text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 2004
|Filing date
|Nov 26, 2001
|Priority date
|Oct 10, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James M. Barton
|Original Assignee
|Tivo, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (34), Classifications (23), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/054,604 filed Apr. 3, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,418, which claims benefit of 60/061,693 filed Oct. 10, 1997.
1. Technical Field
The invention relates to digital signal processing. More particularly, the invention relates to a family of methods which provide for the pass through or capture of linear streams of digital information represented in various formats.
2. Description of the Prior Art
With the advent of consumer audio and video products that employ sophisticated digital signal processing techniques it is becoming necessary to find ways to exploit the full potential of digital technology. For example, it would be desirable to provide methods for the pass through or capture of linear streams of digital information represented in various formats, while at the same time providing the appearance to the consumer of a locally stored digital stream that allows for the repositioning and playback of virtual segments of the apparently local digital stream.
A mechanical device which performs some of these functions is the Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), which uses a magnetic tape to store the information. The inherently linear nature of tape leads to functions such as rewind, fast forward, and pause. However, a VCR cannot both capture and play back information at the same time, so it cannot be used to implement this capability.
Linear streams of information are a fixture of modern life. Consider broadcast radio stations, broadcast television stations, satellite broadcasts, cable television, video tapes, and compact disks. Increasingly, such information is represented in a fashion suitable for manipulation by automated electronic hardware, such as computers or media decoders. For example, the Direct Video Broadcast (DVB) standards address digital broadcasting from satellites, terrestrial stations, and cable television systems. Even analog broadcasts, such as normal NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) broadcasts from familiar local stations, may be captured and digitized in real time by modern equipment, making them appear to be linear digital streams.
Though such streams never terminate, and an individual viewer of the stream is unable to effect directly how such streams are delivered, it is desirable to provide the illusion for the consumer that recent portions of the stream are stored locally in some manner, such that typical VCR-like functions can be performed on the stream, e.g. pause, rewind, and fast forward. The desire for this capability arises from the fact that the schedule and timing of the broadcast almost never matches the needs of the individual viewer. For instance, the viewer may wish to stop the stream for a few moments to discipline an unruly child. Or perhaps the viewer's attention was distracted from the stream for a few moments, causing him to miss a critical scene, in which case the viewer would like to rewind to the point he missed and play it again.
Ideally, a device local to the viewer should capture the entire stream as it is being broadcast and store it in some manner. For example, if two video tape recorders are available, it might be possible to Ping-Pong between the two. In this case, the first recorder is started at the beginning of the program of interest. If the viewer wishes to rewind the broadcast, the second recorder begins recording, while the first recorder is halted, rewound to the appropriate place, and playback initiated. However, at least a third video tape recorder is required if the viewer wishes to fast forward to some point in time after the initial rewind was requested. In this case, the third recorder starts recording the broadcast stream while the second is halted and rewound to the appropriate position. Continuing this exercise, one can quickly see that the equipment becomes unwieldy, unreliable, expensive, and hard to operate, while never supporting all desired functions. In addition, tapes are of finite length, and may potentially end at inconvenient times, drastically lowering the value of the solution.
It is possible to implement this capability using a digital computer, where digital streams are stored in some fashion analogous to video tape and where the computer performs the switching between the various virtual tape decks. Even using a digital computer, this strategy suffers from the same weaknesses as the physical system above. It would be desirable to avoid these issues by providing a technique for storing the streams of information on a temporary basis.
When using a digital computer to perform any technique which achieves this functionality, there are a number of issues which must be taken into account for proper operation. The first of these is storage of the broadcast stream. Within a digital computer, a stream of information is represented as a sequence of blocks of digital data. For example, when encoding an NTSC television broadcast stream, each field of analog data is converted to a block of 8-bit digital samples representing the field. If the analog signal is faithfully represented, each digital block contains approximately 0.5 MB of data, one second of video requires approximately 30 MB of storage, and 30 seconds of video requires approximately 900 MB of storage, greater than the capacity of a compact disc. Manipulation of video in this form clearly becomes unworkable when any useful length of stored video is contemplated.
As an example, consider U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,46, which concerns the use of a magneto-optic disk for the storage of broadcast television transmissions. The amount of storage available on such media is currently about 5 to 10 gigabytes, which is sufficient for approximately 5 seconds of video storage—clearly insufficient. In addition, the device disclosed does not permit the simultaneous recording and playback of the same program.
Limited storage capacity is dealt with by compressing the video stream using an algorithm, typically one of the MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) standard algorithms, which can achieve a useful compression of 100:1 in many instances. MPEG video is represented as a sequence of Groups Of Pictures (GOPS), in which each GOP begins with an index frame, called the I-frame. The I-frame is a block of digital data which is compressed using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and other techniques, similar to the still-picture Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) standard.
The GOP may represent up to 15 additional frames by providing a much smaller block of digital data that indicates how small portions of the I-frame, referred to as macroblocks, move over time. Thus, MPEG achieves it's compression by assuming that only small portions of an image change over time, making the representation of these additional frames extremely compact.
Unlike the uncompressed data example above, or examples based on video tape recording, each frame is thus represented as a variable length block of binary data. Additionally, although GOPs have no relationship between themselves, the frames within a GOP have a specific relationship which builds off the initial I-frame. Thus, any method which stores a digitized stream and allows random access to the stored information must take into account the variable (and unpredictable) data sizes involved, as well as be cognizant of the relationships between blocks of the stream.
A second issue for a digital computer based implementation of such methods is that multiple streams of information must be handled in parallel. For example, a broadcast stream is actually composed of at least two unique sequences of information, i.e. a stream of digital blocks representing the visual image and a stream of digital blocks representing the audible image. If the audio effect is instead stereo, then two audio streams are included, each unique. A broadcast signal may have additional data, such as the Secondary Audio Program (SAP), where the stream of information is a translation of the audio signal to a different language. Another stream which may be present is the Closed Caption (CC) stream, which provides a textual representation of spoken language in the audio stream(s). The simple broadcast stream described earlier may therefore have at least five different components, each one compressed using different techniques. When presenting this complex stream to a viewer, the blocks of each stream must be decoded at appropriate times for the compression methods involved and synchronized with the presentation of all other streams.
Also of interest are digital broadcasting technologies, such as DVB. A DVB channel is formed in an MPEG2 Transport Multiplex, which is an encoding scheme that provides for interleaving any number of discrete streams of digital information into a single stream of digital data, using techniques based on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The example television signal above can be encoded into a DVB channel using five discrete streams, leaving additional capacity for other streams.
There is increasing interest in adding additional information streams to a standard broadcast signal. For instance, it may be desirable to transmit audio channels in several different languages in parallel with the video stream. Or, perhaps information that is interpreted as a Web page is broadcast in such a way as to be synchronized with the video to provide a multimedia presentation. The number of streams which must be synchronized may be arbitrary, and each stream may be represented using different and unique storage and compression techniques which have their own synchronization requirements and inter-frame relationships.
Any methods which provide functionality similar to that described above using some form of digital computer must contain techniques which resolve these issues.
The methods and apparatus described herein implement a novel and unique facility that provides for the manipulation of a continuous stream of digital information as if it supported random access and variable rate presentation on demand by the consumer of the stream. The possible operations on the data stream are limited only by the storage capacity and IO bandwidth of the system which implements the apparatus and methods, whether that storage be volatile, such as DRAM, or non-volatile, such as hard disk storage, or a combination of both. The apparatus and methods support operations, sometimes referred to as virtual VCR functions, such as pause, rewind, fast forward, and play, as well as more sophisticated and unique operations, such as play faster, play slower, and play in reverse. Additionally, the apparatus and methods described herein provide a mechanism whereby such operations are instantaneous from the point of view of the consumer of the data stream, unlike in mechanical systems. The apparatus and methods also support the ability to capture portions of the data stream which are temporarily held by the apparatus, such that this captured data can be stored or sent over a network in formats suitable for presenting the data to other consumers, or for editing and manipulation by other tools or methods.
The invention provides a method and apparatus for providing pass through or capture of continuous linear streams of digital information represented in various formats while providing the appearance of a locally stored stream. The preferred embodiment of the invention comprises at least one media cache for copying blocks of data from the information stream. Data in the media cache can be viewed as a snapshot of the continuous stream of digital information. The invention also comprises a playback pointer. The playback pointer position selects a portion of the media cache that is to be accessed to provide functions including any of pause, rewind, fast forward, play, play faster, play slower, and play in reverse.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a continuous media buffer according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of a system incorporating a continuous media buffer according to the invention; and
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram showing the operation of a linear cache according to the invention.
The invention contemplates a new and unique apparatus for transforming and manipulating continuous streams of digital information using the methods and techniques described herein.
FIG. 1 provides a general overview of how the preferred embodiment of the invention operates on a continuous stream of data. In particular, one or more media caches 10 copy blocks of data from an information stream 12. The position of a playback pointer 14 selects a portion of the media cache that is to be accessed, thus allowing such functions as pause, rewind, fast forward, and play, as well as more sophisticated and unique operations, such as play faster, play slower, and play in reverse.
The apparatus is independent of the format of the underlying digital data stream. To apply the invention, it is only necessary that the underlying data stream is composed of a number of discrete blocks of data, and that only a small set of attributes are associated with each block. The data blocks themselves may be of arbitrary size and format. It is assumed that processes specialized to a data source or to a decoding operation may proceed freely within the context of the invention, indirectly controlled by the methods described herein.
FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred embodiment of this invention. While the example in FIG. 2 is provided in connection with an MPEG stream of information, it should be appreciated that the invention is readily applied to any digital stream of information.
Manipulation and transformation of a data stream is performed in the invention by a combination of the following elements:
1. The Buffer Controller (201) is the main management device. It accepts external requests (generated, for instance, from a remote control device) for operations on the digital stream and, in turn, generates appropriate control messages for the other devices of the invention;
2. The Stream Clock (202) provides a general device for synchronizing operations on a set of linear caches, such that multiple streams of data which must be presented in a synchronized fashion are correctly positioned, and that they present their data at consistent delivery rates;
3. The Linear Cache (204) is a general device for buffering the information contained in a stream of digital information, such that the data in the cache can be viewed as a snapshot of the continuous stream of digital data; and
4. The Clip Capture (203) device is a general mechanism for capturing all or part of a cached set of information streams and presenting the resulting data as an organized stream of data to a data sink such as, for example, a computer file system or another display device.
The following sections describe each of the foregoing components, and how they interact, in detail.
Buffer Controller
The Buffer Controller (BC) module is responsible for instantiating the methods that provide for operation of the invention for any particular stream of data. The preferred embodiment of the invention includes one Stream Clock (SC) module, zero or more Clip Capture (CC) modules, and one or more Linear Cache (LC) stream modules. Operation of the invention preferably relies on designating one of the LC streams as the key stream. All positioning of playback from the LCs is based on first positioning the key stream, and then using the final position of that stream to position all other streams properly. For example, if the key stream is an MPEG video stream, then positioning is based on aligning the current block pointer to the beginning of an MPEG Group Of Pictures (GOP). Once the key stream is positioned, the BC repositions all other streams to be synchronized with the key stream.
The BC is also responsible for controlling the clock rate of the Stream Clock, which operates as described below. The rate at which the SC delivers clock events to the Linear Caches is based on the rate specified by the BC. Thus, the BC can speed up or slow down the playback of the entire collection of streams by requesting the SC to adjust its clock rate.
Finally, the BC is responsible for initiating clip capture operations using the Clip Capture method.
Stream Clock
The Stream Clock provides a central synchronization facility that distributes time-based events to a number of LCs. Each stream of information in a broadcast program is encoded using different techniques, each technique having unique notions of, for example, block size, data format, and presentation time stamps for decoding. For instance, in the time it takes for a single MPEG video frame to be decoded and presented, there may be several MPEG audio frames to be decoded and presented. The Stream Clock distributes events to each LC at the proper rate for that LC.
The Stream Clock uses a single queue for managing events to be distributed using standard, prior art techniques that are familiar to those skilled in the art of building time-based software systems.
Operation of the Stream Clock is detailed below.
Events are not queued with an absolute time, but with the relative offset from the previously queued event. The first event in the queue is marked with a time which is the offset from the current time. The Stream Clock then requests that the underlying operating system invoke a call out when that amount of time has passed, e.g. the SC queues a timer event. When the call out is invoked, the SC dispatches the first clock event and then each succeeding event whose offset is zero, i.e. each event that is to occur at the same time as the previous event.
Each event in the queue is also marked with a time interval and the absolute time of the data stream that the next event should occur. After a queued event is dispatched, the absolute time of the next event is composed by adding the time interval to the previous absolute time. The difference between this time and the current absolute time determines the delay before this event should be repeated. The event is then added to the queue at the appropriate position for the event's next occurrence. This strategy insures that even if some delay occurs in dispatching the event, following events occur at the proper time. After all events with a offset of zero have been processed, the SC queues a new timer event at the offset to the first waiting event, after which the above process repeats.
The decoupling of the absolute clock value and the actual dispatching of clock events is critical in implementing some of the unique and novel aspects of the invention, e.g. the ability to control easily the rate at which playback of the stream occurs. When initially created, the SC records a value referred to as the rate multiplier, which is initially set to one. Whenever the SC requests the underlying operating system to queue a timer event, the actual time delay requested is multiplied by the rate multiplier. A rate multiplier greater than one results in faster playback of the stream, while a multiplier of less than one results in a slower playback of the stream.
For the LCs to position themselves properly (see below), the same rate multiplier must be used to modify the Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) stored in each block when calculating positioning. Thus, the SC makes a small set of functions available to the LC which perform comparisons and operations on PTS values, after properly synchronizing those values with the rate multiplier stored in the SC.
The combination of the Stream Clock, with independent event generation for each LC and the ability to modify logically the rate at which all events are dispatched using a single value provides a novel and unique application of common time-based software design techniques.
The Linear Cache
A key component of the invention is the Linear Cache (LC). The LC is used to store a single stream of digital information in proper sequence. The LC maintains this stream as a list of the digital blocks that make up the stream, and assumes that each block has a unique size and attributes. Each block within the stream is marked with a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) which indicates when that block should be presented to the decoding process, be it hardware or software. The PTS is a monotonically increasing value initialized to zero when the LC first begins operation on a stream, and is not related to any time stamps defined by the underlying stream encoding technique except that once the LC begins operation, there is a constant offset between the PTS stored in the LC and any time stamps stored within the encoded digital blocks. It is assumed that the decoding process properly handles embedded time stamps. FIG. 3 gives a pictorial overview of the preferred embodiment of the Linear Cache.
The capture mechanism for a particular stream type gives each encoded digital block to the LC as it arrives (301). The LC marks that block with the current PTS for the stream. The LC maintains a window (302), which is defined as the maximum time, based on PTS values, between when the newest block in the LC arrived and the oldest block which the LC may hold. Thus, the window represents a time span into the past history of the stream. The LC discards blocks which fall outside the window (303), thus the window allows one to look a fixed distance into the past history of a stream. This mechanism allows choices and tradeoffs between available storage space and the availability of past information for viewing.
The capture mechanism is responsible for providing certain attributes along with each new block (304). The first of these is the key frame attribute, which indicates that this block begins a sequence of interrelated blocks. When performing random access operations on a stream, the LC only allows positioning of the stream to a block marked as a key frame. The second is the End Of Segment (EOS) attribute, which indicates that the stream has ended, and no more data are to be presented. For example, the I-frame of an MPEG GOP is marked as a key frame by the capture mechanism, but all other blocks are not so marked.
The LC maintains an indication of the next block to be presented to the decoding process, which is referred to as the current block indicator (305). For normal viewing, this block is the block last added to the LC by the capture mechanism. Thus, the stream is presented live, with at most a one-frame time delay between capture and presentation.
Random access to the information stream is achieved by moving the current block indicator to some other block in the LC. If the LC is requested to move the indicator, and the current block indicated is not a key frame, the LC instructs the decoding process to reset its decoding state, thus purging any partially constructed presentation data. For example, if the current frame is an MPEG predictive frame (P-frame), then the decoding process has state information, including the current picture to be modified by the P-frame. This data must be purged so that the decoder begins in the proper state.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the BC requests repositioning of an LC by specifying a PTS value. The LC finds the block containing a PTS which is closest to that requested by the BC. There are two unique cases for repositioning: the first, if the LC is marked as the key stream, and the second when it is not.
If the LC is marked as a key stream, the LC scans the blocks in the cache to find the key frame which is nearest to the requested PTS value, searching both before and after the desired value. Once properly positioned, the LC returns to the BC the PTS of the key frame block which was identified.
Following positioning of the key stream, the BC instructs each remaining stream to position itself to the PTS returned by the key-stream. Key frames in other LCs may not align with those in the key stream. Each LC handles this problem by requesting the decoding process to purge any decoding state, and then stores an indication that suppresses the LC from actually presenting blocks to the decoding process.
Following this, the LC behaves normally, accepting clock events and advancing the current block indicator to match, except that the blocks are not actually presented to the decoding process. When the LC encounters a key frame, it deletes the indication suppressing presentation of blocks, and presents the current block to the decoding process. This brings the stream into full synchronization with the key stream.
The following subsections describe in detail how positioning operations are handled by the LC.
The forward function is implemented by moving the current block indicator forward through the cache by one block for each event generated by the Stream Clock. Each successive block in the cache is given to the decoding process for presentation as clock events are dispatched by the SC. A rate multiplier of one causes the current block indicator to move forward one block in the LC at the same rate as new blocks are added to the LC by the capture process. Conceptually, the current block indicator points to the same position in the cache, while the window of cached blocks moves beneath it. From the perspective of the consumer of a stream, this results in play out at a fixed delay from real time.
There exists a rate at which the decoding process may not be able to present a block to the consumer before decoding of the next block must begin, i.e. the decoder can not keep up with the playback rate requested. The LC recognizes this case, and reverts to a key frame based method, where intermediate blocks are skipped and only key frames are presented to the decoder.
The current block indicator can not be positioned to an uncached block. If the rate multiplier indicates a rate greater than one, then the current block indicator eventually moves to the front of the cache. In this case, the key frame LC indicates to the BC that no more blocks are present in the cache. The BC resets the SC rate multiplier to one, and each LC positions the current block indicator to the latest cached block. The effect of this operation is to revert to undelayed play out of the actual information stream.
The reverse function is implemented by moving the current block indicator backwards through the cache by one block for each clock event generated by the SC. Again, the key stream LC is used to control positioning. The BC instructs each LC to move to reverse mode, in which the current block indicator is moved backwards one block on each clock event. In addition, this mode causes the LC to suppress presentation of all but key frames to the decoding process. When the current block indicator is moved over a key frame, the block is presented to the decoding process.
The rate at which blocks are presented to the decoding process is controlled by the rate multiplier in the Stream Clock, allowing for arbitrary speed of reverse operation.
The current block indicator can not be moved past the oldest block in the cache. If a clock event would result in moving the current block indicator past the earliest block, then the indicator is set to that block, and play out continues as described above. The key frame LC indicates to the BC that the oldest cached block was reached. The BC resets the SC rate multiplier to one, and each LC positions the current block indicator to the oldest cached block. Externally, it appears as if the stream began playing in a forward direction again, time delayed by the window size.
The BC implements the pause function by locking the current block indicator in the key stream LC to that block. The LC can only lock the indicator to a key frame block, thus it searches forward for such a block in the cache. If no key frame is present, the LC stores an indication that a lock has been requested. When the capture process presents a key frame, the LC thus recognizes that the lock was requested, and locks the current block indicator to that key frame. The LC also presents this key frame to the decoding process, such that proper positioning, from the decoding process point of view, is maintained. Following this, as new blocks are added to the front of the cache, the block indicated moves backwards in the cache. Additionally, the LC sets the indicator suppressing further presentation of data to the decoding process.
For each non-key-stream LC, the BC simply suppresses further presentation of data blocks to the decoding process. The BC may be requested to release the pause (i.e. to play the stream). In this case, the BC obtains the PTS of the current block (as modified by the SC rate multiplier) from the key stream LC, and directs each remaining LC to position appropriately as described above. It then releases the lock on each LC, resulting in presentation of blocks to the decoding processes.
It is possible that the window moves past the block to which the indicator is locked because capture of the incoming stream is continuous. In this case, the indicator is unlocked and the left pointing at the earliest block in the cache. This gives the external effect of automatic release of the pause, similar to the behavior of a VCR, which releases the pause to avoid excessive wear on the tape and playback heads.
Get Clip
This function is used to extract a range of blocks from the cache. There are two modes in which it operates: relative mode and absolute mode.
As discussed above, the cached blocks appear as a linear list of blocks in presentation order. The getclip( ) function returns a pointer to a cached block, plus a count of the number of blocks that make up the range. This information is referred to as a clip. For efficiency sake, the pointer returned directly indicates a cached block, and the following blocks are retrieved by following the next block link in each cached block. This list is only valid if the first block pointed to and all succeeding blocks remain cached until the caller has completed its operation on the clip.
The LC has the following behavior to avoid invalidating blocks which are part of a clip: the getclip( ) function sets an indicator in the LC that suppresses discarding blocks which fall outside the window. This indicator is cleared when the releaseclip( ) function is called. The releaseclip( ) function also trims the cache to the window size.
The result of this sequence is that the number of blocks in the LC may temporarily increase. It is the responsibility of the caller of the getclip( ) function to operate on the clip as rapidly as possible because storage space for cached blocks is a limited resource. However, this strategy allows a clip to be captured without interfering with the ongoing playback of blocks from the LC, which avoids presenting the consumer of the blocks with any artifacts of the capture operation.
In relative mode, the clip to be captured is specified as two numbers, the first representing an offset from the current block indicator into previous blocks in the cache, and the second representing an offset from the current block indicator into subsequent blocks in the cache. The offset in both cases is expressed as a time differential from the PTS stored in the current block. For instance, a capture operation might occur from five seconds before the current block to ten seconds after the current block. No uncached blocks may be indicated by the getclip( ) operation. Thus, the LC trims the actual clip returned to match the blocks available in the cache.
In absolute mode, the clip to be captured is specified as two numbers, the first representing an absolute time stamp based on when the LC began operation, and the second representing a time offset from that value, which may be a negative offset (indicating a distance backwards in the cache) or a positive value (indicating distance forwards in the cache). The clip is returned as described above, and trimmed as necessary. This also implies that getclip( ) can return an empty list of blocks if no block in the cache is within the time window described.
Clip Capture
The Clip Capture module is responsible for selecting ranges of blocks from a set of LCs, bringing them together into an appropriate storage or transmission format, and saving or sending them as needed. This collection of blocks from multiple LCs is also referred to as a clip. The Clip Capture operation is invoked by the BC on external request.
There are two ways in which this request may be made:
First, the BC may indicate that capture should occur based on the current block indicator in the key stream LC, which is referred to as a relative capture, in which case a relative range of capture is specified.
Second, the BC may indicate an absolute range, in which case only blocks marked with a PTS inclusive in that range are captured. This is referred to as an absolute capture.
The operation of the Clip Capture module is straightforward. For each LC, the CC module calls the getclip( ) function of that LC with parameters as directed by the BC. The Clip Capture module then linearizes the blocks into a multiplexed stream appropriate for the final clip format desired. For example, it might generate an MPEG System Stream, interleaving blocks from the various LCs as needed.
This interleaving is conceptually simple. The CC loops through each clip obtained from an LC, choosing the block with the earliest PTS from among all clips, outputting the block as appropriate, and advancing the block pointer for that clip to the next block. When all the blocks from all clips are exhausted, the capture operation is complete. The CC then loops through all LCs calling the releaseclip( ) function.
Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the claims included below.
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|Jan 3, 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for synchronizing in-memory caches while being updated by a high rate data stream
|Sep 4, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Chien-Chung Huang
|Personal video recorder having improved data access and method thereof
|May 19, 2008
|Nov 19, 2009
|Bruce Gordon Fuller
|Display system with user options
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 8, 2007
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[Video] Trailer released for the upcoming Korean movie "A Fish"
Trailer released for the upcoming Korean movie "A Fish"
"A Fish" (2011)
Directed by Park Hong-min
With Lee Jang-hoon, Kim Seon-bin, Choi So-eun,...
Professor Lee has walked out on his students in mid-class. Now he's driving south to rendez-vous with the seedy gumshoe he hired to track down his missing wife. His mouth is very, very dry. Things are not going well. Apparently his wife has been initiated as a shaman; Lee himself feels like he's losing touch with reality. And the detective seems to be a psychotic menace: he has a violent altercation with the captain of a ferryboat, and does and says odd things. By the time the two men reach the shamanist enclave on Jindo Island, Lee is so baffled by the weird people he's met and so disorientated, he might as well be in Twin Peaks
Park Hongmin's mystery thriller (originally shot in perfect, homemade 3-D, but we sadly can't screen that version) is a phenomenal achievement: it's skillfully plotted, designed and cast and delivers more frissons-per-minute than most Hollywood neo-noirs. As it goes along, the elements of mystery proliferate: who exactly are the two guys fishing from a platform on the sea and speculating about the dreams of fish? The respectful depiction of shamanism makes it very upcoming Korean, but the psychological issues it raises are absolutely universal. Not exactly a genre movie, but not exactly "arthouse" either, A Fish is startlingly different from other recent indie features. The latest wave in upcoming Korean cinema starts here.
Release date in Korea : 2013/01/31


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Cranberry Cream Cheese Muffins Recipe
The sweet creamy filling in these cranberry muffins makes them popular at my house. The tender treats also have a crispy sugar topping that is bound to be a hit. -Sharon Hartman, Twin Falls, Idaho
- 1 package (3 ounces) cream cheese, softened
- 4 tablespoons sugar, divided
- 1 package (15.6 ounces) cranberry-orange quick bread mix
- 1 cup milk
- 1/3 cup canola oil
- 1 egg
- 1. In a small bowl, beat cream cheese and 2 tablespoons sugar until smooth; set aside. Place the bread mix in another bowl. Combine the milk, oil and egg; stir into bread mix just until moistened.
- 2. Fill paper-lined muffin cups one-fourth full with batter. Place 2 teaspoons cream cheese mixture in the center of each; top with remaining batter. Sprinkle with remaining sugar.
- 3. Bake at 400° for 18-20 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool for 5 minutes before removing from pan to a wire rack. Serve warm. Yield: 1 dozen.
Nutritional Facts
1 each: 272 calories, 14g fat (4g saturated fat), 36mg cholesterol, 210mg sodium, 33g carbohydrate (22g sugars, 1g fiber), 4g protein.
Reviews for Cranberry Cream Cheese Muffins
Reviewed Aug. 4, 2011
"These muffins are fabulous! I've been making them for years and I get asked for the recipe every time someone new tries them. The only problem now, is that I'm starting to have a hard time finding the quick bread mix."
Reviewed Dec. 26, 2010
"am looking for recipes that are homemade, not box made, plus canola oil should be substituted for coconut oil, much healthier."
© 2017 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|"james strachan (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (AMQ-992) MySQL doesn't honor lock in JDBC Master Slave configuration?
|Wed, 25 Oct 2006 14:53:02 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/activemq/browse/AMQ-992?page=comments#action_37280 ] james strachan commented on AMQ-992: ------------------------------------ I wonder if some SQL statement like the following works for MysQL... LOCK TABLE foo IN ACCESS EXCLUSIVE MODE; > MySQL doesn't honor lock in JDBC Master Slave configuration? > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > Key: AMQ-992 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/activemq/browse/AMQ-992 > Project: ActiveMQ > Issue Type: Bug > Affects Versions: 4.1 > Environment: RHEL 4 > MySQL 4.x, 5.x > mysql-ab_jdbc_driver > Reporter: Steven Lotito > Attachments: mysql_obtain_lock.txt > > > I have been attempting to get the new 4.1 JDBC Master Slave configuration working with MySQL. > The log from the first broker to start up states: > 2006-10-18 09:35:08,558 [main ] INFO DefaultDatabaseLocker - Attempting to acquire the exclusive lock to become the Master broker > 2006-10-18 09:35:08,559 [main ] INFO DefaultDatabaseLocker - Becoming the master on dataSource: org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource@136d9d8 > The 2nd broker to start up has an identical message and both brokers listen for connections. > The 2nd broker should be waiting for the lock and NOT accepting connections, if I understand http://www.activemq.org/site/jdbc-master-slave.html correctly... > Oracle exhibits the expected behavior: > When running the exact same configuration (except using an Oracle datasource), the first broker has the same log message as above, while the 2nd broker halts at the "Attempting to acquire the exclusive lock to become the Master broker" message until I fail the master. Then it becomes the master. > Is this a known issue? I was able to replicate it using both MySql 4 and 5 (trying both the MySQL Connector/J 3.1 and MySQL Connector/J 5.0 drivers) -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - If you think it was sent incorrectly contact one of the administrators: https://issues.apache.org/activemq/secure/Administrators.jspa - For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
|View raw message


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"The Kid Dancer" aka "Dancy Pants" is our very beautiful, very athletic, very sweet herd-stallion. Our first two foal crops by him are on the ground and they are wonderful! He has a great, loving, gentle personality and is very smart and willing, as are his foals! He throws his tovero pattern!!
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We are located in the Northern West Central Mountains of New Mexico, due West of Albuquerque on I-40. We have a small herd of crossbred cattle, guard llamas and a select herd of well-bred, carefully-chosen mares. We currently stand our 2012 AQHA Stallion "California Wood" and our 2012 large-standard spotted jack, "Smitty." Woodie is homozygous black, one agouti and 5-panel genetic tested NN across the board.... (read more)
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Celtic need to better Benfica's result tonight to go through, although fortunately for them the Portuguese side go to Barcelona while they host Spartak Moscow.
"I think we've got to go for it," said Celtic's manager. "This is their moment and they might never get this opportunity again. I am not going to put any extra pressure on the players, I just want them to go and play as we can at home on a European night. Aggressively and with a good tempo to the game."
More about...
What is your opinion? Feel free to discuss the article under. You have to comment by using your Facebook profile. Be fair and have respect for other people and opinions!
Summer 2016 is set to be a very exciting time for football fans, as this is when the long awaited Euro 2016 tournament kicks off.
Since Guus Hiddink arrived at the helm, Chelsea have improved considerably after a tricky start to the campaign.


text:
Bill highlights
Highlights of the bill
Each congressional district must:
1. Have relatively equal population
2. Comply with Voting Rights Act regulations
3. Be geographically contiguous and compact
4. Respect county, city, municipality, neighborhood or "community of interest" boundaries
5. Follow visible geographic features
Source: Rep. Alan
Lowenthal's office
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Graphics chip company Nvidia (NASDAQ:NVDA) reported strong growth in its second fiscal quarter, with both revenue and net income rising in the double-digits year-over-year. The PC market improved during the quarter according to Gartner, and this no doubt helped Nvidia's results, but strong growth in both the mobile market and the enterprise market were also a factor. The stock rose around 8% the following day, and it seems that the troubles that rival Advanced Micro Devices (NYSE:AMD) is currently struggling with aren't negatively affecting Nvidia.
Earnings overview
Here is a table of the relevant GAAP figures from Nvidia's earnings report:
($ in millions except EPS)
Gross margin
+30 bps
Operating expenses
Net income
Diluted EPS
Earnings were able to grow much faster than revenue thanks to Nvidia's efforts to keep operating expenses down. OPEX grew by just 4% year-over-year, much slower than the 13% revenue growth, and this contributed to the massive rise in net income.
One reason why Nvidia has been able to keep costs down is its recent consolidation of graphics architectures. The Tegra line of mobile processors were previously based on a distinct architecture, different from the architecture behind Nvidia's PC GPUs. With the most recent version of Tegra, the Tegra K1, Nvidia has moved its mobile processors to the same line of PC architectures, and this allows Nvidia's R&D to have a narrower focus, leading to efficiencies and lower relative costs.
Nvidia's GPU business, which is comprised of products aimed at the PC and the enterprise, grew by 2% year-over-year, with gaming GPUs under the GTX brand growing by 10%. Nvidia's enterprise products also grew sequentially, according to the company's conference call, including Quadro, Nvidia's professional graphics product, Tesla, aimed at high-performance computing, and GRID, Nvidia's GPU virtualization platform.
Nvidia's mobile Tegra business grew by 200% year-over-year, a rapid rise helped by sales from the same period last year being depressed. Nvidia has recently shifted the focus of its mobile business away from being a general-purpose supplier and toward specialization in key areas. One of those areas, automotive, grew by 74% year-over-year and auto makers are increasingly choosing Nvidia to power in-car displays.
Strong guidance and future opportunities
Nvidia expects third quarter revenue to come in at $1.2 billion, a nearly 14% rise year-over-year. Gross margin is expected to decline sequentially to between 55.2% and 55.5%, driven by continued growth of Tegra, which carries lower gross margins than the company average. GAAP operating expenses are expected to be $463 million, a 4.5% year-over-year increase, and the difference between OPEX growth and revenue growth should lead to earnings growth which again outpaces revenue growth.
All of Nvidia's markets are growing, and the company is avoiding some of the pitfalls that is plaguing AMD. During AMD's earnings report, the company reported both a sequential and year-over-year decline in its discrete GPU sales. According to Nvidia, the PC gaming market is growing, so AMD's poor results are somewhat surprising. The strong demand for Nvidia's higher-end GTX gaming GPUs is a good indication that AMD is unable to win any market share from Nvidia, and that Nvidia may actually be winning market share from AMD.
The enterprise market is also a source of growth for Nvidia. The world's 15 most energy efficient supercomputers are all powered by Nvidia's Tesla GPUs, and given that Nvidia's proprietary CUDA platform is used to harness the power of Tesla, there is a stickiness to Nvidia's enterprise products that should help the company maintain its market share going forward.
Growth in the mobile market exploded during the second quarter, and Nvidia has made great progress in creating markets for its mobile Tegra chips. In the automotive market, Tegra can be used for both in-car displays and driver assistance features, and Nvidia is aiming to make its GPUs the brains behind the autonomous cars of the future.
Google's Project Tango, a mobile device which uses sensors to create a 3D map of the environment in real-time, also is a potential source of growth for Nvidia's Tegra. The latest Tango device is powered by Nvidia's Tegra K1, and LG plans to bring a consumer version to market in 2015.
Nvidia's strong guidance isn't surprising given the slew of growth opportunities, and with expenses being kept in check, earnings can continue to rise significantly going forward.
Nvidia reported solid second quarter earnings, and any concerns that AMD's GPU issues would affect Nvidia seem to have been laid to rest. Nvidia is an example of a company that does one thing and does it well, a contrast to AMD's scattershot approach, and the growth opportunities available to the company should allow earnings to grow rapidly in the coming years.
Disclosure: The author is long NVDA. The author wrote this article themselves, and it expresses their own opinions. The author is not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). The author has no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


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Epson A62B131101 Epson DP-110 Display stand cool white for Epson DMD110, DMD110BA, DMD110BB, DMD110BC, DMD110BDThe 2x20 character format dot-matrix panel gives the DM-D series ample power to convey your message. The wide viewing angle of the vacuum-fluorescent panel and the clear display, plus a tilt and swivel head that can be adjusted to any position make these displays supremely easy to read. In addition, the high-speed data transfer rate of up to 115200 bps enables speedy display of information while the built-in flash memory supports extensive fonts.
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Customer Gallery - See our customer gallery
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Cost of Living Index (COLI)
The Greater Flagstaff Chamber gathers pricing information for a cost-of-living report every year which is compiled by the Council for Community and Economic Research (C2ER) to create the national cost of living index.
According to the cumulative report for the second quarter of 2016, the Flagstaff composite cost of living index was 114.1, or 14.1% more than the national average. The composite index reflects pricing in six categories: housing, groceries, utilities, transportation, health care and miscellaneous goods and services.
Each category is weighted differently:
- Composite Index Housing (27.80% of Composite)
- Groceries (13.96% of Composite)
- Utilities (10.23% of Composite)
- Transportation (12.12% of Composite)
- Health Care (4.41% of Composite)
- Misc. (31.48% of Composite)
Composite Index (Overall Cost of Living)
More Flagstaff Cost of Living Data
Grocery Items Index
Housing Cost Index
Utilities Index
Transportation Index
Health Care Index
Misc. Goods & Services Index
The quarterly Cost of Living Index is available by subscription for $165 per year. A copy of the report is available to Chamber members for review at the Chamber offices.


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Li-Lac Chocolates
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Li-Lac Chocolates is Manhattan's oldest chocolate house - a New York tradition since 1923. We make old-world artisan chocolate in small batches using original recipes, time-honored techniques, and quality ingredients. Our selection of fresh chocolate - more than 140 items - is one of the largest selections of fresh gourmet chocolate in America. Every delicious item is made by hand, locally in N
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I am working for a guy who is paying me under the table. We are currently doing a job at a scholl, this job I know for a fact is a prevailing wage job. Seeing as I'm paid under the table does he still have to pay me the prevailing wage? And if I am sub contracted out through the original subcontractor for said prevailing wage job is it that contractors responsiblity to pay us the PW??
If you are working a prevailing wage job, your employer should be paying you the prevailing wage rate.
Generally, an employee who was not receiving the prevailing wage to which he is entitled could file a claim with the State's Wage & Hour Division against the contractor or subcontractor who is violating the law. You, however, may have other factors to consider.
Receiving payment "under the table" implies that neither you nor your employer are paying required taxes on your income. If you file a complaint against your current employer, then you will expose your employer's failure to pay you the prevailing wage and his failure to pay taxes on your income. You will also expose your own failure to report your income and pay taxes owed. You may want to consult with a local employment attorney about your current situation and the best way to protect yourself.
This answer is provided for guidance only. DO NOT rely on it as legal advice. We DO NOT have an attorney-client relationship. You should contact an attorney in your area for a one-on-one consultation before pursuing any action or making any decisions.
that what i thought, don't want to expose myself. thanks for the advice
You are violating the law and you want the law to come in and help you when your partner in crime may be cheating you. Do you see your dilemma? Pay your appropriate taxes and you might have a claim. Good luck!
The comments listed here do not create an attorney-client relationship. The comments are for informational purposes only and are not to be considered legal advice. This attorney is only licensed in Michigan and does not give legal advice in any other state. All comments are to be considered conversational information and you should not rely on these comments as legal advice or in place of retaining an attorney of our own. The comments here are based solely on what you have provided and therefore are general in nature and with more specific facts or details a different answer or outcome could result. The legal system is not a perfect science and this attorney does not guarantee any outcome.
When you use the term "under the table" you are implying / admitting that you are breaking the law. There are legal ways to be paid as a wage-earner or as a sub-contractor. But, disputes between lawbreakers are really not the responsibility of the courts.
You could see an attorney to clarify your status.
We do not have a client/attorney relationship until you make an appointment, we discuss your case face to face, I accept a retainer, and we explictly agree to enter into representation.
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iHerb 顾客评论
节省: ¥0.07 (0 %折扣)
This is a great product!!
Reviewer2208951发表于 Dec 20, 2010
I have spoken to Ardi previous, and I know of his dedication to making excellent Kombucha,I am so pleased that IHERB carries his product. I would like to make a suggestion that I-Herb consider adding the 64 OZ half gallon size to offerings, I know many people here would order that size often. Thanks
Reviewer1521096发表于 Oct 14, 2009
Love this tea. I mix it with water and sip it. very refreshing, great tasting.
Kombucha 2000 Fermented Tea Original Brew
Reviewer1687989发表于 Mar 28, 2010
I have been buying locally,after tasting your tea,I will be making a larger order in the next few days. Your service was more than I expected.... Betty Grant
Reviewer3258781发表于 Sep 17, 2010
Good product. Good price. Carefully wrapped to arrive unbroken.
Great Tea
Reviewer1170518发表于 Mar 06, 2012
Feel more energetic when I drink this tea. However, I usually drink about 8 ozs. at a time. I seem to sleep better also. This tea tastes pleasant and has no bitter aftertaste.
Love this!!!
Reviewer2639606发表于 Apr 18, 2012
Amazing product!!!
101010011发表于 Jul 11, 2012
i love a good kombucha tea. this tastes much better than the typical selection you find in the refrigerated section at a health food store.
Reviewer2170789发表于 Oct 01, 2012
My new favorite Kombucha. I wish I could find this in my local store
gypsyjuju发表于 Nov 05, 2012
This tastes great and feels even better - arrives cold and tastes like it was just made!
전 맛있고 속이 시원해져요.
Reviewer2626236发表于 Sep 01, 2013
값은 싼데 무거워서 무료배송 기간 이용해서 몇 번 사먹었는데 매일 먹고 싶어요. 막걸리와 맥주와 사이다와 식초와 산야초 효소 사이의 어딘가에 있는 맛이에요.


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/wp-content/plugins/ directory
Requires: 2.6 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.4.2
Last Updated: 4 years ago
Active Installs: 10+
Got something to say? Need help?


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When you have a fiat currency, sooner or later you get deficit spending. And that means that inflation is guaranteed, and it will devour the purchasing power of every dollar you own, writes The Daily Reckoning. The S&P 500 went from 108 in the late 1960s to 107 in the early 1980s, for a small 1% loss. That is bad enough, to not earn any money over more than a decade, but if you look at the same slice of time in the inflation-adjusted data, investors actually lost nearly two-thirds of their purchasing power over this same period!
You got killed by inflation!
So no matter what the clueless touts on TV say, neither stocks, nor bonds, nor houses will preserve your purchasing power over the long term nowadays. When you have a fiat currency, sooner or later you get deficit spending, and that means that inflation is guaranteed, and it will devour the purchasing power of every dollar you own.
But is there EVER a time when stocks preserved their purchasing power? Adam Hamilton, of the Zeal Intelligence Newsletter says, "Over the past half century from the absolute best-case moments in time to buy and sell for the long term, fully 7/8th of the gains investors could have reaped are illusory. These are wiped out by rising inflation decreasing purchasing power."
In case you, like me, missed the significance of that, they summed up by reiterating, "Thus inflation wiped out half of the best possible annual gains in the last half century or nearly 7/8th of the final compounded return."
Simone Meier of Bloomberg said in July 2005, "Money supply growth in the dozen countries sharing the euro unexpectedly gained at the fastest pace since October 2003." An increase in the money supply always precedes the resultant and unstoppable increase in prices.
So how much is the money supply expanding? Ms. Meier writes, "M3, the ECB's measure of money supply, accelerated to a 7.9 percent increase from a year earlier." Well, that is true, and as bad as that is, what is NOT mentioned is that the narrowest measure of money supply (cash and equivalents), according to the Economist magazine, is increasing at 10.5% in the Euro area!
So what does all of this expansion of money and credit mean, as far as inflation is concerned?
If there is one thing that I want you to remember, it is that there is no acceptable level of price inflation above zero. Zero is the upper bound on acceptable inflation. And if you think otherwise, like the horrid Ben Bernanke and a lot of other morons who ought to have their faces slapped, then show me one other time in all of history when a "little" inflation was a good thing.
« Any opinions expressed on the Seeking Alpha sites are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of SeekingAlpha or its management. »
Editor's Notes:
[1] If you agree with this rant, then these inflation-protected ETFs are for you: TIP, WIA, WIW.
[2] Some discussion on inflation-protected funds is in these prior articles:


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Dana White confirms that Anderson Silva's presence in Montreal will be to cheer on Georges St-Pierre and then challenge him to a fight if he's victorious over Carlos Condit. read news >>
If Georges St-Pierre can defeat Carlos Condit at UFC 154 in Montreal then it appears a showdown with Anderson Silva is looming. read news >>
UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva witnessed Georges St-Pierre's return at UFC 154 on Saturday night, and he liked what he saw. read news >>
In a post-UFC 154 weigh-in interview with Fuel TV, UFC president Dana White touched on everything from Georges St-Pierre vs Carlos Condit to Anderson Silva to Ronda Rousey, and more. read news >>
UFC president Dana White has long discussed the possibility of a sueprfight between Anderson Silva and Georges St-Pierre, but on Thursday, he put a target date on it. read news >>
Anderson Silva talks about fighting at UFC 200. He accepted the bout with Daniel Cormier on 48 hours notice. read news >>
LONDON – In MMA, one man is generally considered the greatest fighter of all time: Anderson Silva. But with the former UFC middleweight titleholder fighting for the first time since turning 40, could read news >>
This Saturday, Anderson Silva (33-6-1) returns to the Octagon to face Michael Bisping (27-7) as the main event of Fight Night 84, which airs on the UFC's streaming service Fight Pass. The former midd read news >>
Anderson Silva's return to the Octagon this Saturday on UFC FIGHT PASS against English legend Michael Bisping can now be seen in more than 2,000 bars across the United States. read news >>
Anderson Silva will return to the Octagon for the first time in over a year at UFC Fight Night 84 when he takes on Michael Bisping at the O2 in London on Saturday, February 27. Silva, one of the best read news >>
Anderson Silva will return to the Octagon for the first time in over a year at UFC Fight Night 84 when he takes on Michael Bisping at the O2 Arena in London on Saturday, February 27. Silva, one of th read news >>
Former UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva is taking another step toward a potential bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.Filed under: News, UFC read news >>
Georges St-Pierre has long been a whistleblower on performance-enhancing drugs in MMA. It wasn't until Anderson Silva, the greatest fighter in UFC history, tested positive for steroids that the MMA w read news >>
Last Saturday night at UFC 183, former UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva returned to the Octagon for the first time in 399 days to tangle with former Strikeforce champion Nick Diaz... read news >>


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Electric cars used on CSUEB campuses get eight times the mileage of traditional gas-powered cars. (Photo credits: Elias Barboza)
Electric cars reduce carbon footprint on CSUEB campuses
- July 27, 2010
Facilities management has gradually replaced gas-powered cars used for hauling tools, shrubs and landscaping supplies with electric cars, saving on fuel costs and reducing carbon emissions on Cal State East Bay campuses.
As technologies rapidly evolve, CSUEB's purchase of electric cars represents one of many examples of how the school continues serving the community in a cost-conscious and earth friendly way. Other recent steps taken by the university include growing its own plants for landscaping and converting to use of biosafe cleaning supplies.
"These cars definitely do their part for the carbon footprint," said Maintenance Manager David Miller. "They don't pollute, (give off) toxic emissions, and I haven't heard negativity about them. We're going green."
Since CSUEB bought its first electric car in 1997 from Global Electric Motorcars, the Hayward campus has added 20 vehicles, known as GEMs, to its fleet. The Concord campus uses two. Each GEM costs one third the price of a regular gas powered car. The electric car's battery, which lasts three years, is charged overnight through a regular 110-volt outlet and runs for an entire day without losing power.
The vehicles are used primarily by the grounds department for maintenance and repair. They also are used to transport mail, carry equipment such as lawn mowers and hedge clippers and for driving staff members around campus. Members of the University Police Department also use the GEMs for security. The cars reach a maximum 25 miles per hour, are easy to operate, low maintenance and boast fuel efficiency eight times better than a traditional car, according to the manufacturer.
Smaller and more quiet than traditional maintenance trucks and road vehicles, GEMs are easier to maneuver on campus and cause fewer disruptions to staff, faculty and students, Miller said.
"They're very useful," he said. "You can drive these vehicles anywhere on campus. They're versatile and dependable."
- © Copyright California State University, East Bay.
California State University, East Bay is the San Francisco East Bay Area's high-access public university of choice. CSUEB serves the region with campuses in Hayward and Concord, a professional development center in Oakland, and an innovative online campus. With an enrollment of more than 14,000, the University offers a nationally recognized freshman year experience, award-winning curriculum, personalized instruction, and expert faculty. Students choose from among more than 100 professionally focused fields of study for which the University confers bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as an Ed.D. in education. Named a "Best in the West" college, as well as a Best Business School, by the influential Princeton Review, Cal State East Bay is among the region's foremost producers of teachers, business professionals and entrepreneurs, public administrators, health professionals, literary and performing artists, and science and math graduates.
Learn more and connect with Cal State East Bay at CSUEB Social Media. For up-to-date news snapshots, visit the Inside CSUEB News Blog.