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Brief Summary
Adult grizzly bears have a concave face, high-humped shoulders, and curved claws. Males range from 300 to 600 pounds, and females typically weigh 200 to 400 pounds. While some grizzlies have fur that looks frosted (hence, "grizzly"), their thick fur varies in color from light brown to nearly black. Distinguishing a grizzly from a black bear can be very difficult despite the grizzly's larger size, and shorter, rounder ears.
As an omnivore, the grizzly bear eats both plants and animals. Approximately 80 to 90 percent of its diet is green vegetation, nuts, seeds, berries, and roots. Grizzlies also eat insects, and they often leave behind overturned stones and rotted logs. Most of the meat in the diet comes from animal carcasses, though the grizzly will occasionally prey on elk. In Alaska and Canada, salmon is an important food source. In the Greater Yellowstone and Northern Rockies regions, grizzlies will feed predominantly on whitebark pine seeds if given a large enough source.
In the early 1800s, an estimated 50,000 grizzly bears roamed across the western United States from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast. Today, their populations in the lower 48 states are limited to the Northern Cascades (Washington), Northern Rockies, and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystems.
Under the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear as threatened in the lower 48 states in 1975. Recovery efforts have been modestly successful in some regions. In November 2005, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced its intent to establish the Greater Yellowstone grizzly bear population as a "distinct population segment (DPS)" and to remove this DPS from the List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife.
Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half
of Alberta. Isolated populations exist in northwestern Washington,
northern Idaho, western Montana, and northwestern Wyoming. Ursus
a. horribilis includes all brown bear of continental North
America; U. a. ssp. middendorffi includes brown bear on the Alaskan
islands of Kodiak, Afognak, and Shuyak. U. a. ssp. nelsoni's range is
in northern Mexico [6].
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
Occurrence in North America
Cover Requirements
Optimal grizzly bear cover is wooded areas interspersed with grass- and
shrubland. Ruediger and Mealy [29] defined hiding cover as that which
is capable of hiding an animal at 200 feet (61 m) or less in an area of
30 to 50 acres (12-20 ha). Thermal cover was defined as coniferous
trees at least 40 feet (12 m) tall with a 70 percent canopy cover in a
7- to 50-acre (3-20 ha) area. These authors recommended maintaining 30
percent of grizzly bear habitat as cover. McLellan [22] stated that not
enough significance is given to timbered areas as components of grizzly
bear habitat. Graham [13] found that in Yellowstone National Park,
grizzly bear preferred open areas that were within 160 feet (50 m) of
cover. McLellan and Shakleton [23] reported that the bears use areas
within 300 feet (100 m) of roads during the day, but that darkness is
sufficient "cover" for road use at night. Grizzly bear use daybeds in
timbered areas that are near feeding sites [3,28]. Winter dens are
usually excavated in hillsides, although dens are also made in rock
caves, downfall timber, and beneath trees and stumps [6,31,36].
Preferred Habitat
Grizzly bear prefer open, shrub communities, alpine and low elevation
meadows, riparian areas, seeps, alpine slabrock areas, and avalanche
chutes [32,36,38]. They typically choose low elevation riparian sites,
wet meadows, and alluvial plains during spring [28,36]. During summer
and fall grizzly bear more frequently use high elevation meadows,
ridges, and open, grassy timbered sites [28,32]. Various authors have
mapped and evaluated grizzly bear habitat [5,30,35].
Associated Plant Communities
more open habitats. Timbered plant communities most frequented by
grizzly bear include subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)-whitebark pine
(Pinus albicaulis), lodgepole pine (P. contorta)-Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), and spruce (Picea spp.)-western redcedar (Thuja
plicata)-hemlock (Tsuga spp.) forests. Sedge (Carex spp.)-bluegrass
(Poa spp.) meadows are also important, as well as shrubfields and low- and
high-elevation riparian communities [3,23,36,39].
Habitat: Ecosystem
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
Habitat: Cover Types
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
109 Hawthorn
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
Habitat: Plant Associations
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K063 Foothills prairie
Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Grizzly bear primarily eat grasses, forbs, roots, tubers, and fruits.
They also eat carrion, grubs, insects, particularly army cutworm moths
(Noctuidae) and ladybird beetles (Coccinelidae), fish, small rodents,
various bird species, and garbage [39]. Adult males also prey on
subordinate grizzly bear and on black bear [14]. Orchards, beehives,
and crops may be damaged by grizzly bear; they may also prey on
livestock [17,32]. Some of the more common plant foods are russet
buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier
alnifolia), Sitka mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera
spp.), whitebark pine seeds, pine (Pinaceae) vascular cambium, willow
(Salix spp.), dogwood (Cornus spp.), huckleberry and blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.), dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), sweetvetch (Hedysarum
spp.), clover (Trifolium spp.), cowparsnip (Heracleum spp.), glacier
lily (Erythronium grandiflorum), horsetail (Equisetum spp.), lomatium
(Lomatium spp.), kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), strawberry
(Fragaria spp.), buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), paintbrush (Castelleja spp.),
thistle (Cirsium spp.), fritillary (Fritillaria spp.), boykinia
(Boykinia richardsonii), and sheathed cottonsedge (Eriophorum vaginatum)
Diseases and Parasites
General Ecology
Habitat-related Fire Effects
Many authors have blamed fire suppression in some areas for the decline
of grizzly bear [7,25,35,36]. Fires can promote and maintain many
important berry-producing shrubs and forbs, as well as provide a medium
for insects and in some cases carrion. Referring to the Yellowstone
National Park fires of 1988, Blanchard and Knight [44] stated: "The most
important apparent immediate effect of fires on grizzly bears was the
increased availability of some food items, especially carcasses of elk."
Studies in western Montana showed that spring burning in
Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) types promoted huckleberry
sprouting [24]. The number of stems present after burning were closely
related to the number present before burning. Grouse whortleberry
(Vaccinium scoparium) declined following fire in western Montana because
its shallow rhizomes were killed by the heat [37,38]. In the same study
most shrubs occurred on sites burned 35 to 70 years previously. Martin
[21] found that huckleberry was most productive on sites burned between
25 to 60 years previously or on sites clearcut and burned 8 to 15 years
previously. Huckleberry on sites left untreated for more than 60 years
was least productive. Other shrubs that respond well to overstory
removal and broadcast burning are elderberry (Sambucus spp.), Sitka
mountain ash, serviceberry, and buffaloberry [15].
Timing of Major Life History Events
Birthing Season - late November through February; one to four cubs, two
is common
Gestation - 6 to 7 months with delayed implantation
Age of Maturity - 5 to 8 years for females
Life Span - 25 years or more in captivity
Denning - between October and May; length of time depends on food
availability, weather conditions, and sex of animal; may emerge
if disturbed by human activity
Conservation Status
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 03/11/1967
Lead Region: Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
Where Listed: lower 48 States, except where listed as an experimental population or delisted
Status: Experimental Population, Non-Essential
Date Listed: 11/17/2000
Lead Region: Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
Where Listed: U.S.A. (portions of ID and MT, see 17.84(l))
Status: Under Review
Date Listed:
Lead Region: Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
Where Listed: Selkirk Recovery Zone Population
Status: Under Review
Date Listed:
Lead Region: Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
Where Listed: Cabinet-Yaak Recovery Zone Population
Status: Under Review
Date Listed:
Lead Region: Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
Where Listed: North Cascades Ecosystem Recovery Zone Population
Status: Status Undefined
Date Listed:
Lead Region: Alaska Region (Region 7)
Where Listed: Alaska
Population detail:
Population location: U.S.A., conterminous (lower 48) States, except where listed as an experimental population or delisted
Listing status: T
Population location: U.S.A. (portions of ID and MT, see 17.84(l))
Listing status: EXPN
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Ursus arctos horribilis , see its USFWS Species Profile
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent changes
in status may not be included.
U.S. Federal Legal Status
United States. Some popultaions in Idaho and Montana are listed as
Experimental Populations (nonessential); populations in the Cabinet-Yaak
and Selkirk zones are Candidate populations under review. Populations in
the North Cascades are also listed as Candidate populations under review [42].
Use of Fire in Population Management
Fire can be used to create and maintain seral shrub communities for
grizzly bear by rejuvenating shrubs, releasing nutrients, and
discouraging conifer dominance [25,37]. In the case of postharvest
treatment, many authors recommend broadcast burning and discourage dozer
pile burning. The latter method can damage rhizomes, root crowns, and
the soil [4,16,29,37,39]. Natural fire programs as well as prescribed
burning for improved grizzly habitat are encouraged and practiced by
some National Forests [7,11,16,25,35]. Garcia [11] and Holland [16]
discuss burning practices on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests.
A fire-induced increase of berry-producing shrubs may only be beneficial
if spread over large areas that encompass home ranges of several bears
[33]. However, prefire plant composition may dictate postfire
composition [24]. Berry-producing shrubs must be provided continually
over time to be beneficial [15]. Miller [24] recommends burning
huckleberry during spring in Montana Douglas-fir-western larch (Larix
occidentalis) communities. Also, burning should be conducted when duff
is damp; fires that remove most of the duff often reduce huckleberry
Management Considerations
Grizzly bear have a low reproductive rate and late maturation age which
makes them susceptible to overharvesting. Also, many grizzly bear are
poached or hit by cars and trains. Other factors contributing to the
bear's decline are habitat use and disturbance by humans, both for
commercial and recreational purposes; and fire control, which in some
instances can result in reduced acres of food-rich seral shrubfields
[17,19,33,38]. Grizzly bear have been known to prey on livestock where
their ranges overlap and occasionally kill humans as a result of chance
encounters, usually in the backcountry. Because of conflicts between
grizzly bear and humans, grizzly bear habitat should be isolated from
developed areas, preferably in areas that receive only light
recreational, logging, or livestock use [45].
Logging can benefit grizzly bear populations if silvicultural treatments
promote berry-producing shrubs. However, timber management effects
should be considered over the entire rotation because an increase in
shrubs may only redistribute grizzly bear and not increase their numbers
[27]. Logging can also increase human access to critical grizzly bear
habitat, disturbing populations. Roads should be located away from
feeding areas, such as shrubfields, wet meadows, and riparian zones.
Road and seasonal trail closures must also be enforced [27,29].
Scarification and dozer pile burning can disturb soil and kill valuable
food shrubs [38]. Several authors list timber management
recommendations and road construction guidelines in grizzly bear habitat
Mexican grizzly bear
The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos nelsoni) is a presumed extinct subspecies of the Brown bear. It is named after American naturalist Edward William Nelson who secured a series for the U. S. Biological Survey. The holotype was shot by H. A. Cluff at Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua in 1899.[1]
The Mexican grizzly bear was one of the heaviest and largest mammals in Mexico. It reached a length up to 183 centimetres and an average weight of 318 kilograms. Due to its silver fur it was often named "el oso plateado" (the silver bear).[2] The Mexican grizzly bear was smaller than the grizzly bears in the United States and Canada. The general color was pale buffy yellowish varying to grayish-white, grizzled from the darker color of the underfur. Specimens in worn pelage varied to yellowish-brown and occasionally to rusty. The longest fur hairs were on the throat and the flanks. The belly was sparsely haired lacking the thick underfur of the back and the flanks.[1]
Range and habitat[edit]
The Mexican grizzly bear inhabited the northern territories of Mexico, in particular the temperate grasslands and mountainous pine forests. Its previous range reached from Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico.
Like the rest of the brown bear subspecies, Mexican grizzly bears were omnivores. Their diet mainly consisted of plants, fruits and insects. Occasionally it fed also on small mammals and carrion. Females produced one to three cubs every three years or so.
Presumed extinction[edit]
The first Europeans to come in contact with the Mexican grizzly bear were the conquistadors in the 16th century when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado went on an expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold. His trudge began in Mexico City in 1540 and went north to New Mexico and the Buffalo Plains in the modern-day U.S. states of Texas and Kansas. Because bears hunted the cattle from time to time they were considered a pest by farmers. The Mexican grizzly bear was trapped, shot and poisoned, and had already become scarce in the 1930s. Its former range decreased to the three isolated mountains Cerro Campana, Santa Clara, and Sierra del Nido 80 km north of Chihuahua in the state of Chihuahua. By 1960 only 30 of them were left. Despite its protected status the hunting continued. By 1964 the Mexican grizzly bear was regarded as extinct. After rumours of some surviving individuals on a ranch at the headwaters of the Yaqui River in the state of Sonora in 1968, American biologist Dr. Carl B. Koford went on a three-month survey but without success.[3]
- ^ a b Clinton Hart Merriam: Descriptions of New Bears of North America In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (1914), p.190-191.
- ^ David Day: The Doomsday Book of Animals. Ebury Press, London
- ^ Koford, C.B. 1969. The last of the Mexican grizzly bear. IUCN Bulletin 2:95.
Further reading[edit]
- Julian Huxley, Martyn Bramwell et al.: The Atlas of World Wildlife, 1973
- David Day: The Doomsday Book of Animals. Ebury Press, London 1981, ISBN 0-670-27987-0.
- Jane Thornbark and Martin Jenkins: The IUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1: Threatened mammalian taxa of the Americas and the Australasian zoogeographic region (excluding Cetacea). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland Switzerland, 1982. p. 339
- Walton Beacham: World Wildlife Fund Guide to Extinct Species of Modern Times, 1997, ISBN 0-933833-40-7
- A. Starker Leopold: Wildlife of Mexico – The Game Birds and Mammals, 1959
Alaska Peninsula Brown Bear
The Alaska Peninsula brown bear is any member of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) that lives in the coastal regions of southern Alaska.[2] Alaska Peninsula brown bears are a very large brown bear subspecies, usually ranging in weight from 800 to 1,200 pounds (363 to 544 kg).[3] They are found in high densities along the southern Alaskan coast due not only to the large amount of clams and sedge grass but also to the annual salmon runs; this allows them to attain huge sizes, some of the biggest in the world.[4] They may gather in large numbers at feeding sites, such as Brooks Falls and McNeil Falls, both in Katmai National Park near King Salmon.
There is debate as to if Alaska Peninsula brown bears should be referred to as "grizzlies" along with all other North American subspecies of the brown bear. There is confusion experienced when referring to inland and coastal ones separately, but biologists still maintain that coastal ones are truly brown bears. However, it is considered correct to place all North American members of U. arctos in the subspecies horribilis except the giant Kodiak bears of Kodiak Island.[5] To avoid confusion, many simply refer to all North American members, including Kodiaks, as "grizzly bears."[6]
Prized by hunters for their skulls and hides, up to 500 of Alaska's 1,500 brown bears killed yearly by hunters come from the Alaska Peninsula. To hunt this great bear, hunters must follow a variety of regulations, including bear bag limits, hunting fees, and proper rifles.[7]
Naming and etymology[edit]
The Alaska Peninsula brown bear's name most likely arose because, until 1975, they were considered a different species from the inland grizzly bear. They were never considered closer to European brown bears than inland grizzlies, but were given a different name, due to the size and color differences of coastal browns and inland grizzlies. From 1975 onward, they were considered to be the same species, but coastal ones retained the name "brown bear."[5]
Alaska Peninsula brown bears are the second largest type of brown bear in the world, only after the giant bears of Kodiak Island. They usually measure 8 feet (2.4 m) in length, usually have a shoulder height of about 4-4-1/2 feet (1.2-1.4 m), and a hindfoot length of 11 in (28 cm). One study found that the average weight for a coastal male was around 408 kilograms (900 lb). For a female, this average weight would be 227 kilograms (500 lb).[8] On the other hand, an occasional huge male brown has been recorded which greatly exceeds ordinary size, with weights reported up to 680 kg (1,500 lb).[9] A large coastal male of this size may stand up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall on its hind legs and be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) at the shoulder.[10] Although variable from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown in color with white tips.[11] A pronounced hump appears on their shoulders; the hump is a good way to distinguish a black bear from a grizzly bear, as black bears do not have this hump.
Brown bears on the Alaskan Peninsula usually feed on spawning salmon, and use many different ways to catch them. These include waiting at the bottom of the falls for the fish to jump, or standing at the top of the falls waiting to catch the fish in midair (sometimes in their mouths). Bears also have much experience at chasing fish around and pinning the slippery animals with their claws. After the salmon runs, berries and grass make the mainstay of the bears' diets, after which they put on sufficient fat reserves and go into hibernation.[6]
- ^ McLellan, B. N., Servheen, C. & Huber, D. (2008). "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
- ^ "Brown Bear". Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
- ^ Whitaker, John O. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. ISBN 0-394-50762-2.
- ^ "Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ a b "Brown or Grizzly Bear". North American Bear Center.
- ^ a b "Grizzly Bear". National Wildlife Federation.
- ^ "Brown Bear Research in Alaska". ADFG.
- ^ "Brown Bear". Bear Trust International.
- ^ Wood, G. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
- ^ "Kodiak Bear Fact Sheet". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Species Profile: Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ecos.fws.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-17.
Grizzly bear
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, the grizzly, or the North American brown bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of western North America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri brown bears which crossed to Alaska from eastern Russia 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago.[1]
Except for cubs and females,[2] grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (commonly two) which are small and weigh only about 500 grams (1 lb). A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
The word "grizzly" in its name refers to "grizzled" or grey hairs in its fur, but when naturalist George Ord formally named the bear in 1815, he misunderstood the word as "grisly", to produce its biological Latin specific or subspecific name "horribilis".[3]
Most adult female grizzlies weigh 130–200 kilograms (290–440 lb), while adult males weigh on average 180–360 kilograms (400–790 lb). The average total length in this subspecies is 198 centimetres (6.50 ft), with an average shoulder height of 102 centimetres (3.35 ft) and hindfoot length of 28 centimetres (11 in).[4] Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 grams (1 lb). In the Yukon River area, mature female grizzlies can weigh as little as 100 kilograms (220 lb). On the other hand, an occasional huge male grizzly has been recorded which greatly exceeds ordinary size, with weights reported up to 680 kilograms (1,500 lb).[5] Although variable from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown in color with white tips.[6] A pronounced hump appears on their shoulders; the hump is a good way to distinguish a black bear from a grizzly bear, as black bears do not have this hump.
Brown bears are found in Asia, Europe and North America giving them one of the widest ranges of bear species. The ancestors of the grizzly bear originated in Eurasia and travelled to North America approximately 50,000 years ago.[7] This is a very recent event in evolutionary time, causing the North American grizzly bear to be very similar to the brown bears inhabiting Europe and Asia.
In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska to Mexico and as far east as the Hudson Bay area.[7] In North America, the species is now found only in Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States including Idaho, Montana, Washington and Wyoming, extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, but is most commonly found in Canada.
In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of grizzly bears returning to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness ecosystem, in Idaho and western Montana, by killing a male grizzly bear.[8]
Its original range also included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas.
The grizzly bear appears on the flag of California, though they are extinct in the state, the last one having been shot in 1922.[9]
In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the northern part of Manitoba.[7] Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.[7] In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived.[7] However, population size significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories, mark-recapture and a refined multiple regression model.[10]
Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to a variety of reasons including the reintroduction of competing predators to these areas, the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock, and due to the bear's slow reproductive habits. There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears located throughout North America.[7]
Brown bears (of which the grizzly bear is a subspecies) can live up to 30 years in the wild, though 20 to 25 is normal.[11]
Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America.[12] This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old.[7][13] Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake.[14] On average, females produce two cubs in a litter[13] and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.[7] Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions.[15] Male grizzly bears have large territories, up to 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi),[12] making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities.
Grizzlies are subject to population fragmentation, which tends to reduce the population by causing inbreeding depression.
Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally omnivores, since their diet consists of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou, and even black bears. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than interior individuals. Grizzly bears also readily scavenge food on carrion left behind by other animals.[16]
Canadian or Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the American Rocky Mountains. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diet. In Yellowstone National Park in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of whitebark pine nuts, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia.
Although the diet of grizzly bears varies extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of their diet, with some estimates as high as 80–90%.[17] Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include blueberries, blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus), buffalo berries (Shepherdia argentea), and huckleberries (Vaccinium parvifolium), depending on the environment. Insects such as ladybugs, ants and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, it has been observed that grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on Miller moths that congregate on mountain slopes.[18] When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after there has been an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of legumes, such as Hedysarum, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts.[19] When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 400 lb (180 kg), during a period of hyperphagia, before going into false hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behaviour lessens the chances that predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes. There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. In some areas where food is plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.[citation needed]
Interspecific competition
Most notable in Yellowstone have been the interactions between gray wolves and grizzly bears. With the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of U. arctos horribilis with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[20] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. Then, the wolves and grizzly will play a game of cat and mouse. One wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).
Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the difference in size, habitat, and diet of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself.
The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources.[21] For example, many Pacific coastal islands off of British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly, but rarely both.[22] In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as age of forest, elevation and openness of land. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears.[21]
The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged by smaller animals.[15] Cougars, however, generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, the cougar will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up.
Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear finishes eating, leaving more than normal scraps for the smaller animal.[citation needed]
Ecological role
The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are dispersed and excreted in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces.[23] This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.[24]
While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems.[25] An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an area that contains just undisturbed land.[25] Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes nitrogen to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment.[26] An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.
Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests.[27] It has been found that spruce tree (Picea glauca) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed.[28] These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.[29]
Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[30] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming in the United States showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase.[31] This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[31] This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.[30]
Conflicts with humans
Grizzlies are considered by some experts to be more aggressive than black bears when defending themselves and their offspring.[32] Aggressive behavior in grizzly bears is favored by numerous selection variables. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies are too large to escape danger by climbing trees, so they respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Increased aggressiveness also assists female grizzlies in better ensuring the survival of their young to reproductive age.[33] Mothers defending their cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of fatal injuries to humans.[34] Historically, bears have competed with other large predators for food, which also favors increased aggression.
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantages and many opportunities, they almost never view humans as prey; bears rarely actively hunt humans.[35] Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring. In such situations, property may be damaged and the bear may physically harm the person.[36]
Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears.[36] An example of this spatiotemporal intersection occurs during the fall season: grizzly bears congregate near streams to feed on salmon when anglers are also intensively using the river. Some grizzly bears appear to have learned to hone in on the sound of hunters' gunshots in late fall as a source of potential food, and inattentive hunters have been attacked by bears trying to appropriate their kills.[citation needed]
Increased human-bear interaction has created "problem bears", which are bears that have become adapted to human activities or habitat.[37] Aversive conditioning, a method involving using deterrents such as rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals or acoustic devices to teach bears to associate humans with negative experiences, is ineffectual when bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food.[38] Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The B.C. government kills approximately 50 problem bears each year[38] and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears and kill them.[38]
For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister.[39]
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while hiking in bear country.[40]
The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as being wiped out in Canada.[41] As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as Special Concern under the COSEWIC registry[42] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[43]
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings.[44] These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a precise count. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed.[45]
All national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park have laws and regulations in place to protect the bears. Even so, grizzlies are not always safe in parks. In Glacier National Park in Montana and Banff National Park in Alberta, grizzlies are regularly killed by trains as the bears scavenge for grain that has leaked from poorly maintained grain cars. Road kills on park roads are another problem. The primary limiting factors for grizzly bears in Alberta and elsewhere are human-caused mortality, unmitigated road access, and habitat loss, alienation, and fragmentation. In the Central Rocky Mountains Ecosystem, most bears have died within a few hundred meters of roads and trails.[46]
On 9 January 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species.[47] In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population,[48] effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On September 22, 2009, U.S. District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated protection due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are a main source of food for the bears.[49] In 1996 the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the grizzly bear to "Lower Risk Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[50][51]
Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies on 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[46] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the Provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[52] The Provincial government has so far resisted efforts to designate its declining population of about 700 grizzlies (previously estimated at as high as 842) as endangered.[citation needed]
Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[53] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.[54]
The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos nelsoni) is extinct.[55]
Conservation efforts
Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British Columbia. One example of these efforts is the Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary located along the north coast of British Columbia; at 44,300 hectares (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies in the area.[56] When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.
The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on Grouse Mountain in Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001.[57] The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered.[58] In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads.[59] Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem.[60] To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift.[61] Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
Trophy hunting causes an imbalance between the male and female sexes, since older males are primarily sought to be hunted for their size.[30] The hunting of older males creates a gender imbalance within an area specific population.[62] The killing of older male bears in their own territory allows other males to migrate in and claim the late bear's territory. Older male bears will have had cubs with existing female bears in the region. This may cause the newly migrated male bear to become potentially infanticidal towards cubs of the resident females and the late male bear.[58]
See also
- Brown bear
- Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
- Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)
- List of fatal bear attacks in North America
- Hunting status on grizzly bears in British Columbia, Canada
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- Wielgus, R. B. (2002), "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia", Biological Conservation 106: 381–388, doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8
- Tardiff, S. E.; Stanford, J. (1998), "Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability", Ecology 79 (7): 2219–2228, doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2
- Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006), Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd ed.), Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates
- Murie, Adolph (1985), The grizzlies of Mount McKinley, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ISBN 0295962046
- Knibb, David (2008), Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear, Eastern Washington University Press, ISBN 978-1-59766-037-2
- Peek, J., Beecham, J., Garshelis, D., Messier, F., Miller, S., & Dale, S. 2003. Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel. Retrieved on October 28, 2009 from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/gbear_finalspr.pdf.
- Michael, F.P., Bruce, N.M., & Curtis S. 2002. Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Ursus, 8: 153–160. Retrieved on October 26, 2009 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3873196.
- McCory, W.P., Herrero, S.M., Jones, G.W., & Mallam, E.D. 1990. A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management, 8: 11–16.
- Krebs, C.J. 2009. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
- Miller, S.D. 1990. Impact of increased bear hunting on survivorship of young bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 18: 462–467. Retrieved on October 27, 2009 from http://www.jstor.org/pss/3782749.
- Proctor, M.F., McLellan, B.N., Strobeck, C., & Barclay, R.M.R. 2005. Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations. Proc Biol Sci., 272: 2409–2416. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3246.
Names and Taxonomy
Common Names
brown bear
horribilis. North American subspecies of brown bear include [6]:
Ursus arctos arctos, brown bear
Ursus arctos horribilis, grizzly bear
Ursus arctos stickeenensis
Ursus arctos nelsoni, Mexican grizzly bear, possibly extinct
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
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text: On Sun, Apr 12, 2009 at 17:33:06 -0400, "G.Wolfe Woodbury" <ggw wolves durham nc us> wrote: > The rawhide boot.iso is still failing today (20090412) with an initrd > failure to provide libaudit.so.0 > > This makes dbus fail to start, and therefore any attempt to bring up the > network also fails - making an nfs repository install fail. And I don't see anything so far to make me think it will be fixed before Monday's rawhide is cut. Though its possible one of the down under guys might still be able to do it in time since, their workday is starting around now.


text:
Super Micro tops hardware sales growth list
Super Micro Computer saw sales growth of 63.4% during the last fiscal year, placing it first in the top five vendors; plus more daily news.
Super Micro Computer saw sales growth of 63.4% during the last fiscal year, making it first in the top five vendors, with a reported $721.4 million in sales over the past 12 months. Apple came in second place with growth of 61.3%, reporting $57.1 billion and 3PAR came in third with 22% growth and $204.1 million in sales. Stratasys also achieved 22% in sales growth, posting $108.6 million in sales over the last 12 months. Dell landed fifth with 20.5% sales growth and $55.4 billion. HP interim CEO appointed as Hurd resigns
Hewlett-Packard has appointed its CFO, Cathie Lesjak, as CEO on an interim basis following Mark Hurd's resignation last Friday. Hurd decided, along with the Board of Directors, to resign his position immediately after circumstances surrounding a claim of sexual harassment by a former contractor to HP.
According to HP, however, an investigation determined that "there was no violation of HP's sexual harassment policy, but did find violations of HP's Standards of Business Conduct." Lesjak is a 24-year veteran of the vendor.
Defining the datacentre needs of 21st century enterprises
A collection of our most popular articles on datacentre management, including: Cloud vs. Colocation: Why both make sense for the enterprise right now; AWS at 10: How the cloud giant shook up enterprise IT and Life on the edge: The benefits of using micro datacenters
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Microsoft to investigate new Windows Kernal bug
Software giant Microsoft has launched an investigation into a vulnerability found in the Windows kernel driver. Security vendor Secunia claims the bug could be found in the Win32k.sys kernel file in the Windows OS and that this could be exploited by hackers through the use of "GetClipboardData" API for downloading data from the Windows clipboard.
Jerry Bryant, a spokesperson for Microsoft, said, "Microsoft is investigating reports of a possible vulnerability in Windows Kernel. Upon completion of the investigation, Microsoft will take appropriate actions to protect customers."
Eaton bolsters rack and airflow portfolio with Wright Line buyout
Power kit vendor Eaton has acquired rack enclosures and airflow management company Wright Line. Financial details were not disclosed, but Eaton claims combining its UPS and power distribution offerings with Wright Line's enclosure and air management portfolio will help customers to deal with energy efficiency, thermal management and capital deployment challenges. U.S.-based Wright Line has 350 employees. Eaton has approximately 70,000 employees worldwide.
Terremark reports strong first quarter
Managed IT infrastructure services provider Terremark Worldwide has reported $57.9 million of new annual contract value booked for its first quarter. Total revenues for the quarter ending June 30, 2010, were $79 million, representing a 20% year-over-year increase.
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HumanOps calls for improved working conditions for infrastructure operations staff


text:
Neumíte tento jazyk? Použijte GOOGLE Translate.
Poslal Marie G.
V únor 2011
I really enjoyed my time with Twin. In mornings I ... Čtěte více
Poslal Mawie G.
V červen 2010
Hello everybody, I would like to share my exper... Čtěte více
Neumíte tento jazyk? Použijte GOOGLE Translate.
Poslal Marie G. (Paris - France)
V únor 2011 - France
I really enjoyed my time with Twin. In mornings I learned English with a funny and friendly teacher and in afternoons I relaxed myself and spent time with friends. After my course, I spent 8 weeks in London company learning marketing. My manager was very helpful and my colleagues were always friendly. I enjoyed my time. At first, I had problem with my accommodation but after I spoke to my friends at Twin, they found a new house which was very lovely. I would recommend Twin's English and work experience very much!
Poslal Mawie G. (Paris - France)
V červen 2010 - France
Hello everybody,
I would like to share my experience with TWIN this year.
I chosen to make a formula with a week of english courses, then to leave for training course in a company.
For the general formula, the courses are in the mornings from 9 am till 12 am.
Personally I had a brilliant professor. Dynamics, nice and funny I really liked his courses.
However, concerning my training course, before the signature of the contract, Twin insure you a training course with a distance from your home included between 15 minutes and 1 hour of route.
Personnaly I was placed in a company with 2 hours of minimum route.
TWIN doesnt answer your email in this case...
Get up at 6 am to return at approximatively 8 pm, it becomes dificult if you want to do sport, or just doing something other than eating before sleeping.
I was more and more tired at work and the week-end was more for sleeping and be at rest, not visit of london during hours.
Perhaps it depends on the person, but my experience was really bad, especially because when it is not for giving them money, Twin is not available to speak with you.
So do english courses, yes ! Not training courses.


text:
There is one author that no childhood would ever be the same without. This author would be Dr. Seuss! His creative mind has kept children reading for decades through the 44 books he's written! February's Virtual Book Club Author is Dr. Seuss and we are so excited to bring you more than 20 Ideas to go along with his books!
Make your own Handprint Truffula Tree Forest
1. Start by using Water Colord to create the Sky and Ground
2. Handprint Truffla Tree by using yellow and black paint to create the stems of your trees with your finger only, no paint on the palm or thumb.
We had so much fun making our own Truffula Trees and the Lorax. We decided to print out the quotes from the book too to remind us of the important of making a difference. We typed out "I am the Lorax. I speak for the Trees." and "Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot. Nothing is going to get better, it's not." by Dr. Seuss. We talked about ways that we can care for our trees.
Are you ready! We're sharing different ways to explore The Lorax with Kids Crafts and Activities! We've used our teacher and mama eyes to find you the best printables, learning activities, playtime fun, snacks, party Ideas, crafts and videos.
30+ Lorax Crafts and Activities
Lorax Printables
- Lorax Color Books and Counting Book from 2 Teaching Mommies
- Lorax Printable Preschool Unit from 2 Teaching Mamas
- Lorax Printable Book from Kindergarten
- Learn how to Draw the Lorax from Activity Village
Lorax Learning
- Lorax Writing Prompt and Craft from The Teaching Bug
- Lorax Earth Day Writing Prompt and Craft from Seusstastic Classroom Inspirations
- Truffla Math Trees
- Roll a Lorax Dice Game from Smashed Peas and Carrots
Lorax Playtime
- Lorax Themed Sensory Bin from In Lieu of Preschool
- Lorax Peg Doll from Crossing the Bugger Dixin Line
- Lorax Cape Costume from Babble
- Life Size Lorax Fun from Having Fun at Chelle's House
Lorax Snacktime
- Lorax Cake by Diamonds for Dessert
Lorax Party Ideas
- Lorax Party Ideas from The Party Animal
Lorax Crafts
- Lorax Water Color Pictures
- Handprint Lorax from Meet the Dubiens
- Hanprint Plate Lorax from A Little Delightful
- Truffla Tree Forest from A little Delightful
- Lorax Pots by Little Birdie Secrets
- Lorax Plate Craft from A Little Delightful
- Lorax Trees from Inner Child Fun
- Lorax Necklace from Babble
Lorax Videos
- Videos Clips and Songs from the Lorax
- Videos from Dr. Seuss Website
- Learn how to Draw the Lorax Video from Universal Studios
We'll leave you with a little video clip of
Let It Grow with scenes from the movie
The Lorax. Look for for ideas for planting with kids coming this spring!
Virtual Book Club for Kids Hosts
Rainy Day Mum –
The Educators' Spin On It –
Adventures in Reading with Kids –
3 Dinosaurs –
Royal Baloo –
Inspiration Laboratories –
Pleasantest Thing –
Edventures with Kids –
Two Big Two Little – Playing With Words 365 –
Kitchen Counter Chronicles –
Outlaw Mom –
Mommy and Me Book Club –
Crafty Moms Share –
No Twiddle Twaddle –
The Good Long Road –
Ready. Set. Read 2 Me –
Reading Confetti – Mama Smiles –
Juggling with Kids–
Mom to 2 Posh Lil Divas –
Creekside Learning –
Creative Family Fun –
The Usual Mayhem –
Teach Preschool –
PlayDrMom –
CraftoArt –
Here Come the Girls –
Being a Conscious Parent –
Smiling like Sunshine –
Crayon Freckles –
Train Up a Child –
Smile Play Learn –
Enchanted Homeschooling Mom –
Coffee Cups and Crayons –
Having Fun at Chelle's House– Love, Play, Learn –
Juggling With Kids –
This Reading Mama
Link up your Own
For more Dr. Seuss Ideas visit
10 Ways to Explore Dr. Seuss
We invite you to "Like" our Virtual Book Club for Kids Facebook page and follow our Virtual Book Club for Kids Pinterest Board.


text:
MI Earth Day Fest 2016 Downtown Rochester – Downtown Rochester will once again host Michigan's largest Earth Day celebration with MI Earth Day Fest April 22-24, 2016.
MI Earth Day Fest 2016 will be an event designed to promote healthy living and an earth-friendly lifestyle.
The 3-day MI Earth Day Fest 2016 in downtown Rochester offers a wide variety of fun, informative activities and exhibits. Among the events and activities featured at this year's MI Earth Day Fest.
MI Earth Day Fest 2016 Downtown Rochester Events
- Dozens of green/wellness products, services & program exhibits
- Displays of vehicles & renewable energy systems
- Food & Farm areas with local & organic products & food service
- Presentations by experts and community leaders
- Connections Cafe with non-commercial displays and roundtable discussions to promote networking and community-building
- Wellness Programs and Services including free yoga, massage & health screenings
- Dance, music & other entertainment on the Center Stage
- Kids Corner with rock wall climb, straw bale maze, arts & crafts, and other fun activities
- Special Events including a parade, trail hike and Kickoff & Awards ceremony
- Free giveaways, door prizes & contests
Discover healthy, green alternatives in food, wellness, energy, transportation, gifts, personal care, art work, home, garden, finances and more. Attendance is free and open to the public.
MI Earth Day Fest 2016 Hours
- Friday, April 22 – 4p-8p
- Saturday, April 23 – 10a-8p
- Sunday, April 24 – 10a-4p
This page is intended to be used as a guide. Oakland County Moms does not endorse these events. Oakland County Moms is not responsible for changes to event descriptions, event times or details being altered without notice or cancellations.
MI Earth Day Fest 2016 in Rochester MI
3rd and Water Street
Rochester, MI 48307
For more info on MI Earth Day Fest 2016 in Downtown Rochester, visit the MI Green Team website.


text:
Welcome to dickblick
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Reap the benefits of high quality oil paints while enjoying the freedom to draw directly on your surface, without the distancing factor of the brush.
Handmade and richly pigmented, R&F Pigment Sticks are comparable in quality to the finest tube oil paints. They have a lipstick soft consistency that gives them the same fluidity, subtlety, and durability of traditional oil colors.
R&F Pigment Sticks are handmade in small batches, carefully milled and molded using the finest natural wax, linseed oil, and pigment. There are no driers, extenders or other additives that are commonly used in industrial production.
Extremely portable, Pigment Sticks can be layered or mixed with traditional fine oil paints and mediums. They dry to a durable film, and can be used on any support proper for oil or encaustic painting. Small sticks are 38 ml, with approximately the same amount of pigment as a standard tube of artist oil paint, while large sticks are 188 ml.
To learn more about R&F Pigment Sticks colors, drying rates, and transparency ratings, please visit the Resources tab of this page.
Color Chart Note — Use this color chart as an approximation of the real color. If exact color matching is necessary, use actual samples of the materials.
127 mm
165 mm
19 mm
35 mm
1.3 oz
38 ml
6.4 oz
188 ml
To view a PDF of R&F Pigment Sticks colors, drying rates, and transparency ratings, please click here.
see also ...
R&F is a trademark.® Ampersand is a registered trademark. ™ Encausticbord is a trademark.
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(based on 95 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
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of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Reviewed by 95 customers
Displaying reviews 1-10
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dried out and useless
By Ramona
from Superior Colorado
Comments about R&F Pigment Sticks:
all but one stick was dried out and would not leave a mark. I ordered 4 total and only 1 was usable. Had been interested in ordering a whole set but will avoid this product.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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Creamy and fun to use!
By Bluelizardman
from Philly
Comments about R&F Pigment Stick Sets:
New to oil sticks and read this brand is the best. After trying (abstract work) I have no reason to try other brands. Creamy, great pigments!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
My son was really excited to get these fot Christmas!
By Gina
from NE
He plans to use these in mixed media projects.
Nice for drawing with oil paint
By Marianne
from Lynchburg VA
These are really good for drawing with oil paint. The colors are vivid and the wax helps them dry faster
They are the best.
By Dakota
from Sacramento, CA
The buttery consistency is unbeatable. They are slower drying, but using a drier solves that issue.
R & F pigment sticks recent shipment only
By One of 7
from Hill Country, Texas
Recent shipment did not compare with quality of previous shipment. Dry/hard verses soft/creamy. Attempted to use, but product so dry and hard after trimming to make a fresh edge, that it crumbled.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
F&F Oil sticks rock!
By Diane
from Pawcatuck, CT
The bees wax used in these sticks allow their color to explode on paper or boards. Love working with them.
Images shared by Diane
Just look at that turquoise. Beautiful!
Tags: Using Product, No Mixing
wonderful product
By Track
from Massachusetts
yummy colors, buttery application.
By sasafrass
from new york ny
wonderful to work with silky deep and powerful
R&F Pigment Sticks — Wow!
By Coylee
from Metro Manila, Philippines
I use R&F Pigment sticks for portraits. The colors are fantastic! The paint is so luscious and easy to blend. In larger-than-life portraits, it's as easy to use as putting on makeup. I like the portability and handiness of paint sticks. There's one catch, however. In warm weather, some of the sticks (depending on the colors) are too soft, like melting butter. The weather's to blame — it's not an R&F deficiency and I am able to get around the buttery softness by applying the paint with a palette knife or a slanted brush. The not-so-great thing about R&F pigment sticks is the price. It's expensive, more so for me because I have to pay courier fees and taxes on my end. But joy of using it makes up for the cost so I'm not complaining.
Images shared by Coylee
Gemma by Coylee Gamboa, oil on canvas, 3x3 feet
Tags: Portrait In Oils, Rf Pigment Stick, Oil Stick, Made with Product, Coylee
Draw with oil paint! R&F Pigment Sticks are incredibly soft, creamy, and are comparable in quality to the finest tube oil paints. The stick form allows for unique applications. They are easily portable and do not require brushes or solvents.
See artist Charles Forsberg build layer upon layer of luscious R&F Pigment oil sticks to create an amazing work of art.
Visit our YouTube Channel: Blick Videos to watch our full selection of videos!
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Customer Gallery - See our customer gallery
Availability: In Stock
An undeniable fancy dress classic, our Adult Convict Fancy Dress Costume is an instantly recognisable version of the striped prisoner costume that offers fantastic value for money.
Costume includes:
The Adult Convict Fancy Dress Costume comes with a short sleeved top that has a design featuring black and white stripes in the traditional style of prison uniforms.
To complement the top, a pair of matching black and white striped trousers with a comfortable elasticated waist is also included.
Completing the outfit is a cap in the same striped black and white fabric, finishing off the convict appearance perfectly.
Sizes for this costume are:
Costume brilliant condition, hats a little large but well worth the money. And delivery for click and collect was super fast.
Very good value convict outfits. Size is fine for someone slightly bigger than measurements quoted.
Have a question about this product? Why not get in touch by completing the boxes below.
Got this costume? Want your photo to appear here? Tag your Instagrams with @jokersmasquerade and #jokers75536.How do I tag my photos?


text: St. Vincent Healthcare Foundation The St. Vincent Healthcare Foundation was formed in 1990 by dedicated community members with the purpose of raising money for the medical services and related health care programs of St. Vincent Healthcare. Today over 500 volunteer members of our community carry on the work of the Foundation. Donations have enabled the Foundation to assist St. Vincent Healthcare in providing the best possible health care to our nine county service area. If you would like to find out more about St. Vincent Healthcare Foundation, please contact us at 406-237-3600. If you would like to make a donation click on the "Donate Now" button.


text:
|Yarn weight: Chunky
|Needle Size: 3.0mm , 3.75mm , 4.0mm , 4.5mm
|Format: Leaflet
|Pattern For: Home Accessories , Toys
|Pattern Count: 3
There is always room for at least one more teddy, and here we have a beautiful set of 3 furry friends for you knit and share. Created using soft and snuggly King Cole Tinsel Chunky and solid shades of DK weight yarn in green, and white, a perfect combination of sparkly softness and plain knitting. Both yarns are available in an amazing array of shades, so you can knit your teddies to match your home décor, school colours, sports team, or simply your best loved hue.
All three teddies are made in pieces, which are then assembled and stuffed as you progress. When complete, the Small Teddy will all be approximately 25cm (10"), the Medium Teddy about 26cm (10¼")"), and the Large Teddy approximately 27cm (10½") tall. T
To complete your Tinsel Teddies you will need 3.0, 3.75, 4.0 and 4.5mm (US2-3, US5, US6 and US7). You will also need stuffing, stitch holders, and oddments of yarn for embroidering the features.
We do everything we can to make sure your order gets to you as soon as possible.
With over 100,000 items in stock, most of our products are available as soon as you purchase them. If a product is temporarily out of stock or you'd like a large quantity, we may be able to back order the items for you. If a product is to be backordered, this will be clearly indicated in your shopping basket prior to checkout. If your order contains a backorder, we will aim to despatch your items together when we receive the out of stock item from the supplier, however this will not always be possible and some of your order may be sent separately. If there are any problems with your order we will let you know as soon as possible.
The cost of delivery is calculated during the checkout process based on the delivery location.
For more information see our Delivery and Returns page
If you are unhappy with your goods, you can return them in a saleable condition within 30 days of receipt for a full refund, in line with The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000. The buyer is responsible for the cost of the return postage. We recommend that returns are sent by recorded delivery as we cannot accept responsibility should your returns go missing.
Deramores Retail Limited (Returns)
Unit 1 Sabre Way
United Kingdom
|27cm high
|Number of balls required
King Cole Tinsel Chunky - Emerald / green
3 @ £2.79
King Cole Dollymix DK - Shamrock (039)
Shade Unavailable
3 @ £2.79
Shade Unavailable
|26cm high
|Number of balls required
King Cole Tinsel Chunky - Claret / red
3 @ £2.79
King Cole Dollymix DK - White (001)
Shade Unavailable
1 @ £0.99
Shade Unavailable
King Cole Pricewise DK - Cranberry / Red
Oddment for joining parts to the body. @ £1.69
|25cm high
|Number of balls required
King Cole Tinsel Chunky - White / white
2 @ £2.79
King Cole Tinsel Chunky - White / white
1 @ £2.79
Want some ideas, or to catch up on CALs/KALs, or just find out more about what is going on in the knitting & crochet world? Visit our blog, The Circle.Read more
Want to learn a new stitch or interested in perfecting that continental cast-on? See our videos for easy to follow guides.Read more


text:
American Trail at the Smithsonian's National Zoo
Photo Credit: Smithsonian's National Zoo
OPENING: Labor Day Weekend, 2012!
As visitors move down the American Trail, the landscape and flora of Rock Creek will give way to the rocky shores of the coast. Oaks and poplars will give way to evergreens. Ferns will begin to pepper the landscape. Trees and bushes will take on a windswept look—the forces of nature shape the native life. The sound of falling water—first detected above the Zoo's river otters—will be heard. Forest will open onto a basalt coast as the trail nears its final landmark, an underwater sea cave offering an extraordinary view of life below the water's surface.
In addition to marveling at the diverse animals on exhibit—sea lions, seals, beavers, ravens, river otters, wolves, and bald eagles—visitors will be able to get their feet wet in an artificial tide pool and touch model sea creatures.
The new seal and sea lion exhibit is part of the Zoo's new American Trail, where visitors are invited to get their feet wet, literally! This exhibit focuses on the places where land and water meet—from a forest stream to a rocky coastline. The animals living here and the plants growing here will define and characterize the places where two spectacular environments come together.
As visitors leave American Trail, they carry with them a greater appreciation of the life that thrives where land and water meet, of the differences between these animals and us, and of the delicate balance that is our responsibility to protect.


text:
Ripoff Report | Complaints Reviews Scams Lawsuits Frauds Reported
Showing 1-2
As the leading consumer advocacy website, our technology is being continually upgraded to handle the volume of searches from consumers, the media, the authorities and millions of others from around the world. While we are always in the process of upgrading, our search results may not return all reports. This is only temporary and intermittent. If you are an attorney helping victims, the media, or law-enforcement, please contact us to have us run a complete database search to help your case or story.
|Title City, State
1, Report #1241568
Jul 28 2015
|Lane Boland Harassing phone calls, distribution of my number and email address to 100s of people. Intent to harm. Author: New York, New York ORGANIZED CRIME: Lane Boland Internet
2, Report #1011207
May 24 2015
|Lane Boland distribustore.com, Will Robbins, checkstandprogram.com, Chris Simeral Distribustore and Lane Boland a complete fraud Lebanon, Indiana CSP is correct Author: Van Nuys, California Bait-and-Switch: Lane Boland Lebanon, Indiana
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strict standards for business conduct.


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Michael R. Macdonald, MD
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a user ...
Ratings based on 17 reviews
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Dr. M delivered the natural and professional look that I was looking for and is a great communicator, setting me at ease before, during and after the surgery
5 out of 5 stars Revision Rhinoplasty
A Third Rhinoplasty? Please Help! - San Francisco, CA
Great experience. All questions and concerns were answered. Highly recommended.
5 out of 5 stars Liposuction
Abdominal Flank Liposuction - San Francisco, CA
Dr McDonald answered all my questions, and concerns I had regarding my surgery. I was given personal attention and care through the whole process. If you're looking for a doctor that's genuinely kind and cares for his patients , look no further.
5 out of 5 stars Eyelid Surgery
57 Year Old Male, Lower Eyelid Bags. San Francisco, CA
Dr Michael Macdonald was terrific, as was his staff.
5 out of 5 stars Liposuction
Fantastic Result - San Francisco, CA
5 out of 5 stars Skintyte
Skintyte, Nano Laser Peel, Botox and Voluma - San Francisco, CA
1 out of 5 stars Skintyte
Skin Tightening & Safety - Seriously? - Bay Area, CA
5 out of 5 stars Photofacial
BBL and Botox - Fantastic Results! - San Francisco, CA
5 out of 5 stars Laser Resurfacing
I Can't Wait to See Dr Michael! - San Francisco, CA
5 out of 5 stars Liposuction
39 Y/o Male, Abdominal Liposuction, Partial Flanks, SUCCESS! New Flat Baseline Abs Ready for Fitness Reboot! - San Francisco, CA
This is my first major plastic surgery experience. Dr. Mcdonald really knows his stuff. He answered all my questions, and surgery was a breeze. He said I didn't need the laser lipo and regular lipo was just fine for my needs. I'll be referring my friend's his way! Nice office, friendly staff, and price is right compared to others.
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brookdale senior living inc
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Miskin Manor Hotel and Health Club
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Suites
- Restaurant
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Continental Breakfast
- Room service
- Swimming pool
Photos of Miskin Manor Hotel and Health Club
- Restaurant
- Swimming pool
- Fitness/Health center
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
- Pets allowed
- Suites
- Continental Breakfast
- Room service
TripAdvisor Reviews Miskin Manor Hotel and Health Club
Travel Blogs from Miskin
How did I manage to make it to adulthood?
Our adventure begins with a very traffic-free drive down the M4 to Heathrow. After lots of chatting and swapping of sweets I realised that I had left something very important behind, on a chair in Whitchurch Primary School's staffroom. I had been very organised, surprising myself with my precision and attention to detail by arranging every ticket, ...
Finally, a castle
For our last day in Cardiff, we took to the city on foot. The Castle was only a river, a bridge and an animal wall away, which we walked alongside under joyful queries. I can understand the confusion about the ant eater, but for some reason our offspring is constantly forgetting what a pelican looks like. The wolf and lion were favourites, and naturally, the castle was mostly interesting because of its many squirrels and fallen leaves. To be fair, the squirrels ...
Oewieoe, tumtudum!
... Weeping angels? Nah, not important, where are my Daleks?
The museum itself was quite interesting, although it is painfully obvious how much was chucked in the garbage back when BBC thought it was but a passing fad. A lot of the old collection, including a whole tardis console, is on loan from private collections. Unfortunately, the atrociously pink outfit from Sarah Jane Smith survived. More fortunate, we got to walk around in the ...
Touring the English South coast
... getting lost there. Diana and Albert had travelled right down the east coast from North Queensland to Sydney with ATC which would have been an interesting trip. Monday we caught the bus into Brighton. It was a long bus ride 1.5 hours) but less stressful than driving and we had a nice day wandering around the beach (all stones, no sand), shops and Pavillion there. We walked downtown that night to the local Thai Restaurant. Very good. Tuesday we drove to a lovely ...
First stop Cairns - let's have you!
... The next evening we had booked ourselves on to a bar crawl. It was a bar crawl with a difference. We were picked up on a British double decker bus to be escorted from place to place. Another reason we wanted to go on this bar crawl was because it started with a BBQ (despite it being rubbish), and half way through the night we were all given free pizza.. A win win situation really! After a whole evening of partying, games (which Laura and verity did the team well and came second) ...