text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 13, 2002
|Filing date
|Aug 8, 2000
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William J. Kessler, Michael B. Frish, Steven J. Davis, Philip Keating
|Original Assignee
|Confluent Photonics Corporations
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (26), Referenced by (69), Classifications (21), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/200,189, filed Apr. 28, 2000, which application is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
This invention relates generally to optical communication systems and components. More particularly, the invention relates to optical systems comprising microelectromechanical (MEMS) components.
In the field of telecommunication, it is recognized that optical communication components and systems that use light waves to carry information, employing such components as infrared solid state lasers and the like, and fiber optic cables and similar communication media, offer many considerable advantages over conventional copper wire-based communication systems that communicate using electrical signals to carry information. One advantage has to do with the greater amount of information that can be carried by a single physical connection using a single fiber optic strand as compared to a copper wire circuit.
At present, however, there exists no simple, convenient and cost effect technology for directing, switching, adding, removing, and otherwise manipulating information carried by optical signals that flow through fiber optic strands, or cables comprising a plurality of such strands, in the form of light. A very much simplified description of the present situation in the field of optical communication illustrates the need for appreciable improvements in optical communication components.
If a simple two station direct voice telecommunication link using optical technology existed, it would operate by converting vocal information input at the first station into electrical signals, converting the electrical signals to optical signals, and transmitting the optical signals via a fiber optic strand from the transmitter station to a receiver station. The receiver station would accept the optical signals, the optical signals would be converted into electrical signals, and the electrical signals would be converted into information in a form, such as sound, that a party holding the handset of the receiving station can sense.
However, in a real telephone network using commercial state of the art optical communication technology, involving a station that can call any of a plurality of other stations, it becomes necessary to switch signals for routing purposes. The electrical signals that are generated at the first receiving station (which is now a central office) are switched in the same manner as are the standard electrical signals carried by copper wire communication circuits, and are then reconverted to optical signals. The optical signal is sent along a fiber optic strand, possibly to one or more intermediate stations, where the conversion and reconversion process occurs again, until the signal finally reaches its destination. It would be advantageous to be able to do all of the signal switching and manipulation without having to repeatedly convert optical to electrical signals and electrical signals to optical signals. In particular, it would be useful if such signal switching and manipulation could be accomplished simply, conveniently and in a cost effect manner.
The optical bench of the present invention provides solutions that eliminate the limitations and deficiencies previously described. The optical bench provides a core component that makes possible the capability of performing all of the necessary switching, adding, dropping, and manipulating of optical signals entirely in the optical domain, without having to convert any signal to an electrical signal from an optical signal, or the reverse. The optical bench can have, among different embodiments, monolithic structures that are fabricated conveniently by the methods of micromachining from single substrates, such as silicon wafers and the like.
Micromachining of silicon, as an example, allows manufacturing with good yield, in a technology that employs well developed fabrication methods on a material that is relatively inexpensive and is readily obtained. Furthermore, the structures so produced are all part of, or are connected to, a single wafer of a solid material, and are therefore likely to maintain alignment under the stresses of thermal changes, mechanical shocks, and the like. To the extent that the optical bench core structure is made of a well understood semiconductor material, it is also possible to build control circuitry directly into the semiconductor wafer, further simplifying the interconnection of the optical bench with external control circuitry such as computers and the like.
In one aspect, the invention features an optical apparatus that includes a wavelength dispersive optical element receiving a substantially collimated input signal having multiple wavelengths and providing a wavelength dispersed output signal, and a spatial modulator element receiving the wavelength dispersed output signal and providing an output signal comprising at least a portion of each dispersed wavelength.
In one embodiment, the optical apparatus further includes a second wavelength dispersive optical element receiving the output signal provided by the spatial modulator and providing a substantially collimated output signal. The substantially collimated output signal can be directed in substantially the same direction as that of the substantially collimated input signal.
The optical apparatus can additionally include an absorbing surface that absorbs selected dispersed wavelengths of the spatial modulator output signal, the spatial modulator controlling selection of the wavelengths. The selection of the dispersed wavelengths to be absorbed can be controlled dynamically by the spatial modulator. In addition, the optical apparatus can include a variable reflection filter. Alternatively, the optical apparatus can include a variable transmission filter.
In another aspect, the invention features an optical apparatus that includes a wavelength dispersive optical element receiving a substantially collimated input signal propagating in a first direction, the input signal having multiple wavelengths, and providing a wavelength dispersed output signal, a spatial modulator element receiving the wavelength dispersed output signal and providing an output signal comprising at least a portion of each dispersed wavelength, and the wavelength dispersive optical element receiving the output signal provided by the spatial modulator and providing a substantially collimated output signal propagating in a second direction. In one embodiment, the second direction of propagation is substantially opposite to the first direction of propagation.
In still another aspect, the invention features an optical apparatus that includes a wavelength dispersive optical element receiving a substantially collimated input signal propagating in a first direction, the input signal having multiple wavelengths, and providing a first wavelength dispersed output signal and a second wavelength dispersed output signal, a spatial modulator element receiving the first wavelength dispersed output signal and the second wavelength dispersed output signal and providing a transmitted output signal and a reflected signal, and a collimating optical element receiving the reflected signal and providing a substantially collimated output signal propagating in a second direction substantially opposite to the first direction.
In one embodiment, the wavelength dispersive optical element and the collimating optical element are the same optical structure viewed from opposite ends thereof. In another embodiment, one of the transmitted output signal and the reflected signal comprises a signal modulated to have substantially zero intensity.
In a further aspect, the invention features a monolithic optical apparatus that includes a wavelength dispersive optical element receiving a substantially collimated input signal having multiple wavelengths and providing a wavelength dispersed output signal, and a spatial modulator element receiving the wavelength dispersed output signal and providing an output signal comprising at least a portion of each dispersed wavelength, wherein the wavelength dispersive optical element and the spatial modulator element are provided on a single substrate.
In yet another aspect, the invention features a microelectromechanical optical apparatus that includes a wavelength dispersive optical element receiving a substantially collimated input signal having multiple wavelengths and providing a wavelength dispersed output signal, and a spatial modulator element receiving the wavelength dispersed output signal and providing an output signal comprising at least a portion of each dispersed wavelength.
The wavelength dispersive optical element and the spatial modulator element can be provided on a single substrate. In one embodiment, the single substrate comprises a single crystal. In another embodiment, the single substrate comprises a semiconductor single crystal. In yet another embodiment, the single substrate comprises polycrystalline material.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The objects and features of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.
FIG. 1 shows as an exemplary embodiment of the invention a primary optical bench component consisting of a dispersive optical element and a spatial light modulator, which component may be embodied in products such as tunable filters and optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs).
FIG. 2 shows as an exemplary embodiment of the invention an optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) allowing frequency separation onto individual fiber optic transmission lines, or the reverse.
FIG. 3 shows as an exemplary alternative embodiment of the invention another optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) allowing frequency addition and separation using a single distinct input and output fiber optic line.
FIG. 4 shows as an exemplary embodiment of the invention a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) router allowing frequency multiplexing and dynamic routing within a single optical platform.
FIG. 5 shows as an exemplary embodiment of the invention a multi-frequency, tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) constructed using the basic optical bench component and additional commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products.
FIG. 6 shows as an exemplary embodiment of the invention an integrated multifrequency, tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) source.
The optical platform of the present invention, as well as products incorporating the platform, is based upon the combination of wavelength selective and switching elements. The combination of gratings, interferometers and switches results in integrated Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) switching capabilities for filters, optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM), and DWDM routers and cross connects. The addition of an active element, such as an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) or laser diode chip, results in a tunable, multi-frequency laser source which reduces DWDM system complexity and could impact DWDM system cost. The optical bench component can be thought of as an optical toolbox filled with optical element designs which can be quickly and easily combined with other elements to create flexible optical structures. The structures could be customized to specific optical telecom architectures in a cost-effective manner, providing the precise functionality required at minimal cost. In the following paragraphs we describe the primary optical element which provides the basic building block for each of the exemplary product structures subsequently detailed.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic 100 of the primary optical component. The multiple wavelengths input from an optical fiber 110 are captured and collimated by a lens structure 120 (consisting of one or more lenses). The collimated, multi-wavelength laser beam is transmitted to a dispersive optical element 130. This may consist of a transmissive or reflective holographic grating (or other element such as a series of prisms) which spatially separates the multiple wavelengths of incident radiation. An additional lens (140) focuses the individual wavelengths of light upon a spatial light modulator (SLM) 150. In this configuration, the grating may be a reflective concave grating or the focusing function may be performed by another distinct optical component such as a lens or mirror. The SLM 150 serves the function of selecting the dispersed wavelengths of interest for either reflection or transmission. In reflection mode the SLM element 150 rotor-reflects the incident wavelength back to the DOE 130 and subsequently the lens 120 and the optical fiber 110. In transmission mode the SLM 150 passes the incident wavelength and it is absorbed on the back surface 160 of the package. Operating in this manner, the optical bench can act as a filter, either passing or rejecting a series of wavelengths. It also acts as a wavelength drop module without recovery of the dropped frequency (as shown in FIG. 1).
This basic optical component enables an optical filter multiplexer analogous to an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), which can be a geometric selection filter. The multiplexer is also a geometric selection filter, but it also allows dynamic on/off switching of individual wavelengths. Geometric wavelength selection filters provide precise predetermined multiplexing of transmission wavelengths without the use of analog control signals. The filter will combine this approach with a variable reflection/transmission filter to enhance the basic functionality using an integrated component structure. There are currently no integrated components, which provide this level of functionality.
FIG. 1 displays individual International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard frequencies illuminating a single SLM element 150. The spatial dispersion of the grating, when combined with attainable SLM element separation provides a frequency resolution of approximately 5 to 20 GHz. The typical spectral bandwidth of a telecommunications grade distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser is <50 MHz, and the uncertainty in the ITU grid frequencies is 10% of the grid spacing, which is currently 100 GHz. As the ITU grid spacing is reduced to 50 GHz, the grid frequency uncertainty is reduced to 5 GHz. The proposed structure will still be applicable to the decreased grid frequency separation utilizing a 10 GHz grating resolution. This resolution ensures that the <50 MHz wide laser bandwidth with an unknown central frequency of 5 GHz, will always underfill an individual SLM array element. The single SLM element 150 illumination structure provides a binary decision as to whether a wavelength is maintained or dropped depending on the on/off (reflective/transmissive) state of the "mirror". The SLM elements 150 can be sequentially turned on and off (reflective and transmissive) functioning as single or multiple frequency tunable filters.
The SLM 150 can be implemented using a number of different optical element structures. Some of these structures include coated mirrors, tunable fiber Bragg gratings, thermo-electric switches, acousto-optic switches, electrically modulated lithium niobate elements, and the like. The basic functionality is a bi-static mirror. An additional structure, which provides not only bistatic mirror functionality, but also variable reflection/transmission and additional spectral resolving power, is a Fabry-Perot interferometer array (FPIA). A micro FPIA provides an additional layer of fine wavelength reflection/transmission control to the geometric control provided by the primary optical element. For example, in the embodiment presented above where an ITU grid frequency illuminates a single SLM element 150, the micro FPIA element may be controlled to transmit 50% of the incident light by changing the FPI cavity Q (via mirror separation). Operated in this manner, only one-half of the incident ITU wavelength intensity is returned to the optical fiber. The FPI mirror separation may also be used to sweep the transmission/reflection curve across the ITU frequency, acting as a continuously variable frequency filter within an individual SLM element 150. This variable filter structure can be used to implement an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain flattening filter product line as additional embodiments. Note that it is likely that the FPI spectral bandwidth will always be broader than the narrow diode laser spectral bandwidth.
As illustrated by this set of exemplary embodiments, a range of functions may be performed by the combination of a dispersive optical element (DOE) 130 coupled to an SLM 150 comprising an array of Fabry Perot interferometers (FPI). The proposed use of the FPIA in combination with the DOE structure 130 will reduce the potential for channel crosstalk while providing low insertion loss. In some embodiments, low insertion loss may obviate the need for an EDFA, further reducing the potential for crosstalk and resulting in a significant cost savings.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show two separate embodiments of an optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) produced using the basic optical bench component shown in FIG. 1. In one embodiment 200, depicted in FIG. 2, a lens structure 260 has been inserted after the SLM 150 to launch the transmitted wavelengths from the SLM 150 into an array of fiber optics 270. A fiber positioned within the array corresponds to a specific frequency within the ITU grid. This optical structure allows all of the wavelengths or a subset of wavelengths to be de-multiplexed from a single optical fiber onto the array of fibers. The addition of an optical circulator 280 prior to the OADM depicted in FIG. 2 allows the reflected frequencies to remain on the original fiber transmission line. The OADM shown in FIG. 2 may also be operated in reverse, multiplexing the wavelengths on the array of fiber optics 270 onto a single fiber optic output line 110.
FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment 300 of the OADM, which allows a subset of wavelengths to be de-multiplexed from a single optical fiber onto another single optical fiber. This is accomplished by providing symmetric optical components on each side of the SLM 150, by the addition of another DOE 370, another focusing lens 360 and another fiber launch lens 380 assembly. In other embodiments, the addition of optical circulators on either or both ends of the structure allows a number of functions consistent with OADMs. In another embodiment, this structure may also be used as an EDFA gain-flattening filter. Each of the ITU frequency intensities can be individually controlled using the micro FPIA elements. This transmissive rather than reflective filter structure eliminates the need for a fiber circulator on the front end of the primary optical bench component, reducing the cost of the function and the insertion loss associated with the addition of an optical circulator. Once again the light may propagate from left to right or right to left.
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a DWDM router which can be produced using the optical structure shown in FIG. 2 combined with an additional 2-D pop-up mirror array 470. A 2-D array 470 of MEMS mirrors allows transparent 2-D laser beam propagation (X,Y) by lifting a reflective mirror out of the third dimension (Z-axis). This combination enables a number of enhanced functions which are currently being provided by the serial combination of a number of discrete optical elements. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment 400 of the architecture. The primary structure acts as a gate to the 2-D switch, allowing selected grid frequencies to be added or dropped from the transmission line. Using this structure the ITU frequencies contained on a single fiber optic input will be separated and directed along a number of individual beam paths. The individual beams are input into a switching structure, which allows any of the M input frequencies to be coupled into any of the N output optical fibers. As previously described, any of the incoming frequencies may also be directed to remain on the original transmission fiber.
There are currently no integrated optical components, which provide this level of functionality. The integrated approach of the present invention provides the combined functionality at significant cost savings in components, controls, reduced optical losses, temperature sensitivity, size and complexity.
An embodiment of another product using the primary bench structure is a digitally tuned, single frequency tunable diode laser transmitter. The primary optical bench input fiber optic is replaced by a semiconductor diode laser chip, providing an active gain medium, which can be rapidly switched from one ITU grid frequency to another. The selective filtering and feedback functionality of the primary bench enables a digitally tunable external cavity diode laser. The advantages of this product include dynamic wavelength allocation, reduced investment in primary component purchases and backup systems. One expects that the long-term stability of this structure will exceed that achieved by distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and grating-assisted codirectional coupler with rear sampled reflector (GCSR) laser sources. The structure of the embodiment relies on geometric selection as opposed to calibration mapping between injection current and material index properties which may change with aging. The embodiment of the tunable laser using direct current injection does not require a separate pump laser, as do other products. Laser frequency control in this embodiment is provided by electronic control of the "digital mirror" array integrated into the laser cavity and allows complete coverage of the telecommunications spectral transmission band.
Another exemplary embodiment of the optical bench component is a tunable multifrequency diode laser source using the same optical structure. Two or more ITU grid frequencies are produced with dynamic power stabilization equalizing the multiple frequency power levels. The multiple output wavelengths may be transmitted on a single output fiber or by utilizing the functionality of the second product described above, the DWDM router. Each distinct wavelength of the digital external cavity diode laser (ECDL) output can be directed to a different optical fiber output for individual data encoding and subsequent transmission. Multi-frequency tunable sources hold the promise of significant cost reductions for telecommunication service providers by reducing the number of electronics/laser cards and backup cards required to implement the rapidly expanding DWDM optical systems. A multi-frequency source allows the replacement of two or three primary cards and an equivalent number of backup cards by a single primary card and a single backup unit. Tunable multi-frequency sources have a similar effect mainly in the backup systems (i.e., one backup system can replace many such backups). A multi-frequency tunable source can replace a number of backup cards, because it can provide the functionality of a number of different primary laser sources. This reduces the number of required backup cards and the cost associated with the hardware and testing of these cards.
The multi-frequency tunable laser transmitter will further reduce the required component investment, potentially having a substantial impact on the future optical networks providing fiber service to the business and the home. A single multi-frequency transmitter can provide hub services to a large number of clients.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a selective multifrequency laser amplifier 500 using the primary optical bench component of FIG. 1 integrated with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components available within the telecommunications industry. A diode laser 560 pumps an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 570. One end of the EDFA is connected to the primary optical element described above. The other end of the EDFA is connected to a broadband partially reflecting fiber Bragg grating (FBG) 580. The FBG 580 and the SLM 150 act as the two mirrors of a laser cavity surrounding the EDFA gain element 570. A number of specific SLM 150 elements are turned on (reflective) to produce a number of laser frequencies. The remaining frequencies within the EDFA gain bandwidth are transmitted through the SLM 150 and the laser gain collapses on the chosen frequencies. The use of a FPIA as the SLM element 150 allows active control of the relative intensities of the laser frequencies and improved spectral selection of the desired frequencies.
The approach described above allows for rapid testing and prototyping of a multi-frequency, tunable ECDL source. In another embodiment 600, an integrated product places the active gain medium within the package of the primary optical bench component as shown in FIG. 6. In this schematic embodiment, a laser diode chip 640 (e.g., semiconductor optical amplifier, or SOA) is placed within the package, with lens assemblies 120, 630 on either side of the chip. The chip facet on the left side is coated with a partial reflector, while the right chip facet is anti-reflection (AR) coated. The output of the laser diode is collimated and transmitted through the DOE 130 to the SLM element 150. Once again selected frequencies are reflected with the laser cavity being formed by the SLM 150 (or FPIA) and the left side chip facet. The laser functionality is the same as that described above for FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the multi-frequency, tunable laser output is coupled into the output fiber optic via the left side lens assembly. An alternative output coupling embodiment uses partially reflective FPI array elements combined with a high efficiency (e.g., max-R) reflector on the back surface of the diode chip. A lens array focuses and a fiber array captures the multiple frequencies for subsequent data encoding. One of the primary advantages to this integrated approach is the elimination of external components(primarily the pump laser) and their expense. The integrated package also allows more precise environmental control and improved functionality.
In summary, the optical bench component provides an embodiment of a critical central component for a number of integrated optical telecommunication products not currently being offered. Each of these products is aimed at fulfilling a component need created by the rapid acceptance of DWDM. The structures leverage geometric wavelength selection with active gate "mirror arrays" and 2-D optical switch arrays. Significant component cost reduction may be realized using this building block approach, especially with the realization of MEMS designs and manufacturing techniques. These production techniques lend themselves to scalable manufacturing, resulting in pre-aligned optical structures with reduced thermal sensitivity. The integrated manufacturing approach will also enable efficient packaging and enhanced speed to market.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|Haijun Yuan
|Optical device with stable optical configuration
|Oct 18, 2007
|Apr 23, 2009
|Olympus Microsystems America, Inc.
|Beam steering element and associated methods for manifold fiberoptic switches
|Jun 7, 2011
|Aug 16, 2012
|Spectral Sciences, Inc.
|External Cavity Laser Source
|Feb 7, 2013
|Aug 8, 2013
|Robert H. Dueck
|Two-dimensional Laser System Employing Two Dispersive Elements
|Oct 16, 2012
|Oct 8, 2015
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Optical device
|Mar 7, 2008
|Sep 10, 2008
|Avanex Corporation
|Optical WDM switch
|Mar 7, 2008
|Aug 12, 2009
|Avanex Corporation
|Optical WDM switch
|Aug 8, 2002
|Feb 20, 2003
|Santur Corporation
|Method and system for selecting an output of a vcsel array
|Aug 8, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Santur Corp
|Method and system for selecting an output of a vcsel array
|Sep 25, 2002
|Apr 3, 2003
|Cidra Corporation
|Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer having an array of micro-mirrors
|Sep 25, 2002
|Dec 31, 2003
|Cidra Corp
|Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer having an array of micro-mirrors
|Sep 23, 2005
|Apr 6, 2006
|Optium Australia Pty Limited
|Wavelength selective reconfigurable optical cross-connect
|U.S. Classification
|385/24, 385/33, 398/88, 385/16
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 29, 2000
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A Study of Definition of Image
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Category: Information Science and Technology
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What is an image What composes an image In the following paragraphs we are going to talk about the definition of an image and discuss how the particular image chosen employs elements such as composition colour camera angles frames and emotional impact An image is something we see and something that has emotional impact on the viewer according to their personal experiences According to the Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary an image means a tangible or visible representation a vivid or graphic representation or description An image must be composed in a frame by putting the camera shots in the right angles so it makes attractive shapes The chosen image is a black and white photograph of a site within a city There is a bridge in the back between two rows of buildings there are people cars and carriages on the street the weather seems to be sunny because there is a clear contrast of around the shadows the era is unclear because of the style of the buildings and the carriages and the cars belong to the 19th century but the style of the bridge and the buildings behind it belong to the 20th centuries This is clear that this photograph has been modified by a computer by software like Adobe Photoshop to combined two images of different time period together into one image The image is attention grabbing because of its unbalanced composition The camera was panning to the right to push the vanishing point to the left leaving the right row of the building larger than the left row thus create a feeling that the right side of the image is heavier than the left side The vanishing point of the foreground image is going to the left but the direction the bridge in the background goes to the right because of the different angles it gives a feeling that the image is curved The bridge is
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Pak-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PGCCI) would be launched, what a German official said, within next one month to boost the present $2.2 billion bilateral trade between the two countries. Monday saw German Consulate here organising an award ceremony to honour Dr Ruth Pfau of Marie Adelaide Leprosy Center (MALC), the German founder of National Leprosy Control Program in Pakistan.
"Very soon, say within a month. We are on the process," a German official told Business Recorder when asked when the long-awaited joint chamber is coming into being. The official, requesting anonymity for he was not authorised to talk to media on the issue, refrained from giving a specific date saying the launch wasn't "in our hands".
Also, German Consul General in Karachi Rainer Schmiedchen would not give "any timeline" for the establishment of PGCCI which he said once made would boost mutual trade and investment between the two trading partners. The volume of Pak-German trade, according to Ines Chabbi, chief operating officer of German Pakistan Trade and Investment (GPti), stands at $2.2 billion.
Consul Rainer said Pakistani trade had shown 20 percent growth in 2014 because of the European Union having assigned GSP Plus status to the country. "It has better exports to Europe," he said. Overall, the consul general said Pakistani market was "quite good" wherein the interest of international investors was growing.
During the ceremony, Dr Pfau was awarded Germany's prestigious Gold Staufer Medal on behalf of Chief Minister of German State Baden-Wurttemberg in recognition of her 55-year humanitarian healthcare services to the poor of Pakistan and Afghanistan. "It is largely due to her innovative medical approach as well as her systematic and efficient commitment to public health that leprosy has been almost eradicated in Pakistan," the consul general told the audience. Fluent in Urdu, Dr Pfau told reporters that she liked Pakistan so much that she never went back home. "I would not have done it without my team," said the aged lady, the winner of Hilal-i-Pakistan award.


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- Blogs
Understanding LTE
Long term evolution (LTE) is coming to Singapore, and CommunicAsia 2011 gave us a chance to examine how LTE will make a difference in mobile connection speeds when it goes into full deployment.
The Reality of Near Field Communication
Near field communication is a seemingly unfamiliar term to some, but in the near future, it could be a common feature found on mobile devices, judging from what we saw at CommunicAsia 2011.
Microsoft Playing Catch Up in Tablet Space
Apple's iPads and Google's Androids are selling like hotcakes. But what about the company that started it all? Why has Microsoft squandered their first mover's advantage and desperately playing catch up now?
The Computex Aftermath + Interesting & Quirky Stuff
With about 80 pages worth of Computex 2011 coverage on HardwareZone, we decided to pause and reflect on some of the highlights, as well as share some of the more interesting and quirky stuff we came across during our comprehensive walkabout.
Computex 2011 Expectations - More of the Same?
Team HardwareZone has landed in Taipei, Taiwan to cover the Computex 2011 ICT expo that's starting soon. Here are some thoughts and expectations of what will likely be unveiled, some last minute updates and a few cool products.


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GRAND RAPIDS – At its Friday, Oct. 10 regular board meeting held in Grand Rapids at the Woodbridge N. Ferris Building, the Ferris State University Board of Trustees approved a memorandum of understanding to help establish a downtown school for grades 6 through 12. The school will be a partnership between Ferris' Kendall College of Art and Design, the Grand Rapids Public Schools, the Grand Rapids Public Museum and Grand Valley State University. The school will initially be located at the Van Andel Museum Center on the west side of the Grand River.
KCAD partnered in creating the school because of the college's belief that design thinking can be an important alternative to traditional pedagogies. Cindy Todd, KCAD's art education program chair, emphasizes the new paradigm the focus on design creates.
"The design-based component creates a dynamic curriculum that is highly engaging for today's student. Using a holistic approach and allowing the students direct access to the museum archives will help them make essential connections to the learning and will increase their information retention long-term," she said.
To that end, the university will assist in the leadership and development of the school curriculum. This collaborative effort will provide exciting opportunities for KCAD faculty and student involvement in the school.
"KCAD is delighted be able to contribute expertise in experiential education and design thinking to the diverse collaboration that's resulted in this remarkable school for our community. The unique curriculum of the Grand Rapids Public Museum School will help students build the collaborative and creative problem-solving skills essential to both personal growth and professional success," said Oliver Evans, interim KCAD president.
Grand Rapids Public Schools Superintendent Teresa Weatherall Neal praised the inclusive spirt of the endeavor.
"I am so grateful for the remarkable support GRPS and the proposed Museum School have received from the leadership and faculty at Kendall College of Arts and Design of Ferris State University," said Weatherall Neal. "KCAD/Ferris has been absolutely instrumental from day one in planning and developing this cutting edge new school choice that is rooted in design thinking and place-based education. The action taken by the Ferris State University Board of Trustees is yet one more major step toward making the Museum School a reality with doors set to open in Fall 2015."
In other action, the Board of Trustees approved a recommended 2014-15 operating budget of $241.8 million, which includes a projected $50.2 million from the state. This budget takes into account recent state appropriations decisions that include one-time funding to offset this year's Michigan Public School Employees Retirement System payment increases.
Additionally, the trustees approved an updated and final housing and dining services budget of $34.2 million to combine with a final $207.6 million general fund budget figure.
The board approved room and board rates for the 2015-16 academic year. These figures reflect increased food costs, and a rebalancing of room rates to reflect market pressures. Individual room and board rates vary based on the type of room and meal plan selected. The overall effect is estimated to be a 2.9-percent increase over 2014-15.
According to Jerry Scoby, vice president for Administration and Finance, the major factors contributing to the 2.9-percent increase include the impact of the minimum wage increases including the 10-percent increase that went into effect for student employees in August, food-cost increases running around 6 percent, some new operating costs with providing new food venues for students in the new University Center, compensation for our employees, and positioning to build some new beds on campus for our students over the next year or two.
In response to the state of Michigan's invitation to submit capital project requests for consideration in the fiscal year 2015-16 budget cycle, the trustees approved the submission of one capital outlay request in addition to a five-year capital planning document. The university's highest priority is a proposal for a $40 million Virtual Learning Center facility to house Centers for Digital Forensics, Teacher Education, Career and Technical Education, and Digital Media.
Other agenda items board approved include:
The trustees are chair Gary L. Granger, of Byron Center; vice chair Sueann L. Walz, of Big Rapids; secretary Dr. D. William Lakin, of Clinton Twp.; Alisha M. Baker, of Mount Clemens; Paul E. Boyer, of Ada; Erin R. Brown, of East Lansing; Lori A. Gwizdala, of Bay City; and Arthur L. Tebo, of Walloon Lake.
The next regular meeting of the trustees is Friday, Dec. 12 in Big Rapids. Committee meetings are scheduled to begin at 10 a.m. followed by the biennial and full board meeting at 11 a.m.
Pictured at the Woodbridge N. Ferris Building in Grand Rapids, Mich. are Ferris State University President David Eiser, Grand Rapids Public Schools Superintendent Teresa Weatherall Neal Grand Rapids Public Museum CEO and President Dale Robertson and Kendall College of Art and Design President Oliver Evans. The group assembled as part of a new collaborative partnership to help establish a downtown school for grades 6 through 12. The school will be a partnership between Ferris' Kendall College of Art and Design, the Grand Rapids Public Schools, the Grand Rapids Public Museum and Grand Valley State University. The school will initially be located at the Van Andel Museum Center on the west side of the Grand River. (Photo credit: Matt D Gubancsik)
Last updated: 10-10-2014


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Fire Technician/Industrial Firefighter Ray was found deceased at the corporation's Faircrest plant (Canton, OH) on Sunday, March 20th. According to company officials, Ray was checking fire extinguishers throughout the plant when members of the security team found him unresponsive in a fifth-floor elevator motor room. Nitrogen exposure is suspected as a cause in his death. The incident remains under investigation by TimkenSteel, local, state and federal authorities.
Incident Location: 4511 Faircrest AVE, SW, Canton, OH 44706 (U.S. National Grid: 17T MF 6297 1143)
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Chief: Lance Kimmell
Fatality status is provisional and may change as USFA contacts State Fire Marshals to verify fatality incident information.


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The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001: Overview and Assessment of Effects on Taxpayers
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Volume (Year): 55 (2002)
Issue (Month): N. 1 (March)
Pages: 89-117
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A day at the carnival
Games, food, crazy hair and fun describe Concordia Elementary School's carnival.
The PTA fundraising event took place Friday on campus. The event is billed as a way to bring the school and the community closer together.
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MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation (MASCORP)
To be the preferred ground handling company in the Philippines.
MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation, its management, and staff continually strive to provide the best airport ground handling service in the country. Embodying the core values of the company, we aim to serve our clients, anchored on the principles of quality service, on-time performance, adherence to international standards, and safety. MASC also aims to provide fair returns to the company's shareholders, and to provide opportunities for the professional growth of its employees.
* To honor God in all we do
* To satisfy our clients and business partners
* To seek ways to improve and innovate
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* To be part of one team -- Team MacroAsia
* To be at the leading edge of the ground handling industry in the country
The company was incorporated in September 1997 as MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation (MASCORP) with the vision of being the most preferred ground handling company in the Philippines.
MASCORP had Air Philippines Inc. as its maiden client, handling about a hundred flights per week on May 14, 1999.
In the last quarter in 1999, MASCORP entered into a joint venture with Ogden Aviation Group, Hongkong to strengthen the core business and expand international resource; the company was then known as MacroAsia Ogden Aviation.
January 2001 marked the acquisition of Thai Airways International PLC as the company's first foreign carrier client in Ninoy Aquino International Aiport, Manila.
In the 3rd quarter of 2001, the 30% stake of Ogden Aviation was acquired by John Menzies PLC, a subsidiary of the Menzies group of Edinburgh, Scotland. Thereafter, the company came to be known as MacroAsia Menzies Airport Services Corporation until early 2007.
In April 2007, the Menzies group decided to shift its Philippines investments to Australia and divested its 30% stake in to company to MacroAsia group of companies.


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What is Really 'Broken' In Syria?
Equipped with chemical weapons, Bashar Al-Assad and his Alawite auxiliaries have apocalyptic visions similar to those of Ahmadinejad, Khamenei, and the Iranian builders of a nuclear arsenal, who dream of the coming of an Islamic mahdi, or messiah, and of the End of Days. The leaders of Syria and Iran are united not by Shi'ism, but by homicidal fantasies.
Originally published at the Gatestone Institute.Stephen Schwartz
About the Author:
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Our comments section is intended for meaningful responses and debates in a civilized manner. We ask that you respect the fact that we are a religious Jewish website and avoid inappropriate language at all cost.
If you promote any foreign religions, gods or messiahs, lies about Israel, anti-Semitism, or advocate violence (except against terrorists), your permission to comment may be revoked.
Imported and Older Comments:
What makes you think that anything is broken? This is the norm for Islam – they have been doing this for 1,400 years now, and it's not going to change anytime soon.


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Hunter Rose wins SE FFA Crop Show
SLEEPY EYE – The Sleepy Eye FFA Chapter held its annual Crops Show/Greenhand/Parents Night Program on Monday Nov. 11. It was a chance for the families of FFA members to get together and recognize the efforts of the chapter's members and parents, while announcing the winners of the 2013 FFA Crops Show. The Greenhands (first-year FFA members) were also recognized. FFA members exhibited 634 samples of corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, hay, silage, haylage, and miscellaneous crops at the 2013 Sleepy Eye FFA Crop Show.
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