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The most populous Muslim country in the world offers a lens into the complexity of sharia and why compassion may be at the core of its implementation.
Many Americans received a violent introduction to Islam in September 2001. And yet, only one quarter of Americans told pollsters then that they considered Islam itself to be more likely than other religions to encourage violence in its believers. In the last two years, that figure has almost doubled. The specter of violence committed in the name of Islam has become as routine as it is shocking, especially at present in Iraq.
In this hour, we take a critical look at what is happening in Islam from inside a practice of that tradition. Krista discusses the present escalation of violence in the name of Islam with a practicing Muslim and leading scholar of Islamic studies, Vincent Cornell. He paints a bleak picture of chaos and drift within Islam which may presage renewal or the continued decay of the religion he loves.
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As Cyber Attacks Increase Cloud Insurance Emerges
By Juliette Fairley
NEW YORK (MainStreet)--With cloud technology companies such as CloudArena raising $1.5 million in early stage funding, cloud computing is poised to become a leading industry in coming years.
CloudArena created HotelRunner, a cloud based property, online sales and digital marketing management platform for hotels and accommodations of all sizes.
"We are going to use this investment to enhance our productivity and increase the quality of our services to boost the sales and marketing competencies of our worldwide customers," said co-founder Arden Agopyan.
CloudArena is one of the many emerging companies that make up the cloud computing market, which is expected to grow to $241 billion in 2020, according to a study by Forrester Research called "Sizing the Cloud."
"Now that cloud computing is an established business and a high growth market, there needs to be risk transfer associated with it," said David Kimmel, CEO of CyberRiskPartners, parent company of CloudInsure.
Malicious or criminal attacks accounted for 41% of data breaches compared to 24% in 2009, according to the Ponemon Institute. About 1,611 breaches took place in 2012 up 48% from 2011.
"Small companies can be put out of business with a single cyber incident," Kimmel said.
Insurers have responded with a new product designed to protect the emerging cloud crowd. Liberty Insurance became the first primary insurance carrier to cover risk associated with cloud computing technologies. The resulting CloudInsure is the world's first insurance platform designed specifically to address emerging privacy and security risks within the cloud environment.
"Cloud computing offers significant benefits in cost savings, scalability and performance, but as underwriters, we have to be very alert to the dynamic risks that accompany it because both the law and technologies are changing rapidly," said Oliver Brew, vice president of Liberty Insurance's technology and privacy practice.
For example, President Barack Obama signed an executive order on February 12, 2013 directing federal agencies to consider new cyber-security mandates were possible under the law. "Data in the cloud is safe but it carries its own risk and challenges," Kimmel said. "Aggregating data from so many companies in one place creates an attractive opportunity for hackers. Insurers are grappling with quantifying these dynamics and risks."

subset: commoncrawl


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Photo: REX FEATURES
Austrian Felix Baumgartner, 43, who became "the first man to break the sound barrier unaided after jumping from a capsule 24 miles up," drew a picture of the dream when he was five years old.
The stick man drawing depicts him drifting down to earth under a parachute, with a beaming sun up above and what looks like his family waiting for him with food and drinks below.
In his comment on his five-year old drawing, Felix also wrote: "I had a dream…and this was it!!!"
Writing on his Facebook page, Felix said: "I drew this picture and gave it to my mum. When I did my first skydive on 23rd of August 1986 my mum handed it back to me and there it is. It is kinda interesting where your thought and vision is gonna take you, if you are focused and not let loose – no matter how hard it is!!!"
When Baumgartner landed — near Roswell, New Mexido! — his mother and father were there to greet him.


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|Lost Bottom Feeder 6'0 Surfboard - BF-109554 in Poly/Sand/Clear
Style: BF-109554
""The Bottom Feeder" (NEW) – Our latest board design for riding the smallest waves possible. A board that feeds and thrives off the bottom end of the wave spectrum. I was feeling held back a bit by the wide noses on the Plank and Uber-Plank, and wanted to make a board with more outline curve and no wings, something more elliptical. This board has a lower entry rocker than I have ever done and uses rolled belly to keep it from catching. The belly continues through the center but features a double concave sitting inside it. Which creates a tri-plane hull featuring a soft chine in the rail. This feeds water through the hull and gives it a feeling closer to a concave bottom board. The tail features enough rail rocker and hip to allow aggressive direction changes in tiny surf without losing speed. A am feeling outlines that are more and more clean, with less wings and fancy, trendy tail shapes. This board showcases that concept. It's designed as a quad, but it can be made a 5 fin as well. I prefer it with Future Fin boxes and fiberglass "controller" fins." -Lost Surfboards
Inside you will find a helpful sizing guide. Use it to find out your true size in different articles of clothing. It will help you determine what size boardshorts or bikini to buy this summer!
You will also find a bundle of new fashion terms that you may have heard before but never quite understood. So, if you're not sure what whiskers, pleats, viscose or the likes of many other terms are, head on over to our glossary section.
Feed your brain, it will enlighten your online shopping experience.
Doesn't fit? No problem! Send it back to us for an exchange. We'll cover the shipping costs to send the exchanged merchandise back to you.
We pride ourselves on integrity and service, and are dedicated to delivering the best customer service to all of our customers. If for any reason you are unsatisfied with any purchase made at SurfRide.com, we will gladly refund or exchange it.
* Returns are not accepted for certain items such as surfboards, bikinis (tops and/or bottoms) and sale items. Please view our return policy for complete details.
Can't get enough of Lost ? Why not subscribe to our RSS feed? Or better yet, check out everything from Lost right now!
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That's right boys and girls... spend over $79 and we'll throw in free Ground Shipping!
This offer applies to orders shipped within the contiguous United States and excludes some larger items, such as surfboards. Excludes sale items. May not be combined with other offers.
Doesnt fit? No problem! Send it back to us for an exchange. Well cover the shipping costs to send the exchanged merchandise back to you. It's really that easy!
View our Return Policy for details.
If you see it on our website, we have it in stock. Since everything online is stocked in our 2 large retail stores, occasionally an item will sell in the store before we can pull it for your order. We will do our best to help you find a replacement item if this happens. Don't see it online? There's a good chance that we have it one of our stores. Give them a call.
No sales tax to customers residing outside of CA. All you kids buying wetsuits to surf Lake Erie get a tax break for manning up and surfing mega cold water.


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Morning loves, i know many of you follow us on twitter @RobstenDreams and some of you dont. Well for those of you that dont have a twitter for some reason, I told myself (well the ppl that dont know they were spotted need to know right? So this is for you... Love me right? lol jk
This tweet was about 17 hours ago.... Maybe he was with Kristen? You be the judge!!!! Hopefully we'll see more of Kristen i still miss her:(
I will keep you updated should anything else comes up!! Hope you have a great Sunday!!


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I was in LA last weekend and went to WildCraft on April 26. I was actually disappointed with the sourness of the dough. I was hoping for flavor similar to Wild Rise in Brooklyn, where the dough is very sour and complemented by the buffalo mozzarella on the pie. My friend and I ordered one margherita and one white pie with cherry tomato, arugula and prosciutto. The pies overall were good, if I ignore my expectation of sourdough, overall well cooked and crafted. We had some leftovers and the crust tasted more sour after spending a night in the fridge. Next time I'm in LA I'm planning to try 800 Degrees, Pizzeria Mozza, and Mother Dough (also sourdough).


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What is the deal with STO being channel 179, I cant get that station on my t.v. in my bedroom it does not have a cable box.
Is there no channel in double digits they could have assigned? For God's
sake that tool Les Levine gets channel 15 for Time Warner, WTF?


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (1519 votes).
In short: 9th year of doing it- love it every timeIn full: the numbers that do it and the atmosphere make it a special race, yes it is challenging with the profile, but very worthwhile with the support that is equal to the VLM. Depending which zone you start from the course has PB potenial.Date of review: September 22, 2011
In short: FabulousIn full: Great atmosphere,fabulous music in the finishers tent have a beer and a dance after the race!Date of review: September 22, 2011
In short: Love the GNRIn full: 7th time out and a pb of 1.43...god I love this race. And the red arrows at the start were pretty special. I agree with other posters though that even starting from orange c (2nd pen of the masses) I encountered people walking after half a mile. Generally however, it's well organised. I wish they'd make you meet family in the athletics stadium at the end where you could stand on the bank and look for people like they used to. Current system does not work. Date of review: September 21, 2011
In short: Simply the best, largest and half marathon that is supported 100% by the people of the North East. Fantastic Date of review: September 21, 2011
In short: Just lie about your expected time to get a chance of a timeIn full: Once again disappointed by the amount of people that lie about the expected race time just to get an earlier start nearer the camera's. I made this mistake in Manchester too.I will be knocking at least 45 mins off my expected time next year. I mean people were walking after 1 mile who were in the first group. Apart from that gripe it was a good day out and would recommend it to anyone.Date of review: September 21, 2011
In short: The Biggest and the Best Half Marathon!Date of review: September 21, 2011
In short: Very special raceIn full: My 5th time , definately best !! High fived Mo Farah at start ,gave me such a buzz i ran my fastest first 5km ! Pb 2.17, crowds sensational as ever ,Red Arrows gave me goosebumps , nearly fell over when i saw Tammy Gray at the water station ! Hot and sunny , then torrential downnpour ! A day ingrained in my memory for ever ..... Date of review: September 20, 2011
In short: The only half marathon in the Date of review: September 20, 2011
In short: Great atmosphere, great race, great people.In full: Great race. I di it in 2hr 30 mins which is not to bad for me. The atmosphere was fantastic giving me support all the way. I have done a few races now. This is definately my favourite. I stayed at Newcastle university which was very good value and so close to the start. Date of review: September 20, 2011
In short: 1st Half Marathon and 1st GNR - absolutely fantasticIn full: Got down to the first White pen (E) about 1 1/2 hrs before the start, great atmosphere from then onwards, saw some of the "celebs" and enjoyed all the razzmatazz pre-race. Did not get stuck in too much traffic and the support from the locals was fantastic. Before the race I was hoping for a time of 2h 15m which I thought was a bit optimistic - actually finished in 1h 51m so over the moon. The finish area was very good too - still with a good atmosphere and was topped off by the Red Arrows display. Could not recommend this race highly enough. The only downside is I know I can never run this for the first time again so the surprises will be gone!!!Date of review: September 20, 2011
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Dark Emo Styled hair with purple streak
This is a funky short hairstyle with the hair on top messy styled. The hair is very short on the sides. Running your fingers threw your hair with a touch of gel will provide hold for this look.The haircut for this look is short.The hair is black with a little purple for the highlights.
Provided by HJI.co.uk


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The World's Greatest Music
Email the show or Text 61812
An incredible range of inspiring young music ensembles at the Friday of Music For Youth's National Festival in Birmingham - see all the pictures here.
Picture 45 of 114
CBC Ensemble on stage at the Adrian Boult Hall in Birmingham during the Music for Youth National Festival. Photo credit: Ryan Phillips
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Leslie Nielsen, who made audiences laugh with his ridiculous seriousness and deadpan deliveries in the absurd scenes of comedy films like Airplane! and The Naked Gun has died. He was 84.
His agent confirmed that the actor died Sunday near his home in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., surrounded by his "lovely wife and friends" at 5:34 p.m. ET, due to complications of pneumonia.
Nielsen had been hospitalized for nearly two weeks as a result of pneumonia, his agent said.
"Just in this last 48 hours, the infection has gotten too much," his nephew Doug Nielsen told Canadian radio station CKNW. "He just fell asleep and passed away."
http://www.people.com/people/article/0, ... 26,00.html
Mayor: Now Drebin, I don't want any trouble like you had on the South Side last year, that's my policy.
Frank: Well, when I see five weirdos, dressed in togas, stabbing a man in the middle of the park in full view of a hundred people, I shoot the bastards, that's *my* policy!
Mayor: That was a Shakespeare-In-The-Park production of 'Julius Caesar,' you moron! You killed five actors! Good ones!
today we just lost one of the funniest actors of our day :(.


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By Region
Latest News Stories
Resident sues city for information on city manager probe
TROY — A Troy attorney has filed suit against the city of Troy, seeking the release of information denied in an earlier Freedom of Information Act request regarding an internal investigation of Troy City Manager Brian ...Read More
First part of city trail system takes shape
TROY — The first $1 million segment of the Troy trail system moved forward when the Troy City Council approved easements with Zion Church, Walsh College and the Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner's ...Read More
Sports Coverage
Latest Sports Stories
MAC introduces boys, girls basketball tournaments
The Macomb Area Conference has come up with an answer to NCAA basketball's championship week, and conference officials and coaches are very excited about the idea.Next month, the MAC is hosting boys and girls ...Read More
Southfield A&T boys basketball gets offense going in 79-66 victory against Oak Park
SOUTHFIELD — This was a game that had an eerie reminiscence of how the season may go for the Southfield A&T boys basketball team.At least that's the hope for coach Mike Avery and his guys.After a slow ...Read More
Latest Stories
Downton Days to explore servant life at MBH
ROCHESTER HILLS — The lady's maid of days gone by was an essential element of gracious upper-class living.Matilda Dodge Wilson, who built the grand and glorious Meadow Brook Hall with her second husband, Alfred ...Read More
Nature-themed art exhibit blooms at JCC gallery
WEST BLOOMFIELD/CLINTON TOWNSHIP — While temperatures continue often to fall below freezing in metro Detroit, the Jewish Community Center in West Bloomfield has introduced a lush new exhibit at its Janice Charach ...Read More
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Farms retiree enjoyed helping residents, contractors
GROSSE POINTE FARMS — If you've ever called the Grosse Pointe Farms Public Service Department or stopped by its offices at Farms City Hall, there's a good chance the person assisting you was Donna ...Read More
Euchre fundraiser helps families of cancer patients
SHELBY TOWNSHIP/UTICA — In 2002, a Shelby Township couple lost their son at the age of 30 after a 10-month struggle with cancer. While their son fought in hospitals for eight months, they witnessed the hardships other ...Read More
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Elected Dems call on Fouts to resign — Warren
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Harper Woods
Safe driving program
19851 Anita St. Harper Woods
Michigan 48225
April 09, 2013
St. Peter Parish House
19851 Anita St.
Harper Woods, Michigan 48225
Map and Directions
Telephone: (313) 885-8063
Category: Educational Events
Sheryl Hurst from St. John Hospital and Medical Center will discuss age-related driving issues. Admission is a free-will donation.


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My dog just had a litter of 9 pups. Mom is a mix collie/boxer? Dad was a black lab. Pups are 5 weeks old, have males and females. They are black and white aswell. Want them to go to good homes!
Call or text 620-778-3635 or 620-778-3644
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text: Made With Pride Nov. 22, 2012 6:29 p.m. ET Nov. 22, 2012 6:29 p.m. ET Article Not Supported We're sorry but this article contains media that is not currently supported in this app. You will be redirected to the article on wsj.com in 5 seconds. If you are not redirected automatically, click this link.... To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Most Popular Videos Shooting Erupts at Miami Park, Wounding Several Why Processed Cheese and Ground Coffee Are Disappearing Trump, China Diverge on New World Order Subaru Unveils SUV Concept in Detroit Weekend Sip: The World's Most 'Undrinkable' Spirit Most Popular Articles Trump Warns on House GOP Tax Plan Pulling Retirement Cash, but Not by Choice More Democratic Legislators Plan on Sitting Out Trump's Swearing-In Democrats' Fissures Re-Emerge as Party Seeks New Leader The Wrong Way to Speak to Children


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Watch and learn how to make a fantastic ice cream base from the folks at The New York Times.
[protected-iframe id="eb291d94f478f1c21aba6a06c4c22714-41469640-40935346" info="http://player.grabnetworks.com/js/Player.js?id=2238579&width=493&height=369&content=v2eb0f66e6ed5a8279ed42ef93c606ab07dde27e4" width="493" height="369" ] Earlier this summer, The New York Times debuted their Master Ice Cream Recipe. And we've got to say, it's nothing short of fantastic. See the simple method in the video above, then head over to The New York Times to get the recipe along with 16 flavor variations. This article originally appeared as on Relish


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Forms Jobs
The Planning Department is composed of a staff (see organization chart [pdf/396kb/1p]) with expertise in land use planning, transportation planning, economic development, historic preservation, neighborhood revitalization, environmental protection, and other issues affecting the growth of our community. Staff provides the data, information, and professional recommendations regarding land use issues and other planning policy questions to the Planning Board and elected boards to help them make informed recommendations and decisions. The department accomplishes this work in four multidisciplinary areas: Comprehensive and Urban Design Planning; Community Character; Land Use Administration; and GIS/Mapping.
Read more about us and the work areas.
Comprehensive Planning and Design
(Area plans, Legacy 2030 Comprehensive Plan, Redevelopment Plans, Special Design, Public Outreach)
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(Zoning, Special Use Permits, Zoning Enforcement, Permit Office)
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Topic: Returning javascript variables
I would like to be able to return javascript variables when i call a specific controller method and then use these variables directly in my ajax request.
in my behaviours.js :
'.component:click' : function(event){
var element = Event.element(event);
new Ajax.Request('components/'+parseInt(element.id)+';relations', {method:'get',...});
in the components controller:
def relations
component = Component.find(params[:id])
component.relations # turn this into a javascript array
I would like this method to return me a javascript array full of ids so that i can update the corresponding elements on my page. Does anyone know how to do that ?
Thanks for your help.


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Westfield: Moving forward with past leaders
It is a piece of the past and the present.
In the village of Westfield, current Mayor Michael VandeVelde called together five previous mayors to discuss the happenings and their experiences. It was a bipartisan event and is something a number of other municipal governments need to consider.
"All the past mayors sat in this seat," VandeVelde said. "What better place to turn to than their experiences with many of the similar problems that I currently deal with. I loved having them here and I will continue to draw from their expertise."
Former mayors who participated in the gathering were Richard Davies, Linda Dunn, William Christ Jr., Ronald Catalano and David Carr. All those former mayors took on the same issues VandeVelde will face.
And obviously, not much has changed over the course of the six mayors. Population continues to decline along with the tax base while leaner budgeting is expected.
But lessons from the past, moving forward, are always important to revisit. Cheers to VandeVelde for putting this together.


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $3.74 (20% off)
Absolutely delicious and invigorating
Posted by ludvig on Jul 13, 2012
Tried to make hot chocolate with this... It was so delicious... so euphoric... What I did was to mix two table spoons with this powder, two equal parts with coconut crystals, and then filled up the cup with warm milk... stirred it... and there I was: in Chocolate Heaven!
Great for coconut chocolate
Posted by Reviewer3181965 on Jun 24, 2012
I used this product to make coconut chocolate; it turned out great! Good quality and taste. Some of the negative reviews concern bitter taste. Raw cocoa powder is bitter. Some kind of sweetener is required to make it more palatable.
Dark as a Cup of Coffee Raw Chocolate
Posted by wholefoods on Aug 13, 2012
I bought a bag of this product intending to use it as a sweet chocolate cocoa mix, like the kind grandma used to make. When I put the powder into a coffee mug and stirred it, it ended up tasting more like a cup of dark coffee. Not that that is a bad thing. There isn't anything sweet about this product. It is very dark tasting and bitter. At first I couldn't get used to the taste. Now, I drink a cup or two a day at work in place of coffee. I appreciate that this product is filled with iron, magnesium, protein, fiber, healthy fats, and a host of antioxidants. It also makes me feel calm after drinking a cup, probably a combination of the caffeine and other components of the raw cacoa. Also, because Navitas specializes in whole foods products, including cacoa in all its manifestations, I trust the quality. Highly recommended!
Cacao powder testimonial
Posted by Reviewer2990970 on Jan 04, 2010
I have been using this product for several months. It is extremely effective at controlling my hypertension. I haven't had to use statins forr several years now. Before treatment with statins, my blood pressure was somewhere around 140/90. The best I was able to achieve using statin prescription medicine was around 130/90. My blood pressure levels are now consistently around 120/80 using the raw cacao powder.
Cacao Powder
Posted by anncha on Sep 07, 2012
Love it... I`ve made healty"icecream" with it, and it taste reeeaally good.. But make sure you don`t use to much, it`s better to use less than you think and then add a bit more if you need to..
Very tastey
Posted by Reviewer1604774 on Nov 20, 2008
I have tried another Cocoa powder from this site and this one is MUCH better tasting, very chocolaty . It costs a bit more but it is worth the extra cost.
Good buy
Posted by Caim-Horus on Jan 26, 2012
As already mentioned before, bad rasstvoryaetsya. Probyval and kipitkom with hot milk, but usually drink milk. Always remain small lumps. But taste like. I also want to see packaging is not very comfortable, bad snaps packaging and fill with a spoon is not very convenient.
Best of cacao powders
Posted by Reviewer29875314 on Jun 25, 2012
It is best of what I have stumbled upon from cacao powder. I like, that it is raw as I am trying to use more and more products, that are raw, unprocessed and to prepare raw food , that is not heated. This cacao powder has very delicate, very mild, very pleasant smell, very good undertaste, it is perfect in every way!
Posted by Reviewer3085372 on Feb 14, 2009
Great, but needs a little sweetener. Agave syrup really gives it the right taste.
Cacao Powder is Great!
Posted by Reviewer1009968 on Mar 26, 2008
I love the flavor, versatility and ease of use of the Cacao Powder. Hint...for drinking mix with hot liquids as it clumps in cold. Then you can mix the leftover cacao in the cup with cold liquid to finish it off!


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Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Aerial view of Launch Complex 39;
Pad B is on the left, Pad A on the right.
|Launch site
|Kennedy Space Center
|Short name
|Total launches
|151 (13 Saturn V, 4 Saturn IB, 135 Shuttle, 1 Ares I)
|Launch pad(s)
|Min / max
orbital inclination
Launch Complex 39
|John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida
|7,000 acres (2,800 ha)
|John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
|NRHP Reference #
|Added to NRHP
|May 24, 1973
Launch Complex 39--Pad A
|John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida
|160 acres (65 ha)
|John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
|NRHP Reference #
|Added to NRHP
|January 21, 2000
Launch Complex 39--Pad B
|John F. Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida
|160 acres (65 ha)
|John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
|NRHP Reference #
|Added to NRHP
|January 21, 2000
Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built for the Apollo program, and later modified for the Space Shuttle program. As of 2016, its launch pads are being modified to support launches of the SpaceX Falcon 9, Dragon 2 and Falcon Heavy, and NASA's Space Launch System, with a new, smaller pad, C, added to support smaller launches.
Launch Complex 39 is composed of three launch pads—39A, 39B and 39C, a Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), a Crawlerway used by crawler-transporters to carry Mobile Launcher Platforms between the VAB and the pads, Orbiter Processing Facility buildings, a Launch Control Center which contains the firing rooms, a news facility famous for the iconic countdown clock seen in television coverage and photos, and various logistical and operational support buildings.[2]
SpaceX leases Launch Pad 39A from NASA and has modified the pad to support Falcon Heavy launches in 2017 and beyond.[3][4] NASA began modifying Launch Pad 39B in 2007 to accommodate the now defunct Project Constellation, and is currently preparing it for the Space Launch System[5][6] with first launch scheduled for 2018.[7] Pad C was originally planned but never built for Apollo, and would have been a copy of pads 39A and 39B. A smaller pad, designated 39C was constructed from January to June 2015 to accommodate small-class vehicles, to be determined.[not verified in body]
NASA launches from LC-39A and 39B have been supervised from the NASA Launch Control Center (LCC), located 3 miles (4.8 km) from the launch pads, although it is unclear if SpaceX will use the LCC for their launches beginning in 2016.[citation needed] LC-39 is one of several launch sites that share radar and tracking services of the Eastern Test Range.
- 1 History
- 1.1 Early history
- 1.2 Apollo/Skylab/Apollo-Soyuz
- 1.3 Space Shuttle
- 1.4 Constellation Program and Pad 39B
- 1.5 2011–2013
- 2 Current status
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Early history[edit]
Northern Merritt Island was first developed around 1890 when a few wealthy Harvard University graduates purchased 18,000 acres (73 km2) and constructed a three-story mahogany clubhouse, very nearly on the site of Pad 39A.[8] During the 1920s, Peter E. Studebaker Jr., son of the automobile magnate, built a small casino at De Soto Beach eight miles (13 km) north of the Canaveral lighthouse.[9]
In 1948, the Navy transferred the former Banana River Naval Air Station located south of Cape Canaveral, to the Air Force for use in testing captured German V-2 rockets.[10] The site's location on the East Florida coast was ideal for this purpose in that launches would be over the ocean, away from populated areas. This site became the Joint Long Range Proving Ground in 1949, and was renamed Patrick Air Force Base in 1950. The Air Force annexed part of Cape Canaveral to the North in 1951, forming the Air Force Missile Test Center, the future Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). Missile and rocketry testing and development would take place here through the 1950s.[11]
After the creation of NASA in 1958, the CCAFS launch pads were used for NASA's civilian unmanned and manned launches, including those of Project Mercury and Project Gemini.[12]
In 1961, President Kennedy proposed to Congress the goal of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Congressional approval led to the launch of the Apollo program, which required a massive expansion of NASA operations, including an expansion of launch operations from the Cape to adjacent Merritt Island to the north and west.[13] NASA began acquisition of land in 1962, taking title to 131 square miles (340 km2) by outright purchase and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional 87 square miles (230 km2). In July 1, 1962, the site was named the Launch Operations Center.[citation needed]
Initial design[edit]
At the time, the highest numbered launch pad on CCAFS was Launch Complex 37; when the lunar launch complex was designed, it was designated as Launch Complex 39. It was designed to handle launches of the Saturn V rocket, at the time the largest, most powerful rocket then designed, required to take Apollo to the Moon. Initial plans included four pads (five were considered) evenly spaced 8,700 feet (2,700 m) apart to avoid damage in the event of an explosion on the pad. Three were scheduled for construction (A-C, to the southeast) and two (D and E, west and north) would have been built at a later date. The numbering of the pads at the time was from north to south, with the northernmost being 39A, and the southernmost being 39C. Pad 39A was never built, and 39C became 39A in 1963. With today's numbering, 39C would have been north of 39B, and 39D would have been due west of 39C. Pad 39E would have been due north of the mid-distance between 39C and 39D, with 39E forming the top of a triangle, and equidistant from 39C and 39D. The Crawlerway was built with the additional pads in mind. This is the reason the Crawlerway turns as it heads to Pad B; continuing straight from that turn would have led to the additional pads.[14]
Integration of space vehicle stack[edit]
Months before launch, the three stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle and the components of the Apollo spacecraft were brought inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and assembled in one of four high bays into a 363-foot (111 m)-tall space vehicle on one of three Mobile Launchers. Each mobile launcher consisted of a two-story, 161-by-135-foot (49 by 41 m) launch platform with four hold-down arms and a 446-foot (136 m) Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) topped by a crane used to lift the spacecraft into position for assembly. The MLP and unfueled vehicle together weighed 12,600,000 pounds (5,715 t).[15]
The Umbilical Tower contained two elevators and nine retractable swing arms which extended to the space vehicle, to provide access to each of the three rocket stages and the spacecraft for people, wiring and plumbing while the vehicle was on the launch pad, and swung away from the vehicle at launch.[15][16] Technicians, engineers, and astronauts used the uppermost Spacecraft Access Arm to access the crew cabin. At the end of the arm, the white room provided an environmentally controlled and protected area for astronauts and their equipment to enter the spacecraft.[citation needed]
Transportation to the pad[edit]
When the stack integration was completed, it was moved the 3–4 miles (4.8–6.4 km) to the pad at a speed of 1 mile (1.6 km) per hour by one of two Crawler-Transporters. Each crawler weighed 6,000,000 pounds (2,720 t) and was capable of keeping the space vehicle on its Mobile Launcher level while negotiating a 5 percent grade to the pad. At the pad, the MLP was supported by six steel pedestals, plus four additional extensible columns.[15]
Mobile Service Structure[edit]
After the MLP was set in place, the Crawler-Transporter rolled a 410-foot (125 m), 10,490,000-pound (4,760 t) Mobile Service Structure (MSS) into place to provide further access for technicians to perform detailed checkout of the vehicle, and necessary umbillical connections to the pad. The MSS contained three elevators, two self-propelled platforms and three fixed platforms, and was rolled back 6,900 feet (2,100 m) to its parking position shortly before launch.[15]
Flame deflector[edit]
A flame deflector was slid on rails into place under the launch pedestal. This system allowed for rotation with a second flame deflector, after the first was refurbished after each launch. Each deflector measured 39 feet (12 m) high by 49 feet (15 m) wide by 75 feet (23 m) long and weighed 1,400,000 pounds (635 t). It deflected the exhaust flame into a trench measuring 43 feet (13 m) deep by 59 feet (18 m) wide by 449 feet (137 m) long.[15]
Launch control and fueling[edit]
The four-story Launch Control Center was located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) away from Pad A, adjacent to the Vehicle Assembly Building for safety. The third floor had four firing rooms (corresponding to the four high bays in the VAB), each with 470 sets of control and monitoring equipment.[when?] The second floor contained telemetry, tracking, instrumentation, and data reduction computing equipment. The LCC was connected to the Mobile Launchers by a high speed data link, and during launch a system of 62 closed-circuit television cameras transmitted to 100 monitor screens in the LCC.[15]
Large cryogenic tanks located near the pads stored the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) for the second and third stages of the Saturn V. The highly explosive nature of these chemicals required numerous safety measures at the Launch Complex. The pads were located 8,730 feet (2,660 m) away from each other.[15] Before tanking operations began and during launch, non-essential personnel were excluded from the danger area.
Emergency evacuation system[edit]
Each pad had a 200-foot (61 m) evacuation tube running from the Mobile Launcher platform to a blast-resistant bunker 39 feet (12 m) underground, equipped with survival supplies for 20 persons for 24 hours. There was also a cab/slidewire system running from the 322-foot (98 m) tower level to evacuate astronauts and technicians 2,503 feet (763 m) away from the pad.[citation needed]
Pad Terminal Connection Room[edit]
Connections between the Launch Control Center, mobile launcher platform and space vehicle are made in the Pad Terminal Connection Room (PTCR). The facility was a two-story series of rooms beneath the launch pad, constructed of reinforced concrete located on the west side of the flame trench and was protected by up to 20 feet (6.1 m) of fill dirt.[17][18]
Apollo and Skylab launches[edit]
The first use of LC-39 came in 1967 with the first Saturn V launch, carrying the unmanned Apollo 4 spacecraft. The second unmanned launch, Apollo 6, also used Pad 39A. With the exception of Apollo 10, which used Pad 39B (due to the "all-up" testing resulting in a 2-month turnaround period), all manned Apollo-Saturn V launches, commencing with Apollo 8, used Pad 39A.
A total of thirteen Saturn Vs were launched for Apollo, and the unmanned launch of the Skylab space station in 1973. The mobile launchers were then modified for the shorter Saturn IB rockets, by adding a "milk-stool" extension platform to the launch pedestal, so that the S-IVB upper stage and Apollo spacecraft swing arms would reach. These were used for three manned Skylab flights and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, since the Saturn IB pads 34 and 37 at Cape Canaveral AFB had been decommissioned.[citation needed]
Space Shuttle[edit]
The thrust to allow the Space Shuttle to achieve orbit was provided by a combination of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs). The SRBs used solid propellant, hence their name. The SSMEs used a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) from the External Tank (ET), as the orbiter did not have internal fuel tanks for the SSMEs (as they would be have had to be as large as the External Tank). The SRBs arrived in segments via rail car from their manufacturing facility in Utah, the External Tank arrived from its manufacturing facility in Louisiana by barge, and the orbiter waited in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). The SRBs were first stacked in the VAB, and then the External Tank was mounted between them. Then, using a massive crane, the orbiter was lowered and connected to the External Tank.
Payload to be installed at the launch pad was independently transported in a payload transportation canister then installed vertically at the Payload Changeout Room. Otherwise, payloads would have already been pre-installed at the Orbiter Processing Facility and transported within the orbiter's cargo bay.
The original structure of the pads was remodeled for the needs of the Space Shuttle, starting with Pad 39A after the last Saturn V launch, and in 1977 for Pad 39B after the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.
Launch towers[edit]
Each pad contained a two-piece access tower system, the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the Rotating Service Structure (RSS). The FSS permitted access to the Shuttle via a retractable arm and a "beanie cap" to capture vented LOX from the External Tank. The RSS contained the Payload Changeout Room, which offered "clean" access to the orbiter's payload bay, protection from the elements, and protection in winds up to 60 knots (110 km/h).
Sound suppression water system[edit]
A Sound Suppression Water System (SSWS) was added to protect the Space Shuttle and its payload from effects of the intense sound wave pressure generated by its engines. An elevated water tank on a 290-foot (88 m) tower near each pad stored 300,000 gallons (1.1 Megalitres) of water, which was released onto the Mobile Launcher Platform just before engine ignition.[19] The water muffled the intense sound waves produced by the engines. Due to heating of the water, a large quantity of steam was produced during launch.
Swing arm modifications[edit]
The Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm positioned a hood, often called the "Beanie Cap," over the top of the External Tank (ET) nose cone during fueling.[when?] Heated gaseous nitrogen was used there to remove the extremely cold gaseous oxygen that normally vented out of the External Tank. This prevented the formation of ice that could fall and damage the shuttle.[20]
The Hydrogen Vent Line Access Arm mated the External Tank (ET) Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate (GUCP) to the launch pad hydrogen vent line. The GUCP provided support for plumbing and cables, called umbilicals, that transferred fluids, gases, and electrical signals between two pieces of equipment. While the ET was being fueled, hazardous gas was vented from an internal hydrogen tank through the GUCP, out a vent line to a flare stack where it was burned off at a safe distance. Sensors at the GUCP measured gas level. The GUCP was redesigned after leaks created scrubs of STS-127 and were also detected during attempts to launch STS-119 and STS-133.[21] The GUCP released from the ET at launch and fell away with a curtain of water sprayed across it for protection from flames.
Emergency pad evacuation[edit]
In an emergency, the launch complex used a slidewire escape basket system for quick evacuation. Assisted by members of the closeout team, the crew would leave the orbiter and ride an emergency basket to the ground at speeds reaching up to 55 miles per hour (89 km/h).[22] From there, the crew took shelter in a bunker. A modified M113 Armored Personnel Carrier could carry injured astronauts away from the complex to safety.[23]
During the launch of Discovery on STS-124 on May 31, 2008, the pad at LC-39A suffered extensive damage, in particular to the concrete trench used to deflect the SRB's flames.[24] The subsequent mishap investigation found that the damage was the result of carbonation of epoxy and corrosion of steel anchors which held the refractory bricks in the trench in place. These had been exacerbated by the fact that hydrochloric acid is an exhaust by-product of the solid rocket boosters.[25]
Space Shuttle launches[edit]
After the launch of Skylab in 1973, Pad 39A was reconfigured for the Space Shuttle, with shuttle launches beginning in 1981 with STS-1, flown by the Space Shuttle Columbia.[26] After Apollo 10, Pad 39B was kept as a backup launch facility in the case of the destruction of 39A, but saw service for all three Skylab missions, the Apollo-Soyuz test flight, and a contingency Skylab Rescue flight that never became necessary. After the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 39B was reconfigured similarly to 39A, but due to additional modifications (mainly to allow the facility to service a modified Centaur-G upper stage), along with budgetary restraints, it was not ready until 1986, and the first shuttle flight to use it was STS-51-L, which ended with the Challenger disaster. The first return to flight mission STS-26 launched from 39B.
Constellation Program and Pad 39B[edit]
The last Shuttle launch from Pad 39B was the nighttime launch of STS-116 on December 9, 2006. To support the final Shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope STS-125 launched from Pad 39A in May 2009, Endeavour was placed on 39B if needed to launch the STS-400 rescue mission. Modifications were made to 39B in the mean time, including installation of three new 600 ft.-tall lightning mast towers similar to those used on the Atlas V and Delta IV launch pads at nearby Cape Canaveral, and removal of the existing single lightning mast and a crane assembly which dated back to the Apollo program.[citation needed]
After the completion of STS-125, 39B was converted[how?] for the single test flight of the Constellation Program Ares I-X from Pad 39B on October 28, 2009.[27]
With the retirement of the Shuttle in 2011,[28] and the cancellation of Constellation Program in 2010, the future of the LC-39 pads was uncertain. By early 2011, NASA began informal discussions on use of the pads and facilities by private companies to fly missions for the commercial space market,[29] culminating in a 20-year lease agreement with SpaceX for Pad 39A.[30]
Pad 39A[edit]
Just like the first 24 shuttle flights, Pad 39A supported the final manifested shuttle flights, starting with STS-117 in June 2007 until the retirement of the shuttle fleet in July 2011. Prior to the SpaceX lease agreement, the pad remained as it was when Atlantis launched on the final shuttle mission on July 8, 2011, complete with a mobile launcher platform.[31]
Talks for use of the pad were underway between NASA and Space Florida—the State of Florida's economic development agency—as early as 2011, but no deal materialized by 2012 and NASA then pursued other options for removing the pad from the Federal government inventory.[32]
By early 2013, NASA publicly announced that it would allow commercial launch providers to lease Pad 39A,[33] and followed that, in May 2013, with a formal solicitation for proposals for commercial use of Launch Pad 39A.[34] There were two competing bids for the commercial use of the launch complex.[35] SpaceX submitted a bid for exclusive use of the launch complex, while Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin submitted a bid for shared non-exclusive use of the complex such that the launchpad would interface with multiple vehicles, and costs could be shared over the long term. One potential shared user in the Blue Origin plan was United Launch Alliance.[36] Prior to completion of the bid period, and prior to any public announcement by NASA of the results of the process, Blue Origin filed a protest with the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) "over what it says is a plan by NASA to award an exclusive commercial lease to SpaceX for use of mothballed space shuttle launch pad 39A."[37] NASA had planned to complete the bid award and have the pad transferred by October 1, 2013, but the protest "will delay any decision until the GAO reaches a decision, expected by mid-December."[37] On 12 December 2013, the GAO denied the protest and sided with NASA, which argued that the solicitation contains no preference on the use of the facility as multi-use or single-use. "The [solicitation] document merely asks bidders to explain their reasons for selecting one approach instead of the other and how they would manage the facility."[38]
On December 13, 2013, NASA announced that they had selected SpaceX as the new commercial tenant.[39] SpaceX signed the lease agreement on 14 April 2014.[30] They have been given a twenty-year exclusive lease of Pad 39A.[35] SpaceX plans to launch their Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy from the pad and build a new hangar near it.[35][30][40] Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX, has stated that he wants to shift most of their NASA launches to Pad 39A, including Commercial Cargo and Crew missions to the International Space Station.[39][41]
Current status[edit]
As of 2015[update], Launch Complex 39 is in the midst of substantial modification to prepare for new uses with new vehicles. SpaceX has leased Launch Pad 39A for use with both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy, while Launch Pad 39B, the Vehicle Assembly Building and Crawlerway are being readied for launches of the government-owned Space Launch System.[42]
Launch Pad 39A[edit]
On 14 April 2014, the privately-owned launch service company SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Launch Pad 39A. The pad is currently being modified to support launches of both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, which included the construction of a horizontal integration facility, similar to that used at existing SpaceX-leased facilities at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Vandenberg Air Force Base – this is a marked difference from the vertical integration process used by NASA's own Apollo and Space Shuttle vehicles at the Launch Complex 39. Additionally new instrumentation and control systems will be installed and substantial new plumbing will be added for a variety of rocket liquids and gasses.[43]
Construction and first launch[edit]
In 2015, SpaceX built a large Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) just outside the perimeter of the existing launch pad in order to house both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets and their associated hardware and payloads during processing.[44] Both launch vehicles will be transported from the HIF to the launch pad aboard a Transporter Erector (TE) which will ride on rails up the former Crawlerway path.[32][44] Also in 2015, the launch mount for the Falcon Heavy was constructed on Pad 39A over the existing infrastructure.[45][46] The work on both the HIF building and the new pad were substantially complete by late 2015.[47] A rollout test of the new Transporter/Erector (TE) was conducted in November 2015.[48]
SpaceX indicated in February 2016 that they had "completed and activated Launch Complex 39A",[49] but still has more work yet to do to support crewed flights, and no SpaceX launches have yet occurred from Pad 39A. SpaceX originally planned to be ready to accomplish the first launch at pad 39A — a Falcon Heavy — as early as 2015,[43] as they had architects and engineers working on the new design and modifications since 2013.[42][45] By late 2014, a preliminary date for a wet dress rehearsal of the Falcon Heavy was set for no earlier than 1 July 2015.[32] Due to a failure in a June 2015 Falcon 9 launch, SpaceX had to delay launching the Falcon Heavy in order to focus on the Falcon 9's failure investigation and its return to flight.[50] As of February 2016[update] the first flight of the Falcon Heavy was expected in the second quarter of 2016.[49] With the busy 2016 Falcon 9 launch manifest, it is no longer clear if Falcon Heavy will be the first vehicle to launch from Pad 39A, or if one or more Falcon 9 missions may precede a late-2016 Falcon Heavy launch.[49]
In March 2016, SpaceX COO Gwynne Shotwell indicated that although SpaceX does not need to use LC 39A to meet the busy 2016 Falcon 9 launch manifest, she believes that they probably will launch a Falcon 9—possibly SES-10—from 39A prior to the first Falcon Heavy launch; the heavy launch is now slated for no earlier than December 2016.[51]
However, after the explosion of a Falcon 9 at Launch Complex 40 during a fueling operation on September 1, 2016, SpaceX announced that LC 39A will be used for its East Coast Falcon 9 launches when the new facility is completed, expected to be in November, and after an FAA-supervised[citation needed] review of the accident and possible corrective action are completed.[52]
The first launch of a Falcon 9 from 39A is planned for January 26, 2017, with Echo Star 23. Followed on February 8, 2017 by CRS 10, the 12th Cargo delivery mission to the International Space Station. The start of SES 10 is also planned for February 2017 from LC 39A. There are 2 more starts from 39A without a Date: Falcon 9 Koreasat A5 and Falcon 9 CRS 11. SES11/EchoStar 105 is planned for Cape Canaveral. If SLC 40 is not ready this Falcon 9 may launch also from 39A. The first launch of Falcon Heavy is planned for 2nd Quarter 2017 from SLC 39A. For August is planned the first flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft from 39A.
SpaceX intends to utilize the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) of the Pad 39A launch towers, and will extend it above its existing 350 feet (110 m)-height, but will not need the Rotating Service Structure (RSS) and will remove it. Initial plans in 2014 called for leaving the RSS in place until after the first Falcon Heavy launch;[32] however, plans were changed, and work on RSS takedown began in February 2016.[53] NASA has already removed the Orbiter Servicing Arm and white room by which astronauts entered the Space Shuttle.[45] SpaceX indicated in late 2014 that no additional levels to the FSS would be added in the near term.[32] SpaceX plans to later add at least two additional levels to the FSS, and will utilize the FSS for providing crew access for the Dragon V2 launches.[54] Launch vehicles will be assembled horizontally in a hangar near the pad, transferred to the pad, and then lifted atop a launch platform for the remainder of the launch prep and lift off.[42] For military missions from Pad 39A, payloads will be vertically integrated, as that is required per launch contract with the US Air Force.[42] A hammerhead crane will be added to the FSS in order to support US military requirements for vertical payload integration.[54]
Pad 39A will be used to host launches of astronauts on the crewed-version of the Dragon space capsule in a public–private partnership with NASA. The NASA plan as of April 2014[update] calls for the first NASA crewed missions in 2017.[42] SpaceX intends to add "a crew gantry access arm and white room to allow for crew and cargo ingress to the vehicle. The existing Space Shuttle evacuation slide-wire basket system will also be re-purposed to provide a safe emergency egress for the Dragon crew in the event of an emergency on the pad that does not necessitate using the Crew Dragon's launch abort system."[55]
Launch Pad 39B[edit]
Since the Ares I-X flight, NASA proceeded with plans to strip Pad 39B of its Flight Service Structure (FSS), returning the location to an Apollo-like "clean pad" design for the first time since 1977. This approach will make the pad available to multiple types of vehicles which arrive at the pad with service structures on the mobile launcher platform as opposed to custom structures on the pad.[56] The LH2, LOX, and water tanks (used for the sound suppression system) are the only structures left from the Space Shuttle era.[57][58][59]
As of April 2015[update], NASA had one SLS mission scheduled in late 2018, and a second one in 2021.[42]
As of June 2012[update], repairs and modifications to selected facility systems at Launch Complex (LC) 39B for Space Launch System (SLS) processing and launch operations are finishing the first phase of a five-phase project. The second phase of this project is currently budgeted at $89.2 million ($6.1 million in FY 2012, $28.5 million in FY 2013, $9.4 million in FY 2014 and $45.2 million in the outyears).[60][needs update] In March 2015, Pad 39B was undergoing modifications to the Catacomb Roof structure so that it can handle the loads from the SLS Block 1B rocket, increasing the load capacity to support the crawler-transporter and vertical rocket from 21,000,000 to 25,500,000 pounds (9,500,000 to 11,600,000 kg).[57]
In 2014, NASA announced that it would make Pad 39B available to commercial users during times when it is not needed by the Space Launch System.[42]
Launch Pad 39C[edit]
Launch Pad 39C is a new facility for smaller launch vehicles built in 2015 within the Launch Complex 39B perimeter.
Construction of the pad began in January 2015 and was completed in June 2015. Kennedy Space Center Director Robert D. Cabana and representatives from the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program and the Center Planning and Development (CPD) and Engineering Directorates marked the completion of the new pad during a ribbon-cutting ceremony July 17, 2015.
"As America's premier spaceport, we're always looking for new and innovative ways to meet America's launch needs, and one area that was missing was small class payloads," Robert D. Cabana said. "Using 21st Century funds, we built Pad 39C."[citation needed]
GSDO oversaw the project and is working with CPD to grow commercial space efforts at Kennedy.[citation needed]
"Pad 39C is the latest addition to our portfolio of launch pads," said Scott Colloredo, CPD director. "The small class market is here. The demand for that kind of launcher is increasing. The key here is this is really what a launch site for a small class launcher needs to look like."[citation needed]
The concrete pad measures about 50 feet wide by about 100 feet long and could support the combined weight of a fueled launch vehicle, payload and customer-provided launch mount up to about 132,000 pounds, and an umbilical tower structure, fluid lines, cables and umbilical arms weighing up to about 47,000 pounds.[citation needed]
GSDO also developed a universal propellant servicing system to provide liquid oxygen and liquid methane fueling capabilities for a variety of small class rockets.[citation needed]
"This is absolutely great to designate a new pad within the confines of Pad 39B. I'm looking forward to having customers here in the not too distant future, making use of this outstanding facility," Robert D. Cabana said[61]
KSC's newest Launch Pad, designated 39C, is designed to accommodate Small Class Vehicles. Located in the southeast area of the Launch Complex 39B perimeter, this new concrete pad measures about 50 feet wide by about 100 feet long. Launch Complex 39C will serve as a multi-purpose site allowing companies to test vehicles and capabilities in the smaller class of rockets, making it more affordable for smaller companies to break into the commercial spaceflight market.
As part of this capability, GSDO developed a universal propellant servicing system, which can provide liquid oxygen and liquid methane fueling capabilities for a variety of small class rockets. This system is slated for operational readiness in the summer of 2016.[citation needed]
With the addition of Launch Complex 39C, KSC can offer the following processing and launching features for companies working with small class vehicles (maximum thrust up to 200,000 pounds):[citation needed]
Processing facilities – i.e. Vehicle Assembly Building
Vehicle/payload transportation (KAMAG, flatbed trucks, tugs, etc.) from integration facility to pad
Launch site
Universal propellant servicing system (LOX, LCH4)
Launch control center/mobile command center options.[62]
For the last time in the Shuttle program, Space Shuttles Atlantis and Endeavour are placed at LC39A and LC39B in preparation for the STS-125 mission to the Hubble Space Telescope.
See also[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39.
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- ^ Clark, Stephen (2015-07-21). "First flight of Falcon Heavy delayed again". spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
- ^ de Selding, Peter B. (2016-03-10). "SpaceX says reusable stage could cut prices 30 percent, plans November Falcon Heavy debut". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
- ^ SpaceX to shift Florida launches to new pad after explosion, Irene Klutz, Reiuter September 2, 2016
- ^ "SES-9". SES. SES. 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (2014-07-28). "SpaceX Roadmap building on its rocket business revolution". NASAspaceflight. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
- ^ Reisman, Garrett (27 February 2015). "Statement of Garrett Reisman before the Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology U.S. House Of Representatives" (PDF). US House of Representatives publication of a SpaceX document provided to the committee. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ "Historic space shuttle pad soon to be scrap". USA Today. 23 March 2011.
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (2015-03-22). "KSC Pads continue preparations for future vehicles". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ NASA (2006). "Sound Suppression System". NASA. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ "STS-127 Rollaround starts". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- ^ "NASA FY13 Budget" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^ NASA (2015). "New Launch Pad will Enable Smaller Companies to Develop and Launch Rockets from Kennedy". NASA. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
- ^ NASA (2015). "Launch Complex 39C". NASA. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
External links[edit]
- KSC page on Launch Complex 39 Facilities
- Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 300
- Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 275
- Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 255
- Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 235
- "Kennedy Prepares to Host Constellation". NASA. 2007-09-28.-
- NASA-produced video tour of Shuttle on Pad 39A 1 month before launch
- photos of work areas and catacombs beneath Pad 39A
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. FL-4, "Mobile Launcher One, Kennedy Space Center, Titusville vicinity, Brevard County, FL"
- HAER No. FL-8-11-A, "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Launch Complex 39, Launch Control Center, LCC Road, East of Kennedy Parkway North, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, FL"
- A comprehensive virtual tour over, under, around, and through the infrastructure of Launch Pad 39A
- The conversion to SLS configuration on Launch Pad 39B -- Construction Progress as of 27 June 2014
Coordinates: 28°36′30″N 80°36′16″W / 28.608397°N 80.604345°W
- Kennedy Space Center
- Rocket launch sites in the United States
- Apollo program
- Space Shuttle program
- National Register of Historic Places in Brevard County, Florida
- Historic American Engineering Record in Florida
- Buildings and structures in Merritt Island, Florida
- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
- 1962 establishments in Florida


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P.S.- I would like to make a pie tonight but haven't made my dough, would you recommend just not refrigerating and letting it just double at room temp (70 degrees in my home) till I form into the pan? I guess the flavor won't be there like the last pizza, but hopefully that crispy tender texture will remain.
And I'm going to Wal-Mart tonight, I'll get some food coloring for sure! Just a few drops yeah?


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SmartWool Outdoor Sport Medium Weight Socks
Product Information:
Long periods of any activity can cause strain on the feet. That's why SmartWool® produced a sock with a little extra cushion in their Men's Outdoor Sport Medium Crew sock. Made with moisture management for comfort throughout the day, this sock also is exceptionally well-ventilated and has a good climate control for day-long wear. Expanding just above the boot top, this sock is made in the USA of New Zealand Zque Merino wool.
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googleeph2 wrote:motherscratcher wrote:Remember back in June when we were all surprised by this?:
http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2012/06/13/pierzynski-voted-most-hated-player-in-baseball/Who is the least respected manager?
1. Ozzie Guillen (Marlins), 36%
2. Bobby Valentine (Red Sox), 14%
3. Manny Acta (Indians), 5%
Hm. Hey, OT but- I listen to radio baseball, but don't watch much. What is it about Pierzinski that everyone hates? (Also, I knew Tribe fans hated him, but wow, players do too?) Does he whine a lot? Act like it don't stink? I don't get it.
Wow, when Chicago WS had Guillen, they had the Manager/Catcher/Broadcaster trifecta.
Quicky anecdote about PerDICKski...
After taking a foul off the family jewels in ST, the Dickster was writhing on the ground in obvious pain. The intern-trainer came out to see how he was doing and innocently asked him, "how does it feel?" To wit, the Dickski stood up and kicked the trainer square in the nuts and says..."THAT'S how it feels!"
Guy is an asshole. Although that is kinda funny...


text: Welcome Keith, You will enjoy your GPZ. The Superman stickers applied by the PO were an obvious attempt to try and make his red '95 as fast as the black '96. His disappointment was reflected in the low sale price. But it's OK, I know there was no way you could have known. ;^) GenMars are a great improvement. If you see a set of Dave Daniels Super Bar Risers Extraordinaire for sale by a lister, snatch them up. They are as much of an improvement over GenMars as the Genmars are over stock. The Zero Gravity Sport touring screen is pretty good. Eventhough it directs more wind at your helmet, it is very smooth, without buffeting and quite tolerable. If you plan on installing the DynoJet kit yourself, DO NOT use the diaphragm springs supplied in the kit. Reinstall the stock ones. Using the kit supplied springs will give you an incurable off-idle stumble until you put the stock ones back in. Ask anything you want about the GPZ. Those here have tried everything at least once (that's all it took was once using the Gunk Engine Flush, wasn't it Dave?). Steve in Western NY '96 GPZ1100 '08 KLR 650 '08 Tuono Factory "You Can't Fix Stupid", Ron White ----- Original Message ----- From: "keith fraser" <fraskei at yahoo.com> To: <gpzlist at micapeak.com> Sent: Saturday, April 25, 2009 3:26 PM Subject: Another New Guy Hi all. A year ago I didn't even know that Kawasaki made a GPZ in the 90s. I was looking for a replacement for my threadbare 84 Ninja 900. Something a little comfier with more low end grunt and the ZX14 was not in the budget. I spent a year looking for a low mileage Connie but the few I found were way overpriced. I saw a month old ad in a local weekly swap and sell it guide for a 95 GPZ with 4k on it. I spent a couple days searching the web and found http://list.gpz1100.com/ and a handful of other sites. That weekend I went and saw the bike and was blown away by the condition of the bike. It looked like a brand new bike, other than a couple of silly Superman stickers (any tips on removing stickers?) The guy had been listing it locally for a month and hadn't had any takers. I bought it for $2000.00. Compared to most of you guys on the list I am a casual rider at best but I put about 6000 miles on her last year just as she was. This year I plan on some upgrades, I already picked up some gen mars and a stage 1 dynojet kit, and have a zero gravity sport touring windscreen on its way. I'll probably be driving you all nuts with NewB questions in the near future, but hey you let me join ;P


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I really cannot stand this stuff.Every can I have ever tried,that has Calcium Chloride added,I end up throwing it away.Is it just me,or are any of you the same?I tried a can of Contadina crushed tomatoes today and threw it out.It had CC on the label,but I wanted to try it at least once.I should have known,Same thing happened,has that awful bleachy-chemical tasting aftertaste.Best bet are any of the Escalon varieties like 6 in 1 which do not contain calcium chloride or citric acid.
The main uses of it in food processing are 1) to make something taste saltier without increasing sodium, and 2) make canned vegetables firmer. In canned tomatoes, I would think a producer would be using it for the latter to compensate for low quality, mushy tomatoes. Maybe another reason to steer away from tomato products that include it?CL
I was just focusing on the the products that have CC in it.


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ChooseMyPlate.gov from the USDA illustrates the five food groups that are the building blocks for a healthy diet and provides tools for diet/calorie tracking and information on weight management, physical activity, and healthy eating. Some materials available in Spanish.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Eat More, Weigh Less? provides information about cutting caloric intake to successfully lose weight. Details include a list of nutritious and filling foods, healthy ingredient substitutes for recipes, and ways to cut calories without eating less.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
This toolkit assists parents in helping their children make healthy food choices and start healthy habits to prevent diabetes. The materials use Sesame Street characters to teach lessons on nutrition and healthy activities. En español
This website for kids tells you cool stuff about how your body works, how eating right helps you play better and feel good, and how staying active is lots of fun! En español
This meal planning curriculum is for people living with diabetes and their support persons. The curriculum incorporates participatory nutrition education, food preparation activities, and tasting of foods. En español
Oregon Diabetes Program
This online tracking tool lets you track what you eat to manage your diabetes and prevent the onset of complications. Explore nearly 5,000 foods and find recipes and healthy alternatives to improve your meals. En español
American Diabetes Association (ADA)
This tip sheet helps Hispanics/Latinos at risk for type 2 diabetes move more and eat less to reduce their risk. En español
National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP)
This booklet and website, designed for Latino families, provides information on how to stay healthy and prevent diabetes problems, especially heart disease.
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This comprehensive kit includes reproducible patient education handouts on 29 topics related to cardiometabolic risk reduction, prediabetes, diabetes, and CVD. En español
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Nov 20
Everyone should see Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire … it was the best movie I've seen all year! I cried at one part (I'm such a little girl) I'm planning on seeing it again with my dad during Thanksgiving break.
Thanks for stopping by! You have stumbled upon the personal website of Sidney Collins (aka Bubs). I'm a 32-year old student at the University of Alabama studying Computer Science and Mathematics. When I'm not busy programming you'll probably find me writing, drawing, reading, shopping, eating, or playing Monopoly.
Everyone should see Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire … it was the best movie I've seen all year! I cried at one part (I'm such a little girl) I'm planning on seeing it again with my dad during Thanksgiving break.
Will bought me the Star Wars Episode III dvd on Tuesday. All I wanted to see were the deleted scenes. I was very disappointed to discover that there are only 5 included on the disc! I know there were more scenes cut than 5 :grumpy: I was really looking forward to the scene where Obi-Wan visits Padme the first time (the cut one, not the one included in the original film). If I weren't having a terrible semester, I'd take a day off from class and watch Episodes I-VI
I am now a proud owner of all 5 seasons of Sailormoon! Now, I want to save my money and buy the manga. Does anyone know where I can find the manga for a decent price? I noticed Tokyopop no longer carries them.
Sorry for the sparse blog entries. One word – school
Hmm, I wonder how Daniel Craig will do. I'm really excited about Casino Royale being the new Bond film, since it is one of Ian Fleming's original books. It's about time they started working on the new film!! I can't wait until it comes out… I have high hopes. Martin Campbell, the director of GoldenEye, will be directing Casino Royale. Although it wasn't my favorite of the Brosnan four, GoldenEye was one million times better than Die Another Day Someone called Die Another Day the "Batman and Robin of the Bond series" … that pretty much sums it up.
I'm so excited!! I ordered the complete, uncut, original Japanese Sailormoon Season 1 and received it last night! I've only seen the crappy DiC dub of the first two seasons I popped the first disc in and started watching from the beginning. After getting a quarter of the way through the first episode, I thought to myself, "I'm not understanding what's going on…". I soon realized that there were no subtitles! (I was proud of myself, however, because I was following the Japanese pretty good ) I started to panic, but then figured out how to turn on the subtitles.
Question: Should I be concerned if the set I ordered isn't official? I ordered from a reputable seller on Amazon, but the box looks different from the box pictured. I planned on purchasing Sailormoon R this afternoon from the same seller, but I wanted to ask first.
For those of you awaiting the results of the Caption Challenge: I'm going to consult guest judges so that there won't be any bias. I should have the results by the end of the next week
I'm not much of a football fan, but I'm so excited that Bama is 4 and 0! I think that ESPN Gameday is coming to Tuscaloosa next weekend for Bama vs Florida… that should be interesting. Maybe I will have to participate in the festivities
School is really tough this semester! I've been lost in my ECE class since day one. Although my first ECE class is kicking my butt, I still plan to double major.
I'm a movie trailer lover, so I thought I'd mention a few trailers of movies that I can't wait to see:
V for Vendetta
All the King's Men
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Chronicles of Narnia
The New World
I was looking forward to Aeon Flux, but the trailer actually doesn't look that good I'll probably see it anyway, though. I tend to do that.
Sunday was our three-year anniversary… too bad William is still in D.C. He did send me some purty flowers … the prettiest I've ever received!
I've been working on the website for the U of A Philosophy Department non-stop. It's a work in progress, but you can catch a sneak-peak of it here.
Batman Begins is really good… 5 out of 5, in my opinion. It's not silly at all, like some comic book adaptions. I hope to see War of the Worlds this weekend. I'm sure I'll love it because Steven Spielberg can do no wrong in my eyes
Oh yeah, I made a myspace.com account… feel free to add me as your friend.
It's been a while, huh? I really haven't been in the mood for the internet lately… these past weeks have been pretty crazy. If you're interested in some of what's been going on, check out my livejournal. It's a protected entry, so just let me know if you want me to add you as a friend
So, I got a new job. Well, two jobs actually, but the first job is for course credit instead of money. First off, I was asked to design the website for the Philosophy department at the university. I'm really excited since I'll be able to use some of my new CSS and PHP skills Second, I'm working as a systems administrator for the Business school technology department. I just started last Monday and I've already learned a ton of new stuff. I'm currently shadowing a grad student who is moving soon. He totally lost me today talking about networking… Hopefully I'll understand it better once I start playing with it.
You may have noticed already, but I finally converted my site to pure css! (i.e. The content is exactly the same on every page. The layout is totally governed by a stylesheet) Take a look at my page with the stylesheet turned off and you'll see what I mean. I've only implemented Bliss, 3-d, Doodleblog, Fruit, and Cleaned-Up so far… I'll get around to fixing the other skins sometime this summer Oh and also, BubblesSOC is now valid XHTML 1.1.
Who all went to see Revenge of the Sith? I did, twice! Will and I met some friends in Birmingham for the midnight showing. While waiting for 12am to roll around, I ventured to Wal-Mart to buy a light saber. They were sold out, so I got a Vader mask instead. I think I was the first Darth Vader to don a mini-skirt I went to see it again with my dad on Saturday. The special effects were mind-blowing and I'm buying the soundtrack as soon as I get paid. I thought it was amazing, but my heart still belongs to the original trilogy. I have to admit though, Anakin is pretty hot You can listen to some selected Star Wars tracks in my Radio Blog.
My inbox is overflowing!! I'll try to get back to everyone who has emailed me asap. Next week, I'm going to start getting the Qbee Admin Script ready for public release. Well, that's all I gots to say tonight! If you're lucky, I'll post again tomorrow hehe
I was awake until 4 am last night finishing my CS project. It was working perfectly when I turned it in, so I hope I did well on it. CS 124 is my hardest class this semester by far. We will get ANOTHER project assigned tomorrow, except this one is a group project. I absolutely hate group projects But that's a whole 'nother story…
So, I went to check on Coco a bit ago only to discover that her cage door is open and she is running around the bedroom. I asked William if he let her out, but he said no. Apparently, that crafty pig has learned how to escape from her cage I don't blame her, either! Pixie accompanied me to feed Coco and I got some cute pics of the two playing together.
You can see larger versions of some of the pictures on Pixie's dogster page.
Today was a sad day for Naruto fans. The series was licensed to Cartoon Network. I'm sure that they will absolutely butcher it as they did Sailormoon and various other animes. Oh well, at least I still have the manga, which is better in my opinion
The foremost reason that I love the Naruto series so much is the incredible storyline. If you've read the latest manga (Chapter 245), then you've seen the 2.5 years-older versions of Naruto and Sakura. I was particularly excited about Naruto's slight transformation because he resembles Yondaime even more than before. I can't wait for Kishimoto to reveal the true identity of Yondaime and his official relationship to Naruto. Personally, I believe the father/son theory… it reminds me of the Star Wars/Luke and Vader relationship I will be quite disappointed if it turns out any different. I got bored studying for my Cal test and decided to find images of Yondaime and Naruto from the manga and compare them. Judging by appearance alone, they have to be related somehow.
If you're a Naruto fan, tell me your theory.
School is really tough this semester. I'm going to have a hard time getting good grades. I was really upset yesterday because I thought I bombed my first Calculus exam. We went over the correct answers in class today, and I didn't do as bad as I had originally expected. I think I made a 96 on my Math 115 test that I took this afternoon. I have a GES 131 exam tomorrow afternoon and two Computer Science tests Friday. This has been a rough week!
I changed the look of my navigation on the Winter Hues skin, let me know what you think. This is a really boring post, sorry about that. Happy belated Groundhog Day
So much for the cold weather! I've worn my new sandals every day this week It's kind of cold today since it's raining. I hate rainy days because I have the hardest time waking up in the morning. I had planned to wake up at 6:30 am and get a shower, but I ended up sleeping until 8:15
Andy picked up his copy of Halo 2 at midnight Monday/Tuesday. I beat the entire campaign in ONE day The ending is somewhat disappointing, but the campaign itself is a lot of fun. The AI characters are much smarter and you can interact with the boards. I won't spoil it for anyone I don't care much for the multiplayer, but I guess I'll just have to get used to it. Will and I are debating whether or not to buy a copy for ourselves.
I've been helping my friends with their Intro to Webdesign projects, which has put me in the mood to make a new layout. I started to work on one yesterday, but I doubt that I'll finish it anytime soon.
Note to everyone: NEVER rent Titus – it's the dumbest movie ever.
Please vote for my Halloween patch (#77) and/or Quilt Page.
|« May


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