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Sigel, Keitha; Wisnivesky, Juana; Shahrir, Shahidab; Brown, Sheldon T.a,c; Justice, Amyd,e; Kim, Joonc; Rodriguez-Barradas, Maria C.f; Akgün, Kathleen M.d,e; Rimland, Davidg; Hoo, Guy W. Sooh; Crothers, Kristinab
aThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
bUniversity of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
cJames J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York
dVA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
eYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
fMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
gAtlanta VA Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
hVA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Correspondence to Dr Keith Sigel, MD, MPH. One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. Tel: +1 212 824 7558; fax: +1 917 210 4057; e-mail: email@example.com
Received 24 October, 2013
Revised 18 December, 2013
Accepted 18 December, 2013
Background: HIV-infected persons have a two-fold to five-fold increased unadjusted risk of lung cancer. In the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), computed tomography (CT) screening was associated with a reduction in lung cancer mortality among high-risk smokers. These results may not generalize to HIV-infected persons, particularly if they are more likely to have false-positive chest CT findings.
Methods: We utilized data including standardized chest CT scans from 160 HIV infected and 139 uninfected Veterans enrolled between 2009 and 2012 in the multicenter Examinations of HIV Associated Lung Emphysema (EXHALE) Study. Abnormal CT findings were abstracted from clinical interpretations of the scans and classified as positive by NLST criteria vs. other findings. Clinical evaluations and diagnoses that ensued were abstracted from the medical record.
Results: There was no significant difference by HIV in the proportion of CT scans classified as positive by NLST criteria (29% of HIV infected and 24% of HIV uninfected, P = 0.3). However, HIV-infected participants with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl had significantly higher odds of positive scans, a finding that persisted in multivariable analysis. Evaluations triggered by abnormal CT scans were also similar in HIV-infected and uninfected participants (all P > 0.05).
Conclusion: HIV status was not associated with an increased risk of abnormal findings on CT or increased rates of follow-up testing in clinically stable outpatients with CD4+ cell count more than 200. These data reflect favorably on the balance of benefits and harms associated with lung cancer screening for HIV-infected smokers with less severe immunodeficiency.
Similar to the general population, lung cancer is now the leading cause of cancer death in HIV-infected persons [1,2]. Compared with HIV-uninfected persons, there is a two-fold to five-fold unadjusted increase in the risk of lung cancer in persons infected with HIV [3–7]. Although some of this excess risk is attributed to higher smoking rates [6,8,9], elevated lung cancer risks in HIV-infected persons persist even after controlling for smoking and is increased among those with low CD4+ cell count [3,4,6]. These data suggest that HIV infection is an independent risk factor for lung cancer [3–6].
The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) recently demonstrated a reduction in lung cancer mortality associated with computed tomography (CT) lung cancer screening in heavy smokers from the general population [10]. As a result, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and other national organizations have published guidelines recommending low-dose CT (LDCT) screening in patients at high risk for lung cancer [11–13]. Additionally, lung cancer screening with LDCT has been adopted by some private health insurers and the Veterans Affairs Health System [14,15]. As HIV-infected heavy smokers may have more than twice the risk of lung cancer of HIV-uninfected smokers [3,4], they may be a unique high-risk group that can be targeted for lung cancer screening interventions.
A potential concern in implementing widespread lung cancer screening is that approximately 20% of CTs have positive findings that require additional work-up, whereas only 1% of scans will reveal lung cancer [16]. Follow-up tests frequently include additional diagnostic CTs, but may include more invasive procedures such as fine needle aspiration or surgical biopsy that may lead to potentially severe complications [17]. As HIV-infected patients are more likely to have a history of lung infections or other pulmonary diseases that may lead to structural lung changes, positive screening tests may be more common in HIV-infected smokers [18–21]. The increased risk of lung cancer in HIV-infected persons is less likely to affect the positivity rate, given the relatively low number of cancers expected to be detected by screening. Despite this, clinicians caring for HIV-infected patients may be aware of the higher risk of lung cancer and other malignant and nonmalignant lung diseases, and as a consequence be more likely to aggressively evaluate abnormal imaging findings. Therefore, determination of the rate of positive findings on chest CT scanning in HIV-infected persons and the subsequent follow-up evaluations of these findings would provide important information on the applicability of NLST data to HIV-infected smokers.
In this study, we used data from a prospective cohort of asymptomatic HIV-infected and uninfected Veterans, most with a significant smoking history, to compare the frequency of incidental chest CT findings, particularly pulmonary nodules, observed on chest CT scans obtained for research purposes. We then estimated the proportion of CT scans in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants that would have been considered positive by NLST criteria. We compared the clinical evaluations triggered by positive CT scans in order to determine whether HIV-infected patients were more likely to undergo additional diagnostic procedures.
We used data from the Examinations of HIV Associated Lung Emphysema (EXHALE) cohort, a multicenter sub-study of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) [22]. EXHALE is an ongoing observational, longitudinal study conducted at four Veteran Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC), namely the Atlanta, Bronx, Houston and Los Angeles VAMC. HIV-infected outpatients in VACS are approached for enrollment in EXHALE, and are block-matched to HIV-negative patients by current smoking status to achieve a sample with similar prevalence of current smoking. Those with chronic lung diseases (as noted by history or clinical examination) other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma are excluded, as are patients with acute respiratory infections or illness in the 4 weeks prior to the baseline measurements. However, patients with respiratory infection more than 4 weeks prior to enrollment were not excluded. Enrollment began in 2009 and is ongoing. As a part of the study protocol, all participants received baseline chest CT scans. These CT scans were interpreted by radiologists at participating sites and results were reported in the participant's electronic medical record.
Study CT scans were all obtained using a standardized acquisition protocol on multidetector scanners that were calibrated across centers by scanning of a lung phantom. Radiation dose for EXHALE CT scans was ∼3.5 millisievert (mSv) (as compared to 1.5 mSv for NSLT screening scans and 8 mSv for standard CTs) [23]. All CT scans were read by clinical radiologists practicing at each site at the time they were obtained, with results communicated to the participants' primary medical provider. As this study was not a formal screening protocol, all recommendations made by radiologists and any additional evaluation of findings by medical providers were based on their standard practice. Interpreting radiologists at some sites could access patients' electronic medical records and were not blinded to their HIV status. No subsequent CT scans were included in the study protocol, and the performance of any follow-up imaging was at the discretion of patients' medical providers.
Demographic data, current smoking status, and tobacco use history were collected as part of the baseline EXHALE survey. Data on comorbidities, including COPD, asthma, hepatitis C infection, and prior infections and opportunistic illnesses were obtained from the VACS database and were based on International Classification of Disease, 9th Edition (ICD9) diagnostic codes using validated algorithms [24]. Laboratory values closest to the date of EXHALE baseline enrollment, including CD4+ cell count, and HIV viral load, were collected from the Veteran Affairs electronic laboratory database. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use, as defined by the presence of a multidrug antiretroviral regimen filled by the pharmacy during a 3-month baseline period, was assessed using pharmacy data.
CT scan reports were abstracted by a reviewer (K.S.) blinded to the HIV status of the study participants. Our primary outcome was the presence of a noncalcified nodule (NCN) at least 4 mm in diameter or any findings suggestive of lung cancer (positivity as per NLST criteria) on baseline chest CT scan [10]. Data were collected on all pulmonary nodules described in the CT reports, including nodule size, number, and presence of calcification. Nodules that were reported without any size description were assumed to be less than 4 mm in diameter. All nodules without reported size were present on CT scans with other NLST positive nodules, so this classification did not affect any study outcomes. Other outcomes of interest from the CT scan reports included other incidental findings such as emphysematous changes, pleural effusions, ground glass infiltrates, bronchiectasis, or granulomas. Adenopathy was noted if the radiologist described it as clinically significant or if pulmonary lymph nodes were described as greater than 10 mm. Recommendations for clinical or imaging follow-up made by the interpreting radiologist were also recorded.
We then reviewed the medical records of all participants to determine subsequent evaluations prompted by the scan results within 18 months following the study CT. In the clinical evaluations triggered by these CT scans, our outcomes of interest were follow-up examinations [including follow-up CT scans, PET scans, bronchoscopies, CT-guided biopsies, and surgical biopsies] in the presence or absence of recommendations for follow-up in the CT scan reports, and eventual diagnoses made by these evaluations. In addition, we determined the number of primary care visits completed by the participants in the 6 months after their CT scan to determine if HIV-infected participants were subject to more primary care contact.
Demographics, smoking status and numbers of pack-years smoked were compared among HIV infected and uninfected participants using chi-squared or Fisher's exact for categorical variables, t-tests for normally distributed continuous variables and the rank-sum test for nonnormal continuous variables. The proportion of CT studies meeting NLST positivity criteria, other clinically significant findings, follow-up recommendations, and types of subsequent clinical evaluations were compared by HIV status using chi-square tests. After determining the rates of suspicious nodules in different, clinically relevant CD4+ strata among HIV-infected participants (namely >350, 200–350, and <200), we found that a CD4+ cell count of 200 cells/μl was an important threshold for comparison. We therefore stratified the HIV-infected participants by baseline CD4+ cell count (<200 cells/μl vs. ≥200 cells/μl) and compared baseline characteristics among these two groups using the same methods as our analysis for the full cohort. We then compared the proportion of CT studies meeting NLST positivity by CD4+ cell count strata in HIV-infected participants using a chi-square test. We then fit a logistic regression model to determine predictors of a false positive CT scan, including HIV status (and CD4+ cell count strata), age, race/ethnicity, sex, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking as covariates. As a sensitivity analysis, we then limited this multivariable analysis to participants meeting NLST inclusion criteria for smoking history (≥30 pack-years of smoking in current smokers or former smokers who quit within 15 years of study enrollment).
Based on the prevalence of pulmonary nodules observed among patients in the cohort, we estimated that the study had an 80% power to detect a 15% difference in nodules meeting NLST criteria by HIV status at a 0.05 significance level. All analyses were performed using STATA 11 (College Station, Texas, USA).
Our study included 299 participants, 54% (n = 160) of whom were HIV infected. The HIV-infected participants were older (P = 0.03) and more likely to be male (P < 0.001) than HIV-uninfected participants (Table 1). There was no difference in the distribution of race/ethnicity, smoking habits, or rates of baseline chronic lung disease between HIV-infected and uninfected persons (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). The majority of cohort patients were either current or former smokers (>80%) with significant pack-year exposure (median 24.6 pack-years for current or former smokers in cohort). HIV-infected participants were more likely to have been diagnosed with prior pulmonary infections including pneumonia (19 vs. 4%; P < 0.001) and tuberculosis (7 vs. 1%; P = 0.007). Most HIV-infected participants were prescribed cART and had well controlled HIV viremia (Table 2; 80% controlled viremia for patients with CD4+ cell count at least 200 cells/μl vs. 64% for patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl; P = 0.08).
Prevalent lung cancer was diagnosed by lung biopsy in three of the HIV-infected and one of the HIV-uninfected participants (2.0 vs. 0.7%; P = 0.3). However, a substantially larger number of scans had incidental findings. The proportion of CT scans that met the positive criteria as defined in the NLST did not differ when comparing HIV-infected to HIV-uninfected persons (Table 3; 29 vs. 24%; P = 0.3). HIV-infected participants with baseline CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl had a greater frequency of positive scans than HIV-infected participants with CD4+ cell counts at least 200 cells/μl (55 vs. 25%; P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in other clinically significant findings on study CT scans including adenopathy and pleural effusions, but there was a trend towards more emphysematous changes in HIV-infected participants (41 vs. 30%; P = 0.05).
In our multivariable analysis, being HIV infected with a CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/μl was independently associated with increased odds of a false positive scan [Table 4; odds ratio (OR): 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–9.4], as was increasing age (OR 1.3 for each 5-year age increase, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6). In a sensitivity analysis using an identical model limited to participants meeting NLST inclusion criteria for smoking history, HIV infection with CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/μl was the only significant predictor of a false positive scan (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.3–19.0).
Clinical follow-up recommendations and patterns after study CT scan completion were similar among HIV infected and uninfected cohort participants (Table 5). Follow-up recommendations by the interpreting radiologists (23 vs. 30%; P = 0.2) and subsequent follow-up completion rates (50 vs. 54%; P = 0.8) were similar in the HIV-infected and uninfected groups, respectively. HIV-infected participants were more likely to have a routine medical visit in the 6 months after the study CT scan (89 vs. 63%; P < 0.001). Positive study CT scans led to similar rates of follow-up procedures including subsequent CT scans, PET scans, and biopsies (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). No bronchoscopies were performed in response to CT findings in either study group. All biopsies led to lung cancer diagnoses (all adenocarcinomas). Final diagnoses triggered by study CT scans did not differ by HIV status.
HIV-infected smokers are a unique high-risk group that may benefit from CT-based lung cancer screening. However, chronic lung changes resulting from immunosuppression-related pulmonary infections have raised concerns as to whether the frequency of false positive tests may be higher in this patient group. In this study, we found a similar likelihood of pulmonary nodules meeting NLST criteria for a positive CT scan among asymptomatic HIV-infected and uninfected persons. We also found similar patterns of clinical evaluation triggered by study CT scans, suggesting that follow-up may not be more aggressive in HIV-infected patients with abnormal chest imaging findings. This provides preliminary evidence that lung cancer screening may have a favorable harm/benefit profile in certain HIV-infected smokers.
A limited number of studies have systematically described imaging findings on chest CTs in HIV-infected patients [20,25]. Jasmer et al. reviewed 242 lung CTs (mostly obtained in the pre-cART era) describing the frequency of pulmonary nodules among other findings noted on imaging. In this study of younger patients (mean age 40), the authors found 36% of CTs had pulmonary nodules, however patients were often symptomatic from opportunistic infections at the time of their CT scans [25]. A more recent study described the prevalence of incidental findings on lung CTs obtained for the calculation of coronary artery calcification scores in a cohort of asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. The proportion of patients with incidental findings requiring additional workup or medical referral was 43% in that cohort, the majority of whom were on stable cART [20]. Our study is the first to compare rates of incidental chest imaging findings in HIV-infected persons to a matched, HIV-uninfected control group, and we find similar rates of pulmonary nodules and other incidental findings in both groups. This is also the first study to investigate the applicability of lung cancer screening using NLST positivity criteria in HIV-infected persons. In our cohort, HIV-infected participants with CD4+ cell counts at least 200 cells/μl had a similar frequency of positive scans to the NLST (25 vs. 24%),
Inflammation has been linked to lung cancer risk in HIV-infected persons [26]. However, higher rates of previous pulmonary infections did not increase the rate of suspicious pulmonary nodules or eventual inflammatory or infectious final diagnoses in our HIV-infected participants compared with uninfected participants. We did, however, observe higher rates of emphysematous changes on imaging in HIV-infected patients. The development of emphysema has been tied closely to inflammation, especially in HIV-infected patients [27], and these findings continue to support a potential role of inflammatory processes in the development of lung nodules in these patients. Emphysema is also a known risk factor for lung cancer. Future analyses will include standardized quantitative and semi-quantitative assessment of emphysema severity and other markers of inflammation and their associations with lung nodules.
The rate of false positive tests in asymptomatic smokers undergoing chest CT scanning is a critical determinant in establishing the harms and cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening [28,29]. Positive screening tests can lead to invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, and surgical lung biopsy, which can all have serious complications, including respiratory failure and death [10]. Moreover, the morbidity associated with diagnostic tests for lung nodules may potentially be higher in HIV-infected patients [30]. Specifically, the increased risk of emphysema in HIV-infected patients [31–33] may confer greater risk of pneumothorax, the most common serious complication of lung biopsy [34]. No published data exist regarding lung cancer screening with chest CT in HIV-infected persons, and therefore our findings represent a preliminary evaluation of the safety of this potentially important screening modality. The overall efficacy and cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening in HIV-infected persons could be further explored using simulation modeling, and our findings are critical to inform such models.
We found that HIV-infected participants with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl were more likely to have a positive CT scan, even after adjusting for smoking exposure. This finding is likely related to a higher risk of lung infections associated with significant immunosuppression. It is also possible that radiologists reviewing the study CTs were aware of patients' CD4+ cell count, potentially biasing the interpretations of the scans. This finding suggests that patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl may have higher lung cancer screening false positivity rates, and therefore may be subject to increased harms associated with screening. This finding deserves further investigation in prospective screening studies.
Clinicians caring for HIV-infected persons may be aware of their increased risk of lung cancer. This may affect their pretest probability estimates for cancer when evaluating chest imaging. Despite this, the patterns of clinical evaluation triggered by CT findings in our study did not differ by HIV status. Although HIV-infected participants had more frequent healthcare contact, abnormal CT findings were not investigated with more frequency. As radiologists often base their follow-up recommendations for pulmonary nodules on Fleischner society criteria [35], which does not incorporate HIV infection as a prognostic factor, it is possible that clinicians in our study based their follow-up evaluations on recommendations made by the radiologists interpreting our CT scans. HIV-infected participants were also more likely to have had prior chest CT scans, which may have allowed interpreting clinicians to determine the stability of existing nodules, thereby limiting the need for further evaluations.
Our study has several strengths. This was a multisite, prospective study design with demographically similar HIV-infected and uninfected individuals with comparable smoking exposure. The imaging studies performed in our protocol were similar to the low-dose CT scans used in lung cancer screening trials. The study collected data on 'real-world' processes and therefore represents how clinicians would follow-up lung cancer screening scans in HIV-infected patients in actual practice. Our cohort was small compared with other studies of lung cancer screening, which may have limited our ability to find differences in the overall rates of suspicious nodules between HIV-infected and uninfected participants. Another limitation of our study was the exclusion of persons with prior lung diseases, besides COPD and asthma. This criterion likely excluded more HIV-infected persons than HIV-uninfected, potentially affecting the generalizeability of our findings. However, patients with prior lung diseases were also excluded from the NLST, which improves the validity of the extrapolation of our findings to the screening results of that trial. Other limitations include the unavailability of details on follow-up studies performed at non-Veterans Affairs medical centers. Additionally, not all patients in our study were smokers, and therefore would not meet NLST inclusion criteria; in exploratory analyses limited only to smokers, however, we found similar results to those from the overall cohort. Last, this study used data from a longitudinal study of lung function and was not a formal lung cancer screening protocol. Although the study CTs were included in participants' electronic medical record, there were no study procedures that dictated a protocol for follow-up of CT results. Rather, follow-up was at the discretion of the patient's medical provider. This may have affected the rates of clinical evaluation of CT findings as well as the determination of final diagnoses in patients with abnormal scans.
HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts more than 200 in our study did not have higher likelihood of findings meeting NLST criteria for a positive chest CT compared with uninfected controls, despite more previous lung infections, and a greater risk of lung cancer. These data suggest a similar frequency of positive screening scans among well controlled HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected persons, suggesting that lung cancer screening could be favorable in HIV-infected smokers. The risk/benefit profile of lung cancer screening requires further evaluation in high-risk HIV-infected persons.
Contributorship: K.S. and K.C. participated in the design, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing. J.W. and S.S. participated in the analysis and manuscript writing. S.B., A.J., J.K., M.R.B., K.A., D.R. and G.S.H. all participated in the design, data collection, and manuscript writing portions of the study.
This study was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL090342 to K.C.), the National Cancer Institute (R01CA173754 to K.C. and J.W.), the National Center for Research Resources (KL2TR000069 to K.S.), Department of Veterans Affairs (VISN 1 Career Development Award to K.A.), and the National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse (3U01AA13566). The funder provided funding for the study and salary support for investigators. The funder did not play any role in the data collection, analysis, interpretation or article preparation.
No authors report any relevant financial conflicts of interest to this study.
HIV; lung cancer; lung cancer screening; lung nodules; non-AIDS malignancies
© 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Hung, Tawny; Argenyi, Zsolt; Erickson, Lori; More
Hung, Tawny; Argenyi, Zsolt; Erickson, Lori; Guitart, Joan; Horenstein, Marcelo G.; Lowe, Lori; Messina, Jane; Piepkorn, Michael W.; Prieto, Victor G.; Rabkin, Michael S.; Schmidt, Birgitta; Selim, Maria A.; Shea, Christopher R.; Trotter, Martin J.; Barnhill, Raymond L. Less
American Journal of Dermatopathology. 38(7):499-503, July 2016.
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American Journal of Dermatopathology. 34(7):766-769, October 2012.
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Youth Of Honor Releases 'bouncing Back…living Life The Right Way ' In Audio
Atlanta, Georgia (December 15, 2008) – Youth of Honor, in partnership with e-Luminated Manuscripts, is proud to announce the release of "Bouncing Back…Living life the right way" by H. Ron Brashear in audio format.
Mr. Brashear's success story tells of his school of hard knocks which landed him in a jail cell after his hustler lifestyle dead-ended and landed him in a jail cell along with receiving a dishonorable discharge from the U.S. military. But, as bad as those self-inflicted wounds appeared, he managed to piece his life back together and rose up the ranks to receive recognition as one of AT&T's top customer service representatives in the nation. Currently, Brashear is an Information Technology Program Management Director and, in addition, he is the VP & Managing editor of www.insideboxing.com as well as the President and Founder of the Youth of Honor Foundation.
The Youth of Honor Foundation, (http://www.youthofhonor.org), is an Atlanta-based 501(c) 3 focused on assisting youth achieve greatness in life and bounce back from adversity. The foundation is utilizing The 'Give the Gift of Bouncing Back Campaign' as their method to distribute the book and gain sponsorship for 100,000 copies of the 'Bouncing Back... Living life the right way' audio book. http://www.youthofhonor.org/
Together we can make tomorrow a brighter day for our youth.
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About Youth of Honor: Drugs are finding their way into the hands of younger kids, while the older youth are many times choosing a life of crime as a quick fix to success. Our court systems and youth detention centers are overflowing with activities while our classrooms and playgrounds turn into places of inactivity. The spiral cycle of negative activities is winning while society loses an entire generation of future leaders. The Youth of Honor Foundation was established in July of 2006 to change this cycle and assist youth in making a difference in their own lives.
The Youth of Honor Foundation will partner with individuals, corporations and local/state juvenile detention centers to reach out to our delinquent youth and assist them in achieving their dreams. Inside each troubled youth is a young person with the potential to make a difference. This light in the darkness is just waiting to be found and harnessed.
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M.A.C.Y. Awards winners
In the spirit of celebrating the work of many students, the Childress M.A.C.Y. Awards have developed layers of awards that allow them to cast a wide net. The individual awards include:
BRIGHT SPOT: A performer who brings something special to a small or ensemble role.
SPECIAL RECOGNITION: A performer who shines in a specialty role (e.g. the lone ballerina, the barbershop quartet).
ACHIEVEMENT: A performer who shows distinction in an especially demanding role of central importance.
OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT: A performer who was able to achieve exceptional merit in a demanding role.
HIGHEST ACHIEVEMENT: A performer who is recognized for a level of skill and professionalism well above the norm for high school theatre.� These performers form the pool from which the M.A.C.Y.'s select nominees for Best Actors/Actresses of the Year.
Anaheim, 'Fame'
Bright Spot: Alejandra Huerta, Oliver Rodriguez; Special Recognition: Luis Carrasco, Fatyma Echeverria, Cinthia Gonzalez, Daniel Herrera, Julio Ugalde-Cruz; Achievement: Anahi Chavez, Luis Gomez, Steffanie Rodriguez, Omar Sandoval; Outstanding Achievement: Amilar Jauregui, Stephanie Rodriguez, Cesar Roman; Highest Achievement: Jaspe Ibarra
Brethren Christian, 'The Music Man'
Bright Spot: Brooke Hayes, Schuyler Peterson, Sam Skarin, Spencer Strong; Special Recognition: Hannah Cordy, Madison Haugland, Matt Holevas, Uni Kim, Sierra Starke, Caleb Yu; Achievement: Bryson Burns, Seth Heinz, Seth Kennard, Jake Roque, Kaden Specht, Caleb Wesdell; Outstanding Achievement: Brennan Lund, Monica Overton, Sarah Regli, Jordan Thomas
Capistrano Valley, 'Guys and Dolls'
Bright Spot: Hailee Clover, Jasa Davidson, Ally Gerstley, Melissa Green, Molly Kuciemba, Kyle Ray, Andrea van den Boogaard; Special Recognition: James Parker, Niki Pirbazari; Achievement: Jon Bareford, Will Conover, Matt Kushnir, Kate Miller, Emily Young; Outstanding Achievement: John Conover, Josh Moynihan, Matt Schurmer; Highest Achievement: Danielle Fockler; Best Choreography: Emily Tucker, director
Capistrano Valley Christian, 'Anything Goes'
Bright Spot: Kaitlyn Krieger, Lunke Zhang; Special Recognition: Ariel Catalasan, Hannah Grady, Trevor Hagen, Charity Harris; Achievement: Aaron Anast, Kenny Reyes, Rose Walsh; Outstanding Achievement: Eric Beveridge, Kyle Dallape, Kristy Reyes, Megan Van Vlear; Highest Achievement: Grace Bjorkman, Gavin Harris, Ryan Pierce; Theatrical Excellence Award (For marvelous staging of classical theater): Roz Mignogna, director
Costa Mesa, 'Smile, the Musical'
Bright Spot: Scott Collier, Courtney Hatch, Emily Strodel, Christine Tfaye; Special Recognition: Chris Byers, Loralee Sepsey; Achievement: Trista Bell, Ciara Rudas, Eduardo Villegas; Outstanding Achievement: Selena Arreola, Maya Lee-Lopez, Adriana Rodriguez; Highest Achievement: Hayley Smith; Best Actress Finalist: Hayley Smith ; Starlight Award (For the school that showcases itself by going beyond its modest size when bringing the story to life): Kathy Paladino, director
Edison, 'The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee'
Bright Spot: Jeff Cowart; Special Recognition: Adam Breaux; Achievement: Taylor Herbel, Jake Moses, Ernesto Ruiz-Joya, Chase Slovak; Outstanding Achievement: Brooke Borns, Lily Bryson, Dayna Laramie
El Dorado, 'Once Upon A Mattress'
Bright Spot: Elise Anderson, Christian Robles, Katie Sutch; Special Recognition: Jordan Goode, Colby Hamann, Megan Hill; Achievement: Grant Beach, Brian Mogilewski; Outstanding Achievement: Kristi Claes, Nora Hawari, Jerome Lachapelle; Highest Achievement: Natalie Leonard
El Rancho, '70 Girls 70'
Bright Spot: Anthony Cervantes, Sarah Rivera, Sandi Wood; Special Recognition: Jacob Amavizca, Oscar Aquino, Isaac Rodriguez; Achievement: Melissa Gallegos, Angelica Torres; Outstanding Achievement: Raymond Candia, Natalie Sepulveda; Highest Achievement: Samantha Cabanos, Joshua Forniss, Jeana Hernandez, Nina Marquez, Joey Salinas, Rebecca Valenzuela; Best Actress Finalist: Nina Marquez ; Comedia Del Arte Award (To recognize the ensemble as the comedy of the year): Stan Wlasick, director
Estancia, 'Guys and Dolls'
Bright Spot: Maria Alcala, Cesar Coto, William Crosson, Sean Fisher, Jayne Hubbard, Maren McClanahan, Morgan Miller, Jahnisa Roberson; Special Recognition: Dylan Feinhals, Jesus Garcia, Sean Golden, Kenia Lara; Achievement: Alexey Bonca, Sterling Gates; Outstanding Achievement: Abigail Garcia, Axel Lomas, Connor Pearce, Danielle Ridge, Hayden Swift
Fullerton Union, 'Great Expectations, the Musical'
Bright Spot: Liam Dabbs, Preston Harris, Mykaela Sterris; Special Recognition: Travis Ciortan, Elise Cruz, Dakota Goss, Tiana Simons, Samantha Soto, Joshua Wolfe; Achievement: Kareem Attia, Christopher Smith; Outstanding Achievement: Andrew Hatfield, Alexander Noxsel; Highest Achievement: Jennasea Bauserman, Lauren Corona, Zack Hillman, Chloe Rodriguez, Malek Sammour; Best Actor Finalist: Zack Hillman; Student Set Design Award and Spectacular Epic Award (For over the top cast, sets, costumes, and lights.): Michael Despars, director
Garden Grove, 'Disney's Beauty and the Beast'
Bright Spot: Veronikah De L Cruz, Laura Nguyen; Special Recognition: Anissa Guzman, Korina Torres; Achievement: Zach Lyttle, Ethan Quach, Alex Rosu, Kate Vu; Outstanding Achievement: Jasmine Agapinan, Danny Umanzor; Highest Achievement: Andy Diaz; Best Actor Finalist: Andy Diaz
Huntington Beach APA, 'Hello Dolly'
Bright Spot: Sean Burciago, Kristen Daniels, Nick Gilleland, Kelsey Kato, Alexandra Mazza, Elijah Orr, Chase Slovak, Stephen Stanec; Special Recognition: Noah Larsen, Tovi Wayne; Achievement: Asher Ehrenberg, Susannah Oleson; Outstanding Achievement: Alex Jean, Devon Matthews; Highest Achievement: Lily Bryson, Devin Cortez, Sarah Marion, Shiloh Orr; Best Female Vocalist: Sarah Marion ; Best Actor Finalist: Devin Cortez ; Teatro del Extrodiinaire Award (For a production with the courage to tackle a show that is musically and thematically complex): Tim Nelson, director
Huntington Beach APA, 'Xanadu'
Bright Spot: Noah Larsen, Will Melvin, Chase Slovack; Special Recognition: Tawni Bridenball, Patricia Cosulich, Brenna Hanlen, Katrina Manalac, Taylor Phillips; Achievement: Annie Acetta, Lily Buonocore, Makailynn Clark, Kelsey Kato, Devon Matthews, Shelby Rawlinson, Tovi Wayne; Outstanding Achievement: Lily Bryson, Shiloh Orr; Highest Achievement: Devin Cortez, Kristen Daniels, Sarah Marion; Roller Skate Ensemble Award: Tim Nelson, director
Irvine, 'The Wizard of Oz'
Bright Spot: Katherine Buckner, Tessa Nguyen, Kinsey Sundstrom, Brandon Sweatt; Special Recognition: Nathan Brown, William Jeng, Amber Miller; Achievement: Wesley Chui, April Dwane, Preston Fox, Dan Keilbach; Outstanding Achievement: Eric DePalma, Hannah Espinili
JSerra Catholic, 'Alice, the Concert'
Bright Spot: Caroline Jenner, Zachary Johnson, Rachel Nowicki, Andrew Pizzolo, Zach Woxnichi; Special Recognition: Alyssa Ahle, Zack Orrantia, Kallin Zehren; Achievement: Courtney Garcia, Nina Nasr; Outstanding Achievement: Gianna Meaglia
La Habra, 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'
Bright Spot: Sara Hauser, Tessa Kessen, Tanner Robinson, Emily Taylor; Special Recognition: Jakob Garberg, Jason Grillo, Bryce Satterfield; Achievement: Jonathan Rosario, Shane Satterfield; Outstanding Achievement: Kristin Curley, Kasondra Grillo, Kymberlin Martin, Zoya Martin; Highest Achievement: Austin Tebay; Best Actor Finalist: Shane Satterfield , Austin Tebay
La Habra, 'Oklahoma!'
Bright Spot: Tessa Kessen, Bryce Satterfield, Emily Taylor; Special Recognition: Chedza Butale, Danny Cueto; Achievement: Jon Rosario; Outstanding Achievement: Jason Grillo, Casy Martin, Kymberlin Martin, Tanner Robinson; Highest Achievement: Zoya Martin, Emma Sluiter, Shane Sutterfield; Best Male Vocalist: Shane Sutterfield; Show of Shows Award (A classic show that uses spectacularly imaginative new staging and choreography): Brian Johnson, director
Laguna Beach, 'Grease'
Bright Spot: Michael Beu, Tristan Cham, Baily Jaeger, Tatum Moore, Noah Pattillo; Special Recognition: Cale Airey, Gabrielle Crivello, Natalie Palmer; Achievement: Marlena Becker, Elias Cerdas, Tony Davia, Zane Fair, Traer Freeman, Anya Gourley, Clair Howell, Ethan Schlatter; Outstanding Achievement: Haley Castuera, Karina Parker; Highest Achievement: Makenna Zur Schmiede; Best Actress Finalist: Makenna Zur Schmiede
Laguna Beach, 'Hello Dolly'
Bright Spot: Marlena Becker, Tristan Cham, Tony Davia, Jack Pattillo; Special Recognition: Makenna Pitz; Achievement: Zane Fair, Traer Freeman; Outstanding Achievement: Elias Cerdas, Clair Howell; Highest Achievement: Haley Castuera, Karina Parker; Best Actress Finalist: Haley Castuera; Spirit of the M.A.C.Y Award (A marvelous show and cast in a small theater venue): Mark Dressler, director
Laguna Hills, 'Les Misérables"
Bright Spot: Grant Harris, Tahlia Nie, Tustin Talbot; Special Recognition: Ryan Batten; Achievement: Chancey Allen, Sabrina Ickes, Anthony Kairouz; Outstanding Achievement: Jackie Blackburn, Tiffany Carinchi, Reed Jones, Mikey Lathon, Briana Lawson; Highest Achievement: Jonah Buckels, Victoria Johnson, Adam Wong; Best Actor Finalist: Jonah Buckels, Adam Wong; Best Stage Crew Award and Literature Brought to Life Award (A show based on a piece of classic literature that exhibits strong voices, acting and staging): Susan Lord, director
Loara, 'Godspell'
Achievement: Cynthia Espinoza, Codey Foltz, Laura Robbins, Ian Villaescusa; Outstanding Achievement: Matt Argame, Briana Frias, Desiree Nguyen, John Rushman; Highest Achievement: Nicholas Fortinberry, Charishma Marquez; Best Actor Finalist: Nicholas Fortinberry; Heart and Soul Award (A show in a small venue with minimal scenery but wonderful characters and voices): Vanessa Montgomery, director
Mater Dei, 'In The Heights'
Bright Spot: Zachary Calilung, Anna Hirota, John Salazar; Special Recognition: Troy Nguyen; Achievement: Casey Brecher, Joseph Caceres, Emma Faulkner, Luis Pena, Robin Rense, Lea Thomas; Outstanding Achievement: Monica Beld, Gaby Cefalu, Robby King, Rachael McIntosh; Highest Achievement: Erin Dubreuil, Michael O'Toole; Best Actress Finalist: Erin Dubreuil ; Best Ensemble Award and Dynamic Theatrical Production Award (For a school willing to try a new musical and making it seem like it has been around for years): Scott Melvin, director
Mater Dei, 'West Side Story'
Bright Spot: Gaby Cefalu, Ben Dilsisian, Robin Rense, Matt Yepez; Special Recognition: Sean Hunter, Sean Soper; Achievement: Brandon Gonzalez, Andrew Hammond, Austin Kendrick; Outstanding Achievement: Monica Beld, Casey Brecher, Joey Busch; Highest Achievement: Hailey Detterich; Best Actress Finalist: Hailey Detterich
Mission Viejo, 'Fiddler on the Roof'
Bright Spot: Danny Abraham, Connor Atkinson, Maddy Berry, Megan Van Doleweerd; Special Recognition: Julia Cornish, Megan Dorsey, Audrey Heurlin, Shannon Laude, Katie Van Horn; Achievement: Robert Augustine, Jared Porras; Outstanding Achievement: Joseph Cowdrey, Jason Marrs, Courtney Mauss, Sarah McDermott, Paige Parker, Nic Parsons, Anna Young; Highest Achievement: Amanda Wexler; Curtain Riser Award (For a beautifully performance with incredible tech support that brings the audience to it's feet): Kathy Harris, director
Newport Harbor, 'The Pajama Game'
Bright Spot: Sofia Alvarez, Austin Christensen, Scarlett Turner, Celeste Williams; Special Recognition: Daphne Christle, Megan Moricca, Vita Muccia, Jo Jo Stassel, Lauren Steinke; Achievement: Carson Coats, Josh Eakin, Henry Lopez, Sawyer Stahl; Outstanding Achievement: Alexis Stary; Highest Achievement: Hannah Whitfield; Best Actress Finalist: Hannah Whitfield
OCSA, 'Anything Goes'
Bright Spot: Lauren Franco, Chase Thomas; Special Recognition: Madison Ligtermoet, Cooper Reynolds, Josh Teincuff; Outstanding Achievement: Noah Clements, Grace Durham, Daniel Kim, Rebecca Murillo; Achievement: Sam Abillo, Megan McGonigle
OCSA, 'The Wiz'
Bright Spot: Will Daniel, Zofia Weretka; Special Recognition: Carolyne Bethel, Annika Borg-Sundstrom, Krystle Dooley, Stephanie Gatica, Justin High, Kiko Meronk, Jenna Morris, Vivian Ridgeway; Achievement: Will Daniel, Zofia Weretka; Highest Achievement: Connor Berkompas, Chloe Horner, Tyler Logan; Best Male Dancer: Tyler Logan; Best Actor Finalist: Connor Berkompas; Best Actress Finalist: Chloe Horner; Limelight Award (For a simply story told in a grandiose fashion): Karen Rymar, director
Orange Lutheran, 'Guys and Dolls'
Bright Spot: Nate Barrett, Evan Colburn, Jacqueline Devereaux, Delaney Frize, Jordan McNair, Jeri Perez, Emily Porr, Zack Relock, Jenna Welch ; Special Recognition: Jake Burnett, Brandon Martinez; Achievement: Lavance Reed, Anthony Skillman, Parker Stanle; Outstanding Achievement: Kristen Orr, Jeremy Thulemeyer; Highest Achievement: Michael Burrell, Sarah Pierce
Orange Lutheran, 'Into the Woods'
Bright Spot: Kaitlyn Pluta, Kiersten Rummell; Special Recognition: Brandon Martinez, Emily Porr, Zach Relock; Achievement: Audrey Bivens, Jordan McNair, Parker Stanley, Jeremy Thulemeyer; Outstanding Achievement: Cambria Denim, Lavance Reed, Anthony Skillman; Highest Achievement: Jake Burnett, Michael Burrell, Kristen Orr, Sarah Pierce; Best Actor Winner: Michael Burrell; Best Actress Winner: Sarah Pierce; Teatro del Art Award (Recognizing the work of a talented cast, excellent directing, and a school community that lend: Danielle Frasier, director
Pacifica, 'Zombie Prom'
Bright Spot: Kurtis Bowers, Kylie Gallo, Caitie Rear, Austin Turner; Special Recognition: Alex Cobb, Jack Darrah, Melody Espinoza, Parker Knowles, Amy Nguyen, Phoebe Pyne, Sabrina Thompson; Achievement: Nicole Coloumbe; Outstanding Achievement: Brett Beard, Lindsey Eubanks
Rancho Buena Vista, 'The Wedding Singer'
Bright Spot: Corey Carpenter, Hannah Stewart; Special Recognition: Dixon Janda, Garrett Lamoureux, Missy Lipinski, Austin Mitchell, Elexus Tovar; Achievement: Mackenzie Scott; Outstanding Achievement: Teddy Blessing, Catherine Lynch, Wyatt Smith; Highest Achievement: Matt Bolden, Heidi Kern, Grace Marshall, Hayden Royster; Best Actor Finalist: Matt Bolden ; Best Actress Finalist: Grace Marshall; The M.A.C.Y. Award (For the Musical of the Year): Mark Scott, director
San Clemente, 'Grease'
Bright Spot: Denton Burt, Derek Cousineau, Jaquelyn Greenberg, Alexander Kootootsedes, Julia Lacayo, Jenna Sekutera, Draco Tudor; Special Recognition: Sam Brown, Alyssa Curtis, Nicole Finlay, Paris Hull, Billy Perez, Ryan Steel, Nicki Vleisides; Achievement: Jasmine Asadi, Leah Blanks, Meghan Cappon, Ryan Gibby, Chandler Hull, Daniel Klevit, Gabby Meyer, Katherine Morales; Outstanding Achievement: Mason Burt, Rob Rache, Kendall Reynolds
San Juan Hills, 'Crazy For You'
Bright Spot: Madison Anderson, Kayla Lynee Gerlach, Joe Fernandez; Special Recognition: Cassandra Bellomo, Maddie Giles, Jackson Husli, Aimee Savran; Achievement: Makenna Johnson, Jude Patch, Nick Welter; Outstanding Achievement: Teryn Gray, Marinne Rhodes
Santa Ana, 'Sweet Charity'
Bright Spot: Jaime Arambulo, Fabian Perea, David Reyes, Jose Reyes; Special Recognition: Jorge Balbuena, Victor Gudiel, Jennifer Jimenez, Brandon Lee, Daisy Marquez, Vanessa Martinez, Chad Tiliaia; Achievement: Daniel Alvarado, Kimmy Benitez, Amalia Figueroa ; Outstanding Achievement: Angie Jimenez; Orchestra of the Year Award: Lisa Goins, director
Santa Margarita, 'Disney's Beauty and the Beast'
Bright Spot: Katelyn Biberacher, Hannah Cole, Danielle Kubiak, Hannah Rabatin, Hailey Zehren; Special Recognition: Mary Mani, Melissa Montes; Achievement: Noah Brumfeld, Tyler Cotner, Jaquelyn Drust, Alex Granito, Carson Preusse; Outstanding Achievement: Joanna Pisano; Highest Achievement: Grayson Cornwell, Andrea Martinez, Ryan Melosini, Veronica Thompson; Best Actress Finalist: Veronica Thompson; Magical Journey Award (For a show that travels to the land of make-believe): Amy Luskey-Barth, director
St. Margaret's, 'The Sound of Music'
Bright Spot: Nicole Fava, Delanie Melbon, Shelby Nicholas, David Weaver; Special Recognition: Megan Brynjolfsson, Olivia Keane, Annika Krafcik, Liam McGregor, Melisa Osborne; Achievement: Brent Cahill, Sarah Engel, Austin Foley, Garrett Higgins, Maxwell Morin, Hannah Olsen, McCall Sorenson, Chloe Thompson, Sarah Thurin; Outstanding Achievement: Tiffany Choe, Morgan Higgins; Nun Chorus Ensemble Award: Nathan Wheeler, director
Temecula, 'Sweeney Todd"
Bright Spot: Ciera Eis; Special Recognition: Michael Kramer; Achievement: Ashlynn Dawn; Outstanding Achievement: Brennen Winspear; Highest Achievement: Sierra Phillips, Nick Wuebben
Tesoro, 'Legally Blonde'
Bright Spot: Joshua Feliscuzo, Jake Pich, Chandler Zinke; Special Recognition: Kendall Barnes, Alexander Bergelson, Nina Clalbretta, Allie Graydon, Celine Nasol, McKenzie Rice, Dalton Young; Achievement: Katie Hefner, Lauren Kline, David Shadman; Outstanding Achievement: Katie Beliles, Hannah Betz, Lauren DeMarco, Mark Gibson, Erica Jackson, Colette Lush, Meredith Turner; Highest Achievement: Brandon Ehlert, D'Arcy Green, Char Smith, Erin Theodorakis; Best Supporting Actress: Erin Theodorakis; Best Comedic Duo: Char Smith, Erin Theodorakis ; Best Actor Finalist: Brandon Ehlert; Best Actress Finalist: D'Arcy Green; Spotlight Award (For a production that makes spectacular use of the ensemble): Cheryl Des Palmes, director
Tri-School, 'Damn Yankees'
Bright Spot: Jacob Bryant, Caitlin Crawley; Special Recognition: Moises Cardoso, Haily Coad, Lexi Cross, Drew Ericsen, Gregory Jenn, Sam Lipot, Brandon Martinez, Eli Newcomb, Will Nighswonger, Jonathon Saucedo, Kenneth Steele, Sennecca Ulloa; Achievement: Hunter Berecochea, Mel Gonzalez, Danny Kane; Outstanding Achievement: Hannah Butler, Grant Hodges, Alexandra Worden
University, 'Annie Get Your Gun'
Bright Spot: Jarod Green, Sidra Morgan-Montaya, Ryan Nicholson, Megan Tran, Hannah Zivolich; Special Recognition: Alberto "Santiago" Silva, Matt Statson, Keon Zemoudeh; Achievement: Alexandra Kramer, Sami Lodi, Kian Moghtaderi; Outstanding Achievement: Brooke Dickson, Beylul Ephrem
Villa Park, 'Guys and Dolls'
Bright Spot: Brett Ash, Julianne Brandenburger, Alex Cornwell, Laura Musquez; Special Recognition: Parker Kjellin-Elder; Achievement: Rob Bergman, Nick Hensley, Michele Sams; Outstanding Achievement: Christian Baker, Andrew Mackintosh, Jared Piper; Highest Achievement: Claire Pearson; Best Actress Finalist: Claire Pearson
Vista, 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'
Bright Spot: Amy Cummings, Ellie Keane; Special Recognition: Marissa Preston, Hayli VanWagoner; Achievement: Joel Arnold, Tim Bechtold, Brandon Garces, Tim Griffith, Matthew Hancock, Austin Kelley, Jeremy Mauritzen, David Payne, David Sanchez, Claire Vencill; Outstanding Achievement: Robert Brusch, Cameron Romney, Janey Hurley
Woodbridge, 'Oklahoma!'
Bright Spot: Lara Anderson, Jonathan Cortez-Valdez, Sophia Huisken, Cole Webb Harter Achievement: Josh Bright, Kiara Fausett, Bryce St. Peter; Special Recognition: Mackenzie Pereira, Jane Sorena; Outstanding Achievement: Shane Iverson, Hans Kelsen, Liam Rose; Highest Achievement: Nicole Gentile, Austin Rae; Best Female Dancer: Mackenzie Pereira ; Best Comedian: Austin Rae; Best Actress Finalist: Nicole Gentile ; Classic Masterpiece Award (For a classic show that is beautifully crafted and performed): Rob Blaney, director
Yorba Linda, 'Guys and Dolls'
Bright Spot: Jenny Nagel, Gino Roberto, Riley Rose, Allison Ruiz, Matt Stahl, Becca Van Norman; Special Recognition: Matthew Burns, Matthew Cyprien, Jennifer DeBaum; Achievement: Eliana Hood, Jeff Moreno, Taylor Nivinskus; Outstanding Achievement: Austin Gold, Coleman Summers; Highest Achievement: Brandon Burns, Aaron Ford, Scout Lepore, Nathan Shube, Dalton Thomas; Best Comedianne: Scout Lepore; Best Supporting Actor: Brandon Burns; Best Actor Finalist: Dalton Thomas; Performance of the Day (Best performance at the Childress M.A.C.Y. Awards show) and Musical Rhapsody (For the show with a cast with many principal actors who work well together): Cathy Petz, director
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Storybook 2.1.15
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Versions of Storybook
|Storybook 2.1.15 29/11/10
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Organize plots, characters and scenarios for your next book
Articles Storybook
Storybook enables you to organize all the elements regarding your book, namely characters, locations and different plots, including main story and secondary threads. Storybook defines and configures each element on their own, which makes the whole job much easier because it enables you to have a clearer view of your book's structure. Plus, Storybook lets you have multiple active projects (books) as you want, and also organize elements on its interface by following color codes.
Bear in mind that this is no word processor. It's more of an organized database where you keep small bits of information which, once properly developed and linked together, will produce a book.
Whenever you plan to write a book, Storybook is a really helpful tool that will assist you in the creation, management and organization of ideas, characters and locations.
Recent changes
- translated to Greek, Swedish, French, Finnish
- improved object tree
- fixed bug: Export of Character List fails
- French translation completed
- implemented feature column order of strands
- exported files can be opened directly now
- New feature: Task List
- the manage lists for characters, locations etc. has been improved
- improved layout
- New feature: scale for book and manage view
- translated to Finnish
- New feature: navigation: go to a date
- improved date localization
- New feature: navigation: go to a chapter number
- New feature: Scene text import / export
- updated H2 Database Engine to version 1.0.79 (2008-09-26)
- Very helpful tool for writers
- Use a color code for optimized management
- No word processor included
"Promising software but Linux version is full of bugs."
I used storybook in Windows. I have now migrated to ubuntu. Unfortunately ubuntu version is broken. It gives multiple error.
- Good interface. I like the thread feature.
- Views:
- 35
- Date:
- 21 Sep 2016
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Career and Education Opportunities for Crop and Livestock Managers in Ramapo, New York
Ramapo, New York provides a wide variety of opportunities, both career and educational, for crop and livestock managers. The national trend for crop and livestock managers sees this job pool growing by about 5.9% over the next eight years. Crop and livestock managers generally direct and coordinate, through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities of workers engaged in agricultural crop production for corporations, cooperatives, or other owners.
Crop and livestock managers earn about $25 hourly or $53,730 annually on average in New York and about $27 hourly or $56,230 annually on average nationally. Crop and livestock managers earn the same as people working in the category of Farm and Livestock generally in New York and more than people in the Farm and Livestock category nationally. Crop and livestock managers work in a variety of jobs, including: fruit rancher, herb grower, and corn grower.
The Ramapo area is home to 136 schools of higher education, including two within twenty-five miles of Ramapo where you can get a degree as a crop and livestock manager. Given that the most common education level for crop and livestock managers is a Bachelor's degree, it will take about four years to learn to be a crop and livestock manager if you already have a high school diploma.
CAREER DESCRIPTION: Crop and Livestock Manager
In general, crop and livestock managers direct and coordinate, through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities of workers engaged in agricultural crop production for corporations, cooperatives, or other owners.
Crop and livestock managers record data such as production figures, farm management practices, and parent stock data, and ready financial and operational reports. They also talk with buyers to manage the sale of crops. Equally important, crop and livestock managers have to evaluate financial statements and make budget proposals. They are often called upon to analyze soil to establish types and quantities of fertilizer required for maximum production. They are expected to purchase machinery and supplies such as tractors and chemicals. Finally, crop and livestock managers direct and schedule worker efforts such as planting and grading.
Every day, crop and livestock managers are expected to be able to read and understand documents and reports. They need to articulate ideas and problems. It is also important that they listen to and understand others in meetings.
It is important for crop and livestock managers to decide on procedural changes in drying and shipment processes in order to furnish greater efficiency and accuracy. They are often called upon to enforce applicable safety regulations. They also negotiate with bank officials to obtain credit. They are sometimes expected to hire and promote staff. Somewhat less frequently, crop and livestock managers are also expected to decide on procedural changes in drying and shipment processes in order to furnish greater efficiency and accuracy.
and inspect orchards and fields to establish maturity dates of crops, or to estimate potential crop damage from weather. And finally, they sometimes have to direct growing efforts with efforts of related departments such as engineering and packing.
Like many other jobs, crop and livestock managers must have exceptional integrity and be reliable.
Similar jobs with educational opportunities in Ramapo include:
- Aquaculture Director. Direct and coordinate, through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities of workers engaged in fish hatchery production for corporations, cooperatives, or other owners.
- Farm Rancher. On an ownership or rental basis, operate farms, or other agricultural production establishments which produce crops, horticultural specialties, or animal specialties. May plant, cultivate, harvest, perform post-harvest activities, and market crops and livestock; may hire, train, and supervise farm workers or supervise a farm labor contractor; may prepare cost, production, and other records. May maintain and operate machinery and perform physical work.
- Industrial Production Manager. Plan, direct, or coordinate the work activities and resources necessary for manufacturing products in accordance with cost, quality, and quantity specifications.
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES: Crop and Livestock Manager Training
Mercy College - Dobbs Ferry, NY
Mercy College, 555 Broadway, Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522. Mercy College is a medium sized college located in Dobbs Ferry, New York. It is a private not-for-profit school with primarily 4-year or above programs. It has 8,792 students and an admission rate of 35%. Mercy College has a bachelor's degree program in Animal Sciences which graduated fourteen students in 2008.
County College of Morris - Randolph, NJ
County College of Morris, 214 Center Grove Rd, Randolph, NJ 07869-2086. County College of Morris is a medium sized college located in Randolph, New Jersey. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 8,441 students. County College of Morris has an associate's degree program in Agricultural Business and Management which graduated seventeen students in 2008.
Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence: The Certified Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence is a professional who leads and champions process-improvement initiatives everywhere from small businesses to multinational corporations that can have regional or global focus in a variety of service and industrial settings.
For more information, see the American Society for Quality website.
Accredited Farm Manager: Farm Managers offer professional management services to farmland owners to help them optimize the returns from their asset.
For more information, see the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers website.
Business and Employer Services - Professional Certification: Professional certification exam for Business and Employer Services in workforce development.
For more information, see the Dynamic Works Institute website.
Certified Manager: Certified Manager certification is valued for the credibility and recognition it brings to managers and the organizations for which they work.
For more information, see the Institute of Certified Professional Managers website.
Certified Ornamental Lanscape Professional: Earn the Certified Ornamental Landscape Professional (COLP) designation by completing the "Principles of Landscape Tree & Shrub Maintenance" self-study course.
For more information, see the Professional Landcare Network website.
Certified Associate in Project Management: As project management grows in scope, importance and recognition, so do the related career and credential options available to you.
For more information, see the Project Management Institute website.
Program Management Professional: Project Management Institute's newest credential is specifically developed to acknowledge the qualifications of the professional who leads the coordinated management of multiple projects and ensures the ultimate success of a program.
For more information, see the Project Management Institute website.
LOCATION INFORMATION: Ramapo, New York
Ramapo is situated in Rockland County, New York. It has a population of over 115,096, which has grown by 5.7% in the past ten years. The cost of living index in Ramapo, 150, is far greater than the national average. New single-family homes in Ramapo are valued at $187,300 on average, which is well below the state average. In 2008, one hundred seventy-four new homes were built in Ramapo, down from two hundred fourteen the previous year.
The three most popular industries for women in Ramapo are health care, educational services, and professional, scientific, and technical services. For men, it is educational services, professional, scientific, and technical services, and construction. The average commute to work is about 33 minutes. More than 34.5% of Ramapo residents have a bachelor's degree, which is higher than the state average. The percentage of residents with a graduate degree, 15.1%, is higher than the state average.
The unemployment rate in Ramapo is 6.6%, which is less than New York's average of 8.7%. About 16.3% of Ramapo's residents are below the poverty line, which is worse than the state average.
The percentage of Ramapo residents that are affiliated with a religious congregation, 82.9%, is more than both the national and state average. Wesley Chapel and Saint Vincent De Paul Church are all churches located in Ramapo. The most prominent religious groups are the Catholic Church, the Muslim Estimate and the United Methodist Church.
Ramapo is home to the Kanes Open Camp and the Cedar Hollow Country Club.


text:
Emerson Drive to headline wine festival
OBSERVER Staff Report
FORESTVILLE – The sixth annual America's Grape Country Wine Festival has officially spread its wings once again as everything has been checked off of the to-do lists. The final check mark? The Saturday night concert.
National recording artists and country group Emerson Drive will be on America's Grape Country Wine Festival's stage on Aug. 10. Opening for them will be Dunkirk's own Sean Patrick McGraw.
"We're really looking forward to this year's festival. There have been a lot of changes, for the better of course, that we can't wait for everyone to experience," said AGC's marketing director, Michael Ferguson. "Emerson Drive is just the icing on top!"
Emerson Drive is a Canadian country music band. Some of their biggest hits include "Moments," "I Should Be Sleeping" and "Fall Into Me."
The band has received plenty of acclaim. In 2002, the band won Billboard Magazine's Top New Artist and Radio and Records Top New Artist. In 2003, the band won the Academy of Country Music's Top New Vocal Group or Duo. They've won several Canadian Country Music Association awards including Group or Duo of the Year twice and Single of the Year. They've won Music Video of the Year awards from CMT and the Inspirational Country Music Awards. They have also been nominated for the ACM's Vocal Group of the Year twice, and the Country Music Association's Vocal Group of the Year twice.
The America's Grape Country Wine Festival is the largest statewide wine festival in Western New York. It offers wine tastings, free educational chef seminars, wine and food pairings, a stellar group of craft vendors across New York State and all with live musical entertainment. The festival takes place at the Chautauqua County Fairgrounds in Dunkirk. Past main stage performers include Uncle Kracker and The Guess Who.
For more information on America's Grape Country Wine Festival or to purchase festival and concert tickets, visit www.agcwinefestival.com or call 1-800-965-4834. You can also follow AGC on Facebook and Twitter for constant updates and your chance to win free tickets. For information on Emerson Drive and other tour dates, visit www.emersondrive.com.
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text:
Following yesterday's shareholders' approval, Denbury Resources Inc. (NYSE:DNR) has completed the merger with Encore Acquisition Company and entered into a new $1.6 billion credit facility as well. In addition, Denbury will assume Encore's position as obligator on the remainder of all Encore senior subordinated notes.
Denbury issued approximately 134.4 million of its shares and paid about $829.4 million in cash to Encore shareholders. Denbury and Encore stockholders own 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively, of the combined company.
The combined company will operate under Denbury's name and trade under the DNR ticker symbol. Trading in Encore's common stock is now terminated. In November last year, Denbury entered into an agreement with Encore to acquire the company for $4.5 billion.
This merger will position the combined company as one of the largest crude oil-focused independent North American E&P companies. In addition, it will also create one of the largest CO2-enhanced oil recovery platforms across the Gulf Coast and Rocky Mountain regions.
Denbury's niche business model of extracting crude oil from mature fields using tertiary recovery methods will turned out to be very valuable in this commodity-price outlook. In addition to this merger, the company's plan for significant investment to develop the Conroe oil field as a tertiary field will benefit the company in the long run. Denbury shares were up 0.92% to $15.43 at Tuesday's closing.


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If you are looking to enjoy a cultural event in an informal atmosphere, have a glass of wine, chat with people you just met about the value of art, whales or windings of destiny, or simply spend some time in a pleasant place – come to Kaņepes Culture Centre.
It is not just a café or a club. We offer various exhibitions, experimental art and culture events on a regular basis. The undeniably artistic atmosphere and the free-spirited public of the café will contribute to a truly bohemian entertainment. Kaņepes Culture Centre also has its own garden, which is a perfect hang-out place for warm summer nights and not just.
The building that houses Kaņepes Culture Centre is over 100 years old. It was a venue for social events organized by Baltic German and Russian aristocrats, and a bohemian place during the time of the independent Latvian state, when it was occupied by students of the Art Academy. For some time the building was left uncared for, but now Kaņepes Culture Centre is restoring it room by room to bring back the soul of this beautiful building.


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I downloaded a greeting card app and now I want to connect it to my facebook account but my SG3 keeps saying cookies are not enabled go to security settings. I did but can't see where I need to go to enable my cookies. This is the first app I've downloaded since the update. Prior to that I've never had an issue. Can someone help me please. Thanks
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48 CFR 3.702 - Definition.
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
3.702 Definition.
Final conviction means a conviction, whether entered on a verdict or plea, including a plea of nolo contendere, for which sentence has been imposed.
Title 48 published on 2015-10-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 48 CFR Part 3 after this date.


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Advantage Business Media Design Group editorial director, Alix Paultre, is leaving the organisation to join power supply manufacturer, Globtek, as marketing director. Alix joined Advantage Business Media in 2008 and during his tenure helped create and implement the initiative to refresh and re-purpose ECN (Electronic Component News), the flagship publication of the group, to better address its target audience of design engineers. The lessons from that effort are now being applied to the other publications of the group, and include new processes, sources, and ways to address online audiences using the latest in publishing tools and practices. Alix says he will continue to serve the design engineer as a member of the power electronics community and his duties at ADG will be handled by Chris Warner, executive editor at the group, for the time being. Chris can be reached at [email protected]
Bob Jones 2016-10-24T10:55:29+00:00 February 14th, 2012|
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The Lanzavecchia family, winemakers for four generations, expresses its links with the land through its wines. It contributes to promoting the image of the Langhe area around the world, not only with fine wines and good food, but a way of life, a choice that is reflected in the joys and hard work of everyday life at Serralunga d'Alba (CN).
"I love this land, this house in the midst of the vines, these places that are so special and full of history and the stories of people. Every day seems the same, but every year gives different fruits. The land is like a child; when you take care of it and give it love, it rewards you and never betrays you. But the land is a hard taskmaster, as our countryfolk say, and it is also fatigue, sweat and pain. By the time you understand this, it is too late; you are part of this land and this land is yours."
Daniele Lanzavecchia


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2 posts tagged with brut.
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Brutish Behavior
The Old Spice Guy backlash has officially begun, sponsored by another brand of men's fragrance you'd never get caught dead using. You can slap that guy or you can slap a mime instead. Or vote for the next guy to get slapped, an overweight dude in a speedo or a familiar looking golfer. Meanwhile, Brut sets down some rules that seem a little too close to the rules for a Gentleman's Gentleman (as seen here). Yeah, it's Pepsi Shade-Of-Green-Not-Occurring-In-Nature. [more inside]
Russian Psychoanalytic Art Mystery
"This was painted by a person with a rare and severe mental disorder. He was constantly seeing his own fantasies all around him. He also had a certain phobia..." (via Digg). The image is an imperfect reproduction of a particular postcard dated 1972. A blogger (in Russian) claims his psychiatry professor found one aspect of this eerie painting that reveals the patient's disorder. Allegedly, only one of his students in the past 15 years has figured it out. The psychoanalytic mystery has piqued the interest (in Russian) of the online community. A number of supplemental hints from the professor and thousands of guesses later, the case remains unsolved. Skeptics have already decried the mystery as a traffic-boosting hoax, but a few signs still point to its authenticity. Most notably, the artist's reproduction of another classic painting contains the following note: "transferred in 1990 from Moscow mental hospital."
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As a part of ranking BDCs 'Profit' is a key category because it indicates dividend sustainability and the potential for dividend growth or reductions. In my latest "BDC Rankings: April 2014" I include profitability, risk, return, analyst opinions and valuation. Keep in mind that the rankings are from 1 to 10 (10 being the most favorable) on a relative basis to each other. Profitability takes into account many things but the four key categories are historical and projected dividend coverage, EPS growth and operating expense efficiency. Within each of these categories there are various timeframes and methods used but I will keep it basic for this article. Whenever possible I use 'core net investment income' that excludes capital gains and associated expenses such as onetime incentive fees on gains and when projecting core NII I use conservative estimates for 'recurring/non-recurring' income and expenses. This core NII is more representative of recurring income available to cover dividends.
The following table breaks out the four profit categories along with my current profit rank and the debt-to-equity ratio excluding cash for each BDC. The table does not contain whole numbers and the overall rank is weighted more toward sustainability than the other measures.
These rankings will be changing to take into account reported financial results over the next three weeks as well as the research that goes into my premium reports for each BDC. These reports provide 'base case' core NII projections along with best and worst case scenarios. More importantly, I look at historical use of capital to project optimal leverage levels and dividend growth potential as well as interest rate sensitivity and how operational expense efficiency will benefit shareholders. Most of these analyses are included in each of the categories used for the profit rank.
Obviously Main Street Capital (NYSE:MAIN) continues to have the highest rank for many reasons including the ones discussed in "MAIN: The Best BDC?" and having the lowest cost structure and conservative approach to increasing monthly dividends to 90% to 95% of expected core NII giving it excellent coverage and room for continued growth and semiannual special dividends. Over the last 12 to 16 months only three BDCs have increased dividends by 10% or more: MAIN, Hercules Technology Growth Capital (NASDAQ:HTGC) and FS Investment Corp. (NYSE:FSIC).
Prospect Capital (NASDAQ:PSEC) is one of the favorites among BDC investors mostly due to its 'reliable' monthly dividend of 1% but there is no chance of growth beyond the turtle pace they have set of raising it $0.000025 per month or a 1% increase every 44 months that could be seen as a decrease after adjusting for inflation. The bad news is that in a recent SEC document, the company disclosed:
"During the period from January 1, 2014 to April 8, 2014 (with settlement through April 9, 2014), we sold 32,140,686 shares of our common stock at an average price of $11.11 per share, and raised $357.1 million gross proceeds, under our at-the-market offering program, or the "ATM Program." Net proceeds were $353.7 million after commissions to the broker-dealer on shares sold and offering costs. In addition, we issued 2,306,294 shares in connection with the acquisition of a portfolio company."
However, from a net asset value ("NAV") standpoint, this would actually be a positive because it could support any realized or unrealized losses and if there were none I would estimate the new NAV per share to be $10.77 compared to $10.72 last quarter. Basically PSEC added almost 35 million shares (including the DRIP) or 12% and more than other quarters. I will update my projections to take this into account. My continued concern for PSEC (as a shareholder myself) is the potential for slight under coverage of dividends that would chip away at the cushion of undistributed NII as shown in my "PSEC Undistributed NII Chart".
As we begin earnings season this coming week with 7 of the 26 companies that I cover reporting including MCG Capital (NASDAQ:MCGC) first on Monday that has already given us the bad news as predicted months ago by my continued poor profit rankings and "Hercules Technology Vs. MCG Capital". I have already projected and included another quarterly dividend cut this coming quarter for MCGC from $0.125 to $0.07 which actually has a positive impact on its rankings because the lower dividend is more sustainable. As you can see it goes from a historical coverage of 1 up to projected 7 and it is a lower cost internally managed BDC with low use of leverage that could potentially grow its core NII once the company is finished rearranging management. The recent announcement discussed some of these changes and preliminary results with, "For the three months ended March 31, 2014, the Company expects to generate between $4.1 and 4.3 million of net operating income, $23.0 and $24.0 million of net investment losses and $18.9 and $19.5 million of net losses. Per weighted average share for the quarter, the Company expects to generate between $0.05 and 0.06 per share of net operating income, $0.33 and $0.35 per share of net investment losses and $0.27 and $0.29 per share of net losses."
Next to report will be American Capital (NASDAQ:ACAS) and Gladstone Capital (NASDAQ:GLAD). I do not follow ACAS as closely as the other BDCs because it is not an RIC obligated to distribute at least 90% of ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains. ACAS had falling EPS for a few years as it shifted capital away from income producing assets. I have recently finished my "GLAD March 2014 Report" with a core EPS range of $0.20 to $0.23 but the base case of $0.218 and slightly above analyst estimates of $0.21. Keep in mind that my core EPS does not take into account incentive expenses associated with capital gains that are sometimes included in reported EPS.
Also reporting later in the week is HTGC, Medley Capital (NYSE:MCC) and BlackRock Kelso Capital (NASDAQ:BKCC) on Thursday. I have recently finished a report on HTGC as well with a projected core NII between $0.24 and $0.28 with a base case of $0.259. As discussed in my "HTGC March 2014 Report" I have upgraded its risk profile due to management making long-term decisions in the best interest of the shareholders instead of trying to temporarily cover dividends by quickly growing the portfolio and potentially sacrificing credit quality and/or portfolio yields. This means that over the next two quarters I anticipate a lack of dividend coverage from NII. Management has stated this is not the immediate concern and will continue to selectively grow the portfolio as well as sell marginalized assets in this 'frothy' lending environment in an effort to improve credit quality and maintain higher than average yields. As you can see I have a 2 out of 10 rank for HTGC's projected dividend coverage but will revise as needed. Analysts have a different view with projected EPS of $0.28 and $0.29 over the coming quarters.
My next report will be on MCC and will be done before it releases results, so I will adjust the profit rank as needed in the following articles. I do not actively cover BKCC for many reasons including its lack of dividend coverage with projected and recent actual annual EPS of between $0.64 and $0.91 compared to its dividend run rate of $1.04.
Fidus Investment (NASDAQ:FDUS) is expected to report this coming week as well but has not announced exact timing. I consider FDUS to be a higher quality BDC but recently sold my personal position due to pricing concerns.
Investors should only use this information as a starting point for due diligence.
Disclosure: I am long HTGC, MAIN, TCPC, FSC, FSIC, ARCC, TCRD, PSEC, NMFC. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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Written on: 21/08/2009
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It sounds like I grow anything which is easy to dig up and not let anything set seed. My mother bought a new house in North Dorset and the the council had insisted the the developer put and enormous amount of native hedging in the garden. The hedging not only went around the whole property but also completely covered the front garden and was about 30' across and impossible to cut, as nobody could reach across it and as it was up a 3' bank a tractor could not cut it either. My mother was told that she had to replace any hedge plant that died with the same hedge plant. Luckily we found that the council could only insist with this for 5 years, so we have now thinned the hedge so that it is possible to cut it. So perhaps this 5 year rule will apply to me as well.
DorsetUk I have no idea why a London council is insisting that I do this in a private garden.
Nutcutlet ragged robin is pretty but can be a thug if it is happy and so can Fritillaria meleagris as were I live in Dorset at the moment it is now in among all the daffodils even though the pheasants eat them. Both are however very pretty and I am happy to let them seed around as my garden is large where as the one in London is formal and easy maintenance.
Are crocus and cyclamen native?
Thank you Dovefromabove, as I have a pond I can include Sagittaria sagittifolia and Menyanthes trifoliata and Invicta2 tank you for your suggestion as I have now found out that Trollius europaeus is native and can go in the bog garden. I probably can add a few single snowdrops as they are easy to split as well. I think all the rest on the list are pretty much thugs in the right location. I went to a grade 1 listed garden at the weekend which had enormous amounts of wild garlic which is a thug and the whole place smelt of strong garlic, a place I will not be visiting again.
I have found both sweet and dog violets can go mad. I like the idea of a hawthorn except that its flowers, berries and leaves will all fall in my pond. I am not sure Trollius is a native plant but I will check.
To nutcutlet
Soil is neutral to acid London clay. I am only one road up about 300m from the river Thames. Camellias grow well in the soil. Rainfall average and temperatures are normally quite high and frost and snow are quite rare as London is warmer due to pollution I suspect.
I am having a new house built as my current one has so much structural damage due to a previous owner taking out the main structural beam which we have only just found out about 10 years after we bought the house. I have got planning permission for the new house but the council has insisted that I include a percentage of native plants in the garden. I don't mind digitalis purpurea and primulas but most others like bluebells, lily of the valley, iris pseudacorus etc are absolute thugs and the garden is quite small, only about 20m square. I cannot put a native tree like ash or oak in it. Please can anyone suggest other non take over garden native plants.
Check to see if the soil is acidic, alkaline or neutral, before you go shopping for plants as some are very fussy about the conditions they like. As its in sun there is a huge choice of perennials which will like this. I would not go just for perennials though as a lot die down in the winter. So add a few low growing shrubs or ones that can be clipped like box, daphne, sarcococca, euonymus, hellebores etc for winter interest and don't forget the spring flowering bulbs. Try looking at the RHS website or crocus website for ideas. Crocus also have ready made border designs which you may like.
http://www.rhs.org.uk and http://www.crocus.co.uk
SBK and roundup are bad enough let alone mixing them with paraffin or using vinegar, what else are you killing? I just cover mine with composted bark chippings and while a bit still comes up it is easy to dig it out. The only place I have a lot is on my neighbours fence. It has woven onto my side through the fence and is the only thing now holding the fence up. I cut it once a year using a hedge cutter with a sheet underneath so that I catch all the bits I cut off so they don't root on my side. I always do this once it has finished berrying as all the birds love it. I did once have a beautiful old elm stump covered in ivy and once it had finished flowering and berrying I cut it into a topiary shape. It obviously didn't like this idea and promptly died which I was rather upset about as it was the nicest ivy in the garden.
I also reuse a lot of them but I have two haystack shelves in my shed which are overflowing with them. I have over 200 3" ones and only want to keep about 100 and have about the same number of 1 ltr, 2 ltr and 5 ltr which I have gradually accumulated over the years. When I go to our village plant sale next week I always feel that I have to buy something as it goes towards repairing my local Church so I will gain a few more pots, though will take some plants for them to sell as well so hopefully take more than I bring back.


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An Analysis of the Prolific Trumpeter Who Became a World Ambassador For Jazz, Louis Armstrong
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The prolific trumpeter who became a world ambassador for jazz Louis Armstrong learned to blow on a bugle in reform school when he was 13 His intuitive genius for improvisation changed the course of jazz but after the 1940s mugging dominated his performances and he had his greatest success as a pop singer Louis Daniel Armstrong popularly known as Satchmo and Pops was born on July 4 1900 in New Orleans the birthplace of American jazz His father Willie was a day laborer in a turpentine plant and his mother Mayann Mary Ann worked chiefly as a domestic His grandparents had been slaves Dippermouth his original nickname picked up small change by singing and dancing with other street urchins in the notorious Storyville district After Louis celebrated New Years Eve by firing a 38 pistol that belonged to one of his stepfathers he was sent to the Colored Waifs Home for Boys in 1913 There he tried several instruments until he found his voice in the cornet and though self-taught he became the leader of the school band Armstrong was 18 when he replaced his idol King Oliver in Kid Orys Brownskin Band A mellophonist taught him how to read music when he joined a Mississippi riverboat band In 1922 he went to Chicago to play second cornet with Olivers Creole Jazz Band His time with Fletcher Hendersons big band in New York City in 1924 expanded his music beyond the traditional New Orleans style Soon he switched to the trumpet on theater dates because of its brighter sound and flashier look The first band built in the image of one personality was the one Armstrong organized in Chicago in 1925 With his phenomenal tone instrumental range stamina and stunning gift for melodic variations he was able to turn jazz from ensemble music to a solo art His Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings were jazz landmarks
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MCM Regulatory Science
The goal of the Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi) regulatory science program is to develop the tools, standards, and approaches to assess medical countermeasure safety, efficacy, quality, and performance and to help translate cutting-edge science and technology into innovative, safe, and effective medical countermeasures (MCMs).
FDA funds MCM regulatory science through intramural and extramural research grants, and forms scientific partnerships that help develop solutions to complex regulatory science challenges.
To highlight progress of ongoing regulatory science research, and discuss the future of MCM regulatory science, FDA hosts an annual MCMi Regulatory Science Symposium.
MCMi also works with FDA medical product centers to facilitate guidance and regulatory science to support the Animal Rule, which may be used to grant marketing approval of certain products when human challenge studies would not be ethical or feasible.
Information in this Section
Related Information
- January 7, 2016: Linking the scientific and regulatory environments (presentations) - Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) Stakeholders Workshop (PDF - 1.6MB)
FDA regulatory science slides, including MCM regulatory science overview, CBER MCM research and case study on anthrax vaccine shelf life, determining MCM dose in special populations (CDER), and infectious disease diagnostics and FDA-ARGOS database (CDRH)
- October 9, 2014: Regulatory Science Collaborations Support Emergency Preparedness
FDA Voice blog post
- April 22, 2014: Collaboration and Medical Countermeasures - Furthering Regulatory Science
FDA Voice blog post