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Common chimpanzee
The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the robust chimpanzee, is a species of great ape. Colloquially, the common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee (or "chimp"), though technically this term refers to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo, formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show both species of chimpanzees are the sister group to the modern human lineage.
The common chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is considered more robust than the bonobo, weighing between 40 and 65 kg (88 and 140 lb) and measuring approximately 1.6 to 1.3 m (5 ft 3 in to 4 ft 3 in) from head to tail. Its gestation period is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old, but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several more years; it reaches puberty at the age of eight to 10, and its lifespan in captivity is about 50 years.
The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in a male-dominated, strict hierarchy, which means disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools, modifying sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them for acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.
The common chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range in the forests and savannahs of West and Central Africa. The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching and disease.
The species name troglodytes, Greek for "cave-dweller", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis humani varietate nativa liber ("[Book] on the natural varieties of the human genus") published in 1776,[3][4] This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before (it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only,[5] thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.[6]
The English name chimpanzee came from a Bantu language of Angola.[7]
Evolutionary history
Despite a large number of Homo fossil finds, chimpanzee fossils (genus Pan) were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa. However, chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from Kenya. This would indicate that both humans and members of the Pan clade were present in the East African Rift Valley during the Middle Pleistocene.
According to John Gribbin and Jeremy Cherfas in their books The Monkey Puzzle: Reshaping the Evolutionary Tree and The First Chimpanzee: In Search of Human Origins, chimps and bonobos may be descended from Australopithecus. Chimpanzees were amongst the animals affected during the Toba eruption, hinting that Toba ash extended far west as Africa.
DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago (similar in relation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals).[8][9] The chimpanzee line split from the last common ancestor of the human line approximately six million years ago. As no species other than Homo sapiens has survived from the human line of that branching, both chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans. The chimpanzee's genus, Pan, diverged from the gorilla's genus about seven million years ago.
Four subspecies of the common chimpanzee have been recognized:[10]
- Central chimpanzee or tschego, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, in Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes vellerosus (now also known as Pan troglodytes ellioti), in Nigeria and Cameroon
- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in the Central African Republic, the Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia
Physical description
The adult male common chimpanzee weighs between 40 and 60 kg (88 and 130 lb), the female weighs 32 to 47 kg (71 to 100 lb),.[11] However, large wild males can weigh up to 70 kg (150 lb) and males in captivity, such as Travis the Chimp, have reached 91 kg (200 lb).[12][13][14] Head-body length (from the nose to the rump while on all fours) ranges from 63 to 94 cm (25 to 37 in).[14][15] Males can measure up to 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) tall while standing and females up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) tall. Their bodies are covered by coarse black hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Both its thumbs and big toes are opposable, allowing a precise grip. The common chimpanzee is both arboreal and terrestrial and spends its nights in the trees, while most daylight hours are spent on the ground.[16] Its habitual gait is quadrupedal, using the soles of its feet and resting on its knuckles, but it can walk upright for short distances. The common chimpanzee is a 'knuckle walker', like the gorilla and the bonobo,[16] in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of the orangutan, a 'palm walker' that uses the outside edge of its palms.
The common chimpanzee is a highly adaptable species. It lives in a variety of habitats, including dry savanna, evergreen rainforest, montane forest, swamp forest, and dry woodland-savanna mosaic.[17][18] In Gombe, the chimpanzee lives in subalpine moorland, open woodland, semideciduous forest, evergreen forest, and grassland with scattered trees.[18] At Bossou, the chimpanzee inhabits multistage secondary deciduous forests, which have grown after shifting cultivation, as well as primary forests and grasslands.[19] At Taï, it can be found in the last remaining tropical rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire.[20]
The chimpanzee has an advanced cognitive maps of its home range and can repeatedly find food.[18] The chimpanzee makes a night nest in a tree in a new location every night, with every chimpanzee in a separate nest other than infants or small chimpanzees, which sleep with their mothers.[21] When confronted by a predator, the chimpanzee will react with loud screams and use any object it can against the threat. Leopard predation is apparently a significant cause of mortality in chimpanzees at Taï and Lopé National Parks.[20][22]
In some cases, the common chimpanzee has been documented killing leopard cubs,[23] an act which primarily seems to be a protective effort. Lions may have also preyed on the chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, where at least four chimpanzees could have fallen prey to them.[24] Although no other instances of lion predation on chimpanzees have been recorded, the larger group sizes of savanna chimps may have developed as a response to threats from these big cats.[24] Isolated cases of cannibalism have also been documented.[25]
Diet and foraging
The chimpanzee is an omnivorous frugivore. It prefers fruit above all other food items and will even eat them when they are not abundant. It will also eat leaves and leaf buds. Seeds, blossoms, stems, pith, bark and resin make up the rest of its diet.[18] While the common chimpanzee is mostly herbivorous, it does eat honey, soil, insects, birds and their eggs, and small to medium-sized mammals, including other primates.[18][26] The western red colobus ranks at the top of preferred mammal prey. Other mammalian prey include, red-tailed monkeys, yellow baboons, blue duikers, bushbucks and warthogs.[27] Jane Goodall documented many occasions within Gombe Stream National Park of chimpanzees and western red colobus monkeys ignoring each other within close proximity.[28][29]
When hunting small monkeys such as the red colobus, the chimpanzee hunts where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular.[30] This allows it to easily corner the monkeys when chasing them in the appropriate direction. Chimps may also hunt as a coordinated team, so that they can corner their prey even in a continuous canopy.[30] During an arboreal hunt, each chimp in the hunting groups has a role. "Drivers" serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch.
"Blockers" are stationed at the bottom of the trees and will climb up to block prey that take off an a different direction. "Chasers" move quickly and try to make a catch. Finally, "ambushers" hide and position themselves where no prey had reached yet and rush out when a monkey nears.[30] Both adult and infants are taken. However, adult male black-and-white colobus monkeys will attack the hunting chimps. In Gombe, the chimpanzee also fears adult colobus monkeys.[18] It prefers to snatch infants from their mother's bellies without harming the mothers. Male chimps hunt more than females. When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders.[30]
Group structure
Common chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time travelling in small, temporary groups consisting of a few individuals, "which may consist of any combination of age and sex classes."[21] Both males and females will sometimes travel alone.[21] The common chimpanzee lives in a fission-fusion society and may be found in groups of the following types: all-male, adult females and offspring, consisting of both sexes, or one female and her offspring. Chimpanzees have complex social relationships and spend a large amount of time grooming each other.[31]
At the core of social structures are males, which roam around, protect group members, and search for food. Males remain in their natal communities, while females generally emigrate at adolescence. As such, males in a community are more likely to be related to one another than females are to each other. Among males, there is generally a dominance hierarchy and males are dominant over females.[32] However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest,"[18] is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is mainly due to chimpanzees having a high level of individual autonomy within their fission-fusion social groups. Also, communities have large ranges that overlap with those of other groups.
As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups (as opposed to the much larger "parent" group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees which regularly come into contact and congregate into parties in a particular area). As stated, these smaller groups also emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organized to hunt for meat, while a group consisting of lactating females serves to act as a "nursery group" for the young.[33] An individual may encounter certain individuals quite frequently, but have run-ins with others almost never or only in large-scale gatherings. Due to the varying frequency at which chimpanzees associate, the structure of their societies is highly complicated.
Male chimpanzees exist in a linear dominance hierarchy. Top-ranking males tend to be aggressive even during dominance stability.[34] This is likely due to the chimp's fission-fusion society, with male chimps leaving groups and returning after extended periods of time. With this, a dominant male is unsure if there has been any "political maneuvering" and must re-establish his dominance. Thus, a large amount of aggression occurs 5–15 minutes after a reunion.[34][35] During aggressive encounters, displays are preferred over attacks.[34][35]
Males maintain and improve their social ranks by forming coalitions. These coalitions have been characterized as "exploitive" and are based on an individual's influence in agonistic interactions.[36] Being in a coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimps can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank. Coalitions can also give an individual male the confidence to challenge a dominant male. The more allies a male has, the better his chance of becoming dominant. However, most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by dyadic interactions.[34] Chimpanzee alliances can be very fickle and one member may turn on another if it serves him.[37]
Low ranking males commonly switch sides in disputes between more dominant individuals. Low ranking males benefit from an unstable hierarchy and have increased sexual opportunities.[36][37] In addition, conflicts between dominant males causes them to focus on each other rather than the lower ranking males. Social hierarchies among adult females tend to be weaker. Nevertheless, the status of an adult female may be important for her offspring.[38] Females in Taï have also been recorded to form alliances.[39] Social grooming appears to be important in the formation and maintenance of coalitions.[40] It is more common among adult males than adult females.
Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and are known to kill other chimps,[41] although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which the aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, use artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied, so might not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole.[42] In the years following her artificial feeding conditions at Gombe, Jane Goodall described groups of male chimps patrolling the borders of their territory brutally attacking chimps which had split off from the Gombe group. A study published in 2010 found that the chimpanzees wage wars over land, not mates.[43] Patrol parties from smaller groups are more likely to avoid contact with their neighbors. Patrol parties from large groups will even take over a smaller group's territory, gaining access to more resources, food and females.[18][37]
Mating and parenting
Chimpanzees mate throughout the year, although the number of females in estrus varies seasonally in a group.[20][44] Female chimps are more likely to come into estrus when food is readily available. Estrous females exhibit sexual swellings. Chimp mating tends to be promiscuous, with females mating with multiple males in her community during estrus.[18] As such, males have large testicles for sperm competition. However, other forms of mating also exist. A community's dominant males sometimes restrict reproductive access to females. A male and female can form consortship and mate outside their community. In addition, females sometimes leave their communities and mate with males from neighboring communities.[18][45]
These alternative mating strategies give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community.[45] Infanticide has been recorded in chimp communities in Gombe, Mahale, and Kibale National Parks. Male chimps practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten the interbirth intervals in the females. There are also accounts of infanticide by females. There are questions whether cases of female infanticide are related to the dominance hierarchy in females or are simply isolated pathological behaviors.[18][38]
Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care.[18] Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, and protection, and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimp's future rank may be dependent on its mother's status.[18][20] For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Newborn chimps are helpless; their grasping reflex is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support.[46]
When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for the rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently.[46] By three years, infants will move further away from their mothers. By four to six years, chimps are weaned and infancy ends.[46]
The juvenile period for chimps lasts from their sixth to ninth years. Juveniles remain close to their mothers, but they also have more interactions with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patrolling.[46]
Chimpanzees use a variety of facial expressions, postures and sounds to communicate with each other.[18] Chimps have expressive faces which are important in close-up communications. When frightened, a "full closed grin" causes nearby individuals to be fearful, as well. Other facial expressions include the "lip flip", "pout", "sneer", and "compressed-lips face".[18] When sumitting to a conspecific, a chimp will crunch, bob and extend a hand. When in an aggressive mode, a chimp will swagger bipedally, hunched over and arms waving, in an attempt to exaggerate its size.[18] Chimps will beat their hands and feet against the trunks of large tree, an act known as "drumming".[47]
Vocalizations are also important in chimp communication. The most common and important call in adults is the "pant-hoot". These calls are made when individuals are excited.[18] Pant-hoots are made of four parts, starting with soft "hoos" that get louder and louder and climax into screams and sometimes barks; the former die down to soft "hoos" again as the call ends.[47] Submissive individuals will make "pant-grunts" towards their superiors.[18][38] Chimps use distance calls to draw attention to danger, food sources or other community members.[18] "Barks" may be made as "short barks" when hunting and "tonal barks" when sighting large snakes.[47]
Tool use
Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They will modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them when foraging for honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water. Despite the lack of complexity, there does seem to be forethought and skill in making these tools and should be considered such.[48] While it has been known since Jane Goodall's 1960s discovery that modern chimpanzees use tools, research published in 2007 indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4,300 years ago.[49]
A common chimpanzee from the Kasakela chimpanzee community was the first non-human animal observed making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound.[50][51][52] At Taï, chimps simply use their hands to extract termites.[48] When foraging for honey, chimps will use modified short sticks to scoop the honey out of the hive, that is, if the bees are stingless. For hives of the dangerous African honeybees, chimps use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey.[53] Chimps will also fish for ants using the same tactic.[18][48]
Ant dipping is difficult and some chimps never master it. West African chimps will crack open hard nuts with stones or branches.[20][48] There seems to be some forethought in his activity as these items are not found together or near a source of nuts. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned.[20] Chimps will also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water.[54]
A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which West African chimpanzees in Senegal sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.[55] An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel.[56]
Chimpanzees and humans
Field study
Jane Goodall undertook the first long-term field study of the common chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at Gombe Stream National Park in 1960. Other long-term study sites begun in 1960 include A. Kortlandt in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Junichiro Itani in Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania.[57] Current understanding of the species' typical behaviors and social organization are formed largely from Goodall's ongoing 50-year Gombe research study.[42]
Genome Project
Human and common chimpanzee DNA are very similar. After the completion of the Human Genome Project, a Chimpanzee Genome Project was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage. A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium.[59]
The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees is about thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. Typical human and chimp protein homologs differ in only an average of two amino acids. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, during the approximately four to six million years since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Results from human and chimp genome analyses, currently being conducted by geneticists including David Reich, should help in understanding the genetic basis of some human diseases.
Common chimpanzees have been known to attack humans on occasion.[60][61] There have been many attacks in Uganda by chimpanzees against human children; the results are sometimes fatal for the children. Some of these attacks are presumed to be due to chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and mistaking human children[62] for the Western red colobus, one of their favourite meals.[63] The dangers of careless human interactions with chimpanzees are only aggravated by the fact that many chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals.[64]
With up to five times the upper body strength of a human, an angered chimpanzee could easily overpower and potentially kill even a fully grown man, as shown by the attack on and near death of former NASCAR driver St. James Davis.[65][66] Another example of chimpanzee to human aggression occurred February 2009 in Stamford, Connecticut, when a 200-pound (91 kg), 14-year-old pet chimp named Travis attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyelids, nose and part of her upper jaw/sinus area from the attack.[67][68] There are at least six documented cases of chimpanzees snatching and eating human babies.[69]
Link with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Two types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa.[70] Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) found in the common chimpanzee subspecies, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, native to southern Cameroon.[71][72] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the sooty mangabey monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.[70]
Status and conservation
Chimpanzee are a legally protected species in most of their range and can be found both in and outside national parks.[2] There is thought to between 172,700 to 299,700 individuals living in the wild.[2]
The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching and disease.[2] Chimpanzee habitats have been limited by deforestation in both West and Central Africa. Road building has caused habitat degradation and fragmentation of chimpanzee populations and may allow poachers more access to areas that have not been seriously impacted by humans.[2] While deforestation rates are low in western Central Africa, selective logging may be done outside national parks.[2]
Chimpanzee are a common target for poachers. In Côte d'Ivoire, chimpanzees make up 1-3% of bushmeat sold in urban markets.[2] They are also taken in pet trades despite it being illegal in many countries where they live.[2] Chimpanzees are also hunted for medicinal purposes in some areas.[2] Capturing chimpanzees for scientific research is still allowed in some countries, such as Guinea.[2] People will kill any chimpanzee that threatens their crops.[2] Chimps may also be unintentionally maimed or killed by snares meant for other animals.
Infectious diseases are a main cause of death for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans since the two species are so similar.[2] As human populations grow, so does the risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.[2]
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pan troglodytes
- Bili Ape
- Prostitution among animals
- Chimp Haven
- Great ape personhood
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Blumenbach and the Chimpanzee
- Theory of mind
- The Third Chimpanzee
- Homininae
- List of apes - list of notable individuals
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- ^ a b Bygott, JD. (1979) "Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park". In: Hamburg, DA, McCown, ER, editors. The great apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings. P 73-121.
- ^ a b de Waal, FBM. (1987) "Dynamic of social relationships". In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 421-429.
- ^ a b c Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa. (1986) "Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Cooperative Relationships among Males". Pp. 165-177 in B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b c Pusey AE, Williams J, Goodall J (1997). "The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees". Science 277 (5327): 828–831. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.828. PMID 9242614.
- ^ Stumpf, R. (2007) "Chimpanzees and bonobos: Diversity within and between species". In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, Mackinnon KC, Pancer M, Bearder SK, editors. Primates in perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. p 321-344.
- ^ Watts DP (2001). "Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees". Behaviour 139: 343–370.
- ^ Walsh, Bryan (2009-02-18). "Why the Stamford Chimp Attacked". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1880229,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b Margaret Power (December 1993). "Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees". American Anthropologist 95 (4): 1010–11.
- ^ "Killer Instincts". The Economist. 2010-06-24. http://www.economist.com/node/16422404.
- ^ Wallis J. (2002) "Seasonal aspects of reproduction and sexual behavior in two chimpanzee populations: a comparison of Gombe (Tanzania) and Budongo (Uganda) ". In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF, editors. Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge (England): Cambridge Univ Pr. p 181-91.
- ^ a b Gagneux P, Boesch C, Woodruff DS (1999). "Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees". Anim Beh 57: 19–32. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0972.
- ^ a b c d Bard KA. (1995) "Parenting in primates". In: Bornstein MH, editor. Handbook of parenting. Volume 2, Biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwah (NJ): L Erlbaum Associates; p 27-58.
- ^ a b c Crockford C, Boesch C (2005). "Call combinations in wild chimpanzees". Behaviour 142 (4): 397–421. doi:10.1163/1568539054012047.
- ^ a b c d Boesch C, Boesch H. (1993) "Diversity of tool use and tool-making in wild chimpanzees". In: Berthelet A, Chavaillon J, editors. The use of tools by human and non-human primates. Oxford, England: Oxford Univ Pr; p 158-87.
- ^ Mercader J, Barton H, Gillespie J, et al. (February 2007). "4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (9): 3043–8. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.3043M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607909104. PMC 1805589. PMID 17360606. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/9/3043.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 535–539. ISBN 0-674-11649-6.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 35–37. ISBN 0-395-33145-5.
- ^ "Gombe Timeline". Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080125194313/http://www.janegoodall.org/jane/study-corner/chimpanzees/gombe-timeline.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Stanford CB, Gamaneza C, Nkurunungui JB, Goldsmith ML (2000). "Chimpanzees in Bwindi-Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, use different tools to obtain different types of honey". Primates 41 (3): 337–41. doi:10.1007/BF02557602.
- ^ Sugiyama Y (1995). "Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou". Am J Prim 37 (1): 263–9. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350370308.
- ^ Fox, M. (2007-02-22). "Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution". Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20070224115149/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ Huffman MA, Kalunde MS (January 1993). "Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania" (PDF). Primates 34 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1007/BF02381285. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1g710357w253541/fulltext.pdf.
- ^ Cohen, Joel E. (Winter 1993). "Going Bananas". American Scholar.
- ^ Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ (May 1987). "A molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (10): 3307–11. Bibcode 1987PNAS...84.3307G. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3307. PMC 304858. PMID 3106965. http://www.pnas.org/content/84/10/3307.full.pdf+html.
- ^ Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (September 2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature 437 (7055): 69–87. Bibcode 2005Natur.437...69.. doi:10.1038/nature04072. PMID 16136131. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html.
Cheng Z, Ventura M, She X, et al. (September 2005). "A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications". Nature 437 (7055): 88–93. Bibcode 2005Natur.437...88C. doi:10.1038/nature04000. PMID 16136132. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04000.html.
- ^ Claire Osborn (2006-04-27). "Texas man saves friend during fatal chimp attack". The Pulse Journal. http://www.pulsejournal.com/featr/content/shared/news/stories/CHIMP_ATTACK_0427_COX.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.[dead link]
- ^ "Chimp attack kills cabbie and injures tourists". London: The Guardian. 2006-04-25. http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1760554,00.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "'Drunk and Disorderly' Chimps Attacking Ugandan Children". 2004-02-09. http://www.primates.com/chimps/drunk-n-disorderly.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Tara Waterman (1999). "Ebola Cote D'Ivoire Outbreaks". Stanford University. http://virus.stanford.edu/filo/eboci.html. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ "Chimp attack doesn't surprise experts". MSNBC. 2005-03-05. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7087194/. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack". USATODAY. 2005-03-04. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Amy Argetsinger (2005-05-24). "The Animal Within". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301819.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Sandoval, Edgar (2009-02-18). "911 tape captures chimpanzee owner's horror as 200-pound ape mauls friend". New York: Nydailynews.com. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2009/02/17/2009-02-17_911_tape_captures_chimpanzee_owners_horr-2.html/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ By Stephanie Gallman CNN (2009-02-18). "Chimp attack 911 call: 'He's ripping her apart' - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/02/17/chimpanzee.attack/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Online Extra: Frodo @ National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-05-15. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b Reeves JD, Doms RW (June 2002). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253–65. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18253-0. PMID 12029140. http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12029140.
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- ^ Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, et al. (February 1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature 397 (6718): 436–41. Bibcode 1999Natur.397..436G. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410.
- General references
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, 1775.
- Tutin CEG, McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ (1983). "Social organization of savanna-dwelling chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal". Primates 24 (2): 154–173. doi:10.1007/BF02381079.


text:
Design How-To
Toward a better understanding of RRAM
Determining probability of Vo recombination
Post a comment
Post a comment
During the reset process, the probability of Vo recombination is
determined by the product of the attempt-to-escape rate and the
concentration of the oxygen ion at that position as given in equation 6:
At each grid point, a random number is generated and compared with the probability calculated above to determine success of generation (if that grid has no Vo) or recombination (if that grid has Vo). In each iteration step, the electric field and temperature are updated: the voltage is assumed to be dropped on the gap region since the highly conductive filaments can be viewed as a virtual electrode [3]. For the sake of simplicity, an average temperature inside the simulated cell is calculated from the macroscopic Joule heating following the analysis in [10]. A more rigorous treatment is to calculate the local temperature profile from the Fourier heat equation by considering the power dissipation due to the inelastic tunneling [11]. Figure 6 shows the established stochastic simulation flow. To handle the current overshoot problem with a drastic increase of the Vo density during the set process, a trial-and-error strategy to optimize the simulation time step is used.
Figure 6: The established stochastic simulation flow.
Figure 7 shows the simulated switching I-V curves of forming/reset/set and the corresponding Vo configuration with the percolation paths highlighted. It is seen that a larger reset stop voltage would result in a larger gap thus a higher HRS. A larger set compliance would result in more percolation paths thus a lower LRS. The abrupt set transition is due to a positive feedback of the temperature and field enhancement of the Vo generation probability. The gradual reset transition is due to the oxygen ion migration from the interface and gradual recombination of Vo and consequent increase of the gap distance. For a better appreciation of the switching dynamics, an animation video showing the stochastic Vo evolution during the DC cycling is provided in [12].
Click image to enlarge
Figure 7: Cross-section view of the simulated cell (left electrode: positive bias for forming/set and negative bias for reset, pink points are Vo), simulated cell (10 nm ×10 nm) corresponds to the weak spot region of a RRAM cell, e.g. the grain boundary. (a) initially randomly distributed Vo in as-fabricated cell; (b) forming process; (c) percolation paths after forming; (d) reset process with different stop voltages; (e) & (f) smaller/larger gap due to smaller/larger reset stop voltage; (g) set process with different compliance current; the current overshoot during forming/set is also shown; (h) & (i) fewer/more percolation paths due to smaller/larger compliance current. Percolation paths are found by the Dijkstra algorithm and color-coded in grey scale according to the conducting strength (darker means stronger).
Experimental corroboration
We developed DC I-V curves for the experimental (see figure 8) and simulated cases (see figure 9).
Figure 8: Experimental DC I-V characteristics of HfOx memory for different reset stop voltages demonstrate abrupt set and gradual reset.
Figure 9: Simulated I-V characteristics of HfOx memory for different reset stop voltages also demonstrate abrupt set and gradual reset.
Reset pulse transient waveforms are shown for the experimental (see figure 10) and simulated (see figure 11) cases.
Figure 10: Experimental pulse transient current in the reset process. Current fluctuation is observed, and before the end of pulse, current jumps due to new Vo generation.
Figure 11: Simulated pulse transient current in the reset process. Current fluctuation is reproduced.
For both DC and pulse programming, the reset process is gradual and a significant current fluctuation is observed. By tracking the Vo evolution in the simulation, we found found that a current jump corresponds to a new Vo generation in the gap region at that moment. At the beginning of the reset process with a short gap region, the current fluctuation is caused by the competition between Vo generation process due to the presence of a large field and recombination process due to the presence of mobile oxygen ions migrated from the interface. It is suggested [13] that multilevel HRS states can be achieved (a) by linearly increasing the reset pulse amplitude (see figure 12 and 13) or (b) equivalently by exponentially increasing reset pulse width (see figure 14 and 15).
Figure 12: Experimental multilevel states achieved by linearly increasing reset pulse amplitude.
Figure 13: Simulated multilevel states achieved by linearly increasing reset pulse amplitude.
Figure 14: Experimental multilevel states achieved by exponentially increasing reset pulse width.
Figure 15: Simulated multilevel states achieved by exponentially increasing reset pulse width.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The pace of pathogens jumping from animals into humans has quickened, experts say.Climate Change (IPCC) notes. Malaria has newly established itself in the East African highlands as the region warms. The destruction of thousands of acres of Peruvian rainforest has created new mosquito habitat and unleashed more than 120,000 cases of malaria in the late 1990s, Stanford University's Amy Vittor and colleagues have found, compared to fewer than 150 a year in the early 1990s.
The destruction of Peruvian rainforest has created new mosquito habitat and unleashed more than 120,000 cases of malaria.outbreaks correlate with heavy rains at the end of a period of intense aridity. Extremely dry conditions force some fruit trees to defer fruiting. When the rains come and the stricken trees put out fruit, all manner of fruit-starved species, including Pteropus bats and apes, gather to feast. Large numbers of creatures concentrated under newly fruit-heavy trees provide microbes such as Ebola a prime opportunity to jump from one species to another. And once Ebola starts circulating heavily in a new species such as apes or bats, it can readily be transmitted through infected blood and other fluids to humans.
There's much we can do to diminish the burden of a disrupted disease landscape, with prompt treatment and well-planned prevention.virus, which scientists isolated inside fruit bats, first erupted at an industrial-scale pig farm in 1998. Scientists suspect that the bats fed on the cultivated fruit trees overhanging the pigs' troughs, contaminating the pigs with virus-infected feces, urine, and saliva. The pigs fell ill first, their huge numbers rapidly amplifying the virus and enabling it to jump to the local farmers. Forty percent died of acute encephalitis within a matter of weeks. Nipah virus has also emerged in South Asia and now erupts in Bangladesh nearly every year, killing 70 percent of the afflicted. By 2007, 123 people had been felled.
More from Yale e360What's Killing


text:
AAPC Mission Statement
The mission of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors is to bring healing, hope, and wholeness to individuals, families, and communities by expanding and equipping spiritually grounded and psychologically informed care, counseling, and psychotherapy.+more
Effective July 1, 2016
The business of the Association will be conducted by each of the Regions of AAPC. Inquiries or questions regarding membership can be made directly to your region. To locate your region and contact information please click on the link below.AAPC List of Regions
AAPC News
- AAPC Statement & Call to Action - Board of Directors:AAPC Statement & Call to Action - Board of Directors+more
- Expansion of Mental Health Care Hits Obstacles When access is scarce:Expansion of Mental Health Care Hits Obstacles When access is scarce LOUISVILLE, Ky. — Terri Hall's anxiety was back, making her hands shake as she tried to light a cigarette on the stoop of her faded apartment building. She had no appetite, and her mind galloped as she grasped for an answer to her latest setback. +more


text:
Wordpress 3.3 is in it's (probably) final RC and they say they expect full release early this week. Will the latest version of Atahualpa work ok with this upgrade do we think?
Think it's best to know before 3.3 does come out
Click Here To DONATE! Support the theme development, get more attention and additional benefits based on your donation level. Your forum name will be highlighted.


text:
About Marine Life Information Network
The Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) provides information on the biology of the marine species and habitats of the North East Atlantic. The information is designed to enable conservation and protection of marine life, while raising public awareness of the biodiversity of our seas. MarLIN also hosts information for schools and young adults and runs educational events regionally. MarLIN is hosted by the Marine Biological Association of the UK (www.mba.ac.uk), and runs the UK data archive centre for marine biodiversity data, DASSH (www.dassh.ac.uk).


text:
PRINCESS ANNE, MD – (May 8, 2012) – Beth Kellam went to her gym in Salisbury Saturday looking to "burn off some stress" that comes with being a college student facing final exams when she spotted a man slumped over in a pick-up truck in the parking lot.
"At first, I thought he might be sleeping, but I just had this feeling something wasn't right," said Kellam, a junior in UMES' physician assistant program.
One of the truck's windows was down, so Kellam approached and when he didn't respond to her voice, she hesitantly reached out hoping to gently wake him – or gauge if he was experiencing a medical emergency.
It proved to be the latter.
The man was unresponsive and not breathing.
Kellam, a former fitness trainer who lives in Princess Anne, had had CPR training and knew exactly what to do.
"I took a deep breath," she said. "I went into auto drive. My adrenaline was going. Everything I knew took over."
At 5-feet 6-inches and slightly built, Kellam realized she also needed help. She flagged down a man and instructed him to call 9-1-1. She found another person to help her pull the sick man out of the vehicle and onto the pavement so she could administer the familiar chest massage.
It wasn't long before a highly trained City of Salisbury ambulance crew arrived and whisked the man off to Peninsula Regional Medical Center. Salisbury's fire department stepped forward to praise Kellam's quick, aggressive response to a medical emergency.
"The earlier somebody can intervene, the better," Assistant Fire Chief Chris O'Barsky told a reporter from WBOC, which aired a story about Kellam's heroics."If all you do is chest compressions, that's better than doing nothing."
Darlene Jackson-Bowen, chair and program director of UMES' physician assistant department, has coined the term "Shero" to describe Kellam and her selfless act.
"We're so proud of her," Jackson-Bowen said. "She used the skills learned here in the program. She reacted automatically, and that's what a physician assistant should do."
At 31, Kellam is what educators call an "adult learner." Her nine-year-old son Mason and six-year-old daughter Hannah call her "Mom." Hannah was born eight weeks early, a turning point in Beth Kellam's life.
Long, agonizing hours in a Norfolk-area hospital in those crucial early days convinced her she should emulate what she saw the medical staff doing to stabilize her daughter.
"I want to be able to help people the way the doctors and nurses helped us in our time of need," the Exmore, Va. native said.
Thanks to the TV report, word of Kellam's deed has spread quickly.
"People are sending e-mails, calling me to congratulate her," Jackson-Bowen said. "I'm like a proud 'momma' right now. She has a 'call' to help people and she certainly demonstrated that."
Kellam, a dean's list student on schedule to earn her degree in December 2013, credits her faith with helping her remain calm under pressure and focused on attending school 40 hours a week as well as running a household.
"I believe the Lord guides your steps, and He guided me to be there (in the parking) in that situation," she said. "I was doing what I should have done."


text:
Scoutmaster is arrested
By THOMAS LAKE
Published May 13, 2007
NEW PORT RICHEY - The boy loved adventure and playing outdoors. He was a Boy Scout in a troop in which people trusted and admired the Scoutmaster. Then, this year, his behavior changed.
He began lashing out, dropping hints about a man he called a "pervert, " his father said. His parents questioned him. The 11-year-old boy finally opened up. The law got involved. And on Friday, someone was arrested:
The Scoutmaster, who is also a pediatric nurse.
Authorities say Steven Leroy Greenleaf, 53, of 2205 Peggy Drive in Holiday, repeatedly exposed himself to the boy during Scout activities.
He was charged with lewd or lascivious exhibition and held in lieu of $20, 000 bail. According to an arrest report from the Pasco County Sheriff's Office, he confessed to the crime.
This is what happened, according to the arrest report and sheriff's spokesman Doug Tobin:
The first incident took place several months ago on a canoe trip in another county. Greenleaf and the boy were last in a caravan of canoes when Greenleaf pulled the canoe to shore and got out. The two walked into the woods, where Greenleaf exposed himself.
Then, on the night of a Scout meeting April 23 at King of Glory Lutheran Church in New Port Richey, Greenleaf lured the boy into a restroom, where he exposed himself again and dared the boy to touch him.
Greenleaf has been affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America for at least 20 years, according to an item in the Tampa Tribune last December. He has no criminal record in Florida.
His troop regularly meets at King of Glory and will continue to do so, although Greenleaf has been removed from his position, said the Rev. Gary Logan, interim pastor of the church. Logan was scheduled to meet with Scout leaders Saturday night to discuss the children's safety.
"It's an 11-year-old child who's possibly scarred for life, " said the boy's father, whose identity the St. Petersburg Times is withholding to protect the boy.
Executive Bill Davis of the West Central Florida Council of the Boy Scouts of America did not return a phone call Friday.
Greenleaf had been a nurse for about two years at River's Edge Pediatrics in New Port Richey, according to Dr. Kathleen Montemayor, who owns the practice.
She said an attorney told her she had little choice but fire him, even though she trusts him and does not believe the allegations. "We have to let him go, " she said.
"I don't think Steve stands a chance. The child says something, and ... Steve is automatically guilty."
Thomas Lake can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or toll-free at 1-800-333-7505, ext. 6245.


text:
Enrollment: Academic Records
The University Registrar's Office is responsible for maintaining the integrity and privacy of our students' education records. To learn more about your legal rights as a student regarding your education records, view GGU's Privacy Policy.
- 415-442-7200
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Fax: 415-442-7223
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Golden Gate University has authorized the National Student Clearinghouse to provide transcript ordering via the Web. You can order transcripts using any major credit card. Your card will only be charged after your order has been completed.
- To order an official transcript(s), go to the Clearinghouse secure site.
- If you have a GGU4YOU account, start the ordering process from the GGU4YOU "Student" menu in order to avoid having to send the consent form to the Clearinghouse.
- The Clearinghouse website will walk you through placing your order, including delivery options and fees. You can order as many transcripts as you like in a single session. There is a fee of $10 per copy and a processing fee of $2.25 per recipient. Additional fees for rush service and express delivery apply if these services are requested.
- Order updates will be emailed to you. You can also track your order online.
- Attention Law School JD students: If you are attempting to transfer to another law school and will also need any of the following: a letter of good standing, class rank, or a copy of your LSAT score, DO NOT submit your transcript order online via the Clearinghouse website. Instead request a "transfer out package" by submission of the Student Status Letter Request form and pay the applicable fee. However, if you are ordering only a transcript, you should place your order online via the Clearinghouse website.
- Download our Transcript Ordering Fast Facts for general transcript ordering information.
- If you need to change your legal name-of-record before ordering a transcript, submit the Student Information Change Request form.
If you need further assistance, would like to order a transcript off-line, or have questions regarding your order, you may contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or 415-442-7285. If you have requested your order online via the National Student Clearinghouse, please include your order number in your communication to us.
The Records Office will notarized your diploma (and transcripts if needed) in order to be authenticated by the California Secretary of State to become legal in certain countries outside of the United States. Please note that the Records Office does not provide the Apostille or Certification. You must obtain it from the California Secretary of State after you receive your notarized diploma. You may submit your copy of your diploma for notarization or request a new copy using the Additional Diploma/Certificate Request form. There is a charge of $10 for the notarized diploma. If you need to change your legal name-of-record before ordering a diploma, submit the Student Information Change Request form.
If you need further assistance or have questions, you may contact us at email@example.com or 415-442-7278.
Golden Gate University has authorized the National Student Clearinghouse to provide verification of our graduates' degrees and current students' enrollment information. Outside organizations or persons can obtain a verification using any major credit card. The requestors' credit card will only be charged if the degree can be verified.
Domestic students may obtain an enrollment verification certificate from the National Student Clearinghouse. (GGU4YOU login required.)


text:
Corte Madera, CA Independent LivingSave This Search
Change Lifestyle Below
Independent living is frequently referred to as retirement communities, retirement homes, senior apartments, or senior housing. You are as independent as possible, however, independent living housing options offer a sense of community. [More...]
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There's a reason why California has become the most populous state in the country: it has more to offer in one package than any other state.
From mountains to seacoast, deserts to lush forests, teeming cities to wilderness, California is a land of dizzying contrasts. In Southern California, an hour's drive will take you from the bustle of downtown LA to the silence of the Mojave Desert.
There are plenty of perks for retirees in California, including dynamic scenery, amazing golf courses and a number of cultural attractions.
Equity Lifestyle Properties Launches Feature Community Campaign
Equity Lifestyle Properties and Retirenet.Com have launched a new marketing campaign to feature premier properties in Florida, California, Illinois, Arizona and Colorado. Read more...
News from the Orange County Register - RSS
These Orange County businesses thrive in the rain, while others barely survive
Jan 24, 2017 5:15 pm
Bill Skeffington, owner of Ben?s Asphalt in Santa Ana, said the deluge of rain has hampered dozens of projects his company is working on throughout Southern California, costing him thousands of dollar...
Lone Star Steakhouse abruptly closes Orange County and Corona locations, exiting California
Jan 24, 2017 1:34 pm
Lone Star Steakhouse, known for its Texas two-step dancing servers and reasonably-priced steaks, has closed three restaurants in Southern California. Closures in Tustin, Laguna Hills and Corona are pa...
2017 Oscar nominations: 'La La Land' leads the way with 14; see the full list
Jan 24, 2017 1:28 pm
The candy-colored love letter to musicals ?La La Land? on Tuesday landed a record-tying 14 nominations to the Academy Awards, which fielded a notably more diverse field of nominees following two strai...
Watch the live-stream of the 2017 Oscar nominations
Jan 24, 2017 1:15 pm
Watch the live-stream of the Academy Awards Oscar nominations:
Hail hits some areas of Orange County Monday as 3rd storm packs final punch
Jan 24, 2017 1:00 pm
Hail hit parts of Orange County on Monday as the last of three winter storms drenched Southern California before sunny skies are forecast to take over by midweek. Hail covered cars, patios, yards and ...
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Install a New Bathroom Vent Fan/Light
Jan 19, 2017 3:29 am
Dear James: I want to add a bathroom vent fan with an overhead light. The window does not provide enough light. What are some tips for installing one and venting it up through the the roof? -- Kathy T...
Considerations When Building a Healthy Home
Jan 12, 2017 4:38 am
Dear James: All my children have allergies. We are planning to build a new house and I need to avoid the "sick house syndrome" from poor indoor air quality. What things should I consider for...
Learn how to Use Measuring Tools for Precise Project Results
Jan 5, 2017 5:49 am
Dear James: I am not the most accurate with projects. My measurements are often off just enough so things don't fit. Do you have advice regarding which measurement tools/techniques to use? -- Sal L. ...
Add a Cedar Closet to your Bedroom
Dec 29, 2016 3:46 am
Dear James: I have always liked cedar closets and want to add a small one in my bedroom. How do I build a closet with cedar wood and how do I maintain the cedar scent for years? -- Jamie P ...
Typical Kitchen Wallpapering Problems
Dec 22, 2016 2:38 am
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Submit News
Dutch Anti-Islam Film Site Taken Down by U.S. Service Provider
Jason Mick
March 24, 2008 12:15 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
A defaced image of the website promoting the film, which was removed by ISP Network Solutions.
(Source: Klein Verzet)
The current notice appears when visiting fitnathemovie.com.
(Source: DailyTech)
The video and the site sparked a large protest Saturday in Amsterdam.
(Source: Fred Ernst / AP)
Dutch filmmaker Geert Wilders faced with possible removal by his ISP may seek possible alternate distribution means for his radical film
The Netherlands is becoming the surprising center of conflict over the extent of free speech, religion and allegations of racism. The debate centers around an upcoming film by a local politician, which expresses strong criticism against Islam faith.
Several Islamic government have sought to ban materials criticizing Islam. The most recent example of this was when
Pakistan blocked the website YouTube
for promoting non-Islamic or anti-Islamic materials,
inadvertently crippled the country's internet traffic
Nearby Denmark found itself in the center of a similar controversy when a Danish newspaper aired cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad, the most important Islamic historic religious figure, in an embarrassing light. The cartoon led to protests worldwide outside Dutch embassies, death threats and at least one murder.
Now Holland is back in the limelight. Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders, head of a reactionary party which controls 9 seats in the 150-seat Dutch Parliament, promoted his new film which portrays Islam in an extremely critical light, only to find his website taken down amid a storm of criticism. The film was promoted on the site which formerly had a simple title image, the words "Fitna" ("Coming Soon"), and an image of a gilded Qu'ran.
website has since been taken down
, and a note is posted stating that Network Solutions, the U.S. based service provider, is investigating whether the site violates its terms of service. The note about Wilder's site states, "Network Solutions has received a number of complaints regarding this site that are under investigation."
Network Solutions hosts the website of Hezbollah, a Lebanon-based organization labeled by the U.S. government as a terrorist organization.
While the company could not be reached for comment, its terms of service do include a broad provision banning, "objectionable material of any kind or nature." While the former website gave scant details about the upcoming 15-minute film, to be released on March 31st, it is certain to be found objectionable by some. Filmmaker Wilders says the film will underscore his belief that the Islamic holy book is "fascist."
Wilders prepared to distribute the video over the internet after being met with refusal from television stations unwilling to grant it airtime. Wilders, who lives under police protection due to death threats, refuses to be deterred, and was quoted Dutch news agency
on Saturday stating, "How many ways are there left for me to be worked against? If necessary, I'll go hand out DVDs personally on the Dam." The Dam is a colloquial name for Amsterdam's central square.
On Saturday protesters crowded the Dam to voice their distaste for Wilders. Amid sleet and heavy wind, between 2,000 and 3,000 protesters of mixed ethnicities assembled "Netherlands Shows Its Colors" in an advanced reaction against the film. Protesters carried signs such as "Standing Together Against the Right-Wing Populist Witch-Hunt."
One protester, Elisa Trepp, said, "I'm very much against Geert Wilders and racism in general. I think it's really important to show not only Holland but the rest of the world that there's a lot of people who do not agree with his ideas."
Hassan Iaeti, another demonstrator, traveled for hours to make it. He states, "The government could really do something. That's in the interest of the country - stop him, just stop him."
Dutch officials fear that the film may spark violent protests worldwide. Free speech in the U.S. is currently solely limited against making statements that would incite imminent lawless action (riots) as defined by the case Brandeburg v. Ohio. Similar limits to free speech exist throughout much of Europe, much to the chagrin of free speech advocates. As the video may spark worldwide lawlessness, the government may see it fit to block the video.
However the government remains relatively apathetic to the situation by all indications. No prominent politicians showed up at the protest. Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende has said previously that he did not agree with Wilders views, but supported his right to free speech. Balkenende did add that the video could threaten Dutch interests worldwide.
In Afghanistan protesters burned effigies of Wilders and demanded the withdraw of NATO-deployed Dutch troops from the country. A Dutch court will hear complaints against the film lodged by Muslim groups, on March 28th, however Wilders can elect to release the film before then.
"If you mod me down, I will become more insightful than you can possibly imagine." -- Slashdot
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GRID-Arendal and InterRidge are pleased to announce a Letter of Agreement (LoA) to be signed
with GRID-Arendal, to the establishment of a framework for cooperation on a number of marine environmental, scientific and resource issues. This will be the first LoA in which
InterRidge is a signatory. LoA's are routinely used at GRID-Arendal for
non-binding expressions of cooperation.
InterRidge is an international organization that pools the resources of its member countries to drive oceanic ridge research forward in a way that is cost-effective, cooperative and proven to be successful. InterRidge promotes interdisciplinary, international studies of oceanic spreading centers by creating a global research community, planning and coordinating new science programs that no single nation can achieve alone, exchanging scientific information, and sharing new technologies and facilities. InterRidge is dedicated to reaching out to the public, scientists and governments, and to providing a unified voice for ocean ridge researchers worldwide
Forms of cooperation under the LoA consist of the exchange of information (the nature of which will be defined in the context of specific projects, support initiatives or other activities), a regular process of interaction (e.g., meetings, workshop participation) and a realistic identification and implementation of synergies. Both parties will benefit from increased communication and interaction in activities of mutual interest such as providing scientific information to international organizations and decision makers (e.g., UNESCO, International Seabed Authority, NGOs). InterRidge will benefit from the access to GRID-Arendal's outreach capacity and involvement with their University of the Sea programme to implement a new cruise berth program proposed by the incoming InterRidge Chairs. Jon Copley incoming InterRidge Co-Chair, said that the LoA "fits well with how we see InterRidge continuing to develop in the next office term (particularly our goals for reaching out to policymakers).
See also: http://www.interridge.org/LoA/GRID


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All Student Association Clubs and Organizations are assigned a mailbox at the Information Desk.
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Norma, Tom Lehmann should hire you.
Do you think the freekeh flour will work for pizza?
I thought freekehlicious was going to be some kind of Halloween dough. Sounds freeken interesting.
I have no idea, but I know I'm going to find out.
Craig,Let me know if find some way it will work out. I think it is low in protein, something like spelt.Norma
Suggestion:make a batch for 3 balls of the flour, treating it as a high-gluten flour. Use one in your home oven, one in your market oven at a higher temperature, and give one to Steve to try out in the WFO.My prediction is that the new flour will be comparable to 00 in bake character, but with a different flavor profile.For the batch, go simple. Keep sugar and oil light or absent. Document everything- mixing regimen, mix temp, bulk temp and time, balled temp and time. Sounds interesting - even if it's only a gimmick, maybe more specialty flours for the home baker will come out as a result.
I meant I'm going to learn from your experiments.
From an article in the WSJ (of all places):Freekeh is the name used for any wheat, usually durum, that's harvested when still green, then fire-threshed to give it a smoky intensity and pliant pop. Perhaps the fastest up-and-comer in the ancient grain crowd, freekeh (pronounced FREE-kah) can be found in warm salads, risottos and pilafs. At Pocantico Hills, N.Y., restaurant Blue Hill at Stone Barns, chef Dan Barber makes whole-grain crackers by puréeing cooked freekeh, spreading it paper-thin and slow baking it for about 2 hours. The result is plainly delicious and shows off the grain's grassy flavor.I think they lost me with the "grassy flavor", but I'll be interested in hearing how your experimenting works out.Anybody live near Old Tappan, NJ? Maybe stop by Dino's to check it out.Barry
Definitely looks like it is fermenting. I think a regular pie would be more interesting. I think it would tell more about the strength of the dough.
Craig,Thanks for your suggestion and why you think I should try a regular pie. Why do you think a regular pie would tell more about the strength of the dough?Norma
For a regular pie the dough is stretched harder (you can roll pan dough), it's not cooked on a pan, and it is generally eaten by hand requiring a whole slice to be held and stay together. Just a thought that it could be strong enough for pan pizza but not a slice, but vice-versa is probably not a concern.


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Jaime Hernandez:
The 1948-S Jefferson Nickel has one of the lower mintages in the series. In circulated grades up to MS65 condition this issue is very common. In MS66 condition they become scarce but still thousands are available with many of them being raw. In MS67 condition there are less than a few dozen known. And in MS67 with the Full Steps designation they are very scarce with about a handful known.


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One of the things about YouTube is the way contests I would never have had the chance to "see" are now things I can enjoy and learn from. The clip below by a blind piano contestant, who just made the top 12 of this year's Van Cliburn, share today thanks to one of my long time Rec.Sport.Volleyball pals, Ravi. I just sent the email below to the three guys who have worked with the US Association of Blind Athletes over the last 15 years, along with some leaders in the field of deliberate practice, as these performers show the results of such focused practice a very high level.
I often reflect on how we do not let athletes get as good at a sport they might be passionate about, as our culture allows musicians, dancers, and even scientists become focused. What would happen if you told budding scientists, they could only do biology for 3 months, then they had to do math, or physics or some other discipline? How about requiring musicians to have to change instruments each quarter, no more piano for you, you have to play drums now....and now the clarinet... Yes, you are a good ballet dancer, but your three months of training and competing is now up, you got to start listening to country and do line dancing, followed by three months of polka or the option to break dance...then you can return to ballet. We do no such things when youngsters seek to excel in these other areas, but when it comes to sport, we often force players to change by athletic rules.
Please understand that I simply am saying, if the kid WANTS to just play volleyball, or any sport, and has a passion for that, I think it is fine to let them play more. Play with or against adults, play doubles, play on sand. The operative word in part is PLAY, letting the games teach the game and the athlete develop without constant supervision (think how much musicians and dancers train on their own, without their instructors).
That is what this summer is about, and why at the clinic I will do Friday June 19th here in Colorado, we will give the new outdoor doubles junior players insights into the rules of the outdoor game, and how to ref it as well (for every team has to also referee in the outdoor tourneys), then they will play as many as 20 five minute games against all ages and both genders. Then they get to play in the Mountain Open in Vail the next day...followed by one of my favorite days of the year - Father's Day -- and the Father Daughter/Father Son tournament on the same field of play. Dads serve the dads, kids can serve anyone. Dads can play in the Father Son divisions (18s and 15s) with 2 or more kids, as long as the kids - son or daughter - are the same age (twins you know) or younger. Dads can play in the Father Daughter divisions (18s, 16s,14s,12s) with a second child or more - daughter same age or younger or son 2 years younger or more. Libero subs for these multi-child teams. I expect maybe 100 Father/Child teams to compete this year in Vail, something I started with Leon Fell a few years back that just keeps growing - and other regions now host both Mother/Child doubles events in May, and Father/Child competitions in June. I say go do one this year, just with your club, if not an all city or regional event. It is such a great way to play or start planning now for next year...
From a teaching teacher's /Growing The Game point of view...and the 10,000 hours along with way, this BRILLIANT price by Jon N about being a loser is also a MUST see, and sadly not seen by that many...I LOVE how others said to him along the way, you can't do this....and how, thru his passion and commitment to his competition, he persevered. PLEASE take 10 min to watch this Loser's Club piece, take notes for the times you need to speak to your players after a loss - and share the message and theme within to all.....
And while I am at it, if not already watched several times go get "Searching for Bobby Fischer" this week and watch it too. The lessons there of having a life, while becoming great at one thing, are wonderfully told thru the movie. One of my top 10 films from a coaching point of view.
Here is my email about the talented blind competitor in this year's Van Cliburn...
From: John Kessel
Sent: Wednesday, May 27, 2009 1:53 PM
To: Mark Lucas
Cc: Roger Neppl (USOC); Charlie.Huebner (USOC)
Mark, Charlie and Roger - given your past and current work with the blind, thought you all would enjoy more than most the 10 minutes of Nobuyuki's play in this competition. Personally, every clip of the Van Cliburn competition are worth playing in the background while you work on other things for US Paralympics and beyond...just a few people have seen this on YouTube, but worth making it go viral IMHO -
Nobuyuki Tsujii plays Chopin Twelve Etudes, Op.1o during the preliminary round of the 13th Van Cliburn International Piano Competition on May 23, 2009.
To learn more about the competition - in just 3 minutes, try this link
Would love to hear your thoughts and other grow the game ideas, just comment below or email me at email@example.com


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Runyon Rep presents Bonnie and Clyde, the singing outlaws
Today's fame seekers have nothing on a wild couple from the 1930s.
WHO: Damon Runyon Repertory
WHAT: 'Bonnie and Clyde, the Musical'
WHEN: 7:30 p.m. Saturday and May 2-3; 2 p.m. Sunday and May 4
WHERE: Runyon Theater, 611 N. Main St.
INFO/RESERVATIONS: 564-0579 or runyontheater.org
Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow commanded headlines for their murderous crime spree and bullet-riddled demises. Forget Madonna; Bonnie and Clyde popularized the one-name thing much earlier, though for awful reasons.
Such sensational lives and deaths make for great entertainment material, however, so it's no surprise that the duo inspired a stage production. Not just a play, but a musical — one which premiered in 2009 in La Jolla, Calif., and opened on Broadway in December 2011. Though it lasted only four weeks on the New York stage, "Bonnie and Clyde, the Musical" received two Tony Award nominations.
Now the Damon Runyon Repertory is bringing the romance and violence of the doomed couple and their gang to the Pueblo stage. Performances are scheduled for 7:30 p.m. Saturday and May 2 and 3 and 2 p.m. Sunday and May 4.
Not long before they were ambushed by lawmen in Louisiana, Parker gave her mother a poem she had written, "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde." It was a pretty clear assessment of the pair and their situation, reading in part: "They call them cold-blooded killers; They say they are heartless and mean; But I say this with pride, that I once knew Clyde when he was honest and upright and clean."
Bryanna Dewar and Matthew Anderson star as the fame-hungry pair. Jill and Bryan Dewar, Lacy Hunter and Sean Briggs are among the cast of 20.
Bette and Jim Lunn are in charge of the music direction and accompaniment, staging songs such as "This World Will Remember Me," "God's Arms are Always Open," "Too Late to Turn Back Now" and "Dyin' Ain't So Bad."
Parker's poem concludes: "They don't think they're too tough or desperate; They know that the law always wins; They've been shot at before, but they do not ignore that death is the wages of sin."
Ultimately, Bonnie and Clyde got what they wanted. Eighty years after their deaths, the world still remembers.
Tickets for the show range from $11 to $19. They are available at 564-0579 or runyontheater.org.
All performances will take place at the Runyon Theater, 611 N. Main St.


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I'm sorta surprised that Adagio does not sell gaiwan in their teaware section. To me this type of teaware is invaluable for tasting teas in that they don't hold or "hide" flavours and allow easy access to the tea leaves for viewing and prodding.
Did someone post something about this before?


text:
Petunia Pickle Bottom Shopping Tote
- Overview
Our Petunia Pickle Bottom Tote keeps you equipped for diaper changes and feedings while you're on the go. Featuring a smart geo print, it's as fashionable as it is functional.
- 16" wide x 15.5" deep x 3.5" high
- Constructed of non woven fabric.
- Features a printed design and a small front pocket.
- Easily folds up for storage.
- Dimensions & Care
- 16" wide x 15.5" deep x 3.5" high
- Hand wash with mild soap and warm water.
- Shipping & Return Info
This is a general shipping item.
View Our Shipping Information
Return Policy
At Pottery Barn Kids, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment; upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage. We will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value.
If your return for Merchandise Credit Cards is greater than $10,000, we will issue $10,000 in Merchandise Credit Cards to you that day, and then mail additional Merchandise Credit Card(s) for the amount in excess of $10,000 to you.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items, which are identified by a price that ends in $0.99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn Kids registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
For assistance, please contact Customer Service at 800.993.4923
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