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""Corporate executives should be your core business . . . You need [account executives who are] comfortable with the kind of boardroom leaders that see Learjet as a tool, not a frivolous extravagance for movie stars and their pets." "
History Redux
Exactly how do you suppose the imminent arrival of very light jets will change the aviation landscape? We've heard opinions from an army of analysts, but history makes clear the hazards of paying too much heed to "expert" prognostication.
In the immediate post-World War II years, aviation's best and brightest saw America as a sure bet to become a hotbed of personal aviation. On paper, their arguments looked convincing. During the war, the country's massive assembly lines had switched from building sedans to cranking out bombers and fighters by the tens of thousands. The military and civilian pilot training program had taught close to a half million Americans to fly, and countless more had learned to crew and maintain aircraft with Uncle Sam footing the tuition bill.
After the war, even those who hadn't been part of the great air armada were eligible to use their GI Bill benefits to learn to fly. What had been the province of the rich now appeared accessible to any veteran. In fact, it looked to some as if the personal airplane was set to rival the automobile as the vehicle of choice-at least for long-distance transportation. But they were looking with their hearts rather than their eyes.
As anyone who had stock in the general aviation industry back then can tell you, the changeover to civilian air power never happened. A few years of big production numbers followed the war, and then sales figures crashed and burned. Moreover, scores of dreamers who'd hoped to cash in on the private flying "boom" saw their investments evaporate in the smog-filled skies above our great national highway system.
But how likely is it that all the VLJ excitement could wind up fizzling in the same way? There are some parallels, but in some ways, the current situation is significantly different.
First, many people in 1945 assumed that to replace the automobile-if only for interstate travel- airplanes would have to be flown by the owner. Dad would don his fedora and crank up the family four-seater for a business trip, or squire his wife and kids to a picnic three states away, returning before sunset to sleep at home. New aircraft of the day were designed to be easier to fly than their predecessors, and many included weather-flying capability.
Today's business plan for VLJs certainly includes the owner-flown segment-in fact, it depends heavily on it. But the bet is hedged by other elements, such as the hoped-for air-limo concept, fractional-ownership programs and even fast-freight and training industries. If the VLJ business plan were an investment portfolio, you could say it was well balanced.
Just after the war, high-performance single-engine propeller airplanes effectively matched airliners for cruise speed. But the personal airplane's speed advantage dissolved in the 1950s with the introduction of jet airliners. The Boeing 707 blistered across continents and oceans at greater than 600 mph, luring many who might have bought airplanes to purchase first-class tickets and join the "jet set" instead.
Today's VLJs also match airline speeds through the air. At the same time, a light jet can halve the airlines' effective door-to-door speeds with direct flights (as opposed to the hub-and-spoke connector system); use of smaller, more convenient airports; and
the bypassing of security lines.
Ironically, as preparing for airline travel has become more complex, time-consuming and personally offensive, even the vintage prop airplanes from the post-war era have begun to give the once-chic jet airlines a run for their money. Given favorable conditions, a pilot flying a small prop airplane powered by a piston engine can win the door-to-door race with the first-class airline passenger on trips of 1,000 miles or less.
In the years leading up to World War II, personal aviation was readily available-mostly to the wealthy. Airplanes were large, hand-built masterpieces of custom manufacturing with massive, powerful radial engines. Many were professionally flown. In a way, they were comparable to today's business jets.
Somewhat like today's VLJs, the post-war, high-performance personal airplanes did almost all that the pre-war machines did, but at a third of the price, with a fraction of the horsepower and with correspondingly lower fuel burn. As an example, the all-metal Beech Bonanza was introduced with a 165-horsepower conventional piston engine and yielded performance numbers closely comparable to those of the company's pre-war, fabric-covered Model 17 "Staggerwing" cabin biplane, which flew behind a 600-hp radial piston engine.
Anyone examining the two airplanes side-by-side would agree that the Staggerwing was an epic design. The Bonanza, conversely, was an ultra-efficient product of up-to-date (for 1947) assembly-line manufacturing. That mass-production technology helped us win the war, and it introduced a much more efficient, elegantly modern flying machine to the post-war buying public.
The Beech Bonanza was designed in 1945 to be introduced to the market two years later at a price of $7,995 (about $85,000 today), while that year's model Staggerwing cost $29,000 (or about $305,000 today). In 1945, the Daily Record in New Jersey advertised a three-bedroom house in posh Morris Plains for $8,500. Likewise, the cost of VLJs (starting at $1 million-plus to almost $3 million) compares favorably with what you'd pay for a luxury home in one of today's hot real estate markets. Therefore, the relative airplane-to-home cost is comparable to what it was more than half a century ago.
But expectations were probably a lot higher back then-and much more naïve. The hope among aviation lovers was to rival the automobile in sales and popularity. That was never going to happen without significant government support in airport infrastructure. Though the country was sprinkled with thousands of newly constructed training fields left over from the war effort, it was the national highway system that won the political battle for funding.
So how deep will be the inroads VLJs carve into the airline and traditional business jet markets? With their operating costs projected to be significantly lower than those of existing private jets and their capability to trump the airlines for speed and convenience, the future looks good. But then again, I would have bet money on aviation's future in 1945, and I would have lost my shirt.
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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (140 votes).
In short: Amazing crowdIn full: I think it says it all about a race when you can start 45 mins late and people still think it was a great race! I put this down in large to the wonderful people of Liverpool, the encouragement from the crowd was amazing and like many others have said the drumming band outside the tunnel was great.The route was nice, though Parliment St was a killer, unlike many others I liked that so much of the race was in the park.The marshals and volunteers were amazing, was lovely to have my foil blanket tied around me and to be congratulated by so many people. Probably not one for a PB, but I'll be back!Date of review: October 28, 2011
In short: Great Day, Many congratulations to Alan and the team.In full: Brilliant support all the way. Really uplifting atmosphere particularly coming out of the tunnel with the drum band. The climb to the cathedral at mile 16 really took it out of me and Sefton Park seemed to go on forever. Finish at the Liver Building was superb as were the people helping at the finishDate of review: October 28, 2011
In short: Brilliant day with a fantastic atmosphereDate of review: October 28, 2011
In short: Excellent race (one of the hardest things I have ever done)In full: This was my first marathon and I enjoyed it greatly, I have took part in numerous runliverpool events over the past 3 years and each time has been brilliant, the start wasn't ideal because of the hold up but these things happen and it wasn't the organisers fault, hopefully I can do this again next year and get a significantly better PBDate of review: October 28, 2011
In short: A truly amazing experience made so special by the enthusiastic supporters and volunteers.In full: This was my first marathon and I chose it as Liverpool is where I was brought up,my family still live there and I love the city.I remember my dad doing the Mersey marathon many years ago.Well it met and exceeded all my expectations.The crowd were soooo great and the course was I felt an experience in itself.The Liverpool skyline,the descent into the tunnel and of course the ascent and the joy of seeing a glimmer of daylight along with the sound of those drums!!!I was taken care of when I finished by having my foil blanket tied around me and it was lovely that so many people said congratulations at the end-I was told by 2 very friendly policemen in Mcdonalds that I should be proud of myself -well I think Liverpool should be proud-they put on a great Liverpudlian day!!! Date of review: October 27, 2011
In short: Good job Liverpool. A big undertaking and after the delayed start a pass with flying colours!In full: I was looking forward to this event for some time and I wasn't disappointed.Although the 45 mins delayed start was irritating and worrying, and the communication was non-existent, we soon got going on our point to point journey from Birkenhead Park to the city centre to conquer the 26.2 miles distance.Good facilities at Birkenhead Park after the efficient shuttle bus service from the city, with plenty of space and plenty of toilets. The starting pens were well signed and again plenty of room to spread out.A large field of over 5,000 gave a great atmosphere as we go going through Birkenhead with good support and entertainment. The approach to the tunnel gave great views of Liverpool's skyline, and the motivation of watch was ahead once we saw daylight again.The tunnel seemed to coax me into running faster than planned as it was easy going for the first 2/3rds and with no wind to worry about. As we progressed towards the exit, we faced the uphill grind back to see level, but were pulled through by the amazing drumming which reverberated down the tunnel from the exit, and the cheering of the marvellous crowds.It got a little tough in the second half as the wind picked up, tiredness set in, and Liverpool isn't a flat city! A numberv of out & backs/dog-legs motivated/demotivated depending on whether the faster runners or back-markers were coming the other way. Sefton Park did drag a bit, but you could smell the finish at that stage.The last couple of miles were uplifting with the crowds and city sights, and the long home-straight brought out the unwise sprint finish as my legs resisted.Lovely medal, nice t-shirt, and efficient baggage to allow a quick change into warm clothes. Thanks to the policeman who offered to give me a lift back to the car park as I was walking like a person 30 years older!Well Done to the organisers and the city of Liverpool! Date of review: October 27, 2011
In short: First Marathon Enjoyed the RaceDate of review: October 27, 2011
In short: Fantastic Debut for a MarathonIn full: If you think the feeling of crossing Tower Bridge is special - wait until you emerge from the Tunnel to a mass of spectators. Fantastic. Its probably not a PB course - but not all races can be. A great idea to race both sides of the Mersey and I'm already looking forward to next years. Date of review: October 27, 2011
In short: First time so improvements can be madeIn full: ConsTraffic Management poor in placesLaps of Sefton Park boringCost on the steep side & poor goody bagDelayed start becuase of TM problemsProsGreat atmosphere for big city run Course good in parts Plenty of water stations For a first event this was good lots of issues that need working on especially TM plan that caused 45min delay and saw vehicles on the course in some places Also price on the steep side but races are getting more expensive Overall 6 out of 10 but could do better if they learn from the issues this yearDate of review: October 26, 2011
In short: Same old problems from RunLiverpool - but on a bigger stageIn full: I've already been accused of hallucinating for giving my views on this run on the forum, so I'm guessing this will get me run out of town...Whether the 45 min delay was or wasn't the organisers fault the not telling us about any delay until after we were meant to be running was just unacceptable.As a back of the pack plodder it was soul destroying to run past the entertainment packing up, others have spoken of the magic coming out of the tunnel... Unfortunately for me it was a hard slog, and then the band was leaving the building... that was a kicker...Which was repeated at Sefton Park, and all of the other entertainment stations.The water station volunteers were great, apart from the one nicking a crate of gatorade. The marshall's were useless, and didn't know where they were in terms of distance, not helpful when some of the mile markers have disappeared.Run Liverpool manage to have an almost cultish following, and do deserve credit for the keeping running events going in Liverpool. However; the top ranking prices (£48) for less than top ranking organisation, the will they/won't they about energy drinks, the continual disappointment with the lack of a decent t-shirt, the general feeling that these events are run for the speedies rather than all the runners means I've simply had enough and won't be running these events for a long long time.Which is a pity...Date of review: October 26, 2011
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Debates of Nov. 5th, 2003
House of Commons Hansard #151 of the 37th Parliament, 2nd Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was police.
- Ellen Portch
- Member for LaSalle—Émard
- Broadband Service
- Hockey Canada Week
- The Environment
- Veterans Week
- Nursing
- Radio Nord Communications
- Blue Water Duty Free Shop
- Health Care
- Teachers Institute
- Softwood Lumber
- Jean-Baptiste Meilleur
- Judith Longpré and Shae Zukiwsky
- Monia Mazigh
- Toyota Training and Development Centre
- Foreign Affairs
- Equalization Payments
- Foreign Affairs
- Health
- Canada Customs and Revenue Agency
- Justice
- Veterans Affairs
- Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
- Canada-U.S. Border
- Health
- Agriculture
- BioChem Pharma
- The Economy
- Natural Resources
- The Economy
- Cinar
- Health
- The Environment
- Presence in Gallery
- Points of Order
- Message from the Senate
- Points of Order
- National Defence Act
- International Labour Organization
- Westbank First Nation Self-government Agreement
- Government Response to Petitions
- Interparliamentary Delegations
- Committees of the House
- Business of the House
- Criminal Code
- Radiocommunication Act
- Committees of the House
- Petitions
- Questions on the Order Paper
- Question No. 262
- Question No. 267
- Starred Questions
- *Question No. 259
- Motions for Papers
- Request for Emergency Debate
- Criminal Code
- Sex Offender Information Registration Act
- Criminal Code
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:15 p.m.
The Speaker
I was ready to rule on a question of privilege raised yesterday by the hon. member for Scarborough--Rouge River but then I was notified that the government House leader wished to intervene. He has done so and I want some time to take the suggestions he has made to the Chair under consideration before I make my ruling on this matter.
I understand that some hon. members--and the hon. member for Mississauga South has expressed this--wish to move expeditiously. I propose dealing with the matter as quickly as I reasonably can and I hope to come back to the House tomorrow with an answer to the issues raised by the government House leader. I think it is important that they be dealt with at least in part or whatever parts I think reasonable when I come around to making the ruling on this, but I will move expeditiously.
I think that disposes of the question of privilege.
Now, is there unanimous consent for the member for Mississauga South to move his motion?
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:15 p.m.
Some hon. members
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:15 p.m.
Some hon. members
Message from the Senate
Oral Question Period
3:15 p.m.
The Speaker
I have the honour to inform the House that a message has been received from the Senate informing this House that the Senate has passed the following bill, to which the concurrence of this House is desired, Bill S-10, an act concerning personal watercraft in navigable waters.
Pursuant to Standing Order 135(2), the bill is deemed to have been read the first time in order for a second reading at the next sitting of the House.
(Motion agreed to and read the first time)
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:20 p.m.
Brian Masse Windsor West, ON
Mr. Speaker, I want to raise a point of order on answers I have received from the Minister of National Revenue over the last three days.
One of the primary reasons question period exists is so that elected representatives can bring the concerns of their constituents to the attention of the government and ministers of the Crown, and so the government, through ministers, can respond to those concerns. Canadians ought to have the right to expect those responses to be given in good faith and that they can trust the response is the position of their government.
We can all accept from time to time that there will be mistakes or that the information required is not available. This why we on this side of the House understand and respect it when a minister says that he or she does not have the answer but that he or she will look into the matter.
On Monday, I asked a question on a matter of very great concern to my community dealing with a facility already under construction in my riding for the inspection of U.S.-bound trains. This facility would require trains to slow down substantially, causing further traffic tie-ups in my community, as well as security risk issues. The minister told the House, and I will quote from Hansard :
I can assure the member opposite the actions that are being taken are both appropriate and well considered.
The very next day on the same subject, the minister told the House, and again I quote from Hansard :
I can tell the House that no project has been approved—
After that question I asked one of my staff to go immediately down to the site. They took pictures of the actual construction equipment that is operating and continues to operate today on that site, and somebody has approved that work.
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:20 p.m.
The Speaker
That sounds to me like a debate. The hon. member for Windsor West clearly has a disagreement with the answers he has received but he knows he has wonderful remedies under the standing orders for this and that he can ask for a late show debate on the evening of his choice.
I am afraid that to get into an argument about whether or not a question or an answer is accurate is something that he cannot do under the guise of a point of order. He has to have some procedural problem here and, on the face of anything I have heard so far, there does not seem to be one.
I would invite him to submit a question for a late show debate at the earliest opportunity. I think he asked a question today, if I am not mistaken, so maybe he can do one before 4 p.m. which I believe is the deadline. I think that is the appropriate way to deal with this matter.
On another point of order, the hon. member for St. John's West.
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:20 p.m.
Progressive Conservative
Loyola Hearn St. John's West, NL
Mr. Speaker, there is a real possibility that the House of Commons will be in the state of suspension after this week. It is widely rumoured that the Prime Minister will stop the House from meeting with the use of prorogation of the session.
We all know that the Auditor General has in preparation a major report covering a number of matters. If Parliament is prorogued the report would remain secret until a new session is convened. Under the Constitution that could be a year from now.
Each of the sections of the Auditor General Act governing the reporting of the Auditor General to the House contains the instruction for the conveyance of the report from the Auditor General to the Speaker and from the Speaker to the House of Commons.
It is what the Speaker does with the report that should concern each of us.
In various sections of the act it states:
--the Speaker of the House of Commons shall lay each such report before the House of Commons forthwith after receiving it or, if that House is not then sitting, on any of the first fifteen days on which that House is sitting after the Speaker receives it.
There is an obligation on the part of the Speaker to table any report. It is a matter of practice rather than statute that a report is kept confidential until it is actually tabled.
On numerous occasions we on this side of the House have argued that the House should be the first recipient of such reports in order to protect the rights of members to see the reports and to be able to respond to them inside or outside the House.
I stress that this is a matter of practice and this has been reinforced by many assertions that premature disclosure of such a document is contemptuous to the House.
However we know that the House has the ability to waive any claim if it wishes and, in this case, I think most Canadians would agree there is greater public interest to be served by getting this report into the hands of the members and the wider community, including the public servants and departments touched by the Auditor General's report.
Simply put, it is not in the public interest to have this report remain secret because of a claim that the House of Commons requires to see it first.
Certainly the House will want—and the act requires—the report be tabled and be received officially into the records of the House. That action triggers certain things, including the referral of the report to the Standing Committee on Public Accounts under the authority of the Standing Orders.
However it is only practice that keeps the report secret between the time it is received by the Speaker and the moment the Speaker tables it.
I am not prepared to argue that the Speaker should unilaterally release the anticipated report. I do argue that the House should give an instruction to the Speaker to make the report public if Parliament has been prorogued.
While there is an assumption that there will be a new session of this Parliament, this is only conjecture. The election could be called at any time and this report would remain secret from Canadians until after an election. This is not in the public interest.
There is a remedy, Mr. Speaker. Without altering the Speaker's statutory duty to table the report in any new session and this is important the report should be tabled in the new session so that the automatic reference to the public accounts committee is not compromised or laid open to question. Without altering the duty to table, the House could waive its claim to the right of first access and the Speaker could be empowered to make the report available to members and the public when it is received.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I ask for unanimous consent to move that notwithstanding any practice of the House, when the Speaker receives the report from the Auditor General during a period when Parliament has been prorogued, the Speaker shall cause the report to be made available to members and the public immediately; and that the House, in this instance, hereby waives its undoubted right to confidentiality of the report until it is laid before the House.
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:25 p.m.
The Speaker
The hon. member for St. John's West has, frankly, pulled a fast one. He has made a speech in support of a consent motion that he said was a point of order. I thought he was going to suggest a point of order that required some kind of ruling from the Chair, but clearly he did not. He came up with a motion at the end instead.
While I enjoyed the hon. member's argument, I thought he was going to make some cogent argument that dealt with the rules of the House and invite a ruling from the Chair but he did not.
Therefore this is not a point of order at all. However is there unanimous consent for the hon. member to move his motion?
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:25 p.m.
Some hon. members
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:25 p.m.
Some hon. members
Points of Order
Oral Question Period
3:25 p.m.
The Speaker
I am afraid there is no consent. I hope the next time he will tell us that is what he is going to do at the beginning and face the consequences rather than make a speech.
National Defence Act
Routine Proceedings
3:25 p.m.
John McCallum Minister of National Defence
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to section 96 of the Statutes of Canada, 1998, chapter 35, I have the pleasure to table, in both official languages, the first independent review by the Right Hon. Antonio Lamer, PC, CC, CD, of the provisions and operation of Bill C-25, an act to amend the National Defence Act, and to make consequential amendments to other acts.
I also have the honour to table, in both official languages, a second document on the comments by the Minister of National Defence with respect to the first independent review of Bill C-25, an act to amend the National Defence Act, and to make consequential amendments to other acts.
International Labour Organization
Routine Proceedings
3:25 p.m.
Gurbax Malhi Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Labour
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to article 19 of the International Labour Organization constitution, member states are required to introduced new ILO conventions and recommendations to the competent authorities.
I am pleased to submit to the House, in both official languages, two copies of the Canadian position with respect to recommendation 193, a protocol to convention 155, and recommendation 194 adopted by the International Labour Organization conference in June 2002.
Westbank First Nation Self-government Agreement
Routine Proceedings
3:30 p.m.
New Brunswick
Charles Hubbard Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
Mr. Speaker, today I have the honour to present to the House, in both official languages, the Westbank First Nation self-government agreement signed October 3, 2003.
Government Response to Petitions
Routine Proceedings
November 5th, 2003 / 3:30 p.m.
Halifax West
Nova Scotia
Geoff Regan Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to Standing Order 36(8) I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the government's response to 26 petitions.


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Editor for this issue: Brett Churchill <brettlinguistlist.org>
Mr. Witty: How does this discussion work for a language which lacks an AP node, say Nootkan; to be excused rather than accused, despite ones passage on the Orient Express? Jon CentnerMail to author|Respond to list|Read more issues|LINGUIST home page|Top of issue
Greetings all! Numbers in parentheses indicate list references. 1. (10.261) Errata. Many have acknowledged my recent summary concerning word usage in "the Simpsons", and also the error contained in paragraph #3, where I substituted "cropulent" for "cromulent". Indeed, I extend my most heartfelt apologies for the error and would direct subscribers to ignore entries in that summary referring to this particular word. BTW, this was a tongue-in-cheek analysis :) 2. (10.97) POS: function AND form. It seems that when most of us think of POS, we tend to limit it as an aspect of either function or form. It is easy to debate the formalist argument by pointing out that Nouns sometimes act as Adjectives, and vice versa, without any morphological affixation. This leads one to conclude that a form is only a Noun when it is filling a Semantic role reserved for Nouns (i.e., Subject or Agent). This functionalist argument, however, is itself open to debate because the POS of some terms stem from their forms, and not their semantic usage. The functionalist argument also begs a question: if semantic function dictates POS, why is it necessary for a language to have different forms (i.e., 'tall', 'tallness') for different POS? I am in agreement with Mr. Davis, in that I believe that functions, or message categories, play a large role in the assignment of POS. Thus, it is easy to distinguish POS without overt affixation, based on the usage of the word. POS types are both limited and universal, and POS systems operate on similar lines regardless of language. Form, which also plays a significant role in POS determination, is a linguistically relative concept, however, and the formal rules of one language may not work in another. Thus, while all languages may have the same POS, assignment of POS to forms would depend on which POS was needed first. We can view, for example, "tall" and "tallness" as two forms of the same function (which has no POS). Semantic POS emerges from the usage; "tall" usually describes Nouns, while "tallness" usually is a Noun. Since the base representation of the function is the adjectival form, the nominal form undergoes affixation (if there is any - this is a separate issue). If the base representation were the nominal form, then use of the function as an adjective would usually result in an affixed variant of that form. 3. (10.126) Categorical usage. Mr. Lawler expresses dissatisfaction with the original example offered by Mr. Maxwell, by citing that in the Word program, "new" is a single item on a menu where the other items are transitive verbs. This would make "new" guilty of being a verb by association. A further extension of this concept, which BTW I do not subscribe to, would observe that "file", the name of the menu itself, is also a verb. If "file" is a verb, and "new" a sub-category of "file", "new" in this case must also be a verb. If not, a situation would emerge where the subordinate element of a group possesses characteristics that no other element, including the group to which it is suborned, possesses. Mr. Maxwell's example may have been poor, but the question is not. Note, for example, that "new" as a verb might also be a back-formation of the verb "renew". Logically, one must first be able to "new" a driver's license before one can "renew" it. This line reasoning, while explaining "new" as a verb, does not, however, explain other zero-affix verbs derived from adjectives. Here is a list with verbal examples: thin => My hair is thinning. rough => We are going to have to rough it for awhile. quiet => The teacher failed to quiet the children. dry => After you wash your clothes, you must dry them. empty => Empty the trash can, please. dull => Alcohol dulls the senses. upset => Be careful not to upset your father. round (10.142) => Round the edges so that it is safe for children. blank (10.193) => The patient blanked out for 15 minutes yesterday. void (10.193) => The bank will usually void a check after 60 days. wet => Young children frequently wet the bed. slow => Slow down, you move to fast, got to make the morning last. (Hope you find these examples groovy!) Based on the examples above, the presence of a DO or adverbial particle has no bearing on the form of the function, or its potential use as a verb. 4. The representation of Adjectives as Verbs. As stated above, the use of an adjective as a verb is simply the assignment of semantic verbal POS to a function whose base form is usually an adjective. In other words, the form used as a verb tends to have an affix of some type to signal the change in semantic assignment. What this affix is, however, is a question of time and language. In modern words, forms used as verbs may, or may not, undergo such affixation. To see how this could be, given that the purpose of changing the form is to indicate the change in POS, consider these sentences: (1). I have worn clothing. => S + [V (Perfective) + DO] (2). I have worn clothing. => S + [V + DO (ADJ + N)] In (1), "worn" is intended as the PP form of the verb used, in conjunction with the auxiliary "to have" to demonstrate the Perfective Aspect of the verb. Thus, this use of "worn" signifies an aspect of the verb and "clothing" is the DO of that verb. In (2), however, the function "wear" is a semantic adjective modifying the DO "clothing" (the verb here is "to have", not "to wear"). Because the base form of this function is the verbal form, however, modification of the form is necessary to illustrate the fact that the use is adjectival. The fact that these forms are identical is a consequence of speaking English and indicates that, although probably an important distinction in the past, the use of formal modification to distinguish between POS changes is not as important anymore. 5. (10.105) Formal representation of POS change in modE. Thus, in Modern English there are three possible formal manners for distinguishing the use of functions with adjectival base forms as verbs. Mr. Maxwell has done a superb job of outlining these formal possibilities, summarized below for convenience: (1) ADJ + affix : as in "industrialize" (2) ADJ + NULL : presumably the result of transposing an adjective to a noun, and then as a verb, which is one possible interpretation of the use of colors as verbs. (3) ADJ : as in the examples cited in #3 above. It does not take long to realize that (2) and (3) might as well be the same. Considering the universal nature of functions and that adjective forms in some languages always have a suffix marker, it is no great sacrifice to say that this is true of all languages. In Korean, for example, the final syllable of all adjectives, whether a base or transposed form, ends in /n/, unless modified by phonology. Anglo-Saxon adjectives also had suffixes for demonstrating agreement with their nouns, which differed from suffixes used by verbal forms. Thus, since adjectives in Korean are always overtly affixed, and Anglo-Saxon adjectives were always overtly affixed, who is to say that there is, at the very least, no NULL-affixation in modE adjectives? Further, if we accept (2) and (3) as being ADJ + NULL, then it seems logical that (1) and (2) are also the same rule, and that all adjective forms in English, or any language, are ADJ + affix. When the function of an ADJ is used as a verb, and the base form is the adjectival form, the affix is simply changed from a NULL to whatever form is necessary. In an older form of English, for example, this process was used to change "industrial" to "to industrial+ize", but in modern English, adjective to verb transposition can be realized without affixation, as in "blue" to "to blue+NULL". Naturally there are more "-ize" forms than "NULL" forms simply because that is the older method AND transposition from adjectives to verbs is common. Logically, I do not agree with Mr. Maxwell's conviction that it is either uncommon or impossible to use an adjective as a verb without overt affixation. The question he poses, "Why is it easy to use a noun as a verb in English, but difficult or impossible to use an adjective that way (without an overt verbalizing affix?" is answered; it's not. To explain his examples: *They whited their house. => No, but you can say 'They whitened their house' which has the same structural form. To say 'They whited their house' would mean 'They created or left blank spaces on the house.' Here, the verb 'white' has a different meaning. *They pinked their house. => No, but this is because a term for making something pink in color, based on the adjectival form, has yet to be coined. Further, many native speakers would understand 'They pinkened their house' to mean 'They painted their house pink.' To say 'They pinked their house' would mean 'They pierced their house with a pointed weapon.' As with 'white', the verb 'pink' has a different meaning. *They greened their house. => Actually, 'They greened their house' is a perfectly good usage for meaning 'They painted their house green.' *They heavied themselves. => No, because this would require the use of a comparative form, a characteristic that cannot be expressed by a verbal form. When people gain weight, they become heavier, not heavy (people are already heavy). If there is a function that means the comparative of the function "heavy", then it might be possible to form a verb based on it, if the base form of the function is an adjective (good luck with that one). *The physicist wants to possible faster-than-light travel. => No, because this particular form is derived from a Latin verb transposed to an adjective. Should we wish to make this adjectival form into a verb, we would need to convert back to its verbal form, in this case "posse", and then translate it into English. Thus, 'The physicist wants to be able to travel faster-than-light' is the preferred way of expressing this idea. Had English borrowed the verb "posse", then this would be evident. 6. (10.97) In closing, I would like to re-iterate my original points. (1) Poor examples. If we must discuss this topic, then we should present examples that are not easily subjected to counter-examples or can be plausibly explained away. This immediately rules out colors because most of their adjective forms are identical to their noun forms, and one cannot be reasonably certain that one or the other is the base form. Thus, there is the question as to whether verbs based on colors stem from the nominal or adjectival forms. Examples should be similar to those found in #3 above, where there is no question that the base form is an adjective and the usage is verbal. (2) Logical expectations. Since adjectives can transpose to nouns and nouns can transpose to verbs, we should expect that adjectives could transpose to verbs directly. This is not to say that there is a transposition free-for-all exhibited by English, where any adjective may be transposed to a verb without the use of endings. If, however, a function based on an adjectival form meets the criteria for usage as a verb, and there is not already an affix system for forms of that type, then NULL-affixation should be possible. (3) There is still nothing new here. While we have all been given a great opportunity to discuss our different views regarding this phenomenon, there still does not seem to be anything earth-shattering here. Mr. Maxwell posed a question based on the impossibility of adjectives being transposed to verbs without affixation - but this is possible. English uses two formal systems, one overt the other covert, to mark formal transposition, other languages use only one, and I'll wager that still others use more than 2; but they all use at least one - something we already know, or should have known, from picking up a dictionary. That's all for today. Sean M. Witty, PBK Linguist/Foreign Language Specialist Kwangwoon University-KILE, Adjunct Professor of English http://members.tripod.com/~wittysan/Mail to author|Respond to list|Read more issues|LINGUIST home page|Top of issue


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Neapolitan pizzamaker of the time worked in and owned their on shops, and as still happens today, all the family was involved. So there was no need for them to emigrate... The people who emigrated was people that did not really have a business or job opportunities in the unified Italy of that time.
You may not be aware of this, but 95% of this pizzerie were founded by a parallel current coming from Tramonti, near Salerno, which produce/ed a different kind of pizza.
Marco, Could you provide a reference for the above statistic?Thank you.
Marco,Are you referring to the pizzerias in other parts of Italy that were opened or Italy and other countries?
I have been reading your posts since last spring and I have found them to be very helpful, sometimes condescending and quite provincial.
More than "sometimes" and not "quite," but "extremely."
This is fun. It would appear that Ms Sloman has tinkled a bit higher up the tree than the pompus marco. maro, go start a shop from scratch, slave over it, nurse it along, love it and make it successful, then pontificate. Those who can't,,,,,,,consult.
I thought they only yelled out in the street or hauled wood at that age. So maybe Lombardi did work the oven.


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Eagle Update: Activities
By Chad Eischens
ISD 88 Activities Director
The fall season at New Ulm High School is more than new shoes, crisp morning air and Friday night lights. It's also "participation" season. The stream of students, parents and coaches in and out of the activities office is endless at times. This year, NUHS will have approximately 1,100 athletic and fine arts participants in grades 7-12. This number has held relatively steady for the past several years. There is always room for improvement, especially when you consider the following statistics from the National Federation of High Schools:
Benefits of co-curricular activities
Students who participate in activity programs tend to have higher grade-point averages, better attendance records, lower dropout rates and fewer discipline problems than students generally.
Activity programs provide valuable lessons for practical situations teamwork, sportsmanship, and hard work. Through participation in activity programs, students learn self-discipline, build self-confidence and develop skills to handle competitive situations.
Participation in high school activities is often a predictor of later success in college, a career and becoming a contributing healthy member of society.
Students who participate in the arts nine hours or more each week for at least a year are four times more likely to be recognized for academic achievement.
A study from East Carolina University showed that the average number of days missed by athletes was 6.3 days per 180-day school year, as compared to 11.9 days for non-athletes and that graduation percentage for athletes was 99.4 percent as compared to 93.5 percent for non-athletes.
Students who take part in more vigorous sports do approximately 10 percent better in math, science, English and social studies classes.
Studies consistently indicate that athletes are significantly less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, use marijuana, cocaine and psychedelics.
Activity participation is linked to lower rates of dropping out of school, greater civic involvement and higher levels of academic achievement, volunteering, voting, and public speaking comfort.
The positives affects of participation in high school activities on a personal level, and for our community, are too great to ignore. Please encourage the young people of your school to get actively involved in activities. Together, let's make this a great school year and an even better participation year.


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Reno Targets Young Children "Hidden"
from System
March 20, 2000
The tragic shooting of the
six-year-old Michigan schoolgirl on February 29 was a painful reminder to local
officials across the nation of what can happen when poverty, neglect and guns
come together in the life of a child.
In 1996, Reno police officers
discovered several small children living in conditions of extreme filth and
poverty in a group of about 20 rundown motels along the City's East Fourth
Street Corridor, an area of bars, drugs and prostitution. The parents of many of
these children were chronic drug or alcohol abusers unable or unwilling to care
for them. Hungry and unsupervised, these children were hidden from the system
– not yet enrolled in school, rarely getting medical attention.
Police responded to this situation
by joining with a public health nurse to form a "knock and talk" rescue
effort they called "Kid's Korner." The officers and nurse began visiting
the motels to check on the children, but doors did not open easily, as many of
the parents, while overwhelmed by their problems, were also suspicious of
In one case, a 12-year-old girl
opened the door to a dark and foul smelling motel room in which another child
was observed hiding in a sleeping bag on the floor. Initially, the mother was
reluctant to talk, denied that problems existed and said she didn't want help.
When the team succeeded in convincing her that they were not there to take away
her children, and when they learned that the five-year-old child in the sleeping
bag was severely mentally challenged and in diapers, they immediately arranged
for the medical and psychological services needed and performed several
follow-ups to be certain that the family was being helped. Some time later, the
mother confessed to the nurse that many of the family's problems were the
result of the abusive relationship in which she had been involved, and that, as
a result of the Kid's Korner intervention, she gained the courage to extricate
herself from the relationship and move her children back to her family home in
Ohio. There the 12-year-old was attending school, the younger child was in a
"special needs" Head Start program, and she was returning to school as well.
As a result of the early efforts of
the Kid's Korner team, the rescue program quickly expanded to include a dozen
local service agencies and a medical care van. Children and their parents
started receiving health exams, treatment, immunizations, dental referrals and
parenting education. A social worker and two paraprofessional home visitors were
added to assist families and ensure they were getting access to the services
they needed.
Once they address the immediate
medical and social needs of a family, the Kid's Korner team assesses the
family's willingness to make positive changes in their lives and, if
appropriate, refers the family to ongoing services. The home visitor meets with
the family on a weekly basis to provide transportation to appointments,
assistance with filling out forms, translation, and helping to develop skills in
parenting, budgeting, hygiene, nutrition and other areas. The goal is to build
trust over time and provide the consistent attention and support needed to move
a family into a more positive lifestyle.
Today, the Reno Police Department,
Sparks Police Department, St. Mary's Community Outreach, and Washoe County's
Sheriff's Office, Social Services, and District Health Department are partners
in what has become a regional effort to reach families and children in desperate
need of help.
In a recent 12-month period in the
City of Reno, the two-day per week knock and talk program and mobile clinic
contacted over 2,000 people and immunized over 1,200 children. The program has
made over 500 referrals to local community service agencies.
Since it was launched four years
ago, Reno officials say, the Kids Korner initiative has had a measurable impact:
Police data show significant reductions in calls related to child neglect,
truancy and vandalism in the target area, and Washoe County Social Services
reports a 20 percent decrease in Child Protective Service investigations since
the program began.
The Reno Police Department has
produced an operations manual for Kid's Korner which details 1) the
program's mission and objectives, 2) the steps required in setting up the
program, including creating the service partnerships and providing the necessary
communications, staff training and publicity, 3) client service guidelines,
including standards for conduct, procedures for field visits, supplies and
equipment needed for health care, and 4) program administration requirements,
including documenting and tracking client activity, measuring and reporting on
program results, and marketing the program. The manual includes sample forms,
sample reports, and a resource guide to more information on collaborations, home
visits and health care.
The manual also includes lessons learned in Reno. For example, according to Officer Jack Munns, who has been involved with the program from the outset, "The police response should be minimal. The first few times we took several officers and three police cars. This immediately put the families on the defensive and no one wanted to talk with us....The approach that has worked for us is one officer and one nurse doing the door-to-door portion. You can have the rest of the treatment team out in the parking lot."
More information on Kid's Korner
is available from Christopher Good at (775) 326-6309.