text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 3, 1998
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 1994
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jeffrey A. Levin, Kenneth D. Easton, Jurg Hinderling, Lindsay A. Weaver, Jr., Michael P. Brock
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (46), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
I. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to spread spectrum telecommunication systems and, more particularly, to cellular telephone system signal processing.
II. Description of the Related Art
To facilitate a large number of users in a telecommunication system over a limited electromagnetic spectrum, one of a variety of multiple access spread spectrum techniques is used. These techniques include, for example, time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). The CDMA technique has many advantages over the other techniques and an exemplary CDMA system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 issued Feb. 13, 1990 to K. Gilhousen et al. entitled "Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Communication System Using Satellite or Terrestrial Repeaters," assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and incorporated herein by this reference.
In the CDMA cellular telephone system described in the above-referenced '307 patent, a large number of mobile telephone system users, each having a transceiver, communicate through satellite repeaters or terrestrial base stations, which are also referred to as cell site stations, cell sites, or simply as cells. Each cell covers a limited geographic area and routes calls carried over cellular telephone transceivers in the cell to and from the public switched telephone network (PSTN). When a cellular telephone user moves to a new cell, the routing of that user's call is transferred to the new cell.
Thus, a cellular telephone transceiver, or mobile unit, broadcasts a mobile signal that is received by a cell site and then is routed to the PSTN and to telephone lines or other mobile units. The cell site broadcasts a cell signal that is received by mobile units within the cell area. The cell-site-to-mobile-unit signal transmission is generally referred to as the forward link and the mobile-unit-to-cell-site signal transmission is generally referred to as the reverse link.
The CDMA technique splits the available system frequency spectrum into multiple sub-bands and permits the frequency spectrum to be effectively used multiple times within the same time interval, thus permitting an increase in the number of calls that can be in progress at any one time. The CDMA technique described in the above-referenced '307 patent makes use of high frequency pseudonoise (PN) modulation of calls, as well as modulation of calls by orthogonal binary sequences, to combine the many calls and broadcast the sum of the data as a single CDMA signal. In this way, the CDMA technique permits discrimination between many calls that occupy the same frequency band and provides increased spectral efficiency as compared with other techniques. More particularly, the system described in the patent modulates all calls from the same cell with the same "outer" PN codes, which define I and Q channels. Individual calls are further modulated by an "inner" user PN code and by an orthogonal binary sequence of a type known as a Walsh function, also known as Hadamard matrices.
Thus, the CDMA call signal transmitted by a cell site to mobile units over the forward link signal path will comprise the sum of many modulated calls that occupy the same frequency band. A system and method for modulating and demodulating the CDMA call signals is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459 issued Apr. 7, 1992 to K. Gilhousen et al. and entitled "System and Method for Generating Signal Waveforms in a CDMA Cellular Telephone System," assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and incorporated herein by this reference. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the cell site equipment described in the '459 patent for transmitting the CDMA signal to mobile units.
FIG. 1 shows that a call channel user generates, for example, voice data in a voice data block 12 that provides the data to a first transmit modulator 14, which operates under the control of a channel microprocessor 16. In the transmit modulator, the voice data is provided to an encoder 18 and then to an interleaver 20 which, along with output from a PN generator block 22, provide input to a Walsh code processor 24. The output from the Walsh code processor leaves the modulator 14 and is provided to a transmit power control block 26 that adds power control bits to regulate the transmitted signal power. The output of the transmit power control block is provided to a summer 28 and then to a transmit power amplifier 30 and to an antenna 32 for broadcast to mobile users in the cell associated with the antenna.
In the system described in the '459 patent, voice data from a voice data block 34 and output from a second transmit modulator 36 can be summed with the output from the first transmit modulator 14 by the summer 28 before being provided to the transmit power amplifier 30. That is, the summer is a discrete component that sums the signals from two separate transmit modulators and provides the result to an amplifier for amplification and subsequent broadcast. The summer reduces the number of amplifiers and associated control circuitry necessary, and thereby reduces cost and increases efficiency. The number of transmit modulator output signals, and the number of summers used, as well as the supporting logic circuitry, can be adapted for the requirements of particular applications. If desired, multiple modulators can provide data to the summer 28 or multiple summers can provide summed output to the amplifier 30 to combine the desired number of data signals.
As noted in the '459 patent, the encoding of the voice data with PN and Walsh data ensures that individual calls can be subsequently decoded and distinguished from one another. In particular, the data from each power control 26, 38 is produced in sample sizes of nine bits and the output of the summer 28 is produced in sample sizes of ten bits. Data is produced in I and Q channels at a rate of 5 MHz, thereby producing a data stream of 90 Mbits per second. Each modulator includes four parallel output lines. Thus, connecting three modulators to a summer results in sixteen hard-wired interconnects between the modulators and the transmit amplifier.
Because the summer 28 is a discrete component, it requires hard-wired interconnections between each channel signal. These interconnections add cost, take up space, and provide an opportunity for circuit breaks to occur, which disrupt signal transmission. The number of transmit modulators connected to each summer can be increased, but each transmit modulator still would require a hard-wired interconnection, and the associated control circuitry can become relatively complex. Moreover, the relatively large number of hard-wired interconnections can become bulky and cumbersome, and can add to production costs. Also, the number of interconnections can be limited by the space available to make them. Finally, as the number of interconnections increases, so does the risk of errors due to faulty connections or broken wires.
From the discussion above, it should be apparent that there is a need for an apparatus that can efficiently sum the output from multiple transmit modulators without increasing the risk of errors or requiring an excessive number of hard-wired interconnections. The present invention satisfies this need.
In accordance with the invention, an apparatus for modulating data in a spread spectrum telecommunication system includes a modulator processor that not only receives local data and processes it for subsequent transmission, but also receives input in the form of independently processed data from one or more other modulators, sums the input data with the processed local data, and provides the sum as data for a subsequent modulator or as a final output for another system processor. In this way, a separate, discrete signal summer that sums modulated data from several modulators is unnecessary. Rather, a series of modulators can be serially connected and their respective signals summed before the output of the last modulator of the series is produced as a final output that can be provided directly to a power amplifier for transmission over the system. This simplifies the circuit topology for the summing of modulated data, reduces the number of hard-wired interconnections and associated circuitry, reduces cost, and increases reliability. If desired, the modulators can be fabricated on a single integrated circuit chip.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the modulator processor can operate in one of several operating states so the input data can be automatically summed with the processed local data of the modulator, or can be passed straight through to the next processor without summing, or can be discarded so that only the processed local data is passed on to the next processor. If desired, automatic switching between the operating states can be executed in response to detected input data errors. The input data can comprise, for example, summed voice channel data from a series of preceding modulators.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, each modulator processor includes parity data in its output and has the ability to automatically disable the input data from the summation function if the parity data received with the input is incorrect. The parity data can be used to check for faults that might be introduced, for example, by a faulty transmission or broken hard-wired interconnect or data framing errors. When a parity error in the input data is detected and the summation function of the modulator is disabled, the error can be indicated to a channel element microprocessor. In this way, input data from all prior modulators can be ignored and the processed local data from the modulator can be passed on without summation.
Other features and advantages of the present invention should be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, which illustrates, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art spread spectrum telecommunications network modulation system.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an exemplary CDMA telecommunications system.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a cell site modem, including a modulator processor, that is constructed in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a summer illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a timing circuit of the modulator processor illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a representation of the data signals at input registers and output registers of the modulator processor illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a summer, constructed in accordance with the present invention, that also includes an overflow condition detector.
The present invention can be implemented in a wide variety of data transmission applications and in the preferred embodiment is implemented within a spread spectrum multiple access communication system of FIG. 2 for voice channel and data transmission. In the communication system, a system controller and switch, also referred to as a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 102, performs interface and control functions to permit calls between mobile units 104 and cell sites 106. The MTSO also controls the routing of calls between a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108 and the cell sites for transmission to and from the mobile units. The mobile units typically do not communicate directly with each other, but communicate through the MTSO and PSTN. With respect to voice channel data transmission and processing, the communication system operates in accordance with the CDMA techniques described in the above-referenced patents.
FIG. 3 illustrates a first cell site modem 109 of the communication system of FIG. 2 that is associated with a single call channel. The modem includes a modulator 110 and a demodulator 111. The modulator 110 receives local data, which can comprise voice data, for example, from a data block 112. The modulator operates under control of a channel element microprocessor 114 to process the local voice channel data with a modulation block 116 that generates modulated voice channel data. The modulator also includes an internal summer 118 that can receive independently modulated data from a second modulator 124, sum the two modulated data streams, and output the sum to a system output power amplifier or, alternatively, to a third modulator 126. Second modulator 124 in turn receives modulated data 140 from another modulation block generated in similar manner to that from modulation block 109. Thus, the modulator 110 can be serially connected with a prior modulator 124 and a subsequent modulator 126. In this way, the sum of several independent data signals can be produced by permitting the modulator 110 to directly receive data from another modulator and produce a summed output including its own local data, rather than relying on a separate, discrete summer. A modulator constructed in accordance with the present invention thereby simplifies the hard-wired interconnections to produce summed output, thereby increasing the reliability of the system and reducing costs.
The modulator 110 of FIG. 3 can be constructed with integrated circuit techniques such that at least the modulation block 116 and summer 118 can be implemented in a single integrated circuit chip. The other modulators 124 and 126 can be implemented as single chips and can be connected through board-level printed circuit lines or the other modulators can be constructed on the same integrated circuit chip with the first modulator 110. In either case, the interconnections necessary to serially connect and sum the output from multiple modulators is less complicated in terms of topology and number of interconnections as compared with discrete external summers such as illustrated in FIG. 1, thereby increasing reliability and reducing cost.
More particularly, in the preferred embodiment, the output from the modulator 110 is produced in sample sizes of fifteen bits of output data and one bit of parity data, although modulation block 116 has only eleven bits of dynamic range and therefore only produces eleven bits of data. The extra bits provide the headroom required when summing many independent samples and streams. The sample data is produced in I and Q channels at a rate of 2.5 MHz, thereby producing a data stream of 80 Mbits per second. Each modulator includes four parallel output lines. These output lines represent two bits of I data and two bits of Q data and require eight clock cycles at 20 MHz to represent sixteen-bit I and Q samples. The channel element microprocessor 114 produces control signals for use by the various processing elements.
The modulation block 116 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes an encoder 128 that processes the local data from the data block 112 and provides the processed local data to an interleaver 129 and then to a Walsh code processor 130. The Walsh code processor also receives data from a PN sequence processor block 132. The PN block generates PN-I and PN-Q data used for signal spreading. After the Walsh code processor 130 processes the data stream, the processed data is provided to a power control block 134, which adds power transmit control bits to generate the modulated channel data, and then to a filter and gain block 135 to control signal bandwidth and set an output level. The processed data is then provided to the internal summer 118.
It is to be understood that the second modulator 124, as well as the third modulator 126 if provided, include a modulation block constructed in a manner similar to the block 116 with an encoder, interleaver, Walsh code processor, PN sequence processor, power control block, filter and gain block, and summer as shown in connection with the first modulator 110. Such details are not shown in FIG. 3 for simplicity and ease of understanding. Similarly, the other modulators 124, 126 may receive data from respective local data blocks 136. For any particular modulator, the data output from the respective modulation block will be referred to as local channel data and is distinguished from the input channel data received from another modulator. The other modulators also include internal summers 137 each having input registers 138 and output registers 139.
The summers 118, 137 operate in a normal state in which the input data received from a previous modulator processor is summed with local data to produce output data that is supplied to a subsequent modulator processor in a chain (or as final output to a processor block). The summers also advantageously operate in a bypass mode in which the input data is passed through and a local mode in which the input is discarded.
Some of the elements of the first summer 118 are shown in greater detail in the block diagram of FIG. 4. It should be understood that the geographic area covered by the cell sites 106 illustrated in FIG. 2 include three sectors each requiring an independent modulator in each cell site modem. FIG. 4 illustrates the summer elements associated with the channel data intended for only one of those sectors. In FIG. 4, the channel has arbitrarily been designated the Alpha channel. The PN-I data from the Alpha sector is arbitrarily shown for purposes of illustration. The channel data received by the summer 118 from modulation block 116 (FIG. 3) is received in eleven-bit samples from an input data bus labelled "alphad-- I 10:0!". It should be understood that the complete channel data elements for modulator 110 would include Alpha sector PN-Q sequence voice channel data processing. The cell site modem 109 requires modulators for the two other cell sectors called Beta and Gamma and their associated PN-I and PN-Q data streams. Thus, a total of six sets of processing blocks such as illustrated in FIG. 4 are used in a cell site modem.
The processing within summer 118 is accomplished two bits at a time, in a data stream of odd-numbered bits and a data stream of even-numbered bits. The summer processes eight-bit pairs of data to represent each sixteen-bit data sample. The bit pairs are ordered in time, beginning with the least significant bits and proceeding to the most significant bits. Thus, the summer must be aligned in time to the input samples. The summer accomplishes this with a signal called "half-- chip" and a data serializer 150. The half-- chip signal is a pulse that goes high with the start of each new data sample and is used to initialize states in the summer circuitry.
FIG. 5 shows a timing circuit 152 that produces the half-- chip signal. The timing circuit includes a three-bit counter 154 that can be shared by all of the transmit summers of a cell site modulator. The three-bit counter produces a half-chip signal transition from the TC output pin every eight clock cycles of the system clock. The illustrated SYNCHRONIZE input signal causes the state of the three-bit counter to be loaded from the transmit (TX) phase inputs and is synchronized with system time. The three-bit counter receives three transmit phase selection signals called TX-- PHASE-- 0, TX-- PHASE-- 1, and TX-- PHASE13 2. The TX phase inputs describe where this particular cell site modem is in the input summation chain (see FIG. 3). The half-- chip signal occurs at a one-of-eight clock cycle rate because, as noted above, the output lines require eight clock cycles to represent each sample.
As shown in FIG. 4, the half-- chip signal is received at the serializer 150, which receives the local data and reads it out two bits at a time. More particularly, the serializer includes a multiplexer 156 that receives the half-- chip signal and an associated register 158, 160, 162 that receive the data stream identified in FIG. 4 as alpha-- I and shift the data stream down two bits at a time on the half-- chip signal. The multiplexer 156 and associated register 158 utilize a nine-bit wide serial bus 163 to serialize the incoming data so as to produce the PN-I even and odd data bits, which are placed at the two output registers 160 and 162, respectively, for use by the rest of the summer circuitry.
The summer input registers 120 illustrated in FIG. 3 for receiving input data from an off-chip summer are implemented as a pair of external input registers 164, 166 shown in FIG. 4 receiving data streams identified as "IN-- ALPHA-- I0" and "IN-- ALPHA-- I1", respectively, to indicate that the Alpha sector, previously modulated PN-I data is being received in a stream of even and odd bits. Other implementations of the input registers will occur to those skilled in the art. The summer output registers 122 illustrated in FIG. 3 for providing output data are implemented as shown in FIG. 4 as a pair of output registers 168, 170. The Alpha sector output data is identified as "TX-- A-- I0" and "TX-- A-- I1" and comprises even and odd bits, respectively. It should be noted that the input "IN" and output "TX" signals are of the same format with a two-clock delay from input registers 164, 166 to output registers 168, 170 regardless of whether the input data is bypassed or summed.
The relationship between the input data stream "IN" and the output data stream "TX" is illustrated in FIG. 6, which is a data timing chart in which a system clock signal 300 is identified as CHIPx16. The PN-I and PN-Q sequence data is shown being received two bits at a time, split between odd and even bits. For example, one input signal stream 302 is identified as "IN-- s-- I0" to indicate even-numbered PN-I input bits for the sector "s" signal and another input signal stream 304 is identified as "IN-- s-- Q1" to indicate odd-numbered PN-Q input bits for the sector "s" signal. In the preferred embodiment, for example, cells are divided into three sectors and the cell site sectors are designated as Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. FIG. 6 shows that every eighth CHIPx16 clock pulse, the relative data bit position of the received data (such as I0, or I3, or Q1, and so forth) is repeated. That is, the data streams have a cycle time of eight CHIPx16 clock cycles. FIG. 6 also shows the two-clock delay of the preferred embodiment.
Thus, the summer 118 receives processed local data from the processing block 116 (FIG. 3) at the input registers 160, 162 and receives input data from another modulator summer at the external data input registers 164, 166. The two input streams can be summed over eight clock cycles and provided as transmit output data bits at the two output registers 168, 170.
As noted above, the summer 118 can operate in one of three modes, either bypass, local, or normal mode. In the bypass mode, there is no summing of the external, input data with the processed local data. Rather, the input data is routed directly through the summer, with only a delay in the data stream due to the input and output registers of the summer. In the local mode, data at the output registers 168, 170 is received from the processed local data input registers 160, 162 only. Any data at the input data registers 164, 166 is not summed with the processed local channel data. In the normal mode, data at the output registers is formed as the sum of the newly modulated channel data and the previously modulated channel data received at the input registers. A signal identified as "BYPASS-- MODE" places the modulator 110 in bypass mode and a signal identified as "NORMAL-- MODE" controls switching the modulator into normal mode from local mode when not in bypass mode.
The summing of the two data streams in the normal operating mode is provided by a two-bit adder 172. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the two-bit adder receives the processed local even and odd bit data stream from the input registers 160, 162 at input ports labelled A0 and A1, respectively. The adder receives the previously modulated even and odd data from the external input data registers 164, 166 at input ports labelled B0 and B1, respectively. The adder also receives a carry input bit "cin" from the carry register 210. The even and odd data stream adder output is provided at output ports labelled Q0 and Q1, respectively. The carry output bit of the adder 172 is labelled "cout". The even and odd adder output is provided to the output registers 168, 170, respectively.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in the described embodiment, two clock pulses are required for a data bit to propagate through the summer 118, however, other embodiments that can allow propagation in alternative manners, are well known in the art. Additionally, one clock cycle is used to latch the input data and another clock cycle is used to latch the output data. The data bits will be placed in the input registers 160, 162, 164, 166 for the two-bit adder 172 with a first clock pulse and then will be placed in the output registers 168, 170 with a second clock pulse. This is illustrated in the data timing chart of FIG. 6, where a given input data bit (such as bit I0 of the IN-- s-- I0 data stream) that occurs at one CHIPx16 pulse appears as an output data bit (such as bit I0 of the TX-- s-- I0 data stream) two CHIPx16 clock pulses later.
The summing of the two data streams is controlled in part by a parity check block 174 comprising a six-bit counter 176 and a series of logic gates. Other circuits that perform the parity clock function are well known and can be substituted for parity check block 174 including the use of a shift register instead of counter 176. The parity check is performed with an exclusive-OR gate 177 tied to the output lines of the external previously modulated data input registers 164, 166. In particular, the six-bit counter 176 counts the number of consecutive input signals with good parity. The parity is evaluated when the half-- chip signal is received by the counter. If the count of the six-bit counter is less than sixty-three, then the signal appearing at the TC output port of the six-bit counter is low. This output signal is called "alpha-- I-- parity-- ok" in the drawing to indicate that a high signal level indicates no parity error. This parity signal is provided to the channel microprocessor 114 (FIG. 3) and also to one input of an AND gate 178. The other input of the AND gate is a signal received from the logical product of a "NO-- CROSS-- CHECK" signal and an "alpha-- Q-- parity-- ok signal".
The NO-- CROSS-- CHECK signal is a signal received from the channel element microprocessor 114 that is set high if no cross checking of I and Q channel parity data is desired. The alpha-- Q-- parity-- ok signal is the parity output signal of a six-bit parity counter (not illustrated) processing the same-sector (Alpha), Q channel data stream. Thus, the Beta channel and Gamma channel sector summers have the ability to cross-check parity and therefore the I channel summer of each sector receives the Q channel summer data, while the Q channel summer receives the I channel summer data. The NO-- CROSS-- CHECK signal and alpha-- Q-- parity-- ok signal are sent through an OR gate 180 to produce the logical product signal for the AND gate 178.
Thus, if either the NO-- CROSS-- CHECK signal is high (no cross check desired) or if the alpha-- Q-- parity-- ok signal is high (no opposite channel parity error), then a no parity error condition from the six-bit counter 176 produces a high level output from the parity cross-check AND gate 178. If both cross-check signals are low, meaning that cross check is desired and that the opposite channel has a parity error, then the output from the parity cross-check AND gate 178 will be low regardless of the six-bit counter 176 output.
In the parity check block 174, the output of the cross-check AND gate 178 is next provided as one input to an OR gate 180 whose other input is a NO-- PARITY-- CHECK signal. The NO-- PARITY-- CHECK signal is high if no parity checking of the received external input data is desired. Thus, if both gate inputs are low, indicating that the NO-- PARITY-- CHECK signal is low and either no cross-checking was desired and opposite channel parity was bad or I channel parity was bad, then the output of the OR gate will be low. Next, the output of the 0R gate 180 and the NORMAL-- MODE signal received from the channel element microprocessor are applied to a normal mode summing control AND gate 182 to control the summing of the external input data.
When the output from the normal mode summing control AND gate 182 is high, the output from the external input registers 164, 166 is applied through external input AND gates 184, 186 to the B0 and B1 input ports of the two-bit adder 172. When the normal mode summing control AND gate output is low, the external input data to the two-bit adder is turned off and the summing function is disabled, placing the summer in a local operating mode. Therefore, if a parity error occurs on the incoming external input data stream, the summer may automatically activate the local operating mode and stop adding the external input data into the output data stream. In this way, all data from modulator summers that are upstream in a string of serially connected modulators will be discarded.
Thus, it should be clear that the summing function is disabled if (1) the NORMAL-- MODE signal is low or if (2) both the NO-- PARITY-- CHECK signal is low and either (a) the alpha-- I-- parity-- ok signal is low (parity error) or (b) the NO-- CROSS-- CHECK signal is low and the alpha-- Q-- parity-- ok signal is low (opposite channel parity error).
It also should be noted that the six-bit counter 176 provides a means of automatically restoring the summing function of the two-bit adder 172 after a parity error is detected if sixty-three consecutive data input cycles occur without parity error. That is, the output of the six-bit counter goes high after sixty-three consecutive pulses from the input data exclusive-OR gate 177 that receives the external even and odd data bits and produces odd parity. Thus, the output of the six-bit counter goes high after sixty-three clock cycles with no off-chip data input parity error.
The bypass mode does not directly affect the summing operation, but selects the data for the output registers 168, 170 as coming either from the Q0 and Q1 output ports of the two-bit adder 172 or from the external input registers 164, 166. The selection of output from the external input registers occurs when the bypass mode is selected, which occurs when a signal called "BYPASS-- MODE" goes high. The BYPASS-- MODE signal selects between the "0" and "1" set of input lines of a pair of output multiplexers 190, 192 from which the output registers 168, 170 provide the TX-- ALPHA-- I0 and the TX-- ALPHA-- I1 data. That is, if the BYPASS-- MODE signal is set to "0", then the output multiplexers select incoming data from the summed output ports Q0 and Q1 of the two-bit adder 172. If the BYPASS-- MODE signal is set to "1", then the output multiplexers select incoming data from the external input data registers 164, 166 to get the ALPHA-- I data stream. When the bypass mode is selected, then as noted above the data appearing at the output registers 168, 170 will be a two-clock-pulse-delayed copy of the data at the external input registers 164, 166. In this way, the BYPASS-- MODE signal selects whether the summer processing will be bypassed.
The bypass mode provides a convenient means of resetting and bypassing individual summers. For example, a reset register (not illustrated) can be set such that, when the register value is set to high level, it produces a high signal that is used as the BYPASS-- MODE signal. The channel element microprocessor 114, for example, can control the setting of the reset register. The channel element microprocessor might choose to bypass a summer if, for example, the configuration of the cell station modulator 110 is such that the summation function of a summer is not being used. The bypass mode feature provides a means of bypassing a summer with relatively high reliability, because the only hardware components that must be properly functioning for the bypass mode to work properly are the BYPASS-- MODE signal line, the external input registers, the output registers, and the associated multiplexers.
The half-- chip signal referred to above in conjunction with the timing circuit 152 also is provided to various other logic elements of the summer to ensure that register values, data indexes, and the like are initialized, where appropriate, with every new data sample. Thus, the half-- chip signal is provided to an external input parity check OR gate 194 so the parity count maintained in a register 196 from the parity exclusive-OR gate 177 is set for each new data sample. Similarly, the half-- chip signal is provided to a summation output parity generate OR gate 198 so the parity count maintained in a register 200 for a two-bit adder from the parity exclusive-OR gate 202 is set for each new data sample. The half-- chip signal also is provided to a multiplexer 204 that selects data from either the Q1 output of the two-bit adder 172 or the output of an exclusive-OR gate 206, which is supplied with the Q0 output of the adder and the output from the adder parity register 200.
Finally, the half-- chip signal also is provided, after being inverted, to an input of a carry-in AND gate 208. The carry-out signal "cout" from the two-bit adder 172 is the other input of the carry-in AND gate, whose output is provided to a register 210 that, in turn, provides its output to the carry-in pin "cin" of the two-bit adder.
If desired, the summer 118 can detect an overflow condition of the two-bit adder 172. An overflow condition might indicate, for example, faulty data, a data framing error, or a broken interconnect. FIG. 7 illustrates how such an overflow detection could be implemented in the summer.
FIG. 7 shows that the internal construction of the two-bit adder 172 can include two one+it adders 402, 404 that receive the A0, B0 even data bits and A1, B1 odd data bits, respectively. The one-bit adders 402, 404 produce the Q0 and Q1 output bits, respectively. The carry-out signal cout0 from the even adder 402 is provided to the carry-in input cin1 of the odd adder. The carry-out signal cout1 of the odd adder 404 is the carry-out signal cout of the two-bit adder 172. FIG. 7 shows that the Q0 output and the carry-out signal cout0 of the even adder are provided to an exclusive-OR gate 406. The exclusive-OR gate output and the half-- chip signal are provided to an overflow AND gate 408 to produce an overflow signal.
The overflow signal is used much like the alpha-- I-- parity-- ok signal to control operation of the summer and is provided to the enabled clear pin of the six-bit counter 176 (along with the output of the exclusive-OR gate 177). Thus, if the overflow signal goes high, the summer is automatically placed in the local mode and its output is deleted from the chain of serially connected modulators.
With eleven data bits and a parity bit, used in the data stream, the data structure defined in the preferred embodiment leaves four bits of headroom. The four bits of headroom indicates that up to sixteen modulated voice channel signals can be summed without worry about overflow on summation. Thus, while the FIG. 1 modulator configuration permitted the output from two modulators to be connected together with a hard-wired discrete summer and associated control circuitry, the modulator in accordance with the present invention permits up to sixteen modulators to be connected together before a hard-wired discrete summer interconnect and associated control circuitry must be used. This reduction in the number of interconnections reduces the space requirements of the system, reduces cost, and increases reliability.
Thus, the modulator processor described above includes an integrated summer that receives local data and also receives input data from a second modulator. The modulator can sum both streams of data and output the sum. The output data can be provided to a next modulator for summing or can be provided as final output in a series of modulators to a transmit power amplifier for broadcast over the telecommunication system. Parity checking of the input data permits erroneous data to be ignored and prevents errors from being propagated. In this way, the number of components and hard-wired interconnections necessary for serially linking modulators is reduced, thereby resulting in reduced space requirements, reduced cost, and increased reliability.
The present invention has been described above in terms of a presently preferred embodiment so that an understanding of the present invention can be conveyed. There are, however, many configurations for cellular telephone communication modems and systems not specifically described herein but with which the present invention is applicable. The present invention should therefore not be seen as limited to the particular embodiment described herein, but rather, it should be understood that the present invention has wide applicability with respect to communication modems generally. All modifications, variations, or equivalent arrangements that are within the scope of the attached claims should therefore be considered to be within the scope of the invention.
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|Bussystem for communication and control in a mobile radio base station
|Behague et al., "Modularity and Flexibility: The Keys to Base Station System Configuration for the GSM Network", MRC Mobile Radio Conference Valbonne, France, Nice France,Nov. 13-15, 1991, pp. 160-168.
|Behague et al., Modularity and Flexibility: The Keys to Base Station System Configuration for the GSM Network , MRC Mobile Radio Conference Valbonne, France, Nice France,Nov. 13 15, 1991, pp. 160 168.
|Richard Kerr et al., "The CDMA Digital Cellular System an Asic Overview", IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, May 3-6, 1992, pp. 10.1.1-10.1.7.
|Richard Kerr et al., The CDMA Digital Cellular System an Asic Overview , IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference , May 3 6, 1992, pp. 10.1.1 10.1.7.
|Valy Lev et al., "Development of Mobile Communications Systems in a World of Standards: A Case Study", MRC Mobile Radio Conference, Valbonne, France, Nov. 13-15, 1991, pp. 145-150.
|Valy Lev et al., Development of Mobile Communications Systems in a World of Standards: A Case Study , MRC Mobile Radio Conference, Valbonne, France, Nov. 13 15, 1991, pp. 145 150.
|Citing Patent
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|Method and apparatus for data transmission using time gated frequency division duplexing
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|Dec 24, 2002
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|Sep 6, 2005
|Vyyo Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
|375/146, 375/147
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 21, 1995
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LEVIN, JEFFREY A.;EASTON, KENNETH D.;HINDERLING, JURG;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008549/0523;SIGNING DATES FROM 19950208 TO 19950215
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LEVIN, JEFFREY A.;EASTON, KENNETH D.;HINDERLING, JURG;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007378/0336;SIGNING DATES FROM 19950208 TO 19950215
|Aug 31, 2001
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Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 30, 2005
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|Oct 5, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 3, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 20, 2010
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Effective date: 20100303


text:
Florida Official Wants Sugar Land for Reservoir to Stop Damaging Diversions
As Lake Okeechobee continues to rank as one of nation's best bass fisheries, discharges of its nutrient-rich waters to the east and west are feeding toxic algae blooms that devastate ecosystems on both Florida coasts. And the same time, the Everglades to the south slowly is dying of thirst.
With this year arguably the worst ever for algae blooms, many are demanding quick and decisive action. One of those is new Florida state Senate President Joe Negron, who recently promised to push for a solution that is opposed by Gov. Rick Scott and the sugar industry.
Negron wants to buy 60,000 acres used to grow sugar cane to build a $2.4 billion reservoir to hold Okeechobee water that now is discharged via man-made diversions to both coasts. From the reservoir, it would be released into the Everglades, after pollutants settled to the bottom.
"We must buy land south," he said. "That's what I believe is the next step forward."
Before the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led the way in building dikes and replumbing to allow for development and minimize flooding decades ago, that's where water flowed naturally. As the Everglades was replenished, it served as a filter for the water on its way to Florida Bay.
In response to Negron's announcement, the Everglades Foundation said, "This project is vital to re-connecting Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Keys. By storing, cleaning and sending Lake Okeechobee water south, the project significantly reduces the amount of polluted water being dumped east and west."
The environmental organization also called Negron "an Everglades champion." And it added, "He has placed his political capital on the table in an effort to not only bring relief to his constituency along the east coast, but to begin a project that will provide significant benefits to America's Everglades."
Scott, meanwhile, favors using property the state already owns to finally finish other Everglades restoration reservoirs and water treatment areas.
"We are reviewing his (Negron's) proposal and will continue to review all options that will help with water quality in our state," the governor's office said in a statement released as a response to the new Senate president. "We look forward to working with the legislature as session approaches."

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Appears in 11 channels
Reviewed in Best RPG Games
Baldurs Gate dürfte bekannt sein. Classic Western RPG halt. Nicht so gut wie die Shadowrun RPGs meiner Meinung nach Paid Kein Controller Support Kein Shield TV Support Kein Multiplayer
Reviewed in Games with Depth
The sequel to Baldurs gate 1. Its more of the same, but bigger, better and cooler. You still play your character from the first game, starting the game in an prison dungeon of what seems to be a mad mage. As BG1 takes you from lvl 1-8 this takes you from 7/8 to 20. At level 20 youre somewhat of a mortal god, i rememver my mage in the pc version walking around spewing forth spells at a redicoulous rate, taking on enemies of immense power from other dimensions. Its hard to tell you more about the story without spoiling the first game so i will leave it at that. The game uses the same isometrical perspective and D&D ruleset as the first game. This game has even more content than the first one, i remember getting this on 5 CDs back in the day. Some characters return from the first game and many new ones comes along. Same thing here, Beamdog has restored the game and added in additional content. The expansion THrone of Baal is also included here. A common question is if you can play Baldurs gate 2 without having played the first game, and yes you can. The game is stand-alone enough for you to get whats happening, however some things, especially in the beginning and references to the first game might be a bit confusing. If you havent played either game before however i truly recommend going through them in order.
Kidnapped. Imprisoned. Tortured. The wizard Irenicus holds you captive in his stronghold, attempting to strip you of the powers that are your birthright. Can you resist the evil within you, forge a legend of heroic proportions, and ultimately destroy the dark essence that haunts your dreams? Or will you embrace your monstrous nature, carve a swath of destruction across the realms, and ascend to godhood as the new Lord of Murder?
Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition includes the original Shadows of Amn campaign, as well as the following expansions:
* Throne of Bhaal: Travel to Tethyr in this thrilling conclusion to the Bhaalspawn saga, and delve into the treasure-filled halls of Watcher's Keep!
* Fist of the Fallen: Help the Sun Soul Monk Rasaad find peace in his quest for vengeance, and determine the fate of a heretical sect.
* The Black Pits II: Gladiators of Thay: Explore the tactical depth of high-level Dungeons & Dragons combat. Turn your captors against each other while you dodge traps and battle for your life against Demi-Liches, Mind Flayers, and the legendary Githyanki.
Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition also offers the following premium content available for purchase:
* A Price Paid in Blood: Join the Blackguard Dorn in carving a swath of destruction across the Realms, as he struggles to appease the increasingly bloody demands of his dark patron.
* A Voice in the Dark: Recruit the mysterious Thief Hexxat and take up her mission of retrieving long-lost artifacts from tombs as far away as Zakhara.
* In Defense of the Wild: Protect the innocent and stand with Neera the Wild Mage against a ruthless school of Red Wizards.
Note: All translations are text only. Voice-overs are played in English.


text:
UNHCR is not responsible for the content and availability of non-UNHCR websites. Content displays in a new window.
EK (Non Overt - Homosexual) Uganda v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
12 February 2004 | Publisher: United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority | Document type: Case Law


text:
Can't preview pdf docs in Windows Explorer
View Single Post
30 Sep 2012
Win 7 64
1 posts
For Win7 Acrobat Pro x
et al:
For Win7 Acrobat Pro x
Was not sure which on of these actually fixed the problem, but one of them did. Since I did all these without rechecking to see if the problem still existed afterwards, I am not sure which one actually fixed the problem But after I did the #3 and reboot. Worked perfectly.
FYI: Below is the order in which I stepped through the repair.
1. Go to Control Panel > folders options under each of the General, View and Search Tabs
click the Restore Defaults button and the Reset Folders button
2. Go to Internet Explorer
Tools > Options > Advanced > Reset ( I did not need to delete personal settings)
3. Open Acrobat Pro X
under Edit > Preferences > General
At the bottom of page Select Default PDF Handler. I chose Adobe Pro X and click apply. May ask you to reboot. (I did).
Best Wishes
My System Specs
Win 7 64
View Public Profile
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The Aperam share is listed on the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Paris, Luxembourg under the symbol APAM and is traded as New York registry shares on the OTCXC under the symbol APEMY.
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Aperam Investor Relations contact is:
Romain Grandsart: +352 27 36 27 36


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Martin EdwardsShared publicly -
My guest post on Danny Iny's Mirasee Blog (formally Firepole) has just been published. I hope you find it interesting, useful (and shareable!) :)
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The world's largest freighter aircraft, the Antonov An-225, has delivered 110 metric tons of earthmoving equipment, tents and other relief supplies to Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic, t
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Convertible arb: Logging solid gains
The second best performing strategy in May was convertible and equity arbitrage, which rose a median 1.27% to total 5.78% for the year, according to research from Absolute Return. That's good news for a strategy that lost ground in 2005 - clocking a 2.22% drop for the year - and that trailed all other strategies
during April. Big winners for the month include Lydian Overseas Partners, which gained 1.82% and is up 9.27% for the year; Louis Hanover's Marathon Global Convertible Fund, which rose 1.87% to total 7.1% YTD; and Howard Fischer's Basso Investors, which climbed 1.98% in


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AM Skin: Retro
Smart Android Apps, LLC
- May 26, 2010
( 222)
Skin for AudioManager Pro users
To launch:
To launch:
1. Make sure you have AudioManager Pro installed (if not, search the Market)
2. In AudioManager, press Menu -> Settings -> Widget Skin -> *
3. Select skin
Want to create your own skins? go to our site below to download the SDK.
Love this skin. This is the only skin that I would pay for. All those that you need to buy look like crap. Especially compared to this one!
Down load problems Says installed but no way to open and no icon! Note3
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Clipboard manager that takes multi-tasking on your device to a whole new level.


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David Reviews
B-Reel Films have rung the changes in 2017 by rebranding themselves as BRF.
Award-winning Spanish director Pep Bosch signs to Friend London for UK representation.
Filmmaker and skateboarding fanatic Tom Noakes has signed for Prettybird.
Commercial director and documentary filmmaker Alex Turner has joined Fat Lemons carefully assembled roster for representation.
These commercials for Old Spice spoof Old West tropes with the brand's characteristic sense of humour. Their deodorant is so effective it's left the, uh, pit farmers' land too dry to grow their 'pertaters' - a line delivered in a perfectly rubbish accent. In the second clip, an old man shakes his fists skyward at the Old Spice gods as his son is smushed to death beneath a giant deodorant stick.
great acting


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Responsible for performing tests and reporting results of requested Laboratory procedures and providing physicians with accurate and timely results to aid them in diagnosis and treatment of patients.
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Contact Form 7 - Add useful modules such as hidden fields and "send all fields" to the Contact Form 7 plugin
[all-fields] shortcode now skips sending data for empty fields
wpcf7_send_all_fields_send_empty_fields filter to override the setting. See the FAQ.
[all-fields] shortcode output filters (see the FAQ item "How do I modify the output...")
The below updates apply only to the Hidden Fields module.
user_{data you want}. See the FAQ "How do I set non-standard user data as hidden field values?"
wpcf7_hidden_field_implode_glue filter. If you want to modify how arrays of data get combined into a string (default is CSV), use this filter.
$post global no longer needs to be defined for user data to be successfully passed.
custom_field data values, instead of only fetching one
functions.php file
[hidden-###] shortcode no longer worked and only
[post_title] format worked.
[hidden-123] and
[post_title] as long as they're in the form itself.
wpcf7_send_all_fields_format_key filter to Send All Fields plugin to turn on or off formatting of the key (replacing
example-key with
Example Key in output). See "How do I turn off formatting the key in the
[all-fields] output?" in the FAQ.
$post object by using the variable name. Example: You want
post_modified? Use
[hidden hidden-123 "post_modified"]
user_display_name replacement values
post_author will now return the author's Display Name. Use
post_author_id for the post author's ID.
_wpnonce field from
[all-fields] output
<div> instead of Contact Form 7's default
<p>. This makes hidden fields more hidden :-)
[all-fields] tag to your email message that includes every submitted field in one tag.
Parameter 1 to wpcf7_add_tag_generator_hidden() expected to be a reference, value given error, as reported by BDN Online
wpcf7_hidden_field_value filter to hook into using
Requires: 2.8 or higher
Compatible up to: 4.2.11
Last Updated: 2 years ago
Active Installs: 10,000+
0 of 4 support threads in the last two months have been marked resolved.
Got something to say? Need help?


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Check in from 15h / Check out prior to 11h
Pension Villa Beer: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 3 stars hotels in Stralsund, Germany.
Pension Villa Beer provides a comfortable base when in Stralsund and is close to everything the area has to offer. It provides guests with a convenient base with Stralsund Central Railway Station only a 10-minute stroll away.
Hotel description
Those staying at Pension Villa Beer Stralsund can make the most of the property's gardens.
Villas provide a desk and a radio.
Those staying at Villa Beer can enjoy a satisfying breakfast each day.
The property is within walking distance of the German Maritime Museum. The Rugenbrucke and Rugen Island are a short drive away.
Hotel features
Availability and Prices
Booking Site
Room Type
Per room
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Per night
Users who viewed Pension Villa Beer also viewed these 3 stars Stralsund hotels:
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Alter Markt 15, Stralsund
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Nearest hotels
- Hotel an den Bleichen Garni
480 m
- Hotel am Stadtwald
540 m
- Hotel am Jungfernstieg
541 m


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At Nordstrom, we have a selection of girls' dress shoes in Newell to please even the pickiest of tastes, and the cherry on the top is that you can browse online anytime, anywhere—whether you're at home, at the park or in-between soccer practice and piano lessons. There's free shipping, too, once you've chosen the pairs you want. Alternatively, it's easy to see what's available at your nearby Nordstrom department store, buy online and pick them up in person whenever you like.
One of our certified fit specialists would be pleased to assist you in ensuring those little dress shoes are a great fit.


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Super 8 Hotel Chongqing Zhong
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travelers also recommend:
TripAdvisor Reviews Super 8 Hotel Chongqing Zhong
Travel Blogs from Chongqing
Shibao Zhai, Fendu
This was the day we all went to a relocation tour of a house
of a resident who had been relocated to a new apartment provided by the
government due to the flooding of the Yangtze River to do the 3 Gorges project.
This was an optional tour off the cruise boat. We chose this
instead of checking out a high red pagoda which we saw from the boat anyway. The
local guide interpreted for us and we could ask any questions we ...
Two rivers the meet each other
... us around and one of them, Amy, taught us how to eat and fully experience the legendary hot pot (a big boiling bowl full of oil positioned in the middle of the table in which the diners sink all the possible unimaginable mix of vegetables and meet). Of course the boiling oil must be super chilly.
We visited Ciqikou, the old city. The small cosy alleys are abundant with souvenirs, ...
Chongqing and beyond!
... possible. We looked forward to the following day when we would travel through the scenic and famous three gorges. We were not disappointed! Everyone gathered outside on the roof deck with cameras ready. The first gorge is known as Qutang, and the steep walled canyons are featured on the 10 RMB note. It is only 8 km long with a very narrow passage. It felt like we were going through a wind tunnel! We continued on to the second gorge, the Wu Gorge, where we docked, and ...
Melting Pot: Japan, America and China P2
... Emiko had expressed how they liked open air markets, so later that night I took them to one of the many that are in Hechuan. We saw your standard pigs nose and smoked tales, which Emiko had a good laugh with, as well as flowers, fruits and vegetables. Afterwards, we went for our final dinner, which would be the last time I would see them on this trip. I wanted to make sure to have the dinner be a little more intimate, and not have a bunch of Chinese friends joining in an ...
Another good week
... light of day walked 20 minutes up a large hill, or mountain as the Chinese like to say. We were separated into two teams. Each person had three lives, if they were shot three different times, their gun stopped working and they walked out of the fighting zone. There was no capture the flag or any other goal, just kill the other team. You essentially start on opposite sides of the hill. I would estimate the area to about five football fields of land. It was really fun. I took ...


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Re: Ever Wonder What Nintendo Life Looked Like Back In The Day?
3DSonicPizza wrote:
Thanks for the links. I couldn't find them.
I'm surprised the multiples (along with mine) haven't been locked already.
cut me some slack, i'm trying to play FE:A over here
future of NL >:3
[16:43] James: I should learn these site rules more clearly
[16:44] LztheBlehBird: James doesn't know the rules? For shame!!!
[16:44] Vintage: We have rules?
[16:44] Reala: don't expose the staff to sunlight, don't get them wet and don't feed them after midnight
Nintendo Network ID: gentlemen_cat | Twitter: theblackdragon


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Investors who hold chip stocks in their portfolios have been hit hard over the last couple of months due to slowing IT spending, falling sales in Europe, and poor guidance from a variety of firms in the industry. However, for long-term investors it is a good time to start building positions in some of these equities, especially those with cheap valuations and robust balance sheets that should see brighter days in 2013. One such chip stock is outlined below.
According to the business description from Yahoo Finance, "Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc. (NASDAQ:ISSI), a fabless semiconductor company, designs and markets integrated circuits for digital consumer electronics, networking, telecommunications, mobile communications, automotive electronics, and industrial, military, and medical markets."
Here are seven reasons to pick up ISSI at $9 a share:
- The company has almost 40% of its market capitalization in net cash on its balance sheet.
- ISSI is selling at the bottom of its five-year valuation range based on P/B, P/E, P/S, and P/CF.
- Revenues are expected to be down 4% in FY 2012, but expected to bounce back to post a 13% sales improvement in FY 2013. It has also a low five-year projected PEG (0.66).
- The five analysts who cover the stock have price targets ranging from $12 to $15 a share, all significantly above the current price.
- ISSI is selling at just over seven times forward earning (under five times if you strip out cash), a steep discount to its five-year average (14.9).
- The stock is selling at six times operating cash flow and is adding an average of approximately $9 million to its net cash from operations over the last three quarters.
- It is building some nice short-term technical support at the $9 level (see chart below).
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, but may initiate a long position in ISSI over the next 72 hours.


text:
Mt Gardner Inn
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this b&b rated in the past?
- Non-smoking rooms
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
- Refrigerator in room
- Non-smoking hotel
Photos of Mt Gardner Inn
Travelers also looked at:
- Non-smoking rooms
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
- Refrigerator in room
- Non-smoking hotel
- Microwave in room
- High-speed internet in room
- Air-Conditioning
- Kitchenette
- Free parking
TripAdvisor Reviews Mt Gardner Inn Winthrop
Travel Blogs from Winthrop
PCT day 151
... dry and warm enough to dry my tent out completely. Thankfully no rain. SpeakerBox, Mosey, Swampwater, Catwater, TrailBride and Copenhagen showed up eventually too for the bus ride, along with other non PCT hikers. Stehekin is the last stop, the last resupply. I am 80 miles from Canada and 88 miles from finishing. Four more days on the trail. I plan to leave back for the trail Saturday ...
PCT day 150
... Especially when it is incessant. But we have been pushing on. We have made it too far to simply quit. If anything, it had made me angry to the point of cranking out miles like a mad man. Quite honestly, i just wanna be done and get it over with. Regrettably, I think I may have overdone it these past few days. Aside from having ****** weather, the terrain is one of the hardest to hike thru. All day, up and down, with ...
PCT day 149
Wednesday, September 16, 2015. PCT day 149. Miles 2506.20-2532.67. (26.4 miles) Today was tough. With two big climbs for a total of 8600 feet of climbing and 9000 feet of descent in 26 miles, I definitely had my work cut out for me. The best part of today was that it was sunny most of the day. Thank you God. The sunshine on my face felt so good. The clouds did return by 3ish however. But at least it didn't rain. ...
PCT day 148
... thankfully allowed me to dry my tent and sleeping bag. It also allowed better views of the mountains. The trail circumnavigates Glacier Peak on the west side. Unfortunately, the peak was shrouded in clouds all day. There were, however, other glaciated peaks in the vicinity that were not clouded. I was going relatively fast today, despite the 6500 feet of climbing, that I had already done 25 miles by 5pm. It was to early to stop hiking so I kept ...
Day 37 - Boring Start, Awesome Finish!
... it in all its glory! We stopped at some of the scenic overlooks to take pictures, and at one of the overlooks we met an older guy riding an early 80's GL1100 Goldwing. We talked bikes and riding for a while. He and his wife had been riding for years, and he thought that if his GL11 ever wore out, he would like a GL1800 like mine.
We went inside the Visitors Center and took a few pictures. They were supposed to be showing a ...


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Summaryfull details
English-Italian translation for "I agree!"
"I agree!" Italian translation
I agree!
I agree! [ex.]
It also does - and I agree with the Commissioner - contain group supervision.
Various people have already said, and I agree with them, that this is not possible.
I agree with the priorities presented, and I therefore voted in favour of this report.
I agree with this. The committee responsible has had discussions along the same lines.
Finally, I agree with the introduction into the law of a review procedure.
Similar translations
Similar translations for "I agree!" in Italian
Context sentences
Context sentences for "I agree!" in Italian
I agree with the rapporteur that the current situation is far from transparent.
I cannot, however, agree with the Jacobinical methods proposed in the resolution.
I therefore very much agree with the overall conclusion of Mr Andersson's report.
As for myself, I agree with her on one point: there will always be scoundrels.
. I agree that speeding up the procedure for answering is highly important.
I agree with the wording of the report, and I will vote in favour of its adoption.
On this point, I completely agree with what Alan Donnelly said a little while ago.
Nevertheless, there are a few points on which I fail to agree with the rapporteur.
Madam President, I could not agree more with the observations made by Mr Wiebenga.
The vast majority of reports we have just voted upon I can support and agree with.
Mr President, I agree almost one hundred per cent with what Mr Seppänen said.
I agree with Mr Coelho's statements about the vast impending crisis that awaits us.
I agree with him when he emphasises the need for a universal and coherent approach.
. Mr President, I agree with the rapporteur on the importance of this directive.
As for outside the EU, you talked about this and I agree with your diagnosis.
I agree that it is important to improve the functioning of the energy market.
The report adopts a cautious approach to this register and I agree with that.
My third conclusion: I agree with the procedure now proposed by the Commission.
Mr President, I agree with the rapporteur on the importance of this directive.
There have been efforts at international level, I agree, but far too limited.
Suggest new English to Italian translation
Are you missing a word in the English-Italian dictionary? Or perhaps you know of a particular regional Italian phrase? If so, then here you can suggest your own additions to the English-Italian dictionary. Simply use the two input fields below.
Latest word suggestions by users: pleasant, cool, helping hand, love affair, roasted chicken
Similar words
hysterectomy · hysteresis · hysteria · hysteric · hysterical · hysterically · hysterics · hysteroid · hysterotomy · I · i-agree · I-Kiribati · IA · IAAF · Iachimo · IAEA · Iago · iamb · iambic · iambus · Ian
More translations in the English-Turkish dictionary.


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i am willing to spare some time
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