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Ride anything, anytime.
Designed for the seasoned freerider who knows every nook and cranny of their home resort, the Arbor Coda System Rocker Snowboard knows no boundaries. From carving up groomers to surfing secret pow stashes, and even the occasional park lap, the Coda kills it all thanks to its versatile design.
System Rocker improves on older rocker designs by using an arc that gets mellower towards the tips. This allows for continuous edge contact when riding at high speeds and making turns, effectively eliminating the washy feel associated with other rocker designs. Continuous rocker also maximizes powder performance, helping you stay afloat when the snow piles up overnight. And for extra edge hold when conditions are less than ideal, Grip Tech creates extra contact points so you can carve confidently on icy slopes. A beautiful bamboo topsheet adds the finishing touches, giving the board an aesthetically-pleasing, natural look while adding sustainable snap and response.
- Everyday resort rider for any condition
- System Rocker provides true rocker performance
- Twin shape and medium flex excel anywhere
- Grip Tech creates extra contact points at inserts
- Lightweight poplar strengthened with bamboo struts
- Mixed Glassing strikes a balance between response and play
- Sintered base glides quickly across flats and deep snow
- Arbor is committed to producing sustainable snowboards
- Item #ARB00AR
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Great for beginner or advanced.
I've taken it on the mountain a few times and absolutely love the flex of the board. The rocker style makes a perfect ride for all skill levels. This board makes it nearly impossible to catch an edge and is so smooth. All around I love this board.
Check out the video!
2017 Coda Rocker


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Amazon to offer Oracle's database in the cloud
Oracle's database will be available in the second quarter as part of Amazon Web Services' Relational Database Service, the companies announced Tuesday.
Oracle's database will be available in the second quarter as part of Amazon Web Services' Relational Database Service, the companies announced Tuesday.
Amazon has added CloudWatch to the list of services that are integrated with its AWS (Amazon Web Services) Management Console, allowing IT staff to create alarms and troubleshoot from a browser.
A site called Vid.ly this week is debuting its answer to the emerging battle between Google, Microsoft and others over the future of HTML5 video standards.
Amazon on Wednesday planned to introduce an offering that combines its Web services into one tool that is aimed at making it easier for customers to use and fine-tune the services.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) has announced two new pricing plans for its cloud service and has reduced the prices for its existing offerings.
Oracle is conducting a cloud computing road show that will hit roughly 80 cities around the world, according to its website.
Amazon Web Services on Thursday rolled out two premium support tiers and announced a 50 per cent price cut on existing premium plans, heightening competition with rivals like Rackspace and making a clear overture to enterprises that wish to run their...
Amazon Web Services has announced a new feature called VM Import, which allows IT departments to move virtual machine images from their internal data centers to the cloud.
It's a strange world. When Amazon Web Services booted Wikileaks off its servers last week, many people (including me) said it raised significant questions about the rush into cloud services.
It used to be that rogue access points and USB drives kept IT administrators up at night, worrying about employees exporting sensitive corporate data. Now, with good reason, they're worrying about employees using cloud services in ways that could com...
Amazon Web Services (AWS) has increased the maximum size of files that can be stored on its Simple Storage Service (S3) to 5TB from 5GB, Amazon said in a blog post on Thursday.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is making it possible for developers to directly integrate mobile applications for Apple's iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch, and also apps for Android-based smartphones, with its cloud using two new beta SDKs (software developme...
WikiLeaks' main website could not be accessed on Friday through its WikiLeaks.org domain name after a subsidiary of Dynamic Network Services terminated its domain name service.
Amazon has stopped hosting the Wikileaks website, according to U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman, a Connecticut Independent.
Netflix moved some of its most crucial IT operations over to Amazon Web Services' Elastic Compute Cloud in order to save money and gain flexibility compared to using more Oracle software and IBM iron.
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
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First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.

subset: commoncrawl


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By Mercury Energy
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
The GLOBUG app is a handy way to manage your GLOBUG prepay electricity account. The GLOBUG app allows you to view your account balance, Top-up your account with your Debit/Credit card or Internet Banking, see an estimate of how many days of power are remaining and to see how much you are spending on power; by day, week or month.
What's New in Version 2.3
- Account to account payment improvements made based on customer feedback.
This app is designed for both iPhone and iPad
- Free
- Category: Utilities
- Updated: Jun 02, 2015
- Version: 2.3
- Size: 3.2 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: MERCURY ENERGY LIMITED
- © 2015 Mercury Energy
Compatibility: Requires iOS 7.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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The fire at one point spread to the surface of the front of the home and reached up to the eaves, but never penetrated the interior of the house, he said.
"They knocked it down real quick," the chief said.
The fire caused about $10,000 in damage to the structure and maybe $500 to the contents, he said.
This story contains 142 words.
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Reliance Industries Buys Eagle Ford Stake From Pioneer for $1.3 Billion
Reliance Industries Ltd., India's largest company by market value, agreed to its second U.S. shale-gas acquisition in three months, committing $1.3 billion for a stake in a venture led by Pioneer Natural Resources Co.
The company controlled by billionaire Mukesh Ambani will pay $263 million up front and fund $1.1 billion of drilling costs for Pioneer and Newpek LLC, its partner in the Eagle Ford shale formation of south Texas, according to a statement today by Mumbai-based Reliance. The deal will give Reliance a 41 percent working interest in the venture's acreage, Irving, Texas-based Pioneer said in a separate statement.
Ambani agreed in April to pay Atlas Energy Inc. $1.7 billion for shale assets in Pennsylvania, joining Royal Dutch Shell Plc, BP Plc and Exxon Mobil Corp. in buying unconventional natural-gas reserves in the U.S. Reliance may have paid more than double the rate BP paid for similar assets in the Eagle Ford area, according to Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd.
"Our big concern is that Reliance is coming in fairly late in the game," said Neil Beveridge, an analyst at Bernstein in Hong Kong. "Prices are considerably higher now, and Reliance is paying a premium."
Reliance is paying $11,100 per acre, compared with $4,000 paid by BP in a March deal, according to calculations by Beveridge. The price is less than the $14,167 an acre paid for Reliance's venture with Atlas in the Marcellus Shale formation.
Reliance fell 0.6 percent to 1,052.05 rupees in Mumbai. Pioneer dropped $2.22, or 3.3 percent, to $64.97 as of the 4 p.m. close of New York Stock Exchange composite trading.
Drilling Accelerates
Pioneer is accelerating drilling in Eagle Ford, as previously announced, Chief Executive Officer Scott Sheffield told investors today on a conference call. The venture will drill at least 20 wells this year, 70 wells in 2011, 120 in 2012 and 140 wells in 2013, he said.
The drilling plan will allow Pioneer to meet its lease commitments by the end of 2012, Sheffield said. With the Reliance investment, Pioneer will produce surplus cash as it drills out its leases, he said.
Pioneer's share of production from the formation will be equivalent to about 5,000 barrels of oil a day by year's end, Sheffield said.
Ambani told shareholders last week that Reliance can double its enterprise value, or market capitalization plus net debt and preferred equity, to $160 billion within a decade.
Shale Push
"Reliance aspires to build a significant position in the shale-gas business," Ambani said in a June 18 presentation. "We will enhance efficiencies across the chain by drawing on our experience in drilling and project management. We will commit capital alongside proven low-cost operators to accelerate the development of this resource."
Unconventional gas is the industry term to describe the fuel trapped in shale formations, coal beds and sandstone rock. BP Plc Chief Executive Officer Tony Hayward described shale gas as a "game changer" after it allowed the U.S. to overtake Russia in gas production last year.
Shale-gas deposits weren't considered worth tapping before Houston billionaire George P. Mitchell pioneered new extraction techniques in the 1990s.
Shell, Europe's largest energy producer, said May 28 it agreed to buy most of closely held East Resources Inc. for $4.7 billion, expanding its holdings of U.S. shale-gas deposits and giving it acreage in the Marcellus and Eagle Ford formations.
XTO Takeover
Exxon Mobil agreed in December to acquire XTO Energy Inc. for about $30 billion in December. Total SA accelerated its expansion into gas with the $2.25 billion purchase of U.S. assets from Chesapeake Energy Corp. in January.
Barclays Capital Inc. and UBS Securities LLC advised Reliance on the Pioneer transaction. The company, operator of India's largest gas field, had cash and cash equivalents of 218.7 billion rupees ($4.7 billion) as of March 31.
Reliance will use its balance sheet to fund new ventures, including nuclear and solar energy, Ambani said on June 18. The company said it's getting 118,000 net acres in the Eagle Ford venture.
Pioneer needed cash to meet its lease obligations, Sheffield told investors April 13, when he announced the company was seeking a development partner.
"We've got to drill about 400 wells over the next three to four years to hold most of our acreage," Sheffield said at the time. "The objective of this joint venture is, of course, to accelerate drilling."
To contact the reporter on this story: Rakteem Katakey in New Delhi at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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In S is for Sea Glass: A Beach Alphabet, author Richard Michelson celebrates the beach and seaside life through poems. Twenty-six beach things are represented in the book, one for each letter of the alphabet, with accompanying illustrations by Doris Ettlinger. From making angels in the sand to catching some ZZZs on the beach, this poetic picture book offers just a few of the many sensory experiences a day at the beach can bring.
This book will remind beach lovers of all ages of the many reasons they're drawn to the shore. The watercolor illustrations help bring each poem and beach theme to life.
S is for Sea Glass: A Beach Alphabet is recommended for ages 7-10, but it really has a broad appeal to beach lovers of all ages.
This book is also available as an ebook.
Lamaze Flip Flap Dragon Book
from TOMY
Counting Fishies Book
from Bunnies by the Bay
BAM! BOOK Checkered
from Sunny Marshmallow
BAM! BOOK Orange
from Sunny Marshmallow
My Password Journal
from Mattel
Green Kids Club
from Green Kids Club
Horse Play!
from Storey Publishing
Buffy Meets the Zoonicorns (Book)
from Zoonicorn
Louie the Leprechaun A Saint Patrick's Day Tale
from Signature Book Printing
Operation resCUTE Jingles
from Operation resCUTe


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Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
Specimen Records:3
Specimens with Sequences:3
Specimens with Barcodes:3
Species With Barcodes:2
Public Records:0
Public Species:0
Public BINs:0
Aphyonidae is a family of eel-like fishes in the order Ophidiiformes. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. They are deep-sea fishes, living between 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) depth.[1]
Description and biology[edit source | edit]
Aphyonids are small fishes, typically about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long when fully grown. They have transparent, gelatinous skin, which lacks any scales. The dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are united into a single ribbon. Most species are neotenic, showing a number of features as adults that are more commonly associated with fish larvae. For example, the skeleton is only partially calcified, and the muscles and gills are underdeveloped. The eyes, nasal organ, and lateral line are also reduced, and they lack a swim bladder.[1]
The aphyonids are viviparous, giving birth to live young. The males bundle their sperm into small sacs (spermatophores), so that they can be stored for extended periods. This allows them to mate with immature females, which can then store the sperm inside the ovaries until they reach sexual maturity, and the eggs are ready to be fertilised. This unusual adaptation is likely a response to the difficulty of finding a mate in their dark and sparsely inhabited deep-sea environment.[1]
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ a b c Nielsen, Jørgen G. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Aphyonidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
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80% offshore leverage helps a global logistics giant optimize operational costs
80% offshore leverage helps a global logistics giant optimize operational costs
- A logistics giant operating a network of high-velocity transportation facilities and distribution infrastructure, faced several challenges in the area of fleet management. It's business critical application - the Field Information System [FIS] - which enables 80% of its revenues, was a legacy system that required modernization with new functionalities and features
- It partnered with HCL [it's first and only outsourcing partner] to develop an optimized fleet management solution to enhance and optimize its business operations
- IT Road map development (including BAIT & APO)
- Provide visibility and a single view of IT for business
- Cost reduction in application development and maintenance services
- Leverage HCL's CMMi complaint IT processes
HCL's solution lay in leveraging its extensive offshore network, where several of the systems were developed and interlinked
- Customer Management Solutions: Contact Information Management, Pipeline Deals Management, Pricing Model and System Analytics in the context of the client's sales processes
- SMO (Shop Management Online): A web based application built in JWALK/ AS400 that allows the client effectively maintain its fleet of trucks, providing maintenance functionality for Repair Orders, Inventory and Employee Attendance.
- Eliminate Night shop: The client runs a list of scheduled jobs, day and night and these pertain to various activities like purging of aged data, reorganization of database files, managing backups, reporting, etc. Some of these jobs run during the night hence the project was to optimize overnight jobs and make the system available for the users 24x6
- 100% offshore leverage for ASM work
- Development and support processes based on CMMi standards. The client's IT and Business staff enter issues/requirements in an online tool - Quality Centre. The HCL team addresses these issues based on priority as defined by the client


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Main | Campers | Staff | What to bring | Sample schedule | Downloads | Map | Photo gallery | Music | Mailing list | Facebook
Need a highlight for your summer? Find it at Tree of Life Lutheran Bible Camp, a one-week summer camp in the beautiful Sierra foothills! Our program is for both children and teens, from those just starting grade 4 to those just out of high school. We offer a week of Bible study, Christian fellowship, and just plain fun in God's great outdoors.
Take a look at what camp is like in the 2015 camp video! Click on the image at left to watch it. Many thanks to Brian Ingram for photographing and producing this video.
Old news items are archived here.
Old events are archived here.
Fees for 2016 are $415 for the first child in a family, $255 for each additional child, and $130 for each Little Lamb aged 4-7 (ages 3 and under are free). Senior campers (grades 9-12) are charged an additional $15 to help with the cost of the overnighter and Senior party. All campers will receive a camp T-shirt.
Snack bar cards are available in $5, $10, and $15 denominations, with a $15 maximum per camper. We recommend at most $10 for Juniors and Intermediates. Campers with snack bar cards do not need money during the week, and we discourage bringing it. Unused portions of snack bar cards can be refunded at the end of camp.
Registration forms and fees are due three weeks before the first day of camp. You can get forms from your church or download them here. Late registrations are accepted when space is available. Please telephone to reserve a space if your registration will be late.
Donations to camp are gladly accepted! They will be used to help keep our fees affordable for families. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation, and your donations are tax-deductible. (Note that camper fees are not donations and are not deductible.) Thrivent members can direct Thrivent to donate to camp through the Thrivent Choice program.
Click on the links at the top of this page for much more information about camp!
Sponsored by the Northern California churches in fellowship with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Open to children of our congregations and schools.
Top of page | Send comments and questions to email@example.com |


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Free Porcelain Paving
Sample Pack Click Here >
Sample Pack Click Here >
PrimaPorcelain Tiles & Paving Use indoors and out for a seamless transition Porcelain Floor Tiles Perfect for classical and contemporary interiors Low-Maintenance Porcelain Paving Easy to install in any outdoor space New Tile Showroom Now Open in Slough! Get a first-hand look at our porcelain tiles and paving slabs!
Sale on Abruzzo Grey 2cm Tiles
For further warehouse clearance special offers call: 029 2080 3750Sale
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Sale: £25.00m2 + VAT
Sale: £25.00m2 + VAT
For further warehouse clearance special offers call: 029 2080 3750
Call us for further warehouse clearance special offers! 029 2080 3750
Porcelain Tiles & Indoor & Outdoor Porcelain TilesTransform your living space with PrimaPorcelain! We sell a variety of attractive, high-quality indoor and outdoor porcelain tiles and porcelain paving slabs. Our stylish porcelain products look fantastic in any setting, and they'll stay beautiful with practically zero maintenance. See product range >
Porcelain is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to stone patio tiles. Our porcelain paving has a very low porosity, which keeps it safe from stains and water damage without any need for sealing. Furthermore, porcelain tiles are very versatile from a design point of view, working well with a huge assortment of different styles. Click here to learn more about the benefits of porcelain.
PrimaPorcelain's products are sourced from the best manufacturers in Europe, so you will receive the very highest quality when you order your patio tiles from us. We offer two different thicknesses: 2cm porcelain paving (which can be dry installed in outdoor spaces) and 1cm porcelain tiles (for indoor or outdoor use with a suitable adhesive). That said, whichever thickness you select, we are confident that you will be extremely pleased with the results.
More Than Just Patio TilesWhile we do sell an extensive range of outdoor porcelain tiles (specifically designed for external use), our products can be used almost anywhere, from gardens and conservatories to kitchens, living rooms, and even commercial areas and public spaces. If you are looking for outdoor tiles, then porcelain is undoubtedly a superb choice, but PrimaPorcelain's product range goes far beyond this – we can provide the perfect flooring solution for practically any space, indoors or out. In fact, many customers use our porcelain tiles in both home and garden, creating a smooth, seamless transition between the two spaces.
If you want to learn more about our versatile porcelain paving products, call 029 2080 3750 or email firstname.lastname@example.com today. You can also order a free sample!
Visit Our Showrooms Slough Directions > Cardiff Directions >
PrimaPorcelain Happy CustomersTestimonials > "I was looking for porcelain tiles for our new kitchen and came across PrimaPorcelain. Their sales staff were so helpful in explaining my options and supplying me with samples of the tiles I liked."
Melanie Baker, West Sussex
I have added the porcelain tiles to most of my outdoor area and I think the product is brilliant, low maintenance, easy to clean and look after and really durable. I just wish I had done it sooner!"
Matt Bishop, London


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Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) incurred a 3.1% decline in its share's price in extended trading after a Bloomberg article published on December 12 hinted that Google (NASDAQ:GOOG) is thinking of creating an ARM-based customer processor for the search giant's data center needs. The article has since been picked up by other websites and the rumor has been blown up to greater proportions.
Rumor or not, this development is a clear and present danger to Intel's extremely profitable enterprise server business. As of this year, Intel holds a monopoly-like 95% share of the server market. The company's Xeon and Atom processors have been the processors of choice for OEM server manufacturers. Since 2007, Intel has managed to greatly reduce its rival Advanced Micro Devices' (NYSE:AMD) market share to just 5% of total server processor sales by end of 2012.
The steady six - year growth in its server business has been Intel's saving grace from the decline in traditional PC sales. The threat of Google abandoning Intel to create its own processor is a serious concern for all holders of INTC stocks. Intel's repeated failure in penetrating the smartphone CPU market has already raised doubts about its future viability.
According to Bloomberg's supply chain analysis, Google is Intel's fifth largest customer for processors. The search giant accounts for almost 4.3% of Intel processor sales and Intel's future revenue health will certainly suffer should Google decide to push thru with its plan.
Google needs to buy millions of processors for its global network of data centers. The billions of dollars of lost revenue that Google can contribute to Intel's bottom line is a grave jeopardy - but I know how Intel's management can avert this disaster.
The Atom C2000 is Powerful and More Energy-Efficient than ARM-based Server CPU
Google's main reason why they are seriously mulling a custom server processor based on the ARM architecture is they need to reduce their expenses in running millions of servers. Intel's previous x86 Xeon and Atom processors are not known for their energy-efficiency. However, the new Atom C2000-series of processors which Intel unveiled last September is different. It's the company's flagship line of products designed from the ground up for high density compute solutions. Here's a picture of it.
Intel's management can avert Google's plan if they can demonstrate just how powerful and energy-efficient its 2nd Generation 64-bit Atom C2000-series of processors are. Based on Intel's Avoton and Rangeley design, each Atom C2000-series promises to deliver up to 700% faster performance and 600% better performance/watt energy efficiency than the older Atom S1200 family of processors.
Based on the chart below, the Atom C2000-series models will have a TDP range of 6W to 20W. Avoton and Rangeley models will either have four cores or eight cores of processors with speeds of 1.6GHZ to 2.6GHz. All models from the Atom C2000-series will have support for Error Correcting Code (NYSE:ECC) Memory of up to 64 GB RAM and Intel's Virtualization Technology.
The Avoton and Rangeley designs are true SoC solutions. They are based on the Silvermont micro architecture which Intel announced last May. The Atom C2000 offers extensive integration in a small footprint that's the size of a credit card including memory and I/O connectivity. Silvermont's best feature is that emphasizes per-thread performance. Intel dropped the old symmetric multithreading used in previous Atom processors. Silvermont now uses out-of-order execution to extract instruction level parallelism.
Avoton has four modules of Silvermont cores which are grouped into dual-core modules that have 1MB of shared L2 cache. The Silvermont System Agent allows each of the four modules to link with each other, allowing a multi-core SoC like Atom C2000 to maximize its compute power by coordinating the four modules' L2 cache, sustaining coherency, and routing requests.
The Silvermont micro architecture is also modular - it can be scaled up or down depending on what the client needs. Intel can build a micro server for Google with up to 1000 Atom C2000 processors inside it. Deploying such servers offers higher computing capacity and better energy efficiency than Intel's conventional Xeon-based servers.
The long term survival of Intel is highly affected by its enterprise server business. It is a paramount requirement that they convince Google to drop their future plans of going into processor design. The new Atom C2000-series of low-power server processors are Intel's best demo products to keep Google in its fold. A custom version of this processor can be tailored to meet whatever Google wants.
Intel should also point out that the Atom C2000 processors are 100% compatible with Google's existing x86 server configuration. A seamless transition can be done without the risks that entails from migrating old servers to new 64-Bit ARM-based processors. Google can save itself from a lot of headaches and money by just retaining Intel as its main processor supplier.
Don't sell your current INTC holdings now. Intel has the right answer to Google and other companies' need for low-power server CPU. The Intel x86 server architecture has already proven itself for its reliability in providing mission-critical enterprise compute services for over a decade. Reliability is the word, hold INTC.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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In their seminal (1983) study, Libet and colleagues suggested that awareness of one's intention to act has a postdictive character in that it occurs long after cerebral activity leading to action has been initiated. Crucially, Libet et al. further suggested that the time window (±200 ms) between the conscious experience of the intention to act and the action itself offers people the possibility of "vetoing" the unfolding action. This raises the question of whether there are individual differences in the duration of this "veto window" and which components of the readiness potential (RP) and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) explain this variability. It has been reported that some psychiatric diseases lead to shorter intervals between conscious intentions and actions. However, it is unclear whether such patients suffer from impairment of the sense of volition, thus experiencing voluntary movements as involuntary, or whether voluntary inhibition of action is actually reduced, since conscious intention occurs later. We had two aims in the present paper. First, we aimed at clarifying the role of consciousness in voluntary actions by examining the relation between the duration of the veto window and impulsivity. Second, we sought to examine different components of the RP and LRP waveforms so as to attempt to explain observed variability in W judgments. Our results indicate (1) that impulsive people exhibit a shorter delay between their intention and the action than non-impulsive people, and (2) that this difference can hardly be attributed to a difference in time perception. Electroencephalography indicated that the rate of growth of the RP is relevant to explain differences in W judgments, since we observed that the RP at the moment of conscious intention is lower for people with late conscious intention than for people with early conscious intention. The onset and the intercept of these waveforms were less interpretable. These results bring new light on the role that consciousness plays in voluntary action.
The role that consciousness plays in voluntary action has been widely questioned over the past few decades. Most people have no doubt that it is their conscious self that is responsible for self-initiated movements. Thus, we subjectively feel that we have the conscious intention to perform an action before actually carrying out the action. As a result, it feels natural to infer that the "I" is the controller, a stance that inevitably leads to dualism.
However, recent works have challenged this dualistic view of mind–body causation, and have instead suggested that awareness of one's intentions is a consequence, rather than a cause, of brain activity (Haggard and Libet, 2001; Wegner, 2002). In the seminal study of Libet et al. (1983), participants watched a rotating hand clock and were instructed to press a button when they wanted, without time restriction. After the button press, participants had to report either the moment of their conscious intention to move (W judgment), or the moment of the actual movement (M judgment). The authors showed that when participants decide to perform a simple action, the neural events that subtend motor preparation (i.e. the readiness potential—RP) occur some hundreds milliseconds before the conscious intention to move. Consciousness therefore is not the cause of the action, but merely its consequence (Haggard, 2008). Nevertheless, Libet et al. (1983) proposed to rescue "free will" by proposing that consciousness could have the role of an inhibitor capable of vetoing the unfolding action (free won't). However, this assumption has likewise been challenged, since different studies have now demonstrated that voluntary inhibition is, perhaps unsurprisingly, also caused by specific cerebral activity (e.g. Brass and Haggard, 2007; Filevich et al., 2013). Such findings therefore put a final nail in dualism's coffin.
However, even so, there continues to be substantial debate about the dynamics of intentional action. In the literature, the function that the period of time that spans the interval between the conscious intention to move and the action itself has thus far not been thoroughly explored. Even if specific cerebral activity is responsible for the "won't" (which is thus not "free" per se), nothing is known about the function, if any, that this temporal interval could play. Thus, to understand whether this period of time is a mere artifact resulting from participants' estimates or whether it stems from a process determined by previous cerebral activation, which could have consequences on participants' behavior, we have attempted to explore the temporal dynamics of the conscious intention to move.
Different studies have been dedicated to examining the functional neuro-anatomy of intentional action preparation and execution (Haggard and Eimer, 1999; Brass and Haggard, 2008; Desmurget and Sirigu, 2009; Desmurget et al., 2009; Schurger et al., 2012; Rigoni et al., 2013). Rigoni et al. (2013) found that the experience of intention is subtended by increased activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Desmurget and Sirigu (2009) studied patients with posterior parietal lesions and showed that a motor network involving the posterior parietal structure, the SMA, and the premotor cortex mediate both the subjective feeling of conscious intention and movements. Schurger et al. (2012) proposed a different interpretation by showing that the conscious intention to move is not related to the temporal course of the RP, but merely depends on spontaneous fluctuations in neural activity. According to Schurger et al. (2012), the gradual increase of cerebral activity prior to the conscious intention to move is merely an artifact produced by the averaging of time-locked events based on the reported W judgment. The sum of the cerebral fluctuations reaching the threshold that triggers the subjective decision to move would thus produce the observed slow ramping up of neural activity on RP graphs. Thus, the long gap observed between the onset of the RP and the time of the conscious intention to move is interpreted to be spurious. For Schurger et al. (2012), the experience of intention occurs when spontaneous and random neural fluctuations reach a specific threshold. As a consequence, the average of the reported conscious intentions to move would take place at the same time as the neural decision to move. However, these fluctuations could not be entirely random since it appears that the moment of the intention to move is related to specific behaviors.
Indeed, and rather strikingly, there appears to be substantial inter-individual variability in the temporal relationships between the experience of intention and action (see Libet et al., 1983, and Haggard and Eimer, 1999, for individual data). Interestingly, it emerges that certain psychiatric diseases (e.g. Gilles de la Tourette, Schizophrenia, Psychogenic tremor) are associated with the observation of a reduced interval between the intention to move and the onset of the intended action (Sirigu et al., 2004; Pirio Richardson et al., 2006; Edwards et al., 2011; Moretto et al., 2011; Ganos et al., 2014). Importantly, it is unclear whether these patients suffer from impairment of the sense of volition, thus experiencing voluntary movements as involuntary, or whether action control is actually reduced since the conscious intention occurs later. For instance, Sirigu et al. (2004, see also Desmurget and Sirigu, 2009) showed that patients with posterior parietal damage reported experiencing their conscious intention to move only 55 ms before the action, whereas healthy participants tested in the same study reported a 240 ms delay. Regarding this study, Lau et al. (2006) suggested that there is still no evidence for a relation between the timing of conscious intentions and voluntary control of action, because the patients of the Sirigu et al. (2004) study failed to mention difficulty controlling their own actions, even when they exhibited shorter W judgments. However, several studies showed a perplexing relationship between action control and the timing of W judgments. In a preliminary study, Pirio Richardson et al. (2006, see also Hallett, 2007) mentioned that the interval of the W judgment is shorter for schizophrenic patients than for normal participants. In addition, Moretto et al. (2011) reported a delayed conscious intention in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) in comparison with controls, whereas estimations of movement onset were similar in both groups. Ganos et al. (2014) additionally reported that GTS patients exhibit a short delay between conscious intention and action when they experience strong premonitory urges prior to tics, but that this delay is longer for GTS patients who still have the ability to voluntarily suppress their tics. Finally, Edwards et al. (2011) reported that patients with psychogenic tremor judge the moment of their conscious intention as occurring closer to the action itself that controls. Thus, it appears that a relationship may exist between this period of time and the control of action.
To our knowledge, no studies have so far attempted to systematically examine the relationship between the timing of the conscious intention to move, the timing of the action, and several components of the RP. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that conscious control of voluntary actions could not be achieved if the temporal window between the decision to act and the action itself is too short. We further assume that interesting differences may appear even outside the realm of psychiatric diseases and may instead simply be related to personality traits. Among such personality variables, the impulsivity trait seems to be the most relevant factor to explore, since impulsivity is characterized by deficits in response inhibition and by acting without forethought (e.g. (Logan et al., 1997; Reynolds et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009).
We thus explored the dynamics of the conscious intention to move and its consequences by inviting 100 participants to carry out the Libet task and to answer the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-11), which has previously been demonstrated to constitute a reliable measure of impulsivity (Lee et al., 2009). Our predictions are that the higher the BIS-11 scores are, the shorter the delay between the conscious intention and the action should be. In addition, participants performed a condition in which they had to judge the actual moment of their action, so as to control for time perception bias. To understand the dynamics of the brain potentials associated with motor preparation, electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded throughout the entire experiment.
In their experiment, Hanes and Schall (1996) proposed that two models could explain variability in reaction times associated with voluntary movements: a "variable rate model" and a "variable threshold model". According to variable rate models, differences in reaction times are explained by the stochastic variability associated with the rate of growth of the relevant neural activity. Thus, a high rate of growth leads to shorter reaction times since the fixed threshold is reached faster, while a low rate of growth leads to longer reaction times since the threshold is reached more slowly. In contrast, according to the variable threshold models, differences in reactions times stem from differences in the relevant thresholds, which, while approached at a fixed rate, can themselves be higher or lower under different conditions.
In the present study, we sought to explain variability in the reported time of the W judgment in a Libet task according to these two models (see Fig. 1). Since both the RP and the LRP have been discussed in the literature to explain the variability in W judgments, we analyzed the temporal dynamics of these two waveforms. According to the "variable rate model", long delays between the moment of the conscious intention and the action should be explained by a higher rate of growth of the RP and short delays by a lower rate of growth of the RP. Indeed, considering that the onset of the RP in relation with the moment of the action does not differ across people with long or short W judgments (Haggard and Eimer, 1999; Schlegel et al., 2013), a higher rate of growth would lead to an earlier W judgment, since the threshold is reached faster. For the LRP, we cannot strongly infer that the onset will covary with the reported W judgment. Indeed, while Haggard and Eimer (1999) found a positive correlation between the LRP onset and the W judgment, Schlegel et al. (2013) did not replicate this result on a larger sample. On the other hand, if the variability of the W judgment is better explained by "the variable threshold model", we should observe that people with short delays between their conscious intention and the action should have a higher threshold of activation than people with long delays.
Hundred participants participated for course credits or financial compensation. They were recruited on the basis of informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethical committee (Faculty of Psychological Sciences and Education of the Université libre de Bruxelles) and respected the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Seven participants failed to present for the second part of the experiment and were thus discarded. Nine participants were excluded because of left-handedness. Three participants failed to be able to perform the whole experiment due to technical failures of the EEG equipment. Five participants were excluded due to EEG recordings containing a large number of artifacts (fewer than 25% of the trials were artifacts free). Finally, four participants were excluded because the EEG signal did not show a clear negativity prior to the actual movement. Of the 72 remaining participants, 20 were males. The mean age was 21.85 (SD = 3.38).
Material and procedure
One week before the experiment, participants were asked to complete different questionnaires: The BIS-11 (version 11; Patton et al., 1995), the self-control scale (SCS; Tangney et al., 2004), and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 2008). The BIS is composed of three main dimensions: the "attentional impulsivity" subscale, which refers to the capacity to focus on the task at hand, the "motor impulsivity" subscale, defined by the feature of "acting on the spur of the moment", and the "non-planning impulsivity" subscale, referring to capacity to plan carefully. The SCS has two factors: "impulsivity", referring to acting without thinking and in order to obtain an immediate reward, and "restraint", defined as the capacity to resist temptation, to have self-control. The BFI involves five factors. The "openness to experience" factor refers to people's degree of curiosity and creativity. "Conscientiousness" refers to the tendency to be organized, aiming for achievement, and showing self-discipline. "Extraversion" refers to outgoing and energetic personalities. "Agreeableness" is characterized by friendly and compassionate behavior. Finally, "Neuroticism" is the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and depression.
On the day of the experiment, participants sat in front of a computer screen and watched a clock (diameter 7.43 cm) without rotation. They initiated each trial by pressing the "space" key. At this time, a black spot appeared randomly at 1 of the 16 (non-visible) positions of the clock. The spot appeared during 39.99 ms (3 * 13.33 cycleRefresh) at each position, so that a complete rotation lasted 2399 ms. Participants were instructed to allow the spot to rotate at least once before pressing the key and to maintain their gaze fixed upon the central dot. They were instructed to press the key with the right index when they "felt the urge" to do so, without preplanning their movement. After a random interval of 1000–2000 ms after the key press, the rotation stopped. A clock with digits was then displayed, and participants were invited to report the location that the black spot occupied at the time they had first decided to press the key (W condition) or at the time that they had actually pressed the key (M Condition). They manually encoded their answer by typing digits on the keyboard, with the possibility of correcting their response before validation. Immediately prior to the main experiment, all participants performed eight training trials (four trials in each condition) to familiarize themselves with the procedure. The actual experiment was then initiated and consisted of 50 trials administered in two blocks in each condition. Participants thus carried out a total of 100 actions in the experiment. The order of these two conditions was counterbalanced across participants. Task duration was about 80–90 min in total.
Electrophysiological recordings
Cerebral activity was recorded using a 64-channels electrode cap with the ActiveTwo system (BioSemi). Data were analyzed using Fieldtrip software (Oostenveld et al., 2011). Activity from left and right mastoids and from horizontal and vertical eye movements was also recorded. Amplified voltages were sampled at 2048 Hz. Data were referenced to the average signal of the mastoids and filter (low pass at 30 Hz and high pass at 0.01 Hz). Epochs were time-locked on the participant's key press, with a time window from −2000 prior and 1000 ms after the key press, using the interval from −2200 to −2000 as baseline correction. Epochs containing artifacts were rejected based on both visual inspection and automated artifact detection (peak-to-peak < 100 μV). On average, 80 (mean = 79.24) of the 100 trials recorded for each participant were artifacts free (SD = 11.092).
Behavioral data and questionnaires
On average, participants pressed the key after 5898 ms (SD = 2569.26), indicating that they waited on average 2.5 complete clock revolutions before pressing the key. Data were analyzed with a mixed repeated measure ANOVA, with condition (W, M) as a within-subjects factor and order (W–M, M–W) as a between-subjects factor. The main effect of condition was significant (F(1,69) = 105.288; P < 0.001, η2partial = 0.604). Participants reported W judgments (−167.94 ms, SE = 10.742) earlier than M judgments (−59.93 ms, SE = 5.297). This is consistent with previous studies (e.g. Libet et al., 1983) and confirms that participants judged two separate events. Neither the "order" nor the "condition × order" interaction was significant (all Ps > 0.4). Data are available on request.
To explore the consequences of the moment of the conscious intention, we used Pearson correlations between questionnaires and the W and M conditions. For the W condition, results showed that the global BIS-11 scale was correlated with the W condition (r = 0.257, P = 0.014, one-tailed). This suggests that the people with higher impulsivity scores exhibit a reduced time window between the moment of the conscious intention and the action. Results on subscales of the BIS-11 showed that the W condition was significantly positively correlated both with motor impulsivity (r = 0.290, P = 0.006, one-tailed) and with attentional impulsivity (r = 0.386, P = 0.001, one-tailed), but not with non-planning impulsivity (r = 0.006, P > 0.9, one-tailed). Analyses on the SCS showed no significant correlation between the W condition and impulsivity scores (r = 0.091, P > 0.4, one-tailed), but a negative correlation with the restraint scores (r = −0.230, P = 0.027, one-tailed). This suggests that people with higher self-control scores exhibit a longer time window between conscious intention and action. For the BFI, the "agreeableness" subscale was negatively correlated with the W condition (r = −0.231, P = 0.026, one-tailed) and the "openness" subscale was positively correlated with the W condition (r = −0.252, P = 0.016, one-tailed). None of the correlations with the M condition were significant, except a positive correlation with the Extraversion subscale of the BFI (r = 0.230, P = 0.026, one-tailed). To correct for multiple comparisons, we applied Bonferroni corrections to our correlations (α/12 = 0.05/12 = 0.004), after which none of the correlations with the M condition remained significant. For the W condition, the correlation with attentional impulsivity was still significant. The correlation with motor impulsivity was marginally significant.
Skewness showed a high positive score for both attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity (0.439 and 0.761, respectively) and a negative score for openness and neuroticism (−0.480 and −0.418, respectively) while other scales were relatively close to 0 (Fig. 2).
Electrophysiological data
Data were analyzed on Cz electrode (Shibasaki and Hallett, 2006) for the RP and on C3–C4 for the LRP, since participants only answered with the right index finger. We used "criterion-based methods" to identify the onset of the RP (Osman and Moore, 1993; Smulders et al., 1996; Mordkoff and Gianaros, 2000). This method makes it possible to identify the onset of the potential of interest as the first point in time that this potential exceeds an arbitrary value. The final data point exceeding the predetermined baseline of 0.4 μV was taken as an estimate of the RP onset. We chose 0.4 as the criterion based on Mordkoff and Gianaros (2000). Participants were split in two groups based on the median of the W measure. For the first Group with short W, the mean age was 21.72 (SD = 2.237, range: 19–27) and 12 participants were males. For the second Group with long W, the mean age was 21.97 (SD = 4.259, range: 18–43) and 8 participants were males. A one-way ANOVA carried out on these data revealed no differences in the RP onset between the two groups (F(1,71) = 0.407, P > 0.5), nor in the LRP onset (F(1,71) = 2.311, P > 0.1).
We calculated the "rate of growth" and the "intercept" by performing a linear regression (y = ax + b) from the onset of the RP and the LRP to the moment of the W judgment for each participant (Fig. 3). We used the same two groups as before. A one-way ANOVA revealed that the rate of growth (a) of the RP was lower for individuals with shorter W delay (−3.17, SD = 4.55) than for individuals with longer W delay (−5.98, SD = 5.12), F(1,71) = 6.055, P = 0.016. One outlier showed a rate of growth that was higher by four standard deviations than the mean of other participants. However, we can assume that this outlier does not bias our results, as the effect remained significant after excluding this participant (F(1,70) = 8.77, P = 0.004). Importantly, the intercept (b) was also statistically different across the two groups (F(1,71) = 3.975, P = 0.050). The intercept was more negative in the long W group (−7.27, SD = 3.84) than in the short W group (−5.44, SD = 3.99). This suggests that the point at which participants reported feeling conscious of their decision to act occurs when the amplitude of the signal is more negative for the long W group than for the short W group. However, Pearson correlations suggested that this effect is strongly related to the rate of growth, since a and b were highly correlated in both long W group (r = 0.480, P = 0.003) and in the short W group (r = 0.791, P < 0.001). For the LRP, the rate of growth was not statistically different (P > 0.2). However, the intercept analysis displayed a significant difference between the two groups (F(1,71) = 7.444, P = 0.008). Again, the amplitude was higher for people with long W judgments than for people with short W judgments.
We also conducted a correlational analysis in order to better examine the relationship between W judgments and the above-mentioned components of the RP and LRP waveforms (Fig. 4). We found negative correlations between the W judgments and either the rate of growth or the intercept of the RP (r = −0.362, P = 0.002 and r = −0.305, P = 0.009, respectively) but none of these correlations were significant for the LRP (r = −0.085, P > 0.4 and r = −0.180, P > 0.1, respectively). Neither the onset of the RP nor the onset of the LRP were significantly correlated with the W judgment (r = −0.148, P > 0.2 and r = −0.011, P > 0.9, respectively). Bonferroni corrections (α/6 = 0.05/6 = 0.008) indicated that the two correlations between the RP and the rate of growth and the intercept remained significant. Importantly, none of these correlations were significant with the M condition (all Ps > 0.5).
In the present study, we studied the relation between the timing of conscious intentions and the control of voluntary movements. The main question was to know if a short time window between the decision to act and the action is a mere artifact or if it allows a conscious control of voluntary actions.
Behavioral data support the idea that the more impulsive people are, the shorter is the interval between their conscious intention to act and their action. This suggests that people with short W judgment do not know about their intention to act until the very last moment before the action itself is carried out. According to Schurger et al. (2012) hypothesis that the neural decision to act could occur at the same time that the moment of the subjective decision to move, our results suggest that the neural decision to move is triggered later for impulsive than for non-impulsive people. Since we did observe a correlation between the W judgment and both motor and attentional impulsivity, this may suggest that attentional factors also play a role in the moment of the conscious decision to move. Importantly, our sample was not highly diversified in terms of impulsivity, such as suggested by high skewness scores. Indeed, the majority of our participants did not report high impulsivity scores. This could explain why most of our correlations were relatively weak. Future studies should consider selecting participants based on these scores to obtain higher variability.
Crucially, we assume that differences in time perception cannot account for our results. Differences in time perception, notably for impulsive individuals, have been extensively studied in the literature (e.g. Barratt, 1983; Van den Broek et al., 1992; Toplak et al., 2003; Wittmann and Paulus, 2007). Overall, those studies have suggested that the internal clock for impulsive individuals might run faster than the internal clock for non-impulsive individuals (Barrat and Patton, 1983). As a result, impulsive individuals overestimate time intervals. For instance, Wittmann and Paulhus (2007) reminded that impulsive individuals overestimate the time between their action and a reward in comparison with non-impulsive individuals, suggesting they discount the value of delayed rewards. As a consequence, they tend to choose immediate gratification more frequently than less impulsive individuals. However, to our knowledge, no study has directly assessed time perception for impulsivity in voluntary movements. In the present experiment, we observed significant correlations between impulsivity ratings and the W judgment, but not with the M judgment, which can be considered as a control condition. Our hypothesis that impulsive individuals have shorter delays between their conscious decision to move and the moment of their action is therefore confirmed. However, these results are only correlational and future works should consider establishing a causal relation.
Libet et al. (1983) suggested a causal relation between the time of the conscious intention and the RP. However, this assumption has been challenged (e.g. Haggard and Eimer, 1999; Trevena and Miller, 2002, 2010; Miller et al., 2011; Shurger et al., 2012). For instance, Haggard and Eimer (1999) found that the onset of the RP does not covaried with the W judgment. Rather, they found a covariation between W judgment and the onset of the LRP, suggesting the conscious intention to move is related to a specific movement preparation. However, such results have not been replicated (Schlegel et al., 2013). In addition, Trevena and Miller (2002) found that several reports of the W judgments occurred before the onset of the LRP, thus making the role that the LRP plays in determining the moment of the W judgment inconsistent. In the present study, we observed that neither the RP nor the LRP onsets coincided with the neural decision to move. Indeed, no differences were observed between short and long W-corrected groups, thus replicating Schlegel et al. (2013). According to Schurger et al. (2012), the causal relation between the onset of the RP and the conscious intention remains unconvincing since the neural decision to move would correspond in time with the subjective decision to move. Thus, one could ask what counts for the inter-individual variability observed for the W judgments. Indeed, other components of these waveforms have been neglected in the literature.
We also calculated the rate of growth and the intercept of RP and LRP waveforms in order to assess whether these components could explain early and late W judgments. Based on Hanes and Schall (1996), we assumed that a higher rate of growth could "trigger" the W judgment faster, thus showing a longer time period between the moment of the conscious intention and the action. Interestingly, we found that the rate of growth of the RP explains the moment of the conscious intention similarly to our initial hypothesis. Indeed, a higher rate of growth was observed for participants with longer W-corrected judgments. Since the rate of growth has been calculated based on the averaged neural activity prior to the conscious intention to move, this suggests that the sum of fluctuations for people with short W judgment is lower than for people with long W judgment. Importantly, we did not find statistical differences on the rate of growth between these two groups on the LRP. Since the RP starts several milliseconds before the LRP, this could suggest that the fluctuations in brain activity determining the moment of the conscious intention start before a specific motor network is selected for action.
Importantly, we also found statistical differences on the intercept on both the RP and the LRP. Contrary to our initial predictions based on Hanes and Schall (1996), the intercept was higher for people with long W-corrected judgments than for people with short W-corrected judgments. Even if these data do not fit with the model, they fit with previous findings in the literature. Indeed, the relation between the level of activation and the timing of events in the Libet experiment has already been discussed. Lau et al. (2004) observed that activity in the pre-SMA was enhanced when participants were required to judge the moment of their intention to act, instead of the moment of their action. In supplementary analysis, Lau et al. (2006) found a negative relation between the perceived moment of intention and the degree of activity in the pre-SMA. In other words, the higher the activity in the pre-SMA is, the earlier the moment of the conscious intention is. These data are consistent with studies that highlighted the role of dopamine in consciousness (e.g. Kjaer et al., 2002; Palmiter, 2011; Van Opstal et al., 2014). For instance, van Opstal et al. (2014) showed a positive relation between bindings potential in the right putamen and visual awareness, suggesting implications of the dopaminergic meso-circuit in consciousness. In addition, several studies emphasized the relation between dopamine and impulsivity (e.g. Faraone et al., 2001; Schinka et al., 2002; Limosin et al., 2003; Congdon and Canli, 2005; White et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2009). Specifically, Lee et al. (2009) showed a negative correlation between the BIS-11 scores and striatal D2/D3 receptor availability, suggesting the later might mediate impulsive temperament. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that people with a short W judgment have a lower activity threshold and lower rate of growth of motor preparation at the moment of their conscious intention, but have also the higher impulsivity scores. This suggests that dopaminergic receptors could play a role in the moment people take consciously the decision to move and have an impact on their behavior. Future work should address the role of dopaminergic activity in voluntary movements.
However, even if our results on the intercept are consistent with the extant literature, they have to be interpreted with caution. First, different authors (e.g. Gratton et al., 1988; De Jong et al., 1990; Hanes and Schaal, 1996) pointed out that the variable threshold model is not relevant to explain the dynamics of the conscious intention to move. Second, while our within-subject design showed a statistical difference, correlational analyses showed that only the intercept of the RP was significantly correlated with the W judgment. This could suggest that the threshold of the RP is more reliable than the threshold of the LRP to explain the moment of the conscious intention. However, correlational analyses also suggested that this result could be related to the rate of growth. Third, graphical representation of our data showed that for the long W group, the moment of the conscious intention arose during the rising phase of both the RP and the LRP but that for the short W group, that moment arose during the falling phase of the RP. Interestingly, similar observations are obvious in Schlegel et al. (2013) on the RP graph, but not on the LRP graph, since their Fig. 1 shows that both early and late W trials arose during the rising phase of the LRP. It thus seems to be implausible that the activation threshold was the reliable component of these waveforms to explain the moment of the conscious intention. However, the graphical difference between our results and those of Schlegel et al. (2013) on the LRP but not on the RP could reflect the fact that we used a similar method to plot the RP on Cz, but a different formula to compute the LRP. Indeed, participants in Schlegel et al. (2013) could use either their left or right hand to press the key, while in our experiment participants were instructed to answer only with the right hand. However, the graphical representation argument presupposes that the moment that participants report as the moment of their conscious intention is not biased. Yet, we cannot directly confirm that the W judgment is a reliable measure of the moment of the conscious intention. Indeed, there is still no evidence that the moment at which participants reported the W judgment corresponds to the exact moment of the neural decision to move, since the clock itself can bias participants' judgments. It could merely give an approximation of that moment. Therefore, future work is required to confirm a causal relation between RP/LRP amplitude and the moment of the conscious intention.
In the present experiment, we essentially focused on pre-movement cerebral activity to explain the onset of the subjective moment of conscious intention. Importantly, the literature has pointed out that events occurring after the movement can also influence the reported moment of the conscious intention (e.g. Lau et al., 2007; Banks and Isham, 2009; Douglas et al., 2015), suggesting that the mere presence of a post-movement event can retrospectively modify the reported W-time. For instance, Lau et al. (2007) observed that the reported W-time was shifted when transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied at the same time as the action, or 200 ms after. The authors proposed that the brain uses the information relative to both the early and the late components of the RP (see Deecke, 1987) to infer the moment of the conscious intention. Since the late component of the RP is less noisy than the early component, the moment of conscious intention is judged to occur relatively late in comparison with the onset of the RP because it is based on a more reliable signal. In their experiment, since a TMS-pulse was applied after the movement, noise could have been added to the late component, resulting in an early reported W-time since the early components were less noisy (see Douglas et al., 2015, for the presentation of that model). Similarly, Banks and Isham (2009) have observed that the reported W-time was linearly shifted according to the delay of a sensory feedback provided after participants' movement. Specifically, the higher the delay was between the action and the tone (5, 20, 40, or 60 ms), the later was the reported W-time. As written above, the estimated moment of the conscious intention is still controversial since the reported W-time is most likely not entirely accurate. Without additional events beyond the movement, the brain could infer the moment of the conscious intention only based on pre-movements information, but in the presence of additional events occurring after the movement, a new inference about the W-time could be made. Factorial designs based on pre- and post-movement events could help to clarify the respective role of pre- and post-determinants, and may propose interesting answers to understand how the experience of intention is created.
In the present experiment, we could also have used an additional event, the S-condition, to control our results. In the Libet et al. (1983), participants also had to judge the moment of a stimulus applied on their skin. Even if this approach has been judged as controversial in the literature, this could have helped to show that our results are specific to the W condition.
To conclude, we have shown that the rate of growth of the RP seems to be the most reliable components of the RP with which to explain the delay between the moment of the conscious intention and the action. Crucially, the duration of this period of time could be related to differences in participants' personality. Indeed, even with just significant correlations on impulsivity, the combination of our results and the results obtained in previous studies (e.g. Ganos et al., 2014) leads to suggest that the delay reported by participants in the Libet experiment is not a mere artifact and could reflect some inter (and intra) individual characteristics. However, future work is required to deepen this assumption.
Wegner (2002) suggested that consciousness in voluntary movements has the function to provide information and helps to reconstruct a feeling that the action was due to our own. However, for Wegner, our feeling of control is a mere illusion. Thus, consciousness is not relevant to the control of voluntary movements. However, our present results partially reopen the debate as they suggest that consciousness is perhaps more than a mere epiphenomenon, and could be related to vetoing unfolding actions, or at least reflect the moment at which the brain has prepared the voluntary inhibition.
Authors' contribution
E.A.C. developed the study concept and the study design; performed testing and data collection, and the data analysis and interpretation under the supervision of A.C.; drafted the manuscript; and A.C. provided critical revisions. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
E.A.C. was supported by the FRS-F.N.R.S (Belgium). A.C. is a Research Director with the F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium). This work was partly supported by BELSPO IAP [grant P7/33] and by ERC Advanced Grant RADICAL. Data available by contacting email@example.com.
Conflict of interest statement. None declared.


text:
Future Islands won the internet & will be in DFW in April
(New album comes out 3/25)
My twitter timeline exploded last week during the David Letterman show when Future Islands made their network television debut with a performance so thrilling that those who witnessed it were left slack-jawed with awe...including a reporter for The Guardian who wrote:
The whole thing is strangely unsettling, incredibly moving and brave enough to risk teetering to the very brink of out-and-out hilarity without quite falling off the edge. In doing so it left me reeling and wondering why other singers don't put this much effort into carving out a stage persona that's truly their own.
Future Islands will be here in Dallas on 4/24 at Three Links in Deep Ellum. SEE THEM NOW so you can say "I saw them when..."


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Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This article does not cite any sources. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Eurovision Song Contest 2006
|National selection
|Selection process
|Internal Selection
|Selected entrant
|Selected song
|"If We All Give A Little"
|Finals performance
|Final result
|16th place, 30 points
|Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest
Switzerland was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 by six4one, with the song If We All Give A Little. The six members of band are Andreas Lundstedt, Liel, Tinka Milinovic, Claudia D'Addio, Keith Camilleri and Marco Matias. The song has been written by Eurovision foxes Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger and been officially presented at the end of March.
After performing first in the final, they ended up 17th out of 24, with 30 points.
The band was specially assembled for Eurovision from singers famous in countries across Europe.
- Andreas Lundstedt comes from Sweden and was a member of the universally known band Alcazar. Switzerland received 0 points from Sweden.
- Claudia D'Addio comes from Switzerland. She is known as "The Voice" and earned her fame from the casting-show "MusicStar."
- Keith Camilleri comes from Malta and is known in his homeland for his passionate voice and his regular guest appearance on Maltese shows. Switzerland received maximal 12 points from Malta.
- Liel comes from Israel and advocates peace in the world with her songs. Switzerland received 4 points from Israel.
- Marco Matias has a Portuguese background, but comes from Germany, and in 2005, he reached second place along with his singing partner Nicole Süßmilch in the German "12 Points!" which selected a song for Eurovision. Switzerland received 0 points from Germany, but received 1 point from Portugal.
- Tinka Milinović comes from Bosnia and Herzegovina and is a very popular performer and radio/television host. Switzerland received 4 points from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
At Eurovision[edit]
|12 points
|10 points
|8 points
|7 points
|6 points
|5 points
|4 points
|3 points
|2 points
|1 point


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An Analysis of Many Artists Aimed To Capture and Portray a Particular Theme or Subject
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Word Count: 1,068
Category: Arts and Humanities
Word Count: 1,068
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For many centuries artists throughout the world have aimed to capture and portray a particular theme or subject in accordance to their religious beliefs personal influences and mood or based entirely upon societal influences The figure of Christ and the manner in which he has been depicted has varied immensely over the years which is highly indicative of changing social attitudes Piero della Francescas Resurrection of 1463 and Julie Rraps Christ of 1984 have each depicted a Christ like figure in a way that illustrates their personal beliefs and also reflects the publics stance regarding the depiction of Christ at the time each artwork was completed The two artworks are significantly different in style and representation as each artist has selected different media and entirely different approaches and interpretations These significant differences are mainly due to the eras in which each artwork was produced Francescas fresco is a classic product of the Italian Renaissance period whereas Rraps piece is indicative of our changing society and its religious values Israel 1997 p160Francesca composed his piece during the Early Renaissance period at the beginning of the 15th century where faith in the theoretical foundations of art was highly placed During this time many examples of Ancient art were revered as both a source of inspiration and also as a record of trial and error that had the ability to reveal the success of the former great artists Pioch 1996 p1 About this time there was still a set format of how particular Christian figures were perceived to have appeared hence Francesca has depicted the figure of Christ in the stereo typed perception Yet he has done so in a manner that fully exemplifies the era he was in and also indicates his personal interest and success with the use of perspective Alternatively Rraps photomontage Christ has been compiled at a time when female stereo types are being challenged The artwork challenges the male dominance of past
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OF LOCAL NOTE . . . The Palo Alto National Junior Basketball (NJB) 6th grade girls' All-Net team won the NorCal championships and will be traveling to Anaheim in two weeks to represent Palo Alto in the national tournament. The team is the only one from the Palo Alto chapter to qualify for the finals out of all teams grades 5th through 8th. The championship game had the Palo Alto All-Net girls beating the 6th grade team from the Foothill chapter, 46-30. Both teams were tied for first place during the regular league season. When the two teams met during the regular season, Palo Alto won by two points in a see-saw game. The first half of Sunday's championship game looked like a repeat of that previous contest. The teams were tied at halftime, 27-27. Things changed in the second half when Palo Alto's pressure defense produced a flurry of turnovers and easy buckets to blow open a tight game. Palo Alto's 46 points was its highest total of the season. The game also produced Palo Alto's best shooting outing of the year, led by guards Madison Atwater's and Ellie Chen's three-point bombs. Alexis Harris, Annie Vesey and Siggi Bengston dominated the boards while keeping Foothill from getting any cheap baskets and helping to maintain Palo Alto's lead. Lisa Hao's and Coco Lovely's speed and agility helped to tire out the Foothill girls in the end. Other team members included Jacey Pederson and Archer Olson. . . . The Palo Alto Knights will hold registration for the 2010 season on Saturday at the Palo Alto High football field parking lot from noon until 3 p.m. Players age 5-15 are eligible to compete and can register in person or at www.paknights.com. Practice starts in August.
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French basketball star Tony Parker took on well-known football trickster Remi Gaillard in a series of on-court basketball and football stunts, and let's just call it a tie.
Whether it's some kind of camera trickery or skill-based sorcery, we'll leave it up to you to decide.
Either way, it's mightily impressive.
[YouTube, Remi Gaillard]


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Skip to comments.Howard Dean reappears on national television (is using Terri Schiavo for political purposes)
Posted on 05/22/2005 9:54:19 PM PDT by FairOpinion
"The Schiavo case will probably be the turning point, in our ability to make our case to Americans about the incredible invasiveness of Republicans, when it comes to (citizens) making personal and private decisions," he said. By contrast, the Democrats should be viewed as "the party of individual freedom ... individual and personal responsibility," he said.
One problem, however, is that while Dean may speak officially for the Democratic party, he's only one of many players. Sunday, he struggled to explain why so many Senate Democrats barely raised a whimper when the Schiavo intervention bill was sailing through the chamber.
Dean said: "I can't speak for Democrats in the Senate. We didn't confer. It came up very fast," at a time when Democrats were focused on derailing Bush's Social Security privatization plan.
But now he's fixated on the Schiavo fallout, and he thinks it will play well in places like Arizona, a fast-growing red state with a centrist Democratic governor, the kind of state that Democrats need to win in future presidential elections. He thinks the Schiavo case will hurt the GOP in Arizona, a place where so many conservatives have "a huge ethos about individualism."
Monty Python's Flying Circus lives!
Wait, can cable companies, etc. charge extra for this? I don't have TV but some of you may want to watch your cable bills.
Something the demorats aren't, is swift. Of course it didn't come up as fast as the filibuster and they didn't have a hard time getting on that train.
You're posting some interesting posts, tonight!
Denial ain't a river in Egypt, Howie.
"You're posting some interesting posts, tonight!"
Thanks. That's because I am spending more time here, instead of doing all the other things I should be doing -- one of which is that I should be going to bed, because I have to get up early tomorrow. :)
I wish more so-called "conservatives" were more reliable in their "huge ethos" about anything! The stuff I've seen "conservatives" not only tolerate, but adopt since the great, historic CA Recall campaign/election have been astonishing, yes even sickening, to me!!!
If someone had predicted it in 2002 after Davis handily won re-election, I would have said they were berserk! Boy! Was I ever wrong!!!
It would be better if both parties were sane. Instead we have to battle the lunacy coming from ignorant, lying mental cases like Screamin' Howie.
The really sad thing is people actually buy into the craziness and delirium causing them to believe the worst in everyone.
Terri Schiavo, through her lengthy fight to live with brain damage and paralysys, and then her courageous and tenacious 14 day fight for survival while being starved and dehydrated to death, showed us all that he will to live was astounding.
The tragic paradox of Howard Dean's disgusting statement is that the liberal, DEMOCRAT Judges intruded on Terri Schiavo's most precious right, her right to life. Armed police stood on guard day and night to make sure nobody placed a drop of water on her lips as she lie in bed, dying a slow and torturous death. As Fr. Frank Pavone said so succinctly, Terri Schiavo was murdered, plain and simple. He was with her the day she died, and the night before, and he said that he had never seen a person suffer so much in all his life.
Lest anyone doubt the word of Fr. Pavone, just know that he founded and runs Priests for Life, (a large Catholic pro-life organization); and that he is a fearless and brilliant young man. He was just given permission from Rome to found his very own Order, "The Missionaries of The Gospel of Life". God forgive me for saying this, but may Howard Dean rot in ........
Howie is a very good man...for the GOP!
Arizona has a "centrist" Governor?
"By contrast, the Democrats should be viewed as "the party of individual freedom ... individual and personal responsibility," he said."
This is rich!! When have the Dems ever been the party of "individual and personal responsibility"? I thought they were the party of "it's someone else's fault" - usually Pres. Bush's fault.
These DemonRats are attracted to Doc Dean because he knows how to feed that hollow place in their hearts with hate. They are addicted to hate.
With that thought, I shall now treat my fellow Freepers with the lyrics to Doctor, Doctor by the Who:
Doctor, there's something wrong with me
My health is not all that it used to be
My heart is out of beat, I got chokers on my feet
My eyesight's getting dimmer, I can't see
Doctor thanks for seeing me today, I'm glad,
I've got every sickness there is to be had
I had whooping cough last month
And today I've got the mumps
And tomorrow I'll catch chicken pox as well.
Doctor doctor doctor make me well
I've not got long to go now I can tell
Doctor doctor doctor make me well
I've not got long to go I can tell
I've not got long to go I can tell
Those pills I took have no effect at all
Just the other day I had a nasty fall
And I think I broke my jaw when it hit the kitchen floor
And I'm shrinking last week I was five foot four
I've been getting shivers lately, is it flu?
I know the bug is going round, what can I do?
It's about to pick on me, I've still got the other three
Do you think I caught smallpox I'd get flu?
"Arizona has a "centrist" Governor?"
Yep, from the ninth gate to Hades.
Did he say that with a straight face? DemocRATS to regulate everything, create the 'cradle to grave' pampering the loony left follower has wet dreams about.
El Rushbo can take the day off tomorrow and just run Dean-o's interview for his radio show. The insanity speaks for itself.
I saw a re-run of the interview tonight. What a colassol jerk that guy is.! He is a gift to us that keeps on giving. I think my favorite line this guy said was''I'm a practicing Christian, uh.....I really don't go to church and I do believe in abortion for all women and I still stand by my statement that we should not pre judge Ossama Bin Laden, but Tom Delay is a criminal and needs to go to jail now'' AND ON AND ON and on! I honestly think this guy is not going to make in this job a year! I think he'll end up in the looney bin!
You know the best part about Howard Dean?
All the blustering BS and quotable insanity of Terry McAwful without the fundraising acumen that his predecessor had.
He's truly our best friend; good quotes, less money, time and effort wasted in the reddest of red states.
Didn't the governor avoid meeting with Dean last week when he visited Arizona? Seems she had a "prior appointment". She might be one of the smarter Dems.
Howie!...you go nutbar!...luv ya babe!...best thing yet for the Republican party.
Nice try, Howie.
The Democrats' ability to capitalize on ignorance never ceases to amaze me.
The TS charade has given many weapons to the enemies of conservativism. Insanity is like that.
>>>Lest anyone doubt the word of Fr. Pavone, just know that he founded and runs Priests for Life, (a large Catholic pro-life organization); and that he is a fearless and brilliant young man. He was just given permission from Rome to found his very own Order, "The Missionaries of The Gospel of Life".
THANKS for the news!
Father Pavone bump...
The democrats are missing the point that the GOP is deeply divided and instead of making hay about that, they are going further off the cliff of euthanasia which leads back to Auschwitz, Dachau and modern day death camps.
I'm going to start my web site again and it's going to be conservative based upon my beliefs about our govt completely in flux. I won't be merry on the 4th of July. There was no independence day for Terri. She was a "political prisoner" imo.
Father Frank Pavone is a great man. If Howard Dean wants to mention Terri's name, that's fine with me. It's a reminder that our country did something evil and illegal to an innocent woman of 41.
I agree with him that I think this may hurt the GOP but not in the way he means.
Dean is, shall we say, a little out of touch with... reality.
As an example of media information control, how many are even aware that Representative Roscoe Bartlett has a bill he's trying to get to the President's desk that will fund research on animals where a blastomere is removed from an in vitro embryo without killing the embryo and then develop embryonic stem cell lines with that pluripotent cell, thus getting embryonic stem cells without killing embryo-aged beings and perfecting the methodology without using human embryos first in the development of the processes to study ESCs?
ping ... anyone know what the number for Roscoe Bartlett's bill is?
I thought it was the party of "Let Big Brother Take Care of You."
Thanx for the ping.
Dean is a mad man.
Thanks for the ping!
Each day I am faced with the ominous reality that the murder of little people under a certain age is ingrained in our state's Constution by the people of the state - most of whom have likely never seen an abortion. This is evidenced by the expression of horror that crosses their faces when they see a picture of one of abortion's many casualties. These are the same people who would be quick to arise and condemn - rightfully - the atrocities of the Third Reich.
An angry, embittered man, drunk with bloodlust...
(Nodding head in agreement, sadly.)
* The democrats are pretty stupid. I will help them out. Republican Judges like Greer killed Terri by judicial fiat.*
I agree, FV~!! The Demos, Dean and the MSM constantly fail to report the truth about Terri. Republican Judge's involvement in Terri's case, appear to be the best kept secret going. You'd think Florida was controlled by the Demo party, if you only listened to the MSM and Dean.
I look forward to seeing your website. You mentioned the 4th of July - Are you aware, that NASA launched a rocket a few months back. They plan to fire a huge explosive, warhead into a comet on - THE 4TH OF JULY!! I have no idea just what they are trying to prove.
It should be interesting to see if a massive hole blown into a comet, will cause problems. Odd that we have all kinds of money available for the comet foolishness, complete with fireworks in outer space on the 4th. Do you suppose NASA is trying to duplicate the Hollywood movie, with a similar theme? Weird, imo.
I'm so sick of politics right now. This morning on MSNBC a demo (sorry I didn't get his name), referred to Dr Dobson as the religious hard right and then went on to say that we don't need America to be turned into another Iraq or Saudia Arbia, by the likes of Dobson. Interesting that Demos get by with slamming conservative people and comparing them to Saddam. The MSM is truly on the side of death and destruction and I'm really disgusted by the implication that people like ourselves are dangerous, while the real danger - the killers of Terri - get a free pass.
I can hardly stand to watch the MSM this morning. People like Norah O'Donnell of MSNBC, are giddy with joy over McCain and his deal with the demos. My favorite politicans continue to be Tom Delay and also Scarbrough. Scarbrough was taken to task by the MSM for using a Hitler analogy on the Senate Floor this past week. Interesting isn't it? Since, some on FreeRepubulic, freak out over any reference to Hitler.
Our world now is a place of PC speech, with NO room for the truth. Individual rights/freedoms now means you really have NO rights, but instead should be FORCED TO DIE, according to Dean and others. Pretty sad and scary!! Dean is a moron. Arizona's demo governor wouldn't even meet with him when he was in Arizona. That's the only thing she's done that I agree with.
FUE, thanks for the ping to this thread! I sure hope Ohioan is okay. I really miss her.
Dean is an idiot. Well I have to vote for a third party now that the lesser of two evils is a farce. Both sides suck.
"We need more conservatives judges." I got a call from the GOP today ranting about Howard Dean. I told the guy that Howard Dean's no worse than the liberals in teh republican party and that I'd consider helping the GOP if they kicked the liberals out of the party. I think I reamed him for about five minutes. Turns out, a lot of GOP are mad at the US Congress. The call today was to get my support for the State Party. Sorry, republicans killed Terri, no can do.
The belittling disregard for Terry's life has done a lot of damage here.
This whole issue is just on a slow simmer in the under current.
Anger turned to quiet planning.
"The belittling disregard for Terry's life has done a lot of damage here."
This ordeal and some of the responses by supposed conservatives has been an eye opener for me.
Even many that claim to be conservative hold fast to what has become of the judicial system. Some are beholden to the system because they have a vested interest in maintaining its status and stature.
There is one standard that sets this nation apart from all others on this planet. That acknowledgment stated that "Rights are endowed by the Creator, no man/government/state can take", that is the key to our Heavenly protection and blessings. Think not check out the nations and the peoples of the rest of the world.
The day that we turn over to a group in black robes the power to endow the RIGHTS only the Creator has the authority to give or take is the day we become one and the same as the rest of the world. Which is exactly what the liberals and the moderate nobles are counting upon.
Yes...we are in complete agreement here.
Why are people in our own party conveniently forgetting that?
My guess is that they are falling pray to the "Theocracy" spin. We have never been a Theocracy and most definitely are not now but we are still a nation of mostly Christians.
I just wish we could act more like we are Christians without being discriminated against at every turn by the new socialist/atheist coalition now know as the Democratic Party.
They say some of them are Christians but they sure seem anti-Christian to me.
Did you see Howard Dean on the Today show this morning?
His big spin now is that the Republicans are just a bunch of white men/Christians who don't include anyone else.
Nothing really new with that lie...except the "don't include anyone" else part.
American Christians have included and excepted more diversity throughout our short history then any other nation on earth.
We are the melting pot for Christ's sake!
( Sorry..just getting a little bit put out this morning that Deano was dissing my Country.)
I like Fr. Pavone a lot. And when I have any doubts about my desire to join the Catholic church because the mass is too liberal, I just have to listen to the POTP where they pray for "an end to the scourge of abortion" to come to my senses and know that this is the only sane church out there. Just about. Well, the other big player, the Southern Baptists is moral too, just not my style.
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