text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 1985
|Filing date
|Mar 4, 1981
|Priority date
|Mar 6, 1980
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Maurice Marets
|Original Assignee
|Trailigaz, Compagnie Generale De L'ozone
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (14), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a process for supplying electric power to an ozone generating element and to electric supply devices for carrying out said process.
Measurements carried out on conventional ozonizers having a dielectric show that the electric energy supplied to the ozonizer is dissipated in the following manner:
heat: 90% of the electric power supplied;
production of the ozone: 4.5%;
various chemical actions such as noise, light, losses in the dielectric: 6.5%.
This shows that conventional dielectric ozonizers have a very low efficiency which is at the present time in the neighbourhood of 18 to 19% watts/hour per gram of ozone produced at a concentration of 15 to 20 grams of ozone per cubic meter of air.
Other types of ozonizers are also known and in particular point-plane ozonizers and coaxial wire ozonizers which are supplied with direct current. These ozonizers usually have a higher efficiency than the dielectric ozonizers but with a lower concentration of ozone per cubic meter of treated gas, which is usually insufficient for industrial uses.
An object of the invention is to provide a process for supplying electric power to an ozonizer which permits, at concentrations of ozone required for industrial uses, improving the efficiency of the production of ozone which is fundamental to the development of ozonization techniques, bearing in mind the increasing cost of energy.
According to the invention, there is provided a process for supplying electric energy to at least one ozone generating element or ozonizer, comprising at least two conductive electrodes disposed in facing relation to each other and between which flows a gas to be ozonized, wherein there are applied to said electrodes wave trains of alternating voltage of an amplitude capable of producing electronic discharges between the electrodes with a frequency of repetition which is such that a volume of gas treated by a wave train has been at least partly evacuated from the space between said electrodes when the following wave train is applied.
Another object of the invention is to provide an electric supply device for an ozone generating element or ozonizer for carrying out the process defined hereinbefore, said device comprising a medium frequency wave former comprising a transformer whose secondary winding is connected to the terminals of said element and a logic device controlling the wave former for varying the amplitude of the alternating voltage produced at the terminals of said secondary winding between said value capable of producing an electronic discharge between the electrodes and a value which is insufficient to produce said discharge.
Owing to the process and device according to the invention, the electronic discharge between the electrodes is interrupted at the end of each wave train, which avoids the destruction, in accordance with the reaction: e+O3 →O2 +O- +10 KC (Kilo Coulomb), of the ozone just produced.
When the following wave train is applied, at least a part of the air ozonized by the preceding wave train has already been evacuated from the space between the electrodes and is unaffected by the new discharge so that, for a given power, the supply mode employing a wave train increases the ozonization efficiency relative to a permanent alternating supply in the case of a dielectric ozonizer or to a direct voltage supply in the case of a point-plane or coaxial wire ozonizer.
In an ozonization station of a certain size, it is desirable that a common electric supply source supply energy to a plurality of ozonizers which deliver their ozone in parallel. Each ozonizer has its own wave former operating in a discontinuous mode and being alternately blocked and open, so as to supply energy to the ozonizer by means of high tension wave trains, as described hereinafter.
Such an electric supply device takes a large amount of energy during a very short period of time and then remains at rest for a certain period of time.
If a plurality of ozonizers are connected in parallel to a common source of energy and the wave formers deliver their wave trains without being adjusted with respect to one another, the wave trains at certain moments will be synchronous in groups or completely, and this in an apparently random manner.
Such an operation has drawbacks.
Firstly, in order to accommodate peak demands in energy created by the probable simultaneousness of the supply of energy to a plurality of ozonizers, the source of energy must be overdimensioned. Further, the very principle of operation is liable to be seriously disturbed, since the synchronous initiation of a plurality of wave formers may result in the collapse of the supply voltage of the wave train and this may have serious consequences in the energy efficiency owing to the impossibility of obtaining a sufficient amplitude of the wave train.
Consequently, another object of the invention is to provide an ozonization installation comprising a group of n ozonizers supplied with energy by a common source in the successive alternating voltage wave train mode, the application of the wave trains being achieved by means of a control device which produces initiating signals which selectively enable the passage of electric energy coming from the common source to the ozonizers, said installation comprising a servo system comprising means for controlling the duration of said initiating signals by a set signal bearing in mind the total ozonization produced by the n ozonizers, said duration corresponding to the duration of each successive wave train, and synchronizing means for supplying only a single ozonizer at a time with energy from said common source of energy.
Owing to these features, the following two results are obtained while acting on the characteristics of the wave trains (distribution with respect to time and duration).
1. The wave trains can in no way be initiated simultaneously; on the contrary, they are always presented in succession. Consequently, the source of energy will always been drawn upon by an energy demand of equal magnitude with respect to time and consequently it may be calculated exactly for supplying energy to a single wave train at a time.
2. The wave trains are exactly calibrated as a function of the energy demand on the part of the ozonizers, since their energy content is regulated by the servo system circuit as a function of the evolution of parameters corresponding to the effective production of ozone on one hand, and a reference value on the other.
According to a particular feature of the invention, the installation is so arranged that each ozonizer is connected to the common source of energy through its own ozonizer initiated by said initiating signal.
According to another feature, the installation comprises a common wave former connected between said common source of energy and said n ozonizers through n selecting means controlled by said initiating signals so as to enable the conditioned passage of the output of said wave former to a single one of said ozonizers at a time.
The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings which show solely by way of example two embodiments and in which:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a dielectric ozonizer having cylindrical electrodes of conventional type to which the invention is applied;
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of a wave former for the supply of the ozonizer of FIG. 1, associated with a control circuit of a first type;
FIG. 3 is a more detailed diagram of a first embodiment of the control circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a time diagram showing the shape of the signals at various points of the circuit shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the shape of the wave trains which are applied by the wave former to the ozonizer by means of the control circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a second embodiment, of the control circuit of FIG. 2 having a microprocessor;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the microprocessor control circuit of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is an electric diagram of a circuit generating pulses of variable durations adapted to be combined with the circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of a second type of control circuit for the wave former of FIG. 2;
FIGS. 10 and 11 are diagrams similar to FIG. 5 showing the shapes of the wave trains which may be produced by the wave former of FIG. 2 by means of the control circuit of FIG. 9;
FIG. 12 is a simplified diagram of an ozonization installation supplying a plurality of ozonizers at a time;
FIG. 13 is a diagram of the servo system employed in the ozonization installation of FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating the operation of the servo system of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 is a more detailed diagram of a circuit ensuring that the group of ozonizers shown in FIG. 12 are controlled in a synchronous manner;
FIG. 16 shows an ozonization installation according to a second embodiment of the invention.
The invention will now be described as applied to an ozonizer employing a dielectric shown in FIG. 1, but it must be understood that the scope of the invention is in no way intended to be limited to this ozonizer and that it may be also applied to any other type of ozonizer whether it be of the dielectric, coaxial wire, point-plane or other ozonizer.
With reference to FIG. 1, the dielectric ozonizer 1 comprises identical ozone producing elements 2 disposed in a tubular case 3 having at its opposite ends an inlet chamber 4 for dry air to be ozonized and a chamber 5 for discharging ozonized air. The chambers 4 and 5 communicate with each other by way of cylindrical pipes 6 which extend through an enclosure 7 defined between the tubular wall of the case 3, the cylindrical pipes 6 and the end walls 7a, 7b which define with the end parts of the case 3 the chambers 4 and 5 respectively. In operation, a stream of cooling water flows through the enclosure 7.
Each ozone producing element 2 comprises in its pipe 6, which constitutes a first electrode connected to ground, a set of two cylindrical electrodes 8 and 9 coated with a dielectric material and electrically connected to a supply device, which will be described hereinafter, by electric conductors 10 and 11, through sealed connections 12 and 13 provided in the chambers 4 and 5 respectively.
In operation, the dry air to be treated which enters the chamber 4 flows to the chamber 5 through the ozone producing elements 2. The supply device applies to the electrodes 8, 9 of the elements trains of waves of alternating voltage at medium frequency and at an amplitude capable of producing an electronic discharge between the electrodes 8, 9 and their respective cylindrical pipe 6 and resulting in the ionization of the air in the space e between the electrodes. Further, these wave trains are applied with a frequency of repetition which is such that a substantial part of the air which has just been ozonized had been evacuated from the ozone producing elements 2 when the following wave train is applied, whereby a destruction of the previously-formed ozone by the new discharge is avoided.
Reference will now be made to FIG. 2 which shows a wave former or converter 14 employing thyristors and its control circuit. The wave former 14 comprises a step-up transformer 15 whose secondary winding 16 is connected to the electrodes of a ozone producing element 2 of the ozonizer 1. The primary winding 17 of the transformer is connected to a terminal of a capacitor C whose other terminal is connected to the positive terminal of a direct voltage supply source 18, this primary winding 17 being also connected at 19 between two thyristors th1 and th2 which are connected in series to the terminals of the supply source 18. Voltage generators 20 and 21 are disposed in the initiating circuit of the thyristors th1 and th2 respectively so as to render the latter conductive in response to control or command signals which are applied thereto by current transformers TI2 and TI1 respectively. The current transformer TI1 is connected between the thyristor th1 and the point 19 and the current transformer TI2 is connected between the thyristor th2 and the negative terminal of the supply source 18. The current transformers TI1 and TI2 have for function to detect the passage through zero the current in the thyristor with which they are associated and to send a command signal to the corresponding voltage generator in response to this detection. The wave former just described constitutes a self-oscillating independent wave former of conventional type.
A thyristor th3 is connected by its anode between the capacitor C and the primary winding 17 of the transformer 15 and by its cathode to the negative terminal of the supply source 18. A third voltage generator 22 is connected in the initiating circuit of the thyristor th3 so as to command the conduction thereof.
Normally-open analog gates 23, 24 and 25 are connected in the trigger circuits of the thyristors th1, th2 and th3 respectively. In the present description "analog gate" is intended to embrace any electronic circuit such as, for example, a semiconductor or a semiconductor device which, in the presence of a logic level, closes so as to allow the passage of a signal while conserving the amplitude and format of this signal. Such an analog gate may be formed by a contact-free relay such as that put on the market under the name "SEREN-DIP" by the United States firm "TELEDYNE".
The analog gates 23, 24 and 25 are controlled by a logic device 26 associated with a time base generator H which determines the frequency of repetition of the wave trains. The logic device 26 also controls a logic initiating circuit 27 whose output is applied to the input of an OR gate 28. The other input of the OR gate 28 receives the control signals of the current transformer TI2 which, as distinguished from the current transformer TI1, is consequently not directly connected to its associated initiating voltage generator 20. The output of the OR gate 28 is connected to the voltage generator 20 in such manner that the latter applies a voltage to the gate of the thyristor th1 only if a suitable logic level is present at at least one of the inputs of the OR gate 28.
The circuit shown in FIG. 2 operates in the following manner:
On the rising edge of the time base signal A (FIG. 4), the logic control device 26 closes the analog gates 23 and 24 for enabling the application of control voltages to the gates of the thyristors th1 and th2, the latter being then blocked, and the analog gate 25, so that the voltage generator 22 applies to the gate of the thyristor th3 a voltage which renders the latter conductive and charges the capacitor C. After a predetermined period of time corresponding to the charging time of the capacitor 20, the thyristor th3 is blocked since its maintaining current has become too low and the logic device 26 opens the analog gate 25. After a short safety time, the logic device 26 actuates the initiating logic circuit 27 which in response applies an initiating pulse to the OR gate 28. The output of the latter changes from a logic "0" level to a "1" level and this causes the generator 20 to apply a voltage to the gate of the thyristor th1, rendering the latter conductive. The capacitor C is then discharged through the self-induction coil of the primary winding 17 of the transformer 15 through the thyristor th1 which causes a first alternation to appear at the terminals of the secondary winding 16 and a transfer of energy to the ozonizer 1. When the current in the discharge circuit of the capacitor C becomes null, the thyristor th1 is blocked and the current transformer TI1, in response to this nullification of the current, actuates the voltage generator 21 which renders the thyristor th2 conductive. The capacitor C is then charged through the primary winding 17 of the transformer 15 and the thyristor th2 so that an alternation of polarity opposed to the preceding one is produced at the terminals of the secondary winding 16 and the energy is again transferred to the ozonizer 1. Upon the nullification of the current in the charging circuit of the capacitor C, the thyristor th2 is blocked and the thyristor th1 is rendered conductive by the current transformer TI2 and the voltage generator 20. A new charging cycle of the capacitor C then starts and the procedure is repeated in the manner just described until there appears the descending edge of the time base signal A. At this descending edge, the logic device 26 opens the analog gates 23 and 24, which block the thyristors th1 and th2 and interrupts the operation of the wave former. The ozonizer is no longer supplied with energy until there appears a new rising edge of the time base signal A which once again initiates the procedure of the operation of the wave former, namely the charging of the capacitor C and the application of a new wave train to the ozonizer 1 as shown in FIG. 5.
Reference will now be made to FIG. 3, which illustrates an embodiment of the circuit controlling the wave former 14 of FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the time base generator H is a monostable circuit which may be for example an integrated circuit of the type S.N. 74 121 of the firm Texas Instruments. The monostable circuit H produces at T the time base signal A whose frequency determines the frequency of repetition of the wave trains of the wave former 14. The signal A is applied, on one hand, to the inputs J and CLR of a JK flipflop formed for example by an integrated circuit 74 73 (Texas Instruments) and, on the other hand, to the analog gates 23 and 24 through an AND gate 30. The monostable circuit also produces at its output Q a signal B (FIG. 4) at the same frequency as the signal A but whose pulse duration is shorter and determines the charging time of the capacitor C. This signal B is applied to the analog gate 25 through a second AND gate 31, to an inverter 32, constituted for example by an integrated circuit 7404 (Texas Instruments), and to the input K of the JK flipflop 29.
The inverter 32 produces, in response to the application of the signal B, a signal C identical to the signal B but slightly offset with respect to time relative to the latter by a delay Δt, and, from the signal C, a signal D which is applied to the CLK input of the flipflop 29. The flipflop 29 produces at its output Q a signal E which is applied to a second monostable circuit 33. The monostable circuit 33 produces at its output Q a signal F formed by one or more calibrated pulses applied to the initiating logic circuit 27. As illustrated, this initiating circuit 27 may comprise a transistor 34 having an emitter load RE, and an analog gate 35 disposed in the base circuit of the transistor 34.
At the time t0 (FIG. 4) at the front edge of a rectangular pulse of duration T1 of the signal A produced by the monostable circuit H, the analog gates 23 and 24 are closed while a "1" level is applied to the inputs J and CLR of the JK flipflop 29. Also at time t0 the output Q of the monostable circuit H produces a rectangular pulse of duration T2 which closes the analog gate 25 and renders the thyristor th3 conductive and thus enables the capacitor C to be charged during the time t2. In response to the application of the rectangular pulse of the signal B, the inverter 32 in turn produces at time t1, with the delay Δt with respect to t0, a rectangular pulse (signal C). At time t2, the capacitor C has finished charging itself and the signal B returns to the "0" level so that the analog gate 28 opens.
The wave former is then ready to operate.
At time t3, the signal C returns to the "0" level and the signal D changes to the "1" level, which changes the condition of the JK flipflop and produces at its output Q a "1" level. In response to this change of state, the second monostable circuit 33 in turn produces, substantially at time t3, an initiating pulse of short duration, for example of the order of 100 ms, which actuates the initiating circuit 27. The latter then closes the analog gate 35 which renders the transistor 34 conductive. The latter applies a pulse to the OR gate 28 which then actuates the voltage generator 20 which renders the thyristor th1 conductive and starts the operation of the wave former 14. Note that the initiating pulse (signal F, FIG. 4) is applied with the delay Δt with respect to the time t2, this delay corresponding to a safety stoppage time.
The operation of the wave former proceeds as previously indicated until the time t4 is reached, when at the rear edge of the rectangular pulse, the time base signal A returns to the "0" level. This has for effect to open the analog gates 23 and 24 and to block the thyristors th1 and th2. Simultaneously, the passage to the "0" level of the signal A puts the JK flipflop 29 back into the "0" state. Consequently, a wave train has been produced by the wave former and applied to the ozonizer between the instants t3 and t4 during a period T3. The wave former then remains at rest during a period T4, until, after a new rectangular pulse of the time base signal A appears at t5, a new cycle of operation of the wave former is initiated at time t6.
It is clear from the foregoing that the wave former 14 operates as a self-oscillating independent wave former, the alternating wave produced thereby being artificially interrupted and then again initiated after a time of rest T4 of a predetermined duration. The introduction of a synchronus interruption/starting logic (JK flipflop 29) does not modify the basic operation of the wave former 14.
Of course, the foregoing detailed sequences of operation may be achieved by logic means other than those described hereinbefore, for example with the use of integrated circuits of the DTL, TTL or CMOS type. It is furthermore possible to employ a microprocessor associated with a time base generator and with a memory system, as will be described hereinafter.
This microprocessor and memory system permits the direct creation of signals pertaining to the actuation of the thyristors th1, th2 and th3 in accordance with sequences identical to those previously described in respect of the hardware logic embodiment. However, the use of the microprocessor also permits the very simple introduction of a regulation function.
This regulation function may, for example, consist in that the energy absorbed by the ozonizer is modulated, while conserving the wave trains of constant duration, and that there are provided a variable and controlled number of the latter during a basic duration τ1 which may be, for example, one second. If the nominal power of the ozonizer is obtained for example for 100 wave trains per second, 30% of the ozonization power will be obtained by providing only 30 wave trains during one second. Of course, the procedure is preferably so arranged that the distance between each wave train is regular within each basic duration τ1 so as to achieve good linearity of the regulation mode.
Bearing in mind the fact that the power of the ozonizer and the production of ozone varies linearly as a function of the peak voltage applied to the ozonizer, the transfer function of the ozonizer within the framework of the Laplace conversion is ##EQU1## i.e. an expression of the first order in which:
P is the Laplace operator
r2 is the time constant of the ozonizer
1≦τ2 ≦5 seconds.
Apart from the advantage of the linearity, this mode of regulation permits, with decreasing power, to approach minimal conditions of destruction of the ozone since, for a given flow of air, if the interval between the consecutive wave trains increases, an increased volume of ozonized air is discharged during this interval.
In the embodiment described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 6, the regulation is effected in accordance with two parameters, namely:
a power/ozone production reference formed by an exterior analog signal applied to the microprocessor and proportional to the desired production of ozone, and
the previously-defined base duration τ1 which is contained in the microprocessor.
The role of the microprocessor in its regulation function is to ensure that the number of wave trains, in the base duration τ1, corresponds to a power or a production of ozone equal to the electrical power/ozone production reference.
FIG. 6 represents a microprocessor system which may be employed for forming the control device 26 and the time base generator H. This system comprises a microprocessor 36 associated with a memory unit 37 and a local clock 38 which may be, for example, formed by the components 8080,2708 and 8224 of the firm INTEL. The microprocessor is coupled to an input and output system 39 which receives the signals from the current transformers TI1 and TI2 and the electrical power/ozone production reference signal REF. The input-output system 39 is moreover connected to adaptor circuits AD1, AD2, AD3, AD4 which respectively act on the analog gates 23, 24, 25 and the OR gate 28, the initiating logic circuit 27 being replaced in this case by the adaptor circuit AD4.
The regulation procedure ensured by the microprocessor system of FIG. 6 is illustrated by the flow chart of FIG. 7 and proceeds in the following manner.
After the starting stage of the procedure (stage 40), the microprocessor reads the power ozone production reference and stores the latter (stage 41) then compares the value and the previous value (stage 42). If these values are different, the microprocessor calculates the number n of wave trains required in the base duration from the power/ozone production reference (stage 43) and stores it. The microprocessor then calculates the duration between two wave trains and stores it (stage 44).
After stage 44, the microprocessor compares the number n' of wave trains already produced during the current base duration and compares it with n (stage 45). Further, if at stage 42 the read value is equal to the previous value, the microprocessor passes directly to stage 45.
If at stage 45 an equality between n and n' is found, this signifies that there is equality between the power delivered and the power demanded. The microprocessor then passes to stage 46 where the base duration effectively produced is compared with the theoretical base duration. If these base durations are equal, the procedure returns to stage 41. On the other hand, if a difference exceeding a certain threshold value is found, the microprocessor delivers a "probable breakdown" signal.
If it is found at stage 45 than n and n' are not equal, the microprocessor renders the thyristor th3 conductive so as to charge the capacitor 20 (stage 47) then, after a delay corresponding to the charging time of the capacitor 20 and to the safety stoppage time, the microprocessor renders the thyristor th1 conductive so as to initiate the operation of the wave former (stage 48).
The microprocessor then determines if the conduction of the thyristor th1 is terminated by reading the current transformer TI1. In the negative, the procedure returns to stage 48. In the affirmative, the microprocessor renders the thyristor th2 conductive by applying a pulse train thereto, as to the thyristor th1 (stage 50).
As before for the thyristor th1, after the stage 50, the microprocessor determines whether the conduction of the thyristor th2 is terminated (stage 51). In the negative, the procedure returns to stage 50, whereas, in the affirmative, the microprocessor interrupts the wave train produced by the stages 48 to 51 for the duration calculated and stored at stage 44 (stage 52). The ozonizer is then no longer supplied with energy.
At the following stage 53, the microprocessor increments a register containing the number n' of wave trains already effected in the base duration then reads and stores the power ozone production reference (stage 54) before returning to stage 42 whence the procedure proceeds as described hereinbefore.
In this regulation procedure by means of a microprocessor, the duration of the wave trains is constant, as mentioned before. However, by way of a modification, the regulation may be effected by varying the duration of the wave trains within each basic duration τ1.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a circuit which, in association with the control circuit of FIG. 3, ensures such a regulation. This circuit comprises an operational amplifier 60 to which are applied respectively the power/ozone production reference REF and an inverted signal MES representing the measured ozone production. This signal may be produced for example by the device measuring the ozonization power of an ozonizer described in French patent application No. 2,426,644 granted to the Assignee of the present application on May 10, 1982. The operational amplifier 60 produces at its output an analog signal εG proportional to the difference between the signals REF and MES and which, after inversion in the inverter 61, may be applied through a switch 62 to an analog signal converter 62 converting an analog signal into a pulse length. This switch 62 is also connected to a potentiometer 64 which permits, depending on the position of the switch, either controlling the production of ozone by the reference value represented by the signal REF or manually controlling the production of ozone by means of the potentiometer 64.
The output signal of the converter 63 constitutes the time base signal A and a monostable circuit 65 is provided for producing the signal B of FIG. 4. The circuit of FIG. 8 is therefore substituted in this embodiment for the monostable circuit H of the circuit of FIG. 3 which moreover is not subjected to other modifications. The signals A and B are applied to the other components of the circuit and the latter operates as indicated before, except that the duration of the wave trains is not constant but depends on the desired production of ozone.
In all the embodiments described hereinbefore, the wave trains producing an electronic discharge alternate with periods of rest during which the wave former does not produce wave trains and consequently the voltage applied to the electrodes of the ozone producing elements is zero. However, by way of a modification, the wave former may be so controlled as to operate permanently at medium frequency but by varying its direct supply voltage in such manner as to cause the electronic discharge-producing wave trains to alternate with other wave trains whose amplitude value is insufficient to produce an electronic discharge in the ozone producing element to which the wave former is connected.
FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit for carrying out this control procedure. This circuit comprises a microprocessor 66 which determines the law of variation of the direct voltage applied to the wave former 14. It may concern an invariable law contained in a memory system of the microprocessor or a law which varies as a function of an exterior reference signal, as in the case of the control circuit of FIG. 6. The numerical signal representing this law produced by the microprocessor 66 actuates two thyristors 67 and 68 connected in reverse manner through a circuit 69 which converts the numerical signal of the microprocessor 66 into voltages controlling the thyristors 67 and 68 so that the latter modulate the electric energy of the mains supply into pulses whose width varies as a function of the law imposed by the microprocessor. The mains supply voltage converted into pulses by the thyristors 67 and 68 is applied to a transformer-rectifier circuit 70 which produces at its output a direct voltage whose magnitude varies in accordance with the aforementioned law. This direct voltage is applied to the wave former 14 in which, of course, the current transformer TI2 is here connected directly to the voltage generator 20, the OR gate 28 and the analog gates 23 and 24 having been eliminated. The wave former 14 thus permanently applies to the ozone producing element 2 to which it is connected an alternating voltage having medium frequency of variable amplitude whose envelope corresponds to the shape of the direct voltage applied to the wave former.
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate two waveforms which may be applied to an ozone producing element by means of the circuit shown in FIG. 9. In the example of FIG. 10, the voltage suddenly varies between a high voltage U1 capable of producing an electronic discharge in the ozone producing element and a lower voltage U2 which is insufficient to produce this electronic discharge. In the example of FIG. 11, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the alternating voltage varies progressively on each side of a threshold U3 above which electronic discharges are produced in the ozone producing element 2 and below which these discharges are absent. It must be understood that the scope of the invention is in no way intended to be limited to the two wave forms shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, since the latter have been given merely by may of examples.
It has been mentioned before that it is desirable to supply the ozonizer with wave trains of medium frequency. In order to explain this choice, in the case of a conventional dielectric ozonizer, it will be recalled that the electric discharge in an ozonizer of this type is comparable to a point-plane discharge. Indeed, owing to the microprojections of the dielectric, the discharges usually issue from well-localized sites which are always the same. Now, the intensity of the discharge issuing from a site on the dielectric is proportional to the production of ozone and the intensity absorbed by the ozonizer is the sum of all the intensities of the microdischarges. For a constant supply voltage and a given power factor, there is substantially proportionality between the power and the production of ozone.
Further, Manley's formula relates in a conventional dielectric ozonizer the power absorbed to the different electrical parameters characterizing the ozonizer, namely: ##EQU2## in which Cd is the capacity of the glass dielectric
W is the power emitted by the electrode
F is the frequency of the source of energy
Eo is the initiating voltage which is a function of several parameters
Um is the peak voltage
Ce is the capacity of the air dielectric.
If all the parameters except the frequency are constant, the energy absorbed by the ozonization tube is theoretically proportional to the frequency. It is consequently desirable to supply the energy to the ozonizer at sufficient frequency to absorb such power that the ozonizer produces the required amount of ozone. This amounts to multiplying the number of point discharges per tube and per second. The produciton of ozone will therefore be favoured by the increase in frequency, which leads to supplying energy to the ozonizer at a frequency higher than the frequency of the mains supply (50 Hz).
Another reason which leads to increasing the frequency is to limit the action of the opposing field created by the charges electrifying the surface of the dielectric. Indeed, the higher the frequency, the more rapidly they are eliminated and less the opposing field they create decreases the action of the electric supply field. This electrification decreases the discharge current and consequently the productivity of ozone.
However, the increase in the frequency is limited by the possibilities offered at the present time by power thyristors operating at medium frequency.
These various considerations lead to a choice of an operating frequency of the order of 2,000 to 5,000 Hz and preferably about 2,000 Hz, bearing in mind the present technology of thyristors. However, these values must in no way be considered to be limitative since:
the requirements of the tuning of the primary and secondary circuits of the transformer imposes, in accordance with the number of ozone producing elements in parallel and the values of the self-inductance L of the primary and secondary windings, a certain dispersion of the frequency of resonance;
progress achieved in the technology of thyristors may lead to a choice of higher frequencies in the future.
As concerns now the choice of the power per ozone generating tube or element, it is clear that the curve W=F (Eo) in which F represents Manley's formula, has a maximum for ##EQU3## which relation is derived from Manley's formula.
In the neighbourhood of maximum power, the ozonization power has maximum stability. It is therefore very desirable to supply power to the ozonizer with such peak voltage Um that the preceding relation is satisfied and consequently to operate at maximum power.
This shown that the conventional dielectric ozonizer would absorb much energy if it were supplied in a permanent sinusoidal mode at medium frequency and in respecting the aforementioned relation. An advantage of the type of supply by means of wave trains is that the nominal power may be very high and the mean number of joules per second may not exceed a value guaranteeing a reasonable heating of the ozonizer, bearing in mind its characteristics and the capacity of its cooling system.
Of course, in order to prevent the destruction of the ozone already formed according to the relation:
e+O3 →O2 +O- +10KC,
the ideal situation would be that a given volume v of air or oxygen to be treated would be treated only once, i.e. that the following wave train appear only when the preceding volume v has been evacuated. This would imply that all the energy be applied to the gas volume v during the time of a single wave train during each base duration τ1 and that the time between two wave trains correspond to the evacuation time.
Bearing in mind the present technology of dielectric ozonizers such a relation is unfortunately difficult to achieve. Indeed, for example, in respect of an ozone producing element supplying 1 liter/second, it would be necessary to apply 900 J/second for a very short period of time with a periodicity of 1 second. The power would be very higher and the thyristors of the wave former would have to be overdimensioned in considerable proportions, which results in a compromise solution.
With reference again to FIG. 5, it can be seen that the ozonizer receives a discontinuous voltage formed by a plurality of groups P1, P2 . . . each formed by a plurality of alternations produced by a wave forming device. The amplitude of these groups of alternations may be of the order of a few Kw and the frequency may be for example 2,000 Hz.
The wave trains P1, P2 . . . are initiated by a series of initiating pulses 11, 12 . . . produced by a control device for example of the type described hereinbefore.
The installation shown in FIG. 12 comprises a common source of energy 101 supplied with energy by the mains supply 102, for example, and comprising a rectifier circuit 103 and a smoothing self-induction coil 104 so as to deliver at its output terminals 105 and 106 a direct voltage filtered by a battery of capacitors 107. The terminals 105 and 106 are connected to a distribution line 108 to which are connected in parallel n ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n, the described and illustrated installation comprising by way of example eight ozonization units.
Each of these units comprises a wave former or converter 110 adapted to convert the direct voltage of the line 108 into a voltge formed by a wave train each group P1, P2 . . . of which comprises a few alternations as shown in FIG. 5. This wave train appears at the terminals 111 of the wave former on condition that an initiating signal is applied to the latter through a line 112. The wave train is converted up to a high tension of a few kW for application to an ozonizer 113 of the type described hereinbefore.
All the ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n are controlled by a servo system chain 115 which is adapted to deliver initating signals applied to the lines 112 in such manner that the energy demand on the line 108 can only come from a single wave former 110 at a time.
The servo system chain is connected to each unit 109-1 to 109-n by three lines 116, 117 and 118 respectively along which the following signals travel:
On the line 116: a state signal expressing the account rendered of the effective operation of the associated unit 109-1 to 109-n. This signal is in fact an image of the electric power absorbed by the ozonization unit in question.
On the line 117: an on-off state signal indicating that the ozonization unit associated with the line is in operation or not.
On the line 118: a parameter representing the production of ozone delivered by an associated ozonization unit. On the lines 118 consequently travel the signals representing the instantaneous production of ozone.
The servo system chain 115 thus permits not only ensuring a correct synchronization of the signals applied by the lines 112 to the wave formers 110 in such manner that two wave formers can in no way be operated at a time, but also ensuring a regulation of the ozonization power by acting on the width of the initiating signals. In other words, this servo chain permits regulating the width of the pulses 11, 12 . . . shown in FIG. 5.
There will now be described a first embodiment of the servo system in which the latter is constructed in the form of hardware of essentially analog type. It will be seen hereinafter that the servo system 115 may also be constructed by means of a microprocessor ensuring the same functions as the hardware circuit of FIG. 13.
This servo system chain comprises n regulating loops 119, only the loop associated with the ozonization unit 109-1 being shown. The chain also comprises a synchronization device 120 which is common to all the ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n shown in FIG. 12.
The regulating loop 109 (FIG. 13) comprises a reference source of voltage 121 formed by an adjustable potentiometer. The slide of the latter is connected to the input of a comparator 122 comprising a direct amplifier. The output of this comparator 122 is connected to an integration circuit 123 to which the error signal of the regulating loop is applied, this signal being delivered by the comparator 122 from the reference signal (source 121) and a negative feedback signal which is also applied to this comparator through a resistor 124.
The output of the integrator 123 is connected, on one hand, to a converter 125 which produces from the output signal of the integrator 123 a signal which is pulse width modulated, this signal appearing at an output terminal 126. It is this signal which controls the wave former 110 of the ozonization unit to which the considered regulating loop 119 is connected. The conversion effected in the converter 125 is carried out by means of a sawtooth signal which is applied thereto through a line 127 by the synchronization circuit 120 which will be described hereinafter.
The instantaneous ionization signal of each loop is applied to the latter through the respective line 118, namely through an isolation amplifier 128 whose output is re-injected into the regulating loop 119 through an integration circuit 129 comprising an operational amplifier whose effect on the regulating loop is differential. Thus it can be seen that the regulating loop 119 ensures the regulation known to those skilled in the art of the type PID (proportional-integral-derivative) of the signals which it is to treat.
The synchronization circuit 120 comprises n input resistors 130 which are respectively connected to the outputs of the amplifiers 123 of the n regulation loops 119 of the servo system chain. They are together connected at a summing point 131 of an adder 132 comprising an operational amplifier between the output and input of which a regulating resistor 133 is connected. The output of the adder 132 is connected to a voltage/frequency converter 134 in which the signal from the adder 132 is converted into a series of pulses calibrated in width, the frequency of which is divided suitably so as to adapt the signal to the following circuits. Thus the output of the converter 134 is connected, on one hand, to a circuit 135 for putting into sequence and, on the other hand, to a sawtooth generator 136 of known type which comprises a high gain amplifier associated with a negative feedback capacitive circuit.
The output signal of the generator 136 is applied simultaneously to a first input 137a of n analog gates 137 respectively associated with ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n shown in FIG. 12. A second input 137b of each of the gates 137 is respectively connected to one of the outputs of the circuit 135 for putting into sequence so that each is activated in turn and thus causes the synchronous mode of operation of the ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n. Each gate 137 is also connected by a third input 137c to the respective line 117 for opening a given gate 137 only when the corresponding ozonization unit 109-1 to 109-n must come into action. The outputs of the gates 137 are respectively connected to the inputs 127 of the converters 125 of the regulating loops 119 associated with the respective ozonization unit.
The circuit just described performs essentially two functions:
(a) the regulation of the width of the pulses 11, 12 . . . appearing at the terminals 126, which permits a regulation of the ozonization power;
(b) the control of the number of pulses and consequently of wave trains per unit of time, these pulses being distributed in accordance with a well-defined sequence to each of the ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n.
The signal which appears at the output of the amplifier 123 of each regulating loop 119 is an image of the ozonization power ensured by each unit 109-1 to 109-n and this signal is compared with a sawtooth delivered by the synchronization circuit 120 to the outputs of the gates 127. The detection of the start of the ramp and of the equality of the power signal with a point of the ramp permits converting the analog signal 118 of the amplifier 123 into a width of pulses, which operation is similar to that of a conventional analog-digital converter.
Consequently, the output signal appearing at the terminal 126 of each regulating loop 119 is a signal which is pulse width modulated so as to control it with the reference furnished by the source 122.
The synchronization circuit 120 controls the number of wave trains furnished to each ozonization unit 109-1 to 109-n by means of a signal which is the image of the totality of the ozonization power furnished by these units. This signal is obtained by the adder 132 and it is converted in the voltage/frequency converter 134 into a number of pulses per unit of time, each pulse expressing a fraction of the total power furnished for generating a sawtooth which is applied in succession to each of the regulating loops 119 after validation in the gates 137. Note that the number of pulses per unit of time thus expresses the amplitude of the total power furnished by the installation.
The variable resistor 133 regulates the gain of the circuit just described.
The signal from the converter 134 constitutes a variable time base whereby the operation of the ozonization units 109-1 to 109-n are put into sequence. The pulses of this signal also control the start and the end of the sawtooth produced in the sawtooth generator 136.
FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of the control ensured by means of the gates 137. The rectangle 138 represents the appearance of the time base signal (converter 134), the rectangle 139 symbolizes the reading of the status of the considered ozonization unit and at 140 it is examined whether this unit is in a status to be initiated. In the affirmative, the signal for putting into sequence is passed through the considered gate 137 (142) after which there occurs an incrementation (143) of the circuit 135 for putting into sequence. If the status of the ozonization unit is not suitable, there occurs a direct incrementation of the circuit 135 and the operation is fedback to the reading of the status of the following ozonization unit (operation 144).
FIG. 15 shows a more detailed diagram of the circuit 135 for putting into sequence. This circuit receives at its input 144 the time base signal coming from the converter 134. After being shaped in the RC network 145, it is applied to an OR gate 146 which is connected by its output to a ring counter 147 whose free binary outputs are connected to AND gates 48 respectively enabled by the input signal appearing at the terminal 144 by means of their other input. The outputs of the AND gates 148 are connected to a decoder 149 which furnishes in succession at its output terminals enabling signals for the analog gates 137.
The time base pulses are thus counted in the counter 147 and then decoded in the decoder 149. If any gate 137 does not receive the status reading signal at its terminal 137c, a signal is produced in negative feedback on the line 150 and this signal is applied through a monostable circuit 151 to the OR gate 146 which advances the counter 147 one step so that the following ozonization unit can be activated.
FIG. 16 shows another embodiment of the ozonization installation which comprises a supply source 152 which is identical to that shown in FIG. 12. This source permanently supplies high voltage at high frequency (for example 2,000 Hz) to a series of ozonizers 154-1 to 154-n through controlled rectifiers 155 mounted in a reverse manner and initiated by control circuits 156 which are activated by initiating signals which are modulated in pulse width and are produced in the same way as previously described in respect of the embodiment shown in FIG. 12. The control circuits 156 are thus connected to a servo system chain which is the same, except for the adaptations of the signals, as that already described in respect of the first embodiment of the installation (FIGS. 12 to 15).
The control rectifiers 155 are connected to the ozonization elements 156 through step-up transformers 157.
The installation of FIG. 16 also comprises a load resistor 158 which can be put into circuit by the controlled rectifier 159 through a control circuit 160 which is itself initiated by the servo system chain 115 when none of the ozonization units 154-1 to 154-n is in operation. The wave former or converter 53 is consequently always connected to a load so that disturbances at its output are avoided in the course of switching transitions between the periods of supply of energy to the ozonization units.
While in the foregoing description the servo system chain comprises a hardware circuit and consists of logic and analog elements, it must be noted that the invention is not limited to this manner of carrying out the invention. Indeed, the functions performed by this hardware circuit may be performed by means of a software microprocessor suitably programmed for this purpose.
This microprocessor must perform the basic function of creating and distributing modulated pulses applied in the appropriate order to each of the ozonization units, the number and the width of the pulses characterizing the power. In order to perform this basic function, a number of secondary functions must be ensured which, while they have been described hereinbefore in respect of hardware, will be resumed hereinafter for the purpose of bringing out the functions which must be performed by the microprocessor.
A first secondary function is formed by an algorithm which permits the modulation of the mean power for n ozonization units involved in n controlled systems whose output magnitude is a function of the ozonization. The output magnitude of the controlled systems, of the same type for the n systems, may be a residual of ozone dissolved in the water, a concentration of ozone or any other function of the production of ozone, the servo system mainly embodied by the microprocessor being therefore organized with the following elements:
the algorithm comprising a proportional, integral and/or derived function or any other analog function;
the reference and output magnitudes;
the ozonization units.
The reference and output magnitude are obtained in the same way as before and applied to the microprocessor after conversion into the digital form. The algorithm of the ozonization power is repeated n times which calculates the difference between the reference magnitude and the output magnitude, namely ε and produces the sign of the difference between these two magnitudes.
If the reference magnitude is greater than the output magnitude, the microprocessor effects a proportional correction, i.e. an increase in the ozonization power according to a linear law, the slope of which is adjustable upon putting the installation in service on the site. Let Q be the angular coefficient of the slope, Q denotes a number corresponding to a power, the power demanded at each instant being equal to ε�Q� for the proportional correction. There may also be envisaged an integral function which would have for purpose to conpensate for the drag error. This amounts to adding to ε�Q� a value proportional to ε multiplied by the integration time and by a coefficient adjustable on the site. This is the integral correction. The integration time may also be adjustable on the site.
If the reference magnitude is smaller than the output magnitude, the power applied is decreased from the sum of ε�Q� and from the integral correction according to the same laws as before. It is possible to take the residual output of the servo system to which is added a signal performing the function of an anticipatory magnitude. A fraction of the amplifier signal may be the output or power of ozonization for example of the ozonization units. This procedure improves the stability/precision compromise.
Another function to be performed by the microprocessor resides in choosing the definition of the wave trains for each of the n controlled systems having regard to the ozonization power required for each of these n systems.
There is obtained by calculation a number of wave trains per second and a number of alternations per second, the microprocessor storing the ozonization power corresponding to the positive and negative alternations of the wave trains.
Two other functions concern on one hand the calculation of the number of alternations of rest between wave trains and on the other hand the determination of the times of rest between two successive controlled pulses initiating the wave trains.
Another secondary function resides in the control of the operation of the ozonization units upon the production of the synchronous initiation signal. This control is effected by a sensor placed in the immediate vicinity of each ionization units and providing a telemeasuring signal proportional both to the ozonization power and to the electromagnetic noise generated by the corona effect in the ozonizer. The detection of this noise is a proof of operation of the ozonization unit.
The microprocessor may be associated with an input/output interface circuit receiving the same signals as those applied to the servo system chain shown in FIG. 12. This circuit may be formed by an integrated circuit sold under the name MP20 by the Firm Burr Brown, while the microprocessor may be that commercially available under the reference 8008, 8080, 6800, Z80 or the like.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 1975
|Apr 5, 1977
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Corona reaction method and apparatus
|Nov 17, 1975
|Jul 26, 1977
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Corona reaction method
|May 14, 1975
|Sep 27, 1977
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Ozone generating apparatus
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 26, 1985
|Sep 15, 1987
|Rudolf Gesslauer
|Circuit for the pulsed operation of one or more high-frequency ozonizers
|Jun 14, 1990
|Jul 14, 1992
|Conrad Richard H
|method of powering corona discharge in ozone generators
|Aug 14, 1989
|Aug 4, 1992
|Infilco Degremont Inc.
|Ozone generator equipment and methods
|Sep 21, 1994
|Aug 20, 1996
|Electronic Drilling Control, Inc.
|Ozone generation system
|Jun 25, 2004
|May 4, 2010
|Tersano Inc.
|System and containers for water filtration and item sanitization
|Jun 25, 2004
|Aug 3, 2010
|Tersano Inc.
|Sanitization system and system components
|Mar 24, 2010
|Jun 14, 2011
|Tersano Inc.
|System and device for water filtration and purification
|Jun 25, 2004
|Jan 27, 2005
|Namespetra Justin L.
|Sanitization system and system components
|Jun 25, 2004
|Jul 27, 2006
|Namespetra Justin L
|System and containers for water filtration and item sanitization
|Jan 5, 2006
|Aug 28, 2008
|Harald Mylius
|Treatment Apparatus
|Mar 24, 2010
|Jul 15, 2010
|Tersano Inc.
|System and device for water filtration and purification
|Sep 13, 2010
|Dec 30, 2010
|Hydradx, Inc.
|Diagnostic device and method
|Sep 15, 1998
|Apr 1, 1999
|Aea Technology Plc
|Corona discharge reactor
|Apr 20, 2000
|Nov 9, 2000
|Accentus Plc
|Corona discharge reactor
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 5, 1984
Owner name: TRAILIGAZ, COMPAGNIE GENERALE DE L OZONE 29, 31 BO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MARETS, MAURICE;REEL/FRAME:004307/0682
Effective date: 19840226
|Jul 7, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 29, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 19, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Doctor insights on:
Forehead Pain Above Left Eyebrow
Immediate Forehead pain (on the bone) and eyebrow pain after crying? It happens after crying for a while, and I'm left with a headache all day. Why?
Muscle contraction: This likely due to prolonged contraction of the forehead muscles. These muscles normally do not contract for extended periods of time. This is what happens in tension headaches alas well. ...Read more
Extreme upper forehead pain & between eyebrows shortly after crying? (Near hairline) Stops once I'm calmed down. What is this?
Very common: If your upset and you cry, your under a lot of stress and it could cause you a headache. The treatment is Be happy! ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I have constant forehead pain. Some days better than others. It's a dull ache pain which is around the eyebrow area and in the middle of the forehead?
Anything: Headaches can come from fatigue, sleeping too much or too little, eye strain, sleep apnea, snoring, being dehydrated, having chronic sinusitis or allergies, too much caffeine or over the counter headache medication, high blood pressure or something more serious like a tumor. See your doctor and get checked. ...Read more
I have forehead pain above my eyebrow area and in the middle of my forehead. Also Neck and shoulder pain?
If the trapezius -: -tender @ the back of your head very posterior @ either side of the occipital attachments, irritation of the accipital nerves give such headaches. Originating @ the base of the scull and come up over the top of your head & settle behind the eyes and the parietal area (side) of your head can be 1 or 2 sided ie: R & L. ...Read more
I have forehead pain above my eyebrow area and in the middle of my forehead. Also tenderness in the cheekbones and eye area. Could this be sinus pain?
Yes: Your description could definitely be caused by sinus disease. Try decongestants and see your doctor. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
I have forehead pain above my eyebrow area and in the middle of my forehead. Also tenderness in the cheekbones and eye area. Plz Doctor Jay C tell me ?
Could be sinus: As as sinus related. Again without either more information or really seeing you I can't be certain. But it's possible that something is irritating your sinuses(the frontal sinuses are in the forehead region, maxillary by the cheeks, and ethmoid behind the nose). This could vary from different types of infections to just plain allergies. Hope this helps. ...Read more
I have pain above my left eyebrow closer to the middle part of my forehead. It's very sharp and there is a small bump for a month?
Exam needed: If it weren't for the bump I would diagnose neuralgia which is an irritation/inflammation of a superficial nerve in your forehead which is a nuisance rather than anything serious and usually resolves without any specific treatment. However in view of the lump present, it's best to have your physician examine you to be sure. ...Read more
I have a streak of numbness from the crown area down my face to the top of my eyebrow on the left side of forehead. What could have caused this?
NUMBNESS OF SCALP: YOU MAY HAVE SHINGLES. ALSO KNOWN AS HERPES ZOSTER. IT MIGHT BE A SMALL STROKE. SEE YOUR DOCTOR OR YOUR DERMATOLOGIST IMMEDIATELY. BEST LUCK ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
I have pain in on the left side of my forehead above eyebrow. It only hurts when i touch it. What can be the cause of that?.
Inflammation: Pain on touch is most likely due to inflammation in that area of the body. This is most likely frontal sinusitis, infected brow hair follicle, or abscess. Infection would cause swelling and redness, as well as, pain. Herpes zoster(shingles) can also present with pain that is followed later with a rash. At your age, shingles is less likely. ...Read more
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It is a separate app that will allow you to place many Pagan related Book of Shadows widgets to the Home Screen.
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Texas LVN shoots and kills new mom, abducts 3 day old baby
0 I just read this. So very sad! Thankfully the baby boy was found alive and well and is being reunited with his father. Thoughts and prayers to Kala Marie Golden's family and loved ones.
"SPRING, Texas-A registered nurse has been charged with capital murder in the shooting of a young mother and the abduction of her newborn son at a pediatric clinic near Houston, a prosecutor said Wednesday.Montgomery County District Attorney Brett Ligon told ABC's "Good Morning America" that Verna McClain was charged early Wednesday in the killing of Kala Marie Golden...."Apr 18, '12 by classicdameHorrible!! Did not state if nurse was working anywhere. I really feel for that family.Apr 18, '12 by KaroSnowQueenI read the entire article. That poor woman, fatally injured and trying to retrieve her baby. It makes me physically ill that someone, and a nurse at that!, could do this. How dreadfully sad and needless.Apr 18, '12 by HouTx, BSN, MSN, EdD GuideJust an FYI y'all - I checked our BON website "Verna McClain" is an LVN (licensed in Oct, 2010), not an RN. Doesn't make it any less horrible, but the press should at least check facts before publication - it's easy enough to do.Apr 18, '12 by punkydoodlesRNthis simply blows my mind and makes my heart ache...
houston-- capital murder charges have been filed against a woman investigators say fatally shot a mother outside a woodlands-area pediatric center [color=#333333]so she could kidnap the victim's baby. the suspect, 30-year-old verna mcclain, was in custody wednesday morning.
http://www.khou.com/news/woman-charg...147893285.htmlApr 18, '12 by julianpI don't expect many 'facts' from most news agencies. But this story will more than likely be copied by Law and Order next season.
Since it's Texas I don't think we'll have to worry about this crazy woman getting out in public again.Apr 18, '12 by OCNRN63, RNThe first report I heard of this said she was a registered nurse. This says she's an LPN. I wonder if she's even a licensed nurse. I don't know how many times I've heard of criminal cases involving "nurses," and then it turns out that they were CNAs or CMAs.Apr 18, '12 by HorseshoeThe first report I heard said RN, then the most recent one said LPN. Either way, that's basically irrelevant, though undoubtedly, much will be made of the fact that she is some kind of caregiver.Apr 18, '12 by sirI, MSN, APRN, NP AdminThreads merged.Apr 18, '12 by That Guy, BSN, RN, EMT-BWhy must the media attach that she was a nurse onto it in the first place? You never see Michigan carpenter strung up and killed blah blah or Alaska welfare recipient in tragic DUI.Apr 18, '12 by buckshot, BSN, RNSo Sad!Apr 18, '12 by Simply ComplicatedDid you guys catch the part of what is going on with the babies father? Sounds like he wasn't given full custody of the baby right now, due to having a criminal background? Says they were concerned because of his backgroud. If that is true, the guy lost his wife, had his child kidnapped and is now having to deal with CPS simply because of a criminal background, which would not be an issue had this not happened to his family. Or maybe I am reading this wrong?Apr 18, '12 by KlimpysQuote from That GuyMaybe it is because when people think of a nurse they think of a caregiver, someone who would help someone, not someone who would kill a mom and steal her new baby.Why must the media attach that she was a nurse onto it in the first place? You never see Michigan carpenter strung up and killed blah blah or Alaska welfare recipient in tragic DUI.
News reports are now saying the killer was a vocational nurse.
My big question: The killer was not white yet she stole a white baby to replace the baby she miscarried. Either her fiance was white or her education was lacking.
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The only training programmes that empower learners with Thinking Skills aimed at problem-solving and insight.
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Socrates: "I can't teach you anything, but I can make you think."
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The DNA of Average Teachers opposed to the DNA of Great teachers
21st Co-creativity
The Thinking toolbox emanated from The DNA of Great Teachers


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The Cottonwood Cutups were conceived by the many campfire jams held in the Hoh Rain Forest of the Olympic National Park.
A mix of influences meld Country, Old-Time, Rag-time, Bluegrass, Rock and Jazz to bring about their sound.
Comprised of brothers Jesse (Mandolin/Banjo/Harp/Vocals) and Joel Hill (Guitar/Vocals) and Brother-in-Law, Ryan Ramsdell (Upright Bass/Vocals), the members of The Cottonwood Cutups are sure to have you stomping before sunrise.


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Welcome to the History Research Guide. This guide is intended to help you learn about a variety of resources useful for conducting historical research and to provide you with tools to assist you in the following:
Before starting your research, make a list of the main concepts you want to learn about and identify the "keywords" that represent and describe these concepts. Consider alternative spellings, synonyms, acronyms and related terms for your keywords. Look at the "Help" pages of each database to find out more about refining your search results.


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One-Woman Show Let Me Down Easy Starring Anna Deavere Smith at Second Stage Theatre
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Let Me Down Easy was Friday January 1, 2010 / 8:00pm.
Most Popular Theater Event Nearby
Ring Twice for Miranda: Chambermaid Strikes Out On Her Own
- Full Price:
- $79
- Our Price:
- $20
In a chaotic and unforgiving world roiled by economic uncertainty, a powerful and mysterious man… More
Venue Details
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from DarvaRed Velvet
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This was a terrific show. You'll see acting, storytelling, narration, and experience a dynamic connection between Ms. Smith and her audience. I'm finding myself still trying to tell my hubby about it a week after I saw it with a girl friend -- and I wish I could go back and take him with me.
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The best show I have seen all year! A.D. Smith
embodies her characters and is totally engaging;
you are teary and laughing all at the same time.
Forget about giving your friends a sweater for the holidays, instead, give them tickets to this...continued
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Absolutely brilliant; we've seen all her work and this piece was loaded with the complex tragicomedy of everyday life that Anna Deavere Smith always has the guts and talent to offer us.
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One of the best nights of theater ever. A tour de force...NOT TO BE MISSED!!!!
Quotes & Highlights
Spectacular… The best theatrical experience this season. -_New York Observer _
Run – do not walk – to see this play! Watching Anna Deavere Smith on stage is magical. One minute you are laughing, the next you are crying. It is truly brilliant and stunning. —The Today Show
A continually engaging and engrossing collection of testimonials about life experienced at its extremes.-The New York Times
Conceived, written & performed by Anna Deavere Smith
Directed by Leonard Foglia
Anna Deavere Smith ("Nurse Jackie", Twilight: Los Angeles, Fires in the Mirror) explores the power of the body, the price of health, and the resilience of the spirit. With Ms. Smith's trademark journalistic precision,__ Let Me Down Easy __features first person accounts from a wide variety of sources, including Lance Armstrong and former Texas governor Ann Richards.
About Anna Deavere Smith
Anna Deavere Smith's career covers mainstream culture as well as academia. Her work in the theater explores American character and our multifaceted national identity. She has won numerous awards, among them two Obies, two Tony nominations and a MacArthur fellowship. She was runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize for her play Fires In the Mirror. She is said to have created a new form of theater. Her work combines the journalistic technique of interviewing her subjects with the art of interpreting their words through performance. The New York Times called her "the ultimate impressionist, she does people's souls." Television shows include Presidio Med, The West Wing, The Practice, and the new Showtime television series Nurse Jackie. Films include The American President, Dave, The Human Stain, and Rachel Getting Married. She is the author of Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992; Fires in the Mirror; and House Arrest. Her newest play is Let Me Down Easy. Her books include Talk To Me and Letters to A Young Artist. She has been awarded many honorary degrees, including those from The Juilliard School, Wesleyan University, Haverford College, Cooper Union, and Northwestern University. A professor at New York University, she is also founding director of the Institute on the Arts and Civic Dialogue, a center for artistic excellence addressing social change. She serves on the Boards of the Museum of Modern Art and the Aspen Institute.


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Today's Horoscope by Rick Levine
It's challenging to settle down when we're on a mission and the expressive Leo Moon dares us to act on our ideas. However, the Moon's shift into critical Virgo at 3:23 pm EDT can make us dissatisfied with anything less than perfection. We may even grow anxious when we face reality instead of our idealistic dreams. Thankfully, the Virgo Moon also gives us the ability to apply sound logic in practical ways as we progress toward our goals.
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"Travel becomes a way of life and a comfort zone"
"Travel becomes a way of life and a comfort zone"
By Caitlin Kelly
Broadside now has more than 13,000 readers worldwide, and adds new followers daily.
I enjoy blogging and really enjoy the wit and wisdom of those who often make time to comment — ksbeth, modernidiot, ashokbhatia, rami ungar, kathleen r and others. It's gratifying to converse globally with such interesting people.
I also teach others how to blog (and write) better…
Here are five of the 30 tips I share with the students in my webinar, "Better Blogging."
I teach blogging at Pratt Institute, a private college in Brooklyn, and love helping others to achieve their goals.
Broadside, almost six years old and with more than 1,700 posts, has been Freshly Pressed six times and cited for its "signature clarity and wit" by this fellow blogger, writing on multi-topic blogs.
I offer my webinar scheduled at your convenience; paid via Paypal, it's $125 for 90 minutes via Skype or phone which allows time for your questions as well.
I also do individual coaching at $200/hour, with a one-hour minimum; please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Use photos, videos, drawings — visuals!
I wish more bloggers consistently added quality visual content to their posts. Often, a well-chosen, quirky or beautiful image will quickly pull in a curious reader.
Every magazine or newspaper, and the best blogs and websites, uses illustrations, maps, graphs and photos — chosen carefully after much internal debate by skilled graphics and design and photo editors and art directors, each working hard every single day to lure us in.
A sea of words is both daunting and dull. Seduce your readers, as they do.
Think like an editor
When you write for an editor, (as every journalist and author does), your ideas, and how you plan to express them, have to pass muster with someone else, often several. Their job is to ask you why you think this story is worth doing, and why now. (Just because you feel like hitting "publish" doesn't mean you should.)
Who is this post — and your blog — written for? Have you made your points clearly?
Would your next post get past a smart editor or two?
Your readers are busy, easily bored and quickly distracted
All readers resemble very small tired children — they have short attention spans and wander off within seconds. Grab them fast!
Woo me with a fab headline
Magazine editors sweat over coverlines, the teasing short sentences they choose to put on their magazine covers, hoping to make you buy that edition. Newspaper editors know they need powerful, succinct or amusing headlines to catch our eye and pull us into a story.
Have you ever studied some of the best heads? "Headless body found in topless bar" is a classic. This is an excellent headline as it immediately made me read the post — it's bossy, very specific and focused on a place I know well. Sold!
Here's a link to how to write great heads — and another.
Break your posts into many paragraphs, and keep them short
Don't force readers to confront a huge unbroken block of copy! It's lazy and editorially rude. They'll just click away, irritated. (I see this on too many blogs.)
By Caitlin Kelly
Maybe you've been following this recent firestorm?
The one in which Salon, a popular American website, called The New York Times' former executive editor Bill Keller, and his wife, Gilbey's gin heiress Emma Gilbey, despicable?
Both of them wrote about cancer patient Lisa Adams, who has advanced breast cancer.
From Salon:
Lisa Bonchek Adams is a mother of three living with Stage 4 breast cancer. She blogs and tweets about what she is undergoing and the decisions she is making about her health; she does so frequently and to a large audience that's rooting for her. And to a prominent husband-wife pair of journalists, she's somehow offensive.
Bill Keller, the former executive editor of the New York Times, published an Op-Ed in that paper today indicating that Adams, in spite of the image of positivity and strength she generally broadcasts on her social media platforms, is dying and doing so in a manner somehow undignified; Keller draws a comparison between Adams and his late father-in-law. "His death seemed to me a humane and honorable alternative to the frantic medical trench warfare that often makes an expensive misery of death in America."
That "trench warfare" has, for Adams, included a variety of medical studies; Keller indicates that Adams' personal decisions about her health, and her expressing herself online, somehow detracts from people who choose not to undergo experimental treatments or who choose to slip under with less of what is traditionally known as "fighting." He even finds a Stanford associate dean who is willing to say that Adams "shouldn't be unduly praised. Equal praise is due to those who accept an inevitable fate with grace and courage."
Here's an analysis piece from NPR's blog:
the piece enraged a lot of Times readers, according to public editor Margaret Sullivan, that she heard a great deal of negative feedback, and who herself said "there are issues here of tone and sensitivity."
Boy … you can say that again. By closing the piece with a piece about a dean who "cringes" at Adams' alleged embrace of a "combat metaphor" (unsupported by any quotes from her own writing) and salutes those who show grace and courage, Keller implicitly suggests that to handle your disease as Adams has is one way to go. The other way to go is with grace and courage. And that's very unfortunate.
Adams herself says that Keller, along with his wife Emma Gilbey Keller, who also wrote a controversial column critiquing Adams' handling of her cancer (that was in The Guardian and has since ), have misrepresented the basic facts of her medical status, and Keller has already admitted he got the number of kids she has wrong. These disputes have been pretty thoroughly inventoried in a . And writers at outlets including and have been sharply critical of the need to explain to a cancer patient how to handle (and discuss) having cancer.
This is an issue I've thought a lot about — how much to write or blog about one's illness or surgery or medical issues — and how much to never share beyond one's circle of intimates. People, in my view, who are the ones who are most likely to have actually visited you and your family in the hospital or come with you to the chemo suite, perhaps.
One woman I know, barely, professionally, shared a lot of detail on Facebook about the effects of chemo as she was treated (so far, successfully) for breast cancer. But there was a lot I wish she had simply kept to herself.
She got a lot of emotional support, which I understand — why she craved it and why people offered it.
My mother had a radical mastectomy in 2003. She is alive. She has survived multiple cancers, including thyroid and a meningioma, a form of brain tumor.
In other words, I already live in daily fear of my genetic heritage and have little appetite to read anything about cancer.
That is not a judgment of people who do, but the effect of knowing too much firsthand already.
I get my medical tests and keep a careful eye on my own body and that of my husband.
I've already stared down plenty of doctors and Xrays and seen too much and heard too much. I saw my mothers' very large brain tumor on the Xray and had to give informed consent for her; here's the piece I wrote about it for Chatelaine, Canada's largest women's magazine.
Who am I to complain when I, too, have written these sorts of stories? They can, I know, be helpful to others and provide comfort to the ill and to their families.
A friend my age died of cancer in January 2006 and several men in my apartment building are currently fighting cancer.
It's not that I don't care about people who are ill. It's the reverse. Instead, I find myself worrying about people I do not even know.
For me, that's not the best choice.
I have really mixed feelings about this sort of thing — none of which suggests I'm right.
How do you feel about someone sharing a lot of very graphic detail on-line about their illness?
By Caitlin Kelly
It's sometimes easy to forget that attention is a gift. We're all busy, tired, distracted.
So when readers come to Broadside — for one post, or several — I know it's a choice.
It's been amazing and inspiring for me to "meet" people from around the world here, even just from reading your gravatars when you sign up to follow. Several of you have become good friends, from London to L.A.
Newest followers include a dancer/choreographer and playwright from Tel Aviv, a retired history teacher in Florida, a country singer from Nashville, and a suburban mum in Britain.
You are one seriously diverse audience!
I appreciate your comments, and especially so when you finally decide to join the conversation — I know many of you lurk, silently. Please weigh in!
It's been a new privilege to start teaching and coaching, and the response has been terrific, with students coming from Australia, New Zealand, California, Virginia and other spots. Working with Skype is great, as we can see one another and exchange ideas and laughter. The other day, I waved to three small children in Adelaide as their mum and I were about to start a session. So fun!
Selfishly, coming back to teaching and coaching has also offered me a needed and welcome break from the usual routine of pitch/sell/write/revise. As a full-time writer, I'm an intellectual production line of one — the old brain gets tired!
It's been great to leave my apartment, meet new clients face to face and begin to expand my teaching to other places. It looks like I might be teaching at NYSID, my former school of interior design in Manhattan. I really love teaching, and I've missed it. It's fun to share my skills and help you meet your goals.
Writing well isn't easy!
For some odd reason, people now think it is or should be or want it to be.
Great writing is really the end product of clear, focused thinking: about topic, tone, voice, diction, rhythm, intent, mood. It has many moving parts, and until they spin together without friction, you're more likely to hear the nasty grinding of gears than the smooth humming you'd prefer.
So, dear readers, and those of you placing in your trust in my skills to teach and coach you, you're very much appreciated.
Thank you!
By Caitlin Kelly
For those of you who follow Kristen Lamb's blog, I'm giving a 90-minute webinar this Friday, October 4, at 6pm Eastern.
It's called "Learn to Think Like a Reporter" and will offer lots of practical tips from my 30 years as a journalist, 20 years writing freelance for The New York Times and my three staff writing jobs at three major daily newspapers, the Globe and Mail, Montreal Gazette and New York Daily News.
You can sign up here.
If this is too late, I'll soon be posting a list of my own upcoming webinars, including that one, and will give you plenty of time to choose one (or several!), tell all your writer/journalist friends, and sign up.
Writing — what we read here or elsewhere — is merely the end product, the visible, finished material emerging from a long process that really begins with an idea or a dream or a vision of something. Many people who say they really want to write well and be widely read and maybe even well-paid for it sometimes focus a lot of wasted energy on the wrong things.
They fuss over the font on their blog or their SEO or how to find an agent or what their book cover looks like.
It's much more basic.
Here are five qualities anyone who wants to write well — and find a large readership — needs:
To publish your work requires tremendous trust. First, in yourself, that you have something worth hearing and have the skills to express it clearly and compellingly. Second, in your audience — that there is an audience out there for your work. Third, in your agent, (should you wish to publish traditionally). Fourth, in your editor(s). Fifth, journalists must also, (with open eyes and a healthy skepticism of "facts"), trust their sources, and their editors and copy editors.
You have to trust in your skills and experience to see you through, even when you've never tackled a subject or genre before. It's like anything else — you can't grow unless you push yourself into new and untried areas. Given the nature of journalism and publishing right now, being able to move quickly and persuasively into new ways of using your skills is essential to earning a good living.
Walk into a bookstore or library — and look around. There are millions of books already in print. In addition to every other form of media out there, from Twitter and Pinterest to movies, TV and video games, these books are competing for your readers' time and attention. Whose work is currently selling most, to whom, and why? Whose work has lasted for decades or centuries or even millennia and why? Asking readers to give us their time and attention means acknowledging those who have done it so well for so long.
We don't have to ape them, but the marketplace of ideas is a very, very crowded one.
And yet…If you can't summon the confidence in your voice and ideas and analysis, why would anyone else? If you lack confidence in your skills, take classes and read great writers and see what they do so well. Do whatever is necessary to develop the skill to tell your story. Then do it!
Also have the confidence that your material may have valuable iterations in other paid media, from film and television to theatrical productions to ideas you haven't even imagined. Re-define "writing" as "intellectual property" and you will start to look at your work very differently, and protectively. (A ferocious agent and skilled entertainment attorney are key to this step.)
You can't be an intelligent or useful journalist without empathy — whether you're interviewing a politician, a welfare mother, a billionaire banker or a criminal. You have to be able to imagine how the world looks and feels to them and care deeply enough to ask them thoughtful and probing questions. Same for writers of fiction, whose characters must live and breathe for us as readers.
What to say, and how to say it and in what detail? There's no standard metric, no safe dividing line or blinking yellow warning light on our computer or notebook to warn us when we've moved from terrific to boring. We choose every word and then we must commit to it, even after the 10th or 20th draft. It has to go the printer! Editors are waiting. Readers expect to hear from you.
Decide what you want to express and get on with it. The only people who can call themselves writers write — they don't just talk about writing.
I'm finally reading (and loving!) this book, a classic, by Howard Zinsser, "On Writing Well." It's funny and filled with fantastic advice. Here are his five tips.
What do you think are other qualities a writer needs most?
I wish you all the best!
Excellent health, steady income, many cups of Earl Grey tea, glorious sunsets and ferociously enveloping hugs. Whatever your dreams may be, I hope you'll take the first (or second or fifteenth) steps toward attaining them.
For those of you who have not yet read my Welcome or About page, I'm Caitlin Kelly, a New York-based author and journalist, who writes frequently for The New York Times. Some of my journalism, and my two non-fiction books, are here. I grew up in Canada, and moved to the United States in 1988.
My new book, "Malled: My Unintentional Career in Retail" will be published in China — !! — in March.
Broadside continues to grow daily, with a variety of readers that leaves me gobsmacked — high school students to seniors, Spaniards and Australians and fellow Canadians and Indonesians, a Ghanaian charity, a pastor-to-be in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a yoga teacher from Cobourg (coming to take your class later this month!), a journalism professor from Iowa, a photographer from Perth, an immigration attorney from Houston, a Jordanian medical student, musicians and artists and writers and moms-of-six. More than 3,300 people have joined so far.
I met Michelle, author of The Green Study, in Minneapolis in October, and hope to meet Elizabeth, who writes Gifts of the Journey about her life in rural England, and C, moving to London, and author of Small Dog Syndrome, in England this summer.
Mrs. Fringe and I have a coffee date in a few weeks as well; a thank-you to her, to Rami Ungar and to C. for their comments, (which my annual tally from WordPress tells me makes them the most prolific here.)
More comments from those who've yet to speak up, please!
We've enjoyed much lively, intelligent debate here, and I've really appreciated your input. With so many readers worldwide — especially when I blog on American political or economic issues — we have a chance for some serious dialogue.
In a global economy, the smartest choice we can make is to connect across borders and ideologies and truly try to understand how the world looks to others many time zones away.
Please email me, or comment here, on what you'd like to see more of at Broadside (or less); one reader has suggested interviews and Q and A's with some of the interesting and accomplished people I know in various fields, which is a neat idea, so I'm working on that. Also, possibly, more reviews of cultural events (books. shows, art) I think you'd also enjoy.
I'm also always looking for amazing blogs to follow — please share a few with us that you find consistently fab? What do you love about them?
My professional hopes for this year include selling two new non-fiction books, creating a woman-only, invitation-only conference next fall, working with a new assistant, telling more interesting stories and doing more well-paid public speaking.
Personally, enjoying as much time as possible with Jose, (as we head into our 13th year together), some travel (Newfoundland is on our list, as is Paris and London), deepening my friendships and staying healthy. My father is still super-healthy at 83, so we're heading north to Ontario this month to visit him and see dear old friends.
What are some of your hopes for 2013?


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Police investigating burglary in northwest Minot
The Minot Police Department is investigating the burglary of a home in northwest Minot. Officers were dispatched to 1696-19th Ave. NW to investigate the incident which occurred sometime Tuesday afternoon.
Several items were taken from the house, including firearms, flat screen TVs and other electronics. The suspects, allegedly four males, are believed to have entered through an unlocked door. No injuries were involved. The incident is under investigation and anyone with information is asked to contact the Minot Police Department at 852-0111.
Information on this or any other crime can be reported to Crime Stoppers at 85-CRIME (852-7463). Tips leading to arrest may be eligible for a reward of up to $1,000.


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Saturday, March 19th – Sunday, April 3rd, 2016
Wednesday-Sunday 10 a.m. – 4 p.m.
The flower display is accompanied by an exhibition of artworks created by Jack Young, Art Director of the Enoch Pratt Free Library. The artworks, on loan from the library, recreate favorite scenes from Maurice Sendak's popular book – Where the Wild Things Are. Since 1963, adults and children alike have been captivated by the illustrations, featuring a forest springing to life in a child's bedroom, and imagined adventures across a sea to the land of the Wild Things. The Conservatory is the perfect space to bring the book to life in Baltimore's own lush indoor forest.
The exhibit, on loan from the Pratt, was partially funded by a generous grant from the William G. Baker Jr. Memorial Fund.


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POPS Birthday Platter for Ben
Happy Birthday Ben!!!! Hope you like your POPS theme cookies - I even made a bottle opener cookie for all those soda's!!! Have a fun day and I can't believe it snowed on your birthday!!
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Taken on March 22, 2010