text:
Consistency between education reported in health survey and recorded in death certificate
- Young-Ho Khang1Email author,
- Hye Ryun Kim2 and
- John W Lynch3
© Khang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
Received: 19 March 2007
Accepted: 18 October 2007
Published: 18 October 2007
Education level is one indicator of socioeconomic position which, in several countries including South Korea, is provided though death certificate data. Its validity determines the usefulness of death certificate data for exploring the association between socioeconomic position and mortality. This study was to compare education recorded on the death certificate with that reported before death in a nationally representative cohort of participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
The 1998/2001 NHANES data contained unique 13-digit personal identification numbers that were individually linked to death certificate data from the Korean National Statistical Office. Duration of mortality follow-up was 7.1 years. The data from 513 deaths were used to determine sensitivity and specificity of education in death certificate and estimate agreement rates of education level between NHANES data and death certificate data. Odds ratios for agreement in education were also estimated. Covariates considered in the analyses were gender, age, duration between NHANES and death, and cause of death.
The proportion of deaths without recorded education in death certificate was very low (0.2%). A total of 29.4% discordant pairs were found. Sensitivity and specificity for college or higher education were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.97) and 0.99 (0.98–1.00). However, sensitivity was poor for middle school education. The overall agreement rate was 70.7% (66.8%–74.6%) when education was categorized into five groups and increased up to 88.9% (86.2%–91.6%) when three education categories were used. The magnitude of validity and reliability for education did not generally vary with age, duration between health survey and death, and cause of death. However, a significantly smaller likelihood of agreement was found for middle and elementary school education after adjusting for covariates.
Low percentage of missing information on education in South Korean death certificate data could provide a great potential to monitor mortality inequalities. A more collapsed categorization in education would be recommended when a more definitive conclusion on educational mortality inequality is required.
Education level is one indicator of socioeconomic position which, in several countries including South Korea, is provided though death certificate data. Its validity determines the usefulness of death certificate data for exploring the association between socioeconomic position and mortality [1]. Although education is likely to be more accurately reported than measures such as income, some evidence from Western studies suggests inconsistencies can occur between education reported in health surveys and that subsequently recorded on death certificates [2–4]. In a study by Lerchen and colleagues, a considerable gap was found between education reported in health interview data and education reported in subsequent follow-up interviews from surviving spouses after death [5]. Contradictory results have also been shown in other studies, with some demonstrating a tendency for education to be reported at a higher level on death certificates than at baseline health survey, [2, 3] while other studies showed this was not true [1].
In addition, the reliability of reported education between interview survey and death certificate data may vary with decedent's gender, age, and educational level [3]. Education can be reported less accurately for female decedents since they are less likely than males to have surviving spouses and are more likely to die at an older age [3]. The overstatement of education was more common among those decedents who, according to health survey data, had a lower education level [3]. However, in a later study, Rosamond and colleagues reported that death certificate education level had substantial validity and that misclassification was similar in both genders [1]. Reports have shown that overstatement bias was more pronounced in older than younger decedents [2]. Apart from these studies, little has been published on the validity and reliability of education between health survey data and death certificate data.
Education is known as a socioeconomic position indicator that is less likely to change over time than occupation and income [4]. As a result, misclassification of education may not vary with the length of time between acquisition of health survey and death certificate data. However, no studies have proven this. In addition, little is known about the misclassification of education by cause of death.
Recently, several studies have been conducted to examine educational inequalities in mortality with use of census and death certificate data in South Korea [6–8]. For example, in prior studies we presented age-, gender-, and cause-specific mortality inequalities by education [6] and examined trends in mortality inequalities by education [7]. However, the possibility of numerator-denominator bias [9] could not be excluded in these studies since unlinked data were used [6, 7]. If education levels of the census were more inflated than those of death certificate data, exaggerated educational mortality differentials could be made. Son claimed that the reliability of education level between survey and death certificate data can be poor [10]. A prior Korean study examined the reliability of reported education level between survey and death certificate data [11]. However, due to the small number of deaths, a more detailed analysis by covariates such as cause of death and duration between health survey and death was not possible and the validity (sensitivity and specificity) of each educational category was not examined. Information on gender, age, and cause-specific level of validity is useful to assess any bias in the gender, age, and cause-specific magnitude of socioeconomic mortality inequalities measured with census and death certificated data. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare education level recorded on death certificates with that reported before death in a nationally representative cohort of participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of South Korea. Specifically, we examined the difference in the magnitude of validity and reliability for educational attainment according to gender, age group, duration between health survey and death, educational category, and cause of death.
The Institutional Review Board of the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, approved this study. The health survey data used in this study were the 1998 and 2001 NHANES conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Information was collected from a stratified multistage probability sample of South Korean households representing the civilian, non-institutionalized population [12]. Participation rates for the 1998 and 2001 NHANES were 89.8% and 77.3%, respectively. At a baseline visit, information on education level was obtained from an adult household member. For each family member, the highest education completed was reported. This data contained unique 13-digit personal identification numbers that were individually linked to mortality data from the Korean National Statistical Office. By law, all Korean deaths must be reported to the Korea National Statistical Office. We identified deaths that occurred in the years 1999–2005 for those in the 1998 NHANES and 2002–2005 for those in the 2001 NHANES. Duration of mortality follow-up was 7.1 years. Similar to that in NHANES, levels of education reported on death certificates were determined by the highest level of education completed. The information on education was based on reports from the decedent's kin.
Covariates considered in our analyses were gender, age, duration between survey and death, and cause of death. Duration between health survey and death was grouped into categories of 3.4 years or less and 3.5–7.1 years to allocate samples equally into groups. Causes of death were coded according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) and grouped as cancer (C00–C97), cardiovascular disease (I00–I99), external causes (V01–Y98), and other.
For our analysis, we first compared education level between NHANES data and death certificate data and calculated the proportion of concordant and discordant pairs. Then we determined sensitivity and specificity of education in death certificate using the standard method, [13] with education reported in NHANES considered the gold standard. Sensitivity and specificity by cause of death were not presented due to the small size of each education group. We also estimated the agreement rates of education level between NHANES data and death certificate data. Overstatement and understatement rates were calculated. Overstatement refers to the inflated education level recorded in death certificates compared with that in NHANES, while understatement means the reverse. Confidence intervals (CI) for sensitivity, specificity, agreement rates, overstatement rates and understatement rates were calculated by asymptotic method. For these analyses, education data from death certificates and NHANES were categorized into five levels (college or higher, high school, middle school, elementary school and no education) and three levels (college or higher, high and middle school, elementary school or less). This was consistent with categorizations used in prior two studies [6, 7]. Finally, after adjusting for all covariates, we estimated odds ratios with 95% CI for agreement in educational attainment when five and three educational groups were used. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS statistical software.
Unique personal identification numbers of 12,801 subjects aged 20+ (6,900 for the 1998 NHANES and 5,901 for the 2001 NHANES) were linked to mortality information. A total of 513 deaths were identified: 376 deaths for the 1998 NHANES and 137 deaths for the 2001 NHANES. Of these, 511 (99.6%) had education levels available from both the death certificate and NHANES. One decedent had no education information in the NHANES and another decedent's education was not recorded in the death certificate. Of the 511 participants included in our analyses, 57.9% (n = 296) were men and 61.1% (n = 312) were aged 65+. The mean age of subjects was 66.4 years (SD 14.4). Decedent age varied with education from 52.7 years (SD 16.3) for those with college education or higher to 75.8 years (SD 9.2) for those with no education. A marked gender difference in education was also found with 24.7% (n = 73) of men and 67.9% (n = 146) having no education recorded in the NHANES. While the proportion of those having college or higher education only reached 2.3% (n = 5) for women, the proportion for men was 8.8% (n = 26).
Comparison of education level between Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data and death certificate data among 513 decedents
Education recorded on death certificate
Education reported in the 1998 and 2001 NHANES
College or higher
High school
Middle school
Elementary school
No education
College or higher
26 (83.9)
3 (4.9)
1 (1.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
High school
3 (9.7)
42 (68.9)
13 (24.1)
3 (2.0)
3 (1.4)
0 (0.0)
Middle school
1 (3.2)
8 (13.1)
25 (46.3)
18 (12.2)
2 (0.9)
0 (0.0)
Elementary school
1 (3.2)
7 (11.5)
12 (22.2)
98 (66.7)
44 (20.1)
0 (0.0)
No education
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3 (5.6)
28 (19.1)
170 (77.6)
1 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.6)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
31 (100.0)
61 (100.0)
54 (100.0)
147 (100.0)
219 (100.0)
1 (100.0)
Sensitivity, specificity and their 95% confidence intervals (CI)* of education level recorded in death certificates using education reported in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of South Korea as the gold standard (N = 511)
Sensitivity (95% CI)
Specificity (95% CI)
Sensitivity (95% CI)
Specificity (95% CI)
All subjects
College or higher
0.84 (0.71–0.97)
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
High and middle school
0.77 (0.69–0.85)
0.92 (0.90–0.95)
High school
0.70 (0.58–0.82)
0.95 (0.93–0.97)
Middle school
0.46 (0.33–0.60)
0.94 (0.91–0.96)
Elementary school or less
0.93 (0.90–0.96)
0.84 (0.78–0.90)
Elementary school
0.67 (0.59–0.74)
0.82 (0.79–0.86)
No education
0.78 (0.72–0.83)
0.89 (0.86–0.93)
College or higher
0.81 (0.66–0.96)
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
1.00 (1.00–1.00)
1.00 (1.00–1.00)
High and middle school
0.80 (0.72–0.88)
0.90 (0.86–0.94)
0.57 (0.31–0.83)
0.95 (0.92–0.98)
High school
0.71 (0.58–0.83)
0.93 (0.89–0.96)
0.67 (0.36–0.97)
0.98 (0.96–1.00)
Middle school
0.49 (0.35–0.63)
0.91 (0.88–0.95)
0.20 (0.00–0.55)
0.97 (0.94–0.99)
Elementary school or less
0.91 (0.86–0.95)
0.87 (0.81–0.92)
0.95 (0.92–0.98)
0.68 (0.48–0.89)
Elementary school
0.69 (0.60–0.78)
0.80 (0.75–0.86)
0.62 (0.49–0.75)
0.85 (0.79–0.90)
No education
0.64 (0.53–0.75)
0.92 (0.88–0.96)
0.84 (0.78–0.90)
0.81 (0.72–0.90)
Ages 20–64
Ages 65
College or higher
0.83 (0.67–0.98)
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
0.88 (0.65–1.00)
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
High and middle school
0.77 (0.68–0.86)
0.85 (0.78–0.91)
0.78 (0.64–0.92)
0.96 (0.93–0.98)
High school
0.80 (0.68–0.91)
0.90 (0.86–0.95)
0.44 (0.19–0.68)
0.98 (0.96–0.99)
Middle school
0.45 (0.29–0.61)
0.91 (0.87–0.96)
0.50 (0.26–0.75)
0.95 (0.92–0.97)
Elementary school or less
0.84 (0.77–0.91)
0.83 (0.76–0.90)
0.96 (0.94–0.98)
0.88 (0.77–0.98)
Elementary school
0.69 (0.58–0.80)
0.80 (0.73–0.86)
0.65 (0.55–0.75)
0.84 (0.79–0.89)
No education
0.52 (0.33–0.71)
0.94 (0.91–0.98)
0.81 (0.76–0.87)
0.83 (0.76–0.89)
Duration between health survey and death, 3.4 years or less
Duration between health survey and death, 3.5–7.1 years
College or higher
1.00 (1.00–1.00)
1.00 (0.99–1.00)
0.80 (0.64–0.96)
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
High and middle school
0.80 (0.70–0.90)
0.92 (0.89–0.96)
0.74 (0.62–0.86)
0.93 (0.89–0.96)
High school
0.67 (0.51–0.83)
0.95 (0.92–0.98)
0.74 (0.58–0.91)
0.95 (0.92–0.98)
Middle school
0.44 (0.26–0.63)
0.92 (0.89–0.96)
0.48 (0.29–0.67)
0.95 (0.92–0.98)
Elementary school or less
0.92 (0.88–0.96)
0.83 (0.74–0.92)
0.94 (0.90–0.97)
0.85 (0.77–0.93)
Elementary school
0.66 (0.55–0.77)
0.81 (0.75–0.86)
0.68 (0.57–0.78)
0.84 (0.79–0.89)
No education
0.77 (0.69–0.84)
0.91 (0.86–0.95)
0.79 (0.71–0.87)
0.88 (0.83–0.93)
Agreement rate (%), overstatement* rate (%), understatement* rate (%), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI)* for education level by gender, age, and cause of death: Reliability between Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) data and death certificate data
No. of subjects
Agreement rate (95% CI)
Overstatement rate (95% CI)
Understatement rate (95% CI)
Five educational groups (college or higher, high school, middle school, elementary school, no education)
All subjects
70.7 (66.8–74.6)
17.0 (13.7–20.3)
12.3 (9.5–15.1)
65.9 (60.5–71.3)
19.3 (14.8–23.8)
14.9 (10.8–19.0)
77.2 (71.6–82.8)
14.0 (9.4–18.6)
8.8 (5.0–12.6)
Age groups
65.8 (59.2–72.4)
17.6 (12.3–22.9)
16.6 (11.4–21.8)
73.7 (68.8–78.6)
16.7 (12.6–20.8)
9.6 (6.3–12.9)
Duration between health survey and death
3.4 years or less
69.4 (63.8–75.1)
19.2 (14.4–24.1)
11.4 (7.5–15.3)
3.5–7.1 years
71.9 (66.4–77.4)
14.8 (10.5–19.2)
13.3 (9.1–17.4)
Cause of death
71.0 (63.0–79.0)
17.7 (11.0–24.4)
11.3 (5.7–16.9)
Cardiovascular disease
69.7 (61.9–77.5)
18.2 (11.6–24.8)
12.1 (6.5–17.7)
External causes
65.0 (52.9–77.1)
15.0 (6.0–24.0)
20.0 (9.9–30.1)
Other causes
72.8 (66.6–79.0)
16.4 (11.2–21.6)
10.8 (6.4–15.2)
Three educational groups (college or higher, high and middle school, elementary school or less)
All subjects
88.9 (86.2–91.6)
5.9 (3.9–7.9)
5.3 (3.4–7.2)
86.2 (82.3–90.1)
6.8 (3.9–9.7)
7.1 (4.2–10.0)
92.6 (89.1–96.1)
4.7 (1.9–7.5)
2.8 (0.6–5.0)
Age groups
80.9 (75.4–86.4)
8.5 (4.6–12.4)
10.6 (6.3–14.9)
93.9 (91.2–96.6)
4.2 (2.0–6.4)
1.9 (0.4–3.4)
Duration between health survey and death
3.4 years or less
89.4 (85.6–93.2)
6.3 (3.3–9.2)
4.3 (1.8–6.8)
3.5–7.1 years
88.3 (84.3–92.2)
5.5 (2.7–8.3)
6.3 (3.3–9.2)
Cause of death
84.7 (78.4–91.0)
11.3 (5.7–16.9)
4.0 (0.6–7.4)
Cardiovascular disease
87.1 (81.4–92.8)
6.8 (2.5–11.1)
6.1 (2.0–10.2)
External causes
86.7 (78.1–95.3)
1.7 (0.0–5.0)
11.7 (3.6–19.8)
Other causes
93.3 (89.8–96.8)
3.1 (0.7–5.5)
3.6 (1.0–6.2)
As presented in Table 3, the magnitude of reliability increased as the number of educational groups decreased. When the education level was categorized into three groups (college or higher, high and middle school, elementary school or less), the overall agreement rates was 88.9% (95% CI: 86.2%–91.6%). For this categorization of education, overstatement and understatement rates diminished and there was no marked evidence of education inflation in death certificate data compared with health survey.
Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) of agreement in education level (N = 511)
OR (95% CI) of agreement for five educational groups
OR (95% CI) of agreement for three educational groups
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.47 (0.93–2.31)
1.27 (0.65–2.50)
Age groups
10-year age (continuous)
1.10 (0.92–1.31)
1.20 (0.95–1.52)
Duration between health survey and deaths
3.4 years or less
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
3.5–7.1 years
1.09 (0.74–1.63)
0.92 (0.52–1.65)
Education in health survey
College or higher
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
High school
0.46 (0.15–1.41)
0.58 (0.20–1.73)
Middle school
0.17 (0.06–0.51)
0.58 (0.20–1.73)
Elementary school
0.33 (0.12–0.95)
1.59 (0.51–5.00)
No education
0.47 (0.15–1.45)
1.59 (0.51–5.00)
Cause of death
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Circulatory disease
0.81 (0.46–1.42)
1.00 (0.48–2.11)
External causes
0.89 (0.44–1.78)
1.74 (0.68–4.47)
Other causes
0.91 (0.54–1.55)
2.00 (0.92–4.35)
Results of this study showed that the proportion of deaths without recorded education was very low, only one of 513 (0.2%) in death certificate, far less than prior US studies in which information on education for about 15%–27% of all deaths occurred was not available in the death certificate [1, 2]. According to death certificate data covering all South Koreans, the rate of failure to report the decedent's educational attainment was 0.3% for men and 0.4% for women aged 35–64 [6]. This may be due to the Korean death certification system where any vague or missing item on the death certificate is further clarified by the Korea National Statistical Office via telephone [6]. This low percentage of missing education information in South Korean death certificate data could provide a great potential to monitor socioeconomic inequalities in mortality.
Direct comparison of the validity and reliability level found in this study with prior reports in other countries may be problematic because of differences in age distribution and educational categories used. Factors associated with participation to health survey may also affect the overall validity and reliability. Nevertheless, we may conclude that this study showed a similar or higher level of validity and reliability in education information than in Western studies. For example, the agreement rate for three educational groups (less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and greater than high school education) in a prior study was 84% [1]. Results of this study showed an agreement rate of 88.9% for the same categories. A prior study presented a sensitivity of 0.85 for college or higher education, [2] which is similar to what was found in this study (0.84). It should be noted that in prior studies, a substantial number of subjects with missing education information (15%–27%) were found but were eliminated from analyses that reported the agreement rate and sensitivity [1, 2].
Despite the relatively high level for overall validity and reliability, low sensitivity and agreement rates were found in this study for participants with middle school education. After adjusting for covariates, middle and elementary school education groups were less concordantly recorded in death certificate data. One possible explanation for this may be related to historical changes in the education system in South Korea. During Japanese colonial occupation (1910–1945) and the Korean War (1950–1953), South Korea could not establish a nationwide educational curriculum [14]. An education system divided by elementary school (6 years), middle school (3 years), and high school (3 years) began in 1954 when the Ministry of Education of Korea first introduced an official nationwide curriculum. Various types of educational attainment, which are difficult to group into the categories used in this study, would be inevitable among decedents whose childhood and adolescent education was achieved before the modern South Korean educational system was established. Difficulties in determining one's educational level have also remained in vital statistic records. For example, middle and high school levels were grouped as one category in early 1990s death certificate data [7]. However, when middle school and elementary school education were collapsed into high school and no education respectively, statistically significant differences in agreement of education did not appear.
It was hypothesized that male decedents' education would be more accurately reported by surviving female spouses than female decedents' due to the gender gap in life expectancy [3]. However, this study showed that the agreement rate of education for women was generally greater than that for men. Statistically significant gender differences in odds of agreement were found for both educational categories (five and three groups) when only the gender variable was entered into logistic model (data not shown). In South Korea a woman's death is more frequently reported by her children, who may know more about her education than other informants. The widow's cognitive or communication problems may lower the agreement rate of male decedents' education. However, the comparison of accuracy level between widow's reporting (for male decedents' education) and children's reporting (for female decedents' education) needs to be further explored. If a woman's informants were uncertain as to which education levels she achieved, it might be difficult to accurately deduce and report the actual education level. However, in this study reports of women's education in the NHANES were concentrated around the "no education" level (67.9%). The simplicity of a woman's education might help informants for death certification to report education information accurately. Based on logistic model, significantly greater odds ratios of agreement for women compared with men became insignificant after adjusting for education (data not shown).
Although the magnitude of overall agreement rate for education did not vary with causes of death, understatement rate for external causes tended to be greater than the rates for other broad causes. Higher understatement rate for external causes was mainly due to stigmatized causes of death rather than other external causes such as transport accident. Understatement rate for suicide (n = 17) was 35.3% (n = 6) while the rate for transport accident (n = 24) was 8.3% (n = 2). Logistic analysis presented a greater odds ratio of understatement for suicide (data not shown). This suggests that a considerable understatement for education may occur in stigmatized causes of death.
Overstatement and understatement of education by descendants may vary with regions with different cultural background. Results of this study showed a tendency for inflation of education when grouped into five categories but did not reveal any evidence of inflation when education was collapsed into three categories. These findings agree with prior US studies where inflation was found in six educational groups [3] but did not appear in collapsed educational groups [1]. Thus, when using unlinked data a more collapsed categorization of education would produce a more valid result on estimating mortality inequality. However, as the sensitivity of college or higher education was generally greater than that of no education and the pattern did not vary with covariates, it can be suggested that educational mortality differentials between no education and college or higher education in the previous study [6] were underestimated. Indeed, several longitudinal mortality follow-up studies presented a substantial difference in mortality by education in South Korea [15, 16]. Given that the level of agreement did not significantly vary with cause of death, cause-specific analysis may not result in biased results. However, a more collapsed categorization in education would be recommended especially when a more definitive conclusion regarding educational mortality inequality is required.
The low percentage of missing education information in South Korean death certificate data could provide a great potential to monitor socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. Despite the relatively high level for overall validity and reliability, a more collapsed categorization of education would produce a more valid result on estimating mortality inequality when using unlinked data.
List of abbreviations
confidence intervals
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of South Korea
standard deviation.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Khang YH, Kim HR: Relationship of education, occupation, and income with mortality in a representative longitudinal study of South Korea. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005, 20: 217-220. 10.1007/s10654-005-0370-y.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Khang YH: Relationship between childhood socio-economic position and mortality risk in adult males of the Korea Labour and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). Public Health. 2006, 120: 724-731. 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.02.008.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/294/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Although most parrot species are able to imitate, some of the Amazon parrots are generally regarded as the next-best imitators and speakers of the parrot world. The question of why birds imitate remains open, but those that do often score very high on tests designed to measure problem solving ability. Wild African Grey Parrots have been observed imitating other birds. Most other wild parrots have not been observed imitating other species.
Humans and parrots have a complicated relationship. Economically they can be beneficial to communities as sources of income from the pet trade and are highly marketable tourism draws and symbols. But some species are also economically important pests, particularly some cockatoo species in Australia. Some parrots have also benefited from human changes to the environment in some instances, and have expanded their ranges alongside agricultural activity, but many species have declined as well.
If you're not sure what live wallpapers are, they're a type of application that works on a mobile device using the Android operating system (like your device!). The application works as a wallpaper – providing the background image for the home screen—but also works as a conventional application since it can provide user-interaction with the touch screen (allowing the image to change dynamically, for example) and access other hardware and software features within the device (accelerometer, GPS, network access, etc.).
**Multiple backgrounds!** Switch up the background as often or as little as you like with user-configurable options.
**Power saving features!** This app uses much less power than typical live wallpapers. It will take a bit more power to operate than a normal wallpaper, but much, much less battery power than the average live wallpaper.
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Please note that live wallpapers can't be set automatically. We'll bring you to the setup screen where you'll select the live wallpaper. We'd love to do it automatically but Android doesn't allow it. Select text from Wikipedia, which does not endorse this product. Licensed under the creative commons (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Text at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Wallpaper and wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot.


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This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
I was able to access WLAN alone without BIS/BES on OS 220.127.116.115. But today I have upgraded the device software to 18.104.22.16849 and find that the WLAN stopped working. It is able to find and connect to my home wireless router but in troubleshoot->WIFI Diagnostics, I find the IP address is 0.0.0.0. The router is working fine as am able to connect a laptop to access internet. On the router I am able to see the mobile device MAC being assigned an IP.
Can someone help me with WLAN/WI-FI issue? The device is an unlocked T-Mobile presently on Vodafone India. Has lite version of internet access with mail and messenger access (BBPL).
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I would suggest performing a backup of your BlackBerry smartphone then reloading the software as shown in the article below:
KB11320 - How to perform a clean reload of the BlackBerry Device Software using BlackBerry Desktop M...
Come follow your BlackBerry Technical Team on twitter! @BlackBerryHelpBe sure to click Kudos! for those who have helped you.
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GSP signs deal with Gatorade
Joining a list of athletes like Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, Derek Jeter, Peyton Manning and many, many more, Georges St. Pierre, has signed on to be a major part of Gatorade's latest campaign as one of the faces of their "G" marketing onslaught.
The Gatorade "G" campaign launched in the U.S. during the Super Bowl in January with many top flight athletes representing the brand. Now the company will move north of the border with a group of Canadian athletes to represent the brand.
Along with other top Canadians such as Gordie Howe, Cassie Campbell, Ray Zahab, Chantal Petitclerc, and Bradd Arseneau, St. Pierre will serve as one of the leaders to help push Gatorade in the newly branded market.
Just like in the U.S., the Canadian Gatorade brand is recognizing some of our nations most influential and inspiring athletes, said Dale Hooper, vice president of marketing for Gatorade in Canada. These athletes represent Canadas best while also serving as motivation to any Canadian who sweats, whether theyre in it to win, for the fun of it, or for better health.
St. Pierre's addition to the Gatorade campaign can only be seen as a huge step forward for the marketing and advertising future of mixed martial artists who are looking to cross over into more mainstream work.
Late last year, the UFC welterweight champion signed on with CAA, a division of Creative Arts Agency, to help push the Canadian fighter into new markets including movies, television, licensing and digital media.
This latest move for St. Pierre to sign on with Gatorade signals the first MMA fighter to be involved with the popular sports drink brand, and a definite sign of the competitors involved with MMA moving forward to being more widely recognized alongside other top athletes.
St. Pierre filmed his first commercial for Gatorade over the last week while also working on the latest film the Canadian has been involved with, the second motion picture he has starred in over the last year.
HUGE for mma
Good news for MMA, however wrong fighter!! As usual the bandwagon is riding in full fledge... He sucks and now I will switch to Powerade:)
Huge news for MMA, good news for GSP. Regardless of what everyone thinks about him, I have no issues with GSP.
Why all the Haterade for GSP for signing with Gatorade?
Yeah... I don't get it.. Gatorade is great.. that stuff it just plain slick!!!!!
oh.. wait..
Gatorade, Powerade, Vitamin Water, etc. is just high fructose corn syrup. I don't drink that junk anyways.
Maybe Canada should have gone with one of your fav's like Tito or a Diaz brother??? :Whistle:
What were they thinking?????
Nope they should'nt have I would be mad at them. I just think someone else would have better represented the sport. Sorry just being honest and I don't care how many feathers I ruffle along the way...:laugh:
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Southern Arizona, AZ RV Communities and RV HomesSave This Search
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Outside Tucson lies the Sonoran Desert, home of the unique saguaro cactus. Although nearly all Americans are familiar with the saguaro—indeed, it's probably the first image that comes to mind with the word "cactus"—few realize that this is actually the only part of the West where it grows.


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School is back this week. Miracle of all Miracles! Now is the time to check your cupboards and make sure you are stocked up so no little tummies go hungry. To help you out I'm sharing my first week's lunch roundup. Lucky us, it's only 4 days worth – Thank God for Public Holidays!! Himself [Continue reading…]
Brace yourselves parents, there will be dancing in the streets soon because School is back next week! YIP YIP!! Personally I love the start of a new school year. The buying of stationery, finding lost shoes and trying to remember if you cleaned out the schoolbag at the end of last term (or is that [Continue reading…]
Nude Food Day – the fantastic initiative from SMASH is on again!! Nude Food Day 2015 is already ramping up and there are plenty of opportunities for you to be a part of it! Why not get your school involved and be a Nude Food Warrior! "Nude Food Day is a nationwide initiative [Continue reading…]
Worldly Wednesday – Back To School With Bakers Delight
This week Mel and I have been writing for Bakers Delight showing lots of new parents some great tips for packing healthy and tasty lunch boxes. Bakers Delight have a great range of delicious breads, many with added seeds and grains to really keep your kids packed with energy throughout the long school days. Have [Continue reading…]
Are you ready for the New School Year?
I may be annoyingly organised (sorry) however I fear many of you may not be! Going back to school (or even to school for the first timers among you) can be an exciting, daunting and hectic-super-crazy time (and that's just for the mums!!!). The good news is you really don't have to stress too much [Continue reading…]


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Learning Center Search Results
Showing 1-10 of 11 results for:"Product Demo Research Wiki"
Doing Research in Real Time: A Collaborative Approach
and results in less time than a single researcher working alone. The Wiki Article/Handout link found above
Principles for Beginning Genealogy
In this short video you will learn the principles to effective genealogical research. Dr. Tom Jones
Using a cases study, this class will demonstrate how to conduct descendancy research to locate
Planning and Implementing a Research Trip
Don't be surprised on your next research trip. Learn how to prepare and what to take and do on your
Let's Start at the Very Beginning.
U.S. Census Research, Techniques and Strategies
research to find those elusive ancestors.
African American Genealogical Research at the Library of Congress
This presentation describes the African American collections found in the Library of Congress.
The Library of Congress: Pursuing Your Family in the National Library
in your family history research.
Tips and Tactics from Fifty Years of Research
In this lesson, you will learn different tips on how to start a new library, document a life story, document sources and other helpful tips.
Take a Genealogy Trip with Tiff!
In this lesson, you will learn how to organize a trip to do genealogical research.


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If you have a dental issue, you go to a dentist. When your heart is in trouble, a cardiologist will help. Where do you go when you have back pain? Of course you will want to see a chiropractor. Through training and proven methods, chiropractors can help your back feel great again. If that sounds great to you, continue reading.
Did you know that chiropractic care can boost your body's immunity? Your nervous system can be affected if you have a misaligned spine and this can hurt your immune system. When you get your spine aligned right, you get more blood going to the nervous system. This gives your body the ability to better fight infection.
You can see a chiropractor for a variety of reasons. If you have lots of neck or back pain on a frequent basis, you need to see a chiropractor. Additionally, seeing a chiropractor regularly can help you prevent problems with misalignment. When your skeletal structure is properly aligned, your whole body will function better.
Inquire about frequency discounts. These treatments usually involve multiple visits. They can even be a couple times per week for several months. The price can start to cost you a lot. Some chiropractors offer discounts when you are seeking to make multiple appointments for treatment.
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If you are dealing with back related problems, make sure that the position of your body when you sleep is not causing further issues. You should sleep with a cervical pillow beneath your neck. This lets your head drop down, unlike a regular pillow which causes the head to push forward.
Do you suffer from high blood pressure? Studies show that vertebrae manipulation is more effective than blood pressure medications. When the proper vertebrae get manipulated, the blood pressure can be regulated.
There is more to chiropractic care than necks and backs. It can actually boost your body's immunity. Bones within your spinal system that are out of alignment can mess up your nervous system performance. If your nervous system has reduced performance, it can cause issues with your health. Fixing any issues can return your immune system back to optimal performance.
Always speak with a doctor before you go to get chiropractor services. It is important to let a doctor assess your needs for help. This will help your chiropractor understand what the best method of treatment will be for you. You may also find that chiropractic care is not what you need. The doctor could recommend an alternative.
If your back causes your problems, avoid sleeping on your stomach. When you sleep this way, it can cause your spine to slip out of the position it should be in. Instead, try sleeping on your back, and place a pillow under your shoulders and another under your knees. It may be beneficial to put a rolled towel under your neck, too. If you do so, the main curves of the spine will be well taken care of.
You can easily find a qualified chiropractor. Many in the U.S. are looking for chiropractic care now. You can rest assured that many chiropractors have undergone thorough training and certification processes. A chiropractor must, at least, receive four years of training at the graduate level before they can work with their own practice. Make sure your chiropractor is properly certified and trained.
During your chiropractic visit, do not let your neck be snapped. The vertebrae in the neck has two arteries threaded through which could kink. It's normally fine, but when a chiropractor stretches or suddenly twists the neck, it could put a tear in the artery's lining. This can actually lead to a stroke after forming an unhealthy clot in the bloodstream.
A professional chiropractor will always take x-rays to check for fractured bones or other conditions prior to any spine manipulation. It is important to fully understand what is going on with your musculoskeletal structure before beginning. If you don't get this done when you go to a chiropractor, don't let them treat you. Rather, contact another chiropractor for an appointment.
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Katie Elliott, Web Copy Producer: Women's Accessories and Beauty
Take an East London studio decked out in colour popping shades, add some retro distressed leather suitcases, throw some inflatable beach balls into the mix and you've got this month's tropical-inspired blogger shoot.
We invited four fashion-forward bloggers, gave them a rail of Tropical Summer treats and asked each of them to compile three Hawaiian inspired outfits of their choice.
The first to arrive at the studio was fashion and lifestyle blogger Emma Hill from South East London. Emma, who describes her style as "a bit of a British mish-mash," made her entrance in an effortlessly chic ensemble of a plain white t-shirt, distressed denim jeans and black wedge heeled ankle boots.
It was clear from the start that Emma was a heels kind of girl, so it was no surprise when she made a beeline for the stylish block heeled sandals from Jigsaw. With the Tropical Summer brief at the forefront of her mind, Emma scoured the rails before teaming them with a Mango top and show-stopping white structured trousers by Ted Baker.
Hot on Emma's tail was Hannah Vickers of awaywiththefairiesblog.com. She showcased long golden locks and a feminine flick of eyeliner and wore a sky blue midi skirt, white slogan tee and cute white pumps to finish her girly get up.
After a short detour via the hair and makeup chairs, Hannah selected her interpretation of tropical summer style. True to her own feminine fashion sense, Hannah was drawn to a brightly coloured embellished kaftan from Blue Mojito which she team with some bold Dune wedges and an equally adventurous DKNY tote bag – an outfit fit for golden sands.
A blogger for two and a half years, Hayley was the third of our fashionistas to take to the camera. Also channelling her inner city chic on arrival at the studio, the 'frockmeimfamous' blogger sported a causal black top and skinny jeans.
Sitting in the hair stylists chair, Hayley opted for loose waves – the perfect addition to a tropical summer ensemble. And when it came to the clothing, cool blues were the hue of choice. She chose the blue sweatshirt from Kin some Ted Baker shorts and a beach bag from Collection WEEKEND creating an outfit fit for any beach retreat.
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Young Laura was well protected from nightmares once her father gave her the Dreamcatcher. But after his sudden death the Dreamcatcher disappeared and Laura slipped into an endless nightmare. No one could wake her up, but you can try to save Laura. With the help of Professor Sanders and his machine, take a dangerous journey to Laura's ghastly dreams.
Dreamscapes: Nightmare's Heir is a horror themed hidden object game. It has been two years since Laura has awoken from a coma but she is still haunted by the promise of the Sandman's revenge. To distract Laura from her heavy thoughts, Tim decides to take them to a ski resort.
Walter Hartright is a drawing tutor hired to teach the young and beautiful Laura Fairlie the wonderful world of art. The time they spend together draws them closer, but soon Laura is promised to a nobleman. As Walter mourns the loss, his future becomes intertwined with an elusive woman in white who harbors a dreadful secret, but holds the key to winning Laura's hand.
Autorun Angel is a tool for controlling Windows startup sections in order to provide security for your computer. Angel allows you to control software, drivers and various components launched automatically.
Autorun Angel connects to Angel Cloud Engine in real time.
Bring angels to your desktop.
Let's start mentioning that there are a couple of classic images, showing you some beautiful animated scenes of little angels sitting on a cloud or playing around in a beautiful garden. But the part that amazed me and I liked most is a scene of a church.
You look up at one of the stained glass windows and one of the angels in the image starts to come alive!
Microsoft Office 2013 15.0
MAGIX PhotoStory on DVD 2013 Deluxe is much more than the standard photo-to-video editing tool. It is a professional suite of tools that allows you to produce high-quality, pro-looking DVD and Blu-ray discs from your photo and video file collection. Its wide range of transition and visual effects will allow you to produce attractive slideshows and video compilations.
Design and shape the world around you with the powerful, flexible features in AutoCAD® 2013 software, one of the world's leading 2D and 3D CAD design tools. Maximize productivity by using powerful tools for design aggregation and documentation, connecting and streamlining your design and documentation workflows.
Flash Movie Player is a free application to play SWF videos, based on the Adobe Flash Player plug-in. It offers a multilingual interface with support for 39 languages. Anyone could use this application without any hassle, as no special skills are needed. As for the interface, it resembles the classic skin of "Windows Media Player".
Movie Color Enhancer is a extremly, small and easy to use program who let you enjoy the movies at the best quality. It automaticaly adjust your setting to get a perfect view. If you need to improve the quality of your videos, Movie Color Enhancer program is a must for you!
Xilisoft Movie Maker can help you create your own home videos. It has a nice interface, in which a timeline and a preview screen are the main elements. Although creating a video using this tool is as easy as importing the source clips and arranging them, there are also other features to help you get customized results.
Office Professional Plus 2013 is a program that gives you more control over compliance, offering a set of tools for analyzing or sharing data and more possibilities for communication. You can explore different cuts and views of your data with a click or discover new insights hidden in your data.
Sothink Movie DVD Maker is aimed to create DVD discs. It supports importing video from a wide range of formats, even those taken by high definition cameras. With a nice intuitive interface, this program is likely to please beginners and experts alike.
Easy Photo Movie Maker,a great digital scrapbooking software program, will make your digital photos into wonderful slide show movies with special motion effects, music, and captions. You can share your movies easily. You can upload the movies to YouTube and Facebook, even burn to DVD. You can show your movies proudly on your TV, computers—even on websites! It is how home movies should be made!
Autodesk Navisworks Freedom is a program that allows you to combine design data created in applications such as AutoCAD and Revit with models created by other design tools. It also allows you to view all simulations and output saved in NWD format. You can create compressed, secure and streamable project review files in the NWD format.


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Results 1 to 5 of 9
Thread: Aunt Linda's Baby Name.
Threaded View
May 8th, 2013 03:14 PM #1
Aunt Linda's Baby Name.
My Aunt Linda (very close family friend) is having a baby! I don't know why she has left it this long to pick a name, she is 28 weeks!! She is not a name nerd like me (as you can tell), she has ONE baby name book that she go with her middle child. Since she got pregnant have tried to suggest names but she's "too busy".
So tonight she has agreed to sit down and talk names.
She has three boys, so she is exicted about having a girl.
Cameron Joshua 14
Nicholas James 9
Ethan Alexander 7
Names she likes.
Matilda 'Tilly'
We need more suggestions!
Atticus | Bodhi | Caleb | Fletcher | Jude | Isaac | Jett | Lincoln | Luca
Aspen | Amara | Calla | Elowen | Finch | Isadora | Lydia | Mila | Valentina | Violet
Guilty Pleasures
Arrow * Cash * Knox
Bethan * Katarina * Wren


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Serial/Series Title: Fiscal Year 2014
Collection: Congressional Research Service Reports
Veterans' Medical Care: FY2014 Appropriations
Date: April 1, 2014
Creator: Panangala, S. V.
Description: This report focuses on funding for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The VHA is primarily a direct service provider of primary care, specialized care, and related medical and social support services to veterans through the nation's largest integrated health care system.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
The Veterans Health Administration and Medical Education: A Fact Sheet
Date: January 19, 2016
Creator: Heisler, Elayne J. & Panangala, Sidath V.
Description: This report supplies facts about the Veterans Health Administration and its medical education. It describes the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and its involvement in the medical training of health care professionals. The report also gives details on the VA's academic affiliations, its funding of physician training, and its ongoing graduate medical education (GME) expansion. Figure 1 on page 3 shows the amount the VA spent on education and training from FY2010 to FY2015.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


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PORC mincing
boys being silly on their bicycle machines
Sickkkk. Definitely riding this in the summer[Reply]
Where is it?[Reply]
No idea where that is bud....[Reply]
penshurst man, just google PORC for the addy[Reply]
were you get them protec clear helmets from[Reply]
USA only, not even CE approved. but who cares they look good[Reply]
were is this sick jumps[Reply]
clue is in the title man[Reply]


text: Obama Returns to ChicagoThe president flies into town Thursday for three fundraising parties and an overnight stay at his Hyde Park home By Lisa Balde NEWSLETTERS Receive the latest local updates in your inboxPrivacy policy | More Newsletters UP NEXT XHyde Park Welcomes Back ObamaLinkEmbedEmailCopyCloseLink to this videofalseCopyClose Embed this video Replay More videos (1 of 9)«»Though President Barack Obama has been criticized for not returning to his Chicago neighborhood as often as he promised, Hyde Park residents look forward to his return on Thursday. (Published Thursday, April 14, 2011)This story has moved. We're automatically redirecting you to our new coverage.PHOTOS: Obama in ChicagoPublished at 7:15 PM CDT on Apr 14, 2011


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Gulf Coast Medical Center
Spring Hill, FL 34608
About Nicholas D. Strobbe
Nicholas D. Strobbe, DO is Board Certified in Internal Medicine, and received a medical degree from Nova Southeastern University in 2009.
Dr. Strobbe completed an Internship in Internal Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida.
Dr. Strobbe specializes in internal medicine at Oak Hill Hospital, and treats conditions/performs procedures such as: physicals, FAA light physicals (class I, Ii, Iii), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), physical therapy and walk-ins.
Dr. Strobbe is a practicing internist with Gulf Coast Medical Center in Spring Hill, Florida.
Medical School
Nova Southeastern University
Internal Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida
Internal Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida
Certifications & Memberships
American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine
Languages Spoken
English, Spanish
Procedures & Conditions
FAA Flight Physical Class I, FAA Flight Physical Class II, FAA Flight Physical Class III, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Physical Examination, Physical Therapy, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Injuries
Internal Medicine
Office Locations
Gulf Coast Medical Center
11034 Spring Hill Drive
Spring Hill, FL 34608
Phone: (352) 688-6228
Fax: (352) 688-6232
Accepted Insurance
Aetna, AmeriGroup, Assurant Health, Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Centene, CIGNA, Coventry Health Care, Humana, Medicaid, Medicare, Molina, MultiPlan, UnitedHealthCare, WellCare Health Plans, WellPoint.


text:
Fukushima and the Privatization of Risk
Majia Holmer Nadesan analyzes the Fukushima nuclear disaster and its radiological aftermath for the citizens of Japan and elsewhere in the context of historical and contemporary understandings of radiation-caused health and reproductive effects.
Titel: Fukushima and the Privatization of Risk
Autoren/Herausgeber: M. Nadesan
Ausgabe: 2013
Seitenzahl: 149
Format: 21,6 x 14 cm
Produktform: Hardcover/Gebunden
Gewicht: 352 g
Sprache: Englisch
Majia Holmer Nadesan is a professor at Arizona State University. She has published a number of books examining the bioethics and biopolitics of social governance and human welfare: Constructing Autism, Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life, and Governing Childhood: Biopolitical Strategies of Childhood Education and Management. Her work addresses how powerful market forces, state sovereignty, and expert knowledge shape public health and welfare.


text: Asuncion: Paraguay's Libertad took the lead in Group 8 of Copa Libertadores on Thursday as they defeated El Nacional of Ecuador 4-1. The team has now moved closer to a berth in the second round of the South American club championship. Christian Riveros, Javier Villarreal and Hernan Rodrigo Lopez all scored within a 12-minute span midway through the second half, giving Libertad control and moving it past Argentina's River Plate midway through the group stage. Libertad improved to seven points from three games, one point ahead of River and five ahead of Brazil's Paulista. The loss left El Nacional with one point and in last place. The top two teams from each of the eight first-round groups advance to the second round. (AP)


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Showing Results: Most Recent
This review is from: EPSON ELPMBPJF Universal Projector Ceiling Mount
Pros: Everything you need to mount any projector to the ceiling.
You can hide cables by routing them through the cut-out and up through the optional extension (sold separately) OR do what i did for my install on a drop tile ceiling and run it up through the ceiling plate: peerless- cmj500r1
Cons: Takes a bit of tinkering to set up, but hey, what doesn't?READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: Giada CUBE-N3-D2WS Intel Atom 330 CPU NVIDIA ION graphics HDMI+DVI eSATA WiFi Black Sliver Mini / Booksize Barebone System
Pros: Small form factor - quite solid. Aluminum Case aids in heat dissipation. Fairly straight forward install... all drivers installed successfully without incident.
Cons: The company did not use thermal paste on the cpu & gpu.
It kept heating up and shutting down on me when i was putting the system through some burn in stress tests.
Other Thoughts: Easy fix though. Open the unit and remove the "styrofoam-like" stuff from the heatsink of both the cpu and gpu and apply a *dab* (not too much!) of arctic silver.
Haven't had a problem since!
This review is from: Crucial M4 2.5" 64GB SATA III MLC Internal Solid State Drive (SSD) CT064M4SSD2
Pros: Fast Fast Fast! Easy install. small form factor - fits anywhere!
Runs fairly cool and is SUPER quiet (obviously!)
Cons: i had to pay money to get it :P
Other Thoughts: I just used acronis to clone my smaller ssd to this one. Made a boot usb and added acronis rescue ISO to it. Then cloned the drive.READ FULL REVIEW


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Random Heroes Level 17 Tips and Strategies
- App name: Random Heroes
- Developer: Ravenous Games
- Genre: Adventure
- Release: Aug 16, 2012
If you are stuck on Random Heroes level 17 you came to the right place. Below you will find a video walkthrough and some written tips that will guide you through that level. Have fun and enjoy this great game.
Level 17 Walkthrough
This page contains Random Heroes video walkthroughs for iOS (iPhone/iPad) called "2 ios gameplay walkthrough ep14 level - lumberjack" and has been uploaded on CrostferTheGreat official channel at Aug 19, 2014.
Still need help with this level? Here you can ask questions and discuss with other Random Heroes users.
Hit like if this helped you!
Stuck on some levels in Random Heroes? This walkthrough can help you finish the game.


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I remember her trying to talk to me a few times after we broke up and I'd always change the subject to bagels.
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I need to try this
Bagels will never let you down
Stupid Washington people
Yes! This just made my day!
Good move!
Hahahahahaahhahahahha funniest thing I've heard allday
Well...who doesn't love bagels?


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9 posts tagged with smithsonian and science.
Displaying 1 through 9 of 9. Subscribe:
is global collapse imminent?
we know a lot, but not everything
Science Journalism Award winners
2013 Science Journalism Award winners from the American Association for the Advancement of Science:
- Large Newspaper: Deep Trouble, about invasive Asian Carp, sewage, the Chicago River and Lake Michigan
- Small Newspaper: Warning: Quake in 60 Seconds, about why California doesn't have a decent early warning system for earthquakes
- Magazine: Attack of the Mutant Pupfish, about genetic integrity vs. genetic restoration in the fight to preserve endangered species
- Television (20 minutes or less): NOVA's profile of computer scientist Adrien Treuille and Foldit, a crowd-sourced protein-folding game
- Television (more than 20 minutes): Smithsonian Channel: Killer in the Caves, about bats and the deadly white-nose fungus
- Radio: NPR and The Center for Public Integrity - As Mine Protections Fail, Black Lung Cases Surge and Black-Lung Rule Loopholes Leave Miners Vulnerable
- Online: An environmental scandal that's happening right underneath your feet, about the hidden cost of natural gas leaks in pipelines underneath cities
- Children's Science News: Cold Water Corals: Paradise on the Seabed [pdf]
Public's Knowledge of Science and Technology
Pew Research and Smithsonian Magazine recently performed a survey, looking at the American public's knowledge of science.
Pew: The public underestimates how well American high school students perform on standardized science tests compared with students in other developed nations. A plurality (44%) believes that 15-year-olds in other developed nations outrank U.S. students in knowledge of science; according to an international student assessment, U.S. 15-year-olds are in the middle ranks of developed nations in science knowledge.An examination of the results from Smithsonian Magazine.
For me, it's Godzilla 1985...
How do you make someone cry for science? A Smithsonian magazine talks about a 2-minute 45-second clip from The Champ, starring a young Rick(y) Schroeder. [more inside]
The future, broken down
40 Things You Need to Know About the Next 40 Years For it's 40th anniversary issue, Smithsonian magazine asks experts in various fields for insights into our future and compiles a list of 40 predictions about the future of science, nature, the arts and technology. The feature essay is by President Obama, in which he explains why he's optimistic about America's future. (VIA) [more inside]
Invention Playhouse
Explore the playful side of invention and the inventive side of play in Invention at Play. Learn how play connects to the creative impulse of both historic and contemporary inventors. [more inside]
Free museum admission! Whee!
"On September 30, 2006, for one day only, museums across the country will join the Smithsonian Institution in its long-standing tradition of offering free admission to visitors."
50 foot long single spar crystals
50 foot long single spar crystals found in a Mexican cave 1,000 feet below the surface! Smithsonian has links to other related sites. This one has pictues. More pictures can be found in the April 2002 print issue of Smithsonian.
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Have you ever seen an image like this? This diagram represents a transformation. Do you know which one?
In this concept, you will learn to recognize translation transformations.
A transformation is the movement of a geometric figure on the coordinate plane. There are several different types of transformations. One of these is called a translation. A translation is when a geometric figure slides up, down, left or right on the coordinate plane. The figure moves its location, but doesn't change its orientation. It also doesn't change its size or shape.
When you perform translations, you slide a figure left or right, up or down. This means that, in the coordinate plane, the coordinates for the vertices of the figure will change.
You can represent this triangle by using coordinate notation. Coordinate notation is when you write ordered pairs to represent each of the vertices of a geometric figure that has been graphed on the coordinate plane.
\begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} (-1, 5) \\ (-1, 2) \\ (-5, 2) \end{array}\end{align*}
These are the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
If you slide this triangle 3 places down, all of its vertices will shift 3 places down the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-axis. That means that the ordered pairs for the new vertices will change. Specifically, the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate in each pair will decrease by 3.
Now the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate of each ordered pair decreased by three units. You can see how the ordered pairs changed from the first image to the next image.
\begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} (-1, 5) & \rightarrow \quad \ \ (-1, 2) \\ (-1, 2) & \rightarrow \quad (-1, -1) \\ (-5, 2) & \rightarrow \ \quad (-5, -1) \end{array}\end{align*}
The \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate changed from 5 to 2, from -1 to 2 and from 2 to -1. As you move down, the value of the coordinate also moved down. Similarly, if you were to move the image up three units on the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-axis, then you would increase the value of the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate by three units. Also if you were to move the image to the right then you would increase the \begin{align*}x\end{align*}-coordinate. If you were to move it to the left, then you would decrease the \begin{align*}x\end{align*}-coordinate.
You can translate figures in other ways too. You can move figures diagonally by changing both their \begin{align*}x\end{align*}- and \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinates. One way to recognize translations, then, is to compare their points. The \begin{align*}x\end{align*}-coordinates will all change the same way, and the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinates will all change the same way. To graph a translation, you perform the same change for each point.
Now let's try graphing a translation. Take a look at this one.
Graph the following translation five places to the right.
First, you can see by looking at this square that there are four vertices, so there are four sets of ordered pairs to represent these vertices. List the ordered pairs.
\begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} (-4, 3) \\ (-1, 3) \\ (-1, 6) \\ (-4, 6) \end{array}\end{align*}
Next, the translation is to move the square five places to the right. That means that you are going to change the \begin{align*}x\end{align*}-coordinate and not the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate. List the new ordered pairs.
\begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} (-4 + 5, 3) &=& (1, 3) \\ (-1 + 5, 3) &=& (4, 3) \\ (-1 + 5, 6) &=& (4, 6) \\ (-4 + 5 ,6) &=& (1, 6) \end{array}\end{align*}
Then, let's look at the graph of the translation.
This is the answer.
Notice that while it is helpful to graph the square both first and then as a translation, it isn't necessary to do so to figure out the coordinate notation. If you know the vertices of the figure that you are translating and you know how you are moving it, then you can figure out the new coordinates of the vertices.
Example 1
License: CC BY-NC 3.0
Looking at this diagram, you can see that the figure, a quadrilateral has been shifted to the right and then up. It has not been flipped or turned. It has been moved, so this is a slide. Another name for a slide is a translation.
The answer is that this transformation is a slide.
Example 2
A triangle with the coordinates (0, 2), (2, 2) and (2, 5) is graphed on the coordinate grid. Find the coordinates of a translation moved three units down. Then graph the translation.
First, notice the direction of the translation. It is to move the triangle three units down. Down means that you will be subtracting three and down also means that you will be changing the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate since up and down involves the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-axis. List the ordered pairs for the translated triangle.
\begin{align*}\begin{array}{rcl} (0, 2-3) &=& (0, -1) \\ (2, 2-3) &=& (2, -1) \\ (2, 5-3) &=& (2, 2) \end{array}\end{align*}
Next, graph the translation.
This is the answer.
Use this diagram to answer the following questions.
Example 3
Is this figure a translation?
Look at \begin{align*}\triangle IRT\end{align*} and \begin{align*}\triangle I^{\prime} R^{\prime} T^{\prime}\end{align*}. What is happening to the triangles?
The vertices of \begin{align*}\triangle IRT\end{align*} have moved to the left 6 units and down 4 units. \begin{align*}\triangle I^{\prime} R^{\prime} T^{\prime}\end{align*} is the translation of \begin{align*}\triangle IRT\end{align*}.
The answer is that yes, this is a translation. Remember a translation is a transformation that is informally called a slide or a glide.
Example 4
How many units up or down has the figure been moved?
First, look at the vertices in the triangles to compare.
Point \begin{align*}I\end{align*} has coordinates (-2, 8) and Point \begin{align*}I^{\prime}\end{align*} has coordinates (4, 4). All other vertices change in the same way.
Next, look at the change in the coordinates. Asking if the figure means up or down is the same as asking what the change in the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-coordinate is
\begin{align*}8 \ {\color{red}- \ 4} = 4\\\end{align*}
The answer is that the figure moves 4 units down or -4.
Example 5
How many units to the right or left?
First, look at the vertices in the triangles to compare.
Point \begin{align*}I\end{align*} has coordinates (-2, 8) and Point \begin{align*}I^{\prime}\end{align*} has coordinates (4, 4). All other vertices change in the same way.
Next, look at the change in the coordinates. Asking if the figure means left or right is the same as asking what the change in the \begin{align*}x\end{align*}-coordinate is
\begin{align*}-2 \ {\color{red}+ \ 6} = 4\end{align*}
The answer is that the figure moves 6 units to the right or +6.
Use the following diagram to answer each question.
1. What kind of transformation is shown in the diagram?
2. What are the coordinates of the first triangle?
3. What are the coordinates of the translated triangle?
4. What direction was the triangle first moved?
5. How many units?
6. Then which direction was the triangle moved?
7. How many units?
8. What are the coordinates of the first triangle?
9. What are the coordinates of the translated triangle?
10. Was the figure moved right or left?
11. How many units?
12. Was the figure moved up or down?
13. How many units?
14. True or false. Another name for a slide is a translation.
15. True or false. A rotation and a translation have the same characteristics.
Review (Answers)
To see the Review answers, open this PDF file and look for section 6.14.


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Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 14/03/2003 by JD. (1 review written)
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4 Pages
An Essay on the Tragedy of Hamlet by William Shakespeare
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Pages: 4
Word Count: 952
Category: English
Sub-Category: English Literature
Topic: Shakespeare
Word Count: 952
Pages: 4
The Tragedy of Hamlet Arguably the best piece of writing ever done by William Shakespeare Hamlet the is the classic example of a tragedy In all tragedies the hero suffers and usually dies at the end Othello stabs himself Romeo and Juliet commit suicide Brutis falls on his sword and like them Hamlet dies by getting cut with a poison tipped sword But that is not all that is needed to consider a play a tragedy and sometimes a hero doesnt even need to die Making Not every play in which a Hero dies is considered a tragedy There are more elements needed to label a play one Probably the most important element is an amount of free will In every tragedy the characters must displays some If every action is controlled by a heros destiny then the heros death cant be avoided and in a tragedy the sad part is that it could Hamlets death could have been avoided many times Hamlet had many opportunities to kill Claudius but did not take advantage of them He also had the option of making his claim public but instead he chose not too A tragic hero doesnt need to be good For example MacBeth was evil yet he was a tragic hero because he had free will He also had only one flaw and that was pride He had many good traits such as bravery but his one bad trait made him evil Also a tragic hero doesnt have to die While in all Shakespearean tragedies the hero dies in others he may live but suffer Moral Destruction
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100 S Goose Creek Blvd Goose Creek SC 29445 MLS# 29853892 - Goose Creek SC Real Estate
100 S Goose Creek Blvd - $1,095,000
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Two men were killed and four people were injured yesterday in a fire in an apartment building, officials said. The fire broke out about 2 a.m. on the second floor of the building, officials said. The dead men lived in the building, as did two of the people who were hurt. The two other victims were Penns Grove police officers. Officers had to kick in a door to rescue a 17-year-old boy, and a 7-year-old boy was able to flee. Both were in critical condition at Crozer-Chester Medical Center in Upland, Pa., as was one of the officers. The bodies of Robin Thompson, 39, and Kurt Macklin, 30, were later found on the second floor.Continue reading the main story
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Our online tools make booking, managing your schedule and paying for lessons easy and hassle-free.
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Learn to play folk music or classical. Explore this deep and beautiful instrument!
Gratuate student at The Juilliard School major in viola performance. Will offer instruction and demonstration on viola solo repertoire, orchestra as well as chamber music repertoire. It is always a great pleasure to share my ideas and enthusiasm on music and viola works with you!
I'm a dedicated teacher and spend extra time outside of lessons thinking about how to best approach the following lesson. I find the style of teaching that works best for the student. I write plans after lessons and email or give them in person summarizing the lesson's key points to help make practicing at home easier and more organized in order to make lesson time as effective overall as possible.
Compare hundreds of teachers based on the criteria that matter to you, including background checks, age and experience.
When you've found the perfect match, schedule your lessons online using the teacher's real-time availability.
Your teacher will welcome you with a personalized curriculum to meet your specific goals and you'll be able to manage your entire schedule through our free online account.
Zero travel time is great for a busy schedule.
Typically priced lower than local lessons.
Online students stick with lessons as long as local students.
Take your voice to the next level. Download free video tutorials to start singing like the star you are!
Getting Started with Music Lessons guides you through selecting a teacher & preparing for your first lesson.
Kickstart your guitar playing. Download free video tutorials to learn about chord progressions, strumming, and more!


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Rating: no ratingA3 Photo Printer, Epson Stylus Photo 1500W also know as the: Artisan 1430
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A modern misting balm dispenses in a lightweight veil to define and control.
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A modern misting balm dispenses in a lightweight veil to define and control.
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