text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 2001
|Filing date
|May 26, 2000
|Priority date
|Apr 27, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alexander Kastalsky, Maurice Halioua, Sergey Shokhor, Sylvain Naar, Feliks Chudnovskiy
|Original Assignee
|Copytele Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (10), Classifications (11), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division of commonly assigned application Ser. No. 09/067,648 entitled AEROGEL-BASED PHASE TRANSITION FLAT PANEL DISPLAY filed Apr. 27, 1998 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,145.
The present application is related to commonly assigned patent application, Ser. No. 08/791,032, filed on Jan. 29, 1997 by Gurvitch et al., entitled "Phase Transition Flat Panel Display" issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,005.
This invention relates to flat panel display devices and more particularly, to a membrane-free phase transition flat panel display utilizing Vanadium Dioxide (VO2)-based pixels, employing a thick aerogel film as a heat resistant material, to electrically modulate light utilizing the phase transition property of VO2.
Application of Vadium Dioxide (VO2) based pixels for electrically modulating light utilizing the phase transition property of VO2 is well known in the art. VO2 exhibits an insulator-to-metal phase transition at a temperature Tc=68� C. which is accompanied by a significant change in electrical and optical properties. Due to this feature, this material has been utilized in various electrical and optical applications. These applications have included: a medium for holographic optical recording, a temperature stabilizer and controller, an electronic switch, material for screening and modulating microwave radiation and electronic and optical memory elements. One of the optical properties which is significantly changed during the phase transition is the index of refraction, which enables VO2 to modulate light reflectance. The phase tansition in VO2 can be thermally induced by utilizing heater elements disposed under the film of this material. This feature can be utilized in the flat panel displays. An example of such a phase transition flat panel display is described in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 08/791,032 entitled "Phase Transition Flat Panel Display", incorporated herein by reference.
The prior art phase transition flat panel display comprises a plurality of individual VO2 based pixels, arranged in a conventional two dimensional matrix array fabricated on silicon substrates. Each pixel includes an optical resonator comprising a film of VO2 disposed on top of an aluminum mirror element A film of polysilicon is disposed beneath the mirror element and acts as a heater element to heat the VO2 film to cause the phase transition of the pixel. An air gap is provided between the polysilicon heater film and the silicon substrate layer to minimize heat dissipation through the substrate.
Each pixel interconnected by column and a row line. A diode is coupled to each pixel and implemented as a pn junction fabricated on the silicon substrate. These diodes are utilized to prevent current spread and possible cross talk between the pixel elements.
While the prior art phase transition display has been proposed to provide high speed or video frequency operation, high resolution, gray levels, and color display, its manufacturing is rather complex. First, to make the temperature decay time as long as possible and thus minimize the display power consumption, each pixel is fabricated as a membrane disposed over the air gap in the Si substrate. Moreover, to further increase the decay time, the display must operate in a vacuum. Both these factors complicate the device manufacturing and increase production cost. Second, the pixel heaters are planned to be fabricated from poly-silicon. This requires display heating for poly-Si anneal and implantation to temperatures as high as 900� C and thus makes it incompatible with the driving circuitry, which is designed to be fabricated on the same Si wafer prior to the pixel processing. Accordingly, an improved pixel structure for a phase transition display device which overcomes these problems is greatly desired.
The phase transition display device of the present invention contemplates a membrane-free pixel design utilizing a solid layer of aerogel as a heat resistant material disposed between a silicon (Si) substrate and the pixel structure, thereby eliminating the need for air gaps to thermally insulate each pixel. The phase transition display of the present invention also employs a thin film of TaSi2 (tantalum silicide) material to act as the heater element in place of the polySi film used in the prior art. The TaSi2 heater element is thinner than the polySi and therefore requires less heating than the polySi film. More importantly, it needs lower fabrication temperatures which makes it compatible with the processing of the drivers. A top surface of the silicon substrate is formed as small mesa "islands" surrounded by aerogel to minimize the heat transfer and thus increase the temperature decay time. A 100 μm-wide aluminum row metal lines are formed on the Si substrate beneath the pixels to maintain a high optical fill-factor while minimizing the voltage drop across row wires. The heater element is then connected to the Si-based mesas via a thin film, preferably of platinum (Pt) to further reduce any lateral heat transfer from the pixel to the silicon wafer.
The invention is to be explained in more detail below based on embodiments depicted in the following figures where:
FIG. 1 is a sketch of the prior art phase transition display pixel matrix array.
FIG. 2 is a sketch of a prior art phase transition display pixel structure.
FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram of the passive matrix phase transition display driving scheme.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the periodic, pyramidal shape of the silicon substrate and mesa formation of the pixel structure of the present invention prior to aerogel deposition.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the pixel layer structure of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a top view of the pixel structure fabrication of the present invention prior to aerogel deposition showing the top mesas and the etched metal strips for forming wide metal row lines.
FIG. 7A is a view of the temperature variation of a pixel around an ambient value corresponding to Tc in response to selective heating pulses according to the operation of the present invention.
FIG. 7B is a view of the application of heating pulses as a function of time.
FIG. 7C is a view of the state of a pixel in response to selective application of the heating pulses over time according to the operation of the present invention.
Before embarking on a detailed discussion of the improved pixel structure and formation of the present invention, a brief description of the operation of the phase transition display device is appropriate. For further detail, the reader is directed to copending patent application Ser. No. 08/791,032, filed on Jan. 29, 1997 by Gurvitch et al., entitled "Phase Transition Flat Panel Display".
The phase transition display is based upon the phase transition property of VO2 relating to this material transitioning between an insulator and a metal state at a particular temperate Tc. In the insulator state, VO2 has a lower conductivity and higher index of refraction, while in the metal state VO2 has a higher conductivity and lower index of refraction. The change of index of refraction in response to a change in temperature above (or below) its critical temperature enables VO2 films to modulate light for producing images. Transition from the insulator state to the metal state is achieved by heating the VO2 above its critical temperature Tc, which is approximately 68�, while transition to the insulator state from the metal state occurs when the VO2 is cooled to a temperature below Tc. Thus, by using a heating element to selectively apply heat pulses to the VO2 film, transition between two reflective states can be achieved.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a prior an phase transition flat panel display device architecture 16 comprising a plurality of individual VO2 based pixels 18, arranged in a conventional two dimensional matrix array and fabricated on silicon substrate (not shown). The prior art phase transition display device incorporates the passive matrix of pixels 18, where each pixel is coupled to row and column by a diode 20, as shown. Each pixel in the matrix is activated by a heater element 26 which is shown in FIG. 2. Each pixel 18 is interconnected by a column and a row line 36, 38 similar to other flat panel displays prevalent in the prior art. The diodes are utilized to prevent current spread and possible cross talk between the pixel elements 18. Without the diodes, the current spread in this type of architecture is inevitable, since there are four nearest loops of parallel connection around each pixel through three neighboring pixels. The diodes 20 are placed as shown to block unwanted currents in each of the loops. This architecture 16, utilizing a "passive matrix" addressing scheme, consists of data being received in parallel from all columns while a particular row is selected by a sequential row pulse, as shown in FIG. 3 (prior art). However, since the total current from all active pixels in one row is large and flows to a single driving row input, current crowding at each of these row inputs often occurs, resulting in undesirable effects.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown the pixel structure 18 of the prior art phase transition display device. In an attempt to increase heat dissipation time for pixels to maintain their temperature either above or below the critical temperature Tc, the prior art fabricated the pixel 18 as a thin membrane suspended over the recessed area 46 of the silicon substrate 22. As shown in FIG. 2, the prior art pixel layer structure comprised a first insulating film 24, a heater element 26, insulating film 28, mirror film 30, VO2 film 32, and top protective layer 34. The first insulating film 24 is connected to the substrate via narrow bridges to minimize the lateral heat flow along the film to the substrate. The heater 26 is made of nickel chromium (NiCr), high resistive Aluminum or polysilicon (polySi) etc . . . the latter having a thickness of approximately 500 nm. The heater element 26 is utilized to provide heat to the pixel 18, in order to induce the phase transition in a VO2 film 32 located above. Power is applied to the heater 26 through a pair of narrow contacts made from NiCr and disposed over the above-described silicon nitride bridges. NiCr material is used for the contacts because of the need to minimize the heat transfer to the substrate. Among the conductors, NiCr possesses a relatively low coefficient of thermal conductors. The first contact, which is disposed over the insulating bridge 36, is coupled to the heater element 26 through a pn junction. The heater 26 is connected to the n-side and the first contact is connected to the p-side of the pn junction. The second contact 38 is also disposed over the bridge and directly coupled to the heating element 26.
Disposed over the heater element 26 is a second insulating film. The second insulating film 28 is utilized to isolate mirror element 30 located above, from the heating element 26.
Disposed over the second insulating film 28 is the mirror element 30 made of a film of Aluminum, Vanadium, Silver or other highly reflective material.
Disposed over the mirror element 30 is the film of VO2 32. The VO2 film 32, along with the mirror element 30, forms an optical resonator, which modulates light utilizing the phase transitions of the VO2 32. The VO2 film 32 along with mirror element 30 determines the reflective coefficient R of each pixel 18, which depends on the phase state of the VO2 film 32. The VO2 32 along with the mirror 30 creates either a constructive interference pattern or a destructive one depending on the phase state of the VO2 film 32 and the wavelength of light being modulated. The constructive interference pattern provides the maximum value of R for each pixel 18, while the destructive interference provides the minimum value of R.
Grown and disposed over the VO2 32 is a protective layer 34, which is also a part of the optical resonator and is preferably a film of Vanadium pentoxide (V2 O5). The protective film 34 represents a stable and transparent insulator in the temperature range of interest. Both the VO2 32 and protective film V2 O5 34 can be deposited in the same process and grown sequentially under different oxygen pressure.
Referring to FIGS. 7A-C, there are shown graphs illustrating the operation of the pixels included in the phase tansition display according to the present invention. Note that, with regard to FIGS. 7A-C, FIG. 7A shows the pixel display temperature as a function of time t; FIG. 7B represents application of heating pulses of amplitude "A" to cause a phase transition, and pulses of amplitude "B" and "C" to maintain a phase state for the metallic and insulator states respectively. FIG. 7C represents the corresponding reflectance state change of the pixel associated with the temperature change noted above. During operation, a short electrical pulse A, powerful enough to raise the temperature of the pixel above the Tc, is applied to a heater element of a particular pixel in a known manner, which causes a phase transition of a VO2 film to the metal state. This transition causes the brightness and color of the pixel to be changed, for example from a yellow green to a dark green. If it is desired to maintain the pixel in the metallic state, the next pulse (B) should arrive at a refresh time t when the temperature of the pixel is still above the Tc. In this case, the frame time tf and the pulse amplitude are adjusted to keep the pixel in the "on" (i.e. metallic) state using periodic pulses of certain amplitudes, which elevate the pixel temperature by a certain ΔT (approximately 5-10 degrees C.) above Tc. Failure to provide a pulse of sufficient amplitude to maintain the temperature above Tc (e.g. at T m) causes the temperature to decrease below Tn to cause transition to the insulator state. Similarly, when pixels are in the "off" (i.e. insulator) state, it is also beneficial to keep the pixels at a temperature ΔT (approximately 5-10 degrees C.) below Tc. Accordingly, hem pulses of amplitude C are applied to maintain the temperature of the pixel display within the desired range of Tc. The temperature Tc thus becomes a reference point of the heat kinetics with a deviation of approximately �10-20 degrees from Tc. Such a narrow departure from Tc is possible in high quality films where the hysteresis of the phase transition of only a few degrees is present.
Referring now to FIGS. 4-6, the pixel fabrication process and design of the present aerogel-based pixel structure will be described. In referring to FIGS. 4-6 of the present invention, like reference numerals are used to indicate like parts. FIG. 4 illustrates the periodic, pyramidal shape of the surface of silicon substrate 19 with mesas 20 on top of each pyramid, prior to aerogel deposition Each mesa includes a p-n junction formed on top of it. Triangular shaped trenches 21 between the pyramids are used for accommodating the aerogel layer. FIG. 6 shows a top view of the pixel surface prior to aerogel deposition. The surface is coated with a metal film except strips 21A of the etched metal formed along lines A to isolate the wide metal row lines 24.
FIG. 5 provides a cross-sectional view along lines B—B in FIGS. 4 and 6 of the pixel layer structure 18 of the present invention. The pixel formation process of the present invention is as follows. An appropriately patterned and crystallographically oriented Si wafer is etched using heated KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) to form a Si substrate surface pattern 19. The substrate surface 19 comprises a series of periodically spaced pyramid structures having a top surface defining mesas 20. The mesas have dimensions of preferably 10�10 um, on which p-n junctions are formed. The surface of the Si subdue 19 has sloped sides 19A which form trenches 21 of a triangular profile, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. In the preferred embodiment, the trenches are approximately 70 um deep. A layer of insulating film 23, preferably Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) of thickness 150 nm is then deposited on the subs 19 to isolate metal lines from the Si substrate. The entire surface is then coated (sputtered) with a metallized material as a film for file row lines 24. Preferably, the film material is Al having a thickness of approximately 1 um. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 6, photolithography processing and metal etching along the lines on the surface labeled A split the metal film into horizontal strips, which form the wide row metal lines 24 of approximately 100 um extending to the top mesas 20 for contact with the heater element 26 (FIG. 5). This row metalization minimize the problem of current crowding and potential drop across the row lines described in the prior art, since the row metal lines, which carry a relatively large current, are made wider (100 um). As one can ascertain because the row metal is placed or deposited underneath the pixels, this provides a high optical fill factor since no obscuration of pixel light occurs. In the preferred embodiment, Al is used as the row metal over metals such as Pt (Platinum), W (Tungsten), Au (Gold) and others because of its relatively high conductivity and compatibility with driver circuitry fabrication.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, each mesa 20 contains a pn junction fabricated prior to the metal and SiO2 layer 23 depositions by conventional processes such as ion implantation and implant annealing. A thick, insulative layer 46 of aerogel is then applied to fill the trenches 21 so that the top mesas 20 are planarized with the aerogel layer 46, in accordance with available aerogel deposition technology. An insulative film 38, preferably SiO2, is then applied to the aerogel layer 46 for protection, making the wafer ready for further processing. The further pixel processing includes deposition of a thin film 26 of TaSi2 as a heating element, preferably having a thickness of 100 um. Unlike the NiCr and polySi heater elements used in the prior art membrane-based designs which required high temperature annealing (up to 900� C.), the TaSi2 film does not need any beating above 450� C., while its resistance can be varied within a range of 50-500 KΩ, depending on the application. An insulating film 28, preferably a layer of SiO2, is then deposited on top of the heater film 26. A metal mirror film 30, preferably aluminum, is then deposited on top of insulation layer 28 and a VO2 active layer 32 is then deposited on top of mirror film 30. Aluminum column lines 22 are placed on the pixel surface and extend to the p+ regions of the pn junctions. The narrow column lines of approximately or less than 10 um (in relation to the wide row lines), carrying only low currents to individual pixels, are deposited on the top pixel surface, as shown in FIG. 5. In order to minimize the heat transfer to the Si mesa posts 20, the wires 50, connecting the row line 24 and column line 22, through the pn junction, with the heater element 26 are made thin, narrow and preferably from platinum. A protective layer 34 of V2 O5 may then be formed on top of the V2 O5 film. To further thermally isolate the pixel from the top glass, a thick layer of aerogel 51, preferably 20-40 um, is disposed above the pixel structure.
This topology of small (10 �10 um) periodical mesa islands surrounded by a thick aerogel layer has a distinct advantage of having a low heat transfer to the silicon wafer, thus increasing the temperature decay or dissipation time, when heat pulses are applied from heater element 26 to the VO2 film. As one can ascertain, in the improved pixel design of the present invention, the aerogel layer 46 eliminates the need for air gaps for pixel thermal insulation. This simplifies the technology and permits the display to be operated in either air or in a gas such as Xe gas, rather than the prior art phase transition display which is required to orate in a vacuum to function effectively. The combination of a deep layer of the aerogel, having a thermal conductivity coefficient of 1.5 to 3 times (depending on the preparation technique) lower than air and a material density only 0.13 g/cm3 (grams per cubic centimeter) with the low temperature deposition of the TaSi2 heater, permits a much simpler fabrication process than that disclosed in the prior art Because the TaSi2 material does not require high temperature annealing, pixel processing is thus entirely compatible with driver circuitry, which may be monolithically integrated with the pixel array structure shown in FIG. 1 and fabricated prior to the array on the wafer periphery. In particular, two difficult manufacturing steps, namely, membrane release and polysilicon deposition with sequential high-temperature processing are eliminated. In addition, the energy necessary to heat the pixel to a given temperature is smaller due to the thin heater film (100 nm of the TaSi2 versus 500 nm of the prior art polysilicon needed to maintain the membrane integrity and flatness), thus further reducing the amplitude of the applied heat pulses.
Simulations of the decay time in a pixel with uniform 40 um thick aerogel film have been performed with successful results. Utilizing this aerogel thickness, the decay time even in air reach acceptable levels for display operation values of 4-6 milliseconds (ms). Analysis has shown that with 5 ms decay times and thickness of aluminum row metal films of approximately 1 um, the maximum row current can be reduced to an acceptable value of 0.3 amps (per row) for a display having a matrix number of 640�480 pixels. This same approach may also be used for fabrication of such devices as uncooled IR cameras which current employ two dimensional arrays of VO2 based barometers on the membranes and which operate in a vacuum. Utilization of the aerogel deposition process described above can significantly simplify the fabrication and thus reduce the manufacturing cost of such devices.
While there has been shown and described the preferred embodiments of the invention, other modifications and variations to the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing disclosure and teachings. For example while TaSi2 is the preferred material for heater element 26, an alternative embodiment may utilize as a heater film the material Vanadium Oxide VOx where x represents a variable number of oxygen atoms. Preferably, the VOx material may be of approximately 30 nm in thickness. Thus, while only certain embodiments of the invention have been specifically described herein, it will be apparent that numerous modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 24, 1961
|Jun 28, 1966
|Display panels with electroluminescent and nonelectroluminescent phosphor dots
|May 4, 1976
|Mar 29, 1977
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|X-Y matrix type electroluminescent display panel
|Oct 23, 1985
|Jun 2, 1987
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Thin film electrolumenescent display panel
|Sep 8, 1989
|Jan 7, 1992
|John F. Waymouth Intellectual Property And Education Trust
|Optical light source device
|Apr 11, 1994
|Mar 4, 1997
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Thin film vanadium oxide spatial light modulators and methods
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 24, 2005
|May 12, 2009
|Michael Raymond Ayers
|Porous films and bodies with enhanced mechanical strength
|Apr 3, 2009
|Oct 11, 2011
|Roskilde Semiconductor Llc
|Porous films and bodies with enhanced mechanical strength
|Apr 2, 2010
|Mar 26, 2013
|Epistar Corporation
|Light-emitting device
|Feb 20, 2013
|Oct 21, 2014
|Epistar Corporation
|Light-emitting device
|Jul 2, 2013
|Jan 6, 2015
|Epistar Corporation
|Light-emitting device
|Jan 5, 2015
|Dec 27, 2016
|Epistar Corporation
|Light-emitting device with high light extraction
|Feb 24, 2005
|Aug 24, 2006
|Ayers Michael Raymond
|Porous films and bodies with enhanced mechanical strength
|Oct 17, 2006
|Aug 30, 2007
|Epistar Corporation
|Light-emitting apparatus
|Dec 8, 2006
|Jun 12, 2008
|Boyer Ronald S
|Apparatus for packaging of foodstuffs in containers of various dimensions
|Apr 3, 2009
|Jul 30, 2009
|Michael Raymond Ayers
|Porous Films and Bodies with Enhanced Mechanical Strength
|U.S. Classification
|313/461, 359/267, 313/470, 359/266, 359/265
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 29, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 14, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 14, 2005
|Surcharge for late payment
|May 1, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 3, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Oct 29, 2014
Owner name: ITUS CORPORATION, NEW YORK
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Deloitte's Community Tax Assisatnce Day - February 27, 2016
Click to download event flyer.
Llamar (703) 246-3896 para reservar una cita, pero no es un requisito.
Deloitte will participate in its ninth annual Tax Assistance Day with the Fairfax County Department of Family Services and Volunteer Fairfax. The IRS Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) program offers free assistance with 2015 Federal and state tax returns for households with a total income of $54,000 or less.
Complimentary snacks and onsite childcare is available to participating families. Spanish, Vietnamese, Korean and ASL translators will be on hand to assist clients.
WHEN: Saturday, February 27, 2016 from 10:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
WHERE: Fairfax SkillSource Center, Little River Turnpike, Suite 300 West, Annandale, VA 22003
Each year in Fairfax County, more than $40 million in tax refunds go unclaimed. Deloitte employee volunteers will help local families prepare and file their tax returns at no cost to the participants to ensure that any rightful tax refunds are received.
The Community Tax Assistance Day allows Deloitte professionals to utilize their specialized skill-set in a hands-on manner that directly impacts the quality of life for local families.
Your taxes will not be prepared without the following:
Favor De Traer Lo Siguiente:
Want to learn more, enjoy pictures from last year's event. Listen to the radio show recorded to promote the 2015 event.
If you are unable to attend the event, free tax prep services are available throughout tax filing season. Go to Northern Virginia Cash Program or the IRS to find additional Volunteer Income Tax Assistance locations.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Elizabeth Williams
Editor- Jorene Kay
Cover Design- Shawn Goldsmith
Copyright 2012, 2011, 2005, 1999
© Elizabeth Williams
All rights reserved.
All conversations in this story have been reconstructed to the best of my memory. Some names, dates, and times have been changed with respect for the individual's privacy. All judgments, opinions, conclusions, and emotions are mine with no malice intended.


text:
Proceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress
This volume includes the full proceedings from the 1995 World Marketing Congress held in Istanbul, Turkey. The focus of the conference and the enclosed papers is on marketing thought and practices throughout the world. This volume resents papers on various topics including marketing management, marketing strategy, and consumer behavior.Founded in 1971, the Academy of Marketing Science is an international organization dedicated to promoting timely explorations of phenomena related to the science of marketing in theory, research, and practice. Among its services to members and the community at large, the Academy offers conferences, congresses and symposia that attract delegates from around the world. Presentations from these events are published in this Proceedings series, which offers a comprehensive archive of volumes reflecting the evolution of the field. Volumes deliver cutting-edge research and insights, complimenting the Academy's flagship journals, the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (JAMS) and AMS Review. Volumes are edited by leading scholars and practitioners across a wide range of subject areas in marketing science.
Titel: Proceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress
Autoren/Herausgeber: K. Grant, I. Walker (Hrsg.)
Aus der Reihe: Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science
Ausgabe: 2015
Originaltitel: World Marketing Congress, Volume VII-III
Originalsprache: Englisch
Seitenzahl: 554
Format: 27,9 x 21 cm
Produktform: Hardcover/Gebunden
Gewicht: 1,616 g
Sprache: Englisch


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Redefine a room with this distinctive adjustable mirror featuring satin nickel finish brass brackets.
This contemporary and modern style wall mirror features an appealing oval shape. The mirror tilts forward and back for your optimal viewing angle.
Customers most agreed on the following attributes:
really like the look of the mirror. it was easy to install.
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Where do you need ground floor extension builders?
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Now in its 17th Edition in the capital City of New Delhi. Asia's premier B2B Textile Show.
Annual meeting platform for over 4,000 buyers across the globe to transact textiles business. Annual business visitors turnout about 8,000. The most comprehensive coverage of the Indian textile industry with the best companies in each field such as cotton, silk, wool, synthetics, powerloom, jute, blended and other fibres.
Tex-Styles India is a trade event which draws the best of not only participants from India, but also the best of buyers from across the world
India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO) the premier trade promotion agency of the Govt. of India for organizing trade fairs, is committed to showcase excellence achieved by the country in diverse fields especially trade and commerce. ITPO as the nodal trade promotion agency of the country has had a pioneering role in the national trade growth dynamics since its inception. Apart from its role in bringing the Indian businesses, particularly those in the MSMEs sector, closer to global markets.
It was first to popularize trade fairs as a tool of trade promotion within the country.
Assist buyers in selecting the most appropriate products. Special pavilions and facilities like Theme Pavilion, Fabric Folio Pavilion depicting the collection of swatches from all sectors of the Indian textile industry including participating firms and others are set up apart from forecasters depicting designer interpretation of Spring/Summer 2015 trends.
The only textile show in the world which provides buyers a one-stop platform for purchase of every conceivable textile products produced by India i.e. furnishings, selected floor coverings, fabrics, accessories etc.
Products displayed are specially adapted for overseas markets and cater to the forthcoming Spring-Summer and Autumn-Winter seasons. The range, quality and diversity of products exhibited are rarely seen elsewhere under one roof.


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Thanks Anniemaria
I Had Butt Implants on August 6/13, When Can I Drive? How Long Before Full Recovery?
Doctor Answers 2
I Had Butt Implants on August 6/13, When Can I Drive? How Long Before Full Recovery?
You should ask your surgeon as he or she is ultimately responsible for your care after surgery.
Kenneth Hughes, MD
Los Angeles, CA
Kenneth Hughes, MD
Los Angeles, CA
Web reference: http://www.hughesplasticsurgery.com/butt-implants-photo-galleries.php
After 3 weeks you could drive
Normally my patients sit 6 to 8 days after surgery.And they are allowed to drive after 18 to 21 days after if there is not complication. Ask your surgeon why.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Capcom has big discounts on a handful of eShop games
Nintendo eShop sales happen intermittently enough that when I see an even halfway decent one, I take notice. That's how I'd describe this ragtag group of discounted Wii U and 3DS Capcom games. They're mostly on the older side, but the price... read


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CTCSS Encoder, Decoder and Display kitsView Range
CTCSS Encoder, Decoder and Display kitsView Range
NEW A range of 6, 8, 10 and 14 pin SMD adaptor kitsView Range
A range of PIC Microcontroller Development kitsView Range
CTCSS stands for Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System A continuous low frequency (sub-audible) tone is superimposed on the transmitters audio signal by a CTCSS tone encoder. It is essential to ensure that a repeater only re transmits signals that are intended for it. To that end each repeater will
What is DTMF? What can I use it for? DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multi Frequency. It is the basis of the touch tone telephone system. When you press the buttons on a touch tone telephone you can hear the DTMF Tones. Eight different audio frequencies are transmitted in pairs


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Asus 90YV05C1-M0NA00 ASUS R9290X-DC2-4GD5 κάρτα γραφικών Radeon R9 290X, 4GB GDDR5, PCI Express 3.0 x16 2 x DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort
ASUS R9290X-DC2-4GD5 κάρτα γραφικών Radeon R9 290X, 4GB GDDR5, PCI Express 3.0 x16 2 x DVI, HDMI, DisplayPortDirectCU II
- 20% cooler and 3X quieter
Exclusive DirectCU II thermal design includes a direct-GPU contact 10mm copper heatpipe and 220% larger dissipation area to boost heat removal efficiency. It performs 20% cooler and 3X quieter than reference.
CoolTech Fan
Proprietary CoolTech fan consists of a hybrid blade and bearing design, with inner radial blower and outer flower-type blades. These provide multi-directional airflow to accelerate heat removal and enable highly stable graphics performance.
DIGI VRM with Super Alloy Power
- 30% less power noise and 2.5X greater durability
Acclaimed DIGI VRM has been applied via a 8-phase power design that uses digital voltage regulators to minimize power noise by 30%, enhance power efficiency by 15%, widen voltage modulation tolerance, and improve overall stability and longevity by 2.5 times over reference.
POSCAPs to lower power noise, enhance overclocking, and improve stability far beyond standard analog designs.
GPU Tweak
Real-time intuitive graphics tuning
- Shows detailed specs and actual card status with GPU-Z
- Sync GPU clocks and voltages for easier overclocking
- Monitoring widget provides real-time detailed multi-parameter info
- 2D/3D switcher locks cards in 3D mode for higher benchmarks
- Automatically checks and updates drivers and BIOS versions
- Stream on-screen action to the web in full HD
Stream online instantly
GPU Tweak streaming tool that lets you share on-screen action in real time so others can watch live as games are played. It's even possible to add to the streaming window scrolling text, pictures and webcam images.
Customize your card
Red or gold the choice is yours! ASUS includes easy-to-apply metallic stickers so you can choose the color to match your motherboard.
Feature list
|Graphics processor:
|Radeon R9 290X
|Graphics processor family:
|Processor clock speed:
|1000 MHz
|Discrete graphics adapter memory:
|Graphics adapter memory type:
|Memory bus:
|512 bit
|Memory clock speed:
|5000 MHz
|Interface type:
|PCI Express 3.0
|DVI-D ports quantity:
|DisplayPorts quantity:
|HDMI ports quantity:
|TV tuner integrated:
|Cooling type:
|Power consumption typical:
|287.02 mm
|40.64 mm
|147.32 mm
ASUS R9290X-DC2-4GD5 κάρτα γραφικών Radeon R9 290X, 4GB GDDR5, PCI Express 3.0 x16 2 x DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort
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Check in from 14h / Check out prior to 11h
Econo Lodge Pearl: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Pearl, United States.
Featuring a swimming pool, Econo Lodge Pearl is situated in Pearl and offers comfortable accommodation. It is conveniently positioned for those wishing to visit local attractions.
Hotel description
There are a variety of amenities available to those staying at Econo Lodge, such as parking and laundry facilities.
The hotel provides breakfast every morning that guests can enjoy before heading out to explore the surrounding region. There is also the added advantage of an in-house restaurant.
Econo Lodge Pearl is under a 15-minute drive from Jackson-Evers International Airport. Jackson State University, Millsaps College and Jackson Zoo are only an easy car ride from the hotel.
Hotel features
Self Laundry
Swimming pool, Pool Outdoor
Availability and Prices
Booking Site
Room Type
Per room
Per night
Per night
Users who viewed Econo Lodge Pearl also viewed these 2 stars Pearl hotels:
Baymont Inn & Suites Pearl
434 Riverwind Drive, Pearl
434 Riverwind Drive, Pearl
Super 8 Pearl Jackson East
I-20 Exit #52 111 Airport Road Court, Pearl
I-20 Exit #52 111 Airport Road Court, Pearl
Best Western Airport Inn Pearl
257 S Pearson Road, Pearl
257 S Pearson Road, Pearl
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Icecat: creating the world's largest open catalog with 3807386 data-sheets 14809 brands – register (free)
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The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.ZyXEL
Product name:
Product name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router
Article code :
The brand's unique identifier for a product. Multiple product codes can be mapped to one mother product code if the specifications are identical. We map away wrong codes or sometimes logistic variants.91-003-185006B
Category : wireless routers
Data-sheet quality: created/standardized by Icecat
The quality of the data-sheets can be on several levels:
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by ZyXEL: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by ZyXEL: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
Included since: 09 Mar 2007
The date Icecat noticed for the first time that this product was included in the price list of a channel partner
Info modified on: 05 Dec 2016 13:46:01
The date of the most recent change of the data-sheet in Icecat's system
Product views: 6925
This statistic is based on the 64978 using ecommerce sites (eshops, distributors, comparison sites, ecommerce ASPs, purchase systems, etc) daily downloading this Icecat data-sheet since 09-03-07 Only sponsoring brands are included in the free Open Icecat content distribution as used by 63287 free Open Icecat users.
Long product name ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router:
The short editorial description of ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall RouterP-320W 802.11 b/g WLAN Firewall Ethernet Router, 4x10/100Mbps Switch & Detachable Antenna
Marketing text ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router:
The official marketing text of ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router as supplied by the manufacturerCost-effective 4-in-1 Firewall Router
ZyXEL P-320W is a firewall router with 4-port switch for sharing Internet access. The built-in IEEE 802.11g Access Point allows you to connect wireless devices to the network while the powerful SPI firewall provides security protection for home computers surfing the Internet.
Robust security
Security features are important to prevent unauthorized or unknown users from sharing Internet connections or accessing private or personal information.
The One-Touch Intelligent Security Technology (OTIST) automatically establishes a wireless connection and sets up the highest level of security available between the P-320W and any ZyXEL OTIST enabled wireless clients.
As a fully-equipped, broadband-capable device, the P-320W is a robust firewall providing enterprise-class security features including
- Denial of Service (DoS) protection
- Intrusion Detection using Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI)
In addition, the P-320W allows VPN pass-through to provide a safe access to Internet.
Short summary description ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router:
This short summary of the ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router, 64/128-bit WEP, 0 - 50 °C, 20 - 95%, Windows Linux Mac, 4.53 x 6.38 x 1.3" (115 x 162 x 33 mm), 12V AC, 1A
Long summary description ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router:
This is an auto-generated long summary of ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.ZyXEL P-320W 802.11g Wireless Firewall Router. Firewall security: 64/128-bit WEP. Weight: 8.82 oz (250 g). Compatible operating systems: Windows Linux Mac, Dimensions (WxDxH): 4.53 x 6.38 x 1.3" (115 x 162 x 33 mm), Power requirements: 12V AC, 1A
This is a demo of a seamless insert of an Icecat LIVE product data-sheet in your website. Imagine that this responsive data-sheet is included in the product page of your webshop. How to integrate Icecat LIVE JavaScript.
Ethernet Lan Features
Full duplex
A full-duplex system allows communication in both directions, and unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously.
Supports ISDN connection
Firewall security
Part of a computer system or network which is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication.
64/128-bit WEP
Weight & Dimensions
Weight of the product without packaging (net weight). If possible, the net weight is given including standard accessories and supplies. Please note that sometimes the manufacturer leaves out the weight of accessories and/or supplies.
8.82 oz (250 g)
Operational Conditions
Operating relative humidity range
20 - 95%
Operating temperature range (T-T)
The minimum and maximum temperatures at which the product can be safely operated.
Other features
Minimum system requirements
Internet Explorer 6.0
Networking features
Maximum data transfer rate
0.1 Gbit/s
Internal memory
The amount of memory, usually measured in bytes (e.g. MB, GB), which is installed in the system's hardware.
xDSL connection
Flash memory
Power requirements
Dimensions (WxDxH)
Dimensions of the product (Width x Depth x Height).
4.53 x 6.38 x 1.3" (115 x 162 x 33 mm)
Compatible operating systems
List of desktop operating systems tested as compatible with this product.
I/O ports
An interface on a device to which you can connect another device.
4 x RJ45 (10/100Base-T MDI/MDIX) LAN
1 x RJ45 (10/100Base-T MDI/MDIX) WAN
1 x RJ45 (10/100Base-T MDI/MDIX) WAN


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فئة : Serviced Apartments
ارسال لجنة التحقيق
key card entry system and 24 hours security guard.
No. of units : 72
All the travel information regarding products, services and travel deals on the website is provided by the suppliers of the particular products and services. The information may change without notice; therefore, check the accuracy of the information with the relevant supplier before making use of it.


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Check in from 15h / Check out prior to 11h
Baymont Inn & Suites Easley Greenville: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Easley, United States.
Baymont Inn & Suites Easley Greenville offers a comfortable setting when in Easley. It also features a hearing impaired service, a BBQ/picnic area and a wake-up service.
Hotel description
All rooms at Baymont Inn & Suites are comfortably furnished and include a private bathroom, a coffee maker and a refrigerator. A microwave, a flat-screen TV and cable/satellite channels are also provided.
A satisfying breakfast is available each morning at the hotel, and there are numerous restaurants and cafés close by.
Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport is less than a 35-minute drive from Baymont Inn & Suites Easley Greenville. It also is a convenient base to discover Greenville and Clemson.
Hotel features
Refrigerator, Cable / Satellite TV, Coffee / Tea Maker, Microwave, Hair Dryer, TV, Shower, En suite, Private Bathroom
Wake-up Service
Fitness Room/Gym, Bath / Hot Tub
Private Toilet, Picnic Area/Tables
Availability and Prices
Booking Site
Room Type
Per room
Per night
Per night
Users who viewed Baymont Inn & Suites Easley Greenville also viewed these 2 stars Easley hotels:
Days Inn Easley
121 Days Inn Dr, Easley
121 Days Inn Dr, Easley
Quality Inn Easley
5539 Calhoun Memorial Hwy. US 123, Easley
5539 Calhoun Memorial Hwy. US 123, Easley
Search hotels
based on
404 reviews
Nearest hotels
- Quality Inn Easley
1.2 km
- Comfort Inn Easley
1.2 km
- Days Inn Easley
1.5 km


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Gucci Positano Hysteria
Gucci Ostrich Leather Work Bag Red & Black
Gucci Leather Work Bag Black & Cognac
Gucci Bamboo Shopper Leather Tote
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Gucci Positano Hysteria
Gucci Positano Hysteria. The bolt assembly was altered from earlier Schultz & Larsen rifles so that the mainspring cocks on opening. If the striker point does penetrate deep enough for these shoulders within the action to act, the primer is already in trouble. Gucci Positano Hysteria. In addition to optimizing the design of the receiver, and other parts of the rifle, Newton was very interested in metallurgy. A cleaner and more concentric one-piece design was substituted by Wichita in 1971. Gucci Positano Hysteria. Gucci Shoes In Uk. Near the top of the trigger housing, a small adjustable spring-plunger combination pushes back against the head of the trigger piece to regulate poundage. The sear is in turn supported by a trigger piece pivoted in a cast bracket which is fixed to the underside of the receiver to form a lower trigger housing. Gucci Positano Hysteria.
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Gucci Positano Hysteria
Gucci Positano Hysteria. This not only saved me countless hours of work, but avoided the compromise attendant with inking-over very precision pencil drawings. Resistance to flexing along the receiver's longitudinal axis, on the other hand, was very good, due to a deep magazine shroud and a raised lip skirting the loading port. Gucci Positano Hysteria. The low-velocity impact, with its greater impulse, not only transfers the energy over a longer time period, and so lower peak level, but it allows more cushioning in the energy-transfer process. The problem went back and forth without solution, in the process costing money and lost production the company could ill afford. Gucci Positano Hysteria. Gucci Sofia High Heel Platform Bootie. But numerous details in the rifle subtly improve earlier approaches, and everything 6s blended together with consummate taste and judgment into one of the best bolt action designs available today. Its rear wall can't fully control gas escape because of two penetrations, one which allows the rear tip of the firing pin to act as a cocking indicator, and the other for the vertical movement of the safety lever. Gucci Positano Hysteria.
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Gucci Positano Hysteria. In practice, however, the wide feed path between the lower locking seats soon proved to be more of a burden than blessing. A couple of conclusions can be drawn on locking-lug design, noting, however, that we are not considering a ruptured case head and the affect of uncontained gas. Gucci Positano Hysteria. Imitation Gucci Jewelry. Besides the obvious economy, this unique construction offers an effective way to combine light weight with strength. Not only is the bolt head shrouded, but the entire receiver ring is solid steel, without being carved away internally for locking cavities. Gucci Positano Hysteria. He did, however, include other schemes to control escaping gas, including baffle rings, multiple gas ports, and a solid bolt cap. The Springfield speed-lock kit comprises four new parts: a striker, cocking piece, retaining knob, and mainspring. Gucci Positano Hysteria.
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Gucci Positano Hysteria
Gucci Positano Hysteria. When struck by the rearward moving bolt, its front tip turns sharply into a slot in the bolt head to eject the fired cartridge case. The claws of these little investment-cast parts were being formed by hand filing, and many ended up very poorly shaped. Gucci Positano Hysteria. Gucci Wallets Canada. By neglecting the trigger and friction effects, calculation of lock time becomes a remarkably simple procedure. And once on the market, it commanded a great deal of attention and admiration, not only from gun critics and potential customers, but from competitors in the trade as well. Gucci Positano Hysteria. The receivers are roughed out underneath at Wichita, then custom fit at Enid for each particular cartridge. In place of a small pivoted block, a large-diameter cylinder journalled directly into the receiver floor. Gucci Positano Hysteria.


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This is the February 7, 2013 news archive. View today's Texans rumors and news.
Houston Texans
Houston Texans News and Rumors
LB Brian Cushing Ahead Of Schedule After ACL Tear
texansgab.com profootballtalk.com Updated Feb 7, 2013
Texans linebacker Brian Cushing tore his ACL in the team's Monday night win over the Jets in October. He had surgery shortly after. According to Nick Scurfield of Houstontexans.com, Texans owner Bob McNair said Cushing is "ahead of schedule" in hisShare Tweet
Z Report: If I were Texans GM: Decisions on team free agents, restructuring and cap cutschron.com Feb 7, 2013Every year, I try and put my GM hat on and see things from the same vantage point that Rick Smith might be seeing things. Granted, Rick and I will probably have different opinions about things and he'll certainly have more insight into certain aspect...Share Tweet
Arian Foster's inspirational message to football recruitschron.com Feb 7, 2013To all those football recruits who remain unsigned or who didn't sign with a powerhouse Division I program on National Signing Day, Texans star running back Arian Foster has a message for you. There's some kid out there that's watching all these kidShare Tweet
Jacoby Jones hopes to retire a Ravenprofootballtalk.com Feb 7, 2013After he was abruptly and unceremoniously cut by the Texans on May 1, receiver/kick returner Jacoby Jones found a new home in Baltimore. Now, after playing an indispensable role in the Ravens' Super bowl win, Jones hopes it's permanent. "I want toShare Tweet
RTC: More power for Schaub?ESPN.com Feb 7, 2013Houston Texans Five moves Jerome Solomon of the Houston Chronicle would make to ensure a Super Bowl for the Texans. Giving Matt Schaub the power to change plays at the line of scrimmage is a big one. To which I say: That would be a big change, and I don…Share Tweet


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FALL somerset / nj
October 21, 22, 23, 2016
friday & saturday: 10a - 6p
sunday: 10a - 5p
$8 online / $10 at the door
festival layout
kids 12 & under free
free parking
open rain or shine
garden state exhibit center
50 atrium drive
somerset, nj 08873
One of the biggest and best craft shows of its kind comes to New Jersey this October! The Sugarloaf Craft Festival will be at the Garden State Exhibit Center in Somerset beginning October 21 for one weekend only, giving southern Mid-Atlantic residents a chance to experience the country's best in handmade craft and design.
The Sugarloaf Crafts Festival began in 1975 and has grown ever since, featuring both nationally established and locally emerging independent artisans at every stop. The work found on the festival floor is truly one of a kind, and each artist and craftsperson is meticulously curated and juried to ensure the best in creativity and quality. Anyone with an interest in arts, crafts or design will find themselves in heaven from the moment they walk into this vibrant artistic community.
A Sugarloaf craft show is a chance to buy a unique piece of art or craftsmanship directly from its creator, while also hearing the story behind its creation. With more than 250 exhibitors, you can find yourself in a sea of men's and women's fashion and accessories, woodworking, jewelry, photography, glassware, specialty foods and other mediums. Items are available to fit any budget, meaning you're sure to leave with something memorable.
Both master craftspeople and local artisans alike will be giving live art and craft demonstrations throughout the weekend, letting you see the process from which they create beauty. Sugarloaf also features other artistry in the form of live music, giving you something to listen to while you browse or to enjoy on its own. There's even an interactive children's costume theatre, helping make the festival a true family event.
The fall Sugarloaf Crafts Festival of 2015 was a rousing success, and this year's show looks to be even better, so make your plans today. Discounted single and group tickets are now available for online purchase. Sugarloaf also works with area hotels to provide special rates, helping you plan a whole weekend around one of the biggest arts and crafts festivals on the east coast. For more information, you can contact us or view our Frequently Asked Questions.


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Nancy Collins - Chair
Steven Freeman - Trustee
Patti vanVoorst - Trustee
Marva Hitchcock - Trustee
Rebecca Martinez - Trustee
Previous Agendas
Mission Statement The mission of the Orange Public Library Board of Trustees is to support the Orange Public Library, and work in partnership with the library staff to provide programs and resources that seek to inform, educate, and enrich the Orange community, and insure the preservation of Orange local history. Goals To fulfill this mission, the Board of Trustees' goals include:
Board Authority The Orange Public Library Board of Trustees consists of five (5) trustees serving in an advisory capacity, and is established under the California Education Code Sections 18910-18927. The Orange City Council appoints trustees to staggered three-year renewable terms. Although the Board generally functions in an advisory capacity, it is responsible for library policies and regulations. Monthly meetings of the Board of Trustees are open to the public, and are subject to the provisions of the Ralph M. Brown Act and the Orange Public Library Board of Trustees By-laws.