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Backgrounder #2677 on Budget and Spending, Education
April 12, 2012
April 12, 2012 | Backgrounder on Budget and Spending, Education
Abstract: President Obama's FY 2013 budget request includes another major spending increase for the Department of Education—2.5 percent more than last year—to nearly $70 billion. American taxpayers are calling for spending restraint in Washington, yet President Obama's proposals would exacerbate the existing bureaucratic maze of federal programs and further remove educational decision-making authority from state and local policymakers. Decades of increased federal spending have done little to benefit American students. Continuing to pour more taxpayer dollars into failed programs is unlikely to improve educational outcomes. Rather, it will lead to more federal involvement in state and local education systems. Reforms that roll back spending and reduce the federal role will help restore educational authority to state and local leaders where it rightly belongs.
"Budgets are about choices." Such was President Barack Obama's message during a recent speech to the National Governors Association. President Obama's fiscal year (FY) 2013 budget request and supplemental education spending proposals make the Administration's own choice perfectly clear: Continue to increase federal education spending and federal control over education.
The Department of Education, a 4,200-person agency, has enjoyed dramatic funding increases year after year since its creation over three decades ago. The President's FY 2013 budget request includes a 2.5 percent increase (over 2012 levels) for the Department of Education—the largest increase for any domestic agency in the proposed budget. But nearly a half century of ever-increasing federal education spending and control has failed to improve academic outcomes. The bloated bureaucracy has added layer upon layer of red tape on states and school districts, requiring school leaders to demonstrate compliance with more than 150 federal education programs.
In addition to the proposed spending increases in President Obama's 2013 budget request for the Department of Education, the Administration is also proposing to spend another $60 billion on new programs—spending that would be supplemental to the FY 2012 enacted budget and FY 2013 budget request. These staggering new spending increases are in addition to the one-time $98 billion provided to the Department of Education in 2009 as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act—the "stimulus"—and on top of the $10 billion "EduJobs" bill passed in the summer of 2010.
At a time when American taxpayers are calling for fiscal restraint in Washington, including restraint at the Department of Education, the budget and blueprint create a path to continued federal profligacy. These are proposals that exacerbate the existing bureaucratic maze of federal programs and further remove educational decision-making authority from state and local policymakers.
President Obama's FY 2013 budget request for the Department of Education increases the agency's discretionary budget to $69.8 billion, a 2.5 percent increase over 2012 levels and an 18 percent increase over 2008 levels. The FY 2013 budget request would bring spending on elementary and secondary education programs to $38.5 billion, a 1.2 percent increase over 2012 levels. Higher education expenditures would also see a significant boost if the budget is enacted, increasing spending on higher education programs to $28 billion, a 4.6 percent increase over 2012 levels.
Despite these increases and the historic high level of spending on federal education programs, President Obama singled out the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program to be placed on the chopping block for elimination.
The D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program. In 2004, Congress enacted the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program, which provides vouchers to low-income children living in the nation's capital to attend a private school of their parents' choice. When the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program was signed into law, Congress used a three-sector funding approach to provide additional federal funding to D.C. public schools and D.C. public charter schools as a result of the creation of the voucher program. At present, the funding structure provides $20 million to each of the three sectors (D.C. public schools, D.C. public charter schools, and the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program).
On page 1,321 of the FY 2013 budget request for the D.C. government, President Obama includes $60 million in federal funding to "support kindergarten through high school education in the District of Columbia." The funding is separate from the Department of Education's budget and was authorized through the Scholarships for Opportunity and Results Act (SOAR), passed in 2011. However, President Obama's FY 2013 budget cuts the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program out of the funding request, instead splitting the entirety of the $60 million appropriation between D.C. public schools and public charter schools.[1] His proposal saves no money but simply cuts the voucher program and re-appropriates funds to the public system.
During the 2011–2012 school year, 1,615 low-income children received scholarships to attend a private school of choice in Washington, D.C. The Administration's budget notes that "the program has sufficient funds to provide private school vouchers to currently enrolled students through the 2013–2014 school year." If "budgets are about choices," the choice to eliminate the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program sends a clear message about the Obama Administration's vision for education policy.
President Obama's FY 2013 budget request for education represents proposed spending for the 2013 fiscal year (beginning October 2012). The Obama Administration has also released an education "blueprint," which contains new spending for the current 2012 fiscal year and beyond. The President's blueprint contains $60 billion in new spending proposals that are supplemental to his FY 2012 budget (which runs from October 2011 to September 2012) and FY 2013 budget request. The major supplemental proposals in the Obama education blueprint are:
The RESPECT Project. The Administration outlines a new $5 billion program called the RESPECT Project (Recognizing Educational Success, Professional Excellence, and Collaborative Teaching), which would provide competitive grants to states and school districts to attract high-quality teachers by providing competitive compensation.
Keeping Educators in the Classroom. The President's blueprint includes a $25 billion Keeping Educators in the Classroom proposal. According to the Administration, funding for the proposal would support 327,000 education jobs, a cost of roughly $76,000 per job, and "funds would support formula grants to states to retain, rehire, and hire early childhood, elementary, and secondary educators."[2]
Modernization of School Facilities. The blueprint also includes a proposed $30 billion in federal funding for school modernization, with $25 billion for the modernization of 35,000 elementary and secondary schools and the remaining $5 billion for modernization of community colleges.
Not only do the FY 2013 budget request and blueprint represent bad fiscal policy, but they create increased federal overreach into state and local educational affairs.
FY 2013 Budget Request. President Obama's FY 2013 budget request builds on the failed policies of his and previous Administrations to continually increase federal education spending despite little to no improvements in educational outcomes. The FY 2013 budget request merely increases Department of Education spending without reducing the myriad federal competitive and formula grant programs, many of which are duplicative and ineffective.
There are some 60 competitive grant programs and nearly 20 formula grant programs that operate under No Child Left Behind. In all, there are more than 150 federal education programs through which federal education spending is inefficiently and wastefully filtered back to the states. President Obama's budget does not eliminate ineffective and duplicative programs and further expands the federal government's bureaucratic and burdensome role in education.
Education Blueprint. The Administration's blueprint proposes new spending through the $5 billion RESPECT project, $25 billion teacher bailout, and $30 billion in federal funding for school modernization. The blueprint also contains policy proposals that will further increase the failed federal role in education by centralizing control at the Department of Education.
No Child Left Behind Waivers. In August 2011, the Department of Education announced that it would begin issuing waivers to states to relieve them of some of the onerous provisions of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The Administration's waiver announcement came as Congress was deliberating over the future of the law (originally enacted as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, and last reauthorized as No Child Left Behind in 2001) and followed the introduction of several House and Senate proposals to provide alternatives to NCLB. The waivers, granted in exchange for states adopting executive branch education priorities, circumvent the normal legislative process and further concentrate control at the Department of Education.
The Obama Administration's education blueprint describes the new regulations imposed on states that pursued NCLB waivers. One of the most concerning waiver conditions is the requirement for states to hand over more control of class content to the federal government. The blueprint explains that states that are awarded a waiver will no longer be bound by No Child Left Behind's requirement that all students be proficient in reading and math by 2014—but will be given this flexibility only in exchange for adopting college-ready and career-ready standards and tests. Every state that has been awarded a waiver to date has agreed to adopt Common Core national standards and tests. The Obama Administration is simply urging states to exchange one set of overbearing federal requirements for a new set of even more constrictive regulations.
President Obama urged Congress in 2011 to quickly reauthorize the 600-plus-page No Child Left Behind legislation. The law, which has been up for reauthorization since 2007, is considered flawed by federal policymakers across the ideological spectrum. Liberals and conservatives alike seem to agree that No Child Left Behind is broken; that the law's many unintended consequences, considerable red tape, and bureaucratic compliance burden have not served teachers or students well. There is disagreement, however, about NCLB's future—and indeed, whether there should be a future for the Johnson-era law at all.
The Obama Administration and many on the Left believe that a ninth reauthorization of ESEA, coupled with changes in funding, adding and consolidating programs, or otherwise tweaking the law, will enable federal policymakers to "get it right" this time. Conservatives in Congress disagree and can point to a half-century of federal failure to improve educational outcomes. As a result, conservatives in Congress have offered proposals to significantly limit the federal role in education, along with proposals to allow states to opt out of No Child Left Behind completely.
Disagreement in Congress over the future of NCLB does not permit the executive branch to bypass the legislative process when it fails to adhere to the Administration's arbitrary time line. The Constitution designated Congress as the governmental body empowered with law-making: "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress," says Article I, Section 1. The Obama Administration does damage to that constitutional provision by circumventing the normal lawmaking process of Congress to push its policy preferences on local schools.
As of March 2012, 11 states had been awarded NCLB waivers,[3] and 26 more intend to apply for the conditional "relief." The Administration's education blueprint indicates that President Obama will continue to circumvent Congress by granting strings-attached NCLB waivers to states, which will only further bind the hands of state leaders and increase the already bloated federal role in education.
National Standards. President Obama's push for states to adopt national education standards and tests—which will define the material that every public school student in America will learn—is restated in his education blueprint. For example, the blueprint notes that Georgia "has adopted the Common Core Standards, and has a high-quality implementation plan building on transition efforts being implemented under its approved Race to the Top plan."[4] The blueprint also states that "Indiana has adopted the Common Core Standards, and has already aligned teacher preparation standards and course descriptions to them."[5] The blueprint similarly describes every waiver state's progress in implementing the Common Core national standards.
The U.S. Department of Education is prohibited by federal law from directing, supervising, or controlling curricula. According to the Pioneer Institute for Public Policy Research, the Obama Administration's efforts to impose national education standards and tests on states run afoul of at least three federal laws: the Department of Education Organization Act, the General Education Provisions Act, and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.[6] Language contained in the Administration's education blueprint is further indication of the federal government's involvement with the Common Core State Standards Initiative and builds on federal involvement through Race to the Top, federally funded common assessments, and NCLB waivers.
Teacher Bailout. The Obama Administration's education blueprint also proposes spending an additional $25 billion to "keep teachers in the classroom." The $25 billion public education bailout proposed in the blueprint would not be the first such bailout issued by the Obama Administration. In 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, President Obama carved out a $48.6 billion State Fiscal Stabilization Fund (SFSF) program to provide federal funding to "help stabilize state and local government budgets in order to minimize and avoid reductions in education and other essential public services."[7] The SFSF was designed specifically to prevent public education layoffs and to backfill state budget deficits. Yet a year later, in August 2010, President Obama convinced Congress to pass a $10 billion Education Jobs Fund to prevent reductions in school staff across the country. Secretary Arne Duncan stated, "With the support of the jobs bill, these educators will be helping our children learn instead of looking for work."[8]
Some states received Education Jobs Fund grants before they had even spent the previous year's "stimulus" money.[9] Moreover, many states had already made hiring decisions and class-size projections before receiving the new funding. States that had worked hard through state-level reforms to balance their budgets still received education bailout money through the Education Jobs Fund, regardless of whether they needed the funding. For example, the Arkansas Department of Education communications director stated in response to the new funding: "I don't think there will be a lot of new positions created. I'm not sure that we'd need to create new positions with the money because we have not had any funding cutbacks."[10]
Through the blueprint, the Obama Administration is now looking to create yet another public education bailout through the $25 billion proposal to "keep teachers in the classroom." If implemented, the Department of Education will once more be cutting paychecks to education employees—the job of local school districts, not the federal government.
Federal bailouts prevent states from making the long-term budgetary decisions necessary to effect systemic reform and balance budgets. Continuing to raise taxes and appropriate federal funding for the salaries of public-education employees creates little incentive for states to ensure that current funding is being efficiently spent and further increases the federal government's role in education.
School Modernization. Federal funding for school construction has been rare and indirect over the years. School construction historically has been, and should remain, the purview of states and local school districts. Providing federal funding for school construction is an inefficient mechanism for building and maintaining schools. And if Washington funds school construction, the jobs must pay prevailing wages, which increase costs, on average, by 22 percent. Because of Davis–Bacon labor laws, schools that receive federal funding for school construction usually have to hire union workers, increasing costs and preventing non-union construction companies from having a seat at the bidding table. For these reasons, federal funding of school construction or modernization is the most expensive way to accomplish these goals.
Federal education spending has increased significantly since President Jimmy Carter established the Department of Education in 1979. Since then, agency funding has more than doubled. Today, the Education Department has the third-largest discretionary budget of any federal agency, trailing only the Department of Defense and the Department of Health and Human Services.[11]
In 1980, the Department of Education's budget was $11.6 billion (which equates to approximately $31.7 billion in constant 2012 dollars). By the time President Obama took office in 2009, the budget had increased to $67 billion ($41 billion for elementary and secondary education). Besides significantly increasing discretionary education spending, the President sent nearly $100 billion to the Department of Education in 2009 as part of the stimulus package.[12] This year, he has requested $60 billion more to fund supplemental education proposals outlined in his Blueprint for Education Reform.[13] If President Obama's education blueprint is enacted, he will have spent nearly as much on education in his first term as President George Bush spent in two terms, even considering the fact that Bush almost doubled the Department of Education's budget during his tenure.
Yet, despite continual increases in federal spending, U.S. student achievement has made little progress since the 1970s. Math and reading scores, as well as graduation rates, continue a nearly flatline trend.[14] Federal education spending has exceeded $2 trillion since 1965 (after adjusting for inflation), yet U.S. students are barely any better off than they were four decades ago.[15]
Rather than continuing to increase federal education spending, Washington's role in education should be dramatically reduced to achieve more effective education reform. Instead of expensive measures to fund federally administered education programs rife with burdensome and costly regulations, states need greater authority to use their education dollars in ways they deem most appropriate for students. This would not only eliminate many of the costly burdens associated with federal programs, but would increase the likelihood that taxpayer dollars are effectively helping students.
Rather than more costly measures to fund federally administered education programs, states need greater authority to use their education dollars in ways they deem best. National policymakers should:
Decades of increased federal spending have done little to benefit American students. Continuing to pour more taxpayer dollars into failed programs is unlikely to improve educational outcomes. Rather, it will lead to more federal involvement in state and local education systems. Reforms that aim to roll back spending and reduce the federal role will help restore educational authority back to state and local leaders where it rightly belongs.
—Lindsey M. Burke is Will Skillman Fellow in Education, and Rachel Sheffield is a Research Associate, in the Domestic Policy Studies Department at The Heritage Foundation.
Title I. The Title I program—the largest federal funding source for elementary and secondary education—remains at $14.6 billion. Title I, which provides funding to low-income school districts across the country through formula grants, is broken down into four funding streams: (1) basic grants, which would be funded at $6.6 billion, provide funding based on the number of poor children in a state; (2) concentration grants, which would be funded at $1.4 billion, supplement basic grant dollars; (3) targeted grants, which would be funded at $3.3 billion; and (4) education finance incentive grants, which would be funded at $3.3 billion, both of which further supplement the basic and concentration grants.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which provides federal funding for special needs children, would be funded at $11.6 billion in the budget request.
Race to the Top. Race to the Top (RTT), originally passed as a $4.35 billion grant under the one-time American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA), has now found a more permanent place in the Obama Administration's annual budget requests. The FY 2013 budget request would provide $850 million for the RTT competitive grant program in order to "deepen the Administration's investments…and address the unmet demand of States and districts that have demonstrated a commitment to implementing comprehensive and ambitious reforms."[19] The FY 2013 request represents an increase of more than $300 million for RTT.[20]
Promise Neighborhoods. The Promise Neighborhood Program, which provides funding to low-income communities for school-based programs combined with wraparound services for families, receives a significant boost in the FY 2013 budget request. Proposed funding for the Promise Neighborhood Program increases to $100 million in the budget request, a 67 percent increase over 2012 levels. Created in 2010 and funded at $10 million in its first year, funding for the Promise Neighborhoods program has steadily increased over the past few years.[21]
21st Century Community Learning Centers. The 21st Century Community Learning Centers program, which supports before-and after-school activities, would be funded at $1.2 billion in the FY 2013 budget request. The 21st Century Community Learning Centers program and the Promise Neighborhood Program are components of the Obama Administration's "Supporting Student Success" agenda as outlined in the budget request.
School Turnaround Grants. The School Improvement Grant Program provides federal funding to states with the goal of "turning around" persistently underperforming schools across the country. The Obama Administration created four prescriptive turnaround models as part of the revamped School Improvement Grant Program, which include: (1) a turnaround option, which includes firing the principal and staff and rehiring new teachers and administrators; (2) a restart option, which includes converting the school into a charter school; (3) school closure; and (4) a transformation option, which includes implementing new plans offered by the Department of Education. The Administration has requested $534 million for the grants in its FY 2013 budget request.
Excellent Instructional Teams Program. The new Excellent Instructional Teams Program would provide $2.9 billion to states to reward and attract effective teachers and principals. The program is comprised of two grant streams. The Effective Teachers and Leaders state grants would provide $2.5 billion to states to develop teacher and principal evaluation systems. Notably, states and school district grantees would be required to "develop meaningful plans to achieve an equitable distribution of effective teachers and leaders."[22] A second grant stream, the Teacher and Leader Innovation Fund, would provide $400 million to help schools in "creating the conditions needed to identify, reward, retain, and advance effective teachers, principals, and school leadership teams in those schools."[23]
Assessing Achievement Grants. The FY 2013 budget request includes $389 million for Assessing Achievement Grants, which would provide funding to states to develop assessments that are aligned to the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The Assessing Achievement Grants would represent the second major investment by the Obama Administration in tests aligned with the Common Core national standards effort. Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the federal government allocated $350 million to fund two consortia working to develop tests aligned with the Common Core State Standards Initiative.[24]
Impact Aid. The Impact Aid Program provides federal funding to states and local school districts that, as a result of a significant presence of federal property, have reduced property tax revenue traditionally drawn upon to fund local school districts. The Impact Aid Program aims to correct this disparity by supplementing state and local funding for schools impacted by a significant presence of federal property or federally connected children. Impact Aid would be funded at $1.2 billion in the FY 2013 budget request, a 5 percent decrease from 2012 levels.
Total K-12 Spending. In all, President Obama's FY 2013 budget request for the Department of Education would bring spending on elementary and secondary education programs to $38.5 billion—a 1.2 percent increase over 2012 levels.
The FY 2013 budget request significantly increases federal spending on higher education. The proposal includes $3.2 billion in new spending on postsecondary programs, including a new $1 billion Race to the Top program for higher education. Furthermore, spending on grants, loans, and work-study programs would increase to $165 billion—a 7.5 percent increase over 2012 levels.[25]
Student Loans. The Department of Education operates the Direct Loan program, through which four types of federal student loans are distributed: (1) Stafford Loans, which are need-based, subsidized student loans; (2) Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, which are need-based loans that require the student to pay accrued interest; (3) PLUS (Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students) Loans, which are unsubsidized federal loans that offer assistance at a higher rate than Stafford Loans; and (4) Consolidation Loans, which allow students to consolidate existing federal loans at a fixed interest rate. The FY 2013 budget request will make federally subsidized and unsubsidized student loans to 22.5 million students, worth nearly $121 billion—a 5.4 percent increase over 2012 levels.
Pell Grant Funding. The President's budget request would increase the maximum Pell Grant award, capping grants at $5,635. The total Pell Grant funding request, including discretionary and mandatory funding, is $36.1 billion and would supply grants to an estimated 9.7 million students.[26]
Community College to Career Fund. The budget also includes a request for $8 billion in new funding for community colleges, to be divided between the Department of Education and the Department of Labor over the next three years. The proposal aims to "improve access to job training across the nation."[27]
Race to the Top: College Affordability and Completion. A new $1 billion Race to the Top: College Affordability and Completion program is included in the President's budget request for higher education. Competitive grants would be made available to states that maintain "a consistent State financial commitment to higher education." The grant program encourages states to increase state spending on universities and to improve "alignment between K–12 and postsecondary education across colleges."[28]
Career and Technical Education. The FY 2013 budget also includes $1.1 billion for Career and Technical Education, which provides grants to states to help align what students learn in school with workforce demands and to improve career and technical education.
Total Higher Education Spending. In all, President Obama's FY 2013 budget request for the Department of Education would bring spending on higher education programs to $28 billion—a 4.6 percent increase over 2012 levels.
Salaries and Expenses. Salaries and expenses at the Department of Education would increase 6.3 percent to $1.8 billion if the FY 2013 budget request is enacted. The increase is primarily due to an increase in student loan application processing and loan servicing.[29] Employment at the department would decrease by 33 full-time employees, bringing the total to 4,279 employees.
Show references in this report
[1]Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2013: Appendix, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/appendix.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[3]The eleven states awarded an NCLB waiver as of March 2012 are Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.
[4]The White House, "Education Blueprint: An Economy Built to Last," 2012, Appendix, p. 19, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/cantwait/final_-_education_blueprint_-_an_economy_built_to_last.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[6]Robert S. Eitel and Kent D. Talbert, "The Road to a National Curriculum: The Legal Aspects of the Common Core Standards, Race to the Top, and Conditional Waivers," Pioneer Institute for Public Policy Research, White Paper No. 81, February 2012, at http://www.pioneerinstitute.org/pdf/120208_RoadNationalCurriculum.pdf (accessed March 12, 2012).
[7]U.S. Department of Education, "State Fiscal Stabilization Fund," March 7, 2009, at http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/factsheet/stabilization-fund.html (accessed March 30, 2012).
[8]News release, "Congress Passes Bill to Provide $10 Billion to Support 160,000 Education Jobs Nationwide," U.S. Department of Education, August 10, 2010, at http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/congress-passes-bill-provide-10-billion-support-160000-education-jobs-nationwide (accessed March 30, 2012).
[9]Lindsey M. Burke, "Creating a Crisis: The Squandered $100 Billion Education Stimulus," Heritage Foundation WebMemo No.2936,June 15, 2010, at http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/creating-a-crisis-the-squandered-%24100-billion-education-stimulus.
[10]Chris Moody, "States Not Facing Teacher Layoffs Get Federal Money from Education Jobs Bill Anyway," The Daily Caller, August 11, 2010, at http://dailycaller.com/2010/08/11/states-not-facing-teacher-layoffs-get-federal-money-from-education-jobs-bill-anyway/#ixzz1ovjB0y00 (accessed March 30, 2012).
[11]"Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Background Information," U.S. Department of Education, at http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget13/summary/13summary.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[12]Burke, "Creating a Crisis: The Squandered $100 Billion Education Stimulus."
[13]The White House, "Education Blueprint: An Economy Built to Last" .
[14]U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, 2009.
[15]Andrew Coulson, "The Impact of Federal Involvement on America's Classrooms," testimony before the Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, February 10, 2011, at http://edworkforce.house.gov/UploadedFiles/02.10.11_coulson.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[16]Lindsey M. Burke, "Reducing the Federal Footprint on Education and Empowering State and Local Leaders," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2563, June 2, 2011, at http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/06/reducing-the-federal-footprint-on-education-and-empowering-state-and-local-leaders#_ftnref12.
[18]Susan Aud, "A Closer Look at Title I: Making Education for the Disadvantaged More Student-Centered," Heritage Foundation Special Report No. 15, June 28, 2007, at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2007/06/A-Closer-Look-at-Title-I-Making-Education-for-the-Disadvantaged-More-Student-Centered.
[19]U.S. Department of Education, "The Budget for Fiscal Year 2013," at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/education.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[20] U.S. Department of Education, "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Background Information".
[21] U.S. Department of Education, "Summary of Discretionary Funds FY 2008–FY 2013 President's Budget," at http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget13/summary/appendix1.pdf (accessed March 30, 2012).
[22]U.S. Department of Education, "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Background Information" .
[24]Lindsey M. Burke, "National Education Standards and Tests: Big Expense, Little Value," Heritage Foundation WebMemo No. 3157,February 18, 2011, at http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/national-education-standards-and-tests-big-expense-little-value#_ftn2. For more information on the Obama Administration's push for national standards and tests, see Lindsey M. Burke and Jennifer A. Marshall, "Why National Standards Won't Fix American Education: Misalignment of Power and Incentives," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2413,May 21, 2010, at http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/05/why-national-standards-won-t-fix-american-education-misalignment-of-power-and-incentives.
[25]U.S. Department of Education, "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Background Information" .


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Skip to comments.Here's Why Google Could Disappear in Five Years: Pro
Posted on 10/21/2012 5:55:10 AM PDT by TigerLikesRooster
Here's Why Google Could Disappear in Five Years: Pro
Published: Friday, 19 Oct 2012 | 12:25 PM ET
By: Cadie Thompson Technology Editor, CNBC.com
Google may be on its way out as the dominant player in search, according to one analyst and could even "disappear" in as little as five to eight years if the competitive pressures that ultimately claimed other search giants start to take root.
In the wake of a surprisingly weak earnings report, Eric Jackson, Ironfire capital founder and managing member, said Google Google [GOOG 681.79 -13.21 (-1.9%) ] could easily find itself fending off the woes that eventually took hold at embattled Yahoo! [YHOO 15.84 -0.16 (-1%) ].
"They could disappear in five to eight years and disappear in the sense that Yahoo used to be the king of search. Now, for all intents and purposes, Yahoo has disappeared," Jackson said Thursday on CNBC's "Squawk on the Street".
(Excerpt) Read more at cnbc.com ...
If true, Google just shot itself seriously in the foot.
Many moons ago I switched to Google from Yahoo specifically because they didn't pull such crap.
A search engine that gives preference to paying clients immediately loses all credibility.
Of course.. these products follow the course of all consumer products.... the public will tire and want the new new.
I stopped using Google about a year ago.
Got tired of the direction they tried to guide me into.
Google is not going away anytime soon.
I could probably make Google a bunch of money.
I've been noticing something lately on NRO and other sites that have side-ads, and something I really hate, popups.
The ads keep showing me sites I've looked up recently on Google, such as Choice Hotels and DeWalt Factory Outlet. Presumably because Google is tracking me and showing me ads they think I want to see.
Here's the problem. I already have been to Choice Hotels. Why don't the ads show me other hotel websites or sites touting other aspects of travel?
For the DeWalt Tools site info, why don't they show other tool sellers?
Seems like Google's tracking algorithms are terribly primitive. Amazon seems to do a much better job of extrapolating from a user's search pattern to what else he might be interested in.
It's just on the shopping side. The organic search you use when you want to find something still appears per their page rank algorithm.
Don't care.
I used Shopping simply because it was a place to find stuff for sale that wasn't being advertised.
Now I won't use it anymore, or at least much less often.
Don't care.
I used Shopping simply because it was a place to find stuff for sale that wasn't being advertised.
Now I won't use it anymore, or at least much less often.
I don't know if Google will last or not, but some pretty big names have come and gone. This is exactly why I don't use the cloud to store my backup data. What happens to all that data when, if, (probably someday) Carbonite fails?
This is called "remarketing." They follow you around the internet and keep showing you ads. It can be effective for high volume sites.
Plus, with searching from the address pane in latest browsers, I rarely even get to the Google search result window.
Thanks TigerLikesRooster.
If Zero wins the election, Google will be another government acquisition; all online forums will either require verified ID or will vanish; and there will be federal "outreach" workers in every neighborhood.
It always was being advertised. Merchants feed those products into Google's system. The problems was that because they didn't charge the merchant to do it,there was no barrier against merchants throwing tons of stuff into the system that they didn't have just to get site traffic. By making the merchants pay to list, Google cleared out a lot of spammy or error prone listings.
If you have already clicked on Choice Hotels, you are more likely to click on them again than to click on another hotel chain. Based only on your Choice Hotels click, they could reasonably assume that you are more likely to click on another hotel, car rental, etc, than to click on an ad for Joe's Crab Shack, but Choice is still the most likely than anything else and clicks are what they get paid for.
These people are PhDs and experts at data mining, with immense data sets and the hardware to mine them. They know what works.
Giving search results pushing a leftist political ideology is not wise, either. Identifying your brand with radical Obama, socialism and the jihadist Arab Spring, is not wise either. But Google did it.
It's probably more accurate to say they think they know what works; the problem with some companies/cultures/people is that when they get some authority/credibility they cease to consider other, differing points of view. (How many PhDs believe in anthropogenic global "climate change"?)
If you're going with a "know what works"-type mentality then you're likely going to be a lot more like Niklaus Wirth and his metric for compiler quality (self-compilation speed) embraced to the degree that he had an entire subsystem ripped out because it violated the metric. The problem though is that a lot of people get invested in the designs of what they've already done and thus consider only micro-optimization rather than re-design; but this also applies politically too, people get invested in a party and some go off the deep-end, fanatically supporting a candidate that they otherwise would consider crap [*cough romney *cough].
Basically the mobile devices (smartphones) are going to screw google just give it time. Screw them the way it has and is yahoo and Facebook.
All because on mobiles>>>
a— advertizing is lot less visible so less eye-catching
b- advertisers know this thus a google cannot charge (does not charge) as much for this advertising
c— even if you do click through on a mobile device there is far less chance of you scrutinizing and imbibing what you land on and advertisers know this
Technology evolution. There aren't many buggy-makers around anymore, either. Things are just moving more quickly than they used to.
There are very attractive marketing opportunities presented by mobile devices but these are limited by a few current realities, the most prominent of them being the structure of many plans being limited as far as data.
In the absence of that limitation and assuming individuals with mobile devices were amenable (another hurdle that could be incented as a positive option), demographic and preference data unique to each individual combined with geographic location could be very lucrative for certain kinds of businesses.
You could literally pull in fairly well qualified sales prospects with a high likelihood of purchase via passing traffic with an offer that is appealing, timely and immediate (think coupon), or market to an obscure interest within a set geographic radius via a mobile blast.
I'm suspicious of Google and don't particularly like them, but I wouldn't count them out just yet. It's just that they're still stuck in the old static, traditional advertising mindset, counting eyeballs and clickthrough. A lot of fraud there and the medium is not optimal due to the size of the screen as you note.
They need to realize that they are direct marketers. An extremely appealing offer can be created in text alone, it's been done for close to a century in print. I can assure you that they'll go down if they fail to realize this. At least one of their primary competitors does.
I've experienced something similar. I don't know that it originated with Google, but for a time I constantly was shown ads about sites I'd recently patronized, or had been ordering from for years. That seems to have slacked off, and it never made any sense.
And now, if I go to WalMart, I soon receive an email showing me additional items I might be interested in "based on the purchases during my recent trip to my local WalMart." Or maybe I knew what I wanted to buy, and bought everything I wanted to buy.
Some of the tracking is comical and some of it irritating, and it can begin to seem pretty intrusive and presumptuous. And more and more tracking and follow-up emails is going on within various online vendor sites.
yes hyper targeted advertizing would work a lot better on smartphones. So a Google or Apple has every incentive to track compile store regurgitate to the right people your internet surfing habits. Just last week it seems Apple could not resist tracking iPhone users again even after it pledged not to.
This shows Apple likes what you have to say about advertizing (just my 2¢ Worth)
Apple controls its smartphone Eco-systsem while google has an inferior position. Google needs to do a real buccaneer partnership with Samsung or LG, putting out co-branded smartphones,then it could be like Apple and do the hyper targeted advertising
If it's positive option, meaning user permission, and it's actually products and services that the user likes and wants, the negative connotation is not going to fly. Don't want it? Decline when you enter a plan.
Google doesn't have an ecosystem, btw. They have a herd of cats.
Irritating a customer is worse than marketing budget wasted it's potentially losing a customer. Companies that do this have no concept of timeliness let alone behavioral marketing. They give all direct marketers a bad name.
Cheap medium, plaster the world with a one size fits all appeal, tantamount to e-mail spam. It doesn't even arise to the level of Sham-Wow or Snuggies. At least they were somewhat fun and targeted, late night low budget media buys notwithstanding. But, there's design and forethought even there, people viewing tv in the middle of the night as a group are more susceptible, so you get that sort of infomercial, they want to belong, they're bored and lonely as a group, so they pull out the card and call. Kind of like old folks and collectible kitkat, the direct response ads are almost always in the middle of the day if infomercial.
Those guys know what they're doing. What you describe Walmart as doing is scattershot and borderline damaging. I'm surprised.
The analyst may or may not be correct. However, his reasoning is absurd.
Google is not a search company. Google is an advertising company. Search stopped being their core business years ago. In fact, their search product isn't demonstrably better than what is probably their closest competitor, Bing. Google's index is still larger, but their results aren't superior.
Google is an advertising company.
I was surprised, also, but have now been getting emails after going to a WalMart for about a month. And they're suggestions are usually nothing I'm interested in.
They also track what someone views on their site, then send emails making suggestions based on what someone viewed during previous visits. Those are a little closer to something I might be interested in, but still of no practical use.
Another online vendor now sends out emails if I put something in a 'basket', but don't order it. They send out "Forgot Something" emails, but I didn't forget and put something in the basket to consider the next time I actually place an order.
I think many online vendors and search engine folks are beginning to overdo it and they'll probably begin to experience some backlash because there is just too much of it now and more is being added all the time.
These are very basic, intrusive and potentially offensive blunders. They're comparable to all the stupid "Dear (NAME) in (CITY/STATE) form letters that were mailed out by the millions when database-driven direct mail was in it's infancy fifty years ago. They "worked" in the early days, meaning that response metrics indicated a bump in sales when used, but over time they're going to discover that it's also horrible as far as customer retention.
The use of these tools should be subtle and unobtrusive. Overt use of certain types data retained and tracked internally for external customer contact is disturbing to the customer. Many websites actually seem more like store detectives following you around and going "AHA! Caught you! You picked that up and didn't buy it!" Would you leave the store mortified and never come back? Many would.
Think of large, old-line catalogs that have successfully managed to transition not just online but into retail themselves. They know better, they don't make such stupid newbie mistakes. Data should be used to delight, surprise and reward the customer and remain largely behind the scenes whenever possible, not trap them, shame them or berate them.
Salesmanship 101, really. It's obvious the things you describe aren't being implemented by anyone with a clue about that let alone even interacting with actual customers. They don't have to reinvent the wheel, here. Just admit they don't know everything and that schlocky junk mail people figured it out long ago, lol. A tough thing to do for the IT poobahs, apparently, because the stupidity continues.
They don't care so long as it all remains in their little IT fiefdom, I guess.
"Google is an advertising company."
Exactly, and a real internet search company would make them valueless in a very short time.
That's exactly what I've been thinking as I typed the posts to this thread. The IT folks do seem to have been turned loose to create all sorts of tracking and customer data to be used in all sorts of supposedly worthwhile ads and emails directed at the customer.
But all too much of it of little use and it justs adds to the volume of junk email to be deleted.
I cut my Google advertising by 70% this year because it hasn't been cost effective. I blame the economy, more than Google. They might want to reconsider their support for insane communist politicians.
You mean like Yahoo, Bing, Dogpile, Ask.com, and all the others that are doing nothing to Google's search dominance?
They're advertising companies too.
Hard to beat Google at advertising. Not so hard to beat it at searching if optimising searches- not optimising advertising dollars- is your goal.
Considering all the US money invested in Google, I'm surprised a competitor government hasn't built a real search engine and wiped all that money out of our economy.
The reason Google show you the ads of the sites you have already visited is because research has shown them that most folks do not buy an item the first time they visit a site but the reminder of showing you the ad again results in a huge amount of sales. Same goes for recruiting....if I can track you to my applicant tracking system for a job and you fall off and do not complete the application....which happens about 70% of the time.....I show you the job again later or remind you that it is still open say a week later and you go back and fill out the app. and apply.
Good point. I have other concerns with cloud computing.
Google the search engine might be replaced. Google the company has bought so many things that are spread so far and wide on the web they aren't going anywhere. Their holdings are wildly diversified.
I cheerfully use startpage.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Newcomer BRS Offroad gets set to deliver optimal comfort on and off the track in the lightweight Pursuit Platinum.
Dwelling on the past in Dwellingup.+MORE
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Model: Hume Series 1 Family Van
Length: 23 ft 10"
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Berths: 1 Queen; 3 Bunks
Tare: 2612kg
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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (105 votes).
In short: Great Medal, Great race, Great weather [for time of year] Did not clash with other local races, very importantDate of review: November 29, 2013
In short: Overall - Very GoodIn full: My one reservation is having to pick up my race number on the day,these are not posted to you.Otherwise a well organised and friendly race.However the course is NOT flat.Googlemaps show a 15m climb per lap,over 4 laps that's 60m.Date of review: November 23, 2012
In short: Well worth doing, got a PB which I was pleased about. You do have to do four laps of the same route, which is a little boring but the encouragement on the day was fab.Date of review: November 20, 2012
In short: Nice run on a Sunday - very informal .. friendly !In full: Good park to run in.. mainly flat and very beginner friendly. Everyone made wecome, good marshalls and encouragement when needed ! Medal was engraved - very nice touch !Date of review: November 18, 2012
In short: My first race and a brilliant one - I really enjoyed it!Date of review: December 1, 2011
In short: On My Doorstep.In full: Cant have a more local race. Although a 4 lapper the run is a potential PB getter. Like Kylie Minoque - Small and pretty.Date of review: November 28, 2011
In short: Easy and short 10k in bargain £10, enough water and marshallsIn full: This is a nice local small event 10k in a park going round 4 laps on walkways. There was bottled water every lap if you needed. Many people have said it is short of 10k and if they made effort to extend the finish it would be nice. The medal is the average 10k medal but with a touch of thought by engraving event name and year. Good bag this year was only medal and energy drink but still a bargain for £10 especially as its a charity fun run for London wildcare. I would do it again in the summer as I was not 100% to get a PB on this flat course. Easy parking right near start as well. Toilets very dirty in pavillion.Date of review: November 27, 2011
In short: Great race not quite 10km (9.87km), great pre-race Intel about parking, good friendly atmosphere, flat course great for PBs - I got a new oneIn full: Great race not quite 10km (9.87km) - I arrived on time. place jam packed with cars - footballers, church-goers and of course runners. The pre-race Intel was fab so I knew that I had to leave home on time rather than lastminute.com! Race started on time with a clear briefing of 4 laps and an opportunity to ask questions. Plenty of Marshals who were friendly and encouraging & visible presence of St John,s Ambulance. I thought that I'd be bored doing 4 laps but the time passed quickly. The organisers were great and took care of my jacket when I forgot it at the end of the race. I'll defo do this race again, thank you :)Date of review: November 27, 2011
In short: Good local runIn full: Nice, low-key local 10k. Well organised and friendly enough. A bit short of 10k though according to my GPS.Date of review: November 27, 2011
In short: Very good run if you don't mind doing laps of a stunning park. Good mix of abilities.Date of review: June 14, 2011
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- Home
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Mister Sister Sweets
7 E 6th Ave., Emporia, KS |
Get Directions
Phone: (620) 341-9230
Specialty Dishes: Tiramisu, Snickers
These two Emporia, Kan., sisters (sisters-in-law, that is) really know what's cooking in the cupcake kitchen. Those looking for inventive flavors should look no further. As they say here, "The sky's the limit," and with more than 120 flavors, from Key lime to bacon French toast, it truly is.
See an error? Report This Listing
As Seen On
- Orange Sleepy Poppy Cupcake with Spiked Orange Cream Cheese Frosting Recipe courtesy of Diana Colletti
- Emerald City Artichoke Olive Oil Cake with Kiwi Filling and Whipped Cream Frosting Recipe courtesy of Diana Colletti
- Dorothy's Applesauce Cupcake with Cinnamon Goat Cheese Frosting Recipe courtesy of Diana Colletti
- Chocolate Dipped Banana Cupcakes with Banana Buttercream Recipe courtesy of Diana Colletti


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $6.52 (15% off)
pill is too big
Posted by 4935551346968206070 on Apr 06, 2015
Too big to swallow. Product ok but no noticable result yet
Strong fishy taste
Posted by 5353208569696623786 on Nov 10, 2015
I have never experienced such a strong fishy taste and smell with Nordic Naturals supplements before until my recent purchase. The fishy smell is overwhelming and there is no lemon flavor at all.
Appears good
Posted by Reviewer2201414 on Feb 25, 2010
Sounds high quality, but I haven't used up my old brand of fish oil yet, so I will start trying it in a couple days.
Items 1-3 of 3 total


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (43 votes).
In short: Excellent day and thanks to everyone.Date of review: January 2, 2008
In short: A good way to kick off the New YearIn full: Overall, thought it was good but felt there should have been more seafront given the location. Agree with earlier comment about the finish - too many bends in the run up. Can we have more distance markers in the last mile / km ? Chips and mug of tea on the seafront afterwards made it all worthwhile.Date of review: January 2, 2008
In short: Superb!In full: Really enjoyed the run. Haven't done a 10k in ages and this one made it worthwhile. Really well organised with excellent marshalls. Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: Well organised by Roy the Race Director and Cleethorpes Athletics Club. Very good e-mail communication.Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: A good run to start the season. pretty well organised. Good info updatessIn full: Needed a good run to mentally get over an injury and this did the trick. Only just outside my PB, which after being out since the GNR really boosted me. Thanks to a club runner who latched onto me and brought me home from the mile and a half point. Well done to Roy and his team for a smooth operation. Pity about the scenery. Maybe a bit more of the seafront would help!Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: A nice little race to blow the seasonal cobwebs away.In full: Communication in the days leading up to the race by Roy were fantastic. The course had to be changed but didn't present a problem. Its not the nicest course in the world, but its flat with hardly an incline. Definite PB material if you didn't overdo the mince pies.Outstanding support from Cleethorpes AC on the marshalling front, when many people would be sleeping off New Year Eve hangovers.Haven't done it for a few years, but definitely plan to come back again soon.Many thanks Roy and team.Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: Nice one roy, T-shirt too small but I'll grow into it.Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: Nice breath of frash air, but not really enough to want to come backIn full: No issues or problems but nothing special either. Route is a bit un-scenic would rather see some of the sea front. But thanks for putting it on anywayDate of review: January 1, 2008
In short: A good way to spend new year's day!Date of review: January 1, 2008
In short: Too windy but a great raceDate of review: January 11, 2007
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text:
Elmer Klukas
GIBBON – Elmer Klukas, 78, of Gibbon, died Sunday, March 24, 2013 at the Fairfax Community Home in Fairfax.
Funeral service will be 11 a.m., Thursday, March 28 at Augustana Lutheran Church in Gibbon with Pastor Kimberly Buffy officiating. Burial will follow in the Augustana Lutheran Church Cemetery, with full military honors conducted by the New Ulm Area Comrades of Valor Honor Guard.
Visitation will be 4-7 p.m. Wednesday and 7:30-9 a.m. Thursday at the Minnesota Valley Funeral Home in Gibbon and will continue for one hour prior to the service at the church on Thursday. To sign the guest book or to leave an online condolence for his family go to www.mfvh.org.
Elmer is survived by his daughters and sons-in-law, Jill and Tim Schlueter of Winsted, Amy and Gary Schimmelpfenning of Gibbon, Kelly and Bill Green of Seattle, Wash.; grandchildren, Alex, Andy, and Abby Schlueter, Dylan and Cody Schimmelpfenning, Billy, Hannah, and Joe Green; sisters and brothers-in-law, Lois Burley of Arizona, Myrna and Dale Magandy of Buffalo, and Connie and Scott LaValley of Elk River.
He was preceded in death by his parents; and his wife, Lee.
Elmer William Klukas was born Feb. 28, 1935 in Gibbon to Rudolph and Gladys (Stark) Klukas. He was baptized and confirmed at Augustana Lutheran Church in Gibbon. He attended school in Gibbon and graduated from Gibbon High School with the class of 1953. Elmer was united in marriage to Leorda "Lee" Kramer on Sept. 21, 1957 at the Immanuel Lutheran Church in Gibbon. After marriage they resided and raised their kids in Gibbon. Elmer managed the Gibbon Farmers' Elevator for many years. His greatest joy was being surrounded by family and friends. Elmer was a member of the Augustana Lutheran church in Gibbon.


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Retro tucked updo hairstyle
This striking, orange-red hair is swept up in an intricate, retro hairstyles that immediately snags the eyes. The style is reminiscent of the rockabillies of the 50s, when pomaded quiffs and hairsprayed poufs ruled. Here, long straight hair is severely swept back and pinned. The ends are then sectioned into thick bands, then woven in and out along a roll down the back of the head. The front section is teased up and smoothed back into a high pouf, with one or two loose curls to soften the look.


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Besides enamel and porcelain jars that I bought recently, I also got these clay pots recently, reddish clay and more porous than enamel and ceramic, which I will use to store older teas . The pots are new and have no smells.
But the choice of storage would stil be large yixing pots, which are hard to come by.
There are also a cheaper alternative, ie metal containers that I use for storing older tea to retain the taste and flavour - an advice from a tea vendor as he does not want the tea to change it's flavour and taste and become unsaleable later on.
sung8891, are the pots you have similar to this?


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About the Author: Jessica Dunckel serves in the Public Affairs Section of U.S. Embassy Guatemala City in Guatemala.
The U.S. Embassy in Guatemala held its annual Independence Day celebration at U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala Stephen G. McFarland's residence in Guatemala City on July 2, 2010. More than 700 guests enjoyed an afternoon of traditional American food and music. The Embassy Marine Security Guard detachment presented the colors, while the Guatemala City Municipal Chorus performed the U.S. and Guatemalan national anthems.
Ambassador McFarland then gave a stirring speech on the importance of democratic principles and a free press in a nation's development, drawing parallels with the United States. He highlighted strong U.S. initiatives in favor of democracy and human rights, and against a culture of corruption and impunity. Ambassador McFarland also called on all sectors of society -- public and private -- to join together to help Guatemala confront the many significant challenges it faces, noting how the country came together to deal with the destruction caused by the recent natural disasters of the Pacaya volcano and tropical storm Agatha. The ceremony was brought to a close by a rousing performance of "America the Beautiful" by Dr. Felicia Wilson of USAID Guatemala.
For more information on July 4 events at U.S. Embassy Guatemala City, follow the embassy on Facebook and Twitter.Related Entry: Secretary Clinton Delivers U.S. Independence Day Message


text:
Featured Content
Welcome to Det 255!!!
If you are interested in becoming an officer in the world's greatest Air Force, you've come to the right place. Hosted at The University of Iowa, Det 255 also offers the opportunity for students at Coe College and Kirkwood Community College to pursue exciting careers as U.S. Air Force officers.
You will gain invaluable leadership training and experience at Det 255 from our active duty officers and non-commissioned officers while getting a quality education at the University of Iowa or one of our affiliated schools. AFROTC Cadets are students first, pursuing their education, refining their talents and skills academically, but they're also committed to the Air Force Core Values (Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do), the AFROTC Honor Code, and the pursuit of an Air Force commission.
The University of Iowa's AFROTC cadets have a solid foundation and sense of pride in their heritage as students and as members of a long line of Hawkeyes who have gone before them and served their country with honor, dignity and pride.
Please explore our website for more information on what Det 255 has to offer you. We understand that a website does not always answer all of your questions, so feel free to contact us at any time for more information at 319-335-9205, or firstname.lastname@example.com, or see our contact page for more details. Thanks for your interest in Hawkeye AFROTC!
Current as of Spring 2017


text:
A number of times in the past few games, I've thought Green ran tentatively. Today, he's running hard – perhaps borrowing a page from DuJuan Harris.
Alex Green running hard today
3 Responses to "Alex Green running hard today"
Schaefer Says:
December 16, 2012 at 12:33 pm |
he looks good out there, our protection on the other hand…oi vey.
Most sacked in the league?? Step it up O Line!
u156coop Says:
December 16, 2012 at 12:34 pm |
How many times has Rodgers been the most sacked qb in the league. Just ridiculous
James Says:
December 16, 2012 at 12:37 pm |
Some of these sacks are on A-Rod. On one of them he held the ball for 5.5sec, that's way too long.


text:
The International Journal of Mobile Marketing, Vol. 8
October 29, 2013
This issue of the IJMM revisits mobile marketing in Canada in a special section of articles, case studies, and commentaries. Other articles include research of Gen Y's attitude to in-app advertising, consumer perceptions of smartphones, and young consumers' responses to mobile ads that use different types of interactivity.
Members Only Content
This content is available to ANA Members only. Please login below or create an account.
You may already be a member. Find out if your company is already an ANA member.


text:
Neoseeker : Ecto5 : Collections : Dead Space 2
Seems like there's no activity started yet! Why not make the first one?
Community feeds
- "much more improved over the original but still not amazing DeadSpace2"nasty nappa Jan 25, 12 5:22am
- "An amazing game. Only improved on what DS1 offered. So many jumps an frights. Pure bliss in retrospect. Multiplayer was uninspired though. DeadSpace2"Machienzo Apr 20, 11 6:44pm
- "Have yet to play it but, from what I've seen in a load of LP's, I'll probably prefer the original slightly over the second. DeadSpace2"Dark Arcanine Feb 25, 11 9:29am
- "The multiplayer for Dead Space 2 looks sweet! Seems to be getting positive feedback too. DeadSpace2"Dark Arcanine Jan 28, 11 9:33pm
Screenshots (more screens)
Latest forum messages
- Anyone Out There?
Reply by , posted on Oct 22, 16
- Need players in dead space 2 multiplayer
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- Dead Space 2 Review and Appreciation
Reply by VendrickSays, posted on Feb 29, 16
- Need help with very beginning of Dead Space 2
Reply by , posted on Oct 20, 15
- YouTube poop dead space 2 edition
Reply by Chimaira, posted on Jul 11, 15


text:
Composition FOR LIBOTRYPAmitriptyline(25 mg),Chlordiazepoxide(10 mg)
food interaction for LIBOTRYP
alcohol interaction for LIBOTRYP
pregnancy interaction for LIBOTRYP
lactation interaction for LIBOTRYP
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk, for example in life-threatening situations. Please consult your doctor.
How it works
Common side effects
How it works
Common side effects
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Q. Is amitriptyline/Tryptomer safe?
Amitriptyline is safe if used at prescribed doses for the prescribed duration as advised by your doctor
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Amitriptyline/amitone 10/amitone plus/ tryptomer/tryptomer plus is used in the treatment of depression and nocturnal bed wetting (enuresis) in children
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No, Amitriptyline belongs to class of medication called as tricyclic antidepressant
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No, Xenan belongs to class of medication called as benzodiazepine
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No, it is used to treatment of depression and nocturnal bed wetting (enuresis)
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Amitriptyline can interact with Prozac/Zopiclone/Xanan/diazepam/trazadone/flexeril. Please follow doctor's advice regarding its use
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Amitriptyline causes insomnia/constipation/weight gain/vomiting/increases huger. Always consult your doctor regarding possible side effects.
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Chlordiazepoxide is used for the short-term (2-4 weeks only) treatment of severe anxiety, which may occur alone or in association with sleeping problems (insomnia) or personality/behavioral disorders. It may also be used to treat muscle spasms, and to relieve alcohol withdrawal symptoms
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Chlordiazepoxide is not a narcotic drug. Chlordiazepoxide is classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule IV controlled substance. Any medicine which contains chlordiazepoxide alone or in combination with other drugs will be treated as a controlled substance and will require prescription for purchase
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Chlordiazepoxide belongs to a group of medicines known as benzodiazepines
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No. Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are not the same; however, they both belong to the same class of drug known as benzodiazepines
Q. Is chlordiazepoxide stronger than Xanax?
Xanax is a trade name for active drug alprazolam which belongs to the same group of medicines as chlordiazepoxide called benzodiazepines. Chlordiazepoxide used to treat anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, or muscle spasms. Xanax (alprazolam) is used to treat severe anxiety and severe anxiety associated with depression
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Chlordiazepoxide has no known harmful interaction with ibuprofen. Always consult your physician for the change of dose regimen or an alternative drug of choice that may strictly be required
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Chlordiazepoxide is not known to cause weight gain/ constipation
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Chlordiazepoxide does have the risk of causing dependence on long term use due to the calming effects, which may be described by some as 'getting high
Q. Does chlordiazepoxide expire?
Yes. Chlordiazepoxide drug has expiry date. Refer to the label instruction of the medicine for detailed information regarding expiry of the drug.


text:
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Born out of one New Zealand family's quest for wholesome products for kids, Nature Baby has been committed to developing the best organic baby goods since 1998. We're huge fans of its fresh take on essentials for babies, including these little booties. Crafted in certified organic cotton and offered in a bright range of just-for-J.Crew stripes, they're sure to make Mom and Dad smile too.
Size & Fit Details
Nature Baby® for J.Crew booties
Nature Baby® for J.Crew booties is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 4 out of 5 by CharChar from Soft little booties Cute, soft, and look comfy. They do run big, though. Size 3-6 months is still too big (slips off easy) for my 4 month old baby girl. Will love these once she's a bit bigger.
Date published: 2014-07-20
Rated 2 out of 5 by 416to323 from Pointy and elf-like, not so cute These look cuter in the pic than in real life. I really wanted to like them but they have a weird shape that tapers into a pointy toe. They don't stay on well, either. Sort of like little sacks for feet.
Date published: 2015-05-29


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Student Media
Husky Wrestling postseason
Wednesday, February 20, 2013
A senior from Coon Rapids, Shamus O'Grady is the top-ranked NCAA D-II wrestler at 184 pounds.
The nation's best NCAA Division II wrestling team begins the postseason Sunday with a national championship in its sights.
The No. 1 Husky Wrestling team enters the Feb. 24 Super Region 3 meet in Waterloo, Iowa, as the two-time regional champion and two-time national runner-up.
Get to know your Huskies:
- Coach Steve Costanzo's career record at St. Cloud State is 100-23, an 81 percent win rate.
- The team is 21-0 and has won 47 consecutive dual meets dating back to January 2011.
- Senior Shamus O'Grady, Coon Rapids, who is ranked No. 1 at 184-pounds, has a career record of 100-18.
- Other nationally ranked wrestlers include Eric Forde, Fargo, N.D., at 125 pounds; Andy Pokorny, Bennington, Neb., at 133 pounds; Clint Poster, Pierz, at 157 pounds and Jacob Kahnke, Shakopee, at 285 pounds.
Learn more in the Husky Wrestling Media Guide (PDF) and on the team website and Twitter feed.
University Communications
St. Cloud State University


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Brief Summary
With its formal description in 2006, Symbion americanus, found living on the mouthparts of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus), became the second species described from the phylum Cycliophora--which was itself first described only a decade earlier (Funch and Kristensen 1995; Obst et al. 2006). (An apparently distinct third cycliophoran species lives on the mouthparts of the European Lobster [Homarus gammarus]; Obst et al. 2005). Available evidence suggests that S. americanus may in fact include several cryptic species (Obst et al. 2005, 2006; Baker and Giribet 2007; Baker et al. 2007).
All three known hosts of Cycliophora are members of the lobster family Nephropidae. Reports of cycliophorans on nematodes and non-nephropid crustaceans (e.g., copepods) are apparently all in error and instead are based on observations of chonotrich ciliates. Examination by transmission electron microscopy is required to see that, in contrast to a cycliophoran, the ciliate consists of just a single cell with several nuclei. (Kristensen 2002)
Cycliophorans have a very complex life cycle that alternates between sexual and asexual phases. The most prominent stage is the asexual and sessile feeding stage, which lives attached to the setae of the host lobster's mouthparts and filters small food particles from the water. For a detailed description of the complex life cycle of Symbion pandora, see General Description on the S. pandora page; for a whimsical but informative account, check out the CreatureCast podcast on this topic.
A growing body of evidence suggests that the sister group to the Cycliophora is the Entoprocta (=Kamptozoa) (Fuchs et al. 2010 and references therein), consistent with the suggestion made by Funch and Kristensen (1995) in their original description, although cycliophorans share many similarities with the Rotifera and some molecular analyses have indicated a close relationship between these two groups (e.g., Winnepenninckx et al. 1998).
The phylum name Cycliophora is derived from Greek roots meaning "wheel bearing", referring to the circular mouth ring. The genus name Symbion is derived from Greek roots meaning "living together", referring to this animal's intimate association with its lobster host. The specific epithet americanus is a reference to its host, the American Lobster.
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Tyler Florence makes a summer salad with grilled peaches and steak.
Bobby serves "lost bread" (French toast) with a sauce of fresh peaches.
Try Kelsey's easy steps for making a rustic fruit pie using fresh peaches.
Bobby's Down South brunch includes sour cream waffles with praline sauce.
Jeffrey Saad on peach pie and why food is like taekwondo.
Prepare this healthy treat that looks superb and tastes even better.
Make Ellie's Peach French Toast ahead and pop it in the oven next morning.
Whatever level of spiciness you prefer, try Peaches Hothouse's hot chicken.
Fruit & bourbon make for the sweetest drink this side of the Peach State.
Symon's Peach Almond Crumble is an easy dessert worthy of an Iron Chef.
Get Cooking Channel on your TV.


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YMC approves 5-year capital improvement plan
GRANITE FALLS – The Yellow Medicine County Board heard reports and updates from department heads at its regular meeting on Tuesday.
The board voted to approve a five-year capital improvement plan presented by County Engineer Andy Sanders.
The plan provides for grading sections of two county roads a year through 2016 and backsloping on four county roads in 2017. Two county roads will be paved in 2015 and 2017. The county will do a mill and overlay on one road in 2013, three roads in 2014 and one road in 2017.
Three county bridges in Swede Prairie, Lisbon and Hammer townships are due to be replaced in 2013, two bridges in Stony Run and Sandnes townships in 2014, one in Burton Township in 2015 and one in Sandnes Township in 2016.
At the request of Family Services Director Rae Ann Keeler-Aus, the board voted to advertise for the position of child support officer to replace the current officer who is retiring in March.
The board authorized the hiring of a children's mental health social worker at a rate of $42,000 per year and a child protection social worker at a pay rate of $39,000 per year.
The board also voted to approve the hiring of a part-time summer park maintenance worker for $11.83 per hour.
Yellow Medicine County Sheriff Bill Flaten reported to the board he expected to have an agreement to provide law enforcement services with the city of Clarkfield for its approval at the next meeting.
The sheriff's department will hire one extra deputy to be stationed in Clarkfield and buy a car.


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Indicates UIUC access only: must be on university network or able to authenticate using NetID
Data sets from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and its partners. Includes more than 400 different variables, as national, subregional, regional and global statistics or as geospatial data sets, covering freshwater, population, forests, emissions, climate, disasters, and health.
Provides access to the national, sub-regional, regional and global statistical data sets used for UNEP's third Global Environment Outlook (GEO-3) report. These consistent data sets are derived from primary Data Sources around the world. They underpin much of the state of environment assessment undertaken for the report, and have been used as the basis for many of the graphics as well. Data is browseable by geographic region in the areas of biodiversity, the atmosphere, disasters, forests, freshwater, land, and urban areas.
Provides a wide range of environmental, ecological, and geographical data sets. Those that cannot be downloaded directly are described in detail and may be requested.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development gives information on air, water, waste, biodiversity, taxes and other instruments, nitrogen balances, and expenditures, among other statistics.
Presents data from environmental observation sources.
WDI Online is composed of more than 550 indicators in 80 tables, organized in six sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The tables cover 148 economies and 14 country groups-with basic indicators for a further 59 economies. The data go back to 1960, depending on the country.


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Downloadable Halloween Stories for Kids
Looking for Halloween stories for kids? Don't forget to check the Library's OverDrive and Freading eBook collections and OneClick Digital eAudio collection. If the OverDrive eBook you want is already checked out, you can place a hold on it. You will be notified by email when it is available. Freading eBooks and most OneClick eAudiobooks are always available -- no waiting lists. Need help getting started? Printable instructions here for your device. Downloads are free with your New Canaan Library card.
eBooks from OverDrive:
The Berenstain Bears Trick or Treat, by Stan and Jan Berenstain. As Brother and Sister Bear don their costumes to go trick-or-treating by themselves for the first time, they plan to avoid Miz McGrizz's spooky home. But during their Halloween outing, the cubs discover that appearances can be deceiving.
The Big Halloween Scare, by Steven Banks. It's Halloween, and SpongeBob is determined to scare everyone this year. All he has to do is dress up like the Flying Dutchman. But SpongeBob doesn't realize just how scary he can look. Join the gang from Bikini Bottom in this Spooky Halloween tale!
Franklin's Halloween, by Paulette Bourgeois. Everyone's favorite turtle is back--and all dressed up for Halloween fun! What does a turtle look like when he's made up as Frankenstein? Children will be delighted to see for themselves as they follow Franklin to a Halloween party, complete with games, a parade, and a haunted house.
Halloween in Anopha, by Rev. W. Awdry. Thomas and Mavis are working hard at the quarry in Anopha. On Halloween, Thomas is sent into town to pick up a special cargo, but he cannot see what he is pulling. Thomas loves Halloween, but hopes that his Special is full of treats, and not tricks!
Halloween Mice, by Bethany Roberts. Mice whirling in the moonlight, having a party on Halloween night, are threatened by an approaching cat until they come up with an ingenious trick to scare him off.
Happy Halloween, Curious George, by N.T. Raymond, created by H.A. Rey. Halloween is here, and Curious George is getting ready for the big night. There are so many costumes to try on, treats to share, and games to play! George has so much Halloween fun picking out the perfect pumpkin, decorating his house, and celebrating with his friends that he's not sure he's ready for the day to end.
Horrible Harry at Halloween, by Suzy Kline. Horrible Harry and his classmates all love Halloween. Every Halloween Harry shocks his classmates with his scary costume. In kindergarten he was a bloody Count Dracula, in first grade he was the Loch Ness Monster, and in second grade he was a slithering snake. So everyone in Room 3B can't wait to see what Harry is going to be this year-and they're in for a really big surprise!
eBooks from Freading:
The Most Amazing Halloween Ever, by Kevin Kremer. Fourth grade teacher Miss Moody receives a mysterious e-mail that changes her whole life and gives her most amazing magical powers. Her students are about to experience the best Halloween any kid could ever dream of!
Little Ruth: Halloween Drama Queen, by Dee Wright. Ruth is super excited about Halloween until she finds out that she will not be able to get her princess costume. With only a few days to go until Halloween, Ruth must figure out how she's going to fix this frightful situation.
eAudio from OneClick:
Horrible Harry at Halloween, by Suzy Kline. The students in Miss Mackle's third-grade class enjoy a day of Halloween surprises, including Harry's unusual costume.
Mouse and Mole: a Perfect Halloween, by Wong Herbert Yee. As Halloween approaches, Mouse helps her friend Mole get over his fear and enjoy the holiday.


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Merian Iselin Clinic
Basel, Switzerland
Foot phlegmon treatment with necrectomy and skin transplantation; vacuum dressing treatment (program ID: 187455)
Christoph Ackermann
Department of General Surgery
Specialized in: general surgery, abdominal surgery
1970-1977 Medizinstudium Universität Basel
1977-1988 Assistenz- und Oberarzt Chirurgie Universitätsspital Basel
1981 Assistenzarzt Chirurgie Ospedale San Giovanni Bellinzona
1988 Weiterbildungsaufenthalte Wiesbaden und London
1988 Leitender Arzt Chirurgie St. Claraspital Basel
1991 Habilitation: Privatdozent Universität Basel
1999 Weiterbildungsaufenthalte Cleveland Clinic Florida und Mayo Clinic Minnesota
Aktuell Stv. Chefarzt Viszeralchirurgie St. Claraspital Basel und Arzt ClaraChirurgie Merian Iselin Klinik (Teilzeit ab 2015)
In surgery, injured body parts are joined or sewn together again so that they heal, or diseased organs are completely removed (ectomy) or partially removed (resection). Obstructed organ systems are opened so that they work properly again. New organs are transplanted or prostheses are implanted.
Program includes:
- Initial presentation in the clinic
- clinical history taking
- physical examination
- laboratory tests:
- complete blood count
- biochemical analysis of blood
- Lipid metabolism (HDL/LDL, cholesterol,
triglycerides Lip(a), homocysteine)
- blood coagulation analysis (aPTT, PT, INR)
- inflammation indicators (CRP, ESR)
- metabolic status (uric acid, total glucose, HbA1c)
- cardiovascular disease risk markers
- kidney function test (creatinine, urea)
- doppler/ duplex receptacles of lower extremities
- angio-MRI from aorta and of lower extremities
- duplex peripheral arteries
- preoperative care
- necrectomy and skin transplantation
- daily wound care
- vacuum dressing treatment
- symptomatic treatment
- control examinations
- the cost of essential medicines and materials
- nursing services
- full hospital accommodation in 2 bedded room
- developing of further guidance
About hospital
Accommodation in hospital
- Basel, Switzerland
24120.00More chevron_right
43654.00More chevron_right
Total amount:
Program [Description]
Foot phlegmon treatment with necrectomy and skin transplantation; vacuum dressing treatment
- Hospital: Merian Iselin Clinic
- Department: Department of General Surgery
- Head physician: Dr. med. Christoph Ackermann
- Type:
- access_time Duration
- date_range
- Transfer
- Visa support
- Interpreter 3 hours
- Interpreter 10 hours
- Translation of medical documents 4 pages
- Insurance in case of extra expenses for the treatment of foreign patients


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Someone has pm'd me asking my advice on pairing yixing pots and oolongs.
Humbly, I decline to give my answer behind closed doors, I know an enormous amount more than I did 4 years ago, but still know relatively little, so am starting this thread for a variety of input.
Various commentators remark on advice and guidance they have gleaned from their 'Teamaster'. It seems comparing these 'rules' that there are great discrepancies, but often they are comparing tea from different regions - Anxi, Fenghuang, Taiwan and Wuyi. In addition to Region many other differences come into play:The local water; the level of oxidisation; the level of roasting; the shape of the processed leaves and the age of the tea. In many cases the so named 'Teamaster' may be playing with relatively few of these variables and may have different personal preferences to some of us.
I think the combined weight of all teachatters will provide a more comprehensive recommendation than any single teamaster, as long as you can sift what you want from the answers.
There are also 'Claymasters' who know their yixing clays and may be willing to go to excessive lengths to match clays and teas. There also exist other 'Claymasters' who know the wonderful benefits of Banko, Shigaraki and Gaiwans. I do not believe this chatter wants advice on anything other than Yixing, so the usual chorus of 'Just buy 1 gaiwan' would be wasted. I also feel from what little I know of this teachatter that they won't be shy of buying several, even many, good quality yixing pots over the next year.
The problem I see is size, shape, thickness, clay and tea regions - how many variations do you need?
1. Size
Unless you are of Northern Chinese extraction and need 300ml to 500ml pots for 'family brewing' anything over 200ml should probably be rule out.
50 - 100ml are favoured by diehard Oolong (and pu) fans and have the advantages that you can use less leaf to get a heavy brew, you can more frequently extract every last drop of goodness from the leaf at 1 session, and if you have more than 1 you can manage side by side comparitive tasting easily.
150 - 200ml are great for group tastings where several of you can get a decent sample from each infusions, and are also great for leisurely infusions when you don't want to keep running back and forth ftrom brewing station to drinking location. It can be great for large gatherings but can be wasteful on leaf when drinking alone.
100 - 150ml is in someways a good compromise, good to share infusions with just one or 2 companions, the openings will usually give easy access to all leaf shapes, and if you are a thirsty drinker can give you plenty to drink when having solo sessions.
2. Shape
Countless variations, but perhaps can be split into 3 major types; flatter, rounder and taller. I have read that many claim the shape affects the tea tatse but am in no position to concur. I do believe that shape can be important for leaf type.
Flatter ones can usually accomodate better the long twisty leaves of certain Wuyi Yan Cha. Perhaps Fang Gu!
Rounder ones can better accomodate the pellet type leaf from Anxi and Taiwan, allowing the leaves to unfurl and decent extraction in a uniform way. Perhaps Long Dan, Xishi or others.
Taller ones - I don't know - I read once or twice but have no recall.
Compromise shapes may include Shi Pao and Shui Pin.
3. Thickness
Along with the heat retention properties of the clay, the thickness is supposed to have some bearing on the finished infusion. Though I have read so many conflicting ideas that I have not reached a favoured conclusion. But if you want for a kind of Oolong, initial very high temperature that cools off fairly rapidly long before you decant then it may be worth looking for a thin walled yixing. [others claim that even thin walled pots of certain clays retain heat well - so I am a little lost here]Thick walled are supposed to retain heat extra well, and for other Oolongs you may want a thick walled pot which helps you with extra long infusions.
In practice I think many reasonable value available yixings are medium walled - thinking how they are made from slabs of clay rather than thrown, thick walled cheap ones from clumsy inexperience potters, medium walled pots from those who have acquired greater skill, thin walled only from true masters [last sentence somewhat tongue in cheek]
4. Clay
Perhaps the most interesting part, some teapots are simply designated Zisha or Purple Clay - how much this conveys I don't know for other pots are given intricate clay descriptions not only identifying type of clay, but sub-type and source location.
Some will settle for (or even insist on) Zhuni on every single pot in their Yixing collection. Others will claim modern zhuni is not so good, and will identify other clays for a subrange of their oolongs.
Some clays are more absorptive others have better heat retaining properties. The more absorptive the pots you buy, then the more likely you are to want a larger collection initially these pots may rob you of some flavour from the tea, but once well seasoned with a particular tea type you don't want it throwing that back into another Oolong.
5 Regions
a) wuyi yan cha
I have seen that some teachatters split 2 yixings between normal and aged. I have seen other teachatters split 2 between high roast and light roast, and some that split into 3 and others that split into certain varietals. I am hoping to buy an extra pot especially for Bai Ji Guan.
For a smaller pot you may wish to give concern to the size of the lid opening.
b) anxi
There are some who want Zhu Ni but others who want a softer clay like Duanni and Lu Ni. The round shape for the pot is worth considering.
Greener TKY would probably demand a seperate pot from wuyi, but if your taste is for traditional highly oxidised TGY then maybe a common pot for wuyi and TKY would suffice.
c) taiwan
don't ask me, I have not explored many taiwan teas I use them (dongdings and alishans) in the same yellow clay teapots I use for Anxi. BaoZhongs or Pouchongs I use a seperate very cheap zen8teapot that is blue.
d) Dan Cong
I still use some unnamed brownish purple clay pots (with wide openings) that brew well before deciding where to finally allocate. I now have Chao Zhou teapots for my Dan Congs so would not worry too much about yixing. Maybe a general purpose yixing to help you on your way, but one that does not retain the heat too long (or astringent flavours will come to the fore) Though again I have heard some claim the extremely thin walled Chao Zhou retain heat well, I don't think I believe it - if the heat of the exterior is so obviously very hot almost immediately then it is transferring the heat into contact with the air and the interior must be cooling.
I think you should start with a couple of mid priced pots in your preferred size that you are prepared to NOT dedicate any further than splitting the whole of the Oolong kingdom into 2
1 for wuyi and dan cong maybe 120 ml
1 for Greener pellet shaped Anxi and Taiwan maybe a little larger like 180ml to allow the leaf to unfurl completely
Play with them, continue to observe advice and guidance on clays and teas. Then when you have decided which Oolong types you REALLY like a lot then move on to getting dedicated pots for them.
Just 2
But knowing you, I hazard a guess you will own 12 within 4 months


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Each year, about 200,000 children are treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms for playground equipment-related injuries - an estimated 148,000 of these injuries involve public playground equipment and an estimated 51,000 involve home playground equipment. Also, about 15 children die each year as a result of playground equipment-related incidents. Most of the injuries are the result of falls. These are primarily falls to the ground below the equipment, but falls from one piece of equipment to another are also reported. Most of the deaths are due to strangulations, though some are due to falls.
1 - Protective Surfacing - Since almost 60% of all injuries are caused by falls to the ground, protective surfacing under and around all playground equipment can reduce the risk of serious head injury.Falls on asphalt and concrete can result in serious head injury and death. Do not place playground equipment over these surfaces. Also grass and turf lose their ability to absorb shock through wear and environmental conditions. Always use protective surfacing.Certain loose-fill surfacing materials are acceptable, such as the types and depths shown in the table.Certain manufactured synthetic surfaces also are acceptable; however, test data on shock absorbing performance should be requested from the manufacturer.=================================================================Fall Height In Feet From Which A Life ThreateningHead Injury Would Not Be Expected-----------------------------------------------------------------
================================================================= 2 - Use Zones - A use zone, covered with a protective surfacing material, is essential under and around equipment where a child might fall. This area should be free of other equipment and obstacles onto which a child might fall.Stationary climbing equipment and slides should have a use zone extending a minimum of 6' in all directions from the perimeter of the equipment.Swings should have a use zone extending a minimum of 6' from the outer edge of the support structure on each side. The use zone in front and back of the swing should extend out a minimum distance of twice the height of the swing as measured from the ground to the swing hangers on support structure. 3 - Swing Spacing - To prevent injuries from impact with moving swings, swings should not be too close together or too close to support structures. Swing spacing should be:
- At least 8 inches between suspended swings and between a swing and the support frame.
- At least 16 inches from suing support frame to a pendulum see- saw.
- Minimum clearance between the ground and underside of swing seat should be 8 inches.
- Swing sets should be securely anchored.
4 - Elevated Surfaces - Platforms more than 30" above the ground should have guardrails to prevent falls.5 - Potential Head Entrapment Hazards - In general, openings that are closed on all sides, should be less than 3 1/2" or greater than 9". Openings that are between 3' 1/2" and 9" present a head entrapment hazard because they are large enough to permit a child's body to go trough, but are too small to permit the head to go trough. When children enter such openings, feet first, they may become entrapped by the head and strangle.6 - Potential Entrapment and Strangulation Hazards - Open "S" hooks, especially on swings, and any protrusions or equipment component/hardware which may act as hooks or catch-points can entangle with children's clothing and cause strangulation incidents. Close "S" hooks as tightly as possible and eliminate protrusions or catch-points on playground equipment.7 - Pinch or Crush Points - There should be no exposed moving parts which may present a pinching or crushing hazard.8 - Playground Maintenance - Playgrounds should be inspected on a regular basis. Inspect protective surfacing especially mulch, and maintain the proper depth. If any of the following conditions are noted, they should be removed, corrected or repaired immediately to prevent injuries:
- Hardware is loose or worn, or that has protrusions or projections.
- Ropes, and items with cords placed around the neck can get caught on playground equipment and strangle a child. Many children have died when a rope they were wearing got caught on playground equipment, or they became entangled in a rope.
- Supervise, and teach your child safe play. Teach your child not to walk or play close to a moving swing, and not to tie ropes to playground equipment.
- Exposed equipment footings.
- Scattered debris, litter, rocks, or tree roots.
- Rust and chipped paint on metal components.
- Splinters, large cracks, and decayed wood components.
- Deterioration and corrosion on structural components which connect to the ground.
- Missing or damaged equipment components, such as handholds, guardrails, swing seats.
For more information on playground safety, refer to CPSC's Handbook for Public Playground Safety. 009812
The link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.
Click Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.


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New Markdowns
Smocked Black Empire Dress
Style: 570070212
Out of Stock
Wear it with sandals and a breezy attitude. Scarf-hem dress has an easy fit with a double-scooped neckline and smocked elastic waist. In a stretch jersey knit that will win your affection with its lovely, lush softness.
- Bra-friendly neckline and double-layered bodice for soft support.
- Gathers below elastic smocked empire waist.
- Approximate length 37.5" from shoulder.
- 95% Rayon, 5% Spandex. Machine wash, cold; tumble dry low. Imported.
Read more… Read less…


text: Treat yourself to a premium, quality raffia hat from Bullhide by Montecarlo Hat Company! Raffia straw is built to last! Step on it or even let the dog sleep on it - then watch it pop back into its original shape. Unbreakable raffia straw is known worldwide for its amazing durability and lifelong flexibility. The Romantic Dream raffia straw hat features a 3 3/4" hat brim and 4" pinch front crease hat crown. Imported. Easy sizing: S(6 3/4-6 7/8), M(7-7 1/8), L(7 1/4-7 3/8).