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Seattle Seahawks Autographed Memorabilia and Collectibles
Since becoming the only NFL franchise in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. in 1976, the Seattle Seahawks have established deep roots in the area and have gathered a vast number of dedicated fans. The Seahawks entered the league in 1976 as an expansion franchise, and though considered as a young NFL franchise, the team has experienced an incredible amount of success. The Seahawks' fan base is one of the loudest in the NFL, and on two separate occasions in 2013, fans at CenturyLink Field have set a Guinness World Record for loudest crowd noise at a sporting event. Because the Seahawks are the reigning NFL Champions, their memorabilia has reached an all-time high in value. All Seattle Seahawks products retain value and the time to invest is now while the team is atop the NFL.
In 38 years of football, the Seahawks have won eight division titles, three conference titles and, most recently, a Super Bowl title. In 1976, the Seahawks traded a late-round draft pick to the Houston Oilers for Steve Largent, a wide receiver who was eventually voted into the Hall of Fame for his play in Seattle. Behind the play of Largent, Seattle earned its first winning season in franchise history in 1978 when the team went 9-7. Largent had an illustrious career with the Seahawks as he caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns in 14 years. When he retired in 1989, Largent held almost all the notable NFL receiving records, including: career receptions, career receiving yards and career touchdown receptions.
In 1983, Seattle made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. Once in the postseason, the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos and the Miami Dolphins on their way to the AFC Championship game, where they lost to Super Bowl XVIII champion the Los Angeles Raiders. The 1983 season was highlighted by the breakthrough play of rookie running back Curt Warner. Warner, who was named the AFC Rookie of The Year that season, led the AFC in rushing that season with 1,449 yards while also scoring 14 touchdowns. In 1984, Seattle once again made the playoffs after posting a 12-4 record during the regular season. They defeated the Raiders in a Wild Card game, but fell to the Miami Dolphins in the Divisional round.
Mike Holmgren, fresh off success with the Green Bay Packers, came to the Seattle Seahawks in 1999 as the head coach. Holmgren led the Seahawks to a 9-7 record and a playoff appearance in his first year at the helm of the team. Holmgren's biggest move came in the year 2000 when he drafted running back Shaun Alexander with the 19th overall pick in the NFL Draft. Despite only seeing limited action during his rookie season, Alexander returned for his sophomore campaign and exploded for 1,318 rushing yards and 14 touchdowns – numbers that only trailed Hall of Fame running back Marshall Faulk that year.
With Shaun Alexander in the mix, Holmgren traded for quarterback Matt Hasselbeck, whom he coached previously in Green Bay. With Alexander and Hasselbeck on the same page, the Seahawks were poised to make deep runs into the playoffs.
The 2005 season was memorable for Shaun Alexander and the entire Seahawks team. Alexander rushed for a league-leading 1,880 yards while setting a single-season touchdown record with 28 scores – he rushed for 27 touchdowns and caught another. Alexander joined Priest Holmes, Emmitt Smith and Marshall Faulk as the only running backs in NFL history to score at least 20 touchdowns in consecutive seasons. Alexander became Seattle's first MVP Trophy winner in franchise history shortly after the regular season ended. His offensive outburst combined with Matt Hasselbeck's veteran savvy as a signal caller led to Seattle having the most productive offense in the league that season.
After posting a 13-3 record during 2005, the Seahawks beat the Washington Redskins and the Carolina Panthers to win the NFC Championship and advance to Super Bowl XL. Once in the championship game, Seattle matched up against the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team led by Hines Ward and Ben Roethlisberger. The Seahawks dropped the Super Bowl to the Steelers 21-10, in a game where the officiating against Seattle was heavily scrutinized afterward.
In 2010, the beginning of the Pete Carroll era started in Seattle as the former University of Southern California coach took the helm of the Seahawks. During Carroll's first season as coach, the Seahawks struggled to win games as they went 9-7, but still managed to squeeze into the playoffs. Once in the postseason, Seattle running back Marshawn Lynch singlehandedly caused a small earthquake when he broke a 67-yard run against the New Orleans Saints – his run is credited for providing Seattle enough to upset the defending Super Bowl Champs.
The 2012 NFL Draft had a huge impact on Seattle Seahawks football. With the 75th pick in the third round of the draft, the Seahawks took Wisconsin quarterback Russell Wilson. Wilson went on to start every game during his rookie season, becoming the first Seattle quarterback to do so since 1976. The rookie quarterback earned a trip to the Pro Bowl for his play.
Seven years after losing Super Bowl XL to the Steelers, the Seahawks went 13-3 and set their sights on getting redemption and finally claiming a title for the city of Seattle. Once in the playoffs, Seattle took down New Orleans and San Francisco to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII and face off against the Denver Broncos. What ensued during the game was the biggest highlight in Seattle Seahawks football history as the Seahawks demolished the Broncos in a 43-8 rout to claim their first Super Bowl in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished the game with 206 yards passing and two touchdowns to lead the offense while the defense logged four turnovers. Linebacker Malcolm Smith, who returned an interception 69 yards for a touchdown, was named Super Bowl MVP.
The Seattle Seahawks are on top of the NFL at this moment, and they aren't looking to relinquish the top spot anytime soon. As the defending Super Bowl Champions, it's easy to see why Seattle fans are as joyful about their memorabilia as they have ever been. Russell Wilson, Marshawn Lynch, Richard Sherman, Kam Chancellor and Malcolm Smith are just a few players the Seahawks have that are at the top of their games. Any Seattle Seahawks memorabilia that you add to your collection at this moment will only positively impact the collection.
- Russell Wilson Jerseys: Russell Wilson has impacted the NFL in just two years in ways that most quarterbacks struggle to do in their entire career. Wilson, who is just 25 years old, is in a position to continue to win Super Bowl Championships in what will make his memorabilia a great investment. An autographed Russell Wilson jersey is fantastic way to commemorate his strong performance on the biggest stage the NFL has to offer and his future as one of the top quarterbacks in the league.
- Richard Sherman Signed Photos: Richard Sherman is the best cornerback in the league, there's no question about it. Sherman's presence on a side of the field forces opposing quarterbacks to not even consider throwing to his side. Sherman is entering the prime years of his career and his memorabilia is being requested at an all-time high rate. A framed Richard Sherman photo that is autographed and displays, what some consider, the most memorable plays of the Seahawks'' championship run, including when Sherman broke up a pass intended for 49ers receiver, Michael Crabtree.
- Marshawn Lynch Signed Footballs: One of the hardest runners in the NFL today, Marshawn Lynch is the reliable running back that the Seahawks go to when they need a big play. Lynch single-handedly cause a small earthquake with his famous run against the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs, so it's clear he has a huge impact on fans. A signed Marshawn Lynch football is the perfect way to add a member of the Legion of Boom to your memorabilia collection, seeing as he impacts the game every time he touched the football for the Seahawks. As one of the most detrimental wrecking machines in the NFL, a Marshawn Lynch signed football is a great way to commemorate the Seahawks' first championship.
- Seattle Seahawks Photos: As one of the most successful young franchises in the NFL, the Seahawks have had an abundant amount of memorable moments. Whether you're an old-school 'Hawks fan or a representative of the new-school, an authentic autographed Seattle Seahawks photo is a fantastic way to capture your personal favorite moment in Seahawks history. From legendary players, like Steve Largent, to upcoming stars, such as Malcolm Smith, fans of all Seahawks eras can preserve their most loved Seattle football moments for life.


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Athens Hotels > Aristoteles Hotel > Location
Aristoteles Hotel
Aristoteles hotel is a modern building which has been completely renovated combining all the comforts of modern life. The hotel possesses welcome rooms which provide A/C, TV, phone and private facilities (bath or shower), all for the complete satisfaction of our customers. The bar and the restaurant on the ground floor are places where you can enjoy drinks or a meal. For breakfast, the dining room is open from 07:00 to 10:00-while it's open the whole day for you to enjoy a typical Greek meal. Throughout the whole year, the hotel is at your disposal, with reasonable prices, friendly environment and high quality services. The rooms are modernly furnished with one, two or three beds-half of them in the front-side of the building (balcony) and the other half on the backside (quiet). Official Member of the Hospitality Network for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. Additional information: Children under the age of 5 stay free in the room with parents and in existing bedding. Children age 6-12 receive a 50% reduction. Hotel is situated in the centre of Athens 200m from Omonia Sq.
15 Acharnon Str
Athens, 104 38 GR
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subset: commoncrawl


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Fred Loves Jesus, MLS Could Go Either Way
So let's talk about hypocrisy for one second. I'm not in the business of bashing MLS nor am I prone to outbursts of religious zealotry. And I am definitely not fond of mixing the game with spirituality. But for the life of me I can't see how a league with multiple teams pushing "Faith and Family" nights (i.e. bring your church group and we will create a Christian-tinged experience for you at the game) and actively promotes itself as wholesome family entertainment is justified in issuing a yellow card to a player for lifting his shirt to reveal the message pictured above.
And to be clear, I'm not saying this to endorse the statement. There is a little read document called the Constitution that lays out all this stuff about America and free speech and yadda yadda yadda. Dude could be wearing a KKK shirt (which I don't advise or condone) or a Nation of Islam shirt (which I also don't advise or condone) under his kit and we should be ok with that; not the message, but his right to display it.
But regardless of what my alleged liberal ass thinks, the ref called Fred for excessive celebration for lifting his shirt. If that's the FIFA rule and not a league rule (as has been pointed out to me) so be it. But Clint Dempsey can feign hitting home runs, perform every move from Dance Dance Dance Revolution, and roll around on the ground as if he is on fire, but no one can lift their shirt? If this rule is to stand I would advise all players to have their slogans, endorsements, and messages for the masses tattooed on their legs, forearms, and foreheads post-haste. And do it in Olde English lettering as it makes you look like really, really hard.
9 comments:
- CrazyTrojan said...
Too bad soccer in America is governed by FIFA rather than the Constitution, and FIFA's "Laws of the Game" explicitly reads, "A player who removes his jersey when celebrating a goal must be cautioned for unsporting behaviour." I believe pulling your jersey over your head is interpreted as such.
I always thought the rule regarding cards for shirt removal (including just to flash skin rather than message) was something dictated by FIFA and so can't be altered by the league, even if it wanted to. I agree though that it's a silly rule.
Oh and just as a quick aside, the First Amendment only protects you from the government interfering with free speech.
I'm liberal and pro-free speech. However, I don't think the league should tolerate certain messages (for example the KKK). That could be very harmful to the league.
I also do not believe this is Constitutionally protected expression. The league is a private entity and it is hosting a private event. If fans rolled out a KKK banner, the league has the right to eject them from the stadium. Actually, the league has the right to boot someone from the stadium for any reason or no reason. Look at the back of any concert or sporting ticket (heck probably museum tickets too) - they all say 'revocable license'. Legally, that means you have the right to use the ticket, but only so long as they want to let you do so.
Because the league doesn't have to allow expressive messages, and because some expressive messages should be disallowed, the best approach is to allow no expressive messages at all. A 'normal' soccer celebration generally does not express a message. I assume you would agree it would be okay to yellow card someone who chooses to flip off the crowd as a celebration (that is an expressive message). You do not want to put the refs in the position of choosing between expressive messages - cleanest way is a blanket rule.
Also, it would be against the league's interest and contrary to uniform rules for a player to have an advertisement under there. The tatoo question is an interesting one, but I would say if it has a clear expressive message then it should have to be covered.
- SF said...
Noted, but since when has MLS ever shied away from going against the grain in regard to FIFA?
- CrazyTrojan said...
I read a bit further in the Laws. Interestingly, according to FIFA's guidance for referees, it would not have warranted a caution if Fred had flashed his message by only lifting his shirt to the neck rather than over his head!
- SF said...
Yet another reason why kits should have zippers down the front!
This is dealt with in the USSF 2007 Memorandum on the IFAB changes to the Laws of the Game, the text of which can be found here: http://ussoccer-referees.blogspot.com/2007_05_27_archive.html.
Make of it what you will, but it is definately not MLS behind it.
- viagra online said...
This is an excellent athlete, I've followed his career and his a fighter, and best thing is that he believe in the supernatural powers.
- muebles madrid said...
This can't truly have success, I feel this way.


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $1.80 (34% off)
gluten free
Posted by Reviewer2634245 on Aug 10, 2011
this is great for all my baking needs, so glad that there's gluten free products.
Great Product-Product Review
Posted by Reviewer2668523 on Aug 29, 2011
One of the better Gluten Free mixes to get the best flavor and texture
Great for Baking
Posted by Reviewer1477814 on Nov 04, 2011
I recently switch from the rice flour to this flour. It's worked much better for certain items (lemon bars, crepes).
Posted by agapediet on Nov 23, 2011
Absolutly essential for me in glutenfree baking.
Bob Red Mill All Purpose Baking FlourGluten Free
Posted by Reviewer1954425 on Feb 10, 2011
Good flour
easy to use
Posted by Reviewer1320809 on Mar 24, 2011
I appreciate the blend of gluten-free flours used in this all purpose baking flour mix...easier than trying to individually purchase the various ingredients and find effective ratios. the packages of this product I've bought from iherb are always nicely fresh.
Bob's Red Mill, All Purpose Baking Flour, Gluten Free, 22 oz (623 g)
Posted by Reviewer1896318 on Feb 23, 2012
theis is an excellant flour for gravies--most gluten free flours do not brown. this browns & thickens just like wheat flour
good stuff
Posted by 4858126689961434714 on Feb 17, 2013
My homemade bread came out so much better than I'd expected. Great flavor and texture. I'm going to get a bigger bag next time!
Posted by ling76 on Mar 27, 2013
Great for gluten free baking:)
Really good gluten-free flour
Posted by 4903000289496051423 on Jul 07, 2013
I use this flour all the time as I cook for my husband who is gluten sensitive. I do not use it for baking - I found a better flour for that - but, I do use it for cooking a LOT.


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Inside The Snow Globe
Snow globes always mesmerize. From young children we always look from the outside in wonder. Transfixed, Always deep in thought!
So of course when the real storm arrived to Manhattan a few days ago I felt myself being transported back with the rest of the city.
A snow blizzard.
The thing that really impacted on me was how something that we look at and work with on a day to day to day basis can be transformed so immediately
The streets of Manhattan were silenced as if wrapped in giant balls of cotton wool.
People were forced to slow down
Physically steps by step on the streets, people have to slow right down
Normally a city where every one is running, the gorgeous, snowy flakes flirt and taunt us all and we are forced to take it much easier.
The beauty the softness, the gentle transformation so romantic and so beautiful makes you realize the biggest epiphany of all.
Slowing it down, softness, beauty can all come to play
Who says hard, ramming it home multitasking gets the best results
I now have been reminded
Slow and steady
Wins the race
Have a great few days more till the skies light up for NYE
Henry xx
1. Crossing 7 Avenue
I feel like I am in Fellini Movie of some sort. The shadows and brightness cast so much impact
2. The Grandeur of Central Park South
Looking through the twigs that are normally lush and green the Strength of Manhattan's Mortar always abounds.
An anchor of concrete Skyscrapers always near
3. A view from the top
Central Park South and a storm in the Tea cup silences the Park with a blanket of romance and whispers
4. inside the snow globe
The exit out of Columbus Circle Subway and it hits you. A giant Metallic Globe and snow dusted trees.
Surreal and real!
5. Columbus Pontificates
Presiding heroically over the Park, upward, onward so brand iconic!
6 New Opportunities
It amazes me that what can be so wanted and needed at some point can be so abandoned at another. The fickleness of abandoned public seating in the snow! All to be forgiven no doubt in the spring!!
7 Classic Sleigh The Slay
The classic getting ready to tackle the snow mounds all lined up and ready to go
8 Digging out!
The amazing symmetry this man is digging himself out of was so stylish it had many stopped in the street on the way to work


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Scientists hope to use network theory to help them prevent the collapse of ecosystems.forming a small-world network. The World Wide Web is organized in the same way. So is the anatomy of the human brain. What's more, all these networks get their small-world organization because they follow similar rules. In each network, most nodes are linked to only a few other nodes. But a small fraction of nodes have lots of links. These hubs shorten the paths between all the nodes in the entire network.
If plant species depend on just one pollinator, they are vulnerable to extinction if they lose their partner.photosynthesizers converted the sun's energy into biomass, which then fed other species, which in turn fed still others. These fundamental insights eventually led to important advances in conservation biology. They helped conservation biologists understand, for example, how pesticides and other pollutants ended up so concentrated in the bodies of large predators like polar bears and tuna.
Network theory tells scientists that subtle changes to complex networks can trigger sudden changes.can thrive, that means that the moths have nectar to eat. And that means they can make more moths—which in turn can make more visits to every individual plant species. By modeling these kinds of interactions, Bascompte has found that the small-world network of pollinators and plants fosters more biodiversity than other kinds of networks.
More from Yale e360As Climate Warms, Species


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Monday, June 22, 2009
Beyonce Inspired Smokey Eyes FOTD
Happy Monday! Two more days till my bday on Wednesday, yay! I'm counting down. Meanwhile, I wanted to share with you a FOTD I did a few weeks ago. I was trying to do a Beyonce Celebrity tutorial. I asked my Twitter and YouTube peeps to send me some ideas and I chose the look below. I think this is a really pretty and sultry smokey eye. I decided to replicate it. I'm sticking with just the FOTDs because the video I filmed didn't turn out that great.
The look pretty much calls for big hair, thickly kohl rimmed eyes, glowy skin, minimal blush, dark not so perfect eye brows, some light contouring and a neutral lipgloss. These pics are definitely before I got my summer tan, lol. I tried to make my hair as big as I could!
I'm trying to remember what I Used:
-Cinema Secrets foundation
-lightest blush from the Eve Pearl Medium Blush Trio
-MAC Shadester Sculpting Powder
-MAC bare canvas paint
-MAC llama, soft brown and shroom eyeshadow
-MAC smolder eye kohl
-Afterglow Cosmetics Black Powder liner to set black kohl
-Rimmel Brow Pencil in dark brown
-MAC Viva Glam V lipgloss
-MAC luminary lipglass in center of bottom lips for a frost finish
-MAC Dervish lip pencil
Stay tuned for more!
Atlanta Makeup Artist
27 comments:
- LaDonna said...
Hahaha, I love your face in the last picture. This look is beautiful on you, btw. Not everyone can pull of the thickly lined eyes :-)
- June 22, 2009 at 10:00 AM
- Jamilla Camel said...
That's a GREAT look, you popstress, you!
- June 22, 2009 at 10:04 AM
- yummy411 said...
i love it and i think i need to try out llama shadow. i don't have it.
- June 22, 2009 at 10:36 AM
- birkinbagbeauty said...
Hotter than B for sure...awww, give us a tutorial so we can look hot as well
- June 22, 2009 at 10:52 AM
- Karma Cee said...
this is beautiful! can you do a tutorial for this look?
- June 22, 2009 at 11:25 AM
- avicdens said...
look awesome!!!! hot! hot!
- June 22, 2009 at 11:30 AM
- Alison Laura said...
That look is exact! You have such a great talent! Love it! :)
- June 22, 2009 at 11:50 AM
- Neiko said...
Faboosh! I absolutely love this look! Oh I am soooo duplicating!
- June 22, 2009 at 11:54 AM
- KiLLaCaM said...
i love it! the shape you created on the eyes is perfect. happy early birthday!
- June 22, 2009 at 1:01 PM
- girllovesmac said...
hi ren ren i like ur look. and what brand is your contacs? thanks
- June 22, 2009 at 1:19 PM
- Toni-muh said...
woah! This is so amazing! PLEASE do a tutorial on this look!!! <3, Toni
- June 22, 2009 at 2:09 PM
- Dee said...
Beautiful. I love those contacts on you!
- June 22, 2009 at 2:12 PM
- Monique said...
This is one of the best looks you've ever done. Fierce yet simple!
- June 22, 2009 at 3:12 PM
- Jaimie said...
i love the contacts! they look so gorgeous and natural on you
- June 22, 2009 at 3:30 PM
- Fabulous World of Sara said...
omg this look is sooooo pretty... u look gorgeous ren
- June 22, 2009 at 3:46 PM
- Eclecticldy said...
great sultry yet simple look. love you with big hair :)
- June 22, 2009 at 6:45 PM
- Tysh said...
You look really nice, those contacts make you look different.
- June 22, 2009 at 6:47 PM
- Bombchell said...
Looking super glamorous!! love it. love the hair.
- June 22, 2009 at 7:45 PM
- Askmewhats said...
I really love this look and the hair is just gorgeous!!!
- June 22, 2009 at 8:54 PM
- Steph said...
hawt! :)
- June 23, 2009 at 12:57 AM
- Product Junkie Diva said...
WOW really really pretty Ren
- June 23, 2009 at 1:18 PM
- CATHERINE said...
Hi Ren, love this FOTD, but wish you would do a video.... plssssss....
- June 23, 2009 at 10:11 PM
- Phyllis said...
OHMIGOD! You look fantastic!
Hey! Get over here and turn me into Beyonce too!
- June 24, 2009 at 7:56 AM
- rockSTARbeauty said...
omg ren you look ahmaayyyzing!! with the big sexy hair and everything, get it girl!
- June 25, 2009 at 11:25 AM
- Jaclyn Rose said...
Ren, i love how you replicated the look in this one! One of my faves of you that's for sure! i like it, I think I'll try it out on a date night with the hubby.
- June 26, 2009 at 6:57 AM
- Fiona said...
Love the look :) My fave pics of you!
- July 2, 2009 at 12:04 PM
- jooLee said...
what contacts are you wearing? you look gorgeous!
- July 8, 2009 at 10:19 PM


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Friday, March 28, 2008
Review: M.A.C Mineralized Skinfinish Natural
By viewer request, I've done a review on M.A.C's Mineralized Skin Finish Natural. As many of you may have seen, I use the mineralized skin finish natural in medium dark nearly every time I apply foundation. Sometimes I use it with a powder blush to set off my liquid or cream foundation. Other times, I'll use it by itself with a flat top buffer brush (check out the pink flat top brush from www.coastalscents.com) when I feel like having lighter coverage.
www.maccosmetics.com states the following about this product:
A luxurious domed face powder with minerals, slowly baked to provide a dimensional yet natural-matte finish. Provides perfect low coverage. Use to set and fix foundation or as a touch-up throughout the day.
::: The Ingredients :::::
Talc, Nylon-12, Dimethicone, Polysorbate 20, Isopropyl Palmitate, Jojoba Seed Oil, Yeast Extract, Tocopheryl Actetate, Retinyl Plamitate, Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Magnesium Aluminium Silicate, BHT, Sodium Dehydroacetate, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben
They offer multiple shades including:
*** Light (Soft pale beige)
*** Light Medium (Pale golden beige)
*** Medium (Soft creamy beige)
*** Medium Plus (Tan beige)
*** Medium Dark (Caramel beige)
*** Medium Deep (Rich golden tan)
*** Dark (Deep caramel)
*** Deep Dark (Rich golden bronze)
As you can see from the description, this is a mineralized product. Usually that translates to more minerals baked into the product, offering extra benefits to the skin. It also states that is perfect for low coverage. Mind you, these products are now part of M.A.C's regular line so we can reap its benefits for years to come.
I first purchased this product when it was a part of the N Collection. I had heard about the other mineralized skinfinishes that were more on the frosty/metallic side. That was pretty much where my knowledge ended. Before I knew it, I was using this everyday, tossing aside my select sheer pressed powder in place of my mineralized skin finish natural.
Uses of this product:
There are really many uses for this product. Like I mentioned, you can use this alone as foundation with a buffer or kabuki brush (MAC 182). Or if you want, you can also use this as a pressed powder over your foundation using a puff or sponge. This product can also work as a finishing powder over foundation-I do this by applying it lightly with a powder brush or even the MAC 187. You can pretty much control the coverage from sheer to medium depending on the brush (i.e. from large fluffy brushes to tighter kabukis). On top of all of this, if you pick the appropriate shade this product can be used as a bronzer, highlighter, or contour color. A MAC artist once told me that you can use certain colors to brighten up one's complexion. For example, if the winter blues have you down, you can use a mineralized skin finish in a shade up to add warmth to your entire complexion. She also told me that you can wet your brush and apply the product wet for more coverage. Just like eyeshadows, however, make sure to try and pick up the color from the edge if you are wetting it. I made the mistake of using the same 187 brush that I used my Mineralized Satinfinish foundation with, and the moisture of the foundation created a layer that I had to scrape off.
As you can tell, I love this product for everyday use. It's amazing that I found a powder that matches my exact complexion. Unlike other pressed powders, this product really does offer a natural, matte finish. This is most likely due to the fact that it is a mineralized product. Oftentimes, other pressed powders gave me that cakey, heavy look which I would have to counteract by using fix plus. No need for that with this baby! The powder actually feels very natural and light-weight. Also, with multiple shades, this product is sure to match your complexion. I also love how I'm getting the benefits of a mineralized product without the mess of a loose powder. The pressed shape is perfect for quick application and convenient enough for travel.
Due to the dome shape, this product is fairly delicate. Don't try dropping this or you'll find your precious dome broken into a million pieces. On the same note, don't press your brush or sponge too hard into the center or you might shatter it. If this happens, I would either use Enkore's Method of repairing mineralized makeup, or just crush the entire product to make a loose mineral powder. Also, if you're looking for a high coverage powder, this probably isn't the one for you. At most, this product will go up to medium coverage. In terms of controlling oil, it does a decent job, but it's not an oil-control powder so you may need touch-ups throughout the day. Be like Pursebuzz and use this powder with a retractable face brush to touch up when you're on the go. I have read some reviews that this product can look powdery on some. If this is the case, you might want to give it a few spritzes of water or fix plus. Also, check the ingredients to make sure you're not allergic or sensitive to any of the ingredients.
In sum, I would highly recommend this product. During the summer time when I get my tan, I'm definitely going to go back for a darker shade. M.A.C Mineralized Skinfinish Natural is even more perfect for warm weather to come due to its light and natural finish. At $24.50 it's not cheap, but it's not as expensive as some of the higher end pressed powders on the market. So what are you waiting for? Go out and get it!
5 comments:
- RS said...
Hey Ren...this is my first time commenting on your blog YAY! lol I enjoy watching your tutorial videos and reading your blogs. It helps me a lot especially since I've just recently started with make-up last month. Thanks girly!
I too also have this product and I absolutely lOVE it! I use it just about everyday as well and like you mentioned, since spring/summer is approaching, I'll probably need to get a shade darker too since I'm quick to tan during that time of the year.
Thanks again for all the reviews, tips and tutorials!
PS - I hope you don't mind but I link you on my page.
- March 28, 2008 at 12:30 PM
- Rich & Jen said...
Hi Ren,
Love your vids! Thanks for doing a review on this product, been thinking about getting it for a while.. but now I DEFINITELY will get it :)
Anyways, since you mentioned coastal scents make-up brushes, what do you think of them? and which ones are MUST-HAVES? I've seen Enkore's vid. and he seems to love them too!
Keep up the FANTABULOUS work! Seriously. You're are helping alot of us :)
- March 28, 2008 at 1:24 PM
- yummy411 said...
great review! i love msf natural. i used medium dark for so long. i guess the winter months washed me out and i started to feel gray and dull in the powder (esp. after it oxidized). i started to feel less bright and fresh as i'd see others. aha! i picked up medium plus and now i feel better! i'll hold on to the medium dark for the summer (which is when i bought it, but i felt it was so light i could wear whenever.)
- March 28, 2008 at 1:44 PM
- Emilee @ GMM said...
I just picked this up last week, and I really like it! I don't use powder to set my foundation, but I'm starting to think that I need to get back into the habit.
I made the same mistake of using the same 187 brush that I use for my liquid foundation, and had no idea why the layer appeared. But thanks to you, now I do. :)
- March 30, 2008 at 6:36 AM
- mrslanielovesmac said...
I'm so happy you reviewed on this product. I have always wanted to try MSF Natural powder to set my MSF foundation but I was afraid that both combined will make my face looked glittery. Ohhh... I'm so going to get it.
- April 1, 2008 at 1:59 PM


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From the President
This issue of the Beacon focuses on some notable "firsts"
This issue of the Beacon focuses on some notable "firsts" and on the Mississippi College alumni and
faculty members who have achieved them. The "firsts" in these pages cover many areas,
from the first art program of its kind in Mississippi to the state's first female federal district court judge, from an internship program that offers new opportunities to the developmentally disabled to scientists who've been the first to make important discoveries in their fields.
Whether they were driven by a desire to see justice done, to enhance the lives of others, or to uncover information
that can change our world, the people behind these remarkable "firsts" were all motivated by something greater than
personal satisfaction. Mississippi College and those connected to the university have achieved many great works over the years. Yet I believe that any success we celebrate is because we seek first to be a university (and persons) committed to the cause of Christ.
Few of us will make headlines for being the first person to implement a life-changing idea, to make a groundbreaking
scientific discovery, or to set a new standard in our profession. But as Christians, surely we are each inspired to seek first the kingdom of God. We know that once we actively seek His Kingdom, we will measure our accomplishments according to His purpose and offer our work to His glory.


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Dorthaan Kirk in the Interview Chair at the Institute of Jazz Studies
November 18, 2011. Posted by Becca Pulliam.Add new comment | Filed under: Dorthaan Kirk, Institute of Jazz Studies, Jazz Alive, Jazz Community
Wednesday night one of WBGO's originals unspooled stories about three chapters in her life to a room full of curious people at a Jazz Research Roundtable at Rutgers Newark. She told us about her marriage to musician Rahsaan Roland Kirk, early days at WBGO, and involvement with the arts at Bethany Baptist Church in Newark. Rather than interrogate her, Professor Lewis Porter just steered a little and listened closely. We all did. Forty additional remote viewers watched a live stream.
Long story short, as Dorthaan likes to say, Rahsaan was an amazing man. The two met in Los Angeles through friends. In time, they married and she moved to the Northeast, ultimately to New Jersey, where they lived until his death in 1977. Rahsaan had thousands of record albums -- 4,000 when they made the final move from Philadelphia to East Orange. Dorthaan created a detailed index card for every LP (I love this story) and packed the albums alphabetically in boxes. Movers transported the boxes to their new home, where Dorthaan shelved the albums in perfect order, as her husband needed them to be.
Rahsaan was blind, you see, although he did not favor that word or the term "circular breathing" (one of his amazing techniques). He lived in a world of sound. His dreams were his religion. After a gig, as she drove him home, he would comment that he could have played faster (no one could keep up with him). He was a good businessman, provider and visionary, not only about music but also about how jazz could be better organized. He was in demand 365 nights a year. He took his wife with him to London (Ronnie Scott's), Paris, beyond, and introduced her to people everywhere, people who stay in touch today.
After Rahsaan's death in 1977, Dorthaan was regrouping at one. One of his young friends from public radio in Boston called to tell her about a start-up jazz station in Newark. Steve Robinson and Bob Ottenhoff were transforming the Central High School FM station into an independent organization. Reluctantly, Dorthaan agreed, and Robinson introduced her to Ottenhoff, who said "I'll hire her." ( Oh for the days of job offers, I hope they come again.) At first, DK's contacts in the jazz record business helped 'BGO get new product. But it is more than her connections: it's how she values the musicians as people and artists, in her life and career, that helped set up the station and make it what it is today.
Porter showed a short TV news story from 1986 about the station, then moving into our downstairs studios at 54 Park Place. On camera 25 years ago, a staff woman told the reporter, "We have a one million dollar budget and twenty thousand members" contributing 60% of the revenue.
At Bethany Baptist Church, Dorthaan books Jazz Vespers and other events, and many who came on Wednesday night know her from Bethany. Rutgers graduate student Vincent Gardner of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra came; so did Philip Thomas from Newark Symphony Hall. Dan Morgenstern of the IJS knew and championed Rahsaan, and came to see Dorthaan at the Jazz Research Roundtable.
Toward the end of the session, Karen Lee Schwarz told Dorthaan her story. Schwarz is a high school music teacher in Asbury Park and studying for her Master's in Jazz at Rutgers Newark . Years ago, she was living around the corner from Dorthaan and Rahsaan and learning the saxophone. Standing on her fire escape, she would practice his "Desolation Blues" and try to attract her neighbor's attention. Did she? Not to the knowledge of anyone at this Jazz Research Roundtable. There are indeed many things we will never know.
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Artist Collection: (65 of 294)< Previous | Next >
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a teleological argumentby daniel g walczyk
- Medium
- Digital
- Artist Notes
- from the Toying with Time Collection
The watchmaker is often used as a metaphor for God. And a teleological argument is one that contends that there must be a higher/divine power/intelligence that created our complex and intricate universe. From Wikipedia: "A teleological argument, or argument for design is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction -- or some combination of these -- in nature. . . Teleology is the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature."
Created for an exhibit in conjunction with the "Wines & Chimes" gala benefit at the National Watch & Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania. Dan and partner Shawn participated in creating new works along with 3 other local artists following an after hours tour of the museum. After weeks of creative block and countless discussions about the nature of time and coming up with common phrases about time, Dan's creativity finally sparked and kindled with enough "time" to finish seven pieces for the exhibition. "Cosmic Clock" came after the deadline and there are more in the works. "Toying with Time" will be an ongoing project!
Copyright 2009 by Daniel G. Walczyk; Vulcania Graphics & Fine Art; all rights reserved.
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More about daniel g walczyk
- Location
- pa, usa
- Artist Biography
- Dan is a self taught photographer and digital artist whose love of nature and the environment infuses virtually all of his fine art imagery. From macro to landscapes, fl ora to wildlife, aerial to terra firma, he examines the textures, patterns, forms and colors of nature and its in ...


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Grant to help bikers, walkers
GOWANDA – A major grant will help Gowanda students walk or bike to school.
The state Department of Transportation recently announced $650,000 for the Safe Routes to School program to help educate students about healthier op-tions for getting to and from school.
The money will also be used to help improve current routes.
Mayor Heather McKee-ver is excited about the grant but is aware there is criticism of the village receiving such a large sum of money.
"I am aware that there is always the potential for criticism when receiving grants such as these as I just recently read an (OBSERVER) opinion piece stating, 'Federal and state money for safer walking? In rural America? How much more federal and state dollars are being frittered away by questionable programs like these?' My response to such questions are as follows: The money is available for communities who put the effort into applying regardless if per one's personal opinion they find this program questionable. My question back to this opinion would be, why should the village of Gowanda be criticized for being doing their due diligence, applying and winning the award? The village of Gowanda is located in two rural towns (Persia and Collins). We have a number of our students and residents who walk and bike to the school buildings and athletic fields," she said.
"I find it unfair for the village of Gowanda to be labeled as "rural" in a negative context as if we have cornfields and dairy farms located in our business district. As mayor of the village it is my responsibility to support efforts that lend to improving the living standards and quality of life for our residents. I strongly feel Gowanda is moving in a positive direction with working towards grants such as these," she continued.
This is not the first year that the village has applied for the grant. According to former Highway Superin-tendent Mike Hutchinson, the village applied four years ago but was not awarded the grant when he was still working for the village. A community outreach group was formed shortly after the first grant application. Through this group, a walkability study was conducted which was used in the grant application. It was through the Healthy Community Alliance the village was able to apply for the grant this year.
"With the assistance of the (Healthy Community Alliance) … it has made a heck of a difference," Hutchinson, a member of the outreach group and HCA board member, said. "The HCA worked real well in terms of putting together a partnership between the school, the village and (themselves) to make a successful grant application. I think we got a much stronger program now thanks to the partnerships.
"So many entities are coming together for the good of kids. They're putting aside politics and putting what is good for the kids first. When they can all put their compartmentalized thinking aside and do good for the community, good can come out of government," he continued.
The five-year grant will be a partnership between the village, the Gowanda School District and the HCA, according to Betty Accordino, assistant director and public relations coordinator for the HCA.
"This will take several years to complete," she said. "The first year is mostly going to be working up the plan, developing the activities and developing how we are going to do it. The activities will then start to take place based on what we do in the plan."
The Safe Routes to School grant has $500,000 for infrastructure improvements and $150,000 for educational programs. The infrastructure side of the grant will work on sidewalks in high need areas within the village as well as addressing problematic intersections. An educational component will help with bicycle and walking safety for students. Mayor McKeever said a study conducted in 2009 confirms the village needs the repairs.
"Gowanda is a quaint village with amazing natural beauty. Many people each year come from all over the region and neighboring states to fish, hike and raft under the beauty of Zoar Valley and Cattaraugus Creek," she said. "(Safe Routes to School) supports the objectives of the village's Smart Development for Quality Communities, Master Plan and Downtown Revitalization Study and also meets Cattaraugus County's countywide strategy for physical activity. Plus, a Community Assessment conducted through the Healthy Community Capacity Building Initiative in 2009 confirmed the need for the improvements."
The first year of the grant will mainly be brainstorming by all partners involved. Hutchinson hopes to bring in Consultant Rodney Tolley of Walk 21 to help with the school travel plan. Tolley has done walkable communities all over the country and the world. The timeline of the grant will follow project planning and design in year two; project agreements, finalizing plans and starting construction in years three and four; and getting inspections completed in the final year. The majority of the programs will be targeted toward younger students in kindergarten through eighth grade. Hutchinson said there are over 860 students in grades K through eight.
"We're going to look at what programs and what infrastructure need to be built to facilitate a healthier lifestyle for the kids," Hutchinson said. "This is targeted towards the younger kids. Try to get to them early, create a healthy lifestyle and build the infrastructure to make it happen."
Hutchinson said that he hopes the parents will get involved and walk with their children to school or start a walking school bus – a group of adults who walk with students to school. Hutchinson wants to involve the community as much as possible through the planning stages and beyond; he wants full community support and input throughout the five years.
There are also plans to develop a walking trail adjacent to Cattaraugus Creek and the HCA along North Water Street to Hillis Field with grant money. The village is interested in developing property along Cattaraugus Creek, including work being currently done on the former Peter Cooper Site on Palmer Street and Veterans Park on South Water Street.
The community partners – the school, HCA and the village – will be meeting in the near future to work on a plan to implement the activities, according to Accordino.
Hutchinson and McKeever expressed their thanks for those who have helped with the grant.
"A lot of credit goes out to the folks who put in their time," he said.
McKeever echoed Hutchinson by saying, "I'm grateful for the time and effort the Healthy Community Alliance and their committee put into applying for this grant and the village looks forward to partnering with them on future projects as they become available."
Hutchinson would also like to thank the Gowanda Central School District, the board of education and Superintendent Charles Rinaldi; Mayor McKeever, Trustee Carol Sheibley and the rest of the village board; and Executive Director Sharon Mathe and the rest of the HCA.
"It's really an extraordinary community accomplishment for a small village like (Gowanda) to get this kind of funding," Accordino said.
Comments on this article may be sent to email@example.com


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Just want to mention MACCA's "Dance Tonight" is feature about 15 minutes into the episode "Amongst Friends" of the new season (6) of Entourage. The song is played in it's entirety during a scene where the boys are on the red carpet for Vinny's premiere of his new movie.
Amongst Friends - http://www.megavideo.com/?d=TEMV1PP9


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News Item | Gateway Community & Technical College
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>> Gateway Professor Earns NASW Outstanding Service Award
Gateway Professor Earns NASW Outstanding Service Award
Dr. Gregory Stewart, assistant professor and coordinator of the Human Services program at Gateway Community and Technical College, recently won the outstanding service award from the Ohio chapter Region VI of the National Association of Social Workers.
The chapter includes 600 social workers in Adams, Brown, Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, Highland, Lawrence, Pike, Scioto and Warren counties.
Dr. Stewart joined Gateway in 2012 and has built the Human Services program into a very popular major with more than 140 students, while collaborating with more than 50 non-profit agencies in northern Kentucky and Cincinnati. A native of Cincinnati, Dr. Stewart is a licensed social worker and a graduate of the University of Cincinnati, where he earned an undergraduate and master's degree in social work. He received a master of science degree in counseling from Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and a doctoral degree in educational leadership from Ohio University at Athens.
Dr. Stewart serves as a member of the Cincinnati Human Services Advisory Commission, having been appointed by the Mayor of Cincinnati, for a three- year term in February 2010 and reappointed for a second three-year term in 2013. He previously served as a member of the Youth Achieve Impact Council; as chair of the program review committee for the United Way of Greater Cincinnati; and in 2012 assisted the Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless in developing, administering and compiling a survey on families at risk of homelessness. In addition, Dr. Stewart has chaired the continuing education committee of the Region VI NASW Ohio chapter and in 2007 served as a member of the delegation to the NASW Cambodia Joint Conference on Social Work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
He previously served as an adjunct senior lecturer at the University of Akron, as an assistant professor and adjunct at Northern Kentucky University, and as auxiliary lecturer at the University of Akron, Community and Technical College.
The award was presented May 1 at the organization's Region VI banquet in Cincinnati.
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Interactive Travel Map | Text the Secretary | Behind the Scenes PhotosIn Cape Verde today, Secretary Clinton reflected on her trip to Africa.
As Secretary Clinton wrapped up her trip to Africa, she spoke with reporters in Santa Maria, Cape Verde. Among the press accompanying the Secretary to Africa, Matthew Lee of the Associated Press wrote about the trip's conclusion.
In her remarks, the Secretary said: "I leave Africa even more committed about what lies ahead. The Obama administration has delivered ... a message of tough love. We are not sugarcoating the problems. We're not shying away from them."
Lori in Ohio writes:
Secretary Clinton, Thank you for taking so much of your time to visit countries in Africa. Your courageous and thoughtful trip is so important. You continue to inspire me.
Normita in California writes:
Dear Secretary Clinton:
We are proud of your hard work and dedication you brought to the people of Africa. The images of love and connection with them are memorable.
Thank you for your service to our country and the world. God bless you and those you touched with courage and compassion.
a proud hillaryvillager
Patrick in Maryland writes:
Hi,Ya Netizen
well it's Friday night or saturday morning :) .
I think Hillary's Visit to Africa went very good . I liked watching the Videos, and reading about her visit. The Secretarys dancing with the people there was kind of funny ,but she didn't sing so were good .LoL :)Just Kidding
I'm hoping that we will have a closer relationship with Africa in the future. They have a really nice country, and from the picture some very nice people living there.
..Cya, Hillary and people of the Department of State.:)
Pedro in Massachusetts writes:
I love the fact that you visited my island in Cape Verde. I am so happy that you had a chance to relax at the great RIU chain. Perhaps on your next trip take me with you since I know the island very well.
William in the Netherlands writes:
Most of to days conflicts are a result of the past! When one reads : The war of 1898 and the U.S. interventions 1898-1934,an encyclopedia edited by Benjamin R. Beede, can explain a loth of conflicts like Cuba, Philipines, Guatamala, Haiti, etc. etc. This means that problems in these areas, can be viewed in the old way of thinking, so one can find solutions for these conflicts in the world of to day!
John in Greece writes:
@ William in Holland -- I do not know the accuracy of your history refs, but friends become enemies and sometimes ex-enemies become next-friends. Especially after centuries. This is life! Otherwise we would have a permanent vendetta.
@ Pedro in Massachusetts -- First, "it's" islands. Second, do you still think that visiting Cape Verde was such a relax visit for Secret Service and Madame Secretary? They are heroes being there! Pedro, probably you confused Corfu with Bahamas. She (Madame Secretary) does not make vacations. Otherwise, she had better places to choose than this diary.
John in Greece writes:
@ Pedro in Massachusetts -- To make myself even more clear: not exactly a "relax" trip, right? Only a few people in the world can "run" so good and fast as a U.S. Secretary of State!
I'm really considering to visit (for tourism) Cape Verde next summer. This is something Cape Verderers "owe" to Mrs. Clinton visit.
Best Regards!
Anna P. in Italy writes:
I am so happy that Secretary Clinton visited Cape Verde. I was translating for Mrs. Adelcia Barreto Leite, the President's wife in May when she came to Los Angeles for the First African First Ladies Health Summit. I was astounded with all Mrs. Adelcia told me, that 90% of children are in school and interested in furthering their education, that more than 50% of women are in important political positions and that they have legal abortion clinics. President Leite empowered his wife and I thnk their example is a major motivaton for other countries in Africa. I am glad now that the news on Cape Verde's progress is becoming of greater attention by the U.S. government. As I speak Portuguese, let me know if I can collaborate for furtherng this exchange.


text: Having complex or nested properties is a different thing from grouping properties by category. A property category is not a property. ________________________________ From: Lori Hylan-Cho [avocadoh at gmail.com] Sent: Sunday, September 13, 2009 3:51 PM To: Bertrand Le Roy Cc: Kin Blas; ide at openajax.org Subject: Re: [OpenAjaxIDE] Nesting <properties> re-visited ... I agree that proposal #2 is simpler when there's only one level of nested categories, but Kin's example (both the hypothetical one in his email and a couple real-world ones we looked over) had more than one level. In that case, nesting <properties> tags is simpler to understand, IMHO. On Thu, Sep 10, 2009 at 10:21 PM, Bertrand Le Roy <Bertrand.Le.Roy at microsoft.com<mailto:Bertrand.Le.Roy at microsoft.com>> wrote: The second (group-based) approach is what exists in Visual Studio: there is only one level of nested categories so that's sufficient and much simpler. -----Original Message----- From: ide-bounces at openajax.org<mailto:ide-bounces at openajax.org> [mailto:ide-bounces at openajax.org<mailto:ide-bounces at openajax.org>] On Behalf Of Kin Blas Sent: Friday, September 04, 2009 2:36 PM To: ide at openajax.org<mailto:ide at openajax.org> Subject: [OpenAjaxIDE] Nesting <properties> re-visited ... I noticed that the "::" approach for an alternate approach to nesting <properties> was added to the 1.0 spec: >> Some tools may have multiple levels of tabs within a property editor. >> For example, perhaps there will be a first-level tab which shows "Basic" >> properties, and then a sub-tab within the "Basic" tab for "Sizing" >> properties. The recommended convention for identifying hierarchical >> property groups is to use a double-colon sequence ("::") as the token >> separate string. For example, name="Basic::Sizing". This was a suggestion I made while trying to work with "what we have" and avoid introducing new attributes since we are trying to wind down the 1.0 spec, and avoid introducing our own vendor-namespaced attributes into OAM files to enable this feature. One problem we still have with this approach, is that we still need the concept of a label to express the relationships to the end-user. This requires us to add a @label attribute or <label> child anyways. Since we need an extra attribute anyways, I would rather see formal metadata semantics introduced to support nesting properly and pull the suggestion of the '::' convention from the 1.0 spec so we don't get stuck with having to support it forever once we declare OAM 1.0. We have 2 proposals we'd like to put forth for consideration for the next revision of the spec. The first is to actually allow the nesting of <properties> tags and introduce the @label attribute for <properties>: <properties name="A" label="##A##"> ... <properties name="B" label="##B##"> ... </properties> <properties name="C" label="##C##"> ... </properties> ... </properties> <properties name="D" label="##D##"> ... <properties name="E" label="##E##"> ... </properties> <properties name="F" label="##F##"> ... </properties> ... </properties> In this proposal, there is no limit to the nesting level of <properties>. If folks don't like this approach, an alternate would be to keep the flattened <properties> approach, but introduce the @label attribute, as well as a @group attribute that allows you to group one or more properties underneath a specific named <properties> element: <properties name="A" label="##A##"> ... </properties> <properties name="B" label="##B##" group="A"> ... </properties> <properties name="C" label="##C##" group="A"> ... </properties> <properties name="D" label="##D##"> ... </properties> <properties name="E" label="##E##" group="D"> ... </properties> <properties name="F" label="##F##" group="D"> ... </properties> In this scenario, the value of the @group attribute is the @name of the <properties> tag it should be nested underneath. There is no limit to the grouping, so if you really wanted to express a nesting of A>B>C>D>E>F, it would look something like this: <properties name="A" label="##A##"> ... </properties> <properties name="B" label="##B##" group="A"> ... </properties> <properties name="C" label="##C##" group="B"> ... </properties> <properties name="D" label="##D##" group="C"> ... </properties> <properties name="E" label="##E##" group="D"> ... </properties> <properties name="F" label="##F##" group="E"> ... </properties> Thoughts? Is there a place to put proposals like this? --== Kin ==-- _______________________________________________ IDE mailing list IDE at openajax.org<mailto:IDE at openajax.org> http://openajax.org/mailman/listinfo/ide _______________________________________________ IDE mailing list IDE at openajax.org<mailto:IDE at openajax.org> http://openajax.org/mailman/listinfo/ide -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://openajax.org/pipermail/ide/attachments/20090914/b2aae754/attachment.html


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Thanks for help for Dinner Dance
To the editor:
The Houghton Sports Boosters hosted its annual Spring Dinner Dance recently and would like to thank all those that donated prizes, purchased tickets, bought 50/50 and raffle tickets, cooked and served the food, and danced the night away with the Music Man DJ! It was another successful event and we appreciate all the support. We would especially like to thank the following people/organizations for their generosity and we encourage you to frequent these businesses. Thank you to: Applebees, Armando's, Auto Pro Glass & Tire, Bambu Asian Cuisine, Bob Hager Agency, Brockway Photography, Chickadees, Coca Cola of Hancock, Copper Country Ford, Crane Berry Farm, Custom Golf Technology, Dairy Queen, Dan's Auto, Dan's Polaris, Detroit Red Wings, Downwind Sports, Econo Foods/ Kehe Foods, Flowers by Sleeman, Gitzen's Wholesale, Grego Farm, Kay Morris & Val Longhini of Hairsmiths, Hardees , Hillside Restaurant, Holiday Inn Express, Houghton Fire Dept., Joe Lentowich, Joey's OnlySeafood, Kaleva, Kangas Caf, Keweenaw Automotive, Keweenaw Brewing Co., Kirkish Furniture, Little Caesars, M & M Powersports, Madison Nicole Photography, Magnuson Inn, Matt's Auto Glass, Michigan Tech (Athletics, Dining,Mont Ripley,MUB, Portage Lake Golf Course, Student Dev. Complex), Michigan Tech Credit Union, Mine Shaft, Mirror Barber Shop, Northland Veterinary Clinic, Packer's Community Outreach, Pam Sheridan, Pat's Foods, Pilgrim River Steakhouse, Pizza Hut, Portage Dental Health, Dr. Bob Richards, Portage Health Fitness Center, Portage Rehab and Wellness, Psychology Assoc., Quincy's, Regis Salon, Rukkila/Negro Assoc., Sayen's Auto, Sheldon Grill, Shopko, Smart Styles of Walmart, State Farm, Suomi Restaurant, Superior Block, Superior National Bank, Taco Bell, Teresa Shoup, The Hut Inn, The Lunch Bag, The Wicker and Willow Co., Travelodge of Houghton, Unique Images, Victoria's Kitchen, Vollwerth's, Waterfront Restaurant, Wendy Sharp, Wyandotte Golf Course. We apologize if we've inadvertently omitted anyone.We also would like to express our gratitude to all those that helped throughout the year with the concession stand or at an athletic event. These events wouldn't be possible without the endless hours that volunteers put in. Everyone with an athlete in sports programs is strongly encouraged to volunteer at least one shift per season. Many hands make less work. Thanks again to everyone for your continued strong support of Houghton High School athletes. Your contributions make it possible for the sports boosters to continue to help financially with the needs that arise with travel, uniforms, equipment, etc. and your support contributes to the overall success of our students.
Go Gremlins!
Stephanie Cook
Houghton All Sports Boosters


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Saving for College
You may have a six month supply of diapers in the closet. You may have your baby's first shoes picked out, even laced and ready to go. You may have registered your unborn child for nursery school. But have you planned eighteen years into the future? Are you planning for college now? No, you don't have to start buying up S.A.T. study guides. But you may want to start saving money.
Four years at an in state public university will probably cost almost $100,000 by the time your baby moves into the dorms, and a private college or university may cost more than $200,000. Room, board, books, and late night pizza deliveries not included. Horrified? Well, relax.
Scholarships, financial aid, and student loans can help, and you have the opportunity now to save yourself a lot of stress over the course of the next two decades.
When you start saving for your child's college education way ahead of time, you give the money you put aside time to grow and accumulate. Start saving now. Invest aggressively, perhaps in a stock fund or a no-load mutual fund with low expenses.
You might also consider a Roth IRA or a Uniform Gift to Minors Act (UGMA) or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) account, and adding an Education IRA to the mix. And review your investment decisions annually, investing less aggressively as that fateful first tuition bill creeps closer. Once your child is about to enter high school, you should move the money into less aggressive funds, like growth and income stock funds and bond funds.
By the time your child is staying up nights worrying about the S.A.T., or you are, you should be making their college fund accessible and safe by transferring it into a money market fund. Looking forward to it?
Your child won't be either, but you'll both be thrilled when the acceptance letters show up and when the post-graduation paychecks start coming in, allowing you to declare your baby financially independent. Raising a college fund like raising a child, takes time, and the rewards are in the process as much as the results. Start now.
For more information:


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Repurpose day-old bread and dress up everyday dishes with new taste and texture.
Roasted breadcrumbs are pure genius. They put old bread to new use and add flavor, texture and interest to whatever they grace.
Tossed with fresh herbs and a bit of lemon zest, they add elegance to fish fillets. Used unadorned on a lusty but humble pasta dish, they become��poor man�s Parmesan.�
So before grumpily tossing the remains of that day-old baguette,�consider how it might just transform a crummy day into a �crumby� one.
Feeling a bit better now, aren�t we?
�Story and recipes by Laraine Perri, a food writer in New York City.
Brought to you by: Relish


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Democrats gather in the heart of Billy Graham country
(RNS) The host city for the Democratic National Convention is not a particularly political town. Charlotte, N.C. is known for three other things: banking, NASCAR and religion. And when it comes to religion, Billy Graham's spirit looms large. By Lauren Markoe.


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These new style drilling tools are ideal for those times when you need the maximum amount of control for drilling in wood and plastic. And since each drill has its own handle, you won't waste time changing bits the way you have to when using a pin vise. All bits are high speed steel mounted in knurled, no-slip aluminum handles.Set of 4 includes: 1/64 inch, 1/32 inch, 3/64 inch and 1/16 inch.


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Heeding the rallying cry (but not really needing any incentive to gnaw his foes), Chuxxus bounds into the fray. His jaws snap furiously.
A forum for discussion of Labyrinth Lord, Mutant Future, Starships & Spacemen, or other old-school gaming discussion.
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text: I plan on making a difference in the world. I know I am just one human, but by being vegan, I know that I am changing lives. And not just the lives of the humans around me, but the beautiful creatures living on our earth. They were put here to live a happy life just as us. We are no different. I would do anything to save the lives of the innocent animals inhabiting our planet.


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Xenophon c. 430 B.C.-c. 354 B.C.
Greek historian and philosopher.
Xenophon was a fourth-century Greek historian best known for his Hellenica, which began where Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War had stopped, and for the semi-historical, semi-novelistic Cyropaedia. While he often appears alongside Herodotus and Thucydides in major studies of Greek historiography, he is not always included with enthusiasm. Critics have regularly remarked on his limitations as a historian, finding his presentation of historical material selective and biased. He is also found wanting as a philosopher: critics brand his dialogues, such as the Oeconomicus and the Symposium, derivative, weak on comprehension and original insight, and unsuccessful in the attempt to capture socratic thought. Such critical condemnations, however, are relatively recent: his reputation in the centuries following his own age was very high and remained so through the Renaissance. Since the height of the Roman Empire, Xenophon has won praise for his detailed and reliable information on military matters, for his style, which is simple, straight-forward, and concise, and for his aptitude as a storyteller. By the nineteenth century, his Anabasis, an account of a Greek army's travails in Persia, became a common textbook for young people studying Greek because of its accessibility and narrative pull. Overall, however, he was by this time often named only to be criticized. Nonetheless, his works have received extensive critical attention, both for their documentation of Greek life and ancient history and for their rhetorical strategies.
Biographical Information
Xenophon was born in Ercheia, a rural district outside of Athens; his father, Gryllus, was probably an upper-class Athenian citizen. Biographer J. K. Anderson surmised from Xenophon's environment and writings that his upbringing and personal opinions were generally conservative—invested in preserving the class structure into which he was born. He grew up during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) and appears to have had his first military experience as a cavalryman close to the end of the war. When the war ended, the preceding era of Athenian democracy also came to a close, replaced by the oligarchic rule of thirty men, later known as the Thirty Tyrants. Initially, many men of Xenophon's class supported this change, since, according to authorities on Greek history, many believed that Greek democracy had become excessive during the war and had possibly harmed the Greek cause. Ultimately, however, the Thirty lost the support of the upper classes; when they were overthrown, democracy reemerged.
Despite an unremarkable intellect, Xenophon met and became a disciple of Socrates, the most influential thinker of his age and many others. According to Xenophantic legend, the young man was traversing a passage in Athens when the philosopher barred his way and began asking him questions about where one could find various kinds of goods, to which Xenophon replied with the names of various kinds of vendors. When Socrates asked him, "And where do men find virtue?" Xenophon had no answer, at which Socrates invited the young man to follow and learn from him. Ultimately, however, military experience appears to have been of greater value to Xenophon than intellectual training. In approximately 402 B.C. Xenophon's friend Proxenus invited him on a military expedition: they would fight in Persia, on a mercenary basis, for Cyrus the Younger, who was challenging his brother Aratxerxes' claim to the Persian throne. It was a politically risky move, since he would be selling his military loyalty outside of Greece and to a man viewed as an enemy by Athenian authorities. Xenophon, on Socrates's advice, sought the counsel of the oracle at Delphi, but rather than asking the oracle if he should fight for Cyrus, he asked to which god he should make a sacrifice to ensure success. His determination may have been motivated, as several historians have speculated, by the need to make up losses suffered by his family estate under the demands of the Thirty Tyrants.
In Cyrus's service the next year, Xenophon was affiliated with a Greek army of 10,000 soldiers. He became one of their leaders after Cyrus's defeat and the execution of most of the Greek commanders, when the column needed to make its way back home. The account of that expedition, known as the March of the 10,000, became one of Xenophon's most popular works, the Anabasis. Xenophon followed his Persian military career with a similar position for Agesilaus, a Spartan king, in 396-394 B.C. Here he risked his political position at home even further, since Sparta was a traditional enemy of Athens. In 394 B.C., this association brought him directly into battle with Athenian forces, after which the Athenian authorities formally exiled him and confiscated his property. His reputation in Athens had endured earlier blows when Socrates was tried and executed in 399 B.C., with suspicion cast on many of his followers.
Deprived of his home in Athens, Xenophon acquired an estate at Scillus in Elis, in Spartan territory, where he pursued his writing in earnest and raised a family. He remained at Scillus for two decades, roughly from 390-370 B.C., until Sparta lost Scillus to Thebes, and then relocated to Corinth. When Spartan-Athenian relations improved in c. 365 B.C., Xenophon was able to return to Athens; some historians have located him back in Athens after that date, but most have described him remaining in Corinth until his death.
Major Works
Xenophon was a prolific writer, producing many works from the end of the fifth century to his death, all of which appear to have survived in some form or another. Critics generally group his works into three categories—histories, philosophical works, and technical works—although many of the pieces defy easy categorization. His status as a historian derives mainly from the Hellenica, the Anabasis, and the Cyropaedia. He may have begun the Hellenica, his most ambitious historical work, as early as 411 B.C., thereby matching his intial writing date with the opening of the history. The seven books trace the history of Greece from 411 B.C.-362 B.C. The Hellenica also fields the most fire from critical scholars, since it appears to fail the standard criteria of historical accuracy and impartiality. The Anabasis has earned more favor and has been praised for its narrative style and apparently more solid historical detail. Although the author refers to himself in the third person throughout, the work, probably written in 379 B.C., is largely autobiographical, relating Xenophon's own experiences and observations during the March of the 10,000. The Anabasis and the Cyropaedia, on the other hand, have been appreciated for the new territories they appeared to explore: a kind of proto-novelistic storytelling and experiment in biography and autobiography. The Cyropaedia, c. 365 B.C., combines Persian history and biography in a narrative presentation of the life of Cyrus the Elder, who founded the Persian monarchy. Scholars have hotly debated its value as history, many asserting that the picture of Persia Xenophon presents is too romantic and that Xenophon marred his objectivity with his desire to make the text a lesson in good citizenship and good leadership. Critics agree, however, that it has had a major influence on later generations, both contributing to the development of the novel and, in the words of Moses Hadas, having "an appreciable effect in shaping European ideas of what a gentleman should be." Xenophon also apparently completed one other biography in 365 B.C., the Agesilaus, an encomium, or laudatory biography, of the Spartan king Agesilaus, for whom Xenophon fought.
Like his historical works, Xenophon's philosophical works have also come under attack. Some critics have suggested that they be classified as a kind of memoir, since almost all present Socrates as a central character. The most famous of these are in fact called "memoirs"—the Memorabilia possibly begun in c. 384 B.C. and completed in c. 356 B.C.—Xenophon's memories presented for the specific purpose of depicting Socrates. The earliest portion of the Memorabilia may have been the Apology, Xenophon's rendition of Socrates' trial, meant as a defense of his teacher. The accuracy of the Memorabilia is considered doubtful and suggests that Xenophon failed to reproduce Socrates's doctrines very clearly. The other socratic dialogues, however, receive even more criticism, sometimes fielding the charge that Xenophon's Socrates appears simply as the mouthpiece for Xenophon's own thoughts. These works include the Apology; the Oeconomicus (On Household Management), c. 362 B.C., in which Ischomachus, a young husband, consults Socrates about how best to manage his estate economy and, specifically, his new wife; and the Symposium, a philosophical dialogue set during an imaginary dinner party, formally much like Plato's work of the same name, praised for its unusually strong structure and consistency. One other philosophical work, the Hiero, also c. 365 B.C., presented a dialogue, between King Hiero I of Syracuse and the poet Simonides, on the nature of rule. Xenophon also produced quite a few technical manuals, ranging across his favorite topics. Sometimes the Oeconomicus is included among them because of its detailed information about a typical Greek estate of the era. Other technical manuals present similarly valuable information on different topics, including the highly valued On the Spartan Constitution (c. 388 B.C.) and On Horsemanship (c. 380 B.C.).
Textual History
Many critics and editors have suggested that the centrality of Xenophon's name in the study of Greek historiography has less to do with the quality of his work than with the extent to which it has been preserved. It appears that most, if not all, of his writings survive in some form, usually in Medieval or Renaissance transcriptions or translations. The absence of original and even ancient manuscripts has led to considerable debate over dating Xenophon's writings, especially regarding the different books of the Hellenica; consequently, most works are placed either in the author's twenty years in Elis or in the period after his exile was revoked. Extant manuscripts that are housed in libraries in the Middle East and throughout Europe, with the earliest dating from 1166 A.D.
Critical Reception
Although Xenophon's reputation appeared to be that of a minor author in his own age, he became a favorite of Roman readers including Cato the Elder, Cicero, Julius Ceaser, and Mark Antony, all of whom favored his military expertise and simple prose style. In the second century B.C., Lucian classed Xenophon with his two notable predecessors, Herodotus and Thucydides, and commented that in his own age "everyone wanted to be a Xenophon." His currency remained high with European readers through the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The fifteenth century saw many Latin translations of his works, and the sixteenth century, many translations into modern tongues. By the the nineteenth century, however, his reputation had fallen. His later style, which retained the simplicity of his earlier works but became ever more colloquial, carried little weight with the century's scholars of Greek literature and his historical works came under fire for their evident partiality and errors. The judgement trailed through into the twentieth century, captured in M. I. Finley's remark in 1959 that the Hellenica "is very unreliable, tendentious, dishonest, dreary to read, and rarely illuminating on broader issues." Ironically, while Western scholars have tended to discount Xenophon's historiographie skills and, specifically, to regard his depiction of Persia in the Cyropaedia as wholly romantic, Orientalists have long considered Xenophon a reliable source on the history of Persia. Only recently have these two currents pulled together enough for Orientalists to assure Western critics that Xenophon's knowledge appears to be reliable.
The late twentieth century has seen something of a revival in Xenophon's popularity, especially as his texts are studied as more than historical tracts. Classicist Leo Strauss has been instrumental in creating a resurgance of interest with his translation and study of the Hiero, or On Tyranny, in 1948, and J. K. Anderson's 1974 biographical study marked a groundswell in renewed appreciation. The bulk of this recent critical attention has focused on the Cyropaedia, since this text best allows critics to re-examine the issue of Xenophon's reliability as a historian. Emphasizing the necessary artifice of any literary production, Steven Hirsch and James Tatum have studied the book using the tools of literary analysis rather than historiography. From this perspective, the Cyropaedia becomes not only a rich text, but a central progenitor in the development of the Western novel. In a similar vein, Arnaldo Momigliano has recognized Xenophon as integral to the development of both biography and autobiography in Western literature, including him among the fourth-century Socratics who "moved to that zone between truth and fiction which is so bewildering to the professional historian."
Principal English Translations
The School of Cyrus (translated by William Barker) 1567
The Works of Xenophon (translated by H. G. Dakyns) 1890-97
The Art of Horsemanship (translated by Morris H. Morgan) 1893
Cyropaedia (translated by Walter Miller) 1914
The March up Country (Anabasis) (translated by W. H. D. Rouse) 1948
The Persian Expedition (translated by R. Warner) 1949
Recollections of Socrates, and Socrates Defense Before the Jury (translated by A. S. Benjamin) 1965
Hiero (translated by Leo Strauss) 1968
Xenophon's Socratic Discourse: An...
(The entire section is 96 words.)
William Barker (essay date 1567)
SOURCE: A preface to The School of Cyrus, by Xenophon, translated by William Barker, 1567. Reprint by Garland Publishing, Inc., 1987, pp. 1-8.
[Barker, a fellow at Oxford University, completed the first known English translation of Xenophon's Cyropaedia in 1567. In the preface that follows, Barker dedicates the work to the Earls of Pembroke and Surrey, stressing the volume's educational value.]
A Preface to the Right Honorable William, Earl of Pembroke, Lord Harbert of Cardife, knight of the honorable order of the Garter, and President of the King's Highness Council in the marches of Wales, William Bercker wishes health and honor.
Those authors...
(The entire section is 3577 words.)
Alfred Pretor (essay date 1881)
SOURCE: "On the Peculiarities of Xenophon's Style," in The Anabasis of Xenophon, Vol. I, edited and translated by Alfred Pretor, Cambridge of the University Press, 1881, pp. 17-26.
[In the following excerpt, Pretor prefaces his translation of Xenophon's Anabasis with comments on the author's limitations, including a tendency to be dry and "slovenly."]
In the subject of his history Xenophon is fortunate beyond the majority of authors. The interest excited by the circumstances of the expedition and the desire to learn something of the unknown land through which the travellers made their way: above all, the dangers consequent upon the undertaking and the...
(The entire section is 416 words.)
John Pentland Mahaffey (essay date 1905)
SOURCE: "Xenophon the Precursor of Hellenism," in The Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire, The University of Chicago Press, 1905, pp. 1-27.
[In the following excerpt, Mahaffey uses Xenophon as a "case study" in his discussion of the transition from "Hellendom" to Hellenism in ancient Greece; he finds Xenophon exemplary of the period in both style and content.]
… [By] "Hellenism" I mean that so-called "silver age" of Greek art and literature, when they became cosmopolitan, and not parochial; and by "Hellenistic," not only what was Greek, but what desired and assumed to be Greek, from the highest and noblest imitation down to the poorest travesty. The...
(The entire section is 5624 words.)
J. B. Bury (essay date 1908)
SOURCE: "The Development of Greek Historiography after Thucydides," in The Ancient Greek Historians, 1908. Reprint by Dover Publications, 1958, pp. 150-90.
[In the excerpt that follows, Bury assesses Xenophon as one of the primary historians to follow Thucydides 's career. Of the three that he examines, he finds Xenophon the "least meritorious," but influential nonetheless.]
Thucydides had set up a new standard and proposed a new model for historical investigation. He taught the Greeks to write contemporary political history; this was the permanent result of his work. But the secret of his critical methods may be said to have perished with him; it has been reserved for...
(The entire section is 1094 words.)
Samuel James Pease (essay date 1934)
SOURCE: "Xenophon's Cyropaedia, 'The Compleat General'," in The Classical Journal, Vol. 29, no. 6, March, 1934, pp. 436-40.
[In the essay that follows, Pease advocates for the historical value of the Cyropaedia, claiming it as thorough documentation of ancient Greek military strategy; he ultimately dubs it "the first general military treatise ever written."]
Colonel Oliver L. Spaulding, Jr., in the June number of the Classical Journal, (XXVIII, 657-69), gives a list of ancient military writings, with a valuable appreciation of most of them. But Xenophon's Cyropaedia is very much more than "the amusement of his later years, the vehicle...
(The entire section is 1561 words.)
Leo Strauss (essay date 1948)
Leo Strauss (essay date 1948)
SOURCE: "The Teaching Concerning Tyranny," in On Tyranny: An Interpretation of Xenophon's "Hiero," Political Science Classics, 1948, pp. 50-62.
[Strauss published his book on tyranny in Xenophon's "Hiero" in 1948, only three years after the end of World War II. With that recent history as his context, Strauss attempts to determine what concept of tyranny the Hiero, a dialogue between a tyrannical ruler and a philosopher, presents. In the excerpt that follows, Strauss also considers how Xenophon's own political context may have influenced the form in which he presented his ideas.]
Since tyranny is essentially a...
(The entire section is 5177 words.)
Arnaldo Momigliano (essay date 1971)
SOURCE: "The Fourth Century," in The Development of Greek Biography, revised edition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993, 43-64.
[In the following excerpt, originally published in 1971, Momigliano locates Xenophon at the forefront of fourth-century experiments in biography, which he claims occupied "that zone between truth and fiction."]
In the fourth century individual politicians found themelves in a position of power very different from that of their predecessors in the previous century. In the fifth century Miltiades, Themistocles, Leonidas, even Pericles and Cleon, had been the servants of the state to which they belonged. The tyrants of Sicily had...
(The entire section is 4559 words.)
J. K. Anderson (essay date 1974)
J. K. Anderson (essay date 1974)
SOURCE: "Religion and Politics," in Xenophon, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974, pp. 34-45.
[Working from Xenophon's writings and the little biographical material available, Anderson here reconstructs Xenophon's religious and political attitudes, which he characterizes as largely conservative.]
Xenophon's education in religion and politics, whatever it may have owed to Socrates, was, like his moral instruction, not complicated by abstract speculations. Throughout his life, Xenophon remained the sort of conservative whose acceptance of the doctrines and principles that he has...
(The entire section is 4278 words.)
Christopher Grayson (essay date 1975)
Christopher Grayson (essay date 1975)
SOURCE: "Did Xenophon Intend to Write History?," in The Ancient Historian and His Materials, edited by Barbara Levick, Gregg International, 1975, pp. 31-43.
[In the following essay, Grayson offers a qualification to the general opinion that Xenophon was a poor historian by suggesting that the Hellenica, his most "historical" text, has a moral intent that overrides its function as history.]
Xenophon as a historian stands condemned. His intellectual honesty is impugned as his abilities are questioned. For the history of the first half of the fourth century he is frequently ignored in favour of the unknown...
(The entire section is 3952 words.)
Arthur Heiserman (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: "Erotic Suffering," in The Novel before the Novel, The University of Chicago Press, 1977, pp. 3-10.
[In the excerpt that follows, Heiserman briefly summarizes the Cyropaedia, stressing the elements that later authors of early romances could imitate; in this way, Heiserman argues, despite Xenophon's clearly didactic purposes, his work could be the "First Romance in the West."]
One candidate for the role of "First Romance in the West" is the Cyropaedia, written by Xenophon, the spartanophile admirer of Socrates, about 400 B.C. More particularly, it is the story of Panthea and Abradatas, woven through books 5, 6, and 7 of the...
(The entire section is 1120 words.)
W. E. Higgins (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: "The Active Life," in Xenophon the Athenian: The Problem of the Individual and the Society of the "Polis," State University of New York Press, 1977, pp. 76-98.
[In the following excerpt, Higgins delineates Xenophon's notion of the individual and his ideal relationship between individual and society; using the Agesilaos and Anabasis as examples, Higgins determines that "the claims of family and city regulate individual desire" and leadership, "if genuine, is not founded upon license but limit."]
The Spartan king Agesilaos was lame in one leg and walked with a limp. Xenophon's encomium in his honor, however, never mentions this, just as it passes...
(The entire section is 8666 words.)
Steven W. Hirsch (essay date 1985)
SOURCE: "1001 Iranian Nights: History and Fiction in Xenophon's Cyropaedia," in The Greek Historians: Literature and History, Anma Libri, 1985, pp. 65-85.
[Arguing that Classical scholars have usually treated Persia as a negligible detail of setting in the Cyropaedia, Hirsch makes its presence central in the essay that follows in order to vindicate Xenophon's knowledge of Persian culture.]
This paper, which concerns itself with one of the more curious pieces of literature which have come down to us from classical antiquity—the Cyropaedia of Xenophon— is written in that spirit of respect for the intelligence and integrity of the ancient...
(The entire section is 6801 words.)
V. J. Gray (essay date 1989)
V. J. Gray (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: "Xenophon's Defence of Socrates: The Rhetorical Background to the Socratic Problem," in Classical Quarterly, Vol. XXXIX, no. 1, 1989, pp. 136-40.
[In the following essay, Gray asserts that the form and even the ideas of Xenophon 's Defence of Socrates were shaped by rhetorical requirements, specifically the "rule of propriety"—that a speaker's words in a dialogue must be appropriate to his character.]
The death of Socrates gave birth to an industry of biographical literature which often took the form of a defence (apologia) or prosecution (kate̵goria), sometimes purporting...
(The entire section is 2463 words.)
Vivienne Gray (essay date 1989)
Vivienne Gray (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: An introduction to The Character of Xenophon's "Hellenica," Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., 1989, pp. 1-9.
[In her introduction, an excerpt from which follows, Gray states her desire to correct previous condemnations of Xenophon's text as a poor history, arguing that critics must acknowledge Xenophon as a philosophical writer with moral purposes before they can judge the text properly.]
The attempt to understand the nature of Xenophon's Hellenica has a long history. Part of the problem is that Xenophon makes no prefatory statement of the programme of the history. It begins in medias res...
(The entire section is 4135 words.)
James Tatum (essay date 1989)
James Tatum (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: "Revision," in Xenophon's Imperial Fiction: On "The Education of Cyrus, " Princeton Univer-sity Press, 1989, pp. 215-39.
[The following excerpt from Tatum's book treats the "epilogue" of the Cyropaedia, which, Tatum argues, "turns a work of idealistic fiction into a narrative of disillusionment. " Tatum further asserts that Xenophon understood this disjunction and, therefore, anticipated later critiques, most notably Plato's in The Laws.]
Like Cyrus and his empire, Xenophon's achievement should ultimately be measured not by what he created, but by how he created it. [In The Philosophy of Literary Form,...
(The entire section is 8408 words.)
Further Reading
Gray, V. J. "Continuous History and Xenophon, Hellenica" In American Journal of Philology 112, No. 2 (Summer 1991): 201-28.
Argues for an "essential unity" in the Hellenica, refuting critics who perceive the work to have been composed at largely disparate points in time.
Henry, W. P. Greek Historical Writing: A Historiographical Essay Based on Xenophon 's "Hellenica. " Chicago: Argonaut, 1966, 219 p.
A detailed analytical study of the Hellenica, often cited by later critics as the authority on the dating and composition of Xenophon's history.
(The entire section is 433 words.)


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