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June 4, 2015 9:55 am
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Shirley Rooker, Call For Action
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Real Or Racist??? A Tweet From "Kim Kardashian's" Twitter Page About Nigerians Looking Like "Apes" Sets Off Angry African Backlash!
- By Bossip Staff
We get that internet trolls will forever live in online infamy, but it's really REALLY sad that folks like this are so excited to be recognized for
Hit the next pages to read more of the angry Nigerian tweets aimed at Kim.


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Ideophones —vivid sensory words found in many of the world's languages— are often described as having little or no morphosyntax. That simple statement conceals an interesting puzzle. It is not often that we can define a word class across languages in terms of its syntax (or lack thereof). After all, most major types of word classes show intriguing patterns of cross-linguistic variation. There is no particular reason to expect that the morphosyntactic position or degree of embedding of, say, noun-like or verb-like words will be similar across unrelated languages. Indeed that is why typologists define comparative concepts primarily by reference to semantic rather than grammatical or morphosyntactic properties (Croft 2003; Haspelmath 2007). Continue reading
Slides for a hands-on Zotero workshop
One of the key tasks scientists need to master is how to manage bibliographic information: collecting relevant literature, building a digital library, and handling citations and bibliographies during writing.
This tutorial introduces Zotero (www.zotero.org), an easy to use reference management tool made by scholars for scholars. The tutorial covers the basics of using Zotero for collecting, organizing, citing and sharing research. Zotero automates the tasks of managing bibliographic data, storing and renaming PDFs, and formatting references. It also integrates with widely used text processors, and can synchronize your library across devices. There is no more need to search through disorganized file folders full of inscrutably named PDF files, to copy and paste references across documents, or to manually deal with pointless differences in citation styles. Ultimately, the point of using a reference manager is to free more time for real research.
Note: these are slides made for a hands-on workshop. They may not work well outside the context of a live Zotero demonstration. I share them because they may still contain some useful information.
What do you really need on this earth?
Natural conversations are a great source of data for all sorts of linguistic research. Linguists and conversation analysts usually study them primarily for their structure, not their content. This is not out of disinterest, but out of empirical prudence. Talk tends to support a wide range of interpretations. It is empirically safest to stick to observable structures and practices, or at most to interpretations furnished by the interlocutors themselves.
The excerpt below is translated from a corpus of natural conversations in Siwu, a language spoken in Ghana. Two elderly men are sitting in front of their house and chatting. They've just been talking about a fellow villager whose children are "giving him problems". The long silence before Adom's "So now." signifies, among other things, that what comes now is likely a new topic. The exchange that follows is beautifully poetic both in terms of structure and topic.
|So now.
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|You have uh (0.8) radio.
|You have electricity.
|You have water.
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|What I need?
|As for me, I don't need anything except-
|Except my bodily health.
|Just your bodily health.
One is tempted to talk about Maslow's pyramid, material culture, and a whole lot of other things — but it is probably best to let the exchange speak for itself. (Translated from Siwu.)
How Academia.edu promotes poor metadata and plays to our vanity… and how it could improve.
Update: Now also on Academia.edu
A while back some low quality citations started showing up on Google Scholar. They had titles like "CHAPTER 2 draft — email email@example.com" and it was hard find actual bibliographic metadata. Google Scholar seemed to have scraped random PDFs uploaded on Academia.edu and decided it was worth counting the citations in them even in the absence of proper metadata. I shared this on Twitter and promptly forgot about it.
Then I got an email from someone asking me to say a bit more about my concerns with poor metadata. I decided to write it up in a blog post. I'm afraid it turned into a a bit of rant about how Academia.edu seems built not so much for sharing scientific information as for playing to our vanity. Sorry about that. Let's start with the poor metadata issue, which turns out to be rather pervasive.
Academia.edu has a massive metadata problem
- Academia.edu doesn't record any metadata except title and author for the bulk of papers, and doesn't expose any metadata using standard formats like RDF/unAPI.
Ever tried to figure out how to cite a paper on Academia.edu? This is hard because most of the metadata is missing. Reference managers like Zotero or Mendeley cannot detect and save papers for citing. For those hoping to cite works uploaded there, this makes life more difficult than it needs to be. For users of academia.edu, this hurts citability. Yes, I know academia.edu touts a 69% citation advantage. See here for a discussion of some concerns about that study. My point here is simply that whoever wants to cite papers found on Academia.edu currently has to get the metadata from elsewhere.
- Academia.edu doesn't comply with Google Scholar guidelines for exposing metadata.
Google Scholar has started to index the heap of PDFs on Academia, but has to resort to scraping only the most superficial info available, usually from the PDF, because there is no metadata. This is the number one reason for the junk citations in Google Scholar that started this story. It means people's work is misrepresented and makes it harder to figure out how to cite it — bad news, because Google Scholar is very widely used. For users of academia.edu, this hurts both the findability and the citability of their work. For users of Google Scholar, this adds more noise in an already noisy system.
- Academia.edu is built for single-authored papers, and its handling of multi-authored papers is surprisingly poor.
The default way of scraping author names leads to many errors and they can only be fixed manually. Take the paper Academia.edu staff published on 'discoverability' — the authors are all jumbled up. Only the original uploader owns the item and can add or fix bibliographic metadata, and for other authors, it's hard to see who's the owner. There is no system for duplicate detection and resolution. It is too easy for multiple authors to upload the same paper with slight differences in bibliographic metadata. It is too hard to clean up the mess and make sure there is only one good version of record. This affects people's profiles and has undesirable knock-on effects for the points above.
- The process of adding papers is geared towards enriching Academia.edu content rather than towards promoting the sharing of correct and complete scientific information.
After Academia.edu gets your PDF (and that's a requirement for adding a paper), there are very few opportunities for providing metadata, and the primary upload interface cares more about fluff like 'research interests' than about getting the basic bibliographic metadata right. There is no way to import via DOI or PMID (which would prevent many errors), or even to record these identifiers — a fatal lack of concern for interoperability which is quite surprising. Essentially, a user interface should make it easy for people to get things right, and hard to get them wrong. The current user interface for adding papers does the exact opposite (see annoted screenshot).
- It is surprisingly (and needlessly) hard to add crucial bibliographical information like journal, DOI and URL.
More details can only be added after importing papers, which simply means most users won't do it. As far as I can see, the only way to do it is to go back to your publication list, hover over the Edit button, and find other fields to edit. Even here, there appears to be no place for identifiers like DOI or PMID. Page numbers and so on are hidden in an "Other" field. Any user interface designer will tell you that stuff buried this deeply might as well be left out: only a negligible amount of users will find and use it. Anyway, if you've succeeded in adding some of this metadata, congratulations for completing a futile exercise. The information you painstakingly entered is nowhere exposed and so cannot be reused or exported, except, again, manually. Quite remarkable in the age of APIs and interoperability.
How Academia.edu nudges us towards narcissism
My conclusion from these points: Academia.edu seems not to care about promoting the curation and sharing of correct and high quality metadata of scientific publications. One might counter that this is not the goal of the network, and that the content of the papers is what's most important anyway. But peer-reviewed publications are still the main vehicle for advancing scientific results, and citations are still the main currency of cumulative science. So getting bibliographic metadata right is key to promoting science as a cumulative enterprise. Nor should this be hard in the era of DOIs and PMIDs, making it all the more surprising Academia.edu doesn't care about them.
If there really is a problem, why do relatively few people complain and why are so many users seemingly happy about the service? There are several reasons. Not every academic has access to personal website or an open academic repository, and Academia.edu presents itself as one of the easiest options to make one's work visible online (never mind the fact that it doesn't actually make it easily citable, and laces it with ads to boot). It may be a way to keep up with colleagues. Also, I've heard people are happy with its "sessions" as a way to get interactive feedback on a paper. But there's one important reason that I haven't seen commented upon often: Academia.edu plays to our vanity. Many elements of its design are built to satisfy and amplify our craving for external validation.
Judging from the navigation menu, "analytics" is one of the most important elements of Academia.edu. Upload papers, tag them with research interests, and they generate paper views. Follow people and they'll follow you back, generating profile views. Tomorrow your paper may be in the top 5%! Next week you might be crowned as the 1%! Look, your paper was just read by someone from Vienna! Your work is being read in 27 countries! You're being followed by someone you barely know! All those things are nicely presented in spiffy graphs — evidently a part of Academia.edu that a lot of design resources have been devoted to.
And note some of the design here is cynical. The only two time windows offered are 30 days and 60 days, inviting you to come back at least this often to keep up with the stats (yes, you can download a CSV for more, but once again that is one of those power user features that will rarely be used). Views are promoted over actual downloads while bounce rates (basically, how many people are gone after a quick glance, usually the majority) are concealed. The most important metadata for papers (again, just taking the design as a measure of what Academia.edu promotes as important) is this mostly meaningless view count. Not where it was published, not how to cite it, certainly not where to find it off Academia.edu — just how many people had a look.
Academia.edu doesn't take academia seriously
Does this mean everybody on Academia.edu is a narcissist? Of course not. My point is not about users; it is about the design of the service. User interface design is not innocent: as a recent Medium essay noted, technology hijacks our minds, constraining our options and nudging us in ways that often elude our awareness. Not everybody on Academia.edu is a narcissist, but many aspects of its design make it easy to become one. (The emails! Don't get me started about the emails. By default, Academia.edu will send you an email whenever someone stumbled upon your profile or one of your papers. Just look at this Twitter feed to see how creepy people find that feature. You might even spot a few who have come to like it, Stockholm syndrome-style.)
I find @academia's "Someone Searched for You/Your Paper" instant updates a little unnerving but no way in hell am I disabling them.
— Mark Sussman (@marksussman) May 5, 2015
On balance, I feel Academia.edu doesn't really take us seriously as academics. It takes our work to make a profit (for instance by putting advertisements around it), totally botches the metadata and tries to appease us by offering stats and social rankings that promote constant comparison. And nothing in its design suggests a regard for getting even the most basic bibliographic information about our scientific work right — even though that would be one way to turn page views into citations. This is one of the reasons the only paper I've uploaded there for years has been one pointing people to where they can find all my papers freely and without hassle.
To end on a slightly more optimistic note: at least the poor metadata problem can be solved. As far as I can see, nothing in Academia.edu's business model turns on proliferating poor and incomplete metadata. The citation advantage it likes to claim could significantly increase if it started exposing metadata in ways that are compatible with widely used tools like Google Scholar and Zotero. It still won't be a service I'm keen on using, but I do hold hope it will become better at promoting cumulative science rather than cynically playing to our vanity.
Sound symbolism boosts novel word learning: comparing ideophones and adjectives
We have a new paper out. It's actually been available since February in an online-first version, but for those of us who love page numbers and dead trees, the journal has now printed it in its August issue on pages 1274-1281. Citation:
Lockwood, G., Dingemanse, M., & Hagoort, P. (2016). Sound-symbolism boosts novel word learning (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(8), 1274-1281. doi:10.1037/xlm0000235
This is another one for which we've made available the stimuli —word lists and sound files— through OSF, contributing to our mission to make research from our lab replicable. Also, we have since replicated the results in a follow-up study where we also took EEG and individual difference measures.
I provide a quick summary in 2×3 points below. For a write-up that's much more fun and has great illustrations, check out Gwilym Lockwood's Sound symbolism boosts novel word learning: the MS Paint version.
- We test how people learn real words from an unfamiliar language. If you give people a choice (does bukubuku mean 'slim' or 'fat'?), most will get it right. But in real life we are rarely given such choices; instead, we learn associations, some of which may stick better than others. Does sound symbolism boost word learning?There is some evidence it does, but this is mostly from studies in which people learn artificial words. The real litmus test of the power of sound symbolism is to give people a learning task with real, existing words. We test how well Dutch people learn the meanings of words from Japanese, a language that is unfamiliar to them.
- We contrast ideophones and adjectives. Ideophones are said to be sound-symbolic, i.e. to show iconic associations between sound and meaning. However, evidence for this so far has mostly come from studies without a strong control condition (which compare ideophones with nonwords). We want to be sure that we are tapping into whatever may be special about ideophones as a word class, so we compare the learning of ideophones and adjectives from one and the same language. This helps us tease apart general ease (or difficulty) of learning from a boost that may be specifically due to sound symbolism. We expected that ideophones are significantly easier to learn than adjectives.
- We swap meanings to see if we can make and break the effect of sound symbolism. Prior work has shown that sound-symbolic cues may get you in the rough ballpark of the semantic domain (e.g., size) but may not be enough to distinguish between opposite meanings (e.g., small vs. large). We have people learn some words with their real translation and others with their opposite translation. If there is an arbitrary connection between form and meaning (as in most adjectives), this should make no difference to how easy or hard they are to learn. But if there is an iconic connection that helps you learn a word (as in most ideophones), breaking this connection may well make it harder to learn them.
And here are our main findings:
- Sound-symbolism boosts word learning. The sound-symbolic bootstrapping effect, as it has come to be known, extends to real lexical words from existing languages. This is an important validation of the earlier findings based on pseudowords.
- Ideophones are easier to learn than adjectives. Of the ideophones, 86% are recalled correctly; for the adjectives, this is only 79%. So all words can be learned (fortunately! otherwise what would be the point of having them?), but some are significantly easier to learn than others. The ones that are easier to learn are ideophones, i.e. those words that have iconic associations between form and meaning.
- Ideophones with their opposite meaning are harder to learn than adjectives. If we sever the connection between form and meaning, this doesn't affect the learning of adjectives: it doesn't make it easier or harder. This is what we expect of arbitrary words. But doing the same thing to ideophones does affect learning: ideophones presented with their opposite meaning are harder to recall than ideophones with their real meaning. So not only does the special association between form and meaning in ideophones provide a learning advantage; reversing the association results in a learning difficulty.
Since this study came out, it's been featured on the Lingspace vlog as well as in several other media — see its altmetric.com page.
Why PLOS ONE needs page proofs
Note: I prepared this posting in August 2015, when PLOS ONE was due to publish a paper by us and I wanted to make sure they'd avoid the stupid typesetting errors they made in our 2013 paper. I used the numbers to convince them to show us proofs beforehand. To my surprise, they did, and I never got around to finishing the draft piece I had in the making. This week the issue flared up again following a comment by Dorothy Bishop, so I've decided to unearth my draft blog post and put it online.
Update: thanks Retraction Watch for giving some attention to this issue: PLOS ONE's correction rate is higher than average. Why?
PLOS ONE notoriously and astonishingly does not have a proofs stage: authors do not get to see how their work is typeset until the very day it appears. If they spot typesetting errors then, it is too late: PLOS ONE has a policy of not correcting formatting errors (recent example here). Note that I'm not talking about typos but about typesetting errors: problems introduced by the publisher deviating from the authors' proofed manuscript. In the most egregious cases, they will republish the article, slapping a correction notice on it. The correction notice may mention that the errors were "introduced during the typesetting process" and that "the publisher apologizes for this error" (as for our 2013 paper). But nobody reads correction notices, while everybody gets to see the article was corrected. For many readers a correction is an index of sloppiness at least and bad science at worst. Unnecessary corrections hurt authors.
Let me be clear: Corrections can be useful and important. If there are true errors of fact in a publication, a correction is an important way to set things straight while also keeping the scientific record intact. Readers can trace an earlier version, but the new version is designated as the definitive one. However, at PLOS ONE, that useful function of corrections is fast being diluted by many corrections that simply fix errors introduced in the typesetting stage. PLOS ONE thereby punishes authors for errors not introduced by the authors and makes the publication record unnecessarily messy.
Many corrections are for publisher errors
In the period May-July 2015, PLOS ONE published a total of 474 corrections. Over a quarter of these (132) indicate that the error was introduced at the typesetting stage, i.e. beyond the control of the authors.. The remainder did not include that phrase, but most were trivial errors that would have been caught by the authors if there had been a proofs stage: missing information from Funding sections, swapped figures, and incorrectly typeset equations. Actually some of these may also be publisher errors. Here is a correction of a correction noting, "This article was republished on July 27, 2015, to change the byline of the correction, which should have been The PLOS ONE Staff, and to note the publisher as responsible for the error." The original error was one of omitting Funding information.
In the same three-month period in 2015, PLOS ONE published 8466 articles whose title does not include "Correction:". Ignoring for a moment that some corrections in this period may be for articles that go further back, we see that in this quarter of 2015, PLOS ONE issued corrections for over 5% of its publication output. That seems rather a lot. Was this a special period? In the first six months of 2015, there were 925 corrections, 193 (or 21%) of which indicate publisher error. In that period, the rate of corrections to real publications is 7% (925 over 14252). The rate of publisher errors seems to be rising. In 2014, 13% of corrections indicate publisher error (and the ratio of corrections to publications was 6%). In 2013, 4% of corrections indicate publisher error (and the ratio of corrections to publications was 5%).
Update Aug 2016: Here are the numbers for the whole of 2015: 30970 research articles across all PLOS journals, 1939 corrections (6.3% of publication output), of which 415 acknowledge publisher error (21.4% of corrections). And here's 2016 so far: 15162 articles, 794 corrections (5.2%) of which 154 are publisher error (19.4% of corrections). So over the last 1.5 years, a full 6% of all PLOS publication output has received corrections, and at least one fifth of these are due to publisher errors beyond the control of authors. Keep in mind authors are essentially powerless and many don't request corrections, so the problems are likely much worse.
Authors deserve better
PLOS ONE asks publication fees "to offset expenses—including those of peer review management, journal production and online hosting and archiving". It seems to me that for a fee of $1495, authors can expect to get a modicum of quality control in typesetting, which would fall under journal production. They haven't been getting it so far. This ought to change.
I love PLOS ONE for its visionary publishing model and its open access philosophy. Though some have pointed out quirks in its editorial processes (e.g. "Creatorgate"), for the papers I've had under review, editors were fast and reviewers tough yet fair. It pains me to conclude that they are letting authors down when it comes to the final stage of publication. Our work deserves to be published according to the same standards of rigour that hold prior to publication. By not exercising due diligence in the journal production process, PLOS ONE is hurting its authors and ultimately damaging its own reputation.
What sound symbolism can and cannot do: new paper in Language
We have a new paper out in Language:
Dingemanse, Mark, Will Schuerman, Eva Reinisch, Sylvia Tufvesson, and Holger Mitterer. 2016. "What Sound Symbolism Can and Cannot Do: Testing the Iconicity of Ideophones from Five Languages." Language 92 (2): e117–33. doi:10.1353/lan.2016.0034
The basic finding is this: people are sensitive to the meaning of ideophones they've never heard, even when they are produced out of context by a computer voice in a difficult forced choice task. Yet there is also reason for caution: the effect is not nearly as strong as what people have found for pseudowords like bouba and kiki.
As we note in the introduction, "there appears to be a tendency to either underplay or exaggerate the significance of iconicity in the study of language and mind". In this paper we chart a middle way between these extremes. Here's a quick summary in 3×3 points:
What we did:
- Sound symbolism (iconicity in spoken language) is usually studied using hand-crafted pseudowords in binary forced choice experiments (think bouba and kiki, as reviewed here), but there are three problems with such experimental designs: (i) they run the risk of inflating effect sizes, (ii) it is unclear how they relate to natural languages, and (iii) they usually don't control for prosody.
- We designed a study to tackle these problems by (i) adjusting the binary choice task to be more realistic and harder, (ii) using real words and meanings from natural languages, and (iii) teasing apart prosody and segmental features. Essentially, we bring linguistic insights to bear on the psychological study of sound symbolism.
- We take 203 ideophones —lexical sound-symbolic words— from 5 languages and 5 semantic domains and present them to 80 participants in 4 versions: (i) full original recording, (ii) full speech synthesized version, (iii) prosody-only condition and (iv) phonemes-only condition. The versions help us control for variation due to different speakers and help us examine the contributions of prosody and segmental features.
What we found:
- People can choose the correct translation of ideophones at a level significantly above chance. So ideophones in Japanese, Korean, Semai, Ewe and Siwu are not fully arbitrary, as is normally assumed of words; they contain iconic cues that even people who don't speak these languages can pick up.
- Sound ideophones are easiest to guess, but the other semantic domains (movement, texture, color/visual appearance, and shape) come out significantly above chance as well. However, the effect is much more modest than most bouba/kiki studies: in the best versions, people score 57.2% on average (where 50% would be chance level) — quite different from the 95% that has sometimes been claimed for pseudoword studies.
- Performance for the original and resynthesised stimuli is indistinguishable, so our speech synthesis method works. Performance is significantly better for the full versions (i-ii) than for the reduced versions (iii-iv), so both prosody and phonemes contribute to the effect (and neither alone is sufficient).
What we conclude:
- Findings based on pseudowords like bouba/kiki cannot be automatically translated into claims about natural languages. Ideophones combine iconicity and arbitrariness, and lexical iconicity in ideophones is best characterised as a weak bias, which is supported by multimodal performances in actual use and which may be amplified in cultural evolution (cf our TiCS paper).
- Prosody is just as important as segmental information in supporting iconic interpretations (as predicted here). Prior work, which has rarely controlled for prosody, likely overestimates the role of speech sounds and underestimates the role of intonation, duration and other prosodic cues.
- Speech synthesis offers a viable way to achieve experimental control in the study of sound symbolism. To stimulate its wider use we're making available all stimulus materials, including the diphone synthesis source files we used to create them. Get them at MUSE or OSF.
Sound symbolism is a phenomenon with broad relevance to the study of language and mind, but there has been a disconnect between its investigations in linguistics and psychology. This study tests the sound-symbolic potential of ideophones—words described as iconic—in an experimental task that improves over prior work in terms of ecological validity and experimental control. We presented 203 ideophones from five languages to eighty-two Dutch listeners in a binary-choice task, in four versions: original recording, full diphone resynthesis, segments-only resynthesis, and prosody-only resynthesis. Listeners guessed the meaning of all four versions above chance, confirming the iconicity of ideophones and showing the viability of speech synthesis as a way of controlling for segmental and suprasegmental properties in experimental studies of sound symbolism. The success rate was more modest than prior studies using pseudowords like bouba/kiki, implying that assumptions based on such words cannot simply be transferred to natural languages. Prosody and segments together drive the effect: neither alone is sufficient, showing that segments and prosody work together as cues supporting iconic interpretations. The findings cast doubt on attempts to ascribe iconic meanings to segments alone and support a view of ideophones as words that combine arbitrariness and iconicity. We discuss the implications for theory and methods in the empirical study of sound symbolism and iconicity.
Some things you need to know about Google Scholar
Summary: Google Scholar is great, but its inclusiveness and mix of automatically updated and hand-curated profiles means you should never take any of its numbers at face value. Case in point: the power couple Prof. Et Al and Dr. A. Author, whose profiles I created following Scholar's recommended settings (and a bit of manual embellishment). If you have a Scholar profile, make sure you don't let Scholar update the publication list automatically without checking and cleaning up regularly. If you're looking at somebody else's profile, take it with a big pinch of salt, especially when they have a reasonably common name or when duplicate entries or weird citation distributions indicate that it is being automatically updated.
Update July 1st: Google Scholar has now manually blocked Prof. et al. from appearing in top rankings for her disciplines. They probably thought her too prominent a reminder of the gameability of their system (how long will it take before they silence her next of kin?). This doesn't solve the real problem, noted below, of auto-updating profiles like Yi Zhang and John A. Smith diluting top rankings. In fact, even in scientometrics, it looks like there are at least 3 or 4 auto-updating profiles in the top 10.
I love Google Scholar. Like many scientists, I use it all the time for finding scientific literature online, and it is more helpful and comprehensive than services like PubMed, Sciencedirect, or JSTOR. I like that Google Scholar rapidly delivers scholarly papers as well as information about how these papers are cited. I also like its no-nonsense author profiles, which enable you to find someone's most influential publications and gauge their relative influence at a glance. These are good things. But they are also bad things. Let's consider why.
Three good things about Google Scholar
- Google Scholar is inclusive. It finds scholarly works of many types and indexes material from scholarly journals, books, conference proceedings, and preprint servers. In many disciplines, books and peer-reviewed proceedings are as highly valued and as influential as journal publications. Yet services like Web of Science and PubMed focus on indexing only journals, making Google Scholar a preferred tool for many people interested in publication discovery and citation counts.
- Its citation analysis is automated. Citations are updated continuously, and with Google indexing even the more obscure academic websites, keeping track of the influence of scholarly work has become easier than ever. You can even ask Scholar to send you an email when there are new citations of your work. There is very little selection, no hand-picking, and no influence from questionable measures like impact factor: only citations, pure and simple, determine the order in which papers are listed.
- Its profiles are done by scholars. No sane person wants to disambiguate the hundreds of scholars named Smith or clean up the mess of papers without named authors, titles or journals. Somebody at Google Scholar had the brilliant idea that this work can be farmed out to people who have a stake in it: individual scholars who want to make sure their contributions are presented correctly and comprehensively. So while citations are automated, the publication lists in Google Scholar profiles are at least potentially hand-curated by the profile owners. Pretty useful. But wait…
Three bad things about Google Scholar
- Google Scholar is inclusive. It will count anything that remotely looks like an article, including the masterpiece "Title of article" (with 128 citations) by A. Author. It will include anything it finds on university web domains, so anyone with access to such a domain can easily game the system. Recently it has started to index stuff on academia.edu, a place without any quality control where anybody can upload anything for dissemination.
- Its citation analysis is automated. There are no humans pushing buttons, making decisions and filtering stuff. This means rigorous quality control is impossible. That's why publications in the well-known "Name of journal" are counted as contributing bona fide citations, and indeed how "Title of article" can have 128 citations so far. It's also why the recent addition of academia.edu content has resulted in an influx of duplicate citations due to poor metadata.
- Its profiles are done by scholars. Scholars have incentives to appear influential. H-indexes and citation counts play a role in how their work is evaluated and enter into funding and hiring decisions. Publications and co-authors can be added to Google Scholar manually without any constraints or control mechanism, an opportunity for gaming the system that some may find hard to resist. But forget malicious intent: scholars are people, and people are lazy. If Google Scholar tells them it can update their publications lists automatically, they'll definitely do so — with consequences that can be as hilarious as harmful, as we'll see below.
To illustrate these points, let's have a look at the Google Scholar profiles of two eminent scholars, Dr. Author and Prof. Et Al.
Dr. Author
Enter dr. A. Author. Ranking second in the field of citation analysis, his h-index is 30 and he has over 3500 citations. Among his most influential papers are "Title of article" with 159 citations and "Title of paper" with 128 citations to date. It is a matter of some regret to him that his 1990 "Instructions to authors" has been less influential, but perhaps its time is yet to come. Dr. Author is active across a remarkable range of fields. He likes to write templates, editorials, and front matter but has also been known to produce peer-reviewed papers as well. His first name is variously spelled Andrew, Albert or Anonymous, but most people just call him "A." and Google Scholar happily accepts that.
Dr. Author reminds us that Google Scholar citations are done by an automated system, and so will be necessarily noisy. His profile simply gathers anything attributed to "A. Author", a listing that is automatically updated in accordance with Google Scholar's recommended settings. How pieces like "Title of article" can accrue >100 citations is a bit of a mystery, especially since only a few of the citing articles are other templates. Some of A. Author's highly cited papers seem to be due to incomplete metadata from the source; others seem to be simply misparses; some are correct in the sense that editorials are often authored by "anonymous author". At any rate, this shows there are a lot of ghost publications and citations out there, some of which may easily be attributed to people or publications they don't belong to.
But surely these are just quirks due to bad data — garbage in, garbage out, as they say. Actual scientists maintaining a profile can count on more reliable listings. Or can they?
Prof. Et Al
Enter prof. Et Al. With an h-index of 333 and over 2 million citations, she is the world's most influential scientist, surpassing such highly cited scholars as Freud, Foucault, and Frith (what is it with F?). She has an Erdős number of 1 and ranks first in the disciplines of scientometrics, bibliometrics, quality control and performance assessment; in fact in any discipline she would care to associate herself to. How did she reach this status? Simply by (i) creating a profile under her name, (ii) blindly adding the publications that Google Scholar suggested were hers; (iii) allowing Scholar to update her profile automatically, as recommended. Oh, and just because Google Scholar allows her to, she also manually added some more papers she was sure she wrote (including with her good friend Paul Erdős).
Prof. Al reminds us that Google Scholar profiles are made by scholars. Scholars, being people, are mostly well-intentioned — but they can also be unsuspecting, lazy or worse. Prof. Al started out by simply doing what most scholars do when they create a new profile: following the instructions and recommended settings. If you do this blindly, Google Scholar will just add anything to your profile that comes remotely close to your name, and there is almost a guarantee that you'll end up with a profile that way overestimates your scientific contributions.
Real-life examples
It is not that hard to find real examples of profiles getting a lot of extra padding because of Scholar's automatic updating feature. Take Yi Zhang at Georgia Tech, who must surely be the most accomplished PhD student ever with 40.000+ citations and an h-index of 70. This is Google Scholar's recommended "automatic updating" feature going bananas with what must be a very common name. Indeed, there is another Yi Zhang, ranking 4th in syntax just after Chomsky, Sag, and Kiparsky. His top cited paper has 306 citations and yet the sum of his work —a well-rounded total of 1000 publications— has somehow received over 23,000 citations. (Note that #5 and #6 in syntax are also auto-updating profiles.)
All this is mostly harmless fun, until you realise that a profile may be claiming the publications and citations of another one without either of them noticing. Case in point: the profile of Giovanni Arturo Rossi, an expert on respiratory diseases, is consistently hoovering up publications by my colleague Giovanni Rossi, who works on social interaction. Scholar auto-links author names to profiles in search results, preventing people from finding the real Rossi from his publications unless he actively and manually adds those Arturo-claimed publications to his profile.
Bottomline: if you have a common name, you'll have to take control of every new publication manually, since otherwise Rossi (or Smith, or Zhang) is going to get it added automatically to their profile. Also, if you have a common name and you blindly follow Google Scholar's recommended settings, you may be very pleased with your h-index, but probably for the wrong reasons (hello there John A. Smith, independent scholar, 23428 citations, h-index 64!). So my most general recommendation would be: don't let Google Scholar update your profile automatically, and if you must, clean up regularly to avoid looking silly.
Know what you're doing
So far, the examples arise simply from Google Scholar's recommended setting to automatically update publication lists. It doesn't look like any of these authors (well, except maybe dr. Author and prof. Et Al) have done anything like actively adding publications that aren't theirs, or claiming they've worked with Paul Erdős. But here's the thing: these things are not just possible, they are really easy, as prof. Et Al's superstar profile shows. And with hundreds of thousands of active profiles, there's bound to be some bad apples there.
What are the consequences? Nothing much if you take Google Scholar for what it is: a useful but imperfect tool. Yet many take it more seriously. If you're in the business of comparing people (for instance while reviewing job applications or when looking for potential conference speakers), the metrics provided by Google Scholar are some of the first ones you'll come across and it will be very tempting to use them. There is even an r package that will help you extract citation data and compare scholars based solely on citation numbers and h-indexes. All this is perilous business, considering these ranks are diluted with auto-updating ghost profiles.
Let me end by reiterating that I love Google Scholar and I use it all the time. It can be a tremendously useful tool. Like all tools, it can also be misinterpreted, misused and even gamed. If you know what you're doing you should be fine. But if you think you can blindly trust it, take another look at the work of dr. A. Author and prof. dr. Et Al.
The "A. Author" and "Et Al" profiles were created in June 2016 by Mark Dingemanse to illustrate the points made in this post. Thanks to Seán Roberts for suggesting that A. Author should co-author with Et Al. Just in case Google Scholar follows up with some manual quality control and some of these profiles or publications disappear, screenshots document all the relevant profiles and pages.
There is something of a tradition of creating Google Scholar profiles to make a point; see here and here, for example. While my goal here is simply to promote mindful use of technology by noting some problems with Google Scholar profiles (as opposed to citations, the focus of most prior research), let me note there is of course a large scholarly literature in bibliometrics and scientometrics on the pros and cons of Google Scholar. Google Scholar Digest offers a comprehensive bibliography.
Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language
Just out in Trends in Cognitive Sciences: a review paper by yours truly with Damián Blasi, Gary Lupyan, Morten Christiansen and Padraic Monaghan. It is titled "Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language". You can download it here (PDF). Here is a simple summary:
An important principle in linguistics is that words show no predictable relation between their form and their meaning (arbitrariness). Yet this principle does not have exclusive reign. Some words have forms that suggest aspects of their meaning (iconicity). Some groups of words have subtle statistical properties that give away something about their grammatical function (systematicity). To fully explain how words work, we need to recognise that the principle of arbitrariness is not the whole story, and that words can additionally show degrees of iconicity and systematicity.
Here are some of the main points made in the paper:
- Often, arbitrariness is thought to be not just necessary but also sufficient to explain how words work. The paper shows this is not the case: non-arbitrary patterns in language are more common than assumed, and they have implications for how we learn, process and use language.
- Often, arbitrariness and iconicity are pitted against each other. The paper shows this is an oversimplification: iconic words have a degree of arbitrariness and the two do not exclude each other.
- Often, the role of iconicity in language is thought to be minimal. The paper shows that can differ dramatically across languages and also varies as a function of meaning and modality (e.g. signed or spoken).
- Sometimes, iconicity and systematicity have been confused. The paper shows that distinguishing them helps us to better understand vocabulary structure, by showing why we may expect iconicity to show certain universal patterns while systematicity allows more language-specific patterns.
- Sometimes, we may forget that words are not abstract ideas but tools that have their own history. The paper argues that the way words are learned and used influences their form, and that this may help explain how arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity pattern the way they do.
- Sometimes, language scientists make far-reaching claims based on studying a small portion of the vocabulary, or a small number of (typically Western) languages. The paper argues that we can get a better picture of language by looking at a wider range of evidence.
Folk Definitions in Linguistic Fieldwork
Another extensively revised chapter from my thesis sees the light: Folk definitions in linguistic fieldwork. In which I discuss a procedure that is part of many field work routines, but seldomly appreciated as a method of its own. Abstract:
Informal paraphrases by native speaker consultants are crucial tools in linguistic fieldwork. When recorded, archived, and analysed, they offer rich data that can be mined for many purposes, from lexicography to semantic typology and from ethnography to the investigation of gesture and speech. This paper describes a procedure for the collection and analysis of folk definitions that are native (in the language under study rather than the language of analysis), informal (spoken rather than written), and multi-modal (preserving the integrity of gesture-speech composite utterances). The value of folk definitions is demonstrated using the case of ideophones, words that are notoriously hard to study using traditional elicitation methods. Three explanatory strategies used in a set of folk definitions of ideophones are examined: the offering of everyday contexts of use, the use of depictive gestures, and the use of sense relations as semantic anchoring points. Folk definitions help elucidate word meanings that are hard to capture, bring to light cultural background knowledge that often remains implicit, and take seriously the crucial involvement of native speaker consultants in linguistic fieldwork. They provide useful data for language documentation and are an essential element of any toolkit for linguistic and ethnographic field research.


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Andsec 2016 registration is open!
Andsec will always be a free conference (both as in "speech" and "beer").
When registering, you have 3 choices:
- Access the conference: FREE
- Access the Pre-Party (Friday June 3rd, 11 pm) at Belushi Bar: FREE
- Get an Andsec T-shirt: AR$ 220 (USD 15) (Sold at the conference)
- Access the Sunday dinner: AR$ 250 (USD 18) (Pre-sold at registration)
We also accept DONATIONS, so you can help us continue our pursue of being free
It's up to you. But don't worry, we will hug you anyways, even if you pick the free choice :)
Online attendees don't have to register, just access here to subscribe!


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Seamlessly integrates FancyBox lightbox into your WordPress blog: Upload, activate, and you're done. Additional configuration optional.
- There was a vulnerability detected in versions 3.0.2 and lower, is my site in danger?
This vulnerability was patched in version 3.0.3.
An additional change was introduced in version 3.0.4 to make sure that the malicious code can't be printed to visitors even if it still remains in the database.
If you think your site might still be using a vulnerable version of the plugin please log in to your WordPress admin panel, disable the plugin and clear any cache if your site uses a cache system.
If you wish to continue using the plugin, check that the plugin is updated to the latest version from your admin panel and enable it. Then check the plugin's settings page and make sure there's no abnormal code in any of the fields, especially on the Extra Calls tab. If you are not sure about the code you see in the settings please use the Revert to Defaults button at the bottom of the settings page.
If you think your site might be compromised in any other way check this guide: WordPress Codex - FAQ My site was hacked.
- Is the FancyBox script vulnerable or unsafe?
No, there's nothing wrong with the actual FancyBox script that i know of.
The vulnerability detected in versions 3.0.2 and lower of the "FancyBox for WordPress" plugin was limited to the plugin itself. Other FancyBox plugins or manual implementations of FancyBox are unrelated to this issue.
Requires: 3.4 or higher
Compatible up to: 4.6.2
Last Updated: 4 months ago
Active Installs: 100,000+
0 of 4 support threads in the last two months have been marked resolved.
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1316 Erie StreetNorth Kansas City, MO, 64116
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KC Ram Jack provides proven foundation repair methods using patented Ram Jack Systems. Serving the Kansas City area, Ram Jack Systems deliver numerous solutions to solve all your foundation repair needs.
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7 posts tagged with government and canada.
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How can I stop my city government from outsourcing the decision to outsource government services?
I'm looking for research or advocacy groups that are critical of governments that hire consulting firms such as KPMG for budgetary advice or auditing purposes. Other than The Yes Men, please ;) [more inside]
Where's my rebate, mon ami?
Revenue Quebec Filter: I mailed my taxes to Revenue Quebec somewhere around the 3rd or 4th of May. That's slightly late, but it's OK because they owe me money. I even sent it express post so it wouldn't get lost. Two months later, I've received no cheque, no direct deposit, no notice of assessment--nothing. [more inside]
J'en ai besoin d'améliorer mon français. Any suggestions?
« J'en ai besoin d'améliorer mon français, » or: "I need to improve my French." I'm looking for advice from anyone who has worked on improving or regaining their nth language. [more inside]
"North American Union? Awesome Idea!"
Are there any organizations directly supporting something analogous to a North American Union that people can join at a grassroots level? If not, what's the most integrationist? [more inside]
Opening a small business in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. What do I do to register a small business with the government? I've been interested in doing this for a few reasons, mostly because I want to work for myself (a good enough reason I know) but am unsure how to register it bureaucratically. [more inside]
Why shouldn't I vote Green?
Why would anyone not vote for the Green Party in the upcoming Canadian federal election? [more inside]
Ways for a Canadian to legally work in the USA
Ways for a Canadian to legally work in the USA... [more inside] [more inside]
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Help support your MeetupChip in
This group is for those who have completed Miksang Contemplative photography training. Let's get together to continue our Miksang practice. We can have events for group shoots in the Houston area and do "live" group reviews. We can also have "virtual" events to challenge ourselves and support our individual practices.
From my teacher Miriam Hall....
Dear participants,
Over the years, starting with Flickr and now increasingly on Facebook, Miksang photography groups have been great places to gather and share photography. We want to continue in that tradition, but there has also been confusion about "What Miksang Is". So I am writing this to help clarify some.
People tend to think of Miksang as either two things:
1. A general term meaning contemplative photography, and therefore encompassing anything that feels contemplative.
2. A very specific set of rules: no black and white, no (over)-processed images, etc
It is neither of these.
Miksang means "Good Eye" in Tibetan, and it refers to a very specific set of teachings and practices based on the Dharma Art teachings of Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Though you will find, if you google Miksang, a lot of references to what Miksang is, you will find if you look on either of the two official websites: miksang.org and miksang.com, that this is exactly what Miksang is. Those practices use guidelines (including those two "rules" above and more) but the guidelines are there to establish a container for our practice.
What Nalanda Miksang's main teacher John likes to say about these guidelines is something like this: While it would be really nice to give the meditation instruction "Just Be" and find enlightenment that way, we can't seem to do that. We need structure and we need practice. Miksang, the result of now three decades of hard work, dedication and practice, is one of those structures.
If, reading this, by now you already feel like contemplative photography shouldn't have structure, rules, guidelines, then maybe Miksang isn't for you. There are many, many contemplative photography options out there. Please explore them. We do not have the corner on the market of seeing clearly. But if you are interested in using guidelines to help liberate yourself, then you are in the right place.
[...] Classes are offered online (and frequently posted here and in other Miksang groups). If you feel a heart connection with what is posted here, your best bet is to go for it and take a class. We make them affordable, accessible and enjoyable.
Why do I say take a class? Because while clear seeing: seeing things as they are, photographing them as they are - is available to all of us, structure is essential to Miksang. Some common ground. Common language that helps us to communicate clearly. Without that, looking at even beautiful photographs doesn't have as much clarity.
The moderators of this and our other groups are Miksang practitioners and some even teachers. We strongly suggest, again, if you feel a connection, to make an effort to take a class. Otherwise it may seem like folks here are speaking another language.
And there is a final, significant reason to take a class:
Miksang is a practice, not a result.
I cannot say this enough:
Miksang is a formal practice, not a bunch of images that look a particular way, or even feel a particular way. It is a formal practice, like meditation is, in which you learn to look and see freely, but with specific guidelines. Without the practice, the guidelines for images posted seem simply like a bunch of pointless rules. And without the practice, that's what the guidelines are: just rules.
Also, images produced not from Miksang practice (again, it's a formal lineage, tradition and structure) are basically Miksang-like. Because the practice, the process is 3/4 of the actual point of Miksang. And that is something you can only learn by taking a class.
Or, by reading a book. John McQuade and myself have one coming out April 1, 2015. It will be called Way of Seeing. There's a similar book - though not as in depth or explicitly Miksang - by Andy Karr and Michael Wood (the other official school of Miksang) called The Practice of Contemplative Photography. And finally, Julie DuBose, another senior teacher, has a book called Effortless Beauty. You will find that our book has the most actual instruction, though we still recommend you take an actual class.
Why? Because we want to sell you something?
Because this tradition, this lineage, is real. And real teachings are passed from person to person, heart to heart. Because this is a community, society practice, not just an individual way to make your own images.
So please connect to the heart. It will make these guidelines, the ones you have been waiting for, so much clearer.
In general, at the result level, Nalanda Miksang discourages:
-Black and White (not the colors of what we actually see)
-Heavily post-processed photos (changing the exposure or cropping a bit is fine, but fake colors or added affects take away from what we are about here. You can have very fine photos done this way, artfully. They can be real perceptions. But we don't do those here.)
-Documentary pictures (if you study Miksang you will find that we are all about perception - what was your perception and were you able to communicate it? Often shots that are documentary tell us rather than show us.)
The guidelines are set and well-proven to be helpful and clear. They are here to help us develop clarity, to open, actually, rather than restrict us.
Here's what's up for discussion: how do you experience Miksang? What are other experiences you've had that are like Miksang? Discussions that question the core Miksang teachings will only be allowed for those who have taken the time to actually read the books and/or take the classes.
I am sorry to be so stern about this, but we are not using these groups as ways to replace classes. Please commit to at least one book if you are truly interested. We've taken time to make them, offer them to you as heart communications. Please take the time and heart to reciprocate, then come back to discuss. Otherwise the conversations are abstract and based on rules rather than heart connection.
Much love for your good eyes,
Nalanda Miksang Senior Teacher,
Miriam Hall
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Here is an informative video explaining the full life cycle of pipeline regulation in Alberta.
About 415 000 kilometres of Canada's oil and gas pipelines operate solely within Alberta's boundaries and fall under the jurisdiction of the AER. Certain rate-regulated gas transmission pipelines fall under the jurisdiction of the Alberta Utilities Commission, for which the AER conducts field inspections and provides incident response. Oil and gas pipelines that cross provincial or federal borders are regulated by the National Energy Board.
The AER ensures that the design, construction, operation, and maintenance—including discontinuation and abandonment—of regulated pipelines complies with Alberta's Pipeline Act, Pipeline Regulation, and applicable Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards. The AER's pipeline inspection program considers pipeline fluid characteristics, location, line size, failure history, and the company's compliance history. Pipelines with greater potential risks are given a higher inspection priority.
The AER requires licensees to develop and implement integrity management programs to identify and mitigate risks associated with a particular pipeline, including corrosion mitigation and monitoring as well as other risk factors. Licensees must re-evaluate corrosion potential annually and keep records of the actions taken to ensure compliance with all regulations. Pipelines carrying only liquid hydrocarbons must have automated leak detection systems that continuously monitor pipeline operations and alert the operator to unusual operating conditions, allowing for a rapid response at the first sign of pipeline failure.
In Alberta there are stringent and comprehensive regulations in place that address pipeline risks. Risk management involves reducing the likelihood of a pipeline failing as well as the size of a potential release. Although risk cannot be completely eliminated, safety rates in recent years have been at their highest ever, and the AER continues to improve that record of success. The province's rigorous pipeline safety regulations, requirements, and safety record have garnered interest from regulators around the globe.
In Alberta, all incidents, including those in which a pipeline is damaged but does not leak, must be reported to the AER, regardless of volume. The pipeline failure rate for 2012 was 1.5 failures per 1000 kilometres. This is significantly improved from 2.1 failures per 1000 kilometres in 2008. In 2012, the AER conducted more than 1400 pipeline inspections and investigations, including more than 270 construction inspections.
When the AER identifies noncompliance, Directive 019: Compliance Assurance provides a detailed enforcement protocol for restrictions or sanctions on a licensee's current operations and further development—including ordering the pipeline to shut down until the problems are corrected.
The AER holds licensees responsible for incident response, which might include assistance from several other sources, including government agencies or other licensees operating in the region. Licensees must follow requirements outlined in Directive 071: Emergency Preparedness and Response Requirements for the Petroleum Industry, which includes having a detailed emergency response plan in place.
The AER also conducts comprehensive investigations after serious incidents to determine the cause of a pipeline failure and what can be done to prevent a similar situation in the future.
In July 2012, the Honourable Ken Hughes, Alberta's Minister of Energy, directed the AER to conduct a third-party pipeline safety review. Group 10 Engineering Ltd. conducted the review, which examined the adequacy of pipeline requirements and industry best practices for public safety and response to pipeline incidents, pipeline integrity management, and the safety of pipelines at, or near, water crossings.
The Alberta Pipeline Safety Review included seventeen recommendations to enhance an existing strong and extensive Alberta pipeline regulatory system. Subsequent to its completion, the AER conducted a comprehensive analysis and responded to all of the review's findings.
To provide additional information on pipeline safety and regulation, the AER published its latest report on pipeline safety in the province. Report 2013-B: Pipeline Performance in Alberta, 1990–2012 summarizes the amount and type of pipelines in Alberta, analyzes pipeline incident statistics, and calculates failure frequency of various types of lines. Earlier versions of the report include Report 2007-A, which is currently available on the AER website, and Report 98-G and Report 91-G, available through the AER library.


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Q: Can kegel exercises cause premature ejaculation at some time and what should I do? I found some articles and sites on the internet, that have very critical articles on those exercises (for men). Currently, I have been doing them for some time and my PE problem has become more worse. My pelvic area is very sensitive now and I don't know what to do. Thank you for your time!
Kegel exercises are done to help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. The pelvic floor muscles help control your urine flow. There is no evidence that shows that kegel exercises help in premature ejaculation.
Premature ejaculation is mainly a psychological problem. There may be increased levels of anxiety and stress to perform. Relieving anxiety by communicating with your partner and reducing stress by meditation, exercise will help.
Another method is the start-stop method that increases the ejaculatory control. If these measures do not help, I would suggest that you consult your doctor, medications like Dapoxetine (an antidepressant) may help in sever cases of premature ejaculation.
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With the recent takeover of Amylin (AMLN) by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMY), companies selling or developing diabetes drugs are in the spotlight. There is an ongoing hostile takeover attempt by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for Human Genome Sciences, Inc. (HGSI), which may have a lot to do with the diabetes drug Albiglutide being developed jointly by the two companies (there is a discussion of Albiglutide in a Seeking Alpha article). A bidding war is possible. Human Genome Sciences has solicited other bids by July 16, 2012. It was reported late Friday July 6, 2012, by Reuters that there may be a possible bid from Celgene (CELG). Late Sunday July 8, 2012, The Street referencing an unnamed source disputed this claim. It will be interesting to see how this plays out between Reuters, a news agency and The Street, a financial media company.
New oral hypoglycemic drugs should achieve robust reductions in blood glucose levels (and HbA1c levels) and be well tolerated. Because of GlaxoSmithKline's Rosiglitazone (Avandia), the FDA may require that new diabetes drugs demonstrate cardiovascular safety in adequately powered clinical trials to detect differences in major cardiovascular events (OTCPK:MACE). Rosiglitazone use was associated with cardiovascular events and is available only under special use now. Ideally, new oral hypoglycemic drugs would also be associated with weight loss or at least weight neutral. A new class of drugs in clinical development appears to meet these criteria, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter inhibitors (see Chao, E. for a scientific review). SGLT2 is the primary glucose readsorption transporter in the kidneys, whereas SGLT1 is the primary transporter in the GI tract.
The SGLT inhibitor leading the pack is Dapagliflozin being developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca (AZN). It is a selective a SGLT2 inhibitor. On January 19, 2012, the FDA issued a complete repsonse letter which requested additional clinical data to allow a better assessment of the benefit-risk profile for Dapagliflozin. In the mean time, positive clinical data continues to roll in regarding the efficacy of Dapagliflozin. Safety data also looks acceptable, albeit there does seem to be increased incidence of urinary tract and genital infections in the Dapagliflozin groups. In Europe, the drug is closer to approval. The companies announced April 20, 2012 that the "Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (OTCQB:CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended the approval of FORXIGA (Dapagliflozin) tablets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, in combination with other glucose-lowering medicinal products including insulin, and as a monotherapy in Metformin intolerant patients". It is now under review by the European Commission, which could lead to the first approval of a drug in this class.
Lexicon's (LXRX) LX411 inhibits both SGLT1 and SGLT2 and is touted by Lexicon as the first dual inhibitor under development. Data from Phase 2 trials with LX411 so far demonstrates good efficacy associated with weight loss. Safety does not seem to be a significant issue. Lexicon also has another drug, Elotristat etiprate, entering phase 3 trials for metastatic carcinoid syndrome. Elotristat etiprate is also being evaluated in a Phase 2 trial in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Lexicon stock is trading higher in light of these recent developments.
Chart from Yahoo Finance.
I am not confident that the odds of correctly predicting whether a drug completing phase 2 trials with favorable data will ultimately be approved are good, so I won't try. But LX411 is as promising as any drug at this stage and interest in the stock of companies developing drugs for treating the huge and growing diabetes market is high. The diabetes drug market is large and growing, both here in the US and worldwide. Biotech and pharmaceutical company investors should pay attention to the SGLT inhibitors over the coming years. The SGLT inhibitors so far demonstrate efficacy and reasonable safety and are correlated with weight loss. There is also clinical data demonstrating, at least for Dapagliflozin, that the SGLT inhibitors can be safely administered with other diabetes drugs. Coadministration with other drugs is important for treating type 2 diabetes as the disease is usually progressive.
As for immediate guidance on Lexicon, the stock has traded higher recently, but the market capitalization of $1.3 billion remains low enough for a long term speculative investment. But do keep in mind that LX411 may not be first in class to market even if it is approved by the FDA. There are other SGLT inhibitors are in development (for a list see SGLT inhibitors), notably Empagliflozin by Eli Lilly (LLY), AVE2268 by Sanofi-Aventis (SNY), and Canagliflozin by Jannsen (which is part of Johnson and Johnson (JNJ)). Lexicon has $280 million in cash and a quarterly burn rate currently of about $30 million. Catalysts for short term trading such as phase 3 clinical trial results await 2013 and beyond. For long term investing, a wait and see approach could also make sense. There may be a lower entry price or down the road a ways, data from phase 3 trials from Lexicon's two lead drugs may make the stock more attractive. If you wait for good news, the price may be higher, but the risk will be lower.
Disclosure: I am long HGSI.
Additional disclosure: I may initiate a position in CELG over the next 72 hours and may sell HGSI over the next 72 hours.


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