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Meditative / Zen
DescriptionMeditative or Zen games try to calm or relax players. These types of games often have no goals and players can't do anything wrong inside the game.
|Game Title
Windows 3.x (1994)
Gecko Shuffle is a simple game that tests one's reflexes. The player is presented with three tiles, two of which...
Windows (2002)
Gekko Mahjong World Championship is another Shanghai-like solitaire game system that uses Mah-Jong tiles: just match pairs of tiles to...
Windows (2006)
The player controls a luminescent nugget of ectoplasm, a lost soul trapped in the cave between this world and the...
Windows (2006)
Haiku Journey is a word puzzle game with Oriental themes. The gameplay is similar to Boggle, Bookworm and other similar...
Windows (2009)
Heed is a free 2D click-and-point adventure game. It features an inventory. The game can be controlled via mouse.Story: A...
Browser (2004)
What's that up in the sky? Ah, it's a balloon. It's flying high up and above, going higher and higher...
PlayStation 3 (2014), PS Vita (2014) and PlayStation 4 (2014)
In Hohokum the player controls a snakelike creature, called the Long Mover, exploring whimsical and colorful worlds with no set...
Browser (2010)
An abstract sci-fi interactive movie, this unusual game has players watch video clips on YouTube and strategically click on hot...
Windows (2011)
Influence is a real-time strategy game that can be played singly or online with others. Players choose an 'id', a...
Commodore PET/CBM (1982)
Insulter is a parody of Eliza. Instead of trying to be helpful to the player this chatterbot just tries to...
Browser (2010)
January is a short interactive experience. The player controls a character walking outside through the snow. Snowflakes float down gradually....
CD-i (1992)
Jigsaw: The Ultimate Electronic Puzzle is a collection of digital Jigsaw puzzles. The game allows you to choose a picture...
PlayStation 3 (2012) and PlayStation 4 (2015)
In Journey the player controls a robed character through a vast desert with large areas that can be freely explored...
Windows (2009)
In Kabloom, play as an elephant trying to bring life back to a dying island by planting, watering and growing...
Critic Score
Top games by as rated by the press:
- 96 Alter Ego
- 93 Zen Bound
- 93 Journey
- 92 Alto's Adventure
- 90 Knytt Stories
- 87 Flower
- 85 The Game of Harmony
- 84 Zen Bound 2
- 84 Peter Gabriel: Eve
- 84 The Game of Harmony
Games must have at least a Critic Score of 80 to be considered.
Top games as rated by our users:
- 4.28 Knytt Stories (2007)
- 4.28 Flower (2009)
- 4.20 Journey (2012)
- 4.07 Aquanaut's Holiday (1995)
- 4.07 MusicVR Episode 1: Tr3s Lunas (2002)
- 3.94 Alter Ego (1986)
- 3.91 flOw (2006)
- 3.88 Kyodai Mahjongg (1997)
- 4.27 Taipei (1990)
Games must have at least 5 votes and a User Score of 4.0 to be considered.
Meditative / Zen is part of Pacing. This group of genres contain:


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The BEAT News Archive
For a number of reasons (e.g., organizations cease to exist, files are renamed, moved or deleted) many of the links in these archival copies of The BEAT News no longer work. We have identified and either fixed or removed some but not all of the non-functional links.
|August 6, December 31,


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
- 05-13-2009, 12:28 PM Thread Author #1
- Posts
- 1 Posts
- Global Posts
- 7 Global Posts
Contact Syncro
Hi there
I'm new to Android, just got an HTC Magic. I'm an old BB user and as such got myself a Storm for my private use. I have a Bold for business.
I got so fed up with the Storm that I replaced it with Android! Great. My main question is: how can I syncronise my contact from my PC to the HTC? I searched and all I found was the funambol solution but quite cumbersome.
Thanks in advance for your help.
From Barcelona,


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Related quotes
"After five minutes of that Memphis game, ... I shut the VCR off, walked out into the kitchen, got a cup of coffee, turned around and went back into my office at home, and just said, 'Wow.'"
"We had the smoke in our kitchen under control by 5:10 this morning and guests were back in their rooms by 5:30 a.m., but it was a call-in topic on local radio as recently as an hour ago. My staff and I are just scratching our heads."
"We'd always be in the kitchen; it was a Saturday morning thing, just sitting there with a big bushel of hair, just praying you don't get burned. On Easter, she took her time and put some love into it."
"The next morning Amy came to my kitchen at 7 a.m., wearing her pajamas. She asked about the cookies, which she had promised her class."
"Were all these entities failing when Dena Schlosser walked into the kitchen, bypassed the small knife and chose the instrument of death?"


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Turanza ER370
Tread Type:
Customer Comments
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Customer Ratings
Number of ratings: 3
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- Would buy again:
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- Excellent wet grip, dry handling and stability.
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Arty Girl: Jason Hill's "Icons of Phoenix" Prints
Oh, how I love the Westward Ho...especially through the eyes of Jason Hill.
Okay, I know Phoenix is in its how-did-anyone-think-to-settle-in-this-Hell-zone time of year right now but hear me out. Er, actually, hear artist, Jason Hill, out. This guy is our number one promoter of all things that are good in Phoenix.
Namely, our architecture. Some may be surprised to know that we do, indeed, have a fair amount of great looking buildings...we just need someone to point them out.
Local artist, Jason Hill is our man. He has an uncanny knack for visually defining our city. Hill makes gorgeous prints of Phoenix architecture like the Luhrs Tower, the Westward Ho and our beloved Bikini Lounge. He amplifies their design with electric colors and clean lines. These are places the rest of us drive by, ignorant of their potential until Hill enlightens us. He's gained a well-deserved local following for his fine art prints and, right now, you have the chance to get your paws on some.
Check out his Etsy site to grab up his limited edition prints from his "Icons of Phoenix" series that received critical acclaim during its March 2009 showing at Art Detour.
And, just so you know, that Westward Ho print is the last of its kind...better hurry.
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Ed Asner and Felicity Huffman have been cast as father and daughter in "Thunder Alley"– the ABC midseason sitcom from Wind Dancer Production Group, virtually assured a slot adjacent to that company's blockbuster hit "Home Improvement."Asner, who's appeared in various series since his back-to-back stints — totaling 12 years — on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and "Lou Grant," will play a retired race-car driver, running a successful garage, whose divorced daughter and three kids move in with him. Jim Beaver, who had a recurring role recently on "Reasonable Doubts," will play Asner's sidekick. Barnet Kellman has been tapped to direct the prototype, which tapes next week. The series is the first under a uniquely structured two-series deal between ABC and Wind Dancer, whose principals are Matt Williams (also the creator of "Roseanne"), Carmen Finestra and David McFadzean. Disney, which previously had an overall deal with Wind Dancer, will serve as distributor on the two series, while ABC will finance the shows and hold a financial interest in them. The assumption is that "Alley"– which carries a substantial penalty if not ordered as a series — will be slotted either leading into or following "Improvement," now TV's top-rated series. Several actors, including James Garner and Richard Crenna, were reportedly considered for the part, coveted as a plum role because of Wind Dancer's creative cache and clout at the network.
Asner goes to 'Alley'
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The MMQB with Peter KingMore from The MMQB
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Agustin Colazo
Who is Agustin Colazo? Was Agustin Colazo arrested? When was Agustin Colazo arrested? What was Agustin Colazo arrested for? Is this a mugshot of Agustin Colazo? Are there more Mugshots of Agustin Colazo? Are Mugshot laws constitutional? Who decides which Mugshots are Indexed? Why must Mugshots remain public mugshots and public record? Is this the Agustin Colazo you know?
Agustin Colazo was booked in Maricopa County, AZ.
All are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. Published mugshots and/or arrest records are previously published public records of: an arrest, an indictment, a registration, the deprivation of liberty or a detention. The mugshots and/or arrest records published on Mugshots.com are in NO way an indication of guilt and they are NOT evidence that an actual crime has been committed. For latest case status, contact the official law enforcement agency which originally released the information. Submission services for Content Licensing are not offered in all states; please see Content License Disclaimer via Unpublish Arrest.
The following Official Record of Agustin Colazo is being redistributed by Mugshots.com and is protected by constitutional, publishing, and other legal rights. This Official Record was collected from a Law Enforcement agency on 6/25/2013.
Mugshots.com ID: 62009062
Gender: MALE
Race: HISPANIC
Height: 5′ 8″ (1.73 m)
Weight: 160 lb (73 kg)
Hair Color: BLACK
Eye Color: BROWN
Booking Number: P984230
Arrest Date: 6/25/2013
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Not quite yet - but we're getting closer.
Catalyzed by pedestrian earnings that lacked Q4 guidance and other reports of its vehicles catching fire, Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) stock has been roped in over the last couple of weeks. Tesla is now trading 26% lower than it was 3 months ago, but is still showing 250%+ gains for YTD 2013 and the last 12 months.
Seeking Alpha made note of a StreetInsider article published this morning that pinned two analysts - one from Deutsche Bank and the other from Bank of America (NYSE:BAC), against each other:
Deutsche Bank analyst Dan Galves said the stock is now discounting pre-Gen 3 earnings and the sell-off creates a favorable entry point. "We are reiterating our Buy recommendation on Tesla as we see a series of positive catalysts over the next several months that could lead to renewed confidence in the company's earnings trajectory. These include: 1) A favorable resolution of the NHTSA investigation; 2) Initial news on (what we believe will be very strong) China order flows; 3) Increased visibility on an accelerating order/production ramp, and; 4) Further gross margin improvement and operating expense leverage (which may be significantly better than consensus). The firm maintained a Buy rating and price target of $200.
Meanwhile BofA analyst John Lovallo said shares remain overvalued even after the sell-off. He reiterated and Underperform rating and $45 price target, suggesting 63% from current levels. He said the company would have to sell 348,000 vehicles year by 2020 to justify the current valuation.
The bull makes some good points, but the NHTSA investigation, although likely to produce little that is detrimental, still remains outstanding and needs to be considered. I also think the bull fails to take into account the capex that's going to be necessary for Tesla to take its battery production operation to the next level; and how that's likely to affect margins. Putting a $200 price target on the stock is about as sensational as putting a $45 price target on it.
What John Lovallo doesn't understand is that you cannot price Tesla through traditional valuation methods, due to the potential disruptive nature of its business that could revolutionize the entire car industry. That factor has to be priced in slightly, and that's going to give the company an inflated P/E.
What will result of the probe could be something, but will likely be little to nothing. As I said in my last article, the NHTSA has investigated fires in other electric cars, with resolutions like GM voluntarily reinforcing the battery pack on its Volt. While a total recall is still probably unlikely for Tesla, measures such as reinforcing the battery pack seem prudent and logical, if necessary, to appease the NHTSA and continue forward with business as usual.
As with your other "momo" stocks, Tesla is not only susceptible to the results of this potential probe and its fundamentals, but is also susceptible to macro market corrections, as well. Big P/E companies are usually the first ones to pull back in a sector-wide or market-wide correction. Tesla's valuation is still one of a company that needs to grow extraordinarily quickly.
Should the same trading pattern continue, I'm going to stick to my previously mentioned tactic for reentry in Tesla. I like that the stock's RSI is riding the 30 line, but I'd love to see the stock dip down and bounce off the DMA and/or hit the $110 or below region before reentering. Again, you have to remember, Tesla is not a stock that you can simply do a market value QA for a wait for that price point - it's simply never going to happen, due to the nature of Tesla's business.
The market has already decided that Tesla is either going to be a delicious success story or will go up in flames quicker than a lithium ion battery - the future is in the hands of Elon Musk. In the poker nature of playing the man, and not playing the hand, I'm betting long term that Tesla does extremely well and is a household name 10-20 years from now. From a long-term standpoint, I'm still extremely bullish on the company, but I'll "wait for my pitch" before reentering.
I'm reaffirming reentry in the $110 or lower region. Best of luck to all Tesla bulls.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, but may initiate a long position in TSLA over the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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No Buoys
No Buoys
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About Grahzdanskaya Oborona
Grazhdanskaya Oborona (Civil Defense) are a Russian punk rock group formed in the Siberian town of Omsk by bandleader Egor Letov. Over the long history of the group, Letov would go on to be its only constant member. Setting his group apart from other Russian groups of the period that were only nominally objectionable to the tenets of Communism, Letov branded Grazhdanskaya Oborona with the slogan "I will always be against." Grazhdanskaya Oborona (or GrOb for short, meaning grave) -- many of whose former members committed suicide or met other unfortunate ends -- are synonymous in Russia with self-destructive punk energy in the name of social dissidence.
Grazhdanskaya Oborona started in 1982 as the group Posev (Sowing), which included founder Letov, who played drums and sang and who joined forces with bassist Konstantin Pibinov. But because of the group's unapologetically defiant stance against the administration and aggressive music that condemned militarism and totalitarianism (some song titles included "I Hate the Red Color" and "Good Tsar, Familiar Stink"), it immediately became a target for the KGB. Letov was subsequently committed to a mental ward, and Pibinov was sent to the Army.
In 1984 Letov formed Grazhdanskaya Oborona and immediately began to write and record albums. He would often record all on his own, though he credited other musicians, who were really just pseudonyms. His style verged toward lo-fi, noisy punk rock, occasionally drawing inspiration from Russian folk tunes. His many albums were recorded with minimal technology in Letov's apartment or the apartments of friends and a changing cast of collaborators. He was so prolific, recording other groups as well, that his apartment came to be known as GrOb Studio, or GrOb Records. The albums recorded during this period were 1985's Nasty Youth (the first album ever composed by Letov) and Optimism; 1987's Necrophilia, Red Album, Totalitarianism, and It's Good; 1988's The Steel Was Tempered in Such a Way, Fighting Stimulus, and the live record Songs of Joy and Happiness; and 1989's War, Fine and Forever, Armageddon-Pops, Russian Field of Experiments, and the compilation album Red March.
During this period of heavy censorship and monitoring by the Soviet administration, GrOb's albums were copied many times and passed from one friend to the next. This system was named the magnitizdat network after the illegal samizdat self-publication and distribution of the literature of dissident authors throughout the Soviet Union. The group occasionally performed at small amateur venues and played a few rock festivals, which on one notable occasion ended with the electricity being cut off by KGB officials in the audience. In 1987 Letov formed the band Byelki Oktyabr (Great October) with Yanka Dyagileva, who would become his common-law wife. They traveled the country, playing songs and evading the KGB. They recorded three albums rooted in folk music: No Permission in 1987, and Go Home and Angedonia in 1989. He started working on the conceptual project Kommunizm (Communism), where kitschy Soviet art and Stalinist poetry were accompanied by Letov's dissimilar compositions. In 1990 Letov's music experimented with lo-fi and noise. His lyrics became more irrational, and Letov began releasing recordings of his solo performances. He was incredibly prolific, releasing more than 30 albums under the name Grazhdanskaya Oborona, though he was experiencing personal problems, some say related to drug use or schizophrenia.
When Communism ended, Letov became a contradictory character. Though once he had bitterly expressed his hatred for the Soviet regime through his lyrics, he proclaimed himself a "true Communist." He shunned attention from the West, claiming that no one outside of the former Soviet Union could possibly understand his compositions. He also rejected offers of recording contracts, complaining that professional recording technology tainted the authenticity of his work. He started to expressing opinions of "ultracommunism" and "love of totalitarianism" in interviews, and his music reflected the same patriotic sentiment. During the same period, two former GrOb collaborators, Yanka Dyagileva and Dimitry Selivanova, committed suicide. In 1994 Letov became one of the founders of the ultra-leftist National Bolshevik Party, often accused of neo-fascist beliefs. In the new millennium many Russian groups have recorded and performed tributes to GrOb, and in 2005 the group toured the United States. They also recorded the critically acclaimed 2005 album Reanimatziya (Reanimation). Egor Letov died at the age of 44 on February 19, 2007, because of heart problems. ~ Sabrina Jaszi, Rovi


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 2010
|Filing date
|Nov 5, 2007
|Priority date
|Nov 5, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Pierre Tomasini, Nyles Cody
|Original Assignee
|Asm America, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (58), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (13), Classifications (24), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This application relates generally to the deposition of silicon-containing materials in semiconductor processing. More particularly, this application relates to the selective deposition of epitaxial, silicon-containing films using BCl3 and a silicon source.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is often desirable to selectively deposit silicon or silicon germanium on semiconductor surfaces without depositing on insulating surfaces. For example, heterojunction bipolar transistors are often fabricated using selective deposition techniques that deposit epitaxially, e.g., single-crystal, semiconductor films only on active areas. Other transistor designs benefit from elevated source/drain structures, which provide additional silicon that can be consumed by the source/drain contact process without altering shallow junction device performance. Selective epitaxy advantageously reduces the need for subsequent patterning and etch steps.
While selective deposition processes are known in the art, continued scaling in pursuit of faster, less power-hungry circuitry has increased the demands on integrated circuit fabrication. Generally speaking, selectivity takes advantage of differential nucleation during deposition on disparate materials. Selective deposition can generally be explained by simultaneous etching and deposition of the material being deposited. The precursor of choice will generally have a tendency to nucleate and grow more rapidly on one surface and less rapidly on another surface. For example, silane will generally nucleate on both silicon oxide and silicon, but there is a longer nucleation phase on silicon oxide. At the beginning of a nucleation stage, discontinuous films on oxide have a high exposed surface area relative to merged, continuous films on silicon. Accordingly, an etchant, such as HCl, added to the process will have a greater effect upon the poorly nucleating film on the oxide as compared to the rapidly nucleating film on the silicon. The relative selectivity of a process can thus be tuned by adjusting factors that affect the deposition rate, such as precursor flow rates, temperature, pressure, and the rate of etching, such as etchant flow rate, temperature, and/or pressure. Changes in each variable will generally have different effects upon etch rate and deposition rate. Typically, a selective deposition process is tuned to produce the highest deposition rate feasible on the window of interest while accomplishing no deposition in the field regions. Known selective silicon deposition processes include reactants silane and hydrochloric acid with a hydrogen carrier gas.
While many selective deposition techniques are known, there is a need for deposition processes with improved methods of selective semiconductor deposition, along with improved uniformity, purity, deposition speed and repeatability.
An embodiment provides a method for selectively depositing a single crystalline film by chemical vapor deposition. The method includes providing a substrate in a reaction chamber. The substrate includes a first surface having a first surface morphology and a second surface having a second surface morphology different from the first surface morphology. A silicon precursor and BCl3 are intermixed to thereby form a feed gas. The substrate is exposed to the feed gas in the reaction chamber. A Si-containing layer is selectively deposited onto the first surface without depositing on the second surface by the exposure.
Another embodiment provides a method for forming an integrated circuit. The method includes providing a substrate with exposed semiconductor surfaces and insulating regions. The substrate is exposed to a silicon precursor, BCl3 and an etchant vapor, thereby selectively depositing a Si-containing epitaxial film on the exposed semiconductor surfaces.
In accordance with another embodiment, an apparatus is configured for selective epitaxial deposition. The apparatus includes a reaction chamber configured to support a wafer. A source of semiconductor precursor, a source of etchant vapor and a source of BCl3 are each in communication with the reaction, chamber. A controller is configured to simultaneously delivery semiconductor precursor, etchant vapor and BCl3 from the sources to the reaction chamber to selectively deposit an epitaxial semiconductor film on single-crystal areas of a patterned wafer in the reaction chamber.
These and other embodiments are described in greater detail below.
Selectively deposited crystalline silicon may be doped in situ by carrying out the deposition of the crystalline silicon using a silicon source, an etchant, and an additive process gas, such as a carbon source, germanium source and/or electrical dopant precursor. In addition to the commercial value in selectively deposited silicon-containing films, semiconductors in situ deposited with electrical dopants such as p-type dopants is also of considerable commercial importance in a variety of industrial applications, such as in semiconductor manufacturing, microelectromechanical systems "MEMS" device fabrication, and in flat panel displays. Conventionally preferred precursors for p-type dopants are dopant hydrides, such as diborane. Diborane ("B2H6") is typically commercially available diluted in H2, e.g., 1% diborane or 100 ppm in H2. Unfortunately, B2H6 inhibits selectivity by encouraging polysilicon nucleation on dielectrics, thus requiring more etchant in order to maintain selectivity. Increasing the etchant flow to enhance selectivity further suppresses silicon or SiGe nucleation on the single-crystal silicon surface, and very low growth rates consequently occur.
Deposition methods have now been developed that are useful for selectively depositing a variety of single crystalline Si-containing materials. For example, crystalline Si and SiGe may be selectively grown by carrying out the deposition using a silicon source, an optional germanium source and boron trichloride ("BCl3"). In preferred embodiments, the dopants in the resulting doped Si-containing material are also electrically active as-deposited. The deposition of doped layers in accordance with this aspect can be conducted with or without a germanium source, with or without HCl or chlorine gas, and with or without a H2 carrier gas, as described in greater detail below.
The term "Si-containing material" and similar terms are used herein to refer to a broad variety of silicon-containing materials including without limitation Si, SiGe and SiGe:C. As used herein, "SiGe," "carbon-doped SiGe," "SiGe:C" and similar terms refer to materials that contain the indicated chemical elements in various proportions and, optionally, minor amounts of other elements. For example, "SiGe" is a material that comprises silicon, germanium and, optionally, other elements, e.g., dopants such as carbon and electrically active dopants. Terms such as "SiGe", and "SiGe:C" are not stoichiometric chemical formulas per se and thus are not limited to materials that contain particular ratios of the indicated elements. The percentage of a dopant, such as germanium, boron, or other electrically active dopant, in a Si-containing film is expressed herein in atomic percent on a whole film basis, unless otherwise stated.
Group III dopants are elements in Group III of the periodic table and include B and In. Group III dopants may be referred to herein as electrical dopants because of their recognized use as semiconductor dopants. While this invention is not limited by theory of operation, it is believed that Group III dopants are electrically active when incorporated substitutionally into semiconductors, but electrically inactive when incorporated non-substitutionally. The term "p-doped" Si-containing material indicates that the Si-containing material contains a Group III dopant.
Various elements, such as germanium, carbon and electrical dopants, may be alloyed with or doped into Si-containing materials. Germanium and carbon are alloyed with silicon, whereas electrical dopants like boron dope the silicon or silicon alloy. Such Si-containing materials may be referred to herein as being substitutionally doped or alloyed. The process of incorporating such elements into Si-containing materials may be referred to herein as substitutional incorporation or doping. Moreover, Group III dopants that are substitutionally incorporated into Si-containing materials may be referred to as having electrically active dopants, and such Si-containing materials may be referred to as being electrically actively doped.
Unless otherwise stated, the total amount, whether substitutional or interstitial, of a Group III dopant incorporated into a Si-containing material is determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and may be expressed herein in units of atoms per cubic centimeter. For example, a Group III dopant concentration of 6.3�1020 atoms per cubic centimeter may be expressed as "6.3 E20 cm−3." The amount of the incorporated Group III dopant that is electrically active or substitutional may be determined by electrical resistivity measurements, e.g., four point probe measurements known to those skilled in the art. The amount of other elements, such as germanium, substitutionally incorporated into other Si-containing materials may be determined in a similar manner, e.g., by SIMS or XRD.
Various embodiments provide methods for selectively depositing Si-containing materials using BCl3, a silicon source and, optionally, source(s) of other elements such as germanium. The delivery of BCl3 and a silicon source to the surface of a substrate preferably results in the formation of an epitaxial Si-containing film on the surface of the substrate. In certain embodiments, a separate etchant source gas, e.g., a halogen-containing gas such as chlorine, is additionally delivered to the substrate in conjunction with BCl3 and the silicon source, and the Si-containing film is deposited selectively over single crystal substrates or single crystal regions of mixed substrates.
Substrate refers either to the workpiece upon which deposition is desired or the surface exposed to the deposition gas(es). For example, the substrate may be a single crystal silicon wafer, or may be a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, or may be an epitaxial Si, SiGe or III-V material deposited upon such wafers. Workpieces are not limited to wafers, but also include glass, plastic, or any other substrate employed in semiconductor processing.
A mixed or patterned substrate is a substrate that has two or more different types of surfaces, such as different materials and/or different surface morphologies. For example, a patterned or mixed substrate may comprise a first surface having a first surface morphology and a second surface having a second surface morphology. In certain embodiments, Si-containing layers are selectively formed over single crystal semiconductor materials while minimizing and more preferably avoiding deposition over adjacent dielectrics or insulating materials. Examples of dielectric materials include silicon dioxide (including low dielectric constant forms such as carbon- and fluorine-doped), silicon nitride, metal oxide and metal silicate. The terms "epitaxial," "epitaxially," "heteroepitaxial," "heteroepitaxially" and similar terms are used herein to refer to the deposition of a crystalline Si-containing material onto a crystalline substrate in such a way that the deposited layer adopts or follows the lattice constant of the substrate. Epitaxial deposition is heteroepitaxial when the composition of the deposited layer is different from that of the substrate; it is homoepitaxial when the deposited layer has the same composition and natural lattice constant as that of the substrate.
Even if the surfaces are defined by the same material, the surfaces of a mixed substrate can be different if the morphologies or crystallinity of the surfaces are different. The processes described herein are useful for depositing Si-containing films on a variety of substrates, but are particularly useful for mixed substrates having mixed surface morphologies. Such a mixed substrate comprises a first surface having a first surface morphology and a second surface having a second surface morphology. Surface morphology refers to the crystalline structure of the substrate surface. Amorphous and crystalline are examples of different morphologies. Polycrystalline morphology is a crystalline structure that consists of a disorderly arrangement of orderly crystals and thus has an intermediate degree of order. The atoms in a polycrystalline material are ordered within each of the crystals, but the crystals themselves lack long range order with respect to one another. Single crystal morphology is a crystalline structure that has a high degree of long range order. Epitaxial films are characterized by a crystal structure and orientation that is identical to the substrate upon which they are grown, typically single crystal. The atoms in these materials are arranged in a lattice-like structure that persists over relatively long distances on an atomic scale. Amorphous morphology is a non-crystalline structure having a low degree of order because the atoms lack a definite periodic arrangement. Other morphologies include microcrystalline and mixtures of amorphous and crystalline material. "Single-crystal," including both single-crystal wafers and epitaxial layers thereupon, is used to describe a predominantly large crystal structure that may have a tolerable number of faults therein, as is commonly employed for transistor fabrication. The skilled artisan will appreciate that crystallinity of a layer generally falls along a continuum from amorphous to polycrystalline to single-crystal; the skilled artisan can readily determine when a crystal structure can be considered single-crystal or epitaxial, despite low density faults. Specific examples of mixed substrates include without limitation single crystal/polycrystalline, single crystal/amorphous, single crystal/dielectric, conductor/dielectric, and semiconductor/dielectric. Of course, mixed substrates can include more than two different types of surfaces.
Selective Si-containing Films and Methods
An embodiment provides a method of depositing a crystalline Si-containing film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), comprising: providing a substrate, the substrate comprising a first surface having a first surface morphology and a second surface having a second surface morphology different from the first surface morphology; intermixing a silicon precursor and BCl3 to thereby form a feed gas; introducing the feed gas to the substrate; and depositing a Si-containing layer selectively onto the first surface relative to the second surface. According to an embodiment, the Si-containing film is considered selectively deposited if it is selectively formed over a single crystal semiconductor surface while minimizing or avoiding deposition over a dielectric surface in a ratio greater than about 10:1. According to another embodiment, deposition favors the first surface over the second surface by a ratio greater than about 50:1. Preferably, deposition is tuned to be 100% selective, leaving no deposition on the second surface while depositing on the first surface. However, even imperfect selectivity can avoid masking steps for avoiding unwanted deposition from the second surface, because a short dry or wet etch step can clear unwanted sparse deposition from over the second surface. In an embodiment, the crystalline Si-containing film is also in situ doped and has an as-deposited resistivity of about 1.6 m�cm or less. In another embodiment, the film has an as-deposited resistivity of about 1.3 m�cm or less. In another embodiment, the film has an as-deposited resistivity of about 1.1 m�cm or less. The doped crystalline Si-containing film preferably comprises at least about 7�1019 atoms cm3 of boron as deposited. In one embodiment the film comprises at least about 1�1020 atoms cm3 of boron as deposited. Furthermore, the boron in the film derives entirely from the BCl3.
The disclosed methods employ vapor deposition and particularly CVD, including plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition "PECVD" or thermal CVD, utilizing BCl3 and a silicon source vapor to form a feed gas that contacts a substrate to deposit a doped crystalline Si-containing film onto the substrate within a CVD chamber. The Si-containing film is a single crystalline or epitaxial Si film, preferably including electrically active dopants as deposited. In some embodiments, a germanium source such as germane is added to the feed gas to thereby deposit a crystalline electrically doped SiGe or SiGe:C film as the Si-containing film. In some embodiments, an additional or supplemental etchant source gas is added to the feed gas to enhance selectivity of the deposited Si-containing film. In the following description, reference may be made to the use of BCl3 and a silicon source to selectively deposit a doped Si or Si-containing film. It will be recognized that those descriptions are also generally applicable to other Si-containing films, e.g., to the deposition of electrically doped SiGe and SiGe:C films involving the use of a germanium source, unless otherwise stated. Thermal CVD is preferred, as deposition can be achieved effectively without the risk of damage to substrates and equipment that attends plasma processing.
BCl3 and a silicon source and, optionally, a germanium and/or a supplemental etchant gas, are introduced to the chamber in the form of separate gases or by intermixing to form a feed gas. The intermixing to form the feed gas may take place within the chamber or prior to introduction of the feed gas to the chamber. The total pressure in the CVD chamber can be in the range of about 0.001 Torr to about 1000 Torr, but preferably in the range of about 0.25 Torr to about 100 Torr. In some embodiments, the deposition conditions comprise a chamber pressure of at least about 10 Torr. Chamber pressures of at least about 500 mTorr are suitable for the single wafer, single pass, laminar horizontal flow reactor in which the experiments were conducted, as described below. The chamber pressure may be referred to herein as a "deposition pressure." The feed gas can include a gas or gases other than BCl3, such as other silicon sources, other dopant precursor(s) and/or inert carrier gases, but preferably BCl3 is the sole source of boron dopant. Silicon precursor and supplemental silicon sources can include one or more of silane, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, monochlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, trichlorodisilane, neopentasilane. Dichlorosilane is the preferred silicon source. Supplemental etchant sources include but are not limited to chlorine gas and HCl, with HCl being preferred.
Examples of suitable carrier gases for the methods described herein include He, Ar, H2, and N2. In certain embodiments, the carrier gas is a non-hydrogen carrier such as He, Ar and/or N2. As will be appreciated from the description below, some preferred silicon sources, such as dichlorosilane, are introduced to the chamber by way of a vaporizer such as a bubbler used with a carrier gas to entrain the silicon vapor, more preferably by way of a delivery system comprising a bubbler and a gas concentration sensor that measures the amount of silicon precursor in the carrier gas flowing from the bubbler. Such sensors are commercially available, e.g., PIEZOCON� gas concentration sensors commercially available from Lorex Industries, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., U.S.A.
The amount of BCl3 in the feed gas may be adjusted to provide the desired level of boron molecules in the Si-containing film. Preferred concentrations of "pure" (undiluted) BCl3 vapor in the feed gas can be between about 0.1 sccm to about 10 sccm, or equivalent amounts of diluted BCl3, although higher or lower amounts are sometimes preferred in order to achieve the desired properties in the resulting film. According to embodiments, the concentration of pure BCl3 in the feed gas is between about 1 sccm to about 5 sccm, or equivalent amounts of diluted BCl3. Dilute mixtures of the dopant precursor in a carrier gas can be delivered to the reactor via a mass flow controller with set points ranging from about 0.1 sccm to about 1000 sccm, depending on desired dopant concentration and dopant gas concentration. Dilution of dopant gases can lead to factors of 10 to 10 to arrive at equivalent pure dopant flow rates. The dilute mixture is preferably further diluted by mixing with a silicon source, a supplemental etchant source such as Cl2 or HCl as described below, any suitable carrier gas, and any other desired alloying precursor for substitutional incorporation, such as a strain-influencing precursor. Strain-influencing precursors can include a germanium source, such as germane, to form a silicon-containing film comprising Si1-xGex, wherein 0<x≦1. Preferred atomic % Ge in SiGe films can be between about 15% to about 25%. According to embodiments, diluted GeH4 (10% in H2) from about 26 to about 66 sccm (or about 2.6 to about 6.6 sccm pure GeH4) can be intermixed with the feed gas for a reactor operating pressure of about 10 Torr and a temperature of about 760� C. According to embodiments, a supplemental etchant such as HCl can be added in amounts from about 75 to about 115 sccm. The values for flow rates are derived from experiments conducted on 200 mm wafers, but can be readily scaled for substrates of different surface areas (e.g., 300 mm wafers). Supplemental etchant sources besides Cl2 and HCl can include other halogen-containing or Cl-containing etchants. Since typical total flow rates of the gases used for deposition in the preferred EPSILON� series reactors often range from about 20 standard liters per minute "slm" to about 180 slm, the concentration of the dopant precursor is generally small relative to total flow.
The relative amounts of the various feed gas components may be varied over a broad range depending on the composition desired for the resulting Si-containing film and the deposition conditions employed, including temperature, pressure, deposition rate, etc., and may be determined by routine experimentation in view of the guidance provided herein. The feed gas components may be intermixed and then delivered to the chamber or substrate, or the feed gas may be formed by mixing the components at or near the substrate, e.g., by supplying the feed gas components to the CVD chamber separately.
A suitable manifold may be used to supply feed gas(es) to the CVD chamber. Preferably, the CVD chamber is a single-wafer, single pass, laminar horizontal gas flow reactor, preferably radiantly heated. Suitable reactors of this type that are commercially available include the EPSILON� series of single wafer reactors from ASM America, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. The methods described herein can also be employed in alternative reactors, such as a showerhead arrangement. However, the methods described herein have been found particularly effective in the horizontal, single-pass laminar gas flow arrangement of the EPSILON� chambers, employing a rotating substrate, particularly with low process gas residence times. CVD may be conducted by introducing plasma products in situ or downstream of a remote plasma generator, but as noted above, thermal CVD is preferred.
Thermal CVD is preferably conducted at a substrate temperature that is effective to deposit a crystalline Si-containing film over the substrate. In an embodiment, the substrate is at a temperature that is at about a transition temperature between substantially mass-transport controlled deposition conditions and substantially kinetically controlled deposition conditions for the silicon source. Those skilled in the art can adjust temperatures to take into account the realities of actual manufacturing, e.g., preservation of thermal budget, deposition rate, different sizes of chambers, including single wafer and batch reactors, preferred total pressures and partial pressures etc. In general, higher partial pressures call for lower temperatures for a given desired result, whether it be deposition rate, layer quality or a combination of the two. The substrate can be heated by a variety of methods known in the art, e.g., resistive heating and lamp heating.
Exemplary embodiments described below use BCl3 as an alternative to B2H6 for selective epitaxial deposition. BCl3 as a precursor is useful for the preparation of preferred films as described below, preferably boron-doped silicon, SiGe and SiGeC films and alloys. BCl3 is a liquid at room temperature, with a vapor pressure of 1500 torr, and a critical temperature at 179� C.
The resistivity values on the y-axis were obtained from four-point probe measurements on the deposited films. The data points 100 on the right side of the graph shows the resistivity of SiGe deposited with a direct injection of 100% BCl3 vapor from a bottle under a vapor pressure of 4 psi at room temperature. The data points 102 on the left shows the resistivity of SiGe doped with BCl3 passed through a dilution loop of 1 standard liters per minute (slm) of H2. As noted, the electrical resistivity generally indicates the amount of incorporated dopant that is electrically active, and in particular, a high resistivity indicates low boron incorporation. Accordingly, the graph shows that the electrical resistivity decreases, and the boron incorporation thus increases with increasing BCl3 flow with a dilution loop from about 5�1019 at/cm3 at 1 DN of BCl3 to about 7.8�1019 at/cm3 at about 2 DN of BCl3. On the other hand, the electrical resistivity increases and the amount of boron incorporation steadily decreases for a direct injection of 100% of BCl3. This invention is not bound by theory, but it is believed that the increasing resistivity at higher flow rates of direct BCl3 injection may be due to an increasing fraction of electrically inactive dopant in the film. For example, at higher levels of boron, excess boron may not be substitutionally incorporated but rather may migrate to grain boundaries and cause dislocations to occur or grow.
The aforementioned electrically-doped single crystalline Si-containing films may further comprise another substitutionally incorporated element, e.g., a strain-modifying substitutional alloying agent such as germanium. The methods described herein for the incorporation of substitutional electrical dopants into silicon may also be used to incorporate substitutional Ge into silicon or SiGe. For example, in an embodiment, a deposition using a silicon precursor, BCl3, a germanium source and HCl is effective for incorporating germanium substitutionally into selectively deposited, electrically doped epitaxial films, e.g., for creating strain within SiGe layers. Under preferred deposition conditions, germanium incorporation levels can be between about 1% and 99%, typically between 17% and 50%, often between about 20% and about 50%, and more particularly between about 20% and 40%. The resulting SiGe films may be used in various applications, such as remaining strained themselves, to relax and be used to induce a tensile strain on an overlying heteroepitaxial silicon layer, or to exert a compressive stress on a channel.
As is known in the art, the lattice constant for single crystal silicon is about 5.431 Å, whereas single crystal germanium has a lattice constant of 5.657 Å due to the larger size of the germanium atoms. The deviation from silicon's natural lattice constant resulting from substitutional germanium incorporation introduces strain that advantageously improves electrical carrier mobility in semiconductors, improving device efficiency. When the SiGe is deposited to less than the critical thickness of the material, the deposited layer remains compressively strained and hole mobility is improved for PMOS devices. For example, the deposited SiGe layer can be selectively formed over an entire active area, and can define the channel, or it can act as a relaxed template for forming a compressively strained layer thereover, which can then itself serve as a channel region.
Also measured and shown in
By comparing the values at the center of the graphs for
The processes described herein are useful for depositing Si-containing films on a variety of substrates, and selective versions of such depositions are particularly useful for depositing Si-containing films over mixed substrates. An embodiment provides a method for selectively depositing an electrically doped strained single crystalline SiGe film onto the single crystal region(s) of a mixed substrate. HCl may be provided as a supplemental or additional etchant, where the etch effects upon slow-nucleating deposition on amorphous (typically insulating) surfaces is greater than the etch effects on exposed semiconductor surfaces. HCl is known to be difficult to purify and typical commercial sources of HCl can introduce moisture into the deposition process. Such moisture can lower the conductivity of deposited films, and cause unacceptable levels of defects in epitaxial deposition. B2H6 actually inhibits selectivity, necessitating additional etchant (relative to intrinsic or undoped semiconductors) in order to maintain selectivity. In contrast to B2H6, the dopant precursor BCl3 can enhance the selectivity of silicon-based deposition without requiring additional etchant levels, thus avoiding the contaminants that such additional etchant levels are prone to add to the process. Thus, the use of a feed gas comprising BCl3 and a silicon source according to embodiments of the invention may provide the advantages of enabling high levels of selectivity while minimizing impurities that tend to accompany commercially available HCl.
As illustrated in the simplified schematic of
To further evaluate the apparent absence of macro-loading effects indicated by the low boron concentration observed from the SIMS test of the BCl3-deposited mixed substrate, as shown in
Since BCl3 was shown to enhance selectivity, by requiring less HCl to clear a dielectric surface of deposits, the HCl flow rate was decreased. In particular, SiGe:B films were deposited on bare silicon and mixed substrates with the higher flow rate of BCl3 and a lower flow rate of HCl. The B2H6 flow rate was kept the same at 0.2 sccm of pure B2H6 with 50 slm of H2, and the BCl3 flow rate was kept the same as for the conditions of
The thickness of an electrically doped single crystalline silicon film comprising a strain-modifying substitutional dopant such as germanium as described herein is preferably less than the critical film thickness. Those skilled in the art understand that the critical film thickness is the thickness at which a strained film relaxes under a particular set of conditions. As the concentration of substitutional dopant increases, the critical thickness generally decreases. Films having a thickness that is less than a critical thickness for that film will tend to remain strained unless or until sufficiently perturbed, such as by being exposed to sufficient heat to cause relaxation. A relaxed Si-containing film comprising a strain-modifying substitutional dopant such as carbon or germanium may be used to exert strain on an adjacent layer, e.g., a heteroepitaxial film deposited thereover.
Preferred Si-containing films also have a thickness that is highly uniform across the surface of the film. When deposition is conducted using a silicon source with BCl3 as described herein, the percent thickness non-uniformity for the resulting Si-containing films is preferably about 2% or less. Depending on the mean thickness of the film, additional values for percent thickness non-uniformity may be preferred as shown in Table 1 below. Each value for % thickness non-uniformity shown in Table 1 is to be understood as if preceded by the word "about."
Range of %
Range of %
Range of %
Mean Film
to Another
to Another
to An Embodiment
In general, measurements of film thickness uniformity for a film deposited under a particular set of process conditions can be made by depositing the film on a uniform or mixed substrate having a diameter in the range of about 200 mm to about 300 mm. Film thickness uniformity is determined by making multiple-point thickness measurements along a randomly selected diameter (with no measurements being taken within a 3 mm exclusion zone at the wafer periphery), determining the mean thickness by averaging the various thickness measurements, and determining the root mean square (rms) variability. A preferred instrument for measuring film thickness utilizes an OPTIPROBE™ commercially available from Thermawave, Fremont, Calif., and a preferred measurement method involves using such an instrument to measure the film thickness at 49 points along a randomly selected wafer diameter. In practice, thickness variability is typically obtained directly from the instrument following such a measurement, and thus need not be calculated manually. To enable comparisons, the results can be expressed as percent non-uniformity, calculated by dividing the rms thickness variability by the mean thickness and multiplying by 100 to express the result as a percentage. When measuring thickness uniformity of a film having a surface that is not accessible to such a measurement, e.g., a film onto which one or more additional layers have been applied, or a film contained within an integrated circuit, the film is cross sectioned and examined by electron microscopy. The film thickness is measured at the thinnest part of the cross sectioned film and at the thickest part, and the range in thickness measurements (e.g., 6 Å) between these two points is then divided by the sum of the two measurements. This non-uniformity is expressed as a percentage herein.
The above results show that BCl3 is a suitable CVD precursor for achieving highly doped SiGe:B layers, with comparable SiGe:B deposition rates, substitutional incorporation of dopants, film resistivity and uniformity. It is apparent from the above tests on patterned wafers that BCl3 as a precursor results in at least the same selective growth of SiGe:B as the conventional B2H6 precursor does. But additionally, BCl3 generates significantly less nuclei on dielectric surfaces, requiring less HCl, which tends to add impurities and reduce crystal quality, and is thus a more effective precursor than B2H6 for the selective growth of SiGe:B films. Additionally, the results indicate that the loading effects of boron concentration in the patterned wafers that may occur and result in excess boron incorporation or surface poisoning may be tuned by increasing the HCl amount. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the BCl3 process can employ less overall additional etchant than the B2H6 process for equivalent results, thus providing superior selective deposition. In particular, the results show that for a boron concentration of 1019 to 1020 at/cm3 and with 95 sccm of HCl, selectivity is enhanced and loading effects are minimized for the BCl3 process compared to the B2H6 process. Accordingly, the processes described herein are useful for depositing Si-containing films on a variety of substrates, but are particularly useful for depositing Si-containing films over mixed substrates having mixed surface morphologies.
The elevated S/D structure 32 of
The selective nature of the BCl3/silicon source process obviates subsequent pattern and etch steps to remove excess deposition from over field regions. Even imperfect selectivity can advantageously permit use of a timed wet etch to remove unwanted deposition over insulating surfaces, rather than requiring an expensive mask step. Furthermore, superior film quality is obtained at relatively high deposition rates, improving throughput. For example, certain process embodiments may be used to selectively deposit boron-doped SiGe:C using a silicon source such as trisilane, methylsilane, BCl3, and optionally chlorine to form, e.g., a base structure of a heterobipolar transistor (HBT). The examples of
The flow through this MFC 112 merges with the main carrier gas through the main carrier gas MFC 114 and other reactants at the gas panel, upstream of the injection manifold 120 for the deposition chamber 122. A source of etchant gas 130, such as HCl or Cl2, is also provided. A germanium source 132 and a BCl3 source 134 are also provided. According to an embodiment, the BCl3 source 134 is provided in a vaporizer, which can heat the liquid BCl3 to form BCl3 vapor, or disturb the liquid BCl3 by stirring or bubbling to increase the vapor pressure of the BCl3 in the space above the liquid.
As illustrated, the reactor system 100 also includes a central controller 150, electrically connected to the various controllable components of the system 100. The controller is programmed to provide gas flows, temperatures, pressures, etc., to practice the deposition processes as described herein upon a substrate housed within the reaction chamber 122. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the controller 150 typically includes a memory and a microprocessor, and may be programmed by software, hardwired or a combination of the two, and the functionality of the controller may be distributed among processors located in different physical locations. Accordingly, the controller 150 can also represent a plurality of controllers distributed through the system 100.
Accordingly, the combination of BCl3 and silicon sources result in enhanced selective deposition of silicon-containing materials, particularly epitaxial layers. A germanium source 132 is also optionally provided as shown, and can allow in situ doping of SiGe films. In the illustrated embodiment, high substitutional boron content can be achieved, as disclosed hereinabove.
Preferred embodiments of the method and systems are illustrated in the following Examples, which are exemplary only, and not meant to limit the disclosure.
An eight-inch unpatterned, bare Si<100> wafer substrate was loaded into an Epsilon E2500™ reactor system. The substrate was introduced into the reaction chamber and heated to 795� C. and 10 Torr for 2 minutes, with a hydrogen flow rate of 30 slm, and the substrate was allowed to stabilize for 20 minutes. The hydrogen flow was then reduced to 20 slm as the temperature of the substrate was reduced to 750� C. The substrate was then allowed to stabilize for 1 minute, after which time a flow of 130 sccm of dichlorosilane and 2.9 sccm of GeH4 (10% in H2) was introduced. A flow of 2.2 sccm BCl3 (with 1 slm of H2) was provided and the deposition was conducted at a deposition pressure of about 10 Torr. A continuous, uniform boron-doped SiGe film having a thickness of about 106 nm (XRD) was deposited over the single crystal substrate for 2 minutes and 30 seconds. The substrate was then removed from the reactor and returned to the loadlock. The boron-doped SiGe film deposited on the silicon wafer had good epitaxial quality, a resistivity of 1.58 Ω�cm (average) and contained about 18 atomic % Ge.
A boron-doped SiGe film was deposited in the manner described in Example 1 except that a patterned substrate having single crystal regions and insulator (oxide) regions was used. The boron-doped SiGe film selectively formed over the single crystal regions without measurable deposition on the insulator regions. The deposited SiGe also had a thickness of about 106 nm.
The embodiments illustrated and described above are provided only as examples of certain preferred embodiments. Various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments presented herein by those skilled in the art without departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, which is limited only by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 1963
|Jun 15, 1965
|Texas Instruments Inc
|Epitaxial crystal growth onto a stabilizing layer which prevents diffusion from the substrate
|Oct 23, 1961
|Oct 19, 1965
|Siemens Ag
|Producing single crystal semiconducting silicon
|Mar 30, 1962
|Nov 16, 1965
|Siemens Ag
|Method of producing an electronic semiconductor device
|Dec 29, 1960
|Sep 6, 1966
|Merck & Co Inc
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|Method for controlled doping by gas of foreign substance into semiconductor materials
|Mar 15, 1968
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|Doping semiconductors with elemental dopant impurity
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|Method for forming isolated regions of silicon utilizing reactive ion etching
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|Forming interconnections for multilevel interconnection metallurgy systems
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|Mar 11, 1985
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|Fujitsu Limited
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|Formation of composite monosilicon/polysilicon layer using reduced-temperature two-step silicon deposition
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|Methods for inhibiting outgrowth of silicide in self-aligned silicide process
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|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Selective and non-selective deposition of Si1-x Gex on a Si subsrate that is partially masked with SiO2
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|Sep 20, 1991
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|Hitachi, Ltd.
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|Pulsed gas plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon
|Jul 27, 1992
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|North Carolina State University At Raleigh
|Selective deposition of doped silion-germanium alloy on semiconductor substrate
|Dec 18, 1992
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|Aug 5, 1993
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|Method for fabricating a thin-film transistor
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
|Method for selectively depositing silicon oxide spacer layers
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
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|Method of selectively depositing a metal film
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|Applied Materials, Inc.
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|Deok-Hyung Lee
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|Kunii, Y. et al., "In situ B doping of SiGe(C) using BCl3 in ultraclean hot-wall LPCVD," Applied Surface Science, 2004, pp. 68-72, vol. 224.
|Shimamune, Y. et al., "Technology breakthrough of low temperature, low defect, and low cost SiGe selective epitaxial growth (L3 SiGe SEG) process for 45nm node and beyond," 2007 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers, Jun. 1, 2007, pp. 116-117.
|Citing Patent
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|Nxp B.V.
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
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|Method of manufacturing semiconductor device, substrate processing apparatus, gas supply system, and recording medium
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|Substrate processing apparatus, apparatus for manufacturing semiconductor device, and gas supply system
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
|Integrated circuits and fabrication methods thereof
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 7, 2007
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326 S. Dupont Highway[ edit name/address ]
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Kume, Alfred and Wood, Andrew T.A. (2007) On the derivatives of the normalising constant of the Bingham distribution. Statistics & Probability Letters, 77 (8). pp. 832-837. ISSN 0167-7152 . (doi:10.1016/j.spl.2006.12.003 ) (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
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It is shown that an arbitrary joint partial derivative of the Bingham normalising constant, expressed in standard form, is proportional to the normalising constant of a Bingham distribution of higher dimension. Two consequences of this result are noted.
|Item Type:
|Uncontrolled keywords:
|complex Bingham distribution; directional statistics; shape analysis
|Q Science > QA Mathematics (inc Computing science) > QA276 Mathematical statistics
Q Science > QA Mathematics (inc Computing science) > QA273 Probabilities
|Faculties > Science Technology and Medical Studies > School of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Science > Statistics
|Depositing User:
|Maureen Cook
|Date Deposited:
|25 Apr 2008 10:12
|Last Modified:
|04 Jul 2014 15:55
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Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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On that leisurely stroll around Matt's neighborhood in Kaohsiung, I came across a driving school, fenced off and away from any major streets. I'm no driver, and don't think I could have done much better than anyone on that course. And I don't think it's ...
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track list
Album Like a Ship Sailing
Label Luckyhorse Industries
Released July 09, 2002
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