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LINGUIST List 25.1535
Tue Apr 01 2014
Calls: Syntax, Historical Linguistics, Language Acquisition/Italy
Editor for this issue: Bryn Hauk <bryn
Federica Cognola <federica.cognola
Understanding Pro-drop: A Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective
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Full Title: Understanding Pro-drop: A Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective
Date: 19-Jun-2014 - 21-Jun-2014
Location: Trento, Italy
Contact Person: Federica Cognola
Meeting Email:
< click here to access email >
Web Site:
Linguistic Field(s): Historical Linguistics; Language Acquisition; Syntax
Call Deadline: 15-Apr-2014
Meeting Description:
This conference aims at advancing our understanding of null-subject languages, in particular of partial pro-drop languages, by bringing together researchers working on empirical (synchronic, diachronic and acquisitional) and theoretical aspects of pro-drop.
Since Rizzi's (1982) work, it has been known that there exist different types of null-subject languages. Roberts & Holmberg (2010) propose that there exist four types of pro-drop languages:
- Consistent null-subject languages, such as Italian and Greek, in which a referential subject can be dropped in any syntactic environment
- Radical pro-drop languages, such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean, in which the presence of a null-subject correlates with dropping of nominals in several environments (cf. Huang 1984, Tomioka 2003, Saito 2007, Neeleman & Szendröi 2007)
- Expletive null-subject languages, such as standard German, varieties of Dutch and Afrikaans (cf. Biberauer 2010), in which expletive, but not referential subjects can be dropped under certain syntactic conditions
- Partial null-subject languages, such as Finnish, Brazilian Portuguese and Russian, in which 'the pronominal subject may remain unexpressed under restricted conditions determined by both the morphological and the syntactic context.' (Roberts/Holmberg 2010:6)
Invited Speakers:
Manuela Ambar, University of Lisboa
Theresa Biberauer, University of Cambridge
Mara Frascarelli, University of Roma Tre
Helmut Weiss, University of Frankfurt & Anna Volodina, Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim
Michael Zimmermann, University of Konstanz
Final Call for Papers:
Abstracts should be anonymous and not exceed two pages (12-point Times New Roman font, with single spacing and margins of at least 2.54cm/1 inch), including examples and references. They should be sent as PDF attachment to federica.cognola
unitn.it. Submissions are limited to a maximum of one individual and one joint abstract per author, or two joint abstracts per author.
Please see
or contact Federica Cognola (federica.cognola
unitn.it) for further information.
Submission deadline: 15 April 2014
Notification: No later than 10 May 2014
We encourage submissions for 30-minute talks (followed by 10 minutes for discussion) addressing (but not restricted to) the following questions:
a) Why can referential definite subject pronouns be null in pro-drop languages? Are rich morphology (Rizzi 1982, Neeleman/Szendröi 2007 a.o.), discourse (i.e. pro being licensed by a moved topic, cf. Frascarelli 2007, Grimshaw & Samek-Lodovici 1998, Modesto 2008, Barbosa 2013 a.o.) or ellipsis, cf. Duguine (2013) or a combination of these factors responsible for pro-drop?
b) What can phenomena such as complementiser agreement found typically in German and Dutch dialects (cf. Bennis/Haegeman 1984, Bayer 1984, Fuss 2005, Gruber 2008, 2013, Haegeman & van Koppen 2012, van Koppen 2012 a.o.) and the presence of subject clitics in Northern Italian dialects (Brandi/Cordin 1981,1989, Poletto 2000 a.o.), tell us about the relationship between C and T (cf. Chomsky 2008)?
c) What is the core property distinguishing partial from consistent pro-drop languages? Is the identification of a general class of partial pro-drop languages empirically motivated? Can we identify different types of partial pro-drop languages? What is the status of generics in partial pro-drop languages (cf. Holmberg 2005, 2010)?
d) Can acquisition studies help us to determine what the properties of pro-drop languages are?
e) It has been claimed that some modern non-null-subject languages went through periods in their history in which they allowed for referential null-subjects (cf. Old English (OE), van Gelderen 2005, Walkden 2012 a.o.) and Old High German (OHG, Axel 2007, Axel/Weiss 2011, Schlachter 2012 a.o.). Conversely, Old Romance (OR) languages have been claimed (Benincà 1984, Adams 1987, Roberts 1993, Vance 1989, 1993 a.o.) to be asymmetric pro-drop languages, i.e. languages in which null subjects are much more frequent in main clauses, and much rarer in embedded clauses. What are the conditions determining the distribution of null subjects in OE, OHG and OR? Are there any modern varieties which display such a pro-drop systems? Can OE, OHG and OR be defined as partial pro-drop languages in Holmberg's (2005, 2010) sense (cf. Cognola 2013, Waldken 2013)? Why has the system found in OE, OHG and OR been lost in the modern varieties?
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20- somethings: The silent majority
So you're back from college. Possibly living at your parent's house to save some cash. Possibly living with some roommates that leave their socks all over the place. Possibly living on your own.
You're outside of the social circus of the college campus, but still have the desire to connect socially. Yes, you have your colleagues at your workplace, yes you have Facebook, but you have the desire to get out and meet people. "But where," you ask young caterpillar?
Let me tell you of a place where the livin' is easy and the friends flow like honey. There is a group in Rochester, that I just happen to be the director of, known as "The JLink 20 Somethings." This group gets together for social outings, social action events and socializing. Think of it as a Meet Up group for Jewish singles between the ages of 21 and 29. In fact, don't just think of it that way, that's exactly what it is.
The JLink 20 Somethings Group is a division of its parent brand, JLink, which is open to young and youngish Jewish individuals between the ages of 25 and 45. JLink is also a social network of individuals who get together on a regular basis for networking and social activities.
What is the difference between these two you may ask? Well, the 20 somethings group is just that, it is just for 20 somethings. It is just for singles and if this perks your ears up, well, then it is just for you.
There seems to be a number of you in town on your own individual islands not sure of where to go or how to connect. I hear from a lot of you and it is time to bring you all together. Instead of sitting home clicking "like" on your friend's status or tweeting another "bored" status update. Maybe it is time to come out of your self induced exile and try something new.
"How do I get involved" you ask me? It is pretty simple. All you do is e-mail me at email@example.com and let me know that you are interested in joining the JLink 20 Somethings Group and I will keep you in the loop on upcoming events.
I look forward to hearing from you, yes you, specifically. The one reading this blog post wanting to try this but are a little reluctant due to the fact that it may take you away from watching another episode of "Jersey Shore." Don't worry, Snookie will still be there when you get back, I promise you, she's not going anywhere.
So contact me today. If you act now I could probably get you a free toaster….probably.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Christiana Lin
Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Privacy Officer
Chris Lin is Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Privacy Officer of comScore, Inc. Ms. Lin brings to comScore nearly two decades of experience in corporate, technology and intellectual property law, and technology-related public policy issues.
She advises the company on all legal matters, including strategic corporate initiatives, technology alliances, business transactions and intellectual property protection, and also oversees the company's human resources department. As Chief Privacy Officer, Ms. Lin is responsible for establishing the company's privacy and data security policies, overseeing the implementation of such policies, and educating legislators, the press, industry and consumer groups and the general public about the company's approach and commitments to consumer privacy.
While in private practice, Ms. Lin worked extensively with telecommunications service providers, broadcast companies and Internet businesses. She represented and advised clients on mergers and acquisitions, strategic partnerships, matters before the Federal Communications Commission, and in appellate court proceedings. She also counseled clients on privacy matters and the management of intellectual property assets.
Ms. Lin held a number of government positions, both at the Department of Defense and the White House, focused on coordinating the legislative and public relations efforts associated with critical technology and economic programs. This experience included working with foreign governments on a broad variety of initiatives.
Ms. Lin holds a J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center, and a B.A. in Political Science from Yale University. She is a member of the District of Columbia, New Jersey, New York and Virginia Bars.


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Bear, Ray Young
Ray Young Bear 19??–
American poet and novelist.
The following entry presents an overview of Young Bear's career.
One of the best known contemporary Native American writers, Young Bear is highly regarded for verse and prose in which he explores the conflicts arising between his Mesquakie heritage and his identity as a writer. Noting his attempts to recreate the Native American oral tradition, reviewers have praised Young Bear's emphasis on dreams, visions, and traditional Mesquakie songs in his poems. While Young Bear's principle theme is the contemporary Indian's search for identity, he deliberately addresses both Indian and non-Indian readers by writing on two levels—one allows the non-Indian reader to appreciate the imagery and traditions of the Mesquakie people without necessarily understanding their sacred tribal significance; the other level speaks to the Indian reader who recognizes the underlying meaning and can thus identify with Young Bear's thematic project. Young Bear is also one of the few tribal-affiliated writers who speaks and writes in his native language. His two best known and critically acclaimed works are Winter of the Salamander (1980) and Black Eagle Child (1992).
Biographical Information
Young Bear was born and raised on the Tama Indian Reservation in Iowa, where his grandmother instructed him in the stories and traditions of his people. In the 1960s he attended college and began his writing career. With his wife Stella Young Bear, he co-founded the Woodland Song and Dance Troupe of Arts Midwest and became an instructor of Native American literature at the University of Iowa.
Major Works
In Winter of the Salamander Young Bear utilizes various Indian songs, myths, and stories to address the plight of the Native American in contemporary American society. For example, in the poem, "i can still picture the caribou," Young Bear examines how Indians and whites have forgotten their origins, thus rendering meaningless the celebration of their ancient festivals and rites. The poetry of The Invisible Musician (1990) focuses on the present cultural, ethnic, artistic, and racial "invisibility" of Native Americans in American society, as seen in the poem "Wa ta se Na ka mo ni, Viet Nam Memorial." Because of the numerous references to tribal customs and culture, this work includes notes explaining many of Young Bear's allusions. In 1992 Young Bear published Black Eagle Child, an autobiographical novel that took him twenty years to complete. The plot follows the life of Edgar Bearchild and his coming of age. Bearchild leaves the Black Eagle Child Settlement and his best friend, Ted Facepaint, in order to become a poet. After achieving some literary notoriety, Bearchild decides to come back to Black Eagle Child Settlement to continue his writing career. Upon his return, he realizes how becoming a poet has saved him from some of the dehumanizing effects that reservation life has had on his boyhood friend and his people.
Critical Reception
Critical reaction to Young Bear's works has generally been favorable. Most critics applaud his imagery as colorful and provocative and praise his ability to effectively incorporate Mesquakie oral tradition into his poetry and prose. Several critics also comment on the unique literary character of Black Eagle Child, which employs autobiography, poetry, prose, letter-writing, and Native American oral tradition to tell the story of Edgar Bearchild's coming of age. While some critics suggest that the tone of much of his prose and poetry is too angry, and that some of his dream imagery is too self-centered, obscure, and lacking in general appeal, the majority of critics agree that Young Bear's writings offer valuable insights into the cultural heritage and struggle of contemporary Native Americans. Robert F. Gish has noted that Young Bear "is generally acknowledged by poets, critics, and students of American Indian literature as the nation's foremost contemporary Native American poet."
Principal Works
Waiting to Be Fed (poetry) 1975
Winter of the Salamander: The Keeper of Importance (poetry) 1980
The Invisible Musician (poetry) 1990
Black Eagle Child: The Facepaint Narratives (novel) 1992
James Ruppert (essay date 1980)
SOURCE: "The Uses of Oral Tradition in Six Contemporary Native American Poets," in American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1980, pp. 87-110.
[Former president of the Association for the Study of Native American Literatures, Ruppert is an educator and critic who specializes in English and Native studies. In the following excerpt, he analyzes Young Bear's attempts to recreate the Native American "story world" in his poetry, discussing his focus on song and dreams.]
[Ray Young Bear's poems] do not speak of the old days, of a story world of "a long time ago" or "in the beginning"; rather, they bring that world into our reality. The old story world is a place and time when humans were finding out the power that other beings held—how they acted, and how that power and those unique creatures created the world as we know it today. Beings with power could transform themselves, separate parts of themselves, dominate time and space, create and destroy on a grand scale. While [Peter] Blue Cloud tries to put us in the persona of those story beings, Young Bear tries to have us experience that world—the powers, the perceptions and amazing occurrences germane to it. The time and world of the oral tradition is now, if we will just realize it. Not that the reader defeats monsters, but the powers and perceptions of that story world, those things that define it and give it meaning, are alive and rediscovered in the world today. This is the goal of many Native American poets, but Young Bear's uniqueness lies in his evocative use of composition and elements of the oral story as a form for his work. His poems use the fantastic events and perceptions of the story world to make new stories, rather than using these elements solely as subject.
In poems like "The Cook," the woman has supernatural powers and is instructed by her contact with those powers. She seems to have a direct power over the weather and an indirect power over any human that may come in contact with her. The poem "The Way the Bird Sat" presents a wind that is jealous, a bird that keeps watch and divides the season with song, and blue hearts in the form of a deer. In the animated universe of this poem, an unidentified narrator is guided by animal spirit power into visualizing and thus participating in a ceremony that transforms him into a hummingbird, the originator of his personal power. These occurrences are not unusual in oral tradition, nor are they unusual in Young Bear's work. Dogs climbing down from the sky on a cord of sunlight, a sun growing on someone's back, a face existing in a mouth and rocks with mouths are occurrences typical to Young Bear's poetry. Through these we feel that spirit, the power that accomplishes these miraculous occurrences and incredible transformations, is still here. It lies under the surface of our daily lives. We can touch that world and experience the story reality if we look hard enough, seek visions and believe. Young Bear's poems seem aimed toward changing those who he says [in "For the Rain in March: The Blackened Hearts of Herons"], "think that all they see is all they will ever see."
Many of Young Bear's images occur and recur in several poems as if they were resonant oral material trying to find an appropriate niche in the cultural mind. Many of these are hauntingly surreal images. However, the images come more from the story reality, the dream and the vision—peyote and otherwise—than from a European art form. Through this imagery, his poetry becomes vivid because the power of the story and the dream is present, an active force in the events and processes of the poem and the world. The visionary quality of the poetry is as haunting as the ghosts that seem to linger around his verbal campfires. The world of his poems is active, in the process of making itself. [He writes in "Through Lifetime"]:
She combed my hair with wings of the seeking owl
she sang of spring birds and how brown running
would be a signal to begin family deaths by
she showed me a handful of ribs shining a land dry
These actions are not so much metaphors as magical occurrences.
As the world is being created in...
(The entire section is 1800 words.)
Norma Wilson (review date Summer 1981)
SOURCE: A review of Winter of the Salamander: The Keeper of Importance, in World Literature Today, Vol. 65, No. 3, Summer, 1981, pp. 515-16.
[In the review below, Wilson praises Winter of the Salamander, stating that Young Bear's poetry "is best when he looks both inside himself and out at the world."]
Ray Young Bear's first book [Winter of the Salamander] is impressive, his imagery precise. In "grandmother" the woman with "the purple scarf / and the plastic / shopping bag" is hardly the stereotypical Indian grandmother. At the same time she has a symbolic connection to the oldest part of the earth—"a voice / coming from / a rock."
(The entire section is 341 words.)
Michael Sheridan (review date Autumn 1981)
SOURCE: A review of Winter of the Salamander, in Southwest Review, Vol. 66, No. 4, Autumn, 1981, pp. 427-30.
[In the following excerpt, Sheridan applauds Winter of the Salamander for its imagery and "ambition," but faults Young Bear for his political and social commentary and his emphasis on dreams.]
Young Bear's book [Winter of the Salamander] is, I am sorry to say, seriously flawed. Too often Young Bear lapses into stilted or bloated language: "faraway trains ring the existence of time"; "i relinquished that i had been correct / in not going out to the night"; "we stood like lonely eagles / huddled against each other …" When Young Bear's poems...
(The entire section is 454 words.)
Paul N. Pavich (review date February 1982)
SOURCE: A review of Winter of the Salamander, in Western American Literature, Vol. XVI, No. 4, February, 1982, pp. 330-31.
[In the following positive review, Pavich provides a thematic overview of Winter of the Salamander.]
Ray Young Bear's volume of poetry, Winter of the Salamander, is the tenth in Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Program. The themes are those of much contemporary Native American literature: confusion, violence and death, despair and loss, anger. However, Young Bear exhibits a beautiful command of the language and an ability to elicit strong emotional responses. At times the impact of the imagery is itself like a blast from a...
(The entire section is 571 words.)
James Ruppert (essay date 1984)
SOURCE: "The Poetic Languages of Ray Young Bear," in Coyote Was Here: Essays on Contemporary Native American Literary and Political Mobilization, edited by Bo Schöler, Seklos, 1984, pp. 124-33.
[In the following essay, Ruppert discusses Young Bear's poetic language, contending that it is "mediative," that it includes "a fusion of public and private voice," and that it "creates a persona in the process."]
Contemporary American Indian writers are mediators. By that I do not mean that they are spokesmen or apologists for a cultural sphere, but rather that they are participants in two cultural and literary traditions. Through their work, they express amazing potential for...
(The entire section is 4509 words.)
Ray A. Young Bear with Joseph Bruchac (interview date 1987)
SOURCE: "Connected to the Past," in Survival This Way: Interviews with Native American Poets, Sun Tracks and The University of Arizona Press, 1987, pp. 337-48.
[Bruchac is an Abenaki poet, short story writer, novelist, author of children's books, editor, educator, and critic. In the following excerpt, Young Bear discusses the development of his literary style and his use of Indian heritage and oral traditions in the composition of his works.]
[Bruchac]: Ray, I'd like to ask you a couple of very simple questions. First, when did you start writing?
[Young Bear]: I think in 1964, to be exact. I was in seventh grade then, and we were given an...
(The entire section is 2794 words.)
Robert F. Gish (review date May-June 1990)
SOURCE: "Retrieving the Melodies of the Heart," in The Bloomsbury Review, Vol. 10, No. 3, May-June, 1990, p. 9.
[Gish is an American educator and critic of Choctaw and Cherokee descent. In the following review, he favorably assesses The Invisible Musician.]
Mesquakie poet Ray A. Young Bear is generally acknowledged by poets, critics, and students of American Indian literature as the nation's foremost contemporary Native American poet. His first book, Winter of the Salamander, brought together a powerful grouping of Young Bear's poetry which had appeared first in relatively obscure literary journals and then, with more and more frequency, in leading national...
(The entire section is 1511 words.)
Douglas Glover (review date 12 April 1992)
SOURCE: "A Dancer at the World's Rim," in Los Angeles Times Book Review, April 12, 1992, p. 10.
[Glover is a Canadian writer, educator, and critic whose short story collection A Guide to Animal Behavior was nominated for the Governor General's Literary Award in 1991. In the following favorable review of Black Eagle Child, he praises Young Bear's ability to discuss Mesquakie culture without betraying tribal secrets.]
Albert E. Stone, in his foreword to [Black Eagle Child: The Facepaint Narratives], calls this book an experimental autobiography. But the reader quickly discovers two things: This tale is not factual—it is full of composite characters...
(The entire section is 913 words.)
Carl L. Bankston III (review date September 1992)
SOURCE: "Weaving the Line of the Spirit," in The Bloomsbury Review, Vol. 12, No. 6, September, 1992, p. 7.
[In the following excerpt, Bankston remarks on the storyline of Black Eagle Child, noting Young Bear's focus on the importance of "bearing tribal heritage and personal experience through a despoiled cultural and physical environment."]
At the opening of The Aeneid, the hero makes his appearance fleeing from the burning city of Troy, carrying his lame father and household goods on his back and leading his small son by the hand. Contemporary American Indian writers find themselves in a situation similar to that of Aeneas: Around them lies an occupied...
(The entire section is 911 words.)
James Ruppert (review date December 1992–January 1993)
SOURCE: "Events Remain Contradictory," in The American Book Review, Vol. 14, No. 5, December, 1992–January, 1993, p. 9.
[In the review below, Ruppert discusses Young Bear's focus on identity, voice, self-definition, and the process of becoming a writer in Black Eagle Child.]
With this experimental autobiography, [Black Eagle Child: The Facepaint Narratives] Ray Young Bear steps confidently into an area of literary endeavor new to him, yet with some familiar touches. The free verse (almost blank verse) format is periodically juxtaposed to prose sections, verse with differing typefaces, and a variety of speaking voices. Through these competing elements emerge...
(The entire section is 1764 words.)
Bruce Murphy (review date March 1993)
SOURCE: "Spirit and Substance," in Poetry, Vol. CLXI, No. 6, March, 1993, pp. 339-55.
[In the following excerpt, Murphy discusses various themes in Black Eagle Child, notably the search for self-identity and "the story of humanity."]
Ray A. Young Bear describes Black Eagle Child as a "poetic journey" which began in 1970 when he started outlining this autobiographical work. Subtitled "The Facepaint Narratives," the book is a collection of stories in verse, prose narratives, and letters tracing the growth of Edgar Bearchild, a member of the Black Eagle Child Settlement, a "fictitious counterpart" of the Mesquakie community where Young Bear lives in central...
(The entire section is 1198 words.)
Further Reading
Highwater, Jamake. Review of Winter of the Salamander: The Keeper of Importance, by Ray Young Bear. American Book Review 4, No. 2 (January-February 1982): 16-7.
Comparative review in which Highwater discusses Peter Michelson's Pacific Plainsong, Wendy Rose's Lost Copper, and Young Bear's Winter of the Salamander.
Kallet, Marilyn. "The Arrow's Own Language." American Book Review 13, No. 1 (April-May 1992): 10-11.
Comparative review of Young Bear's The Invisible Musician and Joy Harjo's In Mad Love and War....
(The entire section is 142 words.)


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Celebrate your birthday with the Pistons! Enroll in the Birthday Club, and you will receive one (1) complimentary upper-level Pistons ticket.*
Birthday Ticket Information - click here for details
Birthday Messages on Palace360
To purchase a Birthday Message to be displayed on Palace360 please fill out the Birthday Request Form.
Birthday Club Enrollment Information
To enroll in the Birthday Club complete our online enrollment form or call Joe Barnes, Group Sales and Service Executive, at (248) 377-8630.
Hooper Birthday Special
Celebrate your child's big day with a Hooper Birthday Party! Groups of ten or more will have the opportunity to purchase a birthday package that includes a visit from Pistons mascot Hooper, a birthday message on PalaceVision, and kid friendly Pistons souvenir items for all guests. For more information contact Joe Barnes, Group Sales and Service Executive, at (248) 377-8630.
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text:
Topic: Problem with XML
I tried to migrate my ror application from windows to linux.
But when i try to access it from firefox i get the following error:
"This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is shown below."
Any ideas ?
I m using ruby 1.8.6-p287, rails-2.3.2, mongrel 1.1.5.
I m using archlinux 2009.02 as server and i browse website with firefox 3.0.10, from windows vista.
Edit: It seems that i have this problem only in Firefox. With ie it's ok.
Last edited by ilazaridis (2009-05-12 12:59:51)


text:
Agnes M. Grausam
SLEEPY EYE – Agnes M. Grausam, age 88, of Sleepy Eye, MN died on Thursday, January 17, 2013, at Divine Providence Community Home in Sleepy Eye.
Private Family Services will be held on Monday, January 21st, 2013, at 10:30 a.m. at Divine Providence Community Home Chapel. Officiant will be Msgr. Eugene Lozinski. Interment will be at St. Mary's Cemetery at a later date.
Condolences may be sent at www.sturmfh.com. In lieu of flowers the family would prefer memorial gifts be made to Divine Providence Home, St. Mary's Church or the Sleepy Eye VFW. Arrangements are with the Sturm Funeral Home in Sleepy Eye.
Agnes Mary Grausam was born on June 3, 1924 in Sanborn, MN to George & Annie (Schroeder) Hengel. She married Michael J. Grausam on May 20, 1945. They lived on the family farm and raised four children. In 1980, they retired and moved to Sleepy Eye. Agnes very much enjoyed time spent with her children and grandchildren. Agnes had a very active life, growing day lilies, watercolor painting, baking bread and making corn husk dolls. She was a member of St. Mary's Catholic Church and the Christian Mothers.
She is survived by her children, Joan Grausam, Greg (Paulette) Grausam, Julie (Wayne) Huiras, all of Sleepy Eye, Rosie (Bernie) Kuehn of Milroy, MN, grandchildren, Aiden Grausam, Matt (Jessie) Grausam, Mark (Vanessa) Grausam, Mike (Katie) Huiras, brother, Ray Hengel of Sleepy Eye, sister, Mary Ann Kotten of Sleepy Eye, brother-in-law, Vesty Kotten of Sleepy Eye, sister-in-law and Josie Hengel of Arizona. She was preceded in death by her parents, husband, Michael in 2001, brothers, Christy & Jerome Hengel, sister, Isabel Hoffman, sister-in-law, Simone Hengel and brothers-in-law, Tom Hoffman & Ed Grausam.


text:
Many of the world's fastest-growing coastal cities have little or no protection.rapidly growing economies attract more migrants, many people will be forced to settle in surrounding low-lying lands at or even below sea level. Over the next 60 years, the flood-vulnerable population of Calcutta will grow from 1.9 to 14 million, of Guangzhou from 2.7 to 10.3 million, according to the OECD. Ho Chi Minh City's storm-vulnerable population is projected to grow from 1.9 to 9.2 million, Miami's from 2 to 4.8 million, and New York/Newark's from 1.5 to 2.9 million.
'The landscape of vulnerability has changed spectacularly,' says an Asia expert.nearly quadrupled. Over this time, the ADB says, the Asia-Pacific region generated almost about 25 percent of the world's gross domestic product, but also accounted for 38 percent of global economic losses due to natural disasters. Most of the large cities in the world classified as having extreme risks of climate vulnerability are in Asia, and by midcentury the region will face annual disaster losses in excess of $19 billion, the ADB says.
'Studies don't trigger action — floods trigger action,' says one scholar.costs of sea level rise from a 1-in-30-year flood would be approximately... 6 percent of GDP" the ADB report says.
MORE FROM YALE e360
Battered New York City Looks
For Ways to Hold Back the Sea


text:
This is a page about postal code of Quebec, Quebec, with more professional information like latitude, longitude and online map etc.
This is online map of the address Quebec, Quebec. You may use button to move and zoom in / out. The map information is for reference only.
More information about text formats


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Gown: Helena
Date of wedding: February 13, 2011
Photographer: JL Images
Hot tip: Keep the big picture in mind! Remember that you are getting married because you want to spend your life with this person. In reality, all the other details don't really matter.
What they loved: I love that the dress is simple yet classy. It was the second dress I tried on and I burst into [happy] tears as soon as I looked in the mirror. The Helena dress is timeless.
Husband: Gennaro – I'm so grateful to have found my other half that makes me whole. He truly is my rock.


text:
Gwynlyn R. 'Gwen' Guindon
ESCANABA – Gwynlyn R. "Gwen" Guindon, 86, Escanaba, passed away on Thursday, March 13, 2014, at Bishop Noa Home.
She was born on Dec. 15, 1927, in Escanaba, daughter of Leo J. and Helma J. (Holm) Laviolette. She graduated from St. Joseph High School in 1945.
On Nov. 5, 1947, Gwynlyn married Marcel Guindon at St. Joseph Church in Escanaba. He preceded her in death in 2001.
Gwen worked for nine years as a cashier at Fair Store and also was an election inspector for the City of Escanaba.
She was an active member of St. Joseph and St. Patrick Church. Gwynlyn was a member of the choir for many years and was the Third Order of St. Francis/Secular Franciscan Formation director.
Gwen enjoyed spending time with her family, downhill skiing, aerobics, camping, swimming and taking rounds around Ludington Park.
Among survivors include her children, John R. (Liza Walters) of Gladstone, James R. (Roxane), Mary R. Pascoe, Gerard R. "Jerry" (Janis), and Joseph R. (Janet Craig), all of Escanaba; grandchildren, Jeremy and Jacob Guindon, Sarah (Eric) Mitchell, Anna and Jesse Pascoe, Jason and Jerin Guindon, and Gary Lewis; great-grandson, Joel Robert Mitchell; sister, Delores (Harrie) Markham of Gladstone; sister-in-law, Joyce Laviolette of Escanaba; and special friends, Bob Calouette of Escanaba and Debbie Gagnier of Escanaba.
In addition to her parents and husband, Marcel; she was preceded in death by her brothers, Raymond Fish, Leo Jr. and Paul "Bud" Laviolette; and sisters, Pearl Giglia and Mary Ann Provencher.
Visitation will be on Tuesday, March 18, from 2 to 5:15 p.m. at the Crawford Funeral Home in Escanaba. The Mass of Christian Burial will follow at 6 p.m. at St. Joseph and St. Patrick Church with Rev. Eric Olson officiating. A meal will follow in the church hall.
Burial will be in Holy Cross Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to the Bishop Noa Home Memory Care Unit in Gwynlyn's name. Envelopes will be available at the funeral home. The Crawford Funeral Homes are assisting the family.


text:
In this tutorial, I have presented what is probably the most commonly used techniques for parameter estimation in computer vision. Particular attention has been devoted to discussions about the choice of appropriate minimization criteria and the robustness of the different techniques. Hopefully, the reader will find this tutorial useful. Comments are extremely welcome.
Another technique, which I consider to be very important and becomes popular now in Computer Vision, is the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle. However, since I have not yet myself applied it to solve any problem, I am not in a position to present it. The reader is referred to [19, 10, 11].


text:
Mix it up! Change the look of your stroller with a replacement coloured seat liner.
This seat liner is a universal fit to the safety harness of most phil&teds double kits.
Charcoal15.00 Low stock. Ships now
Black15.00 In stock. Ships now
Apple15.00 In stock. Ships now
FREE shipping on all orders over £ 50.00


text:
Market Preview: Hurry Up and Agree
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Judging by Wednesday's 200-point plus turnaround in the Dow Jones Industrial Average , investors are buying into the idea that Democrats and Republicans will be able to come together this holiday season and stop short of the fiscal cliff.
That's especially good news for the economy because a speedy resolution will go a long ways toward getting small businesses back in the spending mood. Deutsche Bank pointed out that how important that is for the economy in a note to clients Wednesday.
"There is ample evidence that the fiscal cliff is already having a meaningful impact on business sentiment, especially small businesses which account for nearly 75% of hiring in the US," the firm said. "In the latest NFIB survey, 39% of small businesses indicated that government regulations and taxes were their number one concern, eclipsing 'poor sales' which has been their main issue for most of the past four years."
As for Thursday's scheduled news, Barnes & Noble (BKS) is slated to report its third-quarter results before the opening bell, and the average estimate of analysts polled by Thomson Reuters is for a loss of 11 cents a share on revenue of $1.91 billion.
Shares of the New York-based book seller, which completed its Nook digital reader partnership with Microsoft(MSFT) in early October, are up roughly 11% so far in 2012, but based on Wednesday's closing price of $16.05, the stock remains well below its 52-week high of $26 on April 30.
The sell side is bearish with five of the seven analysts covering the stock at either hold (4) or underperform (1), and the 12-month median price target of $17 implying limited upside from current levels.
Other companies due to report early Thursday include Cracker Barrel Old Country Store (CBRL) , Frontline Ltd. (FRO) , Gildan Activewear (GIL) , Isle of Capri Casinos (ISLE) , Kroger(KR) , LTX-Credence Corp. (LTXC) , and Tiffany & Co. (TIF) .
The late roster features Aeropostale(ARO) , Christopher & Banks (CBK) , Five Below (FIVE) , Mentor Graphics (MENT) , Omnivision Technologies (OVTI) , Pacific Sunwear of California (PSUN) , Splunk(SPLK) , Ulta Salon (ULTA) , Youku(YOKU) , and Zumiez(ZUMZ) .
Thursday's economic calendar includes weekly initial and continuing jobless claims at 8:30 a.m. ET; the second estimate of third-quarter gross domestic product at 8:30 a.m. ET; and pending home sales for October at 10:30 a.m. ET.
The consensus view for GDP calls for growth of 2.8%, up from from the initial estimate of 2%, according to Briefing.com. Longtime market watcher Ed Yardeni of Yardeni Research noted in emailed commentary on Wednesday that consumer spending has likely provided a big boost to GDP and that favorable data on exports, residential investment and inventories should also contribute to the higher growth.


text:
100 Block of Dana Street/at Calderon in Mountain View (by Castro)
6/9 and 6/10
For more info www.svsbd.com
This story contains 94 words.
If you are a paid subscriber, check to make sure you have logged in. Otherwise our system cannot recognize you as having full free access to our site.
If you are a paid print subscriber and haven't yet set up an online account, click here to get your online account activated.


text:
Carrom Signature Foosball Table
Product Information:
The Carrom® Signature Foosball Table is a perfect fit for any room. It comes with one set of players counter balanced with wider tournament style foot pattern. The play surface is 0.375" thick with screen printed graphics. When setting up the game, you can decide on one or three goalie play.
- Cabinet is 1" thick with a stylish finish
- Heavy 2" leg supports
- Play surface is 0.375"thick with screen printed graphics for wear resistance
- One set of players, counter balanced with wider tournament style foot pattern
- One or three goalie play, decided during game set-up
- Corner ramps are included for single goalie assembly
- Wood bead scoring in natural and black
- Ball return is high impact plastic for enhanced durability
- Legs are heavy miterfold black vinyl with triple chrome plated leg levelers for easy and accurate leveling
- Eight-sided hardwood handles allow for precise player control
- Rods are 5/8" diameter chrome plated hollow steel
- Features premium bearings for fast and smooth spin action
- Full assembly required
- Not intended for use by children under 13-years-old
- Width with longest rod protruding: 50.3125"
- Dimensions: 55" L x 29" W x 36" H
- Weight: 162 lbs.
- Comes in burr oak, emerald or moroccan
- Model: 525.00, 521.00, 530.00
- Carrom
Country of Origin: United StatesWeb ID: 13188865
Customer Reviews:
Rated 5 out of 5�by 2 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by mikie722 Great Table but... This is a great foosball table and not difficult to put together. My complaint was the cost of shipping and did not have the option to have it sent to the store for free(when their stuff is shipped) but it wasn't a deal breaker, I bought the table. Lots of fun June 28, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by Linda50 Great for family play This table was complicated to put together, but well worth the effort. It looks like a nice piece of furniture in the family room of our basement. The self leveling legs are a great help along with the four cup holders - nice enhancement. I have college age children that love to play and this table is smooth and we love the intricate men players. Very sturdy and feels like it will last for years. Very happy with this purchase. February 20, 2014
1-2 of 2


text:
RI Seminar Series
VASC Seminar Series
FRC Seminar Series
VASC Seminar Schedule
RI Seminar Video Playlist
RI Seminars Fall 2008
RI Seminars 2007-2008
The popularity of photo-sharing websites has created immense collections of images online, with Flickr and Facebook alone hosting over 100 billion images. Each of these photos is an observation of what a small part of the world looked like at a particular point in time and space, as well as a record of where its photographer was and what he or she was paying attention to. When aggregated together and combined with the non-visual metadata available on photo sharing sites (including timestamps, geo-tags, and captions), these billions of photos are a rich source of information about the world and about human activity. In this talk I'll discuss some of our recent work in data mining and computer vision that aims to unlock this latent information from photo-sharing sites. I'll focus on recent lines of work including reconstructing maps and models of cities and landmarks, mining photos for evidence of environmental phenomena of interest to biologists and ecologists, and studying human preferences and interactions.
Additional Information
Host: Bernardo Pires
David Crandall is an Assistant Professor in the School of Informatics and Computing at Indiana University. He received the Ph.D. in computer science from Cornell University (2008) and the M.S. and B.S. degrees in computer science and engineering from the Pennsylvania State University (2001). He was a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Cornell from 2008-2010, and a Senior Research Scientist with Eastman Kodak Company from 2001-2003. He recently received an NSF CAREER award (2013).


text:
Browsing Dissociation by Author "Pieters, Guido"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Vanderlinden, Johan; Varga, Katalin; Peuskens, Jos; Pieters, Guido (Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, December , 1995)[more][less]Vanderlinden, Johan Varga, Katalin Peuskens, Jos Pieters, Guido 2005-08-12T23:11:47Z 2005-08-12T23:11:47Z 1995-12 0896-2863 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/1132 p. 205-208 The purpose of this study was to explore the presence of dissociative experiences in a population sample of Hungary (a former communist country). The Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q) was administered to a sample of the population (N = 3 .1 .1), representative for sex, age, and educational level. In general, the findings corroborate the data of all previous population studies on the prevalence of dissociative experiences: these experiences are more frequently present in adolescents and young adults, and they decline with age. The results further show that an alarming high number of subjects of the Hungarian sample, namely 10.6%, reports scores above the cutoff score of 2.5 on the DIS-Q, while 2.6% of this group even reports scores as high as the scores of European and American DID patients. More research is needed to gain more insight in those transcuaural or other factors contributing to the differences in dissociative experiences between different population samples. 352371 bytes application/pdf en_US Ridgeview Institute and the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Dissociation : Vol. 8, No. 4, p. 205-208 : Dissociative symptoms in a population sample of Hungary Dissociative symptoms in a population sample of Hungary Article
Now showing items 1-1 of 1


text:
You limited your search to:
Partner: UNT Libraries
Country: Vietnam
Decade: 2010-2019
Collection: Environmental Policy Collection
Dead Planet, Living Planet: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development
Date: 2010
Creator: Nelleman, Christian & Corcoran, Emily
Description: This report discusses some vital services that natural ecosystems contribute to human health and development.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Finacning
Date: 2010
Creator: United Nations Environment Programme
Description: This report shows that in spite of the global economic downturn, investment in sustainable energy is still strong.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Renewables 2010: Global Status Report
Date: 2010
Creator: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
Description: This report describes economic trends in building the capacity of renewable energy in several countries.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Our Planet , May 2010: Biodiversity, Our Life
Date: May 2010
Creator: Lean, Geoffrey
Description: Our Planet is a periodical magazine published by the United Nations Environment Programme. This issue is devoted to the economic importance of biodiversity and how protecting or restoring habitats can significantly reduce the costs in a variety of industries and infrastructures.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Winds of Change: East Asia's Sustainable Energy Future
Date: May 2010
Creator: World Bank
Description: This report outlines the strategic direction of the energy sector to meet its growing energy demand in an environmentally-sustainable manner over the next two decades, and presents a pathway of policy frameworks and financing mechanisms to get there. This study found that large-scale deployment of energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies can simultaneously stabilize East Asia's CO2 emissions by 2025 and significantly improve the local environment and enhance energy security, without compromising economic growth.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


text:
Gun Dog Classifieds
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text:
Sort by: Viator Recommends | Traveler Rating | Most Recent
Day Trips from Antalya
By Viator, October 2015
The booming city of Antalya, on Turkey?s southern Mediterranean coast, is one of the country?s most popular holiday destinations. And you can see why: with almost year-round sun, fine beaches and ... Read more
Antalya Suggested Itineraries
By Viator, July 2015
Set on the Gulf of Antalya (Antalya Körfezi), this burgeoning city commands a superb position overlooking a sweeping beach towards the soaring Bey Mountains (Beyda?lar?). Sophisticated, liberal ... Read more
Ancient Sites Near Antalya
By Viator, October 2013
Straddling the Mediterranean coast and flanked by the Taurus Mountains of southwest Turkey, the region of Antalya, known as ?Pamphilia? in the ancient world, is full of archaeological treasures, many ... Read more
Archaeology Tours in and around Antalya
By Antalya Expert: ... , Turkey, August 2011
As a person who lives in Antalya and working as a tour guide,I would like to share my advices with travellers.You can visit many archaeological sites and ancient cities during your stay in ... Read more
Ancient Wonders of the Mediterranean
By Antalya Expert: ... , Turkey, July 2011
Perge is one of the ancient cities in the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Perge was mentioned on a bronze tablet discovered in Hittite capital in 1964. The name of the city was written as Parha, ... Read more


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Deepali of Confusion cook. Since i am running a Baking Marathon for the whole of this month , I decided to try a cookie recipe from her blog. Deepali has an amazing space with lot of eggless recipes, as usual I was confused but decided finally on this cookie recipeI have already baked Oats Raisin Cookies and Florentine cookies....this is another variation of the yummy oats cookies
Rolled oats 1/2 cup
Butter 1/2 cup
Sugar 1/4 cup
Brown sugar 1/4 cup
Vanilla extract 1tsp
Baking powder 1tsp
Baking Soda 1/2 tsp
Cinnamon Powder 1tsp
Semolina 4tbsp
Chocochips 1/2 cup
Milk 1 tbsp(optional)
Beat butter and sugar till creamy.Add vanilla and beat again
Mix the dry ingredients to this and knead it into a dough.Knead in the chocolate chips too. If the dough is very crumbly add the milk.
Refrigerate the dough wrapped in a cling film.
Preheat the oven to 180C
Pinch small balls from this dough, flatten a little and place them on a greased baking tray.
Bake for 15-20 minutes.
Cool on wire rack
Eggless treats ready with a cuppa!!!!!!
Linking this to Blog HOP Wednesday
Bake -a- thon with these lovely bakers
Preeti Deo


text:
LINGUIST List 18.2377
Wed Aug 08 2007
Jobs: Modified: General Linguistics: Asst Prof, Concordia University
Editor for this issue: Bethany Townsend <bethany
The LINGUIST List strongly encourages employers to use non-discriminatory standards in hiring policy. In particular we urge that employers do not discriminate on the grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality, age, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. However, we have no means of enforcing these standards.
Job seekers should pay special attention to language in ads regarding employment requirements and are encouraged to consult our international employment page at http://linguistlist.org/jobs/jobnet.html. This page has been set up so that people can report on the employment standards of various countries.
To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form at
1. Kimberly Wright,
Modified: General Linguistics: Asst Prof, Concordia University, QC, Canada
Message 1: Modified: General Linguistics: Asst Prof, Concordia University, QC, Canada
Kimberly Wright <kimbewri
Modified: General Linguistics: Asst Prof, Concordia University, QC, Canada
E-mail this message to a friend
University or Organization: Concordia University
Department: Classics, Modern Languages, & Linguistics
Web Address:
Job Rank: Assistant Professor
Specialty Areas: General Linguistics
Required Language(s): Indo-European
Concordia University's Department of Classics, Modern Languages, and
Linguistics (CMLL) invites applications for one tenure-track position in
Linguistic Theory and Historical Linguistics. Applicants should have a PhD
in Linguistics with broad teaching and research expertise. A strength of
our program is its full integration of theoretical and historical
linguistics, and we expect the successful candidate to make contributions
in both domains. Teaching and research experience in several of the
following subjects is required: Introduction to Generative Linguistics,
Introduction to Historical Linguistics, Language and Mind, phonology,
syntax, acquisition, older Indo-European Languages, and Field Methods /
Structure of Non-Indo-European languages.
An active research profile, including international conference
presentations and journal publications is required, as is demonstrated
ability to work as part of a research team. The successful candidate will
be expected to serve not only our dynamic undergraduate program, but also
our imminent graduate program in Theoretical and Historical Linguistics.
Department and University level administrative experience are also an
asset, as is competence in French, the official language of Quebec.
Applications may be submitted electronically and must consist of a cover
letter, a current curriculum vitae, samples of recent publications, samples
of teaching material (syllabi, handouts, etc), and a letter that includes a
statement of teaching philosophy and a statement of research achievements
and goals. Candidates must also provide the names of three referees from
whom letters may be solicited directly to Dr. Brad Nelson at the
application address listed below.
Subject to budgetary approval, we anticipate filling this position,
normally at the rank of Assistant Professor, for July 1, 2008.
Appointments at a more senior level may also be considered. Review of
applications will begin immediately and will continue until the positions
are filled. All applications should reach departments no later than
November 1, 2007.
All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadian
citizens and permanent residents of Canada will be given priority.
Concordia University is committed to employment equity.
Application Deadline: 01-Nov-2007
Mailing Address for Applications:
Chair Brad Nelson
Concordia University
1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West
Montreal, QC H3G 1M8
Email Address for Applications: bnelson
Web Address for Applications:
Contact Information:
Brad Nelson
Email: bnelson
Phone: 514-848-2424 ext. 2311
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While the LINGUIST List makes every effort to ensure the linguistic relevance of sites listed
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text:
Your Dog, Your Life
The Scoop
Dog News, Politics
Bark-Out-Loud Humor
Doggie Style
Gear and Glam
Dog Breeds
Foods & Treats
Health & Care
Behavior & Training
Dog Grooming
Dog of the Day
Other pets in your family: C.C. -- loved forever! | Gabby -- Forever loved | WHISKEY -- my girl! | JADE -- waiting at the Bridge | Blue
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.
Visit Catster


text:
Climate change is the defining conservation challenge of our time. Unfortunately, the impacts of global warming are not just in the distant future, but are with us here and now. As a result, it will be important not only to rapidly reduce our emissions of carbon into the atmosphere, which will reduce the long-term effects of warming, but also to prepare for and cope with the inevitable warming that already is upon us and likely to get worse. I joined the National Wildlife Federation in the Fall of 2008 to do just that – focus on safeguarding wildlife from the impacts of global warming.
I began my professional career carrying out botanical explorations of the tropical rainforests of South America, and have spent more than a quarter century using scientific data and knowledge as a tool for better protecting our most threatened species and ecosystems. As part of my work over the years with organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and NatureServe, I have witnessed and documented the threats to our wildlife and wild places from things such as rampant development and the unchecked spread of invasive species. It is clear, though, that the effects of global warming represent an unprecedented danger to our natural heritage, and attacking this peril requires a similarly unprecedented response.
As the National Wildlife Federation's Associate Vice President of Conservation Science and Climate Adaptation, I lead the organization's Climate Change Safeguards team, which focuses on better understanding the vulnerabilities of our species, ecosystems, and communities to the impacts of climate change, and developing innovative policies and management strategies to address those impacts. Climate change adaptation is a relatively new field, and in many ways represents uncharted territory for conservationists and natural resource managers. Indeed, we are entering a new era for conservation in which many of our traditional conservation practices will need to be reconsidered in the light of climate change. I'm also a member of the federal Advisory Committee on Climate Change and Natural Resource Science created by Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell.
The National Wildlife Federation has emerged as a leader in the new field of climate change adaptation, and has been especially effective at bringing together members of the conservation community - including federal and state agencies, academics and other non-profits - to advance this new discipline. In 2011, for instance, NWF worked together with a number of partners to publish a ground-breaking guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. This guide, Scanning the Conservation Horizon, is now being used by federal and state agencies across the country to help begin the process of adapting to "the new normal." Building on the success of that effort, NWF has now convened another expert workgroup to create guidance for carrying out what we term "climate-smart conservation."
Addressing the impacts of climate change will entail making a number of difficult choices. We can make a difference, though, and NWF has an important role to play in helping safeguard the nation's cherished plant and animal species.
Related Resources


text: Jaime Hernandez: The 1958-D Lincoln cent is the last wheat Lincoln cent struck at the Denver Mint. This year the Denver Mint did a much better job at producing nicer coins compared to the previous years. Therefore, the 1958-D tends to come in much better quality. In MS65 condition they are now abundant. In MS66 grade there are many examples available and many of them being high end for the grade. In MS67 condition they are also much easier to find and there are plenty out there for collectors to choose from.


text:
Freightquote makes freight shipping from
New York
easy with our highly competitive freight rates. When you ship with us you're shipping
with confidence knowing we provide a fast, easy process backed by professionals
who get the job done. No matter how much freight you need to move or where you need
to move it, our exclusive suite of solutions make it simple, whether it's truckload
(TL), less than truckload (LTL freight), expedited LTL or intermodal.
New York
freight rates
New York is a high consumption state, meaning lots of freight is shipped to the state. Truckload freight rates in New York are always more expensive when shipping to the state. Freight shipping outbound from New York is much more affordable. However, due to the large agricultural industry and other markets, compared to other states, the freight rates are great. The port in New York offers great international freight access and the numerous rail lines in the state make intermodal freight shipping a great option. The ease and cost of shipping into or out of New York can be heavily based on proximity to major metro areas.
freight rates
Mississippi freight rates are higher in the summer months, especially outbound freight shipping, due to the agriculture and produce markets. When produce comes into season, trucks can be hard to find. A better time for shipping freight to Mississippi is during the summer. Mississippi has some under-populated areas that make LTL prices average to high in the state. The ease and cost of shipping into or out of Mississippi can be heavily based on proximity to major metro areas.
Get Quotes Now


text:
RWTH University Hospital Aachen
Aachen, Germany
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of retinal degeneration with extrascleral buckling (program ID: 105203)
Peter Walter
Department of Ophthalmology
Specialized in: ophthalmology
The Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital Aachen under the direction of Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Peter Walter deals with the treatment of the patients with all eye diseases. They include rare diseases, such as tumors, injuries of the eye, e.g., age-related macular degeneration. The Department has a certified cornea bank, focused mainly on experimental ophthalmology and specialized in pediatric treatment. The Department provides all diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the field of ophthalmology.
The range of medical services of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital Aachen under the direction of Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Peter Walter covers the following diseases and treatment options:
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Diabetes
- Treatment by Eylea, Avastin, Lucentis, Macugen
- Operations on eyelids
- Orbit diseases
- Treatment of strabismus
- Operations on the eye muscle
- Nystagmus
- Pareses of eye muscles (palsies)
- Cataract treatment
- Corneal transplant
- Glaucoma: diagnosis and treatment
- Macular hole – macular pucker
- Retinal detachment
- Retinal implants
Program includes:
- Initial presentation in the clinic
- clinical history taking
- review of medical records
- physical examination
- laboratory tests:
- complete blood count
- biochemical analysis of blood
- indicators of inflammation
- indicators blood coagulation
- ophthalmologic examination:
- ophthalmoscopy
- gonioscopy
- pachymetry
- perimetry (visual field test)
- computer perimetry
- Goldmann-perimetry
- fluorescein angiography
- thermography
- capillary microscopy
- testing for optic nerve damage
- tonometry
- intraocular pressure measurement
- preparation according to preoperative standard
- treatment with lextrascleral buckling
- symptomatic treatment
- full board clinic stay in 2-bed room
- cost of required medications
- nursing staff services
- elaboration of further recommendations
About hospital
Accommodation in hospital
Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Internal Intensive Medicine
Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Medicine
- Aachen, Germany
957.00More chevron_right
5575.00More chevron_right
5786.00More chevron_right
5532.00More chevron_right
Total amount:
Program [Description]
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of retinal degeneration with extrascleral buckling
- Hospital: RWTH University Hospital Aachen
- Department: Department of Ophthalmology
- Head physician: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Walter
- Type:
- access_time Duration
- date_range
- Transfer
- Visa support
- Interpreter 3 hours
- Interpreter 10 hours
- Translation of medical documents 4 pages
- Insurance in case of extra expenses for the treatment of foreign patients


text:
Quick and easy access to recreational privileges in Iowa, including hunting, fishing, and specialty licenses:
Purchase Your Licenses Online
Buy your Hunting and Fishing license online today! We offer multi-year packages and combos for whatever you need to stay licensed.
Support conservation in Iowa by buying a natural resource plate for your vehicle.
Make your online reservation for state park cabins, camping sites and lodges.
Iowa DNR Customer Service
Mon - Fri, 8:00am - 4:30pm CST
p: 515-725-8200
f: 515-725-8201
Submit Online Inquiry
Information / Records Requests
Contact Information by County
The Financial and Business Assistance (FABA) team at the DNR is committed to helping Iowa's environmental future in ways that positively impact our economy and society. The team is equipped to work with Iowa citizens, businesses and communities to provide financial and technical assistance resulting in cost-effective improvements, opportunities for increased productivity and positive environmental impacts. Working together, we can achieve a cleaner environment and stronger economy through sustainable use of natural resources and effective waste management and pollution prevention activities.
FABA Fact Sheet
Comprehensive Planning - Every five years each Planning Area must undergo a Plan Update process requiring evaluation of progress towards goals with input from stakeholders. DNR collaborates with Planning Areas to review Plan Updates to ensure that each meets code requirements.
Derelict Building Program - This program was established to provide small Iowa communities and rural counties financial assistance to address neglected structures in order to improve the appearance of their streets and revitalize local economies.
Household Hazardous Materials - The Household Hazardous Materials (HHM) program offers a variety of guidance and information on the proper management, use and disposal of HHMs to protect public health and safety and the environment.
Iowa Green List – The Iowa Green List is a web-based, searchable directory that allows visitors to find local contractors and vendors who offer recycling, reuse, and disposal services. Visitors may search by material, physical location, or type of service. Search results display contact information, operation hours, and materials accepted.
Iowa Waste Exchange - The Iowa Waste Exchange (IWE) is a no-cost, non-regulatory service matching clients that have byproduct materials with other groups interested in using or recycling those materials. IWE representatives coordinate the confidential exchanges.
Mobile Education Exhibit - The Mobile Education Exhibit was created to showcase environmental topics and is an all-inclusive education experience that includes informative displays, touch screen computers with games, flat screen televisions and more.
Pollution Prevention Services - Companies can save money, increase profits, operate more efficiently and improve the environment through Pollution Prevention (P2) Services. P2 Services provides confidential, non-regulatory technical assistance at no cost to Iowa businesses and industries.
Pollution Prevention Intern Program - A nationally recognized program that matches Iowa college students with companies to identify P2 strategies.
Solid Waste Alternatives Program - Through a competitive process any unit of local government, public or private group or individual is eligible to apply for Solid Waste Alternatives Program (SWAP) assistance to fund a variety of projects including source reduction, recycling and education.
Solid Waste Environmental Management System (EMS) - Now Iowa has an alternative voluntary program for solid waste planning areas and permitted facility service areas called the Iowa Solid Waste Environmental Management System (EMS) program. EMS encourages responsible environmental management while promoting environmental stewardship and continuous improvement. Iowa's EMS program promotes six areas of emphasis, called Components.
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DNR Contact
Jennifer Wright
Groups working to reduce the amount of solid waste generated and sent to landfills in Iowa can apply for financial assistance. April 1st is the next application deadline.
Through the DNR's Solid Waste Alternatives Program, or SWAP, local governments, groups and individuals can apply for financial assistance. Applications are accepted quarterly.
Following input from local governments, businesses, and nonprofit organizations, changes have been made to how SWAP assistance is distributed. Three types of financial assistance can be awarded to applicants competitively selected to receive SWAP funding: a forgivable loan, a zero interest loan, and a 3 percent interest loan. The type of financial assistance awarded to selected project applicants is based on the total amount awarded to the applicant.
The new award disbursement for projects will occur as follows:
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Adjust nozzle. Aim at center of weed and spray so thoroughly wet
Shake well before using.
Apply when weeds are leafed out and actively growing.
Rainproof after 2 hours. Rain 2 hours after application will not reduce effectiveness.
Apply when air is calm to prevent drift to desirable plants.
- Apply when weeds are actively growing as needed throughout the season.
- Hard to kill weeds may require a repeat application if regrowth occurs.
In non-grass areas around homes, cabins, buildings, fences, and trails. For best results when treating trees, apply when trees are small
- Do not use this product for controlling weeds in flower or vegetable beds or around shrubs or ornamental plantings.
- Do not use on lawns.
This product is a Ready-to-Use product intended for the treatment of individual and/or scattered patches of poison ivy & tough brush weeds.
Weeds: Kills Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Kudzu, Wild Blackberries, Honeysuckle, Maples, Mesquite, Ragweeds, Raspberry, Trumpet Creeper, Virginia Creeper, Wild Grape, Wild Rose. Common Trees*. Bindweed (Wild Morningglory), Broadleaf Plantain, Buttercup, Canada Thistle, Carpetweed, Chickweed, Creeping Woodsorrel, Curly Dock, Dandelion, English Daisy, Florida Pusley, Ground Ivy, Horsetail Rush, Knotweed, Narrowleaf Plantain, Oxalis, Purslane, Spurge, Tansy Ragwort, White Clover, Wild Garlic
* small volunteer plants or "suckers" only or small trees
0.7% Triclopyr
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Dr. Jaime Mas Torres
Dr. Jaime Mas Torres
Professional statement
Renowned pediatrician with over 30 years experience as a specialist in neonatology, after making numerous courses in domestic and foreign training. Today is part of the optional body Clinica Sagrada Familia, serving as neonatologist pediatrician since 1977, and the Clinica Nuestra Senora del Remei since 1980 participates in numerous national and international courses specialized in pediatrics, neonatology and perinatology. Teaching successful author and book"Basics of Child Care Tips&rdquo ;. newborn
*Translated with Google translator. We apologize for any imperfection
Expert in:
Child development
Child development is all the different stages of physical and psychological and social growth that occurs in humans from birth to adulthood.
Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that begins in childhood and is characterized by an excessive increa Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that begins in childhood and is characterized by an excessive increase in impulsivity, hyperactivity, as well as difficulty sustaining attention in an activity for a period of time I continued. When this type of behavior is persistent, more frequent and higher than usual in children of age intensity, ends up affecting their school performance and their relations in various areas of their lives. According to the predominant symptoms in the child, the three types of ADHD are the inattentive (inattention), the hyperactive-impulsive, and combined, to comply with symptomatology of both types simultaneously. The origin of this disease is highly genetic and is due to a malfunction of some neurotransmitters (messengers) of the area of the brain responsible for executive system that dominates the ability of concentration and attention. Moreover, in many cases, children affected by ADHD also suffer from other disorders such as depression, anxiety or learning disorders. Therefore, it is important to establish proper treatment appropriate to each patient's diagnosis, but usually psychotherapy with specialized academic support and guidance of parents combined. ...
Feeding the newborn
Infant feeding during the first six months of life should be breast milk or, if not possible, artificial. From six months you can start with suppleme Infant feeding during the first six months of life should be breast milk or, if not possible, artificial. From six months you can start with supplementary feeding ...
Infant Feeding
During the early years of a child proper nutrition it is necessary not only to ensure proper physical growth of the child, but also for their intellec During the early years of a child proper nutrition it is necessary not only to ensure proper physical growth of the child, but also for their intellectual development. Also, it depends on their ability to learn, think, communicate with others and adapt to the environment. If the infant feeding is not appropriate, the child may develop certain cardiovascular diseases or suffer overweight and obesity, which if not treated in time can become such a high severity to cause their death. Furthermore, it is at an early age when children acquire the eating habits and customs of everyday life that will later be difficult to change. It is therefore very important to establish from small both routine regular exercise, such as good nutritional habits. Among the medical recommendations for proper infant feeding, notes: intake of five fruits and vegetables a day, not abuse fats or control the consumption of sugary drinks and sweets. ...
Neonatology is the branch of medicine that involves the study and care of the first hours of life of newborns, which are considered crucial in determining possible future complications and react to them. The perinatal history, ie, the facts to assess the newborn, is conditioned by family, physiological, medical history, etc. Medical professionals play this specialty are responsible for overseeing the baby's vital signs to determine if your heart rate is correct and check the proper breathing and organ function, among other tasks. Neonatology usually develops within hospitals, as it takes place from the moment the baby is born. Later, when the baby is discharged, the revision of the newborn is exerted from the pediatric unit, usually carried out in ambulatory. ...
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain is a symptom of different diseases. It is the pain felt in the area between the chest and groin. It occurs for different reasons, the main ones are: constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies or intolerances or food poisoning. ...
The allergy is an immune system reaction upon contact with a particular substance. The most common allergies are pollen, fungi, dust mites and dander alos some animals. Allergies have very uncomfortable symptoms, but usually only have serious complications if they finish in asthma. To avoid reactions caused by allergens the best option is to avoid them. There are different allergy treatments such as antihistamines or immunotherapy, allergy shots. ...
Apgar test
The Apgar test is the physical exam to the newborn. The doctor performs a test in which five parameters to know how the baby tolerated birth and how it evolves outside the womb are valued. Respiratory effort, heart rate, muscle tone, reflexes and skin color: 5 points examined ...
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis is a skin disease, sometimes chronic. Atopic skin shows inflammation and redness continue, is more sensitive because it lacks certain proteins. Atopic dermatitis is more common in babies, may appear within 2 to 6 months of age. Many people overcome over the years. ...
Breastfeeding is the feeding of the newborn with mother's breast milk. WHO and UNICEF have stressed the importance of breastfeeding, essential for the six months baby piles. Also they recommended to continue breastfeeding later, while others are introduced complementary foods until at least two years. ...
Childhood Obesity
Obesity is a disorder of the weight of a person is above what is considered healthy based on their height. Today, childhood obesity is a problem that affects a large number of developed countries where the number of children and adolescents who are overweight is rising alarmingly. Obese children may have serious health problems in adulthood, and heart disease, diabetes, asthma, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, etc. In addition to the physical consequences, childhood obesity can also involve psychological problems such as low self-esteem, depression or feelings of inferiority, which prevent the child to interact with others and limit their social relationships. Sometimes the weight problem may be caused by a disease or an imbalance of hormones, but more often it is by a poor diet, hence the importance of instilling healthy habits to children. ...
Children's cognitive development
Neurological development concerns all living baby, aged 2-6 months in their interaction with the environment, cephalic balancing, object manipulation, regulation of sleep stages, vocalizations, emotional displays, etc. With regard to the psychological development is a gradual and progressive stage characterized by a series of behavioral, emotional, social changes and ultimately, transformations related to new needs. ...
Conduct Disorder
Under the concept of conduct disorder a set of behavioral changes and behavioral development appropriate to the child's age, persistently and with a disproportionate amount are included. Among the most common symptoms of these disorders are disobedience, impulsiveness, inattention, hostility, lies and insults, transgression of social norms, or antisocial character. Among the most common behavioral disorders in children are distinguished: the conduct disorder, a persistent and repeatedly aggressive behavior in which the child acts with hostility to others or their property, intimidating; and hyperkinetic disorders characterized by an early onset, in which predominates a considerable lack of attention in all activities, and a hyperactive, impulsive and undisciplined behavior. In addition, behavioral disorders associated with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), learning problems and clinical disorders (depression, anxiety ...) are presented. ...
Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin, which can generally cause flaking, itching or blisters. There are various types of dermatitis, depending on the cause that originates, although the most common are atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis occurs mainly in people with allergies or with relatives who suffer and is associated with other allergic diseases such as conjunctivitis or rhinitis. It usually occurs during the first months of life and is often manifest in the form of redness or crusting on the baby's skin, and itching in specific areas. Instead, seborrheic dermatitis can occur in both adults and children and is characterized by the presence of reddish lesions and peeling of the face or chest. ...
Diarrhea is characterized by a greater fluidity and volume of regular bowel movements, which can sometimes contain blood, mucus, pus and undigested food. ...
Febrile syndrome
The feverish syndrome is a rise in body beyond normal temperature and is caused very often by non-infectious diseases and other infectious conditions that trigger the inflammatory response. ...
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are those caused by germs. These little creatures are everywhere: air, land, water and other living things. Any infection can be acquired by touch, eat or drink, or breathe any object or living being that contains them. Apart from events beyond our control such as a dog bite or a mosquito bite. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines intake are some of the actions that help us to prevent this type of disease. The four types of germs are: bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa ...
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. There are several types of this disease, but the most common is viral meningitis, which occurs when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain. Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be lethal. Although anyone can get it, the disease usually occurs in children and in people who have a hard time fighting infections. All types of meningitis are characterized by the presence of meningeal syndrome, which includes symptoms such as headache, vomiting, high fever, stiff neck, and generally feeling unwell; these symptoms occur three to six days after exposure to the bacteria or virus. Meningitis vaccine can be effective in preventing some bacterial infections that cause the disease. ...
Newborn respiratory problems
Breathing problems occur when the body is unable to acquire the oxygen it needs. They occur as a result of a stuffy nose or because of physical exercise. However, in some cases symptoms of serious illness. ...
Set of processes, customs, etc., related to human consumption. Nutrition is the biological process in which organisms assimilate food and fluids necessary for operation, growth and maintenance of their vital functions. Nutrition is the study of the relationship between food and health, especially in the determination of a diet. ...
Obesity is a disease characterized by the presence of an excess of fat mass (fat) in the body and for weight gain, usually due to a disproportionate food intake. This condition is easily diagnosed by assessing the body mass index and overall constitution of the person. The sum of factors that cause this disease, typical of the XXI century, include a sedentary lifestyle, a poor dietary patterns, and genetic and environmental factors. On the other hand, obesity is often aggravated by a number of other associated diseases, such as diabetes, cholesterol, triglycerides and hypertension, in addition to incur certain social rejection and lead to psychological problems. Also among the population suffering from this disease, there is increased risk of cardiovascular events, particularly in patients with abdominal obesity (an indicator of insulin resistance). The treatment of obesity through the monitoring of the recommendations of endocrine and nutritionists, based on a good individualized dietary plan, and changes in daily routines, especially when it comes to exercise. It is also important to establish these guidelines from childhood to avoid the appearance of so-called childhood obesity. ...
Pain is an unpleasant feeling of discomfort and physical suffering that develops in the central nervous system by an internal or external cause of the body. It can be sharp or dull, intermittent or constant, and can affect a particular part of the body or the board. Because pain is a symptom, it can help diagnose an illness or injury, because if a patient did not feel it, you would not realize that it has hurt or suffering from any disease. To relieve pain, different treatments, such as analgesics, acupuncture or surgery, depending on the cause are used. ...
Pediatric Allergy
An allergy is a reaction of the body's immune system to certain substances that are ingested, inhaled or touched. The pediatric allergy is one that affects children and only occurs when in contact with the allergen, elapsed stage of newborn. It has a hereditary component and it is advisable observation and prevention before the appearance of the first symptoms and the presence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, predisposition to insect bites or suffer hives, etc. All these signs may indicate that the child is potentially allergic. A comprehensive study by pediatrician and Allergology service hospital help determine if there is such pathology. ...
Pediatric malnutrition
According to UNICEF, child malnutrition is the result of insufficient food intake and repeated infectious diseases, the first year of a child's life is essential for growth, both for their physical and psychological development, so it becomes so important Food at this stage of life, although it remains at all. Malnourished children have lower than normal for their age and stunted body weight. Moreover, they are too thin or have vitamin deficiencies and / or minerals (imbalance known as "hidden hunger"). Apart from the lack of sufficient food intake, other causes of child malnutrition include: acute respiratory infections, digestive diseases (diarrhea, colitis ...), lack of consumption of vitamin supplements or fortified foods ... ...
Perinatal asphyxia
Perinatal asphyxia is the shortness of breath or air that can occur before birth, during pregnancy or during labor.
Poisoning in childhood is a frequent complaint in consultation health centers, but seem to have been stabilizing in recent years thanks in part to improved health education of families and security checks. Poisonings involve accidental contact with toxic substances that can cause serious health problems and even lead to life-threatening situations. In the case of pediatric poisonings occur most often at home by the accidental ingestion by children of medicines, toiletries or pesticides. It is therefore very important to keep out of reach any intoxicant or drug. There may also be poisoning bites and insects or animals, and food poisoning. To diagnosis a complete physical examination of the child is required, and the treatment will vary depending on the poisoning. ...
Precocious puberty
We talked about early puberty when the body changes physically and sexually develop earlier than normal. Normally, usually it occurs between 8 and 14 years in boys and between 9 and 16 girls. Although the age at which a child passes puberty always depend on family history, nutrition and sex. Currently, there is no specific reason that explains why some patients develop early puberty, but in some cases, is due to brain or genetic alterations. ...
Pregnancy is the period of 40 weeks from fertilization to birth in which the fetus is gestated.
The rash is a red rash that usually appears as a consequence of certain infectious diseases (such as measles, scarlet fever, rubella, fifth disease, etc.), and are more common in childhood than at any other time life. They can be caused as a reaction to other causes: when they are caused by a virus known as viral rash; if accompanied by fever it is the so-called sudden rash that affects infants in their first year of life; sometimes they are the symptom of a disease of unknown origin, so the urgent attention of the child is required to assess and diagnose the severity, or if due to a drug reaction. ...
School failure
School failure occurs when a child does not get the required academic requirements. The causes may be related to the individual, the educational system or socioeconomic factors. ...
Short stature
Short stature or stature refers to children and adolescents who are below average height that corresponds to their age. Short stature is not necessarily a symptom of a health problem, it may be a delay in growth or slower than normal, or a parent who is of short stature. ...
Sleep Disorder
Sleep disorders are a group of disorders that occur in preventing sleep stages enjoy a proper rest, continuous and restful. This type of disorder can have several causes, such as physical or psychological disease (hyperthyroidism, anxiety ...), and even cause other diseases or problems in daily life (fatigue, poor performance, daytime sleepiness ...). Therefore the medical diagnosis is necessary to determine their causes. Among the most common sleep disorders are distinguished: insomnia, which is the inability to fall or stay asleep properly according to the physical needs of each person; It is sleepwalking, which is a state in which the person stands up and acts in a semi-conscious during sleep, unaware of what you do not remember; night terrors, fear episodes of agitation that may be associated with sleepwalking; or nightmares, which are unpleasant and frightening dreams that cause a rude awakening in both children and adults. ...
Urine Infection in Children
Urine infection in children occurs when there is an infection of the urinary tract. Urine infection in children may produce no symptoms, but some symptoms are fever, loss of appetite and vomiting. ...
Vaccines are a number of drugs used as a preventive measure in the occurrence of diseases and allergies. When germs enter our body, the immune system recognizes them as foreign substances (antigens agents); therefore, the system itself is responsible for putting the production of the required amount of antibodies up to combat these antigens. Based on this process, the vaccines contain weakened or killed antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. That way, the body is ready to fight germs or viruses for which you have been vaccinated. In the infant stage an immunization schedule for common diseases (and even some already eradicated in some parts of the world) is planned and every age is assigned the corresponding. For adults a series of seasonal vaccines (such as flu, for example) and a number of compulsory vaccinations before traveling to certain countries in other continents that may involve the risk of transmission of diseases of these areas are established. ...
Vomiting involve the expulsion of stomach contents through the esophagus through the mouth. Many vecesm accompanied by nausea (feeling like vomiting) and stomach or abdominal pain. When we talk about not talking about vomiting disease but of manifestations associated with other symptoms such as headache, diarrhea, etc. ...
- Pediatricians in Barcelona with online appointment
Dr. Víctor Vila Miravet
Expert in:
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Dra. Grisel Vilagrasa Restifo
Expert in:
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- Tropical Diseases
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- Vaccines
- Feeding the newborn
- Respiratory infection
Dra. Maite Palá Calvo
Expert in:
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- Breastfeeding
- Child development
- Adoptions
Dr. Víctor Vila Miravet
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by Anton Shilov
Although Q3 is the peak for manufacturers of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with maximum demand and maximum prices, the price of memory in July only decreased compared to June due to uncertainties associated with the growth of the PC market. July's 2GB module contract price decreased 15.94% from last month, according to DRAMeXchange, a research division of TrendForce.
PC OEMs are still in a period of inventory adjustment for second half of July and transaction volume has remained low since June, according to DRAMeXchange. Overall price has decreased 15.94% in the month of July. DRAM contract price for the second half of July continues to follow the downward trend of first half of July. Contract price on DDR3 2GB and 4GB memory modules is $14.5 ($0.75 per 1Gb) and $28, representing a decline of 9.38% and 9.68%, respectively. As spot market price has also fallen, module houses started to undersell to reduce their inventory levels and prevent losses. DDR3 2Gb average spot price was $1.62 in June, in July it dropped 16% to $1.3608.
With such price quotes, the spot market is crowding out contract transactions. Thus, contract price negotiations are becoming increasingly difficult, and it is clear that the downward trend of DRAM price has been firmly established.
Since this wave of falling DRAM prices comes only two years after the previous global financial crisis, DRAM manufacturers were truly caught off guard by the rate of drop. Cost-wise, even the most advanced 30nm manufacturing processes are on the verge of breaking even, let alone the mainstream 40nm processes. On the supply side, the total number of wafer starts has decreased 2% compared to last year. While manufacturers have been conservative in terms of wafer starts, the increase in production volume brought by process migration has caused this year's DRAM prices to decline.
As was the case in the previous financial tsunami, the current DRAM market has been negatively affected by overall weak economies. However, an even more weakening factor is that regardless of how low DRAM prices have dropped, there has been limited stimulation to content per box. In terms of PC production cost, 2GB memory module price for July only represents about 5% of total cost, which should have spurred PC-OEMs to increase content per box. However, as the Windows 7 operating system does not require over 4GB of memory for a mainstream consumer, the acceptance of 4GB and larger memory modules has been mediocre overall.
As for the recent contract price trend, in order to increase market share amid limited transactions on the client end, DRAM manufacturers are engaging in special deals. Thus, the proportion of total transaction volume represented by special deals has shown signs of an increasing trend. Aside from concluded transaction prices approaching the published low price, a considerable proportion of transactions have been conducted at new under-the-table lows.
As DRAM manufacturers are eager to clean out their current stock, special deal stipulations often include requirements for PC-OEMs to purchase inventory within a certain amount of time or bundle chip purchase with a certain proportion of 2GB or 4GB modules. As DRAM manufacturers continue to hang by a thread, they can only hope that PC-OEMs will begin inventory restocking soon and let DRAM prices return to a reasonable benchmark.