text:
Brief Summary
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba commonly found in warm freshwater environments such as hot springs, lakes, natural mineral waters, and resort spas frequented by tourists. These amoebae can tolerate temperatures of up to 45 C. Infection with this parasite can cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), an acute and generally fatal disease of the central nervous system that has a rapid onset and typically results in death within a week or less. Although PAM is generally viewed as a very rare condition, the number of reported PAM cases is increasing each year. PAM is difficult to diagnose because the clinical signs of the disease are similar to those of bacterial meningitis.
Because it typically presents in healthy individuals, N. fowleri is not categorized as an opportunistic amoeba, as are Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia, but rather as a pathogen. PAM often occurs in healthy immunologically intact children and young adults who were exposed during recreational activity in warm bodies of freshwater. Typically, PAM occurs in the hot summer months, when large numbers of people engage in recreational aquatic activities in freshwater bodies that may harbor these amoebae.
Naegleria fowleri amoebae enter the human host via the nasal route when they are splashed or inhaled into the nose. Forcing water into the nose by diving or jumping into water is common, but N. fowleri can become motile even if the victim is simply submerged under water. Upon entering the nasal cavity, N. fowleri infect the olfactory mucosa and ascend the olfactory nerve through the cribiform plate until they reach the olfactory bulbs of the central nervous system.
Naegleria fowleri occurs worldwide and has been isolated from soil and fresh water. More than 30 species of Naegleria have been described based on the sequence of the SS rRNA gene, but only N. fowleri is known to cause infection in humans. In nature, these amoebae feed upon bacteria and have been isolated from freshwater pools, puddles, lakes, rivers, swimming pools, hot springs, thermally polluted effluents of power plants, hydrotherapy pools, aquaria, sewage, irrigation canals, and even from the the nasal passages and throats of healthy individuals. However, they have not been recovered from seawater.
Naegleria fowleri has been found in aquatic environments frequented by tourists inThailand and Japan, in swimming areas along rivers in Italy, in swimming pools and streams in Belgium and the former Czechoslovakia, in swimming pools in England and New Zealand, in hot springs in California and New Zealand, and in warm freshwater lakes throughout the southern United States.
Visvesvara et al. (2007) reviewed the diagnosis and pathophysiology of N. fowler infection, as well as public health strategies for monitoring and control. Heggie (2010) reviewed the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of N. fowler infection.
(Visvesvara et al. 2007; Heggie 2010 and references therein; Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website)
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria fowleri /nəˈɡlɪəriə/ (also known as the "brain-eating amoeba") is a free-living, thermophilic excavate form of protist typically found in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It is also found in soil, near warm-water discharges of industrial plants, and in poorly chlorinated, or unchlorinated swimming pools, in an amoeboid or temporary flagellate stage. There is no evidence of this organism living in salt water. It is an amoeba belonging to the phylum Percolozoa. N. fowleri can invade and attack the human nervous system and brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Although this occurs rarely,[1] such an infection nearly always results in the death of the victim.[2] The case fatality rate is greater than 95%.[3]
- 1 Life cycle
- 2 Infectious disease
- 2.1 History
- 2.2 Signs and symptoms
- 2.3 Cause
- 2.4 Treatment
- 2.5 Diagnosis
- 2.6 Epidemiology
- 2.7 Research
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Life cycle[edit]
Naegleria fowleri occurs in three forms: a cyst, a trophozoite (ameboid) and a flagellate. It does not form a cyst in human tissue. Only the amoeboid trophozoite stage exists in human tissue. The flagellate form can exist in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cyst stage[edit]
Trophozoites encyst due to unfavorable conditions. Factors that induce cyst formation include a lack of food, overcrowding, desiccation, accumulation of waste products, and cold temperatures.[4] N. fowleri has been found to encyst at temperatures below 10 °C/50F.[5]
Trophozoite stage[edit]
This reproductive stage of the protozoan organism, which transforms near 25 °C/77F and grows fastest at around 42 °C/106.7F, proliferates by binary fission. The trophozoites are characterized by a nucleus and a surrounding halo. They travel by pseudopodia, temporary round processes which fill with granular cytoplasm. The pseudopodia form at different points along the cell, thus allowing the trophozoite to change directions. In their free-living state, trophozoites feed on bacteria. In tissues, they phagocytize red blood cells and white blood cells and destroy tissue.[4]
Flagellate stage[edit]
This biflagellate form occurs when trophozites are exposed to a change in ionic concentration, such as placement in distilled water. (The flagellate form does not exist in human tissue).The transformation of trophozoites to flagellate form occurs within a few hours.[4]
Infectious disease[edit]
Physicians M. Fowler and R. F. Carter first described human disease caused by amebo-flagellates in Australia in 1965.[6] Their work on amebo-flagellates has provided an example of how a protozoan can effectively live both freely in the environment, and in a human host. Since 1965, more than 144 cases have been confirmed in different countries. In 1966, Fowler termed the infection resulting from N. fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) to distinguish this central nervous system (CNS) invasion from other secondary invasions made by other amoebae such as Entamoeba histolytica.[7] A retrospective study determined the first documented case of PAM possibly occurred in Britain in 1909.[8]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Onset symptoms of infection can start from one to seven days after exposure. Initial symptoms include changes in taste and smell, headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and a stiff neck. Secondary symptoms include confusion, hallucinations, lack of attention, ataxia, and seizures. After the start of symptoms, the disease progresses rapidly over three to seven days, with death occurring usually from seven to fourteen days later,[9] although it can take longer. In 2013, a man in Taiwan died twenty five days after being infected by N. fowleri.[10]
In humans, N. fowleri invades the central nervous system via the nose, specifically through the olfactory mucosa and cribriform plate of the nasal tissues. This usually occurs as the result of the introduction of water into the nasal cavity with water that has been contaminated with N. fowleri, during activities like swimming, bathing, or nasal irrigation.
The amoeba attaches itself to the olfactory nerve and migrates to the olfactory bulbs, where it feeds on the nerve tissue resulting in significant necrosis and hemorrhaging.[11] From there, it migrates further along nerve fibres and enters the floor of the cranium via the cribriform plate and into the brain.
The organism then begins to consume cells of the brain, piecemeal, by means of an amoebostome, a unique actin-rich, sucking apparatus extended from its cell surface.[12] It then becomes pathogenic, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM or PAME). PAM is a disease affecting the central nervous system.[13] PAM usually occurs in healthy children or young adults with no prior history of immune compromise who have recently been exposed to bodies of fresh water.[14]
Amphotericin B is effective against N. fowleri in vitro, but the prognosis remains bleak for those who contract PAM, and survival remains less than 1%.[14] On the basis of the in vitro evidence alone, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recommends treatment with amphotericin B for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, but no evidence supports this treatment affecting outcome.[14] Treatment combining miconazole, sulfadiazine, and tetracycline has shown limited success only when administered early in the course of an infection.[15] An Iranian infant of five months was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and Rifampicin.[16]
While miltefosine had therapeutic effects during an in vivo study in mice, chlorpromazine (Thorazine) showed to be the most effective substance – the authors concluded: "Chlorpromazine had the best therapeutic activity against N. fowleri in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it may be a more useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of PAME than amphotericin B."[17]
Untimely diagnoses remain a very significant impediment to the successful treatment of infection, as most cases have only been discovered post mortem. Infection killed 121 people in the United States from 1937 through 2007.
N. fowleri can be grown in several kinds of liquid axenic media or on non-nutrient agar plates coated with bacteria. Escherichia coli can be used to overlay the non-nutrient agar plate and a drop of cerebrospinal fluid sediment is added to it. Plates are then incubated at 37 °C and checked daily for clearing of the agar in thin tracks, which indicate the trophozoites have fed on the bacteria.[18] Detection in water is performed by centrifuging a water sample with E. coli added, then applying the pellet to a non-nutrient agar plate. After several days, the plate is microscopically inspected and Naegleria cysts are identified by their morphology. Final confirmation of the species' identity can be performed by various molecular or biochemical methods.[19] Confirmation of Naegleria presence can be done by a so-called flagellation test, where the organism is exposed to a hypotonic environment (distilled water). Naegleria, in contrast to other amoebae, differentiates within two hours into the flagellate state. Pathogenicity can be further confirmed by exposure to high temperature (42 °C): Naegleria fowleri is able to grow at this temperature, but the nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi is not.
This is not a comprehensive list, and cases are continuing to be reported. The incidence of infection itself is likely to increase as its range through climate change is increasing.[20] Also, the numbers of reported cases are expected to show an increase, simply because of better informed diagnoses being made both in living patients and also in autopsy findings.[21][22]
Costa Rica[edit]
A young boy died in Orlando, Florida, USA after vacationing in Costa Rica and visiting thermal springs in the Northern area of the country in 2014. It is suspected but not confirmed that he acquired the infection in that area.[23]
Between 1962 and 1965, 16 young people died of PAM in Ústí nad Labem in Czechoslovakia, as a consequence of bathing in an indoor swimming pool.[24]
In 2001, a first reported case of PAM was contracted by a five-month-old infant in Mangalore, South India.[25] A second case of PAM in an infant was found in a six-month-old infant in South India, in 2005. Cases in infants are extremely rare since the usual known cause of infection is due to swimming in contaminated water.[26]
In 2009, a first case was reported in a 20-year-old man in Rohtak, North India.[27] All these cases were fatal.
A first reported case of PAM was diagnosed in a five-month-old male infant in Iran, in 2012. He was treated with Amphotericin B and Rifampicin and two months later he was asymptomatic.[28]
New Zealand[edit]
Between 1968 and 1978, eight fatal cases of PAM occurred after the victims had been swimming in geothermal water at locations between Taupo and Matamata, in the Waikato Region.[29]
From July to October 2012, 44 people in the southern part of Pakistan died within a week from Naegleria infection.[30] At least 13 cases have been reported in Karachi, Pakistan, in patients who had no history of aquatic activities. In 2014, 12 victims succumbed to this infection in Pakistan. [31] Infection likely occurred through ablution with tap water. It may be attributed to rising temperatures, reduced levels of chlorine in potable water, or deteriorating water distribution systems.[32]
Drug treatment research at Aga Khan University in Pakistan has shown that in-vitro drug susceptibility tests with some FDA approved drugs used for non-infectious diseases have proved to kill Naegleria fowleri with an amoebicidal rate greater than 95%. [33] The same source has also proposed a device for drug delivery via the transcranial route to brain.[34]
The first case of PAM in Taiwan was reported in November 2011. The victim died twenty five days after contracting the disease from bathing in a thermal spring.[35]
United Kingdom[edit]
In 1979, a girl swimming in the restored Roman baths in the English city of Bath died five days later from PAM.[36] Tests showed that N. fowleri was in the water,[37] and the pool was closed permanently.
United States[edit]
There have been approximately 132 reported U.S. cases from the 50-year period 1962 to 2013,[38] and 3 survivors from among those. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the protist killed 33 people between 1998 and 2007. In the ten years from 2001 to 2010, 32 infections were reported in the U.S. Of those cases, 30 people were infected by contaminated recreational water and two people were infected by water from a geothermal (naturally hot) drinking water supply.[39] Most cases over the years have been in the Southeast U.S.[40]
In 2011, there were two unusual cases in which Louisiana residents died after becoming infected by using neti pots with contaminated unchlorinated household tap water, the first U.S. cases of PAM linked to N. fowleri in household plumbing served by municipal water.[41] Two years later, the St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana water system was found to contain N. fowleri after a 4-year-old died of the infection.[42]
In 2013, a 12-year-old boy who went knee-boarding in fresh water near his home died due to N. fowleri infection, but a girl in Arkansas became the third known person in the last 50 years to survive the parasite after her doctors gave her an experimental drug, Miltefosine,[43] in addition to the standard treatment.[44]
During an exceptionally warm August in 2010, a seven-year-old contracted PAM in Minnesota, USA, about 550 miles farther north than the previously known range of N. fowleri infections. This case supports the view that N.fowleri increases its range during the year as temperatures rise during spring and summer months.[20]
In July 2014, a 9 year old Kansas girl, an avid water-skier, died from the disease after swimming in warm fresh water.[45][46]
Though no reports of illness had been made as of yet, in late August 2014, officials in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana had to start flushing the water system because of Naegleria fowleri contamination, a process which will take two months, though the water has been deemed safe to drink. About 12,500 people are served by the water system, and while Naegleria fowleri is not pathogenic in the human digestive tract, parish officials are taking no chances.[47]
In 1998, in Venezuela, a sixteen-year-old male died a week after becoming infected by Naegleria fowleri.[48] There were two new cases reported in 2006. Two males, one ten years old and one twenty-three years old, both died within days of their hospital admittance.[49]
Current research is focused on development of real time PCR diagnostic methods. One method being developed involves monitoring the amplification process in real time with fluorescent-labeled hybridization probes targeting the MpC15 sequence – which is unique to N. fowleri.[50] Another group has multiplexed three real-time PCR reactions as a diagnostic for N. fowleri, as well as Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris.[51] This could prove to be an efficient diagnostic test.
Pathogenicity factors[edit]
As no effective treatment for PAM has been found, the development of a therapeutic is an area of great research interest. Currently, much work is being done to determine what factor specific to N. fowleri makes it pathogenic and if these virulence factors can be targeted by drugs. One potential factor in motility of the "amoeba" is the protein coded by Nfa1. When the Nfa1 gene is expressed in non-pathogenic Naegleria gruberi and the amoebae are co-cultivated with target tissue cells, the protein is found to be located on the food cup which is responsible for ingestion of cells during feeding.[52] Following up that research, Nfa1 gene expression knockdown experiments were performed using RNA interference. In these experiments, double-stranded RNA targeting the Nfa1 sequence was introduced and subsequently expression levels of the gene product dramatically decreased.[53] This method could potentially be a technique applicable for knockdown of expression of pathogenicity factors in N. fowleri trophozoites.
Vaccine research[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (August 2013)
There is no vaccine to protect against N. fowleri infection and efforts are being made in vaccine research to find one. Current research shows intranasal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin alone or in combination with amoebic lysates increases protection against N. fowleri meningoencephalitis in mice. Studies are ongoing investigating whether the STAT6-induced Th2 immune response is essential for the resistance to N. fowleri infection, conferred by immunization with amoebic lysates plus Cry1Ac. Protected STAT6+/+-immunized mice elicited a Th2 type inclined immune response that produced predominantly humoral immunity; unprotected STAT6-/- mice exhibited a polarized Th1-type cellular response. These findings suggest that the STAT6-signalling pathway is critical for defense against N. fowleri infection. Immunization with Nfa1 protein on experimental murines PAM because of N. fowleri, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally or intranasally immunized with a recombinant Nfa1 protein. The mean survival time of mice immunized intraperitoneally with rNfa1 protein was prolonged compared with controls (25.0 and 15.5 days, respectively).
See also[edit]
- ^ "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases – Naegleria fowleri - Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - General Information". Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "6 die from brain-eating amoeba after swimming". MSNBC. Associated Press. September 28, 2007.
- ^ Cetin N, Blackall D.Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis.Blood 2012 Apr 19;119(16):3658.PMID 22645743
- ^ a b c Marciano-Cabral, F (1988). "Biology of Naegleria spp". Microbiological reviews 52 (1): 114–33. PMC 372708. PMID 3280964.
- ^ Chang, SL (1978). "Resistance of pathogenic Naegleria to some common physical and chemical agents". Applied and environmental microbiology 35 (2): 368–75. PMC 242840. PMID 637538.
- ^ Fowler, M; Carter, RF (1965). "Acute pyogenic meningitis probably due to Acanthamoeba sp.: a preliminary report". British Medical Journal 2 (5464): 740–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5464.734-a. PMC 1846173. PMID 5825411.
- ^ Butt, Cecil G. (1966). "Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis". New England Journal of Medicine 274 (26): 1473–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM196606302742605. PMID 5939846.
- ^ Symmers, WC (1969). "Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in Britain". British Medical Journal 4 (5681): 449–54. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5681.449. PMC 1630535. PMID 5354833.
- ^ CDC – 01 This Page Has Moved: CDC Parasites Naegleria
- ^ Su MY, Lee MS,et al. A fatal case of Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis in Taiwan.Korean J Parasitol. 2013 Apr;51(2):203-6. doi: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.203. Epub 2013 Apr 25. PMID 23710088
- ^ Gautam PL, Sharma S et al. A rare case of survival from primary amebic meningoencephalitis.Indian Crit Care med.2012 Jan;16(1):34-6. doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.94432.PMID 22557831
- ^ Marciano-Cabral, F; John, DT (1983). "Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri for rat neuroblastoma cell cultures: scanning electron microscopy study". Infection and immunity 40 (3): 1214–7. PMC 348179. PMID 6852919.
- ^ Monsters Inside Me (2010-12-22). "Monsters Inside Me: The Brain-Eating Amoeba : Video : Animal Planet". Animal.discovery.com. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
- ^ a b c Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007". MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 57 (21): 573–7. PMID 18509301.
- ^ Bauman, Robert W. (2009). "Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes". Microbiology, With Diseases by Body System (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. p. 617.
- ^ Reference 23
- ^ Kim, J.-H.; Jung, S.-Y.; Lee, Y.-J.; Song, K.-J.; Kwon, D.; Kim, K.; Park, S.; Im, K.-I.; Shin, H.-J. (2008). "Effect of Therapeutic Chemical Agents In Vitro and on Experimental Meningoencephalitis Due to Naegleria fowleri". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52 (11): 4010–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00197-08. PMC 2573150. PMID 18765686.
- ^ Donald C. Lehman; Mahon, Connie; Manuselis, George (2006). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2581-2.[page needed]
- ^ Pougnard, C.; Catala, P.; Drocourt, J.-L.; Legastelois, S.; Pernin, P.; Pringuez, E.; Lebaron, P. (2002). "Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Naegleria fowleri in Surface Waters by Solid-Phase Cytometry". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (6): 3102–7. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.6.3102-3107.2002. PMC 123984. PMID 12039772.
- ^ a b Kemble SK, Lynfield R, et al.Fatal Naegleria fowleri infection acquired in Minnesota: possible expanded range of a deadly thermophilic organism. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;54(6):805-9. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir961. Epub 2012 Jan 11.PMID 22238170
- ^ Kanwal, Farooqi M, Ali S, Ahmed SS.The paradox of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--a rare disease, but commonly misdiagnosed.J PakMed Assoc2013 May;63(5):667.PMID 22238170
- ^ Reference 38
- ^ "Brain-eating amoeba victim: Sanford boy 'a ray of light'". Retrieved 2014-08-22.
- ^ Ccaronerva, L.; Novak, K. (1968). "Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Sixteen Fatalities". Science 160 (3823): 92–92. doi:10.1126/science.160.3823.92. PMID 5642317.
- ^ Shenoy S, Wilson G, Prashanth HV, et al.Primary meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: first reported case from Mangalore, South India. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Jan;40(1):309-10.PMID 11773141
- ^ Hebbar S, Bairy I, et al.Fatal case of Naegleria fowleri meningo-encephalitis in an infant: case report.Ann Trop Paediatr. 2005 Sep;25(3):223-6.PMID 16156990
- ^ Gupta N, Bhaskar H, et al.Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: first reported case from Rohtak, North India.National Institute of Communicable Diseases, New Delhi.PMID 20191204
- ^ Movahedi Z, Shokrollahi MR,et al. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in an Iranian infant.Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:782854. doi: 10.1155/2012/782854. Epub 2012 Jul 26.PMID 22899941
- ^ Cursons, R; Sleigh, J; Hood, D; Pullon, D (2003). "A case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: North Island, New Zealand". The New Zealand medical journal 116 (1187): U712. PMID 14752540.
- ^ "Brain-eating amoeba: need for water chlorination stressed". Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ "'Brain-eating amoeba' claims another life in Karachi accessdate = 2014-10-10".
- ^ cdc.gov – Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by Naegleria fowleri, Karachi, Pakistan, 2011-07-08
- ^ Abdul Mannan Baig, Huma Kulsoom, and Naveed Ahmed Khan. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: amoebicidal effects of clinically approved drugs against Naegleria fowleri.Journal of Medical Microbiology. 02/2014; doi:10.1099/jmm.0.072306-0
- ^ Abdul M. Baig and Naveed A. Khan. Novel Chemotherapeutic Strategies in the Management of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Due to Naegleria fowleri. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics /01/2014; doi:10.1111/cns.12225
- ^ Reference10
- ^ "The City of Bath, Somerset, UK". H2G2. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ Kilvington, Simon; John Beeching (June 1995). "Identification and epidemiological typing of Naegleria fowleri with DNA probes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (6): 2071–2078. PMC 167479. PMID 7793928. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689800/Kansas-girl-9-dies-rare-brain-eating-amoeba.html
- ^ "Naegleria – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ^ Joelving, Frederick (2012-08-28). "CDC strengthens brain-eating amoeba, neti pot link". Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ^ "CDC strengthens brain-eating ameba, neti pot link". Chicago Tribune. 2012-08-28.
- ^ http://www.nola.com/health/index.ssf/2013/09/st_bernard_water_system_tests.html
- ^ Gholipour, Bahar. "Brain-Eating Amoeba: How One Girl Survived". livescience. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Florida boy, 12, dies from brain-eating parasite, his family donated his organs which were still good to save other lives.". CNN. 2013-08-26. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ http://news.msn.com/us/girl-9-killed-by-brain-eating-parasite-in-water
- ^ http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/15/health/brain-eating-amoeba/index.html
- ^ http://news.msn.com/us/potentially-deadly-amoeba-found-in-louisiana-water
- ^ Rodríguez R, Méndez O, et al.Central nervous system infection by free-living amebas: report of 3 Venezuelan cases.Rev Neurol. 1998 Jun;26(154):1005-8.PMID 9658480
- ^ Petit F, Vilchez V, et al.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: two new cases report from Venezuela. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2006 Dec;64(4):1043-6.PMID 17221024
- ^ Maďarová, Lucia; Trnková, Katarína; Feiková, Soňa; Klement, Cyril; Obernauerová, Margita (2010). "A real-time PCR diagnostic method for detection of Naegleria fowleri". Experimental Parasitology 126 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.001. PMID 19919836.
- ^ Qvarnstrom, Y.; Visvesvara, G. S.; Sriram, R.; Da Silva, A. J. (2006). "Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44 (10): 3589–95. doi:10.1128/JCM.00875-06. PMC 1594764. PMID 17021087.
- ^ Song, K; Jeong, S; Park, S; Kim, K; Kwon, M; Im, K; Pak, J; Shin, H (2006). "Naegleria fowleri: Functional expression of the Nfa1 protein in transfected Naegleria gruberi by promoter modification". Experimental Parasitology 112 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2005.10.004. PMID 16321386.
- ^ Jung, S; Kim, J; Lee, Y; Song, K; Kim, K; Park, S; Im, K; Shin, H (2008). "Naegleria fowleri: nfa1 gene knock-down by double-stranded RNAs". Experimental Parasitology 118 (2): 208–13. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.08.008. PMID 17904122.
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A Literary Analysis of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
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Huckleberry Finn - Racism Debate There is a current debate that the description of Jim in the novel Huckleberry Finn is racist leading to some schools banning it from their libraries Jims character is described as an uneducated and simple sounding illiterate slave and some people have looked upon this characterization as racist Jim is depicted as a slave in the south during a period when slavery was common place and widely accepted as the way of life Slaves of this time period were not provided any formal education never allowed any independent thought and were constantly mistreated and abused The author in my opinion is merely describing how a slave spoke in those days and was trying to give you the true feeling behind his thought while writing this tale Despite a few instances in which Jims description might be misconstrued as being racist such as the use of the word nigger the reader should be able to understand that this is a fictional portrayal of two boys one white and one black during a time when slavery was common place There is an obvious contrast of the mind set depicted in Twains novel compared to then and now The use of the word nigger is most certainly a very slanderous slang term that is not socially acceptable in present times The dialect in which Jim is speaking indicates how Jim spoke do to his lack of education and refinement that white people refused to provide to slaves This provision was not permitted as white slave owners viewed blacks as property and as being unable to learn proper grammar and structure of the English language Some historians have stated that this was also so because it allowed the whites to maintain control over their slaves in order to keep the upper hand so to speak We as a
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Users will also later be able to plug in other connectors to other systems down the line using DirXML. While these will not be included in the suite, it will plug into the infrastructure being put in place. The directory is also being plumbed so that authentication requests that come into traditional Linux services are redirected to eDirectory so that it could be the single source of authentication requests, Hawkins said. On the file services front, Novell is including its iFolder technology, which will be integrated with the end user experience and the Web access methods in the suite. Novell will also bring its iPrint technology to Linux, which is enterprise ready, location based, and allows large print jobs to flow through the system.Hawkins acknowledged that the company hoped the product would ultimately demonstrate the superior technology solution it offered and buy additional Novell products and services. "We believe that we have a better manageability, scalability and stability story and that end users like our services better. Weve been at this a very long time," he said.
"We are also bringing the Virtual Office Web experience to Linux as well. This is a portable infrastructure experience, and when you install Nterprise Linux Services you can immediately plumb all of your end-users to have this experience," he said.
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The final spot in The International 2014's 16-team bracket has been filled and it's time to start the Dota 2 event in earnest. Today we begin The International's famed group stage slaughterhouse. Four days of round-robin play, where each of the 16 teams will play every other, will result in 6 teams being left on the tournament floor. That's getting ahead of ourselves, though, as today we have 36 matches to play, four at a time in nine different sets. It is a good day.
For those who haven't watched yesterday's games, I won't be spoiling, but of course I have to warn that the winning team's name will be listed in today's matches. I'd highly recommend going back and watching those wildcard matches, because the winner fought tooth and nail for their victory. They absolutely deserve their place in the tournament.
Time to get back to the matches at hand, however. Here are the 36 matchups of the day, noting again that four matches are being played at any given time. Thus, the below list will be broken into nine sets, each with four games. Each game is being individually cast by one of the talented Dota 2 caster teams, but I'd recommend the main stream which will focus on the "premiere" match, but jump to the others as the action happens.
Series 1
- Evil Geniuses vs. Cloud9 (Results: _C9____________)
- NewBee vs. LGD (Results: _NewBee_______)
- Fnatic vs. Team DK (Results: _Fnatic_______)
- Alliance vs. iG (Results: _iG___________)
Series 1
- Arrow vs. Evil Geniuses (Results: _Evil Geniuses)
- Titan vs. Empire (Results: _Titan________)
- mousesports vs. ViCi (Results: _ViCi_________)
- Liquid vs. Na'Vi.US (Results: _Na'Vi.US_____)
Series 3
- Arrow vs. Cloud 9 (Results: _C9____________)
- LGD vs. Team DK (Results: _DK___________)
- Fnatic vs. Na'Vi (Results: _Fnatic_______)
- NewBee vs. iG (Results: _NewBee________)
Series 4
- Alliance vs. Titan (Results: _Titan________)
- Na'Vi vs. ViCi (Results: _Na'Vi________)
- Fnatic vs. Na'Vi.US (Results: _Na'Vi.US_____)
- Empire vs. mousesports (Results: _Empire_______)
Series 5
- Alliance vs. NewBee (Results: _NewBee________)
- Liquid vs. Team DK (Results: _Liquid________)
- Cloud9 vs. Titan (Results: _C9____________)
- LGD vs. Evil Geniuses (Results: _Evil Geniuses)
Series 6
- iG vs. Arrow (Results: _iG___________)
- ViCi vs. Empire (Results: _ViCi_________)
- Na'Vi vs. mousesports (Results: _Na'Vi________)
- Na'Vi.US vs. LGD (Results: _Na'Vi.US_____)
Series 7
- iG vs. Team DK (Results: _iG___________)
- Evil Geniuses vs. Fnatic (Results: _Evil Geniuses)
- mousesports vs. Cloud9 (Results: _mousesports__)
- NewBee vs. Liquid (Results: _Liquid_______)
Series 8
- Arrow vs. Alliance (Results: _Alliance_____)
- ViCi vs. Titan (Results: _ViCi_________)
- Cloud9 vs. Na'Vi.US (Results: _Na'Vi.US_____)
- Empire vs. Na'Vi (Results: _Na'Vi________)
Series 9
- Team DK vs. Alliance (Results: _Team DK______)
- Fnatic vs. NewBee (Results: _Fnatic_______)
- Liquid vs. Evil Geniuses (Results: _Liquid_______)
- LGD vs. Arrow (Results: _LGD__________)
There it is, 36 games in one day. I'll try and update the post with each match's victories, hidden to avoid spoilers of course. I'm not sure exactly how long each Series is planned to take, but I'd assume Valve's goal is for each one to take an hour. If they run long, then they'll probably just roll with it and push the rest of the show back that much longer.
Finally, I'd like to close out this post with the current standings for The International 2014, updated as each match goes on. This section of the post is 100% spoilers, showing how many games each team has won and how many teams have lost. Keep in mind that the 6 bottom teams of the 16 will automatically be out of the tournament after these four days of group stage. Only the top 2 will earn a guaranteed spot in the winners bracket.
Happy The International 2014 official start, everyone. Let's watch some Dota 2
Official Dota 2 Blog - The International 2014 Hub - Twitch Channel
- Cloud9 4-1
- Na'Vi.US 3-1
- iG 3-1
- Liquid 3-1
- Na'VI 3-1
- ViCi 3-1
- Evil Geniuses 3-2
- Fnatic 3-2
- NewBee 3-2
- Titan 2-2
- Team DK 2-3
- Empire 1-3
- mousesports 1-3
- Alliance 1-4
- Arrow 0-5


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- 05-23-2014, 04:20 PM Thread Author #1
- Posts
- 5 Posts
Emoji Keyboard
I am looking for a good emoji keyboard for my Note 2. I have downloaded the Kii keyboard and the Swiftkey keyboard. Kii's is alright but they dont have a lot of emoji's and I have the trial for the Swiftkey and I see no emoji's! When i searched googleplay for emoji keyboards it seems they all sort of suck. Someone please help!!!
Re: Emoji Keyboard
I don't know what is considered a lot or good since I rarely use them, but the Google keyboard (you can get from the play store) has them. You long press on the enter button to see them and then there are categories to choose from up top.
I don't know if you are able to find it anywhere, but the stock Samsung Note 3 keyboard has them as well. The Samsung Note 3 keyboard has many more than Google but I don't think you can get it from the Play Store without a Note 3. You may be able to find the apk somewhere and install it yourself though.
Edit: Good news on that last note. The Google keyboard actually has the same as the Note 3 - you just have to scroll to the right in each category instead of up and down.
Re: Emoji Keyboard
I should mention that the really good emoji support is available in kitkat. I know kitkat has been available for the note 2 for a bit now but I don't know if your particular carrier has given it to you yet. If not, you will see much better emoji in those keyboards once you get the upgrade.
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- Global Posts
- 51 Global Posts
Re: Emoji Keyboard
My friend has the Note 3 and samsung's emoji keyboard is muuuuch cuter than the one offered by Google Can't wait for the next update. My phone has been slow as all hell since the last update and it's driving me insane. I'm trying to wait it out for the note 4 or the LG G3 but I'm getting impatient with how slow my phone is behaving. The only thing keeping me in check is the thought of buying a phone that's already been out for so long. When I buy a phone I like to get the newest one on the market and can't imagine getting a phone that someone else has already had for months. Especially when the newest iteration of it is coming out in just a couple more months.
Re: Emoji Keyboard
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Star Plus' Veera produced by Beyond Dreams is garnering audiences' attention and doing well on the TRPs charts as well.
While Veera (Digangana Suryavanshi) and Baldev (Vishal Vashishtha) have come closer during the Poland trip it seems the time has come for the love confession between the two. As the cupid has struck between them Veera will finally propose to Baldev.
According to the sources, "After coming back from Poland Veera realizes her love for Baldev and proposes him in a different style. She will call small kids to hold a board in front of Baldev written a message on it containing 'I Love You Baldev'. Seeing to which Baldev thinks the message is written by the small kids for him. Then Veera goes to him and explains him that it was her idea to present her love for him through the small kids."
Further our sources added, "Baldev gets surprised knowing about the proposal from Veera. He stays numb doesn't reply anything."
This track for sure is going to be loved by the viewers. Well how can someone miss the chemistry of this lovable couple? Get ready for some cute moments between Veera and Baldev.
Keep watching this space for more updates.


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Pluristem Therapeutics (NASDAQ: PSTI) is opening the doors to the future of cell therapy being available to the masses as standardized, off-the-shelf personalized medicine.
As what I believe is the most forward-thinking and practical player in cell therapy, Pluristem has leaped ahead with standardization in its manufacturing and its delivery methods, independent of location and independent of the experience of the healthcare provider.
Pluristem just announced that its full-scale, clinical-to-commercial grade manufacturing facility currently being built in Israel reached a major milestone with quality control and process validation now underway, the last step toward making the facility ready to produce FDA-quality stem cells. Capacity is huge; product made there will be worth $1 billion to the company.
While standardizing manufacturing is critical, perhaps equally important is the ability to consistently freeze, store, ship and then thaw the cells at the point of care. That's why Pluristem announced it created an as of yet unnamed thawing device.
Accepting new clinical methods is difficult, but one sure way to smooth the path to quicker physician adoption and widespread use is through standardization. The reason is because science is based on replication. Laboratory testing of a scientific hypothesis must use the exact recipe described by the inventor. If results can be repeated, then the hypothesis is proven. After repeated many times in the lab, validated through clinical trials, and approved by regulatory agencies, the hypothesis becomes medical fact.
The thawing device news did not get much attention, but look closer. One of the biggest problems facing stem cell therapy companies that have circumvented the political controversy of embryonic tissue usage is replicating clinical results. The science is new, the techniques are rustic, and the responsibility falls to the laboratory technicians and nurses that help prepare injections. Pluristem will be offering what sounds like an easy to use system where a frozen sample of its PLX cells can be popped into a small device and thawed quickly and - here's the key - uniformly to provide a dose just like the one before it and the one after it. Uniform doses and predictable results. Potential differences in handling stem cells prior to administration will no longer have to be factored into differing results between patients, and clinical observations will be more credible.
A comprehensive search for marketed thawing devices for frozen stem cell samples led to one product, the Brooks RapidThaw, a somewhat clunky and unattractive lab bench instrument with what looks like limited specifications. The most boastful feature is fully automated thawing of up to four racks of samples, which doesn't speak much to its uniformity nor is that a claim with the device. The biggest advantage with the RapidThaw is reducing thaw time down from two hours. Pluristem's device claims to be rapid, which in lab time means under ten minutes.
Introducing a thawing device is a terrific competitive gain for Pluristem and should do a lot to further their progress in clinical trials, and beyond. Literature shows that other stem cell therapy hopefuls depend on kitchen-variety methods to thaw their samples. With the first stem cell treatment ever approved in Canada last May, Osiris Therapeutics (NASDAQ: OSIR) still has yet to launch Prochymal for graft-versus-host-disease, so no clinical standardized procedures are recorded yet, although from its scientific publications its success could have been facilitated by easy, reproducible stem cell processing that gave them the allure of an off-the-shelf product ready to treat disease in an acute setting. Mesoblast Limited (MBLTY.PK) appears a bit more behind in lab methods, where stem cell samples are simply washed with saline prior to treatment.
A good example of lab standardization furthering medical progress was the push to use glycated hemoglobin, or HbA1c, as a measure of someone's blood glucose levels in diabetes. Originally proposed as a simple, verifiable test for the disease, repeated clinical trials finally resulted in evidence that the chronic complications of diabetes are highly correlated with controlling blood sugar as measured by HbA1c. Since then, diabetes has been recognized as the epidemic that it is.
Pluristem's sleek overall design of its medical technology and implementation is impressive - from harvesting and processing cells, shipping them to clinical trial sites around the world through Fisher BioServices, a top-shelf biologic material currier and part of Thermo Fisher Scientific (NYSE: TMO), to now making them dependable to use in an off-the-shelf, easy and efficient manner, ending in the simple administration of an intramuscular injection. And their timing is good. Earlier this month, two researchers in stem cell work were recognized by the Nobel Prize for medicine, a first for this kind of therapy and sure to boost its credibility. In another area, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology has been complaining that drug companies are spending $31 billion a year on clinical trials but drugs are not getting to patients faster because of insufficient clinical protocols, the under-utilization of technology, and a lack of clinical trial standards. The NIH and FDA are working to fix this.
Anyone selling new medical ideas or products knows it takes the equivalent of a gun to the head to get a doctor to change procedure. While this may seem counterintuitive given the innovation of our healthcare system, it makes sense in a world of time-stressed physicians reluctant to surrender familiar techniques that don't scare patients or give referring colleagues pause.
I believe Pluristem will be recognized for the game changing work it's doing, not only within its own world of pushing forward in clinical studies, building out manufacturing and choosing the right partners, but also in the larger scientific and clinical landscape, by facilitating the progress of innovative medicine through simple standardization.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it. I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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Room Service, Restaurant, Pet Friendly, Air Conditioned
Elevator / Lift, 24 Hour Reception, Babysitting / Child Services, Multilingual Staff, Safe-Deposit Box, Laundry service
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Jets soar past Rockets
RAPID RIVER – It took all five sets for North Central to knock off Rapid River on Wednesday, but for the Jets, winning five set matches is becoming routine.
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"We've had a lot of fifth sets this year and they manage to win most of them," said North Central head coach Andy DeBock. "They get there and they don't back down and they don't wait, they just keep pushing forward. We like to call it the fast 15, the girls get to 15 as fast as they can, that way they keep their motivation up."
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Paige has been stepping up for me for years," he said. "She's never let us down, she's never let her team down, she's never quit. Every game we won she ended up with a big kill and that's what we needed all season long to finish through. I couldn't ask for a better player, a good motivator and a team player."
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"She's a really good player and when she's in the back row we need to take advantage of it and we didn't," Kanyuh said. "In the front row, she's just putting the ball down, that's all there was to it. We knew they were going to feed her and our blockers were earlier, they didn't wait."
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Horse is confirmed first.
Printable View
Horse is confirmed first.
When I say green on green I'm referring to: Horse has never done collected work neither has rider.
Nomiomi - i am not trying to be rude, but really since you haven't trained what we are talking about how can you know? its great that you are enthusiastic in your commenting - but sometimes you say things that will really confuse someone or make them think their trainer is not working them correctly - when in fact it is just that you have not done what you are describing so you dont understand the differences....
in other words: there is a big difference between book learning and actually doing it.....
Kurplexed - you are fine.... you are on a learning curve and learning is challenging! things wont be perfect - but keep showing up and it will get better! i promise!
MBM this board is well aware of your own skill level so lets not go there.
I have not trained a bunch of horses through 2nd that is correct but I have ridden comfirmed horses all the way up the levels and watched their training enough to be part of this discussion.
my skill level is an ammie who is learning how to train..... i don't present myself as an expert or a trainer or anything.... i also know i have a long way to go still...
and one of the MOST important things i have learned over the years - is that training is not the same as the goal..... and if a rider thinks it is (i used to) then they will be stuck until such time they let go of that idea.
right, and that is exactly what i said - it is clear from your comments that you have not trained stuff because you have a misguided idea of the process... that is fine - probably lots of folks have the same misunderstood idea - i know i did - i am just trying to pass along something i learned the hard way....Quote:
I have not trained a bunch of horses through 2nd that is correct but I have ridden comfirmed horses all the way up the levels and watched their training enough to be part of this discussion.
MBM: I'm holding you to that promise!! lol Thanks for understanding where I'm coming from.
Naomi: Watching someone bring a horse up is not the same as bringing a horse up. If I were to watch my trainer do it there would be NO bucking or rearing. They the the tact and experience I don't possess YET. : ) No shame in admitting that nor admitting that working a horse through the tension to reach the collection that I'm asking for can be a little intimidating especially on a young fresh big horse.
I said I have not but I am currently attempting to :) My reason for posting on this thread was that I am in the same boat but was not agreeing on the acting out issues was all (shrug).
Its not as big as all this is becoming.
My offer is no less than another ammys offer to tell you how it should be done just keep that in mind
I do appreciate everyone's input I just happen to disagree with your comment that bringing a horse up will always be free from errors.
Sorry I don't know how to work the quote thing so part of my reply is in the quote section.
I dont think I said error free.
Its fine. Really. The internet cannot help train collection as we all know and Im sure you are working with a trainer
I had a very EXTREMELY electric ride today--it was a bit breezy causing a lot of shifting shadows in the tree leaves and something was going on at my neighbors house that really had my guy up on his toes. Happy to say 'nothing' happened but I quit just a little early as I was concerned he might hurt himself carrying the FRAME he put himself into and the trouble I was having keeping his attention on me. He was wanting to get passagey/tense in his trot work--not like him at all. I also have the added bonus of being almost completely deaf so it was extremely disconcerting not being able to figure out what was causing his distress----there was definitely SOMETHING going on over there that had his panties knotted up tight. When he is feeling explosive like today--I go back to basics---things that are easy for him to digest/understand and I try to stay relaxed-supple-balanced and not let myself get sucked into 'his distractions'.
that being said---today was about the most uphill ride I EVER had and it was intimidating wondering if he was going to scoot/explode---but we survived and nothing bad happened -SCORE. And I discovered that I could control his rhythm by softening my seat and hands--letting go of my own internal fears. My guy might not be big--but he is STRONG, Powerful and super Athletic and if he was an evil horse......thankfully, he is not is all I can say.
That's a really good point. The only time I've ever really felt the energy I'm feeling now was out of tension (in the woods or when he spots something scary) so now when I feel it I immediately relate it to "oh, something is going on" rather than this is just controlled energy and not tension or a potential explosion. Like I said earlier I guess I'm just learning to trust him and let it happen.
ETA it's not the same feeling (the scared tense horse vs what I'm feeling during collection) it's just that's they way my brain in interpreting it...for now.
I personally see two big leaps - Second Level to Third Level and then Intermediaire I to Intermediaire II.
Almost any breed and size (funky confirmation or soundness aside) can learn to perform the movements and requirements of Training through Second Level dressage. When you add the required engagement and uphill carriage, now confirmation comes a coefficient to the complete package and many horses top out at Second Level.
The difference between I1 and I2 is huge and I1 becomes the next ceiling many FEI horses hit. If you horse can do clean successful 2's, it's generally accepted that they can learn the 1's. It's the overall high level of collection (piaffe, passage, pirouettes included here) and full extension requirements that are often the tipping points between a sound I1 horse and an unsound GP horse.
I think the biggest thing that got missed my first trip up the ladder was a complete understanding of engagement and self-carriage.
Goodpony - you almost described my ride yesterday to a "T" - of course with my pony he is just 4 so we are not requiring 2nd level work yet from him - but he was giving me the most power he ever has - he was up in front, using his hind end ... if this is a taste of what is to come i think i will have a blast with him ;)
of course i ride in a very very scary arena - completely surrounded by trees and shrubs so you cant see out - and there are monsters in the bushes! (and that is true sometimes deer come bounding out!)
my trainer kept saying " if he is looking there he isnt working hard enough nor paying attention to you..... keep him focused on you - dont let him out - you need to trust him for him to trust you "
it ended up being one of "those" rides that i will remember for a while :)
Your Jack is a really nice boy - you must be very happy with him.
For those of us new to collection there will be a learning curve for the "feel" of what collection is and isn't. I'm not willing to turn the reins over to a trainer just yet, so progress is slower than what the experienced ammies could accomplish....so be it. :)
I am trying to avoid not understanding it enough. That's why I'm trying to take my time and do it correctly. It's so hard when you've never felt some of the things you start to feel. To me looking at upper level horses you just can't appreciate the power that's in there until you sit on it and I've never sat on it. :D
Much better (rider) preparation for the next level, IMO.
I actually prefer the posting trot being allowed at first, because I think many horses aren't ready for you to sit working gaits until after they develop collected gaits just for the strength of their topline.
We're really still only in first because of behavior issues, not ability to collect - and it has only become as my horse has gotten strong that I have felt like my sitting trot can enhance his working trot where before he seemed like he wasn't ready for working trot sitting.
Funny enough, the sprained back has somehow made sitting the trot easier... and it's only collecting which I have trouble doing. Bizarre.


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Patrick J. Mullen Sr.
A memorial Mass for Patrick J. Mullen Sr., 68, who passed away on July 10, 2013, will be held Saturday, July 27, 2013, at 10:45 a.m., at Sacred Heart Church in Lakewood. Father Dowdell will be the celebrant.
He was a Jamestown High School graduate, a veteran of the U.S. Navy serving during Vietnam, and had been employed for 45 years by the former Jamestown Perforators and retired from Dayton Progress in Dayton, Ohio.
He was a devoted Catholic at Sacred Heart Church, Lakewood, N.Y. He was a eucharistic minister and lector of the church.
He devoted much of his time to numerous charities. He was the recipient of the St. Joseph Award in Buffalo, N.Y., for all his volunteer work within the community. He was an avid sports fan and a car enthusiast with his son P.J. He loved life and continued to inspire those around him until the very end. He was loved by many and will be missed by all. "T.T.E.O.T."
He is survived by his wife of 46 years, Julie Palmieri Mullen; four children: Deborah Nieder (Brent Lykins), Linda (Daniel) Walls, Christine (Todd) LaTone and Patrick J. (Katie) Mullen Jr.; 10 grandchildren: Andrew, Curtis, Justin, Danielle, Sierra, Jacob, Maddisyn, Megan, Madison and Caleb; his brother, Henry Mullen; two sisters: Mary Waxham and Denise Mullen; and numerous nieces and nephews.
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Weight Watchers Apple Swirl Coffee Cake
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 0 mins
Given to me by WW leader. Good lowfat, low point desert. Sorry I don't remember how long this takes to bake. One serving is 3 points.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄4 cup sugar
- 2 teaspoons cinnamon
- 1 (18 ounce) package yellow cake mix
- 1 2⁄3 cups applesauce
- 3⁄4 cup Egg Beaters egg substitute
- Heat oven to 350.
- Blend sugar and cinnamon in a small bowl, set aside.
- Spray 10 inch tube or bunt pan with non stick spray.
- Dust pan with the sugar, cinnamon mixture.
- Blend cake mix, applesauce and egg beaters, and pour into pan.
- Bake.
Most Helpful
What a great recipe...I used Sugar Free Yellow Cake mix and it turned out great.
Fabulous cake! Turned out nice and moist. I ran this through the recipe builder on the WW website. It really is 3 pts per serving!
I made this today and calculated it myself. I cut back to 1/8 cup sugar and made 18 servings instead of 16 and it calculated to 5 points per serving. I followed the recipe exactly besides cutting out sugar. Not sure why it calculated higher?!?!?


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Lauren Branstetter '11 is now a graduate of Second City's conservatory and making her way in the comedy scene in Chicago and New York.


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No POST 05/29/2013
This review is from: Intel BOXDZ77BH55K LGA 1155 Intel Z77 HDMI, DP, SATA 6Gb/s USB 3.0 ATX Intel Motherboard
Will not POST. Memory error 32. Tried different memory in different configurations to no avail.
Other Thoughts:
Do not buy. This board is all over the forums about error 32 and no POST.
Did you find this review helpful? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


text: Mike Hopkins SU: Hopkins to succeed Boeheim in 3 years By Jason Smith • Jun 25, 2015 Ryan Delaney / WRVO file photo Syracuse University announced Thursday that assistant men's basketball coach Mike Hopkins will succeed head coach Jim Boeheim when Boeheim retires in three years. Hopkins played at Syracuse from 1989- 1993 and has been an assistant coach on the team since 1996. Mike Hopkins on The Campbell Conversations By Grant Reeher • Dec 8, 2013 The Syracuse University Men's Basketball Team is off to a good start this season, in its first season in the ACC. The team is 9-0 and ranked 4th in the nation after defeating Binghamton University on Saturday. On this week's edition of the Campbell Conversations, Grant Reeher talks with Mike Hopkins, SU associate head coach. Hopkins discusses how athletics and academics mix in big-time college sports, the recipes for success as a player and a coach, and how some aspects of the system might be improved. Full transcript of the interview:


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Date: 1906-08-26
Description: Exterior view of the punch table at a company picnic under trees. A man stands in the foreground looking at the camera while holding a knife, and the woman...
Date: 1936
Description: Southeast elevation of the Vanderpool farmhouse.
Date: 1936-12-02
Description: Exterior eastern view of Hawk's Inn.
Date: 1915
Description: Employees of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway in the company's Waukesha office. Left to right they are Carl Mix, Ruth McGeen, Clarence Mica (seat...
Date: 1984-07-07
Description: Steam locomotive No. 1385 moves along the tracks as part of the Butler Railroad Days.
Date: 1928 ca.
Description: Exterior view of the Oconomowoc Public Library, located in both the half-timbered (formerly the fire house) and the next building, with museum on the third...
Date: date unknown
Description: Waldheim Park Sanatorium boat house.
Date: 1920 ca.
Description: Cistercian Abbey of Cistercian Fathers, Our Lady of Spring Bank in winter. Formerly a resort hotel on Oconomowoc Lake, called Spring Bank.
Date: 1954
Description: A handout urging citizens to re-elect Republican candidate Michael Lombardi for Sheriff of Waukesha County. He was re-elected, and served the statutory lim...
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: Front entrance detail of the Vanderpool farmhouse.
Description: Ed Westrick, the president of Genesse Trailmakers Club, and his family pose on their snowmobiles on a lawn.
Date: 1933
Description: Alfred Lunt stands at the edge of a table holding a beverage, near Lynn Fontanne who is sitting, in the kitchen of the cottage at their Ten Chimneys estate...
Date: 1870
Description: Stereograph view of Oconomowoc.
Description: Exterior view of the house and yard.
Date: 1987-05-28
Description: A Parks Department employee pushes a mower up a steep hill to keep Buchner Park maintained.
Date: 1933 ca.
Description: Students standing in front of Hillcrest School, a one-room school in Waukesha County.
Date: 1955-06-26
Description: Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Braatz top off the 26-layer wedding cake that Mrs. Braatz made for their daughter's wedding.
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Waldheim Sanatorium, front view with a woman sitting on front porch.
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Exterior of Draper Hall.
Date: 1970 ca.
Description: This map shows lots, house numbers, institutional buildings, and cemeteries. The bottom of the map includes indexes to streets, points of interest and inst...
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