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The orangutans are the two exclusively Asian species of extant great apes. Native to Indonesia and Malaysia, orangutans are currently found only in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were considered to be one species. However, since 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus) and the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii). In addition, the Bornean species is divided into three subspecies. The orangutans are also the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which also included several other species like Gigantopithecus, the largest known primate. Both species had their genomes sequenced and they appear to have diverged around 400,000 years ago. Orangutans diverged from the rest of the great apes approximately 15.7 to 19.3 mya (million years ago).
Orangutans are the most arboreal great apes and spend most of their time in trees. Their hair is typically reddish-brown, instead of the brown or black hair typical of chimpanzees and gorillas. Males and females differ in size and appearance. Dominant adult males have distinctive cheek pads and produce long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals. Younger males do not have these characteristics and resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes, with social bonds occurring primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring, who stay together for the first two years. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet, however, the apes will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even bird eggs. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity.
Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools, also constructing elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes have been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas. Both orangutan species are considered to be Endangered with the Sumatran orangutan being Critically Endangered. Human activities have decimated the populations and ranges of both species. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching, habitat destruction and the illegal pet trade. There are several conservation and rehabilitation organisations dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild.
The name orangutan (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang) is derived from the Malay and Indonesian words orang meaning "person" and hutan meaning "forest",[1] thus "person of the forest".[2] Orang Hutan was originally not used to refer to apes, but to forest dwelling humans. The Malay words used to refer specifically to the ape is maias and mawas, but it is unclear if those words refer only to orangutans, or to all apes in general. The first attestation of the word to name the Asian ape is in Jacobus Bontius' 1631 " Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis" - he described that Malaysians had informed him that the ape was able to talk, but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour"[3] The word appeared in several German language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century. It has been noted that the likely origin of the word comes specifically from the Banjarese variety of Malay.[4]
The word was first attested in English in 1691 in the form orang-outang, and variants with -ng instead of -n as in the Malay original are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present, but has come to be regarded as incorrect.[5][6][7] The loss of "h" in Utan and the shift fron n to -ng has been taken to suggest that the language entered English through Portuguese.[4] In 1869 British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, co-creator of modern Evolutionary theory published his account of Malaysia's wildlife: "The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise".[3]
The name of the genus, Pongo, comes from a 16th century account by Andrew Battell, an English sailor held prisoner by the Portuguese in Angola, which describes two anthropoid "monsters" named Pongo and Engeco. It is now believed that he was describing gorillas, but in the late 18th century it was believed that all great apes were orangutans; hence Lacépède's use of Pongo for the genus.[8]
Taxonomy, phylogeny and genetics
The two orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae. This subfamily also included the extinct genera Lufengpithecus, which lived in southern China and Thailand 2–8 mya, and Sivapithecus, which lived India and Pakistan from 12.5 mya until 8.5 mya. These apes likely lived in drier and cooler environments then orangutans do today. Khoratpithecus piriyai, which lived in Thailand 5–7 mya, is believed to have been the closest known relative of the orangutans. The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, India and Vietnam from 5 mya to 100,000 years ago.[9]:50 Within apes (superfamily Hominoidea), the gibbons diverged during the early Miocene (between 19.7 and 24.1 mya, according to molecular evidence) and the orangutans split from the African great ape lineage between 15.7 and 19.3 mya.[10](Fig. 4)
|Taxonomy of genus Pongo[11]
|Phylogeny of superfamily Hominoidea[10](Fig. 4)
The populations on the two islands were classified as subspecies until 1996[9]:53, when they were elevated to full species status, and the three distinct populations on Borneo were elevated to subspecies. The population currently listed as P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan than the other Bornean orangutan subspecies. If confirmed, abelii would be a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808).[12] Regardless, the type locality of pygmaeus has not been established beyond doubts, and may be from the population currently listed as wurmbii (in which case wurmbii would be a junior synonym of pygmaeus, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of pygmaeus would take precedence for the northwest Bornean taxon).[12] To further confuse, the name morio, as well as some suggested junior synonyms,[11] may be junior synonyms of the pygmaeus subspecies, thus leaving the east Bornean populations unnamed.[12]
In addition, some fossils described under the name P. hooijeri have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to P. pygmaeus or P. abelii or, in fact, represent distinct species.[13]
The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011.[14][15] Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan has become the third species of hominid to have its genome sequenced. Subquently, the Bornean species would have its genome sequenced. It was found that genetic diversity was lower in Bornean orangutans (P. pygmaeus) than in Sumatran ones (P. abelii), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra.[15] The comparison has shown that these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. It was also found that the orangutan genome has evolved much more slowly than chimpanzee and human DNA.[15] Previously it was estimated that the species diverged 2.9 to 4.9 mya.[10](Fig. 4) The researchers hope that these data may help conservationists save the endangered ape, and also prove useful in further understanding of human genetic diseases.[15]
Bornean orangutans have 48 diploid chromosomes.[16]
Anatomy and physiology
An orangutan has a large, bulky body, a thick neck, very long, strong arms, short, bowed legs, and no tail. It is mostly covered with long reddish-brown hair and grey-black skin. Sumatran orangutans have the more sparse and lighter coloured coat.[17] The orangutan has a large head with a prominent mouth area. Though largely hairless, the face of orangutan can develop some hair in males, giving them a moustache.[18] Adult males have large cheek flaps[9]:14 that show their dominance to other males. The cheek flaps are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by the musculature of the face.[19] Mature males also have throat pouches that allows them to make loud calls.[9]:14 There is significant sexual dimorphism: females can grow to around 127 cm (4 ft 2 in) and weigh around 45.4 kg (100 lb) while flanged adult males can reach 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height and weigh over 118 kg (260 lb).[20] A male orangutans has an arm span of about 2 m (6.6 ft).[9]:14
Orangutan hands are similar to humans' hands; they have four long fingers and an opposable thumb. However, the joint and tendon arrangement in the orangutans' hands produces two adaptations that are significant for arboreal locomotion. The resting configuration of the fingers is curved, creating a suspensory hook grip.[21]:301 Additionally, without the use of the thumb, the fingers and hands can grip tightly around objects with a small diameter by resting the tops of the fingers against the inside of the palm, which creates a double-locked grip.[21]:301
Their feet have four long toes and an opposable big toe.[9]:15 Orangutans can grasp things with both their hands and their feet.[9]:14 Their fingers and toes are curved, allowing them to better grip onto branches. Orangutans have less restriction in the movements of their legs than humans since their hips joint have the same flexibility as their shoulder and arm joints.[9]:15 Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans are not true knuckle-walkers, and are instead fist-walkers.[22]
Ecology and behaviour
Orangutans live in primary and old secondary forests, particularly dipterocarp forests and peat swamp forests. Both species can be found in mountainous and lowland swampy areas. Sumatran orangutans live in elevations as high as 1500 m (4921 ft), while Bornean orangutans live no higher than 1000 m (3281 ft).[18] Other habitats used by orangutans include grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young secondary forest, and shallow lakes.[23] Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes, spending nearly all of their time in the trees. Most of the day is spent feeding, resting, and travelling. They start the day feeding for 2–3 hours in the morning. They rest during midday then travel in the late afternoon. When evening arrives, they begin to prepare their nests for the night.[18] Orangutans do not swim, although they have been recorded wading in water.[24]
The main predators of orangutans are tigers. Other predators include clouded leopards, wild dogs and crocodiles.[18] The absence of tigers on Borneo may explain why Bornean orangutans can be found on the ground more often than their Sumatran relatives.[25] Orangutans communicate with various sounds. Male will make long calls, both to attract females and advertise themselves to other males.[26] Both sexes will try to intimidate conspecifics with a series of low guttural noises known collectively as the "rolling call".[27] When annoyed, an orangutan will suck in air through pursed lips, which makes a kissing sound and is hence known as the "kiss squeak". Infants make soft hoots when distressed. Orangutans are also known to blow a raspberry.[27]
Orangutans are opportunistic foragers, and their diets vary markedly from month to month.[28] Fruit makes up 65–90% of the orangutan diet, and those with sugary or fatty pulp are favoured. Ficus fruits are commonly eaten and are easy to harvest and digest. Lowland dipterocarp forests are preferred by orangutans because of their plentiful fruit. Bornean orangutans consume at least 317 different food items that include young leaves, shoots, bark, insects, honey and bird eggs.[18][28]
A decade-long study of urine and faecal samples at the Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Project in West Kalimantan has shown that orangutans give birth during and after the high fruit season (though not every year), during which they consume various abundant fruits, totaling up to 11,000 calories per day. In the low fruit season they eat whatever fruit is available in addition to tree bark and leaves, with daily intake at only 2,000 calories. Together with a long lactation period, orangutans also have a long birth interval.[29]
Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the climber species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine.[30] It does not appear to have any effect on orangutans except for excessive saliva production.[31]
Geophagy, the practice of eating soil or rock, has been observed in orangutans. There are three main reasons for this dietary behaviour; for the addition of mineral nutrients to their diet; for the ingestion of clay minerals that can absorb toxic substances; or to treat a disorder such as diarrhoea.[32] Orangutans also use plants of the genus Commelina as an anti-inflammatory balm.[33]
Social life
Orangutans live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Adult males and independent adolescents of both sexes tend to live alone.[34] Orangutan societies are made up of resident and transient individuals of both sexes. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, who may be their immediate relatives. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within the home range of a resident male, who is their main mating partner.[35] Transient males and females move widely.[34] Orangutans usually travel alone, but they may travel in small groups in their sub-adult years. However this behaviour ends at adulthood. The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social. Interactions between adult females range from friendly, to avoidance to antagonistic. Resident males may have overlapping ranges and interactions between them tend to be hostile.[35]
During dispersal, females tend to settle in home ranges that overlap with their mothers. However, they do not seem to have any special social bonds with them.[36] Males disperse much farther from their mothers and enter into a transient phase. This phase lasts until a male can challenge and displace a dominant, resident male from his home range.[37] Adult males dominate sub-adult males.[38] Both resident and transient orangutans aggregate on large fruiting trees to feed. The fruits tend to be abundant, so competition is low and individuals may engage in social interactions.[35] Orangutans will also form traveling groups with members moving between different food sources.[37] These groups tend to be made of only a few individuals. They also tend to be consortships between an adult male and female.[35]
Orangutans build nests specialized for both day or night use. These are carefully constructed; young orangutans learn from observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. In fact, nest-building is a leading cause in young orangutans leaving their mother for the first time. From six months of age onwards, orangutans practice nest building and gain proficiency by the time they are three years old.[39]
Construction of a night nest is done by following a sequence of steps. Initially a suitable tree is located, orangutans being selective about sites even though many tree species are utilised. The foundation is then built by pulling together branches under them and joining them at a point. After the foundation has been built, the orangutan bends smaller, leafy branches onto the foundation; this serves the purpose of and is termed as the "mattress". After this orangutans stand and braid the tips of branches into the mattress. This increases the stability of the nest and forms the final act of nest building. In addition, orangutans may add additional features such as "pillows", "blankets", "roofs" and "bunk-beds" to their nest.[39]
Reproduction and parenting
Males mature at around 15 years of age, by which time they have fully descended testicles and can reproduce. However they exhibit arrested development by not developing the distinctive cheek pads, pronounced throat pouches, long fur or long-calls until they are between 15 and 20 years old.[35] The development of these characteristics depends largely on the absence of a resident male.[40] Males without them are known as unflanged males in contrast to the more developed flanged males. The transformation from unflanged to flanged can occur very quickly. Unflanged and flanged males have two different mating strategies. Flanged males attract oestrous females with their characteristic long calls.[26] Those calls may also suppress development in younger males.[37] Unflanged males wander widely in search of oestrous females and upon finding one, will force copulation on her. Both strategies are successful,[26] however females prefer to mate with flanged males and seek their company for protection against unflanged males.[38] Resident males may form consortships with females that can last days, weeks or months after copulation.[26]
Female orangutans experience their first ovulatory cycle around 5.8–11.1 years. These occur earlier in females with more body fat.[35] Like other great apes, female orangutans enter a period of infertility during adolescence which may last for 1–4 years.[35] Female orangutans also have a 22–30 day menstrual cycle. Gestation lasts for nine months with females giving birth to their first offspring between the ages of 14 and 15 years. Female orangutans have eight year intervals between births; the longest interbirth intervals among the great apes.[35] Unlike many other primates, male orangutans do not seem to practice infanticide. This may be because they cannot ensure that they will sire a female's next offspring because she does not immediately begin ovulating again after her infant dies.[41]
Male orangutans play almost no role in raising the young. Females do most of the caring and socializing of the young. A female often has an older offspring with her to help in socializing the infant.[42] Infant orangutans are completely dependent on their mothers for the first two years of their lives. The mother will carry the infant during traveling, as well as feed it and sleep with it in the same night nest.[35] For the first four months, the infant is carried on its belly and never relieves physical contact. In the following months, the time a infant spends with its mother decreases.[42] When an orangutan reaches the age of two, its climbing skills improve and will travel through the canopy holding hands with other orangutans, a behaviour known as "buddy travel".[42] Orangutans are juveniles for about two to five years of age and will start to temporarily move away from their mothers.[35] Juveniles are usually weaned at about four years of age. Adolescent orangutans will socialize with their peers while still having contact with their mothers.[35]
Typically, orangutans live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity.[9]:14
Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. Experiments suggest that they can figure out some invisible displacement problems with a representational strategy.[43] In addition, Zoo Atlanta has a touch screen computer where their two Sumatran orangutans play games. Scientists hope that the data they collect from this will help researchers learn about socializing patterns, such as whether they mimic others or learn behaviour from trial and error, and hope the data can point to new conservation strategies.[44] A 2008 study of two orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed that orangutans are the first non-human species documented to use 'calculated reciprocity' which involves weighing the costs and benefits of gift exchanges and keeping track of these over time.[45] Every evening orangutan makes a new nest only in 5 to 6 minutes. Orangutan chooses a big branch which can supports his/her body weight and small sub-branches as sleeping pad, orangutan knows about the material (strength) of branch. Orangutan has a great technology to build the nest.[46]
Tool use and culture
Tool use in orangutans was observed by primatologist Birutė Galdikas in ex-captive populations.[47] In addition, evidence of sophisticated tool manufacture and use in the wild was reported from a population of orangutans in Suaq Balimbing (Pongo abelii) in 1996.[48] These orangutans developed a tool kit for use in foraging that consisted of both insect-extraction tools for use in the hollows of trees and seed-extraction tools for harvesting seeds from hard-husked fruit. The orangutans adjusted their tools according to the nature of the task at hand and preference was given to oral tool use.[49] This preference was also found in an experimental study of captive orangutans (P. pygmaeus).[50]
Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing (P. abelii) were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans.[51][52] The scientists suggested that these differences are cultural. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing live in dense groups and are socially tolerant; this creates good conditions for social transmission.[51] Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of ex-captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo.[53]
Wild orangutans (P. pygmaeus wurmbii) in Tuanan, Borneo, were reported to use tools in acoustic communication.[54] They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds that they produce. Some have suggested that the apes employ this method of amplification in order to deceive the listener into believing that they are larger animals.[54]
In 2003, researchers from six different orangutan field sites who used the same behavioural coding scheme compared the behaviours of the animals from the different sites.[55] They found that the different orangutan populations behaved differently. The evidence suggested that the differences in behaviour were cultural: first, because the extent of the differences increased with distance, suggesting that cultural diffusion was occurring, and second, because the size of the orangutans' cultural repertoire increased according to the amount of social contact present within the group. Social contact facilitates cultural transmission.[55]
Possible lingustic capabilities
A two year study of orangutan symbolic capability was conducted from 1973 to 1975 by zoologist Gary L. Shapiro with Aazk, a juvenile female orangutan at the Fresno City Zoo (now Chaffee Zoo) in Fresno, California. The study employed the techniques of psychologist David Premack who used plastic tokens to teach linguistic skills to the chimpanzee, Sarah.[56] Shapiro continued to examine the linguistic and learning abilities of ex-captive orangutans in Tanjung Puting National Park, in Indonesian Borneo, between 1978 and 1980. During that time, Shapiro instructed ex-captive orangutans in the acquisition and use of signs following the techniques of psychologists R. Allen Gardner and Beatrix Gardner who taught the chimpanzee, Washoe, in the late-1960s. In the only signing study ever conducted in a great ape's natural environment, Shapiro home-reared Princess, a juvenile female who learned nearly 40 signs (according to the criteria of sign acquisition used by psychologist Francine Patterson with Koko, the gorilla) and trained Rinnie, a free-ranging adult female orangutan who learned nearly 30 signs over a two year period.[57] For his dissertation study, Shapiro examined the factors influencing sign learning by four juvenile orangutans over a 15-month period.[58]
Orangutans and humans
Orangutans were known to the native people of Sumatra and Borneo for millennia. While some communities hunted them for food and decoration, others placed taboos on such practices.[9]:66 In central Borneo, some traditional folk beliefs consider it bad luck to look in the face of an orangutan. Some folk tales involve orangutans mating with and kidnapping humans.[9]:68 There are even stories of hunters being seduced by female orangutans.[9]:71 Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan possibly as early as the 17th century.[9]:68 European explorers in Borneo hunted orangutans extensively during the 19th century.[9]:65 The first accurate description of orangutans was given by Dutch anatomist Petrus Camper, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens.[9]:64 However, little was known about orangutans until the field studies of Birutė Galdikas,[59] who became a leading authority on the apes.[60]
When she arrived in Borneo, Galdikas settled into a primitive bark and thatch hut, at a site she dubbed Camp Leakey, near the edge of the Java Sea.[60] Despite numerous hardships, she remained there for over 30 years and became an outspoken advocate for orangutans and the preservation of their rainforest habitat, which is rapidly being devastated by loggers, palm oil plantations, gold miners, and unnatural forest fires. Galdikas's conservation efforts have extended well beyond advocacy, largely focusing on rehabilitation of the many orphaned orangutans turned over to her for care.[60] Galdikas is considered to be one of Leakey's Angels, along with Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey.[61]
Male orangutans have been reported to display sexual attraction to human women to the point of rape. The cook of noted primatologist Birutė Galdikas was raped by an orangutan.[62] According to reporter Carole Jahme, rape "was almost the fate of Julia Roberts" when she was seized by a male orangutan before being freed by the film crew.[63]
Conservation status
The Sumatran species is critically endangered[64] and the Bornean species of orangutan is endangered[65] according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and both are listed on Appendix I of CITES.[64][65] The Bornean orangutan population declined by 50% in the past 60 years. Its range has become patchy throughout Borneo: being largely extirpated form various parts of the island, including the south-east.[65] The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the Sabangau River, but this environment is at risk.[66] Sumatran orangutan populations declined by 80% in 75 years.[64] This species is now found only in the northern part of Sumatra, with most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem.[64] In late March 2012 it was reported that some of the last Sumatran orangutans in northern Sumatra were threatened with approaching forest fires and might be wiped out entirely within a matter of weeks.[67]
Estimates between 2000 and 2003 found that 7,300 Sumatran orangutans[64] and between 45,000 and 69,000 Bornean orangutans[65] remain in the wild. A 2007 study by the Government of Indonesia noted in 2004 it was estimated that there was a total wild population of 61,234 orangutans, 54,567 of which were found on the island of Borneo. The table below shows a breakdown of the species and subspecies and their estimated populations from the report:[68]
|Pongo abelii
|Sumatran orangutan
|Pongo pygmaeus
|Bornean orangutan
|P. p. morio
|Northeast Bornean orangutan
|P. p. morio
|Northeast Bornean orangutan
|East Kalimantan
|P. p. wurmbii
|Central Bornean orangutan
|Central Kalimantan
|P. p. pygmaeus
|Northwest Bornean orangutan
|West Kalimantan and Sarawak
During the early 2000s, orangutan habitat has decreased rapidly due to logging and forest fires, as well as fragmentation by roads.[64][65] A major factor in that period of time has been the conversion of vast areas of tropical forest to oil palm plantations in response to international demand. Palm oil is used for cooking, cosmetics, mechanics, and biodiesel.[65] There is also a major problem with hunting[64][65] and the illegal pet trade.[64][65] Orangutans may be killed for the bushmeat trade, crop protection or for use for traditional medicine. Orangutan bones are secretly traded in souvenir shops in several cities in Kalimantan, Indonesia.[69] Mother orangutans are killed so their infants can be sold as pets, and many of these infants die without the help of their mother.[70] Since 2004, several pet orangutans were confiscated by local authorities and sent to rehabilitation centres.[65]
Conservation centres and organisations
A number of organisations are working for the rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction of orangutans. The largest of these is the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, founded by conservationist Willie Smits. It is audited by a multinational auditor company[71] and operates a number of large projects, such as the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Program founded by conservationist Lone Drøscher Nielsen.[72][73]
Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park and Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, Kutai in East Kalimantan, Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, and Bukit Lawang in the Gunung Leuser National Park on the border of Aceh and North Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre in Sarawak and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary near Sandakan in Sabah.[74] Major conservation centres that are headquartered outside of the orangutan's home countries; include Orangutan Foundation International, which was founded by Birutė Galdikas,[75] and the Australian Orangutan Project.[76]
Conservation organisations such as Orangutan Land Trust work with the palm oil industry to improve sustainability and encourages the industry to establish conservation areas for orangutans.[77] It works to bring different stakeholders together to achieve conservation of the species and its habitat.[78]
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Fall 2012 NewsBrief
Warner Baxter named CEO of the Year by the American Cancer Society
Seeing loved ones battle cancer spurred Ameren Missouri's CEO to join the fight against the disease.
Good Works Are Good Business - Jason Saul
In the new social capital market, corporations drive social change to win business, customers, and influence in their industries.
Save the Date - 2013 CEOs Against Cancer National Meeting
The next American Cancer Society CEOs Against Cancer National Meeting will be held June 11-12, 2013, in Denver, Colorado.
Past NewsBriefs
Winter 2012 NewsBrief
Spring 2012 NewsBrief
Summer 2012 NewsBrief

subset: commoncrawl


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (480 votes).
In short: Very well organised and super fast courseIn full: I was worried that the faffing about to get buses to the start would be annoying but it wasn't - like everything about the day is was very efficiently organised and ran like clockwork.Water stations were frequent - every 3 miles or so - which was great.The first 10 miles are basically downhill (net 1,000 feet or so) which gives this real PB potential.And the t-shirt is really nice.Date of review: October 1, 2012
In short: So well organised, the runners were treated like royalty.In full: Great organisation.Really lovely volunteers.Lots of water and gel stops. Great atmosphere. Simply fabulous.Date of review: October 1, 2012
In short: Great but harder than I expected!In full: Having had a bit of time to think about it all the the comments about the lovely scenery are true, well worth the trip. My one and only complaint was the bus transfer to the start line which was both a long slow journey and late, my top tip is this, get on the last bus at the pick up point at bught park, you might think this strange but the road to the start is narrow and as a result the convoy of coaches park in single file along this narrow stretch of road with the first coach to depart ending up as far as possible from the start line and the few toilets while the last to depart is practically on the start line! also because the road is narrow when everyone bails out of the coaches it is incredibly crowded and difficult to get to the loos in any sort of time before the race starts, that really is my only complaint. As far as the run itself goes I checked out the elevation chart before booking this and thought to myself fantastic, it's all downhill, I am now painfully aware that the best part of 12 miles downhill knackered my knees to the extend that I thought i would not be able to finish, add to that a couple of really hard hills and I was good for nothing, having said all that I now find that when I think of the Marathons I have done this has taken a close second place for me behind the VLM as a memorable race, would I do it again! maybe if my knees were better.Date of review: November 26, 2011
In short: Well organised, scenic route and great goodies.Date of review: November 11, 2011
In short: Great crowd, great outdoors, great experience! My first ever marathon,Date of review: November 11, 2011
In short: Fab scenery, loved the atmosphere and pleased I chose it for my first marathonIn full: I've got to say that after reading all the previous reviews I approached this with some trepidation regarding the killer hills. But I put a fair amount of effort into hill training and was pleasantly surprised to find that I'd probably overtrained - so work on them, but don't let them put you off!The organisation was on the whole excellent, but I've got to say the late departure of the coaches from Inverness and the one hour plus journey to then be dropped off at the same time as the other 30 or so coaches......a recipe for carnage at the portaloos before the start.Due to the location, the support was very sparse, but was made up for by the enthusiasm of those who did show up. You can't expect to run in glorious scenery and have the route lined with people.The post-race reception was fantastic - the best bowl of soup I've ever had and proper, hot food for all runners. Loved the t-shirt and medal and felt very well looked after.Loch Ness has set the standard - it was my first marathon and it's certainly wet my appetite for more. Well done to all involved!Date of review: November 9, 2011
In short: My first marathon and what an absolutely fantastic experience !!!!!!In full: I wanted to complete at least one marathon in my lifetime and I wanted it to be an iconic and unique experience, Loch Ness certainly didn't disappoint. Despite training and enjoying a good plod, I don't really consider myself a real runner so continuing to run almost to the 17-mile point surpassed my expectations. I felt really well looked after, pre and post event and out on the course. The views on the vast majority of the route are simply outstanding and the mist and hail during the beginning of the run just added to the sense of occasion.I can't deny this was the hardest challenge I have ever completed in my life but it was also one of the most rewarding. Apart from the bus ride, (which was horrendously long with no loo provision) I loved, loved, loved the rest of the event. That feeling, running in through Inverness to the finish line, is simply indescribable. Part of me feels sad that it's now all over; Loch Ness Marathon was my goal for almost a year.A massive thank you to every single marshal and supporter out on the course.Date of review: November 3, 2011
In short: best road marathon the uk has!Date of review: October 22, 2011
In short: Love it! Love it! Love it!In full: 4th time I have done this one and its well worth the journey from London to Inverness. Brilliant organisation. Brilliant scenery. Love it!Date of review: October 22, 2011
In short: Amazing race, excellent organisation, beautiful scenery, but very lonely courseIn full: This was my first marathon, I had only run half marathons before (PB of 1:52 this year).The organisation really impressed me. A whole fleet of buses to take us to a surreal start in the mist up on the moorland. Beautiful medal. Some post-race food. Ample drinks stations and Lucozade orange was a good choice. Timing device in the race number which I prefer over a chip attached to the shoe as I'm always terrified of that falling off.I was expecting a hilly course, but I wasn't expecting it to be as hilly as this. The first 9 miles are downhill but there are a couple of sharp uphills thrown in there as well. The "flat" miles 9-17 along the lochside are in reality a little undulating. Miles 18-20ish killer uphills - more than one. The hardest thing about this race though, for me, was the loneliness aspect. Running beside Loch Ness is fantastic, I like the quietness of it at times, but until the village of Dores at mile 17/18 where the whole village is out in force, support is limited to the occasional person who has come out of a house to clap for runners. That support was really welcome and the long lochside miles without that were psychologically very hard for me. It's not until mile 24 that you come into Inverness and civilisation, and support.Overall, this is a really great race and I would do it again, but it's hard. I'd imagine there are easier first marathons out there.Date of review: October 20, 2011
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This delicious roasted cauliflower recipe is Low-Carb, Gluten-Free, Paleo, and also Vegan, so hopefully it will work for a lot of people. And of course this is my Meatless Monday suggestion for this week. You can find lots more Vegetarian Recipes and Vegan Recipes in the recipes-by-photo index pages. If you're a Meatless Monday fan who likes finding recipes on Pinterest you might want to take a look at my Meatless Monday Pinterest Board, which has thousands of meatless main dish and side dish recipes from great bloggers all around the web.
(Roasted Cauliflower Slices with Red Pepper, Capers, and Lemon was first posted in 2010; updated for Meatless Monday April 2015. My friend Dlyn also posted Roasted Cauliflower with Kalamata Vinaigrette as a farewell post to Gourmet Magazine back in 2010.)
(Makes about 4 servings, recipe adapted from a recipe by Melissa Roberts for Gourmet Magazine.)
1 medium head cauliflower
2 T olive oil
salt and fresh ground black pepper to taste
Vinaigrette Ingredients:
1/2 tsp. minced garlic
pinch sea salt
3 T fresh-squeezed lemon juice
3 T extra-virgin olive oil
1/4 cup finely chopped Kalamata olives or black olives, optional
1 red bell pepper, chopped small
1 T capers
Drizzle both sides of cauliflower with olive oil and season with salt and fresh ground black pepper. (I used a generous amount of pepper, but not too much salt.) Start cauliflower roasting while you make the vinaigrette, and let it roast 15 minutes without turning.
While cauliflower roasts, mash garlic and sea salt in a mortar and pestle (or use a fork and a bowl), then rinse the garlic and salt mixture into a bowl with the lemon juice. Stir in the olive oil, whisking until the dressing is emulsified. Stir in chopped red peppers, and capers (and olives if using) and let the vinaigrette ingredients blend while cauliflower continues cooking.
After about 15 minutes, carefully turn cauliflower pieces with a large turner. Put back in oven and roast 10-15 minutes more, or until cauliflower is slightly crisp and nicely browned, and done to your liking. Serve hot, with the garlicky dressing mixture drizzled over cauliflower.
South Beach/Low-Carb Suggestions:
Find More Recipes Like This One:
Nutritional Information?
More Roasted Cauliflower Ideas for Cauliflower Fans:
(Recipes from other blogs may not always be South Beach Diet friendly; check ingredients.)
Roasted Cauliflower with Lemon, Curry, and Cumin ~ Kalyn's Kitchen
Roasted Cauliflower Recipe Round-up ~ The Kitchn
Roasted Cauliflower with Red Bell Pepper, Green Olives, and Pine Nuts ~ Kalyn's Kitchen
Spicy Cajun Roasted Cauliflower ~ Sarah's Cucina Bella
Roasted Cauliflower Salad with Feta, Capers, Red Bell Pepper, and Green Onion ~ Kalyn's Kitchen
Roasted Cauliflower with Sumac ~ Give Recipe
(Want even more recipes? I find these recipes from other blogs using Food Blog Search.)


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Bernardino draws fire over Eiopa's need for speed
Gabriel Bernardino, chairman of Europe's pensions and insurance regulator, did not have much time to watch the Olympics this summer. But he did catch Usain Bolt's blistering performances on the track: "Fabulous!"
Pension fund organisations across Europe have been slightly less impressed by the speed with which Bernardino's organisation, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, has required them to move in recent months.
In August, the UK's National Association of Pension Funds said it was "astonishing" that Eiopa had given them just six weeks, between the middle of June and the end of July, to react to the latest stage of public consultation on its new funding standards for pension schemes.
The next step in that process is now under way, a "quantitative impact study" into how the proposed new rules would affect pension schemes in practice.
Eiopa wants to complete the study by mid-December, so it can present its conclusions back to the European Commission. Bernardino said the UK's pension funds should participate in the process. He said: "Now is the time for the pension funds in all the countries to come to the table and present their numbers. It will be on a best-efforts basis. It will not be precise, but we need to have a feeling for the consequences, in order to have a sound political debate afterwards."
Controversial plans
However, Eiopa's proposals remain highly controversial because they use Solvency II, the EU's regulations for the insurance sector, as a "starting point".
In June, UK pensions minister Steve Webb called the proposals "unbelievable" and "pointless" and, in August, the Dutch pensions minister Henk Kamp summed up the reaction in his country. He said: "Why should Europe tell us how to run our business?"
At the NAPF's annual conference last month, Tom Merchant, chief executive of the £34bn Universities Superannuation Scheme, told delegates that participating in the impact study was a "complex and time-consuming process" and that USS was concerned that doing so "gives support and credence" to proposals with which it fundamentally disagrees.
The NAPF has warned the new approach could add £330bn to UK pension liabilities – an increase of 27.5% on the current £1.2 trillion – and believes the speed of the process is being driven by political imperatives, namely "The European Commission's objective of delivering a draft directive by summer 2013".
Bernardino defended the timescale, saying six weeks was "sufficient" given the amount of material Eiopa has already published. It first proposed its new standards in February, including the concept known as the holistic balance sheet. This would value and take into account the support that pension funds get from their parent companies as well as industry "insurance" funds such as the UK's Pension Protection Fund in any assessment of overall solvency.
Eiopa said it would run a "quantitative impact study" on this idea, and in June asked the industry for its feedback on how this study should be designed. It was this that led to the NAPF's "astonishment" that replies were called for by the end of July.
Bernardino said the negative reactions had surprised him, as the industry had "strongly supported" the impact study. He added: "It's not up to Eiopa to define the timings of the policy agenda. We need to understand where we are. We are discussing the process for a level-one directive – a principles-based directive."
The EU's regulatory process calls for the drafting of "framework" principles first, and detailed implementing measures – known as a level-two directive – later. Bernardino said the regulator "stands ready" for a long process in which there will be further assessments of the plans' impact over the years ahead.
'This didn't come from us'
A key worry for the industry is how the holistic balance sheet will be put to use – whether it will be merely a theoretical number that pension funds have to report or whether companies have to stump up hundreds of billions extra to fund against it.
Bernardino said this would not be his decision: "It will be up to the political institutions" – meaning the European Commission, European Parliament and European Council, where heads of government meet.
But he is clear that Eiopa does not envisage it being used as a funding standard, at least, not straight away. Bernardino said: "There is an opinion that we will implement this and then all the [company] sponsors will need to raise funding to have the adequacy of capital. I don't know where it comes from. This is really wrong. This didn't come from us."
But he added: "First we have to work out the methodology in a harmonised way, in order to have a better idea of the situation. Then of course there will be a supervisory framework on things like the length of time that people have to meet their liabilities [recovery periods] and any kind of transitional measures. And we need to look at proportionality arrangements for small pension funds."
Bernardino is adamant that transparency of funding is better than opacity, and said this is especially true during a time of financial crisis in Europe: "We don't understand why people do not even want to do a calculation."
However, in some European countries, pension funds and their supervisors seem to be retreating from strict mark-to-market rules. In recent months, authorities in the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark have allowed schemes to relax measures, such as their discount rates, to compensate for the fact that the crisis, together with central bank responses such as quantitative easing, have made pension liabilities appear much larger than usual.
Bernardino said the holistic balance sheet can accommodate this kind of flexibility: "When you talk about what the Netherlands authorities are doing, they are applying discount rates based on the concept of extrapolation and the ultimate forward rate. This is the same concept that we use in Solvency II and which we are going to test in the impact study for pension funds."
'Market consistent' system
Bernardino said Eiopa's proposals were for a "market consistent" regime – not for one that "blindly follows the markets".
He added: "The discount rates are not purely market-based; they are adapted to the specific circumstances of pension funds. And we recognise also that pension funds are different from insurers. There is social dialogue between sponsors, trade unions and employees. We think this dialogue will increase in terms of transparency. It will be clear who is bearing the risk and how much risk there is in there."
• 'Reality-based measures' – a work in progress
One of Gabriel Bernardino's passions is movies: classics from the 1940s to the 1960s. But pension funds can't count on any happy-ever-after endings. Bernardino stresses the importance of prudence and of honest assessments of solvency: "It is relevant to use reality-based measures."
Yet one of the accusations against Eiopa's holistic balance sheet framework is that some of the numbers in it do not describe reality. The National Association of Pension Funds has pointed out that, for example, it assumes the default risk of EU sovereign bonds is zero.
Bernardino said: "In the technical specifications for the impact study, we have assumed the same treatment for sovereign bonds as in Solvency II. Their valuation is made at market value, and a zero-default risk is assumed. This means pension funds do not have to reserve capital to cover the possibility of governments defaulting on their debts.
"This is the basis of all financial system regulation in Europe. Of course, it's fair to say that the perception of sovereign risk has changed in recent years. In my opinion, I have said that for the insurance sector, it makes sense to study the new realities in terms of sovereigns. But any changes need to be made really carefully. Otherwise, they could have pro-cyclical effects."
He argues that any change in this assumption should be carefully assessed, and definitely not implemented in a crisis period. "It would encourage pro-cyclical effects of downgrades, sell-offs of bonds and higher interest rates. In the short term, we already have so many challenges. Let's not add to them," he said.
--Additional reporting by Sophie Baker


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About the Author: Sean McCormack serves as Department Spokesman and Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs.
We just landed in Rabat, Morocco -- having worked in four cities in one day. (I was talking to a journalist on the plane ride about our two consecutive days of three stops each day, when he pointed out we had, in fact, made a four country swing today.) We left Tripoli just before 2 a.m. on our way to Tunisia for a little sleep and meetings in the morning. Next stop was Algiers, Algeria, for an afternoon of meetings and an Iftar dinner with President Bouteflika. Rabat, where we landed just before 10 p.m., promised more meetings and another Iftar dinner. Accounting for the two-hour time difference between here and Tripoli, that makes a four-stop day.
A couple more things from Tripoli: first, Secretary Rice and Col. Qadhafi continued their meeting with interpreters and note takers present for more than an hour. Just as that meeting was winding down, he invited her to the family's kitchen for dinner. Staff quickly left and entered, creating an atmosphere that sounded something like a busy restaurant kitchen around eight o'clock on a Friday night. Eventually, the Secretary made it back to the hotel for a midnight press conference with the foreign minister and two television interviews: CNN and CNBC (transcript forthcoming). After a drive out to the airport we were "wheels up" just before 2 a.m.
Second, on arrival to Tripoli, we landed at Mitiga Airport, which in a previous incarnation was known as Wheelus Air Base. If you've ever been on an Air Force base with buildings constructed in the 1950's or '60's, you could easily recognize the rows of multi-story enlisted and officer billeting that lined the road out of the airport. I had read about the fact we once had a base in Libya, but I was surprised to find myself landing at it and driving through it. Later, as we pulled up to the blue and white C-32 jet (the Air Force's version of the Boeing 757) with the stars and stripes on the tail sitting at the former Wheelus Air Base in Tripoli, Libya, I thought that now I understood the meaning of "the new normal," even if it was going to take me a while to get used to it.
SNP in Syria writes:
Ezekiel 30:5
Cush (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Put (part of Libya), Lydia (southwestern Turkey) and all Arabia, Libya and the people of the covenant land will fall by the sword along with Egypt.
Daniel 11:43
He (NWO leader, the mark of the beast) will gain control of the treasures of gold and silver and all the riches of Egypt, with the Libyans and Nubians in submission.
SNP said: Lets keep rolling with the plan kiddos, one can see the light at the end of the tunnel.
John in Greece writes:
Forget your illusions and delusions, quit your cheap irony and conspiracies and fortunately take the trip to making things better, as Sean so wonderfully describes it, but also MAKES it shine. Because he cares.
This is real life. This is real diplomacy. This is THE real light.
Nevertheless, I know, you prefer the dark side of life? A half moon??
Excuse us for offering only LIGHT!
Eric in New Mexico writes:
On a lighter note, and this is probably one for the office of the historian, but is anyone at State keeping track of how many "frequent flier" miles the secretary has racked up so far?
Keep this up and I suspect the traveling press is going be suffering from permanent jet lag....(chuckle).
How do you all cope with this effect Sean?
SNP in Syria writes:
@ John
What light you talking about, what is so spiritual for you here, the smell of oil or cash, this is about dark black oil and black money, not light. But why get astonished that Kaddafi can be partner for U.S., they did business with much worse rulers.
Have you considered the fate of the millions he rules oppressively according to his mentally retarded daily whim and his Green Book. Of course not, they are just worthless humans that have and live in the dark side. You just focus on the light side, Light Crude that is.
John in Greece writes:
I suspect that when you feel the American diplomatic presence in the "area" you get sick. What can I do? Get used to this. It's coming even closer and that's good for the World.
I did not say that Libya became a Democratic Paradise in just one day. On the contrary, me, Eric and others in the Blog suggested that many efforts and actions will be necessary in this future progress. However, it's a fine start.
@ Eric in New Mexico
That's exactly what I was also meant Eric. The whole SD team is a "dream team". I was also wondering how much difficult is for them to follow such a difficult travel program.
Eric in New Mexico writes:
(chuckle) John, as far as a "dream team" goes, I strongly suspect that more than a few of our top diplomats consider their "dream team" to be the current batting order of the Boston Red Sox.
Perhaps an executive order designating the Dept. of State as an official sponsor of the World Series is in order.
It would be fitting I think.


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Denny Warta is exactly right. Why should New Ulm have an outdoor water park?
We used to have two outdoor swimming pools in German park. But the wise old Germans on the City Council decided to bulldoze it all. They replaced it with flowers and picnic tables and signs that kept kids with skateboards and bicycles out of the park. It's a good thing they put those signs up because when you drive by German Park on any warm summer day, you'll find the park full of tourists eating sauerkraut and dumplings.
Warta is right. Leave New Ulm and drive your kids to a nearby town that has a water park. Have you seen the fantastic new outdoor water park in Gaylord? I suggest taking your family there next summer and drop the kids off at the park. Meanwhile, Mom can go shopping in all of the stores in downtown Gaylord, and Dad can go have a cold one at the local watering hole. When you pick the kids up at the end of the day, take them out for a meal at the local restaurant. And don't forget to fill up with gas there before heading back to New Ulm.
Jamie Milbrett
New Ulm


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To kill or not to kill?
Recently, it seems people on both sides of the pond have horse slaughter on the brain. In Europe, the discovery of horsemeat in Ikea's purportedly all-beef meatballs has countries pointing fingers at each other, trying pin the blame for mislabeled meat on someone else. Ultimately, the issue seems to boil down to different degrees of acceptance of eating horses.
Here in the United States, the question is not "to eat or not to eat," but rather, "to kill or not to kill." Horse slaughter has been essentially illegal since 2006, when Congress shut down all slaughterhouses that produced horsemeat for human consumption by blocking spending for federal inspection. The last plant closed a year later. But that federal ban lapsed in 2011. Now, as the U.S. Department of Agriculture processes an application for the country's first horse slaughterhouse in New Mexico, four federal lawmakers have introduced a bill that would once again ban killing horses for human consumption. It would also prevent would-be sellers from carting horses to slaughterhouses across the border.
Valley Meat Company of Roswell, N.M., put in the application for a horsemeat inspector soon after the ban was lifted. But the USDA stalled, and eventually the company sued, forcing the agency to pick up the pace. The project appears likely to be approved, although recent revelations that the plant disposed of cattle carcasses incorrectly could throw a wrench in the process.
Even though most of Valley Meat's horsemeat would be exported to places like Mexico, Russia, China and, yes, Europe, the idea of someone, somewhere, eating horses that have been killed in the U.S. for that explicit purpose is unsettling to many Americans. The anti-horse-slaughter law, called the Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act, appears to be a response to both the European scandal and the proposed New Mexico slaughterhouse; horse and animal rights activists around the country have embraced it.
The reasons for opposing horse slaughter vary, but "the practice of horse slaughter for human consumption is revolting to me as a horse owner, (and) as a consumer," bill co-sponsor Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., told E&E News (subscription required). Landrieu also questioned the human health risks of eating horses, some of them retired race horses that had been treated with drugs and other chemicals.
Others argue that slaughtering horses is simply inhumane. "The methods used to kill horses rarely result in quick, painless deaths," The Humane Society of the United States told The L.A. Times. "Horses often endure repeated stuns or blows and sometimes remain conscious during their slaughter and dismemberment."
And still others see horses — in particular wild horses — as symbols of the American spirit that simply don't belong on anyone's plate. "What happened to the pride we once had, back when we saw wild horses as living symbols of our national heritage?" Mae Lee Sun wrote in High Country News.
But not killing horses has consequences, too. A 2011 Government Accountability Office report found that the domestic horse slaughter ban unintentionally harmed horses by shifting slaughter over the border to Canada and Mexico, where they are not overseen by USDA inspectors. According to The Wall Street Journal, about 170,000 horses were sent to slaughter in those countries last year.
Other advocates of horse slaughter, like Valley Meat Company owner Rick de los Santos, say horse slaughterhouses are job creators and prevent business from being lost to Mexico. "I've seen 130,000 horses a year on their way to Mexico — they go right through our backyard — and I wanted to tap into the market," he told The L.A. Times. "I could have hired 100 people by now. Everyone in our community agrees we need this type of service. And I'm tired of waiting."
Santos also says he frequently hears from ranchers who have too many horses on their hands -- some of which they can no longer afford to feed -- but nowhere to send them.
The Bureau of Land Management, which spends over $75 million a year managing wild horses and burros, has the same problem. The agency has been reluctant to (knowingly) sell horses to slaughter, despite it now being legal, and as a result, the agency has accumulated thousands of horses rounded up from the range in long-term holding pens with no good place to put them. There are now more wild horses in captivity than in the wild. (Read more about the BLM's wild horse problem in reporter Dave Phillips' HCN cover story "Nowhere to Run," or Lynn Bama's story "Wild Horses: do they belong in the West?")
The USDA is urging Congress to reinstate the horse slaughter ban, but says it will have no choice but to provide horsemeat inspectors if that doesn't happen. Sequestration has already made things difficult for the agency, which will furlough meat inspectors to cut costs. Sen. Landrieu worries that the agency doesn't have enough money to start a horsemeat inspection program.
In addition to the Roswell, N.M., slaughterhouse, the agency has received several other applications for horsemeat inspectors in Wyoming, Missouri and Oklahoma, so the debate is likely to continue. Ultimately it comes down to perception: "Many of us look at horses as livestock. Others see the horse as a large dog," Chris Whitney, then-president of the Colorado Unwanted Horse Alliance, told HCN in 2008. "It's tough to meld the approaches and points of view."
Emily Guerin is the assistant online editor at High Country News.
Photo courtesy Flickr user Ro Irving
their ranch horses, and selling their loyal 'workers' to kill buyers/slaughter is all their little brains can conceive? I don't think so.
Just to be clear, the only taxpayer-funded part of the proposed horse slaughterhouse in New Mexico would be the USDA inspector, the same as for any other slaughterhouse.
Emily Guerin
Assistant Online Editor, HCN
― Abraham Lincoln
It's not quite as simple as just "leaving the mustangs alone," as you say. There are a whole host of ecological problems that could result from unchecked wild horse and burros populations in the American West. You might find our recent cover story on the BLM's wild horse problem to be of interest. Here's the link: http://www.hcn.org/issues/4[…]ests-bitter-wild-horse-wars
Thanks for your comment,
Emily Guerin
Assistant Online Editor, HCN
How uniformly do we treat different animals?
There are animals raised to be food for people, animals raised as pets, animals raised as work animals.
There are animals in the wild killed for food, animals in the wild killed for sport.
There are animals people routinely eat. This varies by country, and by religion. Maybe I eat a type of meat that another person's religion forbids. Should they prevent me from eating it? When can other people decide which animals I eat? Or, when can other people decide how I use animals? Through the years there have been many instances of inhumane treatment of animals. People have gotten upset about this, and generally the result is rules for improved treatment of animals. But aside from avoiding inhumane treatment, what guidelines do we have that say cattle are raised to be hamburgers and leather jackets, but this is not allowed with horses? Elk in the wild are hunted, but this is not allowed with horses. What is the debate with horses? Eating horse meat? Humane killing? The symbolism of wild horses? There are many issues that can be discussed here. But I ask, how do we decide to treat some animals differently than others?
3 Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.
4 These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,
5 The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.
6 And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.
7 Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you.
8 And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.
Jobs are needed, but not animal cruelty, not slaughter houses! Farmers and gardners and fruit trees are needed, not more dead meat!
"8 And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: as is it's most devine bacon, ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase."
I am disappointed at how ridiculous this situation has become. 75 million dollars a year? How much was spend on the american bison last year... or any other native animal? I can tell you, as I am a biologist, a pittance. My priorities lye with native wildlife. Go take a hike in a wild horse area, you will find that they are beat. Horses are real hard on the landscape. It is a question of physiology, horses browse different.
I think a life in a crowded pin with thousands and thousands of other horses is inhumane. They damn sure don't belong in the wild areas... So, lets eat them.
I'm sick of our tax dollars going to house and feed these "wild" horse in captivity.
I'm sick and tired of the actual wild ones turning out public range land into ecological deserts.
Many historical accounts allude to the Native American fondness for horse meat. The meat even more valued to them was mule. I can't imagine that their belief system would allow them to waste such a valuable food source.Our culture currently can afford to, as we produce plenty of corn and all the wonderful by products that end up in almost everything we eat.
I assume that some will argue with some of my five fact points.Most will find common ground and a place to start a dialogue from which to work on the problems of humane treatment both during life and at the time of death for these noble creatures. The notion that because you don't want to eat horse has no bearing on what goes on my table.My Jewish friends have never suggested that I not serve pork because they don't eat it.You cannot dictate that others agree with your likes or dislikes. Much of your arguments approach that level if you will sit back and examine your diatribes.
Over half of my 60 yrs. have been spent in service to, or close partnership with horses. As a full time journeyman farrier I witnessed the best and the worst of the relation between horses and humans. I assure you that there are much worse fates than ending up as a main course. Please rethink some of your positions and seperate your emotions from facts easily accessable.


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Not recommended. 29,000 and almost worn down to wear bars. Not much grip on dry pavement, even less on wet roads. Overall, a terrible tire from Michelin.
made this review on 8/13/2016 and is a
Confident, Experienced Driver
Tread wear at 25000 miles requiring replacement.
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Vehicle: 2013 Lincoln MKZ 4 Dr Sedan Base with 41190 KM of Tire Wear
made this review on 7/15/2016 and is a
Confident, Experienced Driver
I've been a life long Michelin fan. Have replaced OEM tires on every vehicle ever owned - sedan, pickup, SUV, sports car, station wagon - with Michelins. Even though they cost more than other tires, they also tend to provide more value overall. Always have been very pleased with them, until now. These MXM4s have been a HUGE disappointment. Replaced OEM's on a '11 Chevy Malibu. Performance has been poor, especially in wet conditions, and wear is horrible. Just over two years old, barely got 26K miles on them and they are bald, cracking and worn out. I got double the life out of the OEMs! Sorely disappointed, especially for what these cost. Would never buy these again!
made this review on 6/30/2016 and is a
Confident, Experienced Driver
This tire is to replace the Goodyear coming with the car. Light years more comfortable and quieter. Now the ride is more bearable than before. I would say the ride is closer to non run flat (I know as I once replaced my old Cooper S with non run flat which improve both noise and ride).
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made this review on 1/26/2016 and is a
Confident, Experienced Driver
I have used Michelin tires on my 2004 MB 320 since I purchased the car new. They have historically performed well until now. Michelin HX MXM4 Pilots were installed in late 2014. These are the worst tires that I have ever owned. There is almost no grip on wet pavement. I have varied the tire pressure and found that the tires perform best at 32-33psi. At 35psi, there is very little grip, even on dry pavement. and at 29psi there is no grip on wet asphalt. At the current pressure setting of 33psi, hydroplaning begins at 45mph and at 60mph controlling the car takes skill. I-75 asphalt crack repairs pose a serious problem when wet. As soon as a tire contacts the asphalt the car violently kicks to the side. I have to remove my foot from the accelerator in order to cross a repair strip while changing lanes. I have had the wheel alignment checked twice by two MB dealers. There is definitely something wrong with these tires. The dealer has refused to replace them even though the mechanic experienced the problem. These will be the last Michelin's that I ever buy. The problem is a serious safety issue and Michelin should have recalled them.
Size: 225/55R16
made this review on 1/21/2016 and is a
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