On a night where you can just see the stars in the Big Dipper or Orion, this magnitude limit is about +5.0 and there are about 1466 stars that you could see in the north and south hemispheres combined.
Star atlases such as Norton 2000.0 show all the stars brighter than +6.5. The Uranometria Atlas, published in 1988, shows all of the 332,556 stars brighter than a magnitude of +9.5. Meanwhile, the Hubble Space Telescope Guide Star Catalog lists all of the 20 million stars brighter than a magnitude of +15.0 and the Palomar Digital Sky Survey will provide a list of all stars brighter that a magnitude of +20.0 for which there are several BILLION. The total number of stars in the Milky Way is something like a few trillion by the way.
The point is that the number of stars we can see from the Earth depends on what we use to view them with. They eye can see up to perhaps 9000-12,000 give or take, and depending on local atmospheric conditions and your vision quality. If you use a pair of binoculars, you would see probably 10 times that number.
Copyright 1997 Dr. Sten Odenwald
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The Notorious B.I.G. was a one of a kind artist that had appeal greater than a majority of the emcees still in the game today. With the recent release of the Hollywood depiction of his life's story and tragic ending, I was struck with an amazing sense of nostalgia.
The time period of Biggie Smalls, his friend and fellow emcee 2pac, and the ascension/fall of Bad Boy and Death Row Records brought about sooooo much more timeless hip hop and R&B. Between 1994 and 1997, there was a flurry of great new and young artists doing some great things.
I mean, look at the laundry list:
– 2 of the highest selling hip hop albums of all-time (both of which were DOUBLE albums) from Biggie and 2pac (Life After Death and All Eyez On Me)
– Wu-Tang's monumental double CD and the release of virtually EVERY member's debut solo album
– Mary J. Blige (in her prime and dropping her most amazing album to date) – My Life
– Groups like 112, Boyz II Men, Jodeci, and Dru Hill were lighting up the soul charts.
– TLC's CrazySexyCool
– A Tribe Called Quest was still together.
– Prince changing his name to a symbol and then releasing a Triple CD
– Aaliyah's debut album and first collaborations with Timbaland
– D'Angelo's amazing debut album Brown Sugar
– R. Kelly's Down Low epic saga that begins his love for soap opera epic songs
– The flash in the pan dominance of The Fugees with their epic album The Score
– The debut's of Jay-Z, Erykah Badu, Usher, Eric Benet, Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, and Maxwell just to name a few.
I'm sure there are more in there that I'm missing. Still, this era was filled with some of the most active and highest selling hip hop influenced music ever. But shortly after the deaths of 2pac and Biggie, it was like the music industry seemed to go stale. Soul and hip hop artists were few and far between as those of us who really loved good music were forced to seek out artists under the 'neo-soul' or 'underground' monikers.
It became so hard to find 'new' talent that would turn out to be lasting for years up until around the year 2000 or so. In that time gap, the music industry seemed to hover around the popular established artists who did manage to put out good music like Janet Jackson, R. Kelly, Mariah Carey, Erykah, Outkast, Maxwell, and even 2pac (even though his material released after his death was decent at best). Still, people ran out to buy it.
Oh well. All I know is that a hip hop or R&B playlist from that era could still turn a club upside down today!Powered by Sidelines


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After receiving a report, Tuesday morning, of a student who was accused of making a serious threat against other students, administrators of Moffat County High School and the Craig Police Department investigated the allegation and found no threat to anyone at the school. According to the Craig Police Department Division Commander Bill Leonard, a parent called the Continue reading
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Coloradans Warned of Tax Season Scams
Colorado Attorney General Cynthia H. Coffman is once again warning Coloradans to avoid falling victim to IRS tax scams. While tax scammers operate year round, their efforts intensify this time of the year. These attempts to swindle often begin with callers claiming to be federal Internal Revenue Service agents seeking immediate payment of taxes. Continue reading
Two Students Arrested For Planning to Continue School Violence Plot
Authorities have arrested two more students in connection with an alleged threat against a northern Colorado high school. The Weld County Sheriff's Office says the students, whose names and ages have not been released, were arrested Friday after investigators learned they planned to Continue reading


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Shutterfly PhotoShow DVD software
Dennis Hissink : August 11th 2005 - 10:00 CET
Shutterfly PhotoShow DVD software :
Responding to customers' requests for more options to preserve and share memories, Shutterfly, Inc., the leading independent e-commerce company specializing in digital photo products and services, introduced PhotoShow DVD, a product that enables customers to transform their favorite photos into an entertainment experience. With PhotoShow DVD, Shutterfly enables customers to be the producer of their own multimedia slideshow by helping them pair their pictures with music, visual transitions and special effects. Slideshows are easy to design directly on the Shutterfly website and customers are not required to download special software as part of the order process.
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The Mustang Dynamite U11 Bronze team won the District Cup championship over the Dec. 1-2 weekend, defeating the Mustang Tornados, the San Ramon Rush, and then winning the championship game against the Mustang Mavericks.
Team members are Coaches Mark Westgate, Shannon Blankenship, head coach Kari Doolittle, Rob Riccio Raquel Dixon, Taylor Barker, Carly Kruger, Shannon Nesbit, Ally Madgett, Hannah Westgate, Bridgette Venezia, Karen Lindow, Peyton Riccio, Bailey Blankenship, Megan Oliveira; (bottom) Taylor Nixon, Maddy Taylor, Jenelle Doolittle, Marissa Gutierres and Sophia Nadji.
This story contains 82 words.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $1.65 (23% off)
Too little of product !
Posted by Reviewer29875314 on Aug 27, 2012
As I use MOOM body hair remover from big bottle, I can say, that I use body remover for my face too. This small bottle is too small, not reasonable. I also use big body stripes, just cut them in smaller pieces and find big spatulas much more convenient for using to put product on my skin, so this small bottle for face was just a waist of money. My face skin is delicate and sensitive, but body remover was mild enough.
Posted by vanerl on Aug 11, 2013
textura densa y pegajosa
Moom, Organic Hair Remover Face/Travel Kit
Posted by 4728015296956810274 on Oct 31, 2016
Tried using it a few times, didn't work for me
Posted by Reviewer2536748 on Jan 23, 2009
I've been waxing for years but this product did not work well for me. I had to repeat several times to remove stray eyebrow hairs. Doesn't seem to be as strong as the wax I was used to. However, the clean up is much easier and I really like the washable strips.
It's ok...
Posted by Reviewer1951836 on Mar 29, 2009
I like the fact that it is easy to remove and eco-friendly but I bought it to get rid of hair. I have to do it multiple times to work and waste alot of the product. Shannon-Kansas
Posted by Reviewer3328676 on May 26, 2011
Need some practice. Good for small invisible hair. I hoped to get rid of my moustache-it's not very noticeable but still... I used to cut it with nail scissors. Doesn't help with strong hair. Good ingredients.
no es lo que me esperaba
Posted by OCI071 on Aug 04, 2012
Es una pasta que cuesta horrores sacar del bote y poder extenderlo en mi caso en la cara. Super dificil de trabajar. A mi no me ha gustado por esa razón pero quitar el vello si que lo quita .....
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Chinese women crave Bill Gates' sperm
Give me a baby, big fella
There's some good news this morning for Bill Gates: if he ever finds himself fallen on hard times he can always make a few quid offloading his sperm on eager Chinese female recipients.
That's if China's Self magazine is to be believed, because the IT potentate secured second spot in a poll which asked 1,000 women from 15 cities whose precious bodily fluid they'd most like to accommodate for some hot baby-making action.
Indeed, so sought-after is Bill's magic water that he beat Becks and Brad Pitt into fifth and tenth places, respectively. The ideal sperm donor was not, however, George Clooney or Larry Ellison, but Hong Kong entertainer Andy Lau.
Regarding how on God's Green Earth a bespectacled, middle-aged Yank came to rate so highly on the Oriental "give me a baby, big fella" scale, well, as Mrs Merton might have put it: "So, what first attracted you to the millionaire Bill Gates?"
Here's the full top ten. No, we've never heard of most of 'em either:
- Andy Lau
- Bill Gates
- Takeshi Kaneshiro
- Liu Xiang
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- Li Ka-shing
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Fantastic Fest Launches The Fantastic Market!
Up until recently most project markets have focused on arthouse projects but a growing number are now casting their eye to the genre field with the freshly announced Fantastic Market - running in parallel to Fantastic Fest - joining the similarly themed markets connected to Pifan and Fantasia.
We're are so incredibly proud to announce our new international co-production market for genre films called Fantastic Market|Mercado Fantastico. Our plan with Mercado Fantastico is to connect international film projects - with an emphasis on the kinds of singular genre films for which Fantastic Fest is known - with potential production partners, sales agents and distributors. The first market will be held parallel to Fantastic Fest (September 19-26), highlighting new genre narrative projects from across the world, with a particular eye toward filmmakers from Latin America, Spain, Portugal and the United States.
Our lead FF programmer Rodney Perkins and the Fantastic Fest director Kristen Bell are spearheading the effort, and we're teaming up with CANANA and El Rey to make this a reality. Here's a little more info:
CANANA, the Mexican production and distribution outlet helmed by Gael Garcia Bernal, Diego Luna, Pablo Cruz and Julian Levin will co-produce Fantastic Market|Mercado Fantastico alongside filmmaker Robert Rodriguez's El Rey network. Cristina Garza, Vice President of MUNDIAL, CANANA's sales joint venture with IM Global, will source projects from the region.
"The Latin movie-going audience is the only demographic increasing in the US. Because of our proximity to Mexico and Latin America, we see a large number of emerging projects from these countries at Fantastic Fest," said Fantastic Fest co-founder and creative director Tim League. "Fantastic Market is the next step in the evolution of the festival to help us further our mission to support emerging genre filmmakers from across the globe."
"In the last few years we have seen a huge spike in the number and quality of genre films coming from Latin America," said Pablo Cruz, CANANA Partner. "We hope bringing these projects to the U.S. marketplace will expand financing possibilities and international exposure for these emerging directors and producers."
El Rey founder Robert Rodriguez said that "establishing the Fantastic Market is a great opportunity to not only give the Ibero-American community a stage for their work in genre films but it's also an outlet for the US Hispanic community to showcase their projects in an area where they are underserved. I'm excited to see what is produced."
We're accepting submissions from June 1 through July 15 of this year. You can read our guidelines on the Fantastic Fest website. All projects will be reviewed by a panel consisting of Fantastic Fest organizers, market partners and members of industry - and those selected will be announced mid-August.
If your project is selected, representatives will be invited to make pitches at the Film Market in Austin, and a jury made of Fantastic Fest founder Tim League, director Robert Rodriguez and other industry professionals will select and award the top three projects at the market. You can also find workshops, networking and other opportunities at the market. Read more at the website!
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Great for use with baitcast and spinning tackle to catch sea trout, redfish and snook, the H2O XPRESS Saltwater Pistol Minnow Topwater Bait features 2 size 6 treble hooks that are plain on the front and dressed on the back.
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Whether it's social entrepreneurs or social justice leaders, impact investors or philanthropists, or business leaders who want to use their acumen to guide the nonprofit sector—Echoing Green catalyzes the ability of leaders with purpose to drive social progress further, faster.
History of Echoing Green
For nearly 30 years, we have worked to find rare and exceptional leaders, forge a community of global pioneers, and accelerate these leaders to impact the world.
Echoing Green was born when the leadership of General Atlantic, a leading global growth private equity firm, were brainstorming how to maximize their philanthropic impact. Someone suggested a bold idea: that the venture capital investment model they employed so effectively at General Atlantic could be repurposed to drive social change. And with that, Echoing Green took off.
In 1987, General Atlantic officially launched Echoing Green, naming it after a William Blake poem about creating a better world. They supported our first promising young entrepreneur, Diana Propper de Callejon, to create an alternative economic base for Amazonian residents that was not based on deforestation. Today, General Atlantic continues to be one of Echoing Green's strongest advocates.
In 2002, Echoing Green Fellow Cheryl L. Dorsey took over the leadership of Echoing Green and reshaped the organization into a global nonprofit. More than a decade later, the Echoing Green Fellowship Programs continue to be Echoing Green's cornerstone, providing seed funding to social entrepreneurs launching bold new organizations to generate positive systemic change. We believe investing in and supporting the right people relative to the right ideas and ability to execute, rather than specific business plans, results in a lifetime of leadership.
Echoing Green continues to build a global community of emerging leaders–now over 700 strong–who have launched Teach For America, City Year, One Acre Fund, SKS Microfinance, and hundreds more. Whether it's through our Fellowships or our other innovative leadership initiatives, we unleash unexpected potential by tracking down the best and the brightest leaders, bringing them together, and launching them on a path to success.


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Dayal Singh College, Delhi
Year Founded: 1959
Affiliation: University of Delhi
Contact No: 24365948
Email: email@example.com
Website: dsc.du.ac.in
Location: Lodi Road , Delhi, Delhi, India - 110003
Dyal Singh College, New Delhi was established in 1959. The college started functioning in the capital as a constituent college of the University of Delhi and was taken over by the University of Delhi as a university maintained college in 1978. The college has registered an impressive quantitative and qualitative improvement. The quality of the incoming students and the university Results have shown a progressive upward movement; the addition of essential amenities and other facilities for students has made the College a prestigious institution for academic and co-curricular activities.
The college is imparting education to 3300 students including foreign students in 19 courses through 19 departments consisting of over 200 well qualified faculty members and about 100 non teaching staff members. The faculty of the college has been encouraged to take interest in research programs besides teaching and at present eight research programs are going on in the college in its departments.
Facilities at Dyal Singh College -
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Courses offered by Dayal Singh College
All Courses
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BFSI students of DU's Dayal Singh College achieve 70% placements
Students pursuing the Banking, Financial Services & Insurance (BFSI) skills course at Delhi University's (DU's) Dayal Singh College finished the pilot program course, acquiring 70% placements in top financial institutions. The BFSI course is part of the Short Term Skill... Read more
After sending wrong question papers DU kept students waiting for forensic science question papers
Just few days after sending wrong question papers to BA (honours) students, Delhi University (DU) kept the students of SGTB Khalsa College waiting for forensic science question paper. In another case, third year applied zoology students of Dayal Singh College started their exam at 11:15 am... Read more
Other Colleges in Delhi
- Aarti Institute of Professional Studies
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- AM Informatics
- American Institute, Delhi
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- Apeejay School of Management
* This information has been collected from dsc.du.ac.in or by contacting the institute on phone. Trade Marks belong to the respective owners. If you are an official representative of the institute and wish to modify this information, please write to us at email@example.com The listing was last modified on 02/08/2016


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Katherine Heigl Escapes Bomb Scare
Katherine Heigl escaped a bomb scare at hotel Saturday night. She was with her "Ugly Truth" co-star Gerard Butler.
The Italian soccer team was at the same hotel and along with the actors, went to a restaurant for a few hours while they checked out the bomb scare. Turns out it was false and Katherine has already went back to her L.A. home. Hopefully, "The Ugly Truth" will escape a bomb scare as well.-Dr.FB