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If you're still fuzzy on the "Library 2.0" concept (a bandwagon on which I am proud to say I am still a passenger), then this is your lucky day. I'm still waiting for the video from this month's OCLC Symposium, "Extreme Makeover: Rebranding an Industry" (notes here), to go online to highlight how libraries can do more in the physical world to implement L2 concepts. But now, thanks to both North Carolina State University and to Casey Bisson, we also have two powerful examples of how libraries need to think differently about their online services through the L2 lens. Karen has already written about the new NCSU catalog, so I want to highlight Casey's latest achievement. Read More »
Recently Apple, Inc., announced that it will allow colleges and universities to use a special sector within the overall iTunes service to load and distribute course lectures, other course content, and related digital audio and video files. The Cupertino, California-based company calls its new service " iTunes U." Read More »
Years ago, the rallying cry, "Think globally, act locally," gained a certain popularity. It encouraged us all to consider the global, long-term consequences of our everyday actions, so we could then concentrate on making personal decisions and actions that were as socially, culturally, and environmentally responsible as possible.The phrase then got boiled down to a single word—"glocal"— which, for some reason, always makes me think of the old phrase "local yokel" meaning a dull and gullible country bumpkin or clodhopper. Read More »
A lot of folks are winding up 2005 with a look back in various articles or blog posts. Some are looking toward 2006. One post that John Blyberg pointed me to is Dion Hinchcliffe's "Where Are We with Web 2.0?" Read More »
Thanks, TangognaT, for catching this misquote in Michael Stephens's and Michael Casey's latest co-authored post, "Better Library Services for More People" on this blog.
Sorry about that!Midwinter Read More »
Please note that content, noted in text, has been amended.
"What's going on here? I think Library 2.0 is a library response to the larger social technology changes going on right now. I wouldn't be surprised if there's an Automotive 2.0, a Psychiatrist 2.0, or a Teacher 2.0. Some librarians are noticing the change and are trying to figure out how libraries can capture the good stuff of Web 2.0 and use it to further serve our patrons. They have added a library-centric name to a larger concept that is appearing in our libraries, in our cities, and in the world at large." — from "Confrontational Aspects of Library 2.0 Discussed," by David King (on dave's blog). Read More »
It was exciting to read Teresa's post about the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries' catalog. This achievement represents a magnificent step forward for integrated library systems, and the NCSU Libraries catalog's rich combination of search and browse, combined with its powerful search engine, stand in silent rebuke to the piteously clunky library systems most libraries pay dearly for because we've never insisted that the catalog could be better than that. Read More »
If you live in Chicagoland, then you likely know about the tremendous learning resources the Metropolitan Library System provides for the area's libraries. One of MLS's library-tech gurus is none other than Jenny Levine and, along with the help of Tame the Web's Michael Stephens (both of whom are contributors to this blog too), MLS will be providing yet another useful new-technology learning session here in Chicagoland this winter... as well as in Texas and Washington State a bit later this year (details to come in subsequent post about TX and WA sessions).On February 10 (in Burr Ridge) and on March 3 (Chicago): Jenny and Michael are presenting: Read More »
If you attended LITA's Forum in San Jose last September, you may have heard this analogy: "Making minor changes to library catalog systems is like putting lipstick on a pig." Read More »
I've been meaning since Monday to post about some of the technical problems the ALA TechSource blog (i.e., the RSS problem in Bloglines that Mark points to in a post last Saturday in his ...the thoughts are broken... blog) has been having. It's now the end of the workday (well, the official end, anyway) Wednesday, and I suppose this post could fall under a 'Better Late Than Never' category heading, but, still, I apologize for not addressing this on this blog earlier this week. Read More »
Sad news has gripped us here at ALA. Tuesday, Gerald Hodges, associate executive director for marketing and communications, passed away. American Libraries Online provides a bit about Gerald's life, accomplishments, and his important contributions to the Association and to the field here.
A longtime member and supporter of ALA, Hodges had stipulated that a portion of his estate be used to establish the Gerald Hodges Fund, in support of intellectual freedom issues and legal challenges to legislation such as the Children's Internet Protection Act and the USA Patriot Act. Read More »
I've been fascinated by the conversations taking place about Library 2.0, because even just a year ago it seemed unthinkable we would be at the point at which we have a name for the next generation of online library services. And yet, here we are.
Unfortunately for me, other commitments have kept me offline for much of the last few months, so I've missed the details of those discussions. Still, I feel compelled to weigh in on some of the more recent questions about the concept, with caveat apologies if some of this has already been highlighted elsewhere and I just haven't seen it. Read More »
Like a puny but feisty kid trying to grow up and gain respect in a blue-collar town, portable electronic devices designed primarily for reading digital-textual documents, such as ebooks, are about to re-enter the general U.S. consumer electronic fray.
When dedicated reading devices hit the U.S. market in the late 90s, they were soundly drubbed, or worse, laughed at and ignored. Will 2006 be just a re-match with the same, predictable result? Read More »
Before Christmas, library director and blogger Michael Golrick posted "Library 2.0—Does it disenfranchise those who need us most?" at his blog, Thoughts from a Library Administrator. Read More »
I am seeing some very good summaries about the year behind us—everything from top-ten lists to Roy Tennant's powerful rumination in LJ, "What I Wish I Had Known." But the date that popped into my head this morning as I huffed on the treadmill, working off the holiday gingerbread while my brain did the thirty-minute free-style, was January 1, 2007. I put myself there and asked, what do I want to look back on for the previous year? While my pudgy legs labored, I vanquished Google, fixed the library catalog, and brought the profession forward thirty years.2006 in LibraryLand: A Brief History Read More »
As Countdowns and Top [insert number here] Lists are the rage this time of year for content producers, bloggers who will be attending ALA Midwinter in San Antonio may want to know that there are only 19 days until OCLC's Blog Salon, er... and there are only 17 more days until Midwinter begins in San Antonio. Looks like the Salon is now in the RED suite (as Alice notes in a follow-up comment). See you there!
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Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 Station Data
Calculation Information
"Climate averages", "climate means" or "climate normals" are all interchangeable terms. They refer to arithmetic calculations based on observed climate values for a given location over a specified time period. Climate normals are often used to classify a region's climate and make decisions for a wide variety of purposes involving basic habitability, agriculture and natural vegetation, energy use, transportation, tourism, and research in many environmental fields. Normals are also used as a reference for seasonal monitoring of climate temperature and precipitation for basic public interest, and for monitoring drought or forest fires risk. Real-time values, such as daily temperature, are often compared to a location's "climate normal" to determine how unusual or how great the departure from "average" they are.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommends that countries prepare climate normals for the official 30-year normals periods ending in 1930, 1960 and 1990, for which the WMO World Climate Normals are published. In addition, WMO recommends the updating of climate normals at the end of every decade as provided here for 1971 to 2000.
Calculation Method
There are many ways to calculate "climate normals"; the most useful ones adhere to accepted standards. The WMO considers thirty years long enough to eliminate year-to-year variations. Thus the WMO climatological standard period for normals calculations are computed over a 30 year period of consecutive records, starting January 1st and ending December 31st. In addition, the WMO established that normals should be arithmetic means calculated for each month of the year from daily data with a limited number of allowable missing values. For normals values representing averages, such as temperature, a month was not used if more than 3 consecutive days or more than a total of 5 days were missing. This rule is referred to as the "3 and 5 rule" established as a guideline for completeness by the WMO. Furthermore, its corresponding year-month mean should not be computed and should be considered missing. For normals values representing totals, such as precipitation, degree-days, or days with, an individual month was required to be 100% complete in order for it to be included in the normals calculation.
First, the average or total, as appropriate for the element, for all individual months was calculated for all locations. Normals values were then calculated as the mean for each month from all the individual months in the period that sufficiently fulfilled the requirement for completeness for 1971 to 2000. With the exception of the annual standard deviation (see calculations below), the annual normal value was calculated as the mean or total of monthly normals values only for stations where means or totals for every month of the year were available.
APPENDIX A lists the specific type of calculation, applicable period, and completeness requirements for each normals and extremes element.
Note: The "3 and 5 rule" is extracted from: "Calculation of Monthly and Annual 30 Year Standard Normals", Prepared by a meeting of experts, Washington, D.C., USA, March 1989. WMO-TD/No. 341 (WCDP-No. 10), Page 5.
Normals Code
Once the qualifying months were determined, the "3/5" rule was also applied to the number of months used to calculate average mean or average total within the thirty-year period. For instance, the "normal" value of a monthly element, such as normal maximum temperature for May, can have no more than 3 consecutive or 5 total missing months of May between 1971 to 2000.
|Normal Code
|Number of years with complete months required in the 1971-2000 period
|WMO "3 and 5 rule" (i.e. no more than 3 consecutive and no more than 5 total missing for both temperature and precipitation).
|WMO "3 and 5 rule" (i.e. no more than 3 consecutive and no more than 5 total missing for either temperature or precipitation).
|At least 25 years
|At least 20 years
|At least 15 years
|At least 10 years
|At least 5 years
|< 5 years
Note that stations with a normal code of "A" in both temperature and precipitation are designated as meeting the WMO standard for normals calculation.
While normals for all available elements for all stations were calculated, only elements with a normals code of at least Class D, or 15 years are currently available through the Archive Online website.
Uncertainty due to shorter period
Most observing locations in Canada do not have complete records for the 30-year period. To estimate this uncertainty we conducted some trial calculations for locations with a complete record for the 1971-2000 period. For mean temperature and total precipitation, means were calculated for each sub-period representing consecutive years of length from 1 through 30 years for each month and annually. Then the standard deviation of the differences between the mean of each sub-period and the full 30-year mean was calculated. For example, for sub-periods having lengths of 10 years, 21 monthly and annual mean values were calculated for the overlapping sub-periods 1971-1980, 1972-1981,....,1991-2000. The standard deviation of the differences between these means and the mean for the 1971-2000 period represents a measure of uncertainty due to an incomplete record. Results are provided in Figures 1 and 2.
Apart from any uncertainty due to site, instrument, or observing program changes, or general representativeness of the observing site with the surrounding region, the normals for most locations will have some uncertainty due to the fact that the observations are not complete for the 30-year period.
Figure 1
TEMPERATURE. Variation with Length of Period of the Average Standard Deviation of the Difference Between the Average of Sub-Periods and the 30-year Mean Temperature for Selected Months and the Annual Period. Average over 44 Locations.
Figure 2
PRECIPITATION. Variation with Length of Period of the Average Standard Deviation of the Difference Between the Average of Sub-Periods and the 30-year Mean Precipitation for Selected Months and the Annual Period. Average over 44 Locations.
The sub-periods used for these calculations overlap so that the mean values calculated for each sub-period are not independent. Nonetheless, the standard deviations of the differences and their means can be viewed as an estimate of a standard error related to uncertainty due to incomplete records.
In Figure 1, the standard deviation is significantly higher for January for all periods than for the other selected months or the annual period. For the 15 year period (the shortest period for which normals are provided on our web site), the January standard deviation is about 0.7 °C whereas the other selected months range from 0.2 to 0.3 °C, and the standard deviation for the annual period is 0.2 °C. Note that winter months are more variable and uncertainty for January temperature normals is higher than for other months.
Standard deviation for precipitation, calculated as the average percentage difference, in Figure 2 shows a somewhat different pattern. The standard deviations for selected months are larger than the annual period, for all lengths of sub-period, but the differences amongst months are small. There is less seasonal variation in the uncertainty of precipitation than is the case with temperature. The standard deviation for precipitation for a 15-year sub-period is about 8% for monthly values and about 3% for the annual value, with decreasing uncertainty with increasing length of period. These results can be a guide to selecting normals based on the normals code (A, B, C, or D).
Note that the average temperature standard deviation for the one-year sub-period is exactly the same as the temperaturestandard deviation published with the 30 year normals.
Standard Deviation Calculations
Standard deviations of mean daily temperatures (°C) are calculated from the same data used to calculate the mean for each month. Calculation of annual standard deviation differs from other annual element calculations in that it represents the mean standard deviation calculated from annual means for a given station rather than the mean standard deviation of monthly means. The same "3 and 5" rule for data completeness was applied to the annual standard deviation as was applied to the individual monthly standard deviations. The normal code for the annual standard deviation was assigned according to the qualifications outlined in Table 1 rather than representing the least degree of completeness for all months.
Climate Extremes
Besides the monthly averages and totals, extremes for selected elements by month including the daily maximum and minimum temperature, and the daily rainfall, snowfall, and total precipitation, and the dates of occurrence, were compiled and provided along with the normals elements. Extremes are compiled from the entire period of record of each location and not restricted to just the 1971-2000 normals period. In each case, the first or oldest date of occurrence is recorded below the extreme value. Values which occur more than once are identified with a (+). Bolded values and dates indicate the extreme for the year. Because no completeness requirements apply, no normals codes are assigned to extreme elements.
Support Information
During the calculation of normals and extremes, additional support information was tabulated. These include for both means and extremes: total number of available years, number of missing years, total count of observations and percent possible observations used. The first year and last year used within the normals period for elements for which means were calculated are available. The first year and last year used for element for which extremes were determined are available.
Data Adjustments
No explicit corrections or adjustments were made to normals values to account for any variations in siting, instruments, or observing procedures. To the degree that these confounding influences can affect trends in temperature and precipitation, these normals values should not be used to draw precise conclusions about changes in climate.
All normal values are derived from data in the National Climatological Archive of Environment Canada. While considerable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of these data, no guarantee can be given that they are error free.
Data and Observing Stations
The normals elements of greatest interest are the daily values of maximum, minimum and mean temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), snowfall (cm) and total precipitation (mm). For principal stations, additional daily elements such as peak wind gusts, days with a variety of weather phenomena such as thunderstorms or freezing precipitation, and elements based on hourly elements such as wind, sunshine, and solar radiation are also available. Generally the network of volunteer stations is limited to basic daily temperature and precipitation observations.
The climate day at first order or primary observing sites is defined by the 24-hour period ending at 0600 UTC. The climate at volunteer observing sites ends at around 8:00 am local time and can vary somewhat from location to location.
As in many other countries, observing practices have evolved through the current normals period, and continue to evolve. Observations at one time almost exclusively taken and recorded by human observers are increasingly being automated. Some principal stations in the MSC network were automated during the 1990's. As this occurred, the only precipitation observations available were daily total precipitation (mm) from an automatic weighing precipitation gauge. The observations from these stations in these years (mostly the late 1990's) were not used for the normals calculations since daily rainfall and snowfall observations were not available.
Temperature measurements are made from self-registering maximum and minimum thermometers set in a louvered, wooden shelter. The shelter is mounted on a stand so that the thermometers are approximately 1.5 m above ground, which is usually a level, grassy surface.
At most climatological stations, maximum temperature is the highest temperature recorded in a 24-hour period ending in the morning of the next day. The minimum values are for a period of the same length, beginning in the evening of the previous day. Mean temperature is the average of the two.
At most principal stations, the climatological day begins at 0600 UTC (Universal Time Coordinate) and ends at the onset of 0600 UTC on the following day. These times are equivalent or close to midnight local standard time for most of Canada.
Rainfall, Snowfall, and Precipitation
Rain, drizzle, freezing rain, freezing drizzle and hail are usually measured using the standard Canadian rain gauge, a cylindrical container 40 cm high and 11.3 cm in diameter. The precipitation is funneled into a plastic graduate which serves as the measuring device.
Snowfall is the measured depth of newly fallen snow, measured using a snow ruler. Measurements are made at several points which appear representative of the immediate area, and then averaged. "Precipitation" in the tables is the water equivalent of all types of precipitation.
At most ordinary stations the water equivalent of snowfall is computed by dividing the measured amount by ten. At principal stations it is usually determined by melting the snow that falls into Nipher gauges. These are precipitation gauges designed to minimize turbulence around the orifice, and to be high enough above the ground to prevent most blowing snow from entering. The amount of snow determined by this method normally provides a more accurate estimate of precipitation than using the "ten-to-one" rule. Even at ordinary climate stations the normals precipitation values will not always be equal to rainfall plus one tenth of the snowfall. Missing observations is one cause of such discrepancies.
Precipitation measurements are usually made four times daily at principal stations. At ordinary sites they are usually made once or twice per day. Rainfall, snowfall and precipitation amounts given in the tables represent the average accumulation for a given month or year.
Snow Depth
Snow cover is the depth of accumulated snow on the ground, measured at several points which appear representative of the immediate area, and then averaged. End-of-month values are given in the tables.
Number of Days With Specified Parameters
These elements give the average number of days per month or year on which a specific meteorological event or parameter threshold occurs. In the case of rainfall and precipitation, 0.2 mm or more must occur before a "day with" is counted. The corresponding figure for snowfall is 0.2 cm. A day with freezing precipitation is counted if there is an occurrence of 0.2 mm or more of rain or drizzle which turns to ice on contact with the underlying surface. Fog for this purpose is defined as a suspension of very small water droplets reducing the horizontal visibility to less than 1 km. A day with thunderstorms occurs if thunder is heard.
List of Days with parameters and thresholds
Days with Maximum Temperature
Days with Minimum Temperature
Days with Rainfall
- ≥ 0.2 mm
- ≥ 5 mm
- ≥ 10 mm
- ≥ 25 mm
Days with Snowfall
- ≥ 0.2 cm
- ≥ 5 cm
- ≥ 10 cm
- ≥ 25 cm
Days with Precipitation
- ≥ 0.2 mm
- ≥ 5 mm
- ≥ 10 mm
- ≥ 25 mm
Days with Snow Depth
- ≥ 1 cm
- ≥ 5 cm
- ≥ 10 cm
- ≥ 20 cm
Days With
- freezing rain or freezing drizzle
- thunderstorms
- hail
- fog, ice fog, or freezing fog
- smoke or haze
- blowing dust
- blowing snow
Note that the "Days With" various weather parameters such as freezing rain or freezing drizzle, thunderstorms, hail, etc are currently unavailable on the web due to an internal quality control review.
Degree-days for a given day represent the number of degrees Celsius that the mean temperature is above or below a given base. For example, heating degree-days are the number of degrees below 18 °C. If the temperature is equal to or greater than 18, then the number of heating degrees will be zero. Normals represent the average accumulation for a given month or year.
Values above or below the base of 18 °C are used primarily to estimate the heating and cooling requirements of buildings and fuel consumption. A temperature base of 24 °C is sometimes used as an index of extreme cooling degree-days of as an index of potential heat stress. Values above 5 °C are frequently called growing degree-days, and are used in agriculture as an index of crop growth.
Soil Temperature
Soil temperature measurements provide a climatology of soil thermal characteristics such as the depth of frost penetration into the soil and the duration that the soil remains frozen. It is of interest to hydrologists because it affects surface runoff, infiltration and snowmelt and to agriculturalists because it affects seed germination.
Measurements of soil temperature are made in accordance with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommendations at the standard depths of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150 and 300 cm. They are measured daily as close as possible to 08:00 LST and again at the shallowest depth at 16:00 LST.
Evaporation refers to the calculated lake evaporation occurring from a small natural open water-body having negligible heat storage and very little heat transfer at its bottom and sides. It represents the water loss from ponds and small reservoirs but not from lakes that have large heat storage capacities. Lake evaporation is calculated using the observed daily values of pan evaporative water loss, the mean temperatures of the water in the pan and of the nearby air, and the total wind run over the pan.
Lake Evaporation normals for the 1971 to 2000 period were calculated as means of daily means for a given station. This in effect is a measure of the rate of evaporation per day rather than a measure of total evaporation as was calculated in the 1961 to 1990 normals. To make the 1971 to 2000 lake evaporation normal values comparable to previous calculations, multiply the 1971 to 2000 value by the number of days for a given month to obtain an equivalent estimate.
Freezing-Free Period
Freezing occurs whenever temperatures fall to 0 °C or lower. Freezing data normals are based on the occurrence of freezing temperatures as recorded from minimum thermometers. The "Freezing-free Period" is defined as the number of days between the last occurrence of frost in spring and first occurrence of frost in the fall for a given year. For the purpose of these calculations, "spring" is defined as days on or before July 15, "fall" is defined as days after July 15 and freezing or frost occurs on any day where the daily minimum temperature (Tmin) is observed to be less than or equal to 0 °C.
"Freezing-free" elements are calculated only for stations where daily minimum temperature observations are 100% complete from the period of July 15 to the last occurrence of Tmin less than or equal to 0 °C in "spring", and from July 15 to the first occurrence of Tmin less than or equal to 0 °C in "fall". At least one complete period must occur within 1971 to 2000.
Hourly Data
Some climate elements are observed on an hourly rather than a daily basis. For these elements, the "3 and 5" rule for completeness is inapplicable given the comprehensive volume of data. Instead, to qualify for inclusion, hourly elements must have at least 90% of all available hours for a month complete where means or "days with" statistics are calculated. As with daily elements, where average totals are calculated, the record required 100% complete data. The monthly mean was then assigned an annual code following the completeness requirements outlined in Table 1.
Hourly elements include: hourly wind speed and direction, bright sunshine, humidex, wind chill, humidity, pressure, radiation, visibility and cloud amount.
Most principal climatological stations are equipped with a standard type U2A anemometer, taking one or (since 1985) two-minute mean speeds values at each observation. At other wind-measuring sites, values are usually obtained from autographic records of U2A or 45B anemometers. Averaging periods at these sites may vary from one minute to an hour.
In observing, wind speed is measured in nautical miles per hour and converted to kilometres per hour. The extreme gust speed is the instantaneous peak wind observed from the anemometer dials, or abstracted from a continuous chart recording. A value of zero (0) denotes a calm or no wind.
Conversion factors: 1 nautical mile = 1852 metres or 1.852 km
therefore 1 knot = 1.852 km/h and 1 km/h = 0.54 knot.
Wind direction measured by U2A's are recorded to the nearest ten degrees, while those from the 45B are provided to 8 points of the compass. All wind directions are defined as the direction from which the wind blows with respect to true or geographic north. For example, an easterly wind is blowing from the east, not toward the east. A wind direction observation represents the average direction over the two minutes period ending at the time of observation.
The most frequent wind direction is based on the total number of occurrences of each of the 36 possible directions for each month. A monthly total is calculated for each direction for all months having sufficient record (90% complete for hourly elements). The direction with the highest total count is mapped directly to one of the 8 compass points and that is assigned as the most frequent wind direction for the month. The most frequent wind direction for the year is simply deduced as the direction with the highest total occurrence count for all months. The 8 compass directions are determined from the chart given below.
|8 points
|10's of Degrees
Note: The Direction/Range for wind direction has been updated since the calculation of the 1971-2000 Normals. For the updated Direction/Range please refer to the Technical Documentation.
Wind speed and direction are greatly affected by proximity to the ground and by the presences of obstacles such as hills, buildings and trees. It tends to increase in speed and veer with height above ground. For meteorological purposes, the standard exposure of anemometer cups is at a height of 10 metres above the ground surface.
Bright Sunshine
Bright sunshine observations are made using the Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder. It consists of a glass sphere that is 10 cm in diameter, mounted concentrically in a portion of a spherical bowl. The sun's rays are focused by the glass sphere on a card held in position by a pair of grooves in the bowl. The focused rays scorch the card or burn a trace right through it. The card size used depends on the length of the day and is available in three classes corresponding to the time of the year equinox, summer or winter solstice.
Cards are changed daily so that the duration of sunshine for each hour of the day can be scaled. It is important to note that the amount of "bright sunshine" is less than the amount of "visible sunshine" because the sun's rays are not intense enough to record especially just after sunrise and towards sunset. The number of tenths of hours of sunshine are counted, as indicated by the burn on the card, and the total is recorded.
Humidex is an index to indicate how hot or humid the weather feels to the average person. It is derived by combining temperature and humidity values into one number to reflect the perceived temperature. For example, a humidex of 40 means that the sensation of heat when the temperature is 30 degrees and the air is humid feels more or less the same as when the temperature is 40 degrees and the air is dry.
The standard Humidex formula used by Environment Canada is:
humidex = (air temperature) + h
h = (0.5555)*(e - 10.0);
e = vapour pressure in hPa (mbar), given by:
e = 6.11 * exp [5417.7530 * ( (1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint) ) ]
Dew point is expressed in Kelvins (temperature in K = temperature in °C + 273.16) and 5417.7530 is a rounded constant based on the molecular weight of water, latent heat of evaporation, and the universal gas constant.
Wind Chill
Wind chill is an index to indicate how cold the weather feels to the average person. It is derived by combining temperature and wind velocity values into one number to reflect the perceived temperature.
For example, if the outside temperature is -10 °C and the wind chill is -20, it means that your face will feel more or less as cold as it would on a calm day when the temperature is -20 °C.
The wind chill is calculated when the temperature of the air is ≤ 10 °C and the reported wind speed is ≥ 5 km/h.
The standard Wind Chill formula for 1971-2000 Canadian Climate Normals is:
W = 13.12 + 0.6215 × Tair - 11.37 × V10m0.16 + 0.3965 × Tair × V10m0.16
W is the wind chill index, based on the Celsius temperature scale
Tair is the air temperature in degrees Celsius (°C), and
V10m is the wind speed at 10 metres (standard anemometer height), in kilometres per hour (km/h).
Note: The calculation for wind chill has been updated since thecalculation of the 1971-2000 Normals. For the updated calculation please refer to the Glossary.
Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the water present in an air parcel. This pressure is one of the partial pressures that make up the total pressure exerted by an air parcel. The vapour pressure increases as the amount of water vapour increases.
If an enclosed container of air and liquid water is maintained at a constant temperature, water molecules escape from the liquid surface into the air until an equilibrium is reached when no more water will evaporate (saturation occurs). The air parcel can hold no more water vapour molecules unless external heating is applied. The pressure exerted by the water vapour, in this case, is known as the saturation vapour pressure. The ratio of the actual vapour pressure to the saturation vapour pressure is another way of defining the relative humidity of an air mass.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapour present in a given parcel of air to the maximum amount that the parcel is capable of holding at a given temperature. It is usually expressed as a percentage. It is derived from either dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures or, in the case of a Dewcel remote temperature sensing unit, from dry bulb temperature and dew point values, with the aid of psychrometric tables.
Relative humidity changes with the air temperature even though the actual amount of water vapour present in an air parcel may remain constant. When a parcel of air is heated, without the addition or removal of water vapour, the relative humidity decreases and conversely, if the parcel is cooled under the same conditions, the relative humidity increases.
The closer the dew point temperature is to the dry bulb temperature, the higher the relative moisture content of the air. At 100% relative humidity the dew point temperature and the dry bulb temperature are the same. When the dry bulb/dew point difference is small, some of the internal water vapour condenses to form liquid water droplets either as fog or clouds.
Pressure is the weight of a column of air of unit cross-sectional area extending from the level of the observing station vertically to the outer limit of the atmosphere. The standard instrument for the measurement of atmospheric pressure is the mercury barometer, in which the air pressure is balanced against the weight of a column of mercury in a glass tube that contains a vacuum.
Station Pressure (kPa) is the atmospheric pressure in kiloPascal (kPa) at the station elevation. Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of a mass of air in a vertical column from the elevation of the observing station to the top of the atmosphere.
Sea level pressure is the weight of a column of air of unit cross-sectional area extending from sea level vertically to the outer limit of the atmosphere. It is directly measured at stations situated at sea level, but is calculated at other stations by adding to the station pressure, the equivalent weight of an air column extending from the station elevation down to sea level. Mean sea level pressure is computed so that the barometric pressures at stations of different elevations can be compared at a common level for analysis purposes.
Solar Radiation
Solar radiation is the measurement of radiant energy from the sun, on a horizontal surface. There are several standardized components of independent measurements. Each component is assigned a different identifying number referred to as Radiation Fields (RF). The standard metric unit of radiation measurement is the Mega Joule per square metre (MJ/m2).
Components measured and used by MSC:
RF1: Global Solar Radiation: the total incoming direct and diffuse short-wave solar radiation received from the whole dome of the sky on a horizontal surface.
RF2: Sky Radiation (Diffuse): the portion of the total incoming short-wave solar radiation received on a horizontal surface that is shielded from the direct rays of the sun by means of a shade ring.
RF3: Reflected Solar Radiation: the portion of the total incoming short-wave radiation that has been reflected from the Earth's surface and diffused by the atmospheric layer between the ground and the point of observation onto a horizontal surface.
RF4: Net Radiation: the resultant of downward and upward total (solar, terrestrial surface, and atmospheric) radiation received on a horizontal surface.
Visibility (km)
Visibility in kilometres (km) is the distance at which objects of suitable size can be seen and identified. Precipitation, fog, haze or other obstructions such as blowing snow or dust can reduce atmospheric visibility.
Cloud Amount
A cloud in the atmosphere is a visible collection of minute particle matter, such as water droplets and/or ice crystals, in the air. Condensation nuclei, such as smoke or dust particles, form a surface around which water vapour can condense and create clouds.
Table 2 shows the calculation, period of record and completeness required for each normal and extreme element.
|Element by Group
|Type of calculation
|Period used
|Completeness required
|Temperature (°C)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fair ~
High: 70°F
Saturday, Jan. 21, 2017
You're not alone!Posted Friday, July 15, 2011, at 9:24 AM
You know how things are always happening to me. Well they still do. Some days I just don't get it.
I have told you how we have had to replace nearly every appliance in the house. In fact, as I sit here re-counting, it really was everything. Bam, Bam, one right after the other.
You know my back "blew" out on me last October just as I was preparing to open my little gift shop. That sent me to the emergency room and put me in bed for nearly two weeks. I don't do lying in bed very well at all, but, I survived with the help of my devoted family. Actually, my devoted family, with help from the doctors, kept me sedated most of the time. Ummm. Just wondering about that.
The saga continues. Last week I was getting out of the tub, and needless to say, I was trying to protect my back. As I was getting out, my hand slipped! Then, splash, I slid down the side of the tub! (I'm hearing laughter at the thought of this sight) Sooo, that is where all those black and blue marks came from. Not to mention, I think I chipped a small bone on top of my hand.
Now it seems my family is trying to get in on the antics.
Mom is sporting a really pretty new kind of eye make up. It's black and blue and goes down the side of her right eye. Almost matches her eyeshadow. She and the door facing met in the hall about four o'clock one morning.
Then, while Logan, our youngest grandson, and Collin were golfing in our back yard, Collin just had to walk into the club as Logan started to swing. Guess he wanted his eyes to match his mother-in-law's.
If that isn't enough, our air conditioner started acting up. Collin checked it out and found it was stopped up with gunk. He worked until he got it unstopped from the inside. The next day he was using the air compressor to unstop it from the outside and, guess what? You're not gonna believe this one. The nozzle on the air compressor blew off and up into the air conditioner drain pipe! Now this is a great big LOL. But, listen to this. He then tried to use something else, and it also got stuck. Sooo, we now have two items stuck.
My Collin is a very ingenuitive person. If there is a way, he will find it. Many of you know he is intrigued with magnets and has several - all sizes and shapes. Well, he attached a magnet to something and within a matter of minutes, voila, (vwala) he had those babies out.
What a man, what a man.
I must stop here and say something to my new readers from out of the country and from all over the United States. If you don't understand the reason for this type column, go into the archives and read the older ones. That will explain why I share these kinds of incidents with my readers.
From the beginning, my plan was to write a column one week about the silly things that I, or those around me, get ourselves into. This will let you know that you are not alone when some of these incidents happen in your life. Sometimes even when they aren't so funny, we can still find humor in them and lighten our loads for a while, which in turn may help us lighten someone else's burdens, if only for a while. As I said in the beginning, you might laugh at me or with me, either way is okay.
The next column would be about heros and heroines in my life as I see them. I always say, you never know when you might be the hero/heroine of the week. And that, my new friends, is what Kathleen's Korner is all about.
Welcome to all my new readers.
REMEMBER: "When you were born, you were crying; and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that at the end, you're the one smiling, and everyone around you is crying. - (author unknown)
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Kathleen is a resident of Dexter. She was born in Indiana, but her parents moved their family back to the Dexter area when she was three. Other than three years she and her husband, Collin, lived in St. Charles, Mo. and ten years in Birmingham, Alabama, she has spent her life in Dexter. As you can tell, Kathleen is a people person and believes in giving credit to whom credit is due. Thus, the reason for her hero/heroine column every other week in Kathleen's Korner. As you can tell, she also like to have fun, most of the time at her own expense. Kathleen (Grubbs) is a 1964 graduate of Dexter High School and invites her friends to her "Korner."
Hot topicsAh, fall!
(1 ~ 6:08 AM, Oct 11)
The Gift of Friends
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Thanks for the memories


text:
Visitors would come for rail trail
I am writing as a small business owner, a cyclist and as a resident of Saranac Lake. I am asking for support for the Adirondack Rail Trail initiative.
As a tandem bicycle shop owner (Gear-To-Go Tandems), I am obviously prejudiced in favor of the trail. However, my enthusiasm is enhanced by the benefits I see coming from such a trail. My business is driven by non-locals. For example, during the past year, fully one-third of my sales have been to Canadians. Our northern neighbors are aware of the cycling potential of this area and are enthusiastic about coming here to bicycle.
I cannot tell you how many times I have been asked about options for riding that are not on our narrow roads, places where families can ride with smaller children, where people who are not very athletically fit could go for a ride, or just a route that would be peaceful and free of traffic noise.
Unfortunately, I have not been able to suggest such rides since they do not exist in this area. That has cost me both rental business and sales. Having this option would be a boon to my livelihood.
As a cyclist, I would relish the opportunity to ride from here to Tupper Lake, and beyond, without the pain and suffering that the hills around here generously provide. I am an avid cyclist but not very fit at 240 pounds. I am gravitationally challenged. I do occasionally bike up Forest Home Road, the railroad's proposed alternative to the rail trail, but that route is too challenging (read steep and high) for me to ride more than rarely. And many other cyclists are in the same predicament. The elite cyclists we see in the area for the Ironman are not the bulk of the cycling world. Most of us are not able to ride, or enjoy, such challenging routes. But we will come to this area to ride on an improved rail trail that traverses some of the more beautiful and secluded terrain in the Park. And they will come here to do it on multiple trips.
As a resident of Saranac Lake, I look forward to the economic boost the rail trail will provide. This would be a world-class rail trail that will bring people here as the destination, not just as something else to do while in the area. The train is something people might ride once, while they are already here. I know because that's what my family did. Very, very few people come here for the sole purpose of riding the Scenic Railroad. But the rail trail would be something that will bring thousands of folks here every year. And they will come back repeatedly for this experience.
I have seen this firsthand at the Pine Creek Trail in Pennsylvania as well as on numerous rail trails in Ohio. In Ohio, I have observed rail trails that go for 40, 50, even 70 miles. And as they approach each small town along the trail, there are signs showing the various businesses at which the cyclists can/will spend their money. The cyclists need food, and lots of it, and they need places to stay. When they come here to ride this trail, they will be in the area for several days.
All of the studies point to millions of tourist dollars that will come to our economically challenged area as a result of the proposed Adirondack Rail Trail. Even if those studies are off by a factor of two or three, they still point to a great economic shot in the arm for the businesses along the rail trail corridor.
Please support the transformation of this severely under-utilized rail bed into a world-class rail trail that will attract tens of thousands of visitors, and the resultant economic boost, to the area encompassing the Tri-Lakes to Old Forge.
Rich Shapiro lives in Saranac Lake.


text:
In Years Past
100 Years Ago
In 1913, crazed by the excessive cold and frightened after slipping upon the ice, Ella, a performing elephant of the Robinson Spellman indoor circus, ran wild through the streets of Watertown the previous afternoon, smashing into business places, causing two runaways, almost trampling women and children under foot and leaving a trail of wreckage behind her course. Two thousand men, led by five employees of the circus, armed with spiked poles, followed the animal through the streets. Firemen and policemen joined in the chase, though keeping a safe distance. The mercury stood at 15 below as the animals picked their way over the icy streets to the train to be loaded. Just at the car, Ella slipped and fell. In a flash the entire herd trumpeted and dashed in every direction, the onlookers running for their lives. Eventually John Robinson, owner of the animal, arrived and quieted the crazed brute. Another elephant was brought up and a huge rope tied about the runaway served to give assurance and then she was loaded onto the train.
Groote Winkel, the fair in Jamestown City Hall being conducted by Mt. Tabor Lodge, I.O.O.F., was bigger and busier than ever the previous evening. Over 1,200 persons passed the door-tenders during the evening. It was Fraternity Night and many lodge men of the city visited the fair, among them 30 members of Jamestown division, No. 5, Uniform rank, K.O.T.M., many members of the Eagles, the Moose, the Masons and other organizations. The hall was packed, every highway and byway of Groote Winkel being thronged with happy, fun-seeking crowds which left substantial sums of money in the cash drawers of the various business establishements. The bird booth was the center of interest until the supply was actually sold out.
75 Years Ago
In 1938, while the movement to stay out of the 1940 Olympics unless Japan decided to stay out of China seemed to be gaining headway in some quarters, current indications were that it was largely confined to the United States and the British Empire. Battle lines already had been drawn up for some brisk skirmished in New York with Jeremiah T. Mahoney, former president of the Amateur Athletic Union, heading the opposition and his old rival in such matters, Avery Brundage, favoring participation.
William Walsh, about 50 years old, of Bradford, Pa., was killed when he fell from a moving Erie freight train at Horseshoe Bend, near Carrollton. The body, cut in two under the wheels, was identified by relatives at the morgue in Salamanca. Coroner P.H. Bourne said Walsh may have been trying to alight from the train after he had boarded it in Salamanca with two other men. Railroad police who had been informed the men were seen getting on the train had pursued it and took the other two from the train at Carrollton. Walsh left a wife, two daughters and three sons.
50 Years Ago
In 1963, an aerial view of the Niagara River ice jam ended in death the previous day for four men when their single-engine airplane crashed a mile from the famed Horseshoe Falls. The men, night-shift employees of the Carborundum Company in Niagara Falls were Theodore Stevens, 27, the pilot; James Dowling, 20; Robert J. Dutko, 26 and John Barclay, 24, all of Niagara Falls, N.Y.
At Maple Springs, a 32-year-old mother of two children was injured when she jumped through a closed first-floor bedroom window as a fire of undetermined origin roared through the first floor of her two-story frame dwelling shortly after midnight. Injured was Mrs. Adrienne Hoover, who was admitted as a patient at the WCA Hospital after she was treated for lacerations on both hands, smoke inhalation and shock. Her 4-year-old son Richard, who jumped through the same window, was unhurt. They both landed in a snowbank. Her husband was D. Richard Hoover, a Bemus Point Central School guidance counselor. The couple's other child, Shelly Ann, 12, was staying at the home of a friend.
25 Years Ago
In 1988, wildly fluctuating temperatures and a lack of snow had made it difficult for ski area operators around New York state to match the previous year's record business. But most were hoping for a comeback during the following week's school vacations and the weather appeared to be cooperating "It's been a bit of a roller-coaster ride," Dave Hanson, the manager of Gore Mountain in the Adirondacks, said of the year so far. "We haven't had as much snow (as last year) and we've had some major thaws. Last year was one of those premium years that comes along every once in a while."
Concern over recent Amish buggy/car accidents had prompted action to improve the visibility of the black horse-drawn buggies but some said educating their operators about safety was the key. Cattaraugus County Legislator Don Winship told The Post-Journal some improvements had been agreed to by the Amish after several meetings with Sheriff's Department deputies and state troopers. Improvements included a lantern system which would be mounted above the wheel in a box lined with stainless steel to reflect more light. The buggies were also outlined with reflective tape along with the use of a triangular emblem on the rear that reads, "slow-moving vehicle."


text:
Skip to comments.Caroline Glick: We Are Not for Sale
Posted on 11/08/2010 5:58:15 PM PST by Tolerance Sucks Rocks
Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu is playing with fire. And Israel is getting burned.
Over the past week, it has been widely reported that the Obama administration and the Netanyahu government are conducting secret negotiations regarding future Israeli land surrenders to the Palestinians in the Jordan Valley and Jerusalem. According to the reports, the Obama administration has presented Netanyahu with a plan whereby Israel will cede its rights to eastern Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley to the Palestinians and then lease the areas from the Palestinians for a limited period.
The reports on the length of the lease vary. Some claim that the White House is offering a seven year rental. Others claim the Americans are offering Israel to lease Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley for several decades before relinquishing them completely.
Netanyahu has reportedly accepted Obama's proposal in principle. The only remaining dispute is the length of the lease. Netanyahu is demanding that Israel be permitted to lease Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley from the Palestinians for somewhere between forty and ninety-nine years. The Americans foresee a shorter timeframe.
The fact that these discussions are taking place is deeply disturbing both for what they tell us about the Obama administration's view of Israel and for what they tell us about Netanyahu's wisdom and character.
By calling for Israel to cede the Jordan Valley to the Palestinians, US President Barack Obama is ignoring the most fundamental reality of the Middle East: Israel is besieged by its neighbors who seek its destruction. Without the Jordan Valley Israel would become the modern day equivalent of Czechoslovakia stripped of the Sudetenland in 1938. It would be utterly indefensible.
None of Israel's neighbors have accepted Israel's right to exist. The absolute majority of the Arabs in all of the states neighboring Israel wish to see Israel destroyed. By relinquishing the Jordan Valley Israel would effectively be committing national suicide by inviting an invasion it would be incapable of staving off.
This is the truth today and given the depth of Arab hatred of Jews, in all likelihood, it will remain the case in forty years and in 99 years. At any rate, Obama's suggestion that Israel entrust its future to an unsubstantiated hope that the Arab world will be fundamentally transformed is both ignorant and dangerous.
As for Netanyahu, he has no right to gamble away Israel's future. He has no right to commit future generations to strategic suicide on the basis of Obama's strategic myopia.
The very notion that Israel ought to ever surrender control over the Jordan Valley is egregious and unacceptable. And by proposing that Israel do so, the Obama administration is destroying the last vestiges of its credibility as an ally to the Jewish state. But that is not the worst aspect of the reported US proposal to Israel.
The worst aspect of the US proposal is that it calls for Israel to cede Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley to the Palestinians and then lease them from the Palestinians. Speaking to Army Radio, Science Minister Daniel Herschkowitz explained, "If we agree to the offer, we will be broadcasting to the Palestinians that the land is actually theirs."
Indeed, we would. But it is worse than that.
Jerusalem is the center of Jewish history, civilization, culture, and faith. It is the lifeblood of the Jewish state and the Jewish people. As for the Jordan Valley, Jerusalem cannot be defended without it. When the US asks Israel to lease the areas from the Palestinians, what the US is telling Israel is that it rejects the very notion of Jewish national rights to the State of Israel.
Perhaps one day Israel's leaders may be foolish enough to withdraw from Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley. Perhaps one day they will be stupid enough to withdraw from the Galilee and the Negev. But no Israeli leader has the right to cede the Jewish people's national rights to the land of Israel to anyone.
At heart, the US proposal entails an Israeli submission to the Palestinians. It requires Israel's leaders to say that the Palestinians have all the rights. We just have some minor security and political considerations. These considerations in turn are of limited duration and once they are settled, we will be out of everybody's way. The Palestinians will be free to enjoy all of their rights without the troublesome Jews around bothering them.
Netanyahu knows full well that Israel cannot survive without the Jordan Valley. He also knows that the Land of Israel belongs to the Jewish people and that we are the rightful owners of this land. So what explains his actions?
In acting as he is, Netanyahu is clearly trying to avert yet another crisis with the Obama administration. No doubt he believes that the Palestinians will save the day again by refusing to make a deal with Israel. Just as the Palestinians refuse to accept Israel's right to exist, just as they refuse to give up on their demand that Israel destroy itself by accepting millions of foreign born Arabs as full citizens in the framework of a "peace" agreement; and just as they refuse to accept any limitations on the sovereignty of a future Palestinian state, so Netanyahu believes, they will refuse to lease the Jordan Valley and Jerusalem to Israel for 40 or 99 years.
Netanyahu may be right to think this. The Palestinians may reject the deal. But he is taking an enormous risk.
Yassir Arafat didn't have a problem lying to Yitzhak Rabin in 1993. To get Rabin to set up the Palestinian Authority, arm the PLO, raise billions of dollars in international aid for the PA, and allow it to expand to the outskirts of Israel's major cities, Arafat lied and said that the PLO recognized Israel and would live at peace with the Jewish state.
It is easy to imagine Mahmoud Abbas, Arafat's deputy of forty years acting in a similar fashion.
And then what would Netanyahu do?
If Netanyahu's tactics could only cause Israel tactical damage, his gamble that the Palestinians will also refuse this deal might be defensible. But his tactics cause Israel strategic harm even if the Palestinians reject this deal as well. And so they are inexcusable. Israel cannot survive without the Jordan Valley. By negotiating a surrender of the Jordan Valley, Netanyahu makes it acceptable for the US and the rest of the world to demand that Israel commit national suicide.
Even worse than that, Netanyahu's willingness to negotiate with the US on the basis of a plan that rejects the Jewish people's right to the land of Israel confuses Israel's friends and so dooms their defenses of Israel to failure.
By accepting the legitimacy of this proposal, Netanyahu is telling Israel's supporters abroad that the Palestinians are right. Israel belongs to the Arabs more than it belongs to the Jews. With this message, the only thing supporters of Israel can do is encourage the Israeli government to make territorial concessions that are suicidal for the country.
This disastrous belief has been engendered since the inception of the Oslo process in 1993. Its deleterious influence abroad is evidenced by the flood of statements over the years by Israel's supporters claiming that Israel must vacate Judea, Samaria, Jerusalem, the Jordan Valley and the Golan Heights.
Take a recent statement by the American pollster Frank Luntz. Luntz often advises American pro-Israel groups about how to improve Israel's image in the world. Yet as this friend of Israel sees things, "The only way for Israel to create sympathy is to be the side working hardest for peace. The best case for Israel is to demonstrate that she is willing to go twice as far as her neighbors to establish peace."
And while moves like Netanyahu's confuse Israel's friends abroad, his willingness to consider a plan that denies Jewish rights to Israel and calls for Israel to make suicidal withdrawals demoralize Israelis at home. For evidence of this demoralization, one need only look to the Kadima Party.
As Kadima's leader Tzipi Livni reminds us every time she opens her mouth, Kadima's plan is for Israel to destroy itself by withdrawing to the indefensible 1949 armistice lines as quickly as possible.
Livni says day in and day out that Israel's interests are best served by surrendering Judea, Samaria, Jerusalem, and the Jordan Valley as quickly as possible. To the extent that Netanyahu tries to withstand US pressure to surrender all these areas, Livni accuses him of endangering the country.
Livni's most recent broadside came on Wednesday at the Knesset. There she attacked the Netanyahu government for purportedly reacting with happiness to the news that the Republicans won control of the US House of Representatives in Tuesday's elections.
As she put it, "For those of you who believe that Obama's loss is good for Netanyahu, I ask myself have you all gone crazy?... He who says that a... weak American president is good for Israel is not just speaking stupidly, they are encouraging something that endangers Israel itself."
Obviously Livni is wrong. Israel is not best served by preferring the political fortunes of a hostile US President to its national interests and rights. If Netanyahu and his associates expressed happiness at the outcome of the US elections they would be fully justified for doing so. The overwhelming majority of Israelis -- who rightly view Obama as hostile --understand this.
But despite the idiocy of Livni's arguments and the lunacy of Kadima's policy, consistent opinion polls show Kadima closely trailing Likud. And Netanyahu deserves a large share of the blame for this state of affairs.
When Netanyahu agrees to negotiate from a position of moral weakness and strategic blindness, the message he sends the public is that we should take the likes of Livni seriously. He tells us that the difference between Kadima and Likud is one of tone, not substance.
They are all shoving us off the same cliff so we might as well go with Blondie. For 17 long years, successive Israeli leaders have come into office committed to defending the country only to be reduced within a few short months to quibbling over the price of surrender. Leaders from the Right hoped that the Palestinians would scuttle the deals. Leaders from the Left begged the Palestinians to accept them.
If Netanyahu wishes to be remembered as something more than another hack no different from Livni and all the rest, he should end these destructive talks and tell the Obama administration the truth: Israel's survival is non-negotiable and the rights of the Jewish people are not for sale.
This is a cyanide pill. Take it and its fatal.
If you lease it, its not yours. If thats the case, cede it immediately and withdraw right now.
If its yours, never even discuss ceding it.
Agreeing to "lease" what is yours is to agree that its not yours. Whether its 49 years or 99 years is immaterial. You just lost. Game over.
How about this for a peace plan? Israel chooses the borders she is prepared to live and die by, and then defends them come what may. And if the west bank arabs attack, she seizes land in compensation, every time. Permanently.
War is coming, big war, real war, and granting the west bank a few square miles isn't going to change that at all. So there is no point in agreeing to anything with them. Get ready for whats coming and stop letting your enemy call the tune.
As for Obama, leave him to us.
OMG, you have to be kidding. This is a formula for epic fail.
Netanyahu should make no deals with the bogus Obama admin.
What you said.
God gave the land to the Jews, it not for anyone to take it or give it !
Bibi has no choice now. He has been presented with the "agreement" that will be imposed on Israel and the Arabs by Obama via the UN. He's grasping at straws - trying to argue the terms of the rental in the agreement he's been issued. It's a done deal.
Seven year lease? hmmmmm
Disturbing report ping....From the article:
Netanyahu has reportedly accepted Obama's proposal in principle. The only remaining dispute is the length of the lease. Netanyahu is demanding that Israel be permitted to lease Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley from the Palestinians for somewhere between forty and ninety-nine years. The Americans foresee a shorter timeframe.
The fact that these discussions are taking place is deeply disturbing...,
The worst aspect of the US proposal is that it calls for Israel to cede Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley to the Palestinians and then lease them from the Palestinians. Speaking to Army Radio, Science Minister Daniel Herschkowitz explained, "If we agree to the offer, we will be broadcasting to the Palestinians that the land is actually theirs."
Indeed, we would. But it is worse than that.
Jerusalem is the center of Jewish history, civilization, culture, and faith. It is the lifeblood of the Jewish state and the Jewish people. As for the Jordan Valley, Jerusalem cannot be defended without it. When the US asks Israel to lease the areas from the Palestinians, what the US is telling Israel is that it rejects the very notion of Jewish national rights to the State of Israel.
I wouldn't have imagined that Bibi could even consider such insane proposals — obviously the whole point of a "lease" of any length is to cede fundamental rights to the Pali-Nazis.
No matter what the length of a "lease" it just launches the process of further encroachments, further concessions.... no one would be talking about a "lease" except as a wedge to get Israel to cede rights over the land to the Palis. BAD idea, Bibi!!!
Glick knows more than I do and if shes worried, Im worried.
BN is a fine man and a wise one, but political leaders have a way of going astray, going stale, compromising, getting outmaneuvered by other crafty players, and otherwise disappointing us. They live and function in an esoteric plane, a minefield of temptations and pressures and traps. They lose parts, and instead of leaving the field they keep wiggling around in there, crippled, ineffectual, in denial and their followers in denial out of loyalty or the thoughtless momentum of having followed them perennially.
Ill be sorrowful if that happens to Netanyahu...but hardly surprised.
In the meantime, this business Glick describes sounds really boneheaded.
Ping to self
I'll start worrying about that one when all the devout Christians suddenly disappear from the Earth.
Bullshit. Israel will give Jerusalem to the Palestinian thugs right after we let Obama give the Gettysburg National Park to Al Qaida.
Ping To Israel Situation......Dire?
And in the middle of the seventh year....
I too have the greatest respect for Caroline Glick. If she is this worried, then I'm sure she has good reason for it.
Bibi just has to resist this. Obama is rapidly losing power. He is no longer the most powerful man on earth, as the media would have it. And although plenty of Dem politicians seem willing to sacrifice Israel, they want to do so covertly. They want to blame it on Netanyahu, not take credit for it themselves.
Time to resist. And time for the stupid, idiotic leftist Jews in this country to wake up and pull the rug out from under the Mohammedan pretender in the White House
Time to call it what it is, and not let Obama get away with this by concealment and failure of the press to acknowledge what's happening.
This isn't the first time I've heard this number used referring to the number of years that Obama may use making a pact with Israel. His wickedness knows no end.
thou, Netanyahu will do whatever he has to do to stall this administration until it is gone. He will NEVER cede Jerusalem. He knows what he is doing, unlike those who believe this crap. He will talk and talk and talk and tell these jerks whatever he has to tell them to keep them happy. He knows prophecy probably better than most people and he will never be the one to put the final nail in the world's coffin...let alone Israel's.
With greatest respect to Caroline Glick, assuming that these reports are true, isn't it possible that Netanyahu is negotiating as means to stall for time until the political climate in the US is more favorable? I don't like the idea of ceding land to the Palis either, but so far all that's happened is talk.
If youd like to be on or off, please FR mail me.
When Caroline Glick speaks, I listen.
Thanks 444, Hadn't heard that before either. Prayers for Israel.
Why, Bibi, why?!? This will be the end of Israel. Making a deal with Hussein is making a deal with the devil. Bibi is smarter than this. Something else is being held over his head.
I don't believe Net is that stupid, therefore I await the result.
ping to article in post 31
Thanks for the links.
I agree. Net is playing the pimp amd is about to fake out both Obama and the Palestinians.
One of the reasons I have always liked Net, is that he has a useful combination of intellectual brains(M.I.T. Honors graduate), and "street brains" . I doubt he can be easily flim-flammed.
Agreed. Its MIT vs Occidental College/Columbia. No contest.
My good FRiend, I GUARANTEE you Obama got boyfriend/girlfriends to do his term papers. He isn't smart enough to have done them them himself.
I believe you are correct... war is coming... big time.
Obama is inndeed not smart, He is just hateful. The hateful are wiley.
Affirnmative action caused this, and now he bites the hand that fed him. Thats the last time!!!!
He is a dog. And I do believe he will turn rabid before long, and will return from his neo colonial world tour with a huge, swollen ego. Watch what happens when we take him down a few pegs.
I believe Obama will become more dangerous, commensurate with his waning popularity and stature. He will be capable of causing tremendous harm to us.
I agee. It may well begin as an attack on the "rich".
International currency controls, and use of the Income tax act to impliment politically motovated audits.
That's my bet where he will begin.
And then after that his SEIU thugs will start running a protection racket for businesses in the City, unless you are Jewish, or cracker conservative.Its likely already started in Chicago, which is why Rahm wants to be mayor.
I was quite paranoid about what the Clintons and their underworld friends would do. I'm not certain Obama will become desperate and do things. I can't say for certain he won't either. This is a dangerous time IMO. Internationally, he has done his best to destroy our standing.
Obama is already using the income tax as a weapon against his enemies....US.
I agree that he is trying to. He has also taken control of over 50% of the private sector, overseeing decisions that those entities will make.
The Republican Congress should put an end to that. The Senate isn't going to be helpful, but if the Republicans in the House and Senate make enough noise about it, they can prevail.
The Dems don't want another 2010 in 2012.
Thats what QE 2 is, anindirect tax on everyone, value of the dollar goes down ( already down about 15% and now will go down another 20% through monetizing the debt.)
The goverement gets to "flourush and grow" and Americans will have to go on very, very short rations.The left is bettng that Americans do not have the hutzpah to rise up.
Thats nothing compared to what will happen when the USD is no longer the world's reserve currrency. This, IMHO, is the REAL Obama plan.( The rest of the world has come to US for too long.) Our standard of livinng will drop so low it will be like Zimbabwe's, and thats GREAT according to Obama!!!! All those Americans dependent on the government. Whoopeee for socialism, and the new USSA!
I know of a great gulag in China, if only they would kidnap the POS!!!!
All speculation.
" Thats nothing compared to what will happen when the USD is no longer the worlds reserve currrency. This, IMHO, is the REAL Obama plan.( The rest of the world has come to US for too long.) Our standard of livinng will drop so low it will be like Zimbabwes, and thats GREAT according to Obama!!!! All those Americans dependent on the government. Whoopeee for socialism, and the new USSA! "
The Obama Nation
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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The academic offerings of the Lubbock campus mirror the standards of excellence you will find throughout the Wayland Baptist University system.
At the Lubbock campus, several degrees are offered. They include:
Academic Calendar
Programs at the Lubbock campus are delivered in four terms each year with each term lasting 11 weeks. Classes generally meet once a week, Monday through Friday evenings from 6:00 p.m. to 10:10 p.m., and on Saturday mornings from 8:00 a.m. to 12:10 p.m.
Academic Advising
Students at the Lubbock campus have access to academic and financial advising, and counseling at the campus. Academic advisors are available by appointment and walk-ins at our campus location in Lubbock. New students will be assigned an academic advisor following the initial session.
New students seeking a preliminary degree plan should bring to the appointment copies of transcripts, CLEP, AARTS, DD Form 214 or DD Form 295, and certificates of all employer-based training they want to be evaluated for credit.
Make an appointment to have your credits evaluated and to determine the number of hours needed to complete your bachelor's, or master's.
Office hours at the Main Campus are 8:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday and Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon. The office is closed on weekends and university holidays.
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Cramer's Top Stock Picks: SBUX CYN KEY
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Here are some of the hot stocks Jim Cramer talked about on Tuesday's "Mad Money" on CNBC:
Starbucks (SBUX) : Cramer said this is one stock to own ahead of its bi-annual analyst meeting.
City National (CYN) : Cramer was bullish on this business and investment bank based in Los Angeles.
KeyCorp (KEY) : Buy when others are selling, said Cramer, which is why he owns this bank for his charitable trust, Action Alerts PLUS.To read a full recap of "Mad Money" on CNBC, click here.
To sign up for Jim Cramer's free Booyah! newsletter with all of his latest articles and videos please click here.
To watch replays of Cramer's video segments, visit the Mad Money page on CNBC.
-- Written by Scott Rutt in Washington, D.C.
To email Scott about this article, click here: Scott Rutt
Follow Scott on Twitter @ScottRutt or get updates on Facebook, ScottRuttDC


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Long natural looking hairstyle
Glittery ash blonde hair is combed out and allowed to settle down against the chest and shoulders. Minimal emphasis is given to volume, as hair is flattened at the crown and falls straight from a clean center part. The sides are livened up a bit, with the natural waves allowed to come through, providing a bit of movement against the face. On the whole, the look relies on the lovely hair color and length, tying both in with nude make-up, shadowed eyes, and a bare neck and chest line.


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|Team USA at the finish corral
|That's my U.S. flag hanging at the top of the World
Championships course
|Me at the top of the downhill course, supporting my teammates
|Beautiful view from the mountain in La Molina, Spain
When I was selected to represent the United States at the International Paralympic Committee's World Championships in La Molina, Spain, it was something that I hadn't expected. I feel like I am skiing well, but didn't think I would get selected. To be honest, I was very nervous. This was a whole new stage to be competing on – the best of the best, if you will. I was nervous but excited. My plan of attack was to use the two downhill training runs to get my confidence and roll forward from there. But we were unaware that I was not qualified to compete in downhill; we had been misinformed. That kind of threw me for a loop and I don't think I handled it as well as I should have.
My first race would be the super giant slalom. The course started with a long section of flats where you could just grab a tuck and let the skis run, the middle section had some cranking turns and the bottom hit the steepest part of the course with long, open turns where you were hitting about 70 miles per hour. It was a good course, I just didn't ski it well; all year my coaches have been saying that I am skiing too direct. This time I skied too round – go figure. I finished in 19th place. We were scheduled to race slalom the next day, but due to extremely high winds the race was cancelled. We got the race off the day after that and the course ate people up. Out of 82 racers that started, only 29 of us finished both runs. I finished in 11th place, which would be my highest finish of the series. Our next races were super combined and giant slalom, where I finished 17th and 18th, respectively.
My take on this whole series was I went into it very intimidated about the level of competition. I wasn't mentally prepared and it showed in my results. So, how am I going to fix this? Well I need to start using the tools I have available; this summer I was introduced to a sports psychologist at the U.S. Olympic Training Center named Suzie Riewald. I worked with her throughout the summer, but now have some things to bring back to her that we can work on together and find some ways to not let this become a reoccurring problem. For those of you who have never worked with a sports psych, I highly recommend it. It is another tool in your bag that may give you a competitive edge. I also realized that I have to just turn off my mind and ski. The first run of GS I did just that – it might not have been my prettiest run ever, but it was fast. The second run, I tried to take all of the coaching tips and apply them and my form was horrible. One thing that I never have to worry about while racing is my equipment. We have two of the best technicians in the business; Mark Kelly and Luke Byers make sure that when I leave the gate I never have to worry about anything but the guy steering the skis. Thanks, fellas!
Overall, the experience was amazing; I learned some valuable 'do's and 'don't's and I realized that, while my finishes may not have met all of my expectations, I can compete with these guys at the highest level. I need more time in the gym, I need better form and I need to be better mentally prepared. But these are things I can certainly fix and overcome. I am writing this blog one year to the date from the Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, Russia. WOW. Less than 365 days until I get to put those aforementioned skills to the test. I am very excited, but remember three years ago when I thought 2014 would never get here. Now I only have less than a year before it's here.
Again, thank you to all my fans out there who support me; I wouldn't be able to do it without you all! Go Team USA!


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Group takes stock of city's homeless
By TIMES WIRES
Published January 30, 2007
Volunteers scoured Pinellas County's hidden homeless camps and public soup kitchens Monday, counting those who have no place to live.
At least one location proved easy to find for the annual homeless survey: a new tent city in St. Petersburg.
About 25 tents sprang up over the weekend near Interstate 275, just a few blocks from a similar camp that gained national attention after police slashed open tents this month.
Pinellas County Coalition for the Homeless sponsored the census, using 200 volunteers, many of whom work for social service agencies. They asked people about their mental health needs, where they slept, how they make money.
The figures won't be tallied for at least several weeks. But hundreds agreed to be interviewed, volunteers say, despite worry that has spread through the homeless community following the tent city raid and recent shooting of two homeless men.
Many hoped answering the survey would bring more attention to the homeless. Each got a free T-shirt and a cloth "ditty bag" filled with socks, a comb, disposable towels, a toothbrush and breath mints.
Kevin Marshall, who said he stayed with a friend "off and on," answered questions as he waited in the food line at St. Vincent de Paul. "They're trying to help people," he said.
A few were critical.
"It's kind of hypocritical to come in and do a survey and then not go to bat for the people that the survey's for," said Brad Bradford, a 55-year-old homeless man who says St. Petersburg should do a lot more for the "street homeless."
* * *
Volunteers stationed themselves in soup kitchens and cold-night shelters throughout Pinellas. Others searched for hidden camp sites.
In Pinellas Park, police rode on horseback along the railroad tracks and in all-terrain vehicles in wooded areas. They found mattresses and tents, but no people. They figured many had decided to stay in cold-night shelters overnight.
Janet Walker, a Pinellas County schools resource teacher, drove up and down U.S. 19 from Clearwater to Central Avenue in St. Petersburg, stopping at small motels where day laborers are known to stay.
At each stop, Walker explained the coalition's definition of the homeless: people who stay in a temporary shelter, such as a hotel or motel, because they can't afford first and last months' rent.
The desk clerk at the Suburban Extended Stay Hotel in Clearwater told her that five to 10 rooms generally are occupied by people with no permanent residence. But fewer homeless people are guests at the end of the month.
"As their money runs out, they go back to the woods," he said.
A few doors down, the manager of the Butterfly Lodge Motel told Walker a couple who used to live in a cemetery was staying there. Another couple had stayed there recently but left because they couldn't afford the rent, the manager said.
* * *
In St. Petersburg, volunteers counted and interviewed a group that had moved from a tent city at 15th Street and Fifth Avenue N over the weekend to a new location on 18th Street between Central Avenue and First Avenue N. They didn't like some of the commotion and drug use they said occurred at the old location, they said.
The de facto leader of the new tent city is Kathy Hines, 57, better known as "Mom."
"I'm trying to get help," she said. "We get donations, but I'd like them to donate things like bus passes," so people can get to jobs.
A St. Petersburg police officer drove to the new site Monday and looked around but did not get out of her cruiser.
Police have come by the site before, Hines said. "They do not bother us a bit, not since we've been here."
At lunchtime, Celia Bowser, 70, stopped by with big trays of Brazilian chicken, beans, rice and salad. Bowser said she bought three $2 raffle tickets at her church Sunday, won the food, and decided to give it to homeless people.
Meanwhile, Walker, the resource teacher, wrapped up her day at the Inn on the Hill, a couple of blocks from where the two homeless men were found dead.
Kyle Deodat, the owner, told her that 10 men and one woman who fit her description of homelessness were staying at the motel. She marked the information on her form.


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It was his encounters with the Reishi mushroom that inspired James to explore the rainforests of Washington. Lucky for us he never left! James is an explorer of all things wild. Wild water, wild food, wild medicine and wild nature! He is the manager of our Community Map and Social Media team on Poppy Swap.
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Kiki is an East Coast transplant living in the deep cedar forests of the Pacific NW. In her life long study of Chinese Medicine, she has studied with herbalists all over the world but it was her love affair with the local Mugwort growing on her small island that brought her to her passion for local herbalism. She is the Creative Director for Poppy Swap and shares her hand~spun moxa and mugwort products through her Poppy Swap shop Moxa NW.
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Originally from Northern California, Kristie moved to Westcliffe, Colorado to LIVE her dream life. Cultivating a garden in the Rocky Mountains, sharing her fields with her horses, dogs and feline friends she stays constantly inspired to learn and grow. Kristie is the social butterfly of Poppy Swap, as the Marketing Director and Event Coordinator. She is currently studying herbalism with Aviva Romm and offers her own line of herbals through Spirit Horse Herbals on Poppy Swap!
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Natalie is a Traditional Herbalist whose roots are firmly planted in the South. Although she was born and raised in Tennessee, Natalie has spent the past 24 years living and loving life in North Florida. Natalie provides consultations as well as classes and is one of the founding members of the North Florida Holistic Network, a Non-Profit organization which is dedicated to promoting holistic and sustainable practices. She sells her herbal products on Poppy Swap as The Family Herbalist.
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After years of activism in Vermont, Susan moved to her family's home in Fryeburg, Maine with views of her beloved White Mountains where she grew up, to dig in the Earth, learn from the healing plants and trees, and replenish her spirit. The first thing she did was put in a large, organic garden that has grown and evolved over the years into a beautiful and enchanted space, a mix of flowers, healing herbs, veggies, "weeds", rocks, crystals, and many surprises. Her land is bordered by huge white pines, large maples, and the old course of the Saco River. After years of sharing her creams, salves, and other herbal creations with family and friends, she created Gaia's Garden Herbals to offer them to the public. Everything is made in very small batches with only the best ingredients, often from her garden or wild-harvested nearby, and lots of love.
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About Us
The Kuntur Wassi Hotel, a family-owed business, opened its doors July 7th, 2002 with the goal to offer the highest quality accommodations and service to our visitors. The hotel is located in Cabanaconde, which is the seventh town in the Colca tourist circuit. It is the closest three star establishment to the "Cruz del Condor" and is located at the start of the many trekking routes and other adventures of the Colca Canyon.
With your visit you will be sure to enjoy the contemporary, yet rustic architecture that elegantly creates a harmony with the surrounding nature and the local framework. Thus, upon arrival, you will be able to experience the hotels different rooms, passageways, gardens, and walls that conserve the ancient architectural style of the Cabana and Collahua cultures. The interior installations are modern and comfortable; available to our guests are the services of a restaurant, bar, conference room, laundry, private parking, library, video exchange, tourist information office, and, to stay connected with family and friends back home, we offer free Wi-Fi internet access.
Our establishment works with the most experienced collaborators and, being decedents of our ancient cultures, their local knowledge of the Colca Canyon is sure to transform the stay, of even the most demanding visitor, into unforgettable experiences.
Constitute a leader and preferred hotel in the Colca Canyon, for the quality of its services, and project nationally and internationally.
Give quality attention to our guests and make their stay in the Colca pleasant and memorable experience..


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Rachel Trousdale
Associate Professor of English
Contact Information
Phone: 404.471.6209
Email: email@example.com
Office Hours: Monday & Wednesday, 2:00-3:00
Tuesday & Thursday 4:00-5:00
and by appointment
Academic Degrees
M.A., Yale University
M. Phil., Yale University
Ph.D., Yale University
Teaching and Scholarly Interests
Professional Activities
Recent Publications:
Nabokov, Rushdie, and the Transnational Imagination: Novels of Exile and Alternate Worlds. New York: Palgrave, 2010.
"Humor Saves Steps': Laughter and Humanity in Marianne Moore." The Journal of Modern Literature. Forthcoming.
"A Female Prophet? Female Authority and Memory in Marjane Satrapi." Drawing from Life: Memory and Subjectivity in Comic Art, ed. Jane Tolmie. Forthcoming.
"Nabokov and the Transnational Canon." The Nabokovian 66 (Spring 2011): 7-14.
"Chabon, Nabokov, and the Model Transnational." Transitional Nabokov, ed. Duncan White and Will Norman, Peter Lang UK, 2009, 99-114.
"Incest and Intertext: Mansfield Park in Ada." The Nabokovian 61, Fall 2008, 48-52.
"Hybridity and the Artist in Out of Africa" in On the Road to Baghdad, or, Traveling Biculturalism, ed. Gönül Pultar. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, 2005, 169-190.
"City of Mongrel Joy: Bombay in Rushdie's Midnight's Children and The Moor's Last Sigh." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 39:2 2004, 95-110.
" Faragod Bless Them: Anna Karenin and Electricity in Ada." Nabakov Studies 7 (2003): 119-128
" Self-Invention in Isak Dinesen's 'The Flood at Norderney.'" Scandinavian Studies, Volume 74 No 2, (2002): 205-222.
" Transformation of Memory: Marcel Proust, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Merrill." in Nabakov's World, ed. Jane Grayson, Arnold B. McMillin, and Priscilla Meyer, Macmillan, 2002, 192-203.
Professor Trousdale's poetry has appeared or is forthcoming in Literary Imagination, the Atlanta Review, Natural Bridge, Confrontation, The Southern Poetry Anthology, The Jewish Poetry Anthology, and Pocket Field Guide, among other places.


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In a continual effort to provide the safest roadways, the Nevada Department of Transportation is installing centerline rumble strips in the median of selected state roadways, particularly two-lane rural roads with high fatality and injury rates or concerns.For many years, NDOT has utilized rumble strips on the shoulder, or edgeline, of state roadways. NDOT's installation of edgeline rumble strips has thus far helped reduce interstate run-off-the-road crashes by 42 percent.Now, the Department is augmenting the safety benefits seen from edgeline rumble strips by also placing centerline rumble strips in the center median. These centerline rumble strips are being used in other states to reduce head-on and sideswipe crashes.The use of centerline rumble strips was developed as one cost-effective way to reduce fatalities and increase safety in the state's Strategic Highway Safety Plan. The plan brings law enforcement, transportation agencies and safety advocates together to define ways to reduce Nevada traffic fatalities.
Commonly consisting of 12-inch wide, ½-inch deep parallel grooves cut into the centerline of a roadway, tires running over rumble strips produce sound and vibration when drivers veer out of their lane. By alerting and allowing motorists to correct their vehicles, head-on and sideswipe crashes can be reduced.
Centerline rumble strips can be a particularly effective safety device on two-lane rural roads where there is no divided median or room for barriers to separate opposing lanes of traffic.In Nevada, over 40% of all traffic fatalities are caused by run-off-the-road and head-on crashes. Sixty percent of these crashes are on rural roadways. NDOT conducts extensive surveys to determine the safest, most effective safety measures for state roadways, and expects centerline rumble strips to reduce crashes on rural roadways where run-off-the-road and head-on incidents are most prevalent.
Like all technology, centerline rumble strips can not provide protection in every circumstance. Always follow these important safety tips: