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A GSR stays sober airlifting Big Books for a remote Alaska town
I got sober in the mid-1980s, in Anchorage, Alaska, an urban community of around 250,000 with many meetings at all times of the day and all days of the week. After several years of sobriety, I completed my college degree and became the GSR for my home group. I applied for a better job, got hired, and moved to Bethel, a small, remote community located about 400 air miles west of Anchorage. Back in the 1990s, Bethel had a population of about 5000. To this day, there are still no roads to Bethel. It's accessible only by air, except for the summer months when barges loaded with goods can...
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When will interest rates move? Base rate ends 2016 lower than it began it after year of uncertainty - but a rise may be next
The Bank of England continued its freeze on interest rates with its last monetary policy decision of what has been a tumultuous year for the UK economy.
As expected rates were held at 0.25 per cent, with signs of economic resilience undermining calls for another cut and uncertainty over the Brexit effect prevailing against a rise.
Indeed, minutes from the meeting attended by the Bank's nine Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) members show growth in 2017 was set to falter, with recent surveys highlighting uncertainty among businesses.
There has been a switch in sentiment, however, with markets and economists now expecting a rise in rates to be the more likely next move than a cut - barring sudden economic collapse.
Gloomy outlook: The Bank of England governor Mark Carney finally delivered a move in interest rates with the 0.25% cut
But mounting warnings over an inflation shock emerging in 2017 and a rate hike from the US Fed will also steer expectation towards an increase at some point next year.
Price pressures have risen since sterling fell to weak levels this year on the world currency markets, raising the cost of imports into Britain.
Federal Reserve chairman Janet Yellen pushed rates up from targeting a range of 0.25per cent to 0.5per cent, to between 0.5per cent and 0.75per cent.
It was the Fed's first move for more than a year and only its second increase since the financial crisis.
The hike puts the UK and US on different interest rate paths – meaning the dollar is likely to strengthen while the pound remains low.
Tom Stevenson, investment director for Personal Investing at Fidelity International, said: 'Despite the Fed's more aggressive approach to monetary tightening this week, the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street isn't quite ready to follow suit. Interest rates remain at an all-time low of 0.25per cent.
The MPC has indicated that it is keen to keep rates at current levels for the foreseeable future to support growth through the initial phase of the Brexit negotiations.
The cut to 0.25%
Bank rate was cut in August to 0.25 per cent from its already record low level of 0.5 per cent, where it had remained for more than seven years.
The Bank also rolled out £60billion more quantitative easing, £10billion of corporate bond-buying and a £100million Funding for Lending-style scheme.
The widely-expected rate cut was voted for unanimously by the monetary policy committee and should deliver a boost to borrowers through cheaper mortgages and loans but will hit savers who are already suffering from historically low rates.
Policymakers also decided to pump extra money into the economy through the Bank's government bond-buying quantitative easing programme and buy up to £10billion of UK corporate bonds.
A new Funding for Lending style scheme worth up to £100billion was also announced. This may deliver more effect than the rate cut.
Tom Stevenson, investment director at Fidelity International, said: 'Back in March 2009, interest rates were cut to what was thought to be an 'emergency level' of 0.5 per cent. We are still waiting for the expected return to interest rate 'normality' and 'lower for longer' is looking worryingly like "lower forever".'
The Bank's quarterly inflation report, delivered alongside the rate decision, downgraded Britain's future growth forecasts but maintained the 2 per cent one for 2016, with last week's better-than-expected 0.6 per cent GDP growth seen as bolstering this year's figure.
It said that the actions should stave off a recession.
However, critics argue that cutting rates from their already record low level and putting more money into the financial system through QE will do little to help the real economy.
Christopher Metcalfe, investment leader, UK Equities, Newton Investment Management, said: 'A 25 basis point cut in the base rate will provide no more than a short-term sugar rush to the UK economy and the private sector will continue to be uncooperative.
'Unwilling or unable to take on the quantities of new debt necessary to overcome the structural headwinds facing the global economy, the response will continue to be the monetary policy equivalent of 'Can't Cook, Won't Cook'
'Price of credit for firms is already low and it is difficult to imagine if businesses are scared or unwilling to invest in the wake of Brexit at 50 basis points interest rates, whether a further to 25 basis points will induce them to invest.'
Laying out its interest rate decision, the Bank of England said the following, Simon Lambert explains what it means.
On lower interest rates
BoE: 'The cut in Bank Rate will lower borrowing costs for households and businesses. However, as interest rates are close to zero, it is likely to be difficult for some banks and building societies to reduce deposit rates much further, which in turn might limit their ability to cut their lending rates.'
Translation: We are cutting rates because lower costs will encourage households and businesses to borrow more, encouraging banks to create more money for loans and keep money flowing into the economy. As rates are so low, the effect may be limited.
On its new Term Funding Scheme (which looks like Funding for Lending 2)
BoE: 'In order to mitigate this, the MPC is launching a Term Funding Scheme (TFS) that will provide funding for banks at interest rates close to Bank Rate.
'This monetary policy action should help reinforce the transmission of the reduction in Bank Rate to the real economy to ensure that households and firms benefit from the MPC's actions.
'In addition, the TFS provides participants with a cost effective source of funding to support additional lending to the real economy, providing insurance against the risk that conditions tighten in bank funding markets. '
Translation: To encourage banks to lend more we will supply them with ultra-cheap funds, which they can pass on to businesses, homeowners and individuals. This worked with Funding for Lending and we think it will work again.
On £60bn more QE
BoE: 'The expansion of the Bank of England's asset purchase programme for UK government bonds will impart monetary stimulus by lowering the yields on securities that are used to determine the cost of borrowing for households and businesses.
'It is also likely to trigger portfolio rebalancing into riskier assets by current holders of government bonds, further enhancing the supply of credit to the broader economy. '
Translation: By buying government bonds from financial institutions we will drive up the price of gilts and push down their yields, which heavily influence rates on mortgages and other loans. By paying financial institutions for safe haven government bonds we give them money that we hope will be invested in more risky assets, such as company bonds and shares and encourage borrowing and lending.
On buying up to £10bn of corporate bonds
BoE: 'Purchases of corporate bonds could provide somewhat more stimulus than the same amount of gilt purchases. In particular, given that corporate bonds are higher-yielding instruments than government bonds, investors selling corporate debt to the Bank could be more likely to invest the money received in other corporate assets than those selling gilts.
'In addition, by increasing demand in secondary markets, purchases by the Bank could reduce liquidity premia; and such purchases could stimulate issuance in sterling corporate bond markets.'
Translation: We know that the trickle down effect of buying government bonds is disputed, so by also buying corporate bonds we hope to push some money into the system quicker, as those we buy them from are more likely to invest in things that will help the real economy.'
Brexit has rocked the markets and led to suggestions of a fresh UK recession
Interest rate essentials: a quick guide to things you need to know
Slack, wages and forward guidance
Having initially formed its forward guidance on interest rates around unemployment, the Bank of England switched tack when this fell far faster than expected.
It identified the somewhat nebulous concept of slack in the economy as one of the new deciding factors on when rates would be ready to rise.
It is also keeping a keen eye on wage growth and the global economy.
The Bank's 2013 August Inflation Report unveiled Forward Guidance Mark 1, which said the bank would not consider raising rates until unemployment fell to 7 per cent or lower. At that point unemployment stood at 7.8 per cent. It promptly dropped like a stone yet rates remained on hold.
Forward Guidance Mark 2 arrived in February 2014. It put slack on the agenda, identifying that spare capacity in the economy meant that it could grow at a faster rate without requiring rates to rise.
The Bank says that some of this slack had been used up, but there had actually been more of it than first thought.
It is also now looking keenly at wages, which although having risen over the past year at a faster pace than in recent years, remain some way below where they would be expected to be at this point in a recovery.
Forward guidance: a short history
The UK interest rate outlook underwent a transformation with this initiative from Mark Carney, which was launched alongside his first quarterly inflation report as Bank of England governor.
He pledged that rates will not go up as long as the unemployment rate remained above 7 per cent.
The Bank initially projected a very slow recovery that would not see it fall below 7 per cent much before late 2016, this was then changed to 2015 as unemployment fell swifter than expected.
Unemployment actually dropped below 7 per cent in January 2014 - by November 2015 it was at 5.1 per cent and by June 2016 it was 4.9 per cent.
The swift unemployment decline led to a revision of forward guidance, with the unemployment threshold removed and a focus placed on spare capacity in the economy and removing this slack.
Wages also came under the microscope and as inflation fell to zero and below, concerns over deflation raised their head.
Forget unemployment or the property market, it may actually end up being inflation that guides rates – low inflation that is.
Britain may suffer from a persistent inflation problem but it might be easing for now. And the US, Europe and Japan are all more worried about deflation than inflation.
With wages falling in real terms and cheap mortgage cash through Funding for Lending being cut, the Bank may decide the medicine of low rates needs to be prescribed for longer.
The Bank's move to hack back at Funding for Lending for mortgages has made it clear that switching off the cheap money being pumped into the economy is a higher priority than raising interest rates.
The fear has always been that all this cheap money will send inflation soaring above 5 per cent and then it will stick there. But while property prices and the stock market have certainly done well off the back of it, that hasn't happened in the overall economy.
There is a chance we will manage to see a better than expected recovery and low inflation at the same time.
Companies grateful for the end of the consumer recession can make more money from simply selling more stuff to more people - and may feel less pressure to raise prices than in a normal strong upturn.
An end to rising energy costs will take the heat off businesses, while a stronger pound will reverse imported inflation.
Meanwhile, very slow wage increases in the past will make even a 2 per cent pay offer look reasonable for many and slack in the employment market may discourage workers from demanding more money or companies from having to pay it.
The Bank of England is looking for any possible reason to keep rates lower for longer. Low inflation might just be it.
- Simon Lambert, Dec 2013
QE vs Funding for Lending
The Funding for Lending scheme overtook QE in 2012 and 2013. This was designed to allow banks and building societies to take cheap cash from the Bank and pass it on to mortgage borrowers and businesses.
The Bank has since switched off the taps on more funding for mortgages through this, although lenders can still tap into their existing allocation.
The jury is still out on whether Funding for Lending was a winner.
It pushed mortgage rates down substantially, albeit with the best benefits delivered to those with big deposits, but banks are still being accused of hoarding cash and shunning small and medium-sized businesses.
Figures are being skewed by mammoths Lloyds Banking Group and Royal Bank of Scotland winding down their historical loan books and Spanish giant Santander easing back on its former mortgage expansion policy.
One group undeniably hit very hard by Funding for Lending has been savers. Returns on savings accounts have dived since its launch in a race to the bottom that has seen big cuts in the best deals on offer.
The best easy access savings rate now stands below 1.5 per cent, whereas before the launch of Funding for Lending savers could get between 2.5 per cent and 3 per cent.
We can't - no one can. But we look at overnight swap rates to work out roughly when money markets forecast the Bank Rate will start to rise from the rock-bottom level of 0.5 per cent.
This is very far from a precise business - not only do financial traders make wrong predictions all the time, but swap rates are only a snapshot of their views at a given moment in time.
Money market forecasts often diverge from reality, as well. For instance, swap markets for some time predicted a cut to 0.25 per cent. However, this was considered most unlikely to happen even though the Bank rate-setters dutifully discussed it every month. Economic experts say that for practical reasons it could curb lending rather than increase it, making it counterproductive as a method of promoting recovery.
The overnight swap rates move substantially. Take a look at the following chart, which appeared in the May 2013 Bank of England inflation report and illustrates interest rate projections in May compared with February. There is almost a two year gap between the outlook just a few months apart.
Please note this chart is used to illustrate market movements and is not the up-to-date outlook for rates.
Outlook: The Bank of England's May Quarterly Inflation report mapped out the market's expected path for Bank Rate.
Like the Bank of England, we use the overnight index swaps curve to look at what the money markets are predicting for interest rates, and importantly how this is shifting.
Economists also make predictions of when rates will go up, which are often quite different from those signalled by the money markets.
We frequently quote their views here too if they help shed light on the issue for readers.
You can then consider all the available information and make your own best guess on when interest rates will rise.
Swap rates and money markets vs mortgages and savings
When markets move a decent amount - and the move holds - it can affect the pricing of some mortgages and savings accounts.
When swaps price a rate rise to come sooner, fixed rate savings bonds tend to marginally improve in the weeks that follow. But it also puts pressure on lenders to withdraw the best fixed mortgages.
As for using swaps as a forecast, we've consistently warned on this round-up that they are extremely volatile and should be treated with caution - they should be used more as a guide of swinging sentiment rather than an actual prediction.
> Read the Council of Mortgage Lenders' guide to swap rates
Important note: Markets, economists and other experts haven't had a great record of making the right calls in recent years.
This is Money has always advocated caution with any sort of prediction (including our own!). There's no guarantee that those who have made correct calls in the past will make them in the future.
We'd also urge consumers not to gamble with their personal finances when it comes to predicting rate swings.
What decides rates?
The BoE's Monetary Policy Committee meets once a month and sets the bank rate. Its government-set task is to keep inflation to a 2% target (and nowadays also maintain financial stability). So if inflation looks likely to pick up, it raises rates.
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Apto.Atelier Type House (minimum 30 days
Size14 m²
Floor No.1
- Family/child friendly
- Smoking allowed
- Lockable room
- Balcony/terrace
- Internet/WiFi
Accommodation summary
|R. do Oriente, 20240-130 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|Property type
|Private room
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|A few months ago
Charming decorated bedroom with breakfast in Santa Teresa, wide, with double bed and wardrobe, quiet, ventilated and with a hammock for a pleasant rest.
The ground floor apartment is a type house with 110 square meters, charming and cozy. It has a main bathroom and an extra bathroom. There is also a artist studio workshop.
The building is small and old, from 1930. It has only two apartments per floor and there is a patio with shower to sunbathe, read or talk. It is very well located, 100 meters from the Largo das Neves, square bars. There are also restaurants nearby, and transport across the film library and 20 minutes walking. It is next to the Lapa and 30 minutes away by bus to the beach, Botanical Garden, Sugar Loaf, Corcovado and Maracanã.
The neighborhood's historic with an eclectic architectural listed by Heritage. It has several cultural centers and is very pleasant for walking. Santa Teresa has established itself as one of the main attractions of Rio de Janeiro, which causes many to consider as "Montmartre Carioca", due to the large number of artists who have studio and live on site.
House rules- Keep the room clean.
- When leaving turn off the lights, unplug appliances and close doors and windows.
- You are responsible for all existing objects and equipment inside your room.
- You enter and leave at any time, you have your own keys.
- Respect the tranquility and silence between 22:00 and 7:00.
- When you come don't bring visitors or persons not registered.
- The breakfast consists of fruit, juice, coffee, milk, bread, biscuit, two kinds of cold meats, butter, jam and it's served between 7:00 and 10:00.
- Avoid using the house phone, but if it's really necessary please ask me beforehand.
- Before you go remember to return the keys and check if you're not forgetting anything in the room.
|Monthly rate for 1 guest
|£ 402
|Price for > 1 guests
|£ 8 per guest/night extra
|Maximum Nights
|1 month
|Check-in After
|On arrangement
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out Before
|On arrangement
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
A great base for a fantastic holiday.
Wanderley offered his knowledge and hospitality that helped make the holiday such a good experience.
really pleasant stay very welcoming accommodation spotless clean functional petit dej good recomendations for visits
sejour vraiment agreable tres bon accueil logement impeccable propre fonctionnel bon petit dej bons conseils pour les visites
Wanderley is a very likeable artists of every effort is to make guests' stay as pleasant as possible. The whole apartment is furnished with love and is located in Santa Teresa. The bus stops just a few meters away from the apartment, so you can quickly reach all districts Rios. I would recommend anyone to stay with him and give him 6 stars
Wanderley ist ein sehr sympathischer Künstler der sich alle Mühe gibt den Aufenthalt seiner Gäste so angenehm wie möglich zu machen. Die gesamte Wohnung ist mit liebe eingerichtet und liegt mitten in Santa Teresa. Der Bus hält nur wenige Meter von der Wohnung entfernt und so ist man schnell in allen Stadtteilen Rios. Ich kann nur jedem empfehlen bei ihm zu übernachten und gebe ihm 6 sterne
Reviews for this host's other properties
this was simply spitze.super accommodation ruhig.sauber and a nice gastgeber.nur to empfehlen.das breakfast was great ...
diese unterkunft war einfach spitze.super ruhig.sauber und ein netter gastgeber.nur zu empfehlen.das frühstück war spitze...
My stay in Rio with Wanderley was really great. A nice apartment with rooms without Ac, but with a fan and a very nice little balcony for an evening to look at the lights of Gorssstadt. The house is located in Santa Teresa, well located to Flufhafen and also good for bus and metro: very quiet and far away from the party streets of fat on which to get a good walk or taxi. In return you is sleeping quietly, has a great view of Santa Teresa, has a really very nice host who goes alel Muehe with his breakfast and his recommendations for his guests. I was immediately back! :)
Mein Aufenthalt in Rio bei Wanderley war wirklich toll. Eine schoene Wohnung mit Zimmern ohne Ac, dafuer mit Ventilator und ein sehr schoener kleiner Balkon, um abends auf die Lichter der Gorssstadt zu schauen. Das Haus liegt in Santa Teresa, gut zum Flufhafen gelegen und auch gut zu Bus und Metro: sehr ruhig und weit abseits der fetten Partymeilen, zu denen man gut zu Fuss oder mit Taxi kommt. Dafuer schlaeft man ruhig, hat einen tollen Blick auf Santa Teresa, hat einen echt sehr netten Gastgeber, der sich alel Muehe macht mit seinem Fruehstueck und seinen Empfehlungen fuer seine Gaeste. Ich wurde sofort wiederkommen! :)
Wanderley is a very very nice host, very helpful and his place is awesome. Its a very beautiful house with a nice view in a good location. I also enjoyed the breakfast a lot. It was so nice eating this rich breakfast full of varieties in this beautiful room with an amazing view.
wanderley a host was very available and attentive prennant time to learn about Rio and Santa Teresa neighborhood to discover His house is spacious with a beautiful view, the works of art which are all decorated beauty, finally Wanderley serves a delicious breakfast ¨ ¨, Obrigado!
wanderley a ete un hote tres disponible et prevenant ,prennant le temps d informer sur Rio et Santa Teresa ,quartier a decouvrir,
Sa maison est spacieuse avec une tres belle vue ,Les oeuvres d art qui la decore sont de toute beaute,pour finir Wanderley sert un delicieux¨ petit dejeuner ¨,Obrigado!
We (2p) had a very pleasant stay at this apartment! Wanderley is a wonderful host who not only made us feel very welcome, but also serves an excellent breakfast. He is also very helpful in finding your way in and around Santa Teresa
Wanderley war ein wundervoller Gastgeber. Beim nächsten Mal werden wir ganz sicher wieder bei ihm buchen.
Viele Grüße
Günter & Erika
Wanderley es un excelente anfitrión. Su casa es un pequeño museo de arte. Cada detalle está cuidado. Se preocupa mucho por sus huéspedes. Asesora, aconseja, brinda información. Una experiencia inolvidable en Río y en el mágico barrio de Santa Teresa.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


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15 CFR 750.5 - [Reserved]
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
§ 750.5 [Reserved]
Title 15 published on 2015-01-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 15 CFR Part 750 after this date.


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The Prayer Requests of Crocker Bible Baptist Church
'And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God. For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith. Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.' Mark 11:22-24
- Jim Woodard - mild stroke
- Bonnie's Grand-daughter Katie (4 yr old) w kidney stones
- Church members with unsaved relatives
- Wednesday night prayer meeting
- Pastor Seel and Family
- Church members un-spoken request
- Our Friends at Old Pathway Baptist Church
- Armed Forces -Daniel Seel and Katie Bushaw and all of those serving our country
- Treav's son Leonard cancer,
If you have any prayer request, or answers to prayers that you would like included, please e-mail them to us using the Contact Form


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It is a State of Tennessee requirement that all international students attending the university provide:
Click here for further information and a certificate of immunization form.
First time students must also complete a Health History form concerning meningococcal meningitis and hepatitis B.
All of these documents are required at the time of registration. It is strongly encouraged that the student submit these documents with the initial application whenever possible. Failure to submit this documentation may result in denial of admission or termination of student status.
To enroll in the university international student insurance policy, use this website: International Student Insurance-APSU.
In the United States, health care costs are extremely expensive. International students are often surprised by how very high a doctor's bill is for what seems to be a very simple treatment. You might also come from a country where healthcare costs are paid by the government, or where there are special rates for students. This is not the case in the U.S. - here, F-1 visa students must pay for their own health care costs.
To assist with part of those costs, F-1 visa students attending Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR) schools are required to have "adequate medical and hospitalization insurance on themselves and any dependents who are also in the U.S. as a condition of admission before each semester of registration. This insurance must be maintained throughout enrollment. This is not only university policy - it is a statewide policy for all schools.
Insurance may be purchased through the university; you may also purchase it separately but it should provide the same coverage, including "medical evacuation and repatriation" coverage should you need to return to your country.
The insurance is in place to provide partial coverage for most injuries or illnesses suffered while students are enrolled. It is not meant to be a full-coverage healthcare plan; it is not a complete system of care. However, it is very useful for reducing the cost of most treatments that the average student may incur during their time in school.
You will need to give a copy of your health insurance policy showing: your name, term of enrollment, confirmation of payment dates and coverage benefits.
If you do not have appropriate coverage at registration you will be given information on how to enroll in the TBR student insurance program. If you have not enrolled in an insurance program by the end of the first week of classes, you cannot attend classes until this is completed. These missed classes will be counted as unexcused absences, which will affect your attendance record.
For details on the plan through the university, what it covers, what it does not cover, and how to file a claim, please check the insurance company website at International Student Insurance-APSU.
APSU Health Services: ESL Institute students who pay the optional Program Services Fee (PSF) may utilize the APSU Health Services facilities. A $75 deposit will be collected at registration and held to offset charges at the Health Services office; any unused portion of the deposit will be returned to the student when they complete the ESL program. Students who have not paid the PSF will not have access to university health services; however, there are numerous clinics and health facilities in the Clarksville area from which to obtain needed services.
Follow this link for common questions and more details about health insurance requirements.


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Ripoff Report | Complaints Reviews Scams Lawsuits Frauds Reported
Showing 1-1
As the leading consumer advocacy website, our technology is being continually upgraded to handle the volume of searches from consumers, the media, the authorities and millions of others from around the world. While we are always in the process of upgrading, our search results may not return all reports. This is only temporary and intermittent. If you are an attorney helping victims, the media, or law-enforcement, please contact us to have us run a complete database search to help your case or story.
|Title City, State
1, Report #951977
Oct 07 2012
|Ticket Center Exchange Instead of paying $72.00 for 3 Ringling Brothers circus tickets, I paid a total of $165.93. Internet Author: Longmont, Colorado Ticket Sales: Ticket Center Exchange Internet
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Check in from 13h / Check out prior to 11h
Executive Inn & Suites Upper Marlboro: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Marlboro Meadows, United States.
This pet-friendly hotel is situated in Marlboro Meadows and features a Jacuzzi. It also offers a 24-hour reception, meeting rooms and an express check-in and check-out feature.
Hotel description
Executive Inn & Suites Upper Marlboro has a golf course, disabled accessible rooms and internet. A fitness centre is available to those wishing to keep active while away.
The hotel's rooms are comfortable and feature a kitchenette that is equipped with a microwave and a refrigerator. They all offer tea and coffee making facilities and movies-on-demand.
Executive Inn & Suites Upper Marlboro offers breakfast every morning that guests can enjoy before heading out to discover the area.
Executive Inn & Suites Upper Marlboro is less than a 45-minute drive from Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport. Alexandria and Annapolis are situated an easy car ride from the property.
Hotel features
Pet Friendly, Disabled Access, Air Conditioned, Non-Smoking Rooms, Refrigerator, Cable / Satellite TV, In Room Movies, Connecting Rooms, Coffee / Tea Maker, Microwave, Hair Dryer, TV, Disabled Accessible Rooms, Shower, Vending Machines
Business Center, 24 Hour Reception, Conference Room(s), Wake-up Service, Meeting Rooms, Express Check-In/Check-Out
Fitness Room/Gym, Golf Course, Jacuzzi
High-speed Internet, Internet Connection (wireless)
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December 10th, 2010
2011 H-Town Showdown – EXPERIENCE
We've decided to create a mega-über-ultimabracket for the H-Town Showdown. Gone are the days of random, one-on-one matchups. Here are the days of organized chaos imparted by simply drawing lines, connecting them, and calling it a "tournament".
One day, in a wacky standoff like no other, we'll pit bar against restaurant against museum, but today we turn to you, Loopsters, to decide what places in Houston are worthy of being cast in one of our possible 32 spots. Below you will find a poll of more than 20 possibilities from which to choose. The top eight will make it into the bracket for "EXPERIENCE", and will be ranked by popularity.
(You can vote twice, once per each grouping below.)
If you have a "write in" vote, leave it in the comments. If enough people agree with you, we'll knock off one of these contenders and insert your choice. Oh, what a great thing democracy is…
Just in case you need a little help in deciding who will get your vote, we've covered a few of these places in our writing:
The Art Car Parade
The Orange Show
Menil Collection (by way of Rothko Chapel)
Summer Fest (Year One and Year Two)
Art Crawl
Rodeo Cook-Off
Saint Arnold Pub Crawl
Halloween Montrose Pub Crawl


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Manistee [1] [2] is located on the shores of Lake Michigan in the northwestern lower peninsula of Michigan, about 65 miles south of Traverse City. Manistee offers small town charm with beautiful beaches, great fishing, and the Manistee National Forest. For vacationers Manistee has a lot to offer but it may be more notable for what it doesn't: large crowds, high prices, heavy traffic and tacky tourist traps.
Get in
Shop downtown[8] on River Street at the many boutique stores, department store, or antique stores. The Manistee Central Business District is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Historic District Commission reviews changes to all the buildings located in the Historic District to ensure that these treasures are maintained for generations to come.
Local eats include the Tuscan Grille for Italian food, The Glenwood north of Manistee overlooking Portage Lake and River Street Station for good pub grub.
C Fast food chain restaurants in Manistee include Burger King, McDonalds, Wendy's, KFC, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and A&W.
There are many bars in Manistee, ranging from River Street Station to neighborhood pubs such as McManigal's and Stu's. Those are just three of over ten bars in and near Manistee.
Get out


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Sites 4 Moms: Natural Remedies and Advice
by Kathleen Bieke
The health conscious person may wish to visit prevention.com You will find some great information on their website. They have four main pages: health, weight loss and fitness, food and community. All offer lots of good information including; recipe makeovers that tell you the calorie and fat difference by using their cooking suggestions and why certain foods are so good for you. There is advice ranging from getting pregnant after 40 to information about head lice (don't be squeamish, you moms! It could happen to your child.)
There are plenty of Ask the Expert segments and even a virtual pediatrician. The virtual pediatrician offers information on a variety of conditions from bedwetting, dawdling and hair tangles to many other topics.
Like most large websites, they offer chat and quite a few message boards. The message boards include: aging parents, natural remedies, quitting smoking and menopause aka, "Is it hot in here or is it just me?"
A really great feature is that Prevention focuses on natural alternatives for medical healing. I will see a medical doctor when needed but mankind has been around a lot longer then the AMA and I prefer to try a natural approach whenever possible. Prevention.com gets my highest rating. Be sure to visit this comprehensive site and save it as a favorite. Until next time.
Copyright 2000 Kathleen Bieke. All Rights Reserved.
We're still paying off last Christmas and worry how we'll afford the holidays this year without charging it again! Tell us: Yes, we could use help getting out of the debt trap we're in! or No, debt is not a problem for us but I'm always looking for ways to trim my family's expenses further!
Money-Saving Tools for Families
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- 5 big bills you can cut fast
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- Ways to reduce the financial and emotional costs of a divorce
- Surprising reasons to have family meal time
- Will your family be taken care of if something happens to you?
- How to teach kids about compound interest
- This week's Readers' Tips


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Men's Brooks Mazama trail-running shoes make the most of your effort on rocky, rutted terrain. They bring best-in-class fit, biomechanics, strategic protection and grippy outsoles to the dirt.
- BioMoGo DNA midsole cushioning dynamically adapts to every step and stride
- Decoupled midfoot design allows the heel and forefoot to move independently for a powerful push-off
- Propulsion plates protect from rocks and roots and create a stable platform for powerful and aligned toe-offs
- Sticky rubber outsoles with directional lugs for uphill and downhill traction
- Protective, double-layered mesh with strategic stretch and structure for an impeccable fit and nearly seamless uppers
- Best use; Trail
- Cushioning: Moderate
- Midsole: Foam
- Weight: 1 lb 2.6 oz
Delivery and Returns
Estimated delivery date: 1 (based on standard shipping).
We offer free shipping on orders over $99, and free returns and exchanges for up to 30 days.


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Home Page | Product
In this issue;
£6.8 MILLION – Museum reveals the final cost of Flying Scotsman.
Seven 'Castles' for Tyseley?
Tornado at 90mph – High-speed plans for 'A1'
It's a gift! NRM Loco in 'stealthy' clearout
Another 'county'! – SVR to build new GWR 4-4-0
Up front 'P2'
Royal Scot for NYMR
NELPG at 50
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 25, 1997
|Filing date
|Mar 22, 1995
|Priority date
|Apr 6, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jinsong Tang, Norbert J. Mruk
|Original Assignee
|Graphic Controls Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (40), Classifications (20), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/223,550, filed Apr. 6, 1994, now abandoned.
This invention relates to hydrogel adhesives and, more particularly, to polyacrylate and polymethacrylate ester based hydrogel adhesives used with biomedical devices.
In the medical field, when a biomedical electrode is used on a patient, it is generally provided with a metallic plate attached to conductive wires which are, in turn, attached to a monitoring apparatus. To improve conductivity between the skin and the electrode, a composition, usually a paste, a gel, or a cream, is applied between the metallic plate and the skin. The use of such a composition is often messy and offensive to the patient. In addition, the composition must be removed from the skin after use, either by wiping or by the use of solvents, both of which are also offensive. Furthermore, the electrode is usually secured to the patient by tape having a conventional pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) thereon. Removal of the tape causes discomfort to the patient, and the composition of the adhesive of the tape may induce an allergic reaction in the patient.
To circumvent these difficulties, electrically conductive hydrogel adhesives have been developed. These hydrogel adhesives have replaced pastes, gels, and creams because they advantageously provide both conductivity and clean, residue-free removal from the skin surface after use. In addition, depending on the particular application and electrode design and on the nature of the hydrogel adhesive, hydrogel adhesives can be used alone--without a conventional PSA to secure the electrode to the skin. This is a result of the hydrogel's own specific adhesive properties.
Hydrogel adhesives differ from conventional PSA's in several respects. PSA's generally consist of polyacrylate polymer, or a polyolefin polymer combined with a tackifier additive. Monomers used to prepare polyacrylate PSA's are long chain esters of acrylic acid such as octyl acrylate. These particular polymers are inherently tacky and adhesive in nature. Polyolefin-based PSA's are prepared from rubber-like polymers such as polybutylene. Because these polymers are not inherently tacky, a tackifier is blended into the polymer base. Terpenes are generally used as tackifiers in these compositions. Most significantly, a conventional PSA contains no solvent, is non-aqueous, and will not dry out. These polymers are inherently adhesive and do not depend upon a swollen, crosslinked, watery formulation to provide tackiness and peel adhesion. They cannot be made electrically conductive by addition of water and electrolyte and they tend to be less skin friendly than hydrogel adhesives. Examples of typical PSA's are the adhesives coated on "Scotch" brand cellophane tape, masking tape, medical adhesive tape, and "Band-Aid" brand adhesive-bandages.
Hydrogel skin adhesives have proven useful in a variety of applications involving biomedical electrodes. Examples of such applications include use with electrocardiographic (ECG) electrodes, electrosurgical grounding pads, defibrillation electrodes, transcutaneous nerve stimulation electrodes, and iontophoretic drug delivery electrodes. Non-electrode applications are also becoming increasingly important. Examples include use with transdermal drug delivery patches, as adhesives for ostomy devices, as wound dressings, and with medical tapes.
Hydrogel skin adhesive compositions are generally composed of a crosslinked water soluble polymer network swollen with water as a solvent component. Humectant materials are usually added as co-solvents to provide slow drying or non-drying characteristics to the hydrogel adhesive. Humectant materials are usually polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol, or propylene glycol, or low molecular weight polyethylene oxide diols such as PEG 400 or PEG 600. Other additives can also be added to hydrogel adhesives for specific purposes. Examples include electrolytes such as sodium chloride for electrical conductivity, preservatives such as methyl paraben to prevent microbiological degradation, buffering agents such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate for pH control, and water soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide for viscosity modification.
The crosslinked water soluble polymer network can be formed by polymerization of a large variety of water soluble monomers in the presence of difunctional crosslinking agents by free radical polymerization techniques initiated by thermal or photochemical methods. Crosslinking of previously formed water soluble polymers can also be effected by complexation with difunctional species, such as divalent metal cations or difunctional organic reactants, or by exposure to ionizing radiation such as gamma-rays or electron beams. Many naturally occurring polymers such as gelatin can be reversibly and non-covalently crosslinked by manipulating gelation temperatures.
Examples of water soluble monomers subject to free radical polymerization for use as a hydrogel are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide, and vinyl pyrrolidone. Diacrylate esters of polyethylene oxides are typical free radical crosslinking agents used in these compositions. Examples of hydrogel formation by the crosslinking of water soluble polymers are the crosslinking of carboxymethylcellulose by reaction with aluminum ion, the crosslinking of prepolymer polyisocyanates by reaction with water and organic diols, and the crosslinking of polyvinylpyrrolidone by electron beam radiation. Examples of naturally occurring polymers which form gels by thermal gelation are gelatin and karaya gum. There are thus a large number of hydrogel adhesives of diverse types.
One of the critical properties determining the usefulness of a hydrogel adhesive is its peel adhesion strength. High peel strength allows the hydrogel adhesive to be used without an accompanying PSA in many applications. Hydrogel skin adhesives with high peel strength provide a more secure attachment of electrodes (or other devices) to the patient. Correspondingly, low peel strength provides a less secure attachment, allowing easier removal of the hydrogel adhesive from the patient. Depending on the particular application, varying hydrogel adhesive peel strengths are required.
Another useful property of hydrogel adhesives is repositionability. "Repositionability" is defined as the ability of the adhesive hydrogel to be removed from one area of the skin and to be attached to another area without loss of peel adhesion properties. Other properties of hydrogel adhesives include tack adhesion and creep compliance.
The properties of a given hydrogel adhesive depend in large measure upon the nature of the crosslinked water soluble polymer that comprises the hydrogel adhesive. Presently, the nature of the crosslinked water soluble polymer used in the hydrogel adhesive fixes the properties of that adhesive. In order to vary the peel strength or repositionability of the adhesive, for example, different water soluble polymers may be used. Development of hydrogel adhesive properties is thus an empirical process at present. A water soluble polymer system that allows broad variation of hydrogel adhesive properties without changing the type of polymer is desirable.
The present invention provides a hydrogel adhesive made of a polymer formed by polymerizing a monomer having the structure (I) ##STR1## where R1 is selected from H and CH3 ; R2 is selected from a straight or branched chain alkyl radical of 2-12 carbon atoms, a straight or branched chain aliphatic ester radical of 5-12 carbon and oxygen atoms, and a straight or branched chain ether radical of 3-12 carbon and oxygen atoms; X is an ionic group selected from SO3 -, COO-, and ##STR2## where R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from H and alkyl groups of 1-4 carbon atoms.
Also provided is a method of adhering a biomedical device to skin by disposing between the device and the skin the above hydrogel adhesive and applying sufficient pressure to the device to adhere it to the skin. A biomedical device with a surface adapted to be adhered to the skin of a patient, wherein the surface has the above hydrogel adhesive disposed thereon, is also provided by the present invention.
Also provided is a method of preparing the above hydrogel adhesive by polymerizing monomer (I) in the presence of multifunctional crosslinking agents by free radical polymerization techniques using an initiator.
The invention further provides a compound that is a copolymer formed by copolymerizing a first water soluble monomer having the structure (I) with a second water soluble monomer having the structure (II)
where Y is selected from ##STR3## where R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and alkyl groups of 1-3 carbon atoms.
Also provided is a hydrogel adhesive comprising a copolymer formed by copolymerizing the first and second water soluble monomers (I) and (II) above.
Also provided is a method of adhering a biomedical device to skin by disposing between the device and the skin a hydrogel adhesive made from monomers (I) and (II), as described above, and applying sufficient pressure to the device to adhere it to the skin.
Also provided is a biomedical device with a surface adapted to be adhered to the skin of a patient, wherein the surface has a hydrogel adhesive made from monomers (I) and (II) as described above.
Also provided is a method of preparing a hydrogel adhesive by copolymerizing monomers (I) and (II) in the presence of multifunctional-crosslinking agents by free radical polymerization techniques using an initiator.
The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph depicting properties of a set of hydrogel adhesives prepared from exemplary formula (I) and formula (II) monomers;
FIG. 2 is a graph depicting properties of another set of hydrogel adhesives prepared from further exemplary formula (I) and formula (II) monomers;
FIG. 3 is a graph depicting properties of another set of hydrogel adhesives prepared from further exemplary formula (I) and formula (II) monomers;
FIG. 4 is a graph depicting properties of another set of hydrogel adhesives prepared from further exemplary formula (I) and formula (II) monomers;
FIG. 5 is a graph depicting properties of a set of hydrogel adhesives-prepared from two exemplary formula (I) monomers; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an exemplary biomedical electrode including a hydrogel adhesive of the present invention.
The present invention involves hydrogel adhesives having variable properties depending on the relative proportions of the first and second water soluble monomers used in the formulation of the adhesive. The general formula for the first monomer is given above as formula I.
Two specific monomers within the scope of general formula I are potassium-3-sulfopropyl acrylate (SPAK) and 2-carboxyethylacrylate (CEA). CEA is particularly preferred when it is in the form of a partially neutralized alkali metal salt. The structures for these water soluble monomers are: ##STR4##
The two formula I monomers given above are acrylate ester monomers. Other monomers having the general structure of formula I are methacrylate ester monomers such as 2-sulfoethylmethacrylate (SEMA), potassium-3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMAK), and methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC).
The general formula for the second monomer used in the hydrogel adhesive compositions of the present invention is given above as formula II. The second monomer has a pendant chain smaller in molecular size than that of the first monomer. Examples of monomers of formula II are acrylic acid, acrylamide, alkylated acrylamides, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl sulfonic acid, and vinyl phosphonic acid.
A hydrogel adhesive formed by polymerizing a formula I monomer without a formula II monomer (a homopolymer of the formula I monomer) will possess certain adhesive properties. By adding increasing amounts of the formula II monomer and polymerizing to form a copolymer of formula I and II monomers, the adhesive properties vary, depending on the relative proportions of the formula I and II monomers.
The preparation and composition of an adhesive hydrogel using a homopolymer of SPAK (100% of first water soluble polymer--SPAK; 0% of second water soluble polymer) is first described below. This serves as a general description of the procedure used to formulate the adhesive poly(meth)acrylate ester hydrogels of the invention. (The final composition of the hydrogel formed of the homopolymer of SPAK is given as Example 1 in Table 1; the compositions of all other examples disclosed herein are presented in the accompanying Tables 1-6 as Examples 2-34.)
A mixture of potassium chloride (0.5 g) and potassium-3-sulfopropylacrylate (35.0 g) was dissolved in 40.5 g of distilled water with stirring. Polyacrylamide N-300 LMW (2.0 g) (available from American Cyanamid Co. of Wayne, N.J. 07470) was then added and dispersed into the above solution with vigorous stirring. The polyacrylamide dissolved slowly over a period of a few hours with a corresponding increase in the viscosity of the solution. Glycerin (20.0 g); a 3% solution of N,N'methylenebis acrylamide in propylene glycol (1.2 g); and Darocur 1173 (0.8 g) (available from EM Industries Inc. of Hawthorne, N.Y. 10532) were then added sequentially, with stirring, resulting in a moderately viscous, homogeneous solution.
The finished composition was coated onto a polycarbonate film having a thickness of 2.5 mil, using a 30 mil wet-film applicator. The coating was cured with a Fusion 200 W/in. UV lamp (H-bulb) at a bulb height of approximately 12 inches with a UV dosage of 0.69 J/cm2. A hydrogel adhesive was thus formed of a homopolymer of SPAK.
To measure peel adhesion, the coated hydrogel adhesive films were attached to a 1/8 inch thick polyethylene foam substrate and pulled off at a 90� angle at a rate of 6 inches per minute. The results are reported as grams per 7/8 inch width of sample. Other properties measured were tack adhesion, creep compliance, and repositionability. Tack adhesion was measured using a Polyken Tack instrument (2 sec. dwell, 1 cm/sec. speed, 20 grams force). Repositionability was measured by repeatedly pulling the adhesive off the foam substrate and measuring changes in peel adhesion.
In the description given above for the formation of an adhesive hydrogel, the distilled water serves as a solvent and potassium chloride is added as an electrolyte to provide electrical conductivity to the compositions of the invention when they are used as biomedical electrode adhesives. Potassium hydroxide is used to partially neutralize acrylate monomers containing carboxylic acid groups such as acrylic acid. Polyacrylamide polymer (PAAm N-300 LMW) serves as a viscosity modifier. Glycerin serves as a humectant. Used as a cross-linking monomer for the hydrogel homopolymer is N,N'-methylenebis acrylamide (MBA) which, as described above, is added as a 3% solution in propylene glycol. (Although a difunctional cross-linking agent is used in this example, other multifunctional agents can be used. Thus, in this application, the term "multifunctional" includes difunctional, trifunctional, tetrafunctional, etc.) Darocur 1173 (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propane-1-one) serves as the photoinitiator in the UV polymerization reaction.
The homopolymer of SPAK in the form of an adhesive hydrogel, synthesized as described in Example 1, exhibits a low peel strength (thereby minimizing risk of injury and discomfort to the patient) of 40 g as shown in Table 1, Example 1. The homopolymer also has good repositionability when attached to the skin. In terms of repositionability, the homopolymer of SPAK is superior to other hydrogel homopolymers such as polyacrylic acid.
Repositionability and low peel strength properties of hydrogel skin adhesives such as that formed of the SPAK homopolymer are important in biomedical applications such as diagnostic ECG electrodes, wound dressings, and medical tapes used to secure devices such as intravenous catheters to the body. Medical applications in the pediatric, neonatal, geriatric, and operating room areas are particularly relevant because of the high degree of skin sensitivity typically exhibited by patients within these hospital groupings.
To vary the properties of the hydrogel adhesive and provide greater peel strength, increased amounts (from 0% in the preceding example) of the second water soluble monomer are added and polymerized with the first monomer.
The preparation and composition of an adhesive hydrogel using a copolymer of SPAK and acrylic acid (AA) is next described. This serves as a description of the procedure used to formulate the adhesive copolymer poly(meth)acrylate ester hydrogels of the invention. The final composition of the hydrogel formed of the copolymer of this example is given as Example 4 in Table 1.
A mixture of potassium chloride (0.5 g) and potassium hydroxide (8.96 g) was dissolved in 34.54 g of distilled water with stirring while cooling to below 30 degrees C. Using an addition funnel, acrylic acid (19.38 g) was charged slowly and the temperature was maintained below 40 degrees C. After adding and dissolving potassium-3-sulfopropylacrylate (15.62 g) , polyacrylamide N-300 LMW (2.0 g) was then added and dispersed into the above solution with vigorous stirring. The polyacrylamide dissolved slowly over a period of a few hours with a corresponding increase in the viscosity of the solution. Glycerin (17.0 g); a 3% solution of N,N'methylenebis acrylamide in propylene glycol (1.2 g); and Darocur 1173 (0.8 g) were then added sequentially, with stirring, resulting in a moderately viscous, homogeneous solution.
In the description given above in Example 4 for the formation of an adhesive hydrogel, as in Example 1, the distilled water serves as a solvent and potassium chloride is added as an electrolyte to provide electrical conductivity. Potassium hydroxide, polyacrylamide polymer, glycerin, MBA, and Darocur 1173 serve the same functions as indicated in Example 1.
The finished composition was coated onto a polycarbonate film having a thickness of 2.5 mil, using a 30 mil wet-film applicator. The coating was cured as in Example 1. A hydrogel adhesive was thus formed of a copolymer of SPAK and acrylic acid. Peel adhesion, tack adhesion, creep compliance, and repositionability of the adhesive were then measured as in Example 1. The peel adhesion characteristics of a set of hydrogel adhesive copolymers prepared from acrylic acid as the second water soluble monomer and SPAK as the first are shown as Examples 1-7 in Table 1 and in FIG. 1. The peel adhesion values exhibited by both of the homopolymers (40 g for the SPAK homopolymer and 30 g for the AA homopolymer) are low but adequate, for example, on applications on highly sensitive skin. The peel adhesion values of the copolymers are higher, however than each of the homopolymers and increase to a peak level at a SPAK concentration of approximately 30-70 weight percent of the total monomer. The peak peel adhesion values for the copolymer are approximately 460 g, over ten times that of either of the homopolymers. The magnitude of the increased peel adhesion of copolymers having 25-75 weight % SPAK of total monomer (75-25 weight % AA of total monomer, respectively) over the homopolymers is unexpected. (See FIG. 1.)
That the increase and peak in peel strength is unexpected is illustrated partly by the more linear variation in the tack adhesion of the same compositions as shown in FIG. 1. Given this more linearized plot, linear variance of peel adhesion would also be expected. The variation in tack adhesion is almost linear and decreases as the concentration of SPAK in the copolymer increases.
The SPAK/AA copolymer in hydrogel adhesive form is a particularly useful composition because it provides a continuum of hydrogel adhesives which can be used in a broad spectrum of applications. The applications can have requirements varying from a relatively weak, skin-friendly, repositionable adhesive (where a composition having a concentration close to either 100% SPAK or 0% SPAK would be appropriate) to an aggressive, very strong adhesive, desirable in such dynamic or long-term applications as ECG or Holter monitoring (where a 30-70% SPAK composition would be appropriate). Any intermediate adhesive characteristics which may be desired can also be produced. One should also appreciate that by varying the concentrations of the various components in the compositions, the peel adhesion peak can be shifted anywhere in the range of 10-90% by weight SPAK of total monomer.
Other monomers can also be used as the second water soluble monomer. Hydrogel adhesive copolymers prepared from acrylamide as the second monomer (AAM) and SPAK as the first possess synergistic adhesion properties analogous to those observed for SPAK/AA copolymers. (See the compositions and their corresponding adhesion data in Examples 8-12 in Table 2 and FIG. 2.) Similar to the other homopolymers described above, the peel adhesion exhibited by the AAM homopolymer (0% SPAK) is very low. Nevertheless, the peel adhesion of the copolymer increases and peaks at a SPAK concentration of approximately 20-70 weight percent of total monomer.
Although acrylic acid and acrylamide are the only specific examples of the second monomer given, alkylated acrylamides are reasonable extensions of acrylamide because they have similar polarity and size. Vinyl pyrrolidone is also similar in size and polarity to dialkylated acrylamides. Sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid groups are reasonable extensions of the carboxylic acid group because they are also similar in size and polarity especially when neutralized to their anionic form. All of these monomers are within the scope of Formula II.
Turning to the second of the two formula I monomers which specifically illustrate the advantageous properties of the acrylate ester hydrogels of the present invention, CEA, it should be noted that the CEA which was used in the examples described herein is not a pure material. The CEA (or 2-carboxyethylacrylate) was obtained from Radcure Specialties Inc. of Louisville, Ky. It consists of a mixture of approximately 20% AA, 40% CEA, and 40% of a mixture of polyester trimers and tetramers having the following structure: ##STR5## where n=O for CEA, n=1 for trimer, and n=2 for tetramer. Therefore, all of the hydrogel polymers and copolymers of CEA contain substantial quantities of polyester trimer and tetramer units and AA units as well as CEA. All numbers in the examples are corrected to account for the presence of these other substances.
CEA copolymers with AA or AAM (Examples 13-24, Tables 3 and 4, and FIGS. 3 and 4) exhibit adhesive behavior similar to that of the SPAK examples discussed above. The CEA as purchased (with 20% AA), which exhibits a 230 g peel adhesion, also possesses desirable repositionability properties. Copolymers of CEA with AA or AAM exhibit a surprising peel adhesion behavior within a useful range of peel adhesion values. In particular, peel adhesion values are surprisingly high when CEA is 20-75 weight % of the total monomer. The surprising peel adhesion behavior of CEA copolymers demonstrates that esters of longer chain length than SPAK or pure CEA also confer advantageous adhesion properties on the hydrogels of the present invention. Because the CEA used in the examples contains 40% of a mixture of trimer and tetramer which have 7 and 12 chain atoms, respectively, extrapolation to pure alkyl groups and ether groups is reasonable because these groups have similar hydrophobicity and polarity to the ester groupings present in CEA trimer and tetramer. Therefore, these groups are included in the general formula I for the first water soluble monomer.
Hydrogel copolymer adhesives prepared from various ratios of SPAK and CEA together (i.e., two Formula I monomers) do not exhibit the surprising peel adhesion characteristics. Instead, a nearly linear relationship between the peel adhesion and the tack adhesion of the two homopolymers is observed (Examples 25-28, Table 5, and FIG. 5). Because both SPAK and CEA are long-chain acrylate ester monomers, it is evident that only copolymers which combine long-chain acrylate ester monomers with monomers of small molecular size, such as AA or AAM, will exhibit the synergistic peel adhesion properties.
Hydrogel adhesive polymers were also prepared from methacrylate ester monomers as the Formula I monomers (Table 6) such as 2-sulfoethylmethacrylate (SEMA, Examples 29, 33, and 34) and potassium-3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMAK, Examples 30 and 32). Methacrylate ester monomers are much less reactive to UV free radical initiation than are acrylate ester monomers such as SPAK and CEA; therefore, the formation of polymers comprising these compounds was initiated using thermal free radical initiator procedures. The thermal initiator used was V-50 (2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) (available from Wako Chemicals, USA Inc. of Richmond, Va.). The methacrylate monomers formed hydrogel adhesive polymers which were tacky and adhesive to the touch and may be as useful as the corresponding acrylate polymer hydrogels.
A cationic-terminated, methacrylate ester-based hydrogel adhesive was prepared by thermal initiation of the methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride monomer (MAETAC, Examples 31 and 34) having the following structure: ##STR6##
The resulting hydrogel polymer was also tacky and adhesive to the touch and appears to be as useful as all of the preceding examples.
A particularly useful application of the hydrogel adhesives of the present invention is with biomedical electrodes. The adhesives are useful in a wide variety of electrodes assuming varying construction. FIG. 6 is an exemplary embodiment of one of these electrodes.
In FIG. 6, a support member 1, which is circular in shape in this exemplary embodiment, is made of a plastic substance. Electrode 2 is incorporated in support member 1 so as to protrude from both sides of support member 1. An electrically conductive hydrogel adhesive 3, having a composition according to the present invention, is superposed on surface 4 of support member 1 and is adapted to be adhered to the skin of a patient. Hydrogel adhesive 3 should be applied to surface 4 in a thickness sufficient to cover the portion of electrode 2 protruding from surface 4 of support member 1.
In use, electrode 2 is connected to a measuring instrument (not shown) and the electrically conductive hydrogel adhesive 3 is pressed against the patient with sufficient pressure to adhere the biomedical electrode to the patient.
Although illustrated and described herein with reference to certain specific embodiments, the present invention is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the spirit of the invention.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Example NumberComposition (% by weight) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________Distilled Water 40.05 29.77 32.86 34.54 36.36 37.95 39.05Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Potassium Hydroxide -- 16.12 11.49 8.96 6.24 3.85 2.19Acrylic Acid -- 35 24.95 19.38 13.4 8.29 4.7SPAK 35 -- 10.05 15.62 21.6 26.71 30.03PAAm N-300 LMW 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Glycerin 20 14.61 16.15 17 17.9 18.7 19.263% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Darocur-1173 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Ave.Peel Force (g) 40 30 85 460 225 150 120Tack Force (g) 63 408 375 310 233 175 144__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________ Example NumberComposition (% by weight) 8 9 10 11 12______________________________________Distilled Water 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Acrylamide 35 24.85 19.26 13.29 8.2SPAK -- 10.15 15.74 21.72 26.8PAAm N-300 LMW 2 2 2 2 2Glycerin 20 20 20 20 203% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Darocur-1173 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Ave.Peel Force (g) 50 210 240 160 60Tack Force (g) 420 330 315 250 93______________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ Example NumberComposition (% by weight) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19__________________________________________________________________________Distilled Water 31.06 31.39 31.72 32.21 33.27 33.95 35.11Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Potassium Hydroxide 14.44 13.36 12.82 12.03 10.69 9.62 7.93AA (including the 20% AA 29.4 25.66 23.8 21 16.34 12.6 7 20%in the CEA as purchased)CEA (including the 5.6 9.34 11.2 14 18.66 22.4 28tri- and tetra-mers)PAAm N-300 LMW 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Glycerin 15 15.75 15.96 16.26 16.54 16.93 17.463% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Darocur-1173 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Ave.Peel Force (g) 70 160 540 390 290 280 230Tack Force (g) 406 366 384 244 261 117 138__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Composition Example Number(% by weight) 20 21 22 23 24______________________________________Distilled Water 39.21 38.49 37.6 36.72 36Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Potassium Hydroxide 1.62 2.7 4.04 5.37 6.44Acrylamide 27.92 23.22 17.37 11.56 6.92CEA (including tri- 5.66 9.42 14.1 18.75 22.46and tetra-mers)AA (20% of CEA as 1.42 2.36 3.53 4.69 5.62purchased)PAAm N-300 LMW 2 2 2 2 2Glycerin 19.67 19.31 18.86 18.42 18.063% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Darocur-1173 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Ave.Peel Force (g) 200 350 190 190 180Tack Force (g) 480 351 206 240 183______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________ Example NumberComposition (% by weight) 25 26 27 28______________________________________Distilled Water 36 37.34 38.38 39.02Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Potassium Hydroxide 6.6 4.44 3.04 1.9CEA (including tri- & 23.30 15.50 10.72 6.63tetra-mers)AA (20% of CEA as 5.83 3.88 2.68 1.66purchased)SPAK 5.87 15.62 21.6 26.71PAAm N-300 LMW 2 2 2 2Glycerin 17.9 18.72 19.08 19.583% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Darocur-1173 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Ave.Peel Force (g) 125 85 80 85Tack Force (g) 80 104 68 91______________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________ Example NumberComposition (% by weight) 29 30 31 32 33 34______________________________________Distilled Water 38.7 42.7 47.67 39.87 37.51 39.9Potassium Chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Potassium Hydroxide 5.95 -- -- 3.59 6.84 3.25Acrylic Acid -- -- -- 7.92 -- --SEMA 35 -- -- -- 20.09 14.34CEA (including tri- & -- -- -- -- 11.93 --tetra-mersAA (20% of CEA as -- -- -- -- 2.98 --purchased)SPMAK -- 35 -- 27.08 -- --MAETAC -- -- 35 -- -- 20.66Glycerin 18.45 20.4 15.43 19.04 17.95 19.153% MBA/PG 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.8V-50 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4______________________________________
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Owner name: CHEMICAL BANK ("COLLATERAL AGENT"), NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GRAPHIC CONTROLS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007709/0424
Effective date: 19950928
|Apr 4, 1996
Owner name: CHEMICAL BANK (AS COLLATERAL AGENT), NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GRAPHIC CONTROLS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007991/0697
Effective date: 19960229
|Sep 14, 2000
|Fee payment
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|Sep 27, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 25, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 29, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
Boston Manor House
Boston Manor House, one of West London's lesser-known gems, is a fine Jacobean manor house built in 1623. Set back from Boston Manor Road in Brentford, the three-storey building is situated in parkland containing a lake and ancient cedar trees.
Our e mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com
There are FREE summer activities at the House, related to the current exhibition on Thomas Layton's Library – to take part, you need to book a place via firstname.lastname@example.com
Saturday 9 July, Talk on Georgian book illustration
Sunday 7 August, Natural history drop-in family workshop
Sunday 14 August, Archaeology drop in family workshop
Saturday 20 August, Bookbinding workshop
Saturday 30 October, Halloween family workshop Cancelled
Tours of Boston Manor House at 2.30pm Admission Free on the following weekends:
Saturday 16th and Sunday 17th July
Saturday 20th August and Sunday 21st August
Open House Weekend : Saturday 17th and Sunday 18th September we will have guided Tours at the following times : 12.30, 2pm, 3.30pm
Saturday 15th and Sunday 16th October
Opening Times
Will be open every Saturday / Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays from 12 noon until 5pm from Saturday 2nd April 2016 until Sunday October 30th 2016.
About The House
The house was built for Lady Mary Reade, a young widow who re-married not long after its completion in 1623. Her second husband was Sir Edward Spencer of Althorp, Northamptonshire - an ancestor of the late Diana, Princess of Wales. Sir Edward and Lady Mary were still owners of Boston Manor in 1642, when the Battle of Brentford took place nearby, during the Civil War.
Download an informative leaflet - History & Architecture of Boston Manor House (.pdf) >
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In 1670 the house was extended, following its purchase for £5,136 by James Clitherow, a City merchant. It remained the home of seven generations of the Clitherow family during the next two-and-a-half centuries, until it became the property of the local Council in 1924.
Today the magnificent 17th century State Rooms on the first floor, together with the Dining Room on the ground floor, can be visited and enjoyed free of charge.
The Dining Room as it was in the early 19th century. King William IV and Queen Adelaide, who had long been friends of the Clitherows, came to dine here one evening in 1834 - a rare instance of a reigning monarch being received as the guest of a commoner.
Upstairs on the first floor are the State Rooms, two of which contain magnificently decorated plaster ceilings of 1623. That in the Drawing Room incorporates nineteen allegorical figures representing the Five Senses, Four Elements, Three Virtues, Peace and Plenty, War and Peace, and Father Time flanked by two Cupids. The sumptuous Jacobean mantelpiece includes a biblical scene showing the Angel stopping Abraham from sacrificing Isaac. Further up the stairway towards the second floor landing some rare 18th century wallpaper can be seen.
For enquiries about Boston Manor House and grounds, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Boston Manor has an active Friends Group. For more information, please visit www.fobm.org.uk
Boston Manor Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9JX.
Tel: 0208 568 2818
How to get there
Bus: E3 , E8, 195
Tube: Boston Manor (Piccadilly Line) 200 yards north of the house
Rail: Brentford Station
Parking: Boston Manor Park
Disabled access to ground floor only.
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text:
CHARLOTTE, N.C. — — For Chicago delegates looking for a little piece of home, there was a familiar sight on the streets of Charlotte: officers from the Chicago Police Department.
The city sent a contingent of cops to the Democratic National Convention as a "matter of professional reciprocity," said police spokeswoman Melissa Stratton. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department assisted Chicago during the NATO summit in May.


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The Body Glove Dimensions TPU Case is a durable, impact-resistant carrying solution for most Android phones. With high-gloss accents and unique designs, this TPU case adds style to your device. The case also features an anti-microbial agent that prevents against the growth of bacteria.
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