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Warton, Thomas
Thomas Warton 1728-1790
English poet, critic, biographer, and nonfiction writer.
The following entry provides an overview of Warton's life and works. For additional information on his career, see LC, Volume 15.
Warton is best known as a critic whose writings, especially the three-volume History of English Poetry, from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century (1774-81?), were influential for their consideration of literary works in a broad historical context. Warton also wrote poetry, most notably The Pleasures of Melancholy (1747), an early work that exemplifies what commentators describe as the author's "Gothic" sensibility.
Biographical Information
Warton was born on January 9, 1728, in Basingstoke, Hampshire, to Thomas Warton, the Elder, a poet and schoolmaster, and his wife, Elizabeth Richardson Warton. At the time, Warton the Elder was headmaster of Basingstoke Grammar School. Warton's elder brother, Joseph, also became a poet and academic and collaborated with his sibling on occasion. Warton received much of his early education from his father and in 1744 entered Trinity College, Oxford. It was at this time that Warton began writing poetry as a serious pursuit, producing, among other works, his famous The Pleasures of Melancholy. He also submitted several works to collections published by his brother and father, sometimes under their names. After earning his undergraduate degree in 1747, Warton remained at Oxford to continue his studies and became more involved in literary activities at the university. Warton earned his M.A. in 1750 and was elected a probationary fellow of Trinity College in 1752. He became a full fellow the following year. While continuing to work on his own poetry and fulfilling his academic duties, Warton also assembled several poetry anthologies as well editions and studies of the works of noted poets. One important study was Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser (1754). In 1756, Warton was elected as professor of poetry at Oxford, a position he held for ten years. In addition to the scholarly works Warton published during this period, he also wrote biographies, comic verse, and travel books. After his poetry professorship ended in 1766, Warton was given a bachelor of divinity degree the following year but was afterward passed over for significant positions at the university. For example, in 1776, although Warton was arguably the most respected fellow at Trinity, he was not chosen to serve as its president. By then, Warton was publishing the initial volumes of what many consider his most important work, The History of English Poetry. Primarily a literary historian and academic by this point in his life, he continued to write poetry that was highly regarded. In 1785, he was appointed poet laureate; the same year, he was elected Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford. In the last decade of his life, Warton acted as a mentor to many young poets. He died on May 21, 1790.
Major Works
As David Fairer has written: "Warton's literary achievement was certainly many-sided: poet, literary historian, classical scholar, Gothic enthusiast, humorist, biographer, editor. He was a man in whom so many strands of cultural life of the eighteenth century met." While Warton indeed produced a varied body of works, critics often emphasize a quality common to many of them that is generally described as "Gothic." As applied to Warton's writings, the term Gothic signifies a profound sense of the influence of the past upon the present as well as a taste for gloomy natural landscapes, medieval architecture, and ruins. The dour imagery and pensive mood of The Pleasures of Melancholy, written when the author was only seventeen years old, well illustrates the Gothicism that many critics observe in much of Warton's work. A vivid sense of the past, especially the period of the Middle Ages, informed Warton's critical writings and distinguished them among literary criticism theretofore published in English. In Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser, Warton took on a new approach to critical study by demonstrating the manner in which the past was embodied in and influenced Edmund Spenser's epic poem, as well as placing it in the historical context of its own time. This idea was expanded in Warton's most ambitious project, The History of English Poetry, from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth. In the three volumes Warton completed—a fourth volume was published in its uncompleted form—he studied the history of England's literature from the Norman Conquest to his own day.
Critical Reception
Many critics credit Warton with redefining literary criticism. From the time of its first publication, Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser was recognized as a benchmark in the history of English literature. Warton is believed to be the first to look at a work in relation to its time, cultural influences, and earlier literature. Critics note that Warton accomplished this on a greater scale in The History of English Poetry. Although commentators have often faulted this study as sometimes difficult to follow—in part because of its ambitiously all-inclusive but unsystematic scheme—and have discovered it to be riddled with errors of fact, it is nonetheless regarded as a seminal work in the history of English literary criticism. With this work, Warton helped define periods and styles in literature for the first time, an achievement that alone justifies his place among prominent writers of the eighteenth century.
Principal Works
The Pleasures of Melancholy: A Poem (poetry) 1747
A Description of the City, College, and Cathedral of Winchester (nonfiction) 1750; revised edition, 1760; third edition published as The Winchester Guide, 1796
The Triumph of Isis: A Poem. Occasioned by Isis: An Elegy (poetry) 1750
New-market, A Satire (poetry) 1751
Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser (criticism) 1754; revised and enlarged edition, 1762
A Description of the City, College, and Cathedral of Winchester (nonfiction) 1760
The Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst. 2 vols. (biography) 1761
A Companion to the Guide, and a Guide to the Companion: Being a Complete Supplement to All the Accounts of Oxford Hitherto Published (nonfiction) 1760; revised and enlarged edition, 1762?
The Life of Sir Thomas Pope (biography) 1772; expanded edition, 1780
*The History of English Poetry, from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century. 4 vols. (criticism) 1774-81?
Poems: A New Edition, with Additions (poetry) 1777; enlarged as Poems: A New Edition 1777; enlarged as Poems on Various Subjects of Thomas Warton: Now First Collected, 1791
An Enquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems Attributed to Thomas Rowley (criticism) 1782
Specimen of a Parochial History of Oxfordshire (history) 1782; enlarged as Specimen of a History of Oxfordshire, 1783; published as The History and Antiquities of Kiddington, 1815
Verses on Sir Joshua Reynold's Painted Window at New-College Oxford (poetry) 1782
The Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Warton, B.D. 2 vols. [edited by Richard Mant] (poetry) 1802
*The fourth volume of this work was left incomplete and was issued without a publication date.
Clarissa Rinaker (essay date 1916)
SOURCE: Rinaker, Clarissa. "Criticism: The Observations on the Fairie Queene of Spenser, 1754-1762." In Thomas Warton: A Biographical and Critical Study, pp. 37-58. Urbana: University of Illinois Studies in Language and Literature, 1916.
[In the following excerpt, Rinaker regards Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser as an important work of English literary criticism for having revived interest in Edmund Spenser.]
The hand of the poet is as evident as that of the scholar in the Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser.1 Warton's love for Spenser and his poetical enthusiasm were here first turned to criticism, but of a sort unknown before. And the secret of the new quality is to be found in this poetical enthusiasm of the writer which enabled him to study the poem from its own point of view, not hampered by artificial, pseudo-classical standards of which the poet had known nothing, but with a sympathetic appreciation of his literary models, the spirit of his age, his heritage of romance and chivalry, and the whole many-coloured life of the middle ages. These things Warton was able to see and to reveal not with the eighteenth century prejudice against, and ignorance of, the Gothic, but with the understanding and long familiarity of the real lover of Spenser.
The result of Warton's combined poetical enthusiasm and scholarly study of Spenser was that he produced in the Observations on the Faerie Queene the first important piece of modern historical criticism in the field of English literature. By the variety of its new tenets and the definitiveness of its revolt against the pseudo-classical criticism by rule, it marks the beginning of a new school. Out of the turmoil of the quarrel between the 'ancients' and the 'moderns' the pseudo-classical compromise had emerged. The 'moderns', by admitting and apologizing for a degree of barbarity and uncouthness in even their greatest poets, had established their right to a secure and reputable place in the assembly of immortals, although on the very questionable ground of conformity with the ancients and by submitting to be judged by rules which had not determined their development. It was thus by comparisons with the ancients that Dryden had found Spenser's verse harmonious but his design imperfect;2 it was in the light of the classical rules for epic poetry that Addison had praised Paradise Lost,3 and that Steele had wished an 'Encomium of Spencer'4 also.
Impossible as was the task of reconciling literature partly romantic and modern with classical and ancient standards, the critics of a rationalistic age did not hesitate to accomplish it; common sense was the pseudo-classical handmaiden that justified the rules, methodized nature, standardized critical taste, and restrained the 'Enthusiastick Spirit' and the je ne sais quoi of the school of taste. The task was a hard one, and the pseudo-classical position dangerous and ultimately untenable. A more extended study of literary history—innocuously begun by Rymer5—and an enlightened freedom from prejudice would show at the same time the inadequacy of the rules and the possibility of arriving at sounder critical standards.
These are the two principal gifts that Thomas Warton had with which he revolutionized criticism: intelligent independence to throw off the bondage of the rules, and broad knowledge to supply material for juster criteria. When he said, 'It is absurd to think of judging either Ariosto or Spenser by precepts which they did not attend to,'6 he not merely asserted their right to be judged by Gothic or 'romantic', as opposed to pseudo-classical, standards, but sounded the death-knell of criticism by rule, and the bugle-note of the modern school. When, in the same critical work, and even more impressively in two later ones,7 he brought to bear upon the subject in hand a rich store of ideas and illustrations drawn from many literatures—Latin, Greek, Italian, French, and English in its obscure as well as its more familiar eras,—he rendered an even more important service on the side of constructive criticism.
Warton's Observations is connected not only with the history of critical theory in the eighteenth century but also with what is called the Spenserian revival. It was partly the culmination of one of several related movements tending toward the restoration of the older English classics. While Chaucer was slowly winning a small circle of appreciators; Shakespeare, from ignorantly apologetic admiration and garbled staging, through serious study and intelligent comprehension, was coming into his own; and Milton was attaining a vogue that left its mark on the new poetry; the Spenserian revival was simultaneously preparing to exert an even greater influence. Although Spenser was never without a select circle of readers, that circle was small and coldly critical during the pseudo-classical period when his principal charm was that which his moral afforded readers who held that the purpose of poetry was to instruct. Most readers assented to Jonson's dictum that Spenser 'writ no language' without attending to the caveat that followed, 'Yet I would have him read for his matter.' The difficulties of his language, the tiresomeness of his stanza,8 the unclassical imperfection of his design, and the extravagance of the adventures too often obscured even the beauty of his moral. Therefore it was after a pretty general neglect of his poetry that the eighteenth century saw a species of Spenserian imitation arise which showed to what low ebb the study of Spenser had sunk. The first of these imitators either ignorantly fancied that any arrangement of from six to ten iambic pentameter lines capped with an Alexandrine, with distinctly Popeian cadence and a sprinkling of 'I ween', 'I weet' and 'whilom' by way of antiquated diction, could pass for Spenserian verse,9 or followed the letter of the stanza closely enough, but failed to take their model seriously, and misapplied it to vulgar burlesque, social and political satire, and mere moralizing.10 Their ignorance of the poet whom they professed to imitate is marked. Often they knew him only through Prior's imitations; usually their attempts at antiquated diction betray them.11 Occasionally, as in the case of Shenstone, a study of Spenser followed imitation of him, and led to a new attitude, changes in the imitation, and finally, apparently, to an admiration that he neither understood nor cared to admit.12
Of course by far the best of the Spenserian imitators was James Thomson, whose work was the first to rise above the merely imitative and to have an independent value as creative poetry. Although his Advertisement and a few burlesque touches throughout the poem are evidence of the influence of the Schoolmistress and of the prevailing attitude toward Spenser, Thomson went further than mere external imitation and reproduced something of the melody and atmosphere of the Fairy Queen. Thus poetical enthusiasm began the Spenserian revival; it remained for a great critical enthusiasm to vindicate the source of this inspiration and to establish it on the firm basis of scholarly study and intelligent appreciation.
The first attempt at anything like an extended criticism of the Fairy Queen was in the two essays On Allegorical Poetry and Remarks on the Fairy Queen which prefaced John Hughes's edition of Spenser's works in 1715, the first eighteenth century edition.13 Steele, in the 540th Spectator, three years before, had desired an 'Encomium of Spencer', 'that charming author', like Addison's Milton papers, but nothing further than his own meagre hints was forthcoming. And Hughes's attitude, like that of the imitators, was wholly apologetic.
Hughes seems almost to have caught a glimpse of the promised land when he refused to examine the Fairy Queen by the classical rules for epic poetry, saying: 'As it is plain the Author never design'd it by those Rules, I think it ought rather to be consider'd as a Poem of a particular kind, describing in a Series of Allegorical Adventures or Episodes the most noted Virtues and Vices: to compare it therefore with the Models of Antiquity, wou'd be like drawing a Parallel between the Roman and the Gothick Architecture.'14 At first sight one is inclined to think this very near to Warton's revolutionary dictum, but the bungling way in which he spoiled the effect of this striking statement by preparing in advance a set of pseudo-classical and misfit standards to apply as he exposed the unsuitability of the old, merely by the substitution of allegory for epic, shows that he was a true pseudo-classicist after all. He could not, nor would, throw off his allegiance to the ancients. If the Fairy Queen could not be considered as an epic, it could be judged as an allegory, the rules of which, though not described by the ancients, were easily determinable. And in attempting to set forth the rules for allegorical poetry, he tried to conform to the spirit of the classical critics as he understood it, and to illustrate his subject by examples from classical poets. Nevertheless he felt some reluctance in introducing a subject which was 'something out of the way, and not expressly treated upon by those who have laid down Rules for the Art of Poetry.'15 Hughes's ideas of what should constitute successful allegory were therefore embodied in his Essay on Allegorical Poetry, by the uncertain light of which the critic hoped 'not only to discover many Beauties in the Fairy Queen, but likewise to excuse some of its Irregularities.'16
Hughes did not, however, yield to the spell of 'magic Spenser's wildly-warbled song.' While he admitted that his fable gave 'the greatest Scope to that Range of Fancy which was so remarkably his Talent'17 and that his plan, though not well chosen, was at least well executed and adapted to his talent, he apologized for and excused both fable and plan on the score of the Italian models which he followed, and the remnants of the 'old Gothic Chivalry' which yet survived. The only praise he could give the poem was wholly pseudo-classical,—for the moral and didactic bent which the poet had contrived to give the allegory,18 and for some fine passages where the author 'rises above himself' and imitates the ancients.19 In spite of his statement that the Fairy Queen was not to be examined by the strict rules of epic poetry, he could not free himself from that bondage, and the most of his essay is taken up with a discussion of the poem in the light of the rules. Moreover Hughes was but ill-equipped for his task; he failed even to realize that a great field of literary history must be thoroughly explored before the task of elucidating Spenser could be intelligently undertaken, and that genuine enthusiasm for the poet could alone arouse much interest in him. These are the reasons why nearly forty years elapsed before the edition was reprinted, and why it failed to give a tremendous impetus to the Spenserian revival. Yet, notwithstanding its defects, it is extremely important that Hughes should have undertaken at all the editing of so neglected a poet.20 It is a straw that points the direction of the wind.
The next attempt at Spenserian criticism was a small volume of Remarks on Spenser's Poems and on Milton's Paradise Regained, published anonymously in 1734, and soon recognized as the work of Dr. Jortin, a classical scholar of some repute. This is practically valueless as a piece of criticism. But Jortin was at least partly conscious of his failure and of a reason for it, though he was more anxious to have the exact text determined by a 'collation of Editions, and by comparing the Author with himself' than to furnish an interpretive criticism; and he acknowledged himself unwilling to bestow the necessary time and application for the work,21—a gratifying acknowledgement of the fact that no valuable work could be done in this field without special preparation for it.
And when Thomas Warton was able to bring this special preparation for the first time to the study of the Fairy Queen, he produced a revolution in criticism. Freed from the tyranny of the rules by the perception of their limitations, he substituted untried avenues of approach and juster standards of criticism, and revealed beauties which could never have been discovered with the old restrictions. That he should be without trace of pseudo-classicism is something we cannot expect; but that his general critical method and principles are ultimately irreconcilable with even the most generous interpretation of that term is a conclusion one cannot escape after a careful study of the Observations on the Fairy Queen.
Briefly, the causes of Warton's superiority over all previous critics of Spenser, the reasons why he became through this piece of critical writing the founder of a new kind of criticism, are four. First, he recognized the inadequacy of the classical rules, as interpreted by Boileau and other modern commentators, as standards for judging modern literature, and declared his independence of them and his intention of following new methods based upon the belief that the author's purpose is at least as important a subject for critical study as the critic's theories and that imagination is as important a factor in creative literature as reason. Second, he introduced the modern historical method of criticism by recognizing that no work of art could be independently judged, isolated from the conditions under which it was produced, without reference to the influences which determined its character, and without considering its relation to other literatures. In taking this broad view of his subject, Warton was, of course, recognizing the necessity for a comparative study of literature. In the third place, and as a consequence of this independence and this greater breadth of view, Warton understood more fully than his contemporaries the true relation between classical and modern literature, understood that the English writers of the boasted Augustan age, in renouncing their heritage from the middle ages, had deprived themselves of the qualities which alone could have redeemed their desiccated pseudo-classicism. And last, Warton made a place in criticism for the reader's spontaneous delight and enthusiasm.
Few critics of the eighteenth century recognized any difference between their own rules and practice and those of the ancients, or saw the need for modern standards for judging modern poems. Just here comes the important and irreparable break between Warton and his contemporaries. While Hughes and the rest attempted to justify Spenser by pointing out conformities to the rules22 where they existed or might be fancied, and condemned his practice when they failed to find any, Warton was at some pains to show that Hughes failed and that such critics must fail because their critical method was wrong.23 He pointed out that the Fairy Queen cannot be judged by rule, that the 'plan and conduct' of Spenser's poem 'is highly exceptionable', 'is confused and irregular', and has 'no general unity';24 it fails completely when examined by the rules. To Warton this clearly showed the existence of another standard of criticism—not the Aristotelian, but the poet's: Spenser had not tried to write like Homer, but like Ariosto; his standard was romantic, not classical; and he was to be judged by what he tried to do.
Warton's declaration of independence of pseudo-classical criticism was a conscious revolt; yet it was one to which he made some effort to win the assent of his contemporaries by conceding that Spenser's frequent extravagances25 did violate the rules approved by an age that took pride in its critical taste. His desire to engage their interest, however, neither succeeded in that purpose nor persuaded him that those rules were properly applied to poems written in ignorance of them. There is no uncertainty, no compromise with pseudo-classical criticism in the flat defiance, 'it is absurd to think of judging either Ariosto or Spenser by precepts which they did not attend to.'26
Having thus condemned the accepted standards as inadequate for a just criticism of the Fairy Queen, Warton's next purpose was to find those by which it could be properly judged: not the rules of which the poet was ignorant, but the literature with which he was familiar. He recognized quite clearly a distinction between a classical and a romantic poet, and accounted for it by a difference of circumstances. Warton's even then extensive knowledge of the neglected periods of earlier English literature gave him a power that most of his contemporaries lacked and enabled him to see that Spenser's peculiarities were those of his age, that the 'knights and damsels, the tournaments and enchantments, of Spenser' were not oddities but the familiar and admired features of romance, a prevailing literary form of the age, and that 'the fashion of the times' determined Spenser's purpose of becoming a 'romantic Poet.'27
Warton determined therefore not only to judge but to praise Spenser as a romantic28 poet. He found that as the characteristic appeal of pseudo-classical poetry was to the intellect, to the reason, romantic poetry addressed itself to the feelings, to the imagination. Its excellence, therefore, consisted not in design and proportion, but in interest and variety of detail. The poet's business was 'to engage the fancy, and interest the attention by bold and striking images, in the formation, and the disposition of which, little labour or art was applied. The various and marvelous were the chief sources of delight'.29 Hence Spenser had ransacked 'reality and romance', 'truth and fiction' to adorn his 'fairy structure', and Warton revelled in the result, in its very formlessness and richness, which he thought preferable, in a romantic poem, to exactness. 'Exactness in his poem,' he said, 'would have been like the cornice which a painter introduced in the grotto of Calypso. Spenser's beauties are like the flowers in Paradise.'30
When beauties thus transcend nature, delight goes beyond reason. Warton did not shrink from the logical result of giving rein to imagination; he was willing to recognize the romantic quest for beauties beyond the reach of art, to sacrifice reason and 'nature methodiz'd' in an exaltation of a higher quality which rewarded the reader with a higher kind of enjoyment. 'If the Fairy Queen,' he said, 'be destitute of that arrangement and æconomy which epic severity requires, yet we scarcely regret the loss of these, while their place is so amply supplied by something which more powerfully attracts us: something which engages the affections, the feelings of the heart, rather than the cold approbation of the head. If there be any poem whose graces please, because they are situated beyond the reach of art, and where the force and faculties of creative imagination31 delight, because they are unassisted and unrestrained by those of deliberate judgment, it is this. In reading Spenser, if the critic is not satisfied, yet the reader is transported.'32
When Warton thus made a place for transport in a critical discourse, he had parted company with his contemporaries and opened the way for the whole romantic exaltation of feeling. He had turned from Dr. Johnson, who condemned 'all power of fancy over reason' as a 'degree of insanity',33 and faced toward Blake, who exalted the imagination and called reason the only evil.34 Every propriety of Queen Anne criticism had now been violated. Not satisfied with condemning all previous Spenserian criticism as all but nonsense, Warton dared to place the uncritical reader's delight above the critic's deliberate disapproval, and then to commend that enthusiasm and the beauties that aroused it. In repudiating the pseudo-classical rules, Warton enunciated two revolutionary dicta: there are other critical standards than those of Boileau and the ancients (save the mark!); there are other poetical beauties than those of Pope and 'nature methodiz'd.'
Revolutionary as he was in his enjoyment of Spenser's fable, Warton had not at the time he wrote the Observations freed himself from the pseudo-classical theories of versification and he agreed with his predecessors in his discussion of this subject. Altough he did not feel the nineteenth century romanticist's enthusiasm for Spenser's versification, he was nevertheless sufficiently the poet to appreciate and to enjoy his success with it. 'It is indeed surprising,' he said, 'that Spenser should execute a poem of uncommon length, with so much spirit and ease, laden as he was with so many shackles, and embarrassed with so complicated a bondage of riming. … His sense and sound are equally flowing and uninterrupted.'35 Similarly, with respect to language, we neither expect nor find enthusiasm. Warton thought Jonson 'perhaps unreasonable,'36 and found the origin of his language in the language of his age, as he found the origin of his design in its romances. Long acquaintance enabled him to read the Fairy Queen with ease; he denied that Spenser's language was either so affected or so obsolete as it was generally supposed, and asserted that 'For many stanzas together we may frequently read him with as much facility as we can the same number of lines in Shakespeare.'37 In his approval and appreciation of Spenser's moral purpose Warton was, of course, nearer to his pseudo-classical predecessors than to his romantic followers; however, without relinquishing that prime virtue of the old school, the solidity which comes from well-established principles, he attained to new virtues, greater catholicity of taste and flexibility of judgment.
In seeking in the literature of and before the sixteenth century and in the manners and customs of the 'spacious times of great Elizabeth' for the explanation of Spenser's poem—so far as explanation of genius is possible—Warton was, as has been said, laying the foundations of modern historical criticism. Some slight progress had been made in this direction before, but without important results. Warton was by no means original in recognizing Spenser's debt to the Italian romances which were so popular in his day, and to Ariosto in particular. And many critics agreed that he was 'led by the prevailing notions of his age to write an irregular and romantic poem.' They, however, regarded his age as one of barbarity and ignorance of the rules, and its literature as unworthy of study and destitute of intrinsic value. No critic before Warton had realized the importance of supplementing an absolute by an historical criticism, of reconstructing, so far as possible, a poet's environment and the conditions under which he worked, in order to judge his poetry. 'In reading the works of a poet who lived in a remote age,' he said, 'it is necessary that we should look back upon the customs and manners which prevailed in that age. We should endeavour to place ourselves in the writer's situation and circumstances. Hence we shall become better enabled to discover how his turn of thinking, and manner of composing, were influenced by familiar appearances and established objects, which are utterly different from those with which we are at present surrounded.'38 And, realizing that the neglect of these details was fatal to good criticism, that the 'commentator39 whose critical enquiries are employed on Spenser, Jonson, and the rest of our elder poets, will in vain give specimens of his classical erudition, unless, at the same time,...
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Joan Pittock (essay date 1973)
SOURCE: Pittock, Joan. "The Taste for the Gothic: Thomas Warton and the History of English Poetry." In The Ascendancy of Taste: The Achievement of Joseph and Thomas Warton, pp. 176-214. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
[In the following essay, Pittock traces influences on "Gothic" poems by Warton and others and critiques his History of English Poetry.]
When [Samuel] Johnson's Dictionary appeared in 1755 it contained no reference to the word 'Gothic'. Yet Horace Walpole had succumbed to the spell of Gothic architecture in building his castle at Strawberry Hill in 1750, and the vogue for Gothic as well as Chinese in...
(The entire section is 15626 words.)
Pat Rogers (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: Rogers, Pat. "Thomas Warton and the Waxing of the Middle Ages." In Medieval Literature and Antiquities: Studies in Honour of Basil Cottle, edited by Myra Stokes and T. L. Burton, pp. 175-86. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1987.
[In the following essay, Rogers contends that Warton's History of English Poetry played a significant role in the codifying of historical eras in literature.]
In any age, Basil Cottle would have been a notable scholar. But it is only within the last century and a half that he could possibly have held a distinguished post in Medieval English. The prime reason for this has nothing to do with the belated appearance of departments of...
(The entire section is 5345 words.)
Joseph M. P. Donatelli (essay date 1991)
SOURCE: Donatelli, Joseph M. P. "The Medieval Fictions of Thomas Warton and Thomas Percy." University of Toronto Quarterly 60, No. 4 (summer 1991): 435-51.
[In the following essay, Donatelli argues that Warton and Percy were leaders in a movement that inspired a popular fascination with the Middle Ages.]
The enthusiasm for the culture of the Middle Ages during the latter half of the eighteenth century finds various forms of expression. Yet the visitors who flocked to Walpole's Strawberry Hill instead of Glastonbury Abbey, the readers who purchased Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry instead of Joseph Ritson's scholarly editions, and the...
(The entire section is 7758 words.)
Edward J. Rielly (essay date 1991)
SOURCE: Rielly, Edward J. "Thomas Warton's Gothic Sensibility." In Man and Nature/L'Homme et La Nature, 10 (1991): 147-58.
[In the following essay, Rielly illustrates how Warton's writings and other scholarly interests reveal his Gothic sensibility.]
Thomas Warton was an ardent antiquarian who contributed significantly to the late eighteenth century fusion of the antiquarian and the man of taste (the latter the discerning critic or editor whose successful enterprises depend on the former's diligence and judgment).1 Warton, of course, was also much more than an antiquarian, even more than an antiquarian of taste. He was a poet, literary historian, critic,...
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Robert J. Griffin (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: Griffin, Robert J. "The Eighteenth-Century Construction of Romanticism: Thomas Warton and the Pleasures of Melancholy." ELH 59, no. 4 (winter 1992): 799-815.
[In the following essay, Griffin explores the idea that Warton is a romantic poet by analyzing his poem The Pleasures of Melancholy.]
The great merit of this writer appears to us to consist in the boldness and originality of his composition, and in the fortunate audacity with which he has carried the dominion of poetry into regions that had been considered as inaccessible to her ambition. The gradual refinement of taste had, for nearly a century, been weakening the force of original...
(The entire section is 6822 words.)
Gwin J. Kolb and Robert DeMaria, Jr. (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: Kolb, Gwin J. and Robert DeMaria, Jr. "Thomas Warton's Observations on the 'Faerie Queene' of Spenser, Samuel Johnson's 'History of the English Language,' and Warton's History of English Poetry: Reciprocal Indebtedness?" Philological Quarterly 74, no. 3 (1995): 327-35.
[In the following essay, Kolb and DeMaria analyze the relationship between Warton and Samuel Johnson, arguing that the two writers influenced and borrowed from each other.]
Several commentators have discussed in varying detail the long, sometimes troubled friendship of Samuel Johnson and Thomas Warton, which began in the early 1750s (when Johnson was in his forties and...
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David Fairer (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: Fairer, David. Introduction to The Correspondence of Thomas Warton, edited by David Fairer, pp. xvii-xxxvi. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1995.
[In the following essay, Fairer describes Warton's importance as a literary figure.]
On the evening of 20 March 1776 Dr. Johnson and Boswell, who were on a visit to Oxford together, went round to Trinity College to call on Johnson's friend of over twenty years' standing, Thomas Warton: "We went to Mr. Thomas Warton of Trinity, whom I had long wished to see. We found him in a very elegant apartment ornamented with good prints, and with wax or spermaceti candles before him. All this surprised me, because I...
(The entire section is 9527 words.)
Further Reading
Vance, John A. Joseph and Thomas Warton: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983, 190 p.
Primary and secondary bibliography devoted to Warton's writings as well as those of his brother, Joseph.
Gilfillan, George. "The Life of Thomas Warton." In The Poetical Works of Goldsmith, Collins, and T. Warton pp. 145-54. Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1854.
Overview of Warton's life and works.
Vance, John. "Samuel Johnson and Thomas Warton." Biography 9, no. 2 (spring 1986): 95-111.
Analyzes the complex...
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As I look out my office window and type this, I see one of our contractors working on a new door and lock. As I stroll the Mobile office property, it is littered with nails, metal chunks, scrapes of wood, trucks, trailers, and men working. All of this is the result of the generosity of others.
We have been very fortunate to have had some excellent cookie programs, so we are able to address the rotten doors at the office. We are able to replace the roof, so when it rains it will no longer come into the buildings. This is done with the hard work of a large cadre of girls who are entrepreneurs and business women, even at the tender age of 5.
We have been fortunate lately to have a company that had excess materials from another job donate those materials to us so our girls no longer would meet, play, and sleep on a stained and aging carpet. In the Mobile Volunteer Center, we have new tile on the floor, a new kitchen floor and the place is starting to look FANTASTIC! All of this is the result of the generosity of others. In tough financial times, people do still want to invest in their future by supporting children.
As you struggle with the fall product sale, wrestle with the software late at night trying to put your order in, you too invest in others. Every week when I am out and around the council, I meet a Girl Scout alumna or previous troop leader and the stories are always the same. No one else would step up and take this troop, so I did, or my mother did. I hear "my mother was a troop leader, now I am a troop leader" frequently.
As we start to move toward Thanksgiving and consider what we are grateful for, we are all grateful for you. As someone who frequently has to untangle some knotty problems as part of my work, we do recognize how sometimes your patience is tested to the limit. We do understand that there are days when dealing with parents of girls in your troop make you wonder what you were thinking when you agreed to this. But then, you hear the laughter of an activity you created. You have a girl come to you to ask questions about life. You overhear a girl describe what she has done as a Girl Scout, and it makes all the time and trouble worthwhile.
Thanks for stepping up, we appreciate your generosity.

subset: commoncrawl


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Here's a great quote from Josh Fields, when asked if he was nervous being a relative newcomer at first base during this perfect game.
"Actually, the only thing I thought yesterday was, 'Thank God I'm not playing third,'" Fields said.
July 26, 2009
Fields on Buehrle's perfect game
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Posted by Cherrie on Jan 10, 2017 in | 0 comments
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Jan. 7, 2013
GALESBURG—Carl Sandburg College has been selected by the Community College Futures Assembly (CCFA) as a finalist for the 2013 Bellwether Award.
Sandburg's submission, "Leveraging the Cloud for Student Success and Institutional Effectiveness," was named a finalist in the Planning, Governance and Finance category. The category features programs or activities that have been designed and successfully implemented to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the community college.
"Carl Sandburg College is thrilled to be selected as a finalist for this year's Bellwether Award. Having a program recognized as one of the best in the country is always a great honor," Vice President of Administrative Services and CIO Sam Sudhakar said. "We take great pride in being one of the leading community colleges in the country for providing our students, faculty and staff the best possible technology and using it in a way that's both efficient and cost effective."
Sandburg was chosen as one of 30 finalists out of nearly 250 applicants and was joined by Elgin Community College as the only schools from Illinois to be honored. Ten finalists were selected in three categories: Instructional Programs and Services; Planning Governance and Finance; and Workforce Development.
The CCFA convenes annually as an independent national policy forum for key opinion leaders to work as a "think tank" in identifying critical issues facing the future of community colleges and to recognize the Bellwether Award finalist colleges as trend-setting institutions. The Bellwether Awards are given annually in three categories to colleges with outstanding and innovative programs or practices.
All finalists will present Jan. 28 at the CCFA in Orlando, Fla. A panel of national experts within each category will select one winner from each category. Winners will be announced Jan. 30.


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>> Hotels near Shyam Mandir
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Hotels near Shyam Mandir, Guwahati
If you are planning a vacation in Guwahati, then you must go visit Shyam Mandir. It is an intrinsic part of the socio-cultural landscape and hence, offers an insightful peek into life, as it exists in Guwahati . Read more
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Luxury Hotels near Shyam Mandir, Guwahati
Radisson Blu Hotel Guwahati
Gotanagar, Guwahati
Gotanagar, Guwahati
|15.1 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 11,839
Rs. 9,839
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G.S.ROAD, Guwahati
G.S.ROAD, Guwahati
|6.2 km from Shyam Mandir
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Value for Money Hotels near Shyam Mandir, Guwahati
Ginger Hotel Guwahati
Borbari, Guwahati
Borbari, Guwahati
|3.9 (Based on 8 Reviews)Good
|3.7 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 2,882
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Book before 6 days and save 10% on each night
The Guwahati Addresss By Centre Point
Barua Road, Guwahati
Barua Road, Guwahati
|4.3 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 6,458
Per Room Per Night
Hotel Ambarish
Ganeshguri, Guwahati
Ganeshguri, Guwahati
|2.0 (Based on 1 Reviews)Average
|4.8 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 2,900
Per Room Per Night
Nearest Budget Hotels
Budget Hotels near Shyam Mandir, Guwahati
Ilora Retreat
|3.5 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 5,250
Per Room Per Night
Rajlakshmi Guest House
|4.7 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 667
Per Room Per Night
The Residency Tourist Resort
Dispur, Guwahati
Dispur, Guwahati
|4.8 km from Shyam Mandir
Rs. 3,397
Per Room Per Night
Shyam Mandir, GuwahatiA visit to Shyam Mandir can also be combined with other tourist attractions across the city. With its delectable cuisines, and opportunities to explore the surrounding areas, Guwahati is perfectly poised to offer an experience that is both, authentic as well as unique! There are many ideal locations to visit in and around this wonderful city, with prominent local landmarks and favourable restaurants being just a few examples. Make a trip to Guwahati and its exciting places of interest to enjoy a memorable vacation. A visit to Shyam Mandir will give you a greater insight into the various cultures and traditions of Guwahati .
Nearby Places of Interest :
- Hotels near Aims
- Hotels near Amchimg Wildlife Sanctuary
- Hotels near Assam State Museum
- Hotels near Assam State Zoo
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Areas in Guwahati:
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- Borbari Hotels
- Chandmari Hotels
- Dispur Hotels
- East Manipuri Road Hotels
- G.n.b. Road Pan Bazar Hotels
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- Kamrup Hotels
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- Khanapara Hotels
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- Paltan Bazar Hotels
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- Pathshala Hotels
- Sonapur Hotels
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- Ulubari Hotels
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- Accommodation in Guwahati
- Resorts in Guwahati
More Hotel Types in Guwahati:
- 3 Star Hotels in Guwahati
- 4 Star Hotels in Guwahati
Star Hotels in Guwahati:
- Adventure Hotels in Guwahati
- Best Value Hotels in Guwahati
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Theme Hotels in Guwahati:
- Hotels with Arcade/game Room
- Hotels with Atm/banking
- Hotels with Audio-visual Equipment
- Hotels with Ayurveda Clinic
- Hotels with Babysitting Or Child Care
- Hotels with Banquet Facilities
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- Part of Collection:
- Subjects:Jewish Experience, Hanukkah, Winter Themes, Teacher Tips and Strategies
- Skills:Online Sources, Social Studies
Eight Tips for Eight Nights – Fun Activities For Teaching Hanukkah
- Grades: 1–2, 3–5
My students' families come from all over the world, so their Christmas traditions often don't fit the Norman Rockwell mold. Some of my students celebrate Hanukkah or Kwanzaa, not Christmas. Still other students don't celebrate any holidays in December. To help build an atmosphere of sharing rather than exclusion, I make sure to provide opportunities for my students to learn about the varied winter holidays and the diverse ways these holidays are celebrated around the world.
The Jewish holiday Hanukkah began last night, and I always plan several activities to help my students learn about this holiday. Here are eight suggestions for fun and educational Hanukkah activities to share with your students.
1. Read Aloud One Candle by Eve Bunting
The illustrations are what first drew me to this middle-grade picture book. Once I read the story, I just had to share this book with my class. One Candle tells two stories, the story of the narrator's present-day Hanukkah, and her grandmother's story of struggle and hope during the Holocaust. Bunting treads on serious ground with her book, and the sepia-toned flashback illustrations that accompany the grandmother's narrative are just shy of haunting. That said, I think this book does a great job depicting how holiday traditions are passed from generation to generation within a family, and how these traditions are tied to a family's personal history.
After I share the book with my students, I ask my students to write about an unusual holiday custom that is unique to their family. My students love sharing their personal traditions, from a special family recipe to the story behind an heirloom ornament.
2. Play Dreidel!
The dreidel (pronounced DRAY-DL), a four-sided spinning top, is one of the prominent symbols of Hanukkah. The Hebrew letters on each side of the top stand for the Hebrew phrase Nes gadol hayah sham, meaning, "A great miracle happened there." This refers to the miracle in the Hanukkah story whereby a single day's worth of lamp oil in the consecration lamp burned for eight days in the ransacked temple in Jerusalem.
I hand my students a copy of the directions for the dreidel game, a dreidel for each team, and 15 counters — raisins or M&M'S — for each student. The students work in teams to read the directions and then play the game. In addition to having them read a procedural text, the game offers practice with division, fractions, and other number concepts.
If you don't have dreidels available for your students, check out this Scholastic printable that provides a template for making your own dreidels.
3. Explore an Interactive Hanukkah Scrapbook
My students loved this activity. Scholastic has pulled together a fabulous resource to use with your students, either as an independent computer center or on your interactive whiteboard with your entire class. This interactive scrapbook will teach your students the facts about Hanukkah with fun audio clips, nonfiction passages, and a lot more. Your students can send holiday e-cards, sing along to Hanukkah songs, or respond on a kid-safe holiday message board. You may want to print out these focus questions for your students to answer as they explore the scrapbook.
4. Sing Not-Quite Carols
While Hanukkah songs don't get much radio play, there are many fun, festive songs you can teach your students in honor of Hanukkah. Venture beyond the familiar dreidel song to some other Hanukkah classics. Music plays an important part in the traditions of a wide range of holidays: you can emphasize how it's a universal aspect of diverse holiday celebrations.
At the Web site MyJewishLearning, some jazzy, upbeat renditions of classic Hanukkah songs are available for free download in MP3 format. Or try this unusual Hanukkah song from Scholastic.
5. Do Candle Math
"There are eight nights of Hanukkah. If Mr. and Mrs. Goldstein give their three children a present each night . . . "
The math word problems practically write themselves when it comes to Hanukkah. Begin by giving these latke math problems and my Candle Company Challenge to your students, and then challenge them to write their own word problems for their friends.
6. Have a Potato Pancake Party
One of the most traditional Hanukkah foods, latkes are savory potato pancakes lightly fried in oil. Traditionally, latkes are made with grated potatoes, chopped onions, and a thin, plain batter. In recent years, chefs and home cooks have tinkered with the recipe, creating some fun, bizarre, and delicious variations. You may want to have your students do an Internet search for latke recipes and compare the many variations they find.
I read The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming: A Christmas Story to my students before we have a class latke tasting. This picture book features the dour humor and word play characteristic of Lemony Snicket (aka Daniel Handler). After I share the book with my students, we share a snack of latkes and applesauce, the traditional accompaniment.
You can make your own latkes using an easy recipe from Scholastic. But the easiest way to provide latkes is to buy them in boxes in the freezer section of the supermarket. Trader Joe's sells eight delicious pancakes for $2. You can heat the latkes in a toaster oven, or the microwave will do in a pinch.
7. Make a Festive Dreidel Treat
For our holiday party, my students help to prepare many of the treats that we serve. I have my students make chocolate and marshmallow dreidels for our Hanukkah dessert. For each dreidel treat, I use a thin pretzel stick, a marshmallow, and a Hershey's kiss, plus some frosting as "glue." (Melted chocolate also works as glue, but can be a bit more complicated with students.)
Have your students push the pretzel stick most of the way through the marshmallow. Then use the frosting to attach an unwrapped chocolate kiss to the bottom of the marshmallow. Your students can use food-safe cookie decorating markers or colored decorating gel to write the Hebrew letters on the dreidel.
8. Discover Other Festivals of Light
Comparative religion classes don't have to wait until college. I use the picture book Celebrations of Light: A Year of Holidays Around the World by Nancy Luenn to teach my students about twelve holidays from different cultures and religions that emphasize the theme of light.
For even more ideas for teaching students about Hanukkah, take a look at this Hanukkah Holiday Guide from Scholastic's Printables or visit Scholastic's Teaching About Hanukkah collection.


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Debates of Dec. 14th, 2004
House of Commons Hansard #45 of the 38th Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was industry.
- Chief Electoral Officer
- House of Commons
- Aboriginal Affairs
- Order in Council Appointments
- Government Response to Petitions
- Committees of the House
- Petitions
- Questions on the Order Paper
- Petitions
- Interparliamentary Delegations
- Request for Emergency Debate
- Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994
- Tax Conventions Implementation Act, 2004
- Business of the House
- Tax Conventions Implementation Act, 2004
- Food and Drugs Act
- London Knights
- Marriage
- Riding of Dartmouth--Cole Harbour
- Millennium Fund
- Greater Toronto Airport Authority
- Canadian Entrepreneur of the Year
- Canadian Forces Reserves
- John Humphrey Freedom Award
- Aysegul Candir
- Kamloops Christmas Light Tour
- Ukraine
- Brabant Newspapers
- Bethlehem Walk in Parksville
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Citizenship and Immigration
- Kids Come First Child Care Centre
- Child Care
- Infrastructure
- Natural Resources
- National Defence
- Citizenship and Immigration
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Health
- Maher Arar Inquiry
- Citizenship and Immigration
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Marriage
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Commercial Bankruptcies
- Aerospace Industry
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Fisheries and Oceans
- National Defence
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Firearms Program
- Taxation
- Tourism Industry
- Foreign Affairs
- China
- Textile and Clothing Industry
- Justice
- Transport
- Governor General
- Business of the House
- Budget Implementation Act, 2004, No. 2
- Committees of the House
- Budget Implementation Act, 2004, No. 2
- Committees of the House
- Budget Implementation Act, 2004, No. 2
- Pension Ombudsman Act
- Income Tax Act
- Committees of the House
- Income Tax Act
- Committees of the House
- Income Tax Act
- Textile Industry
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Nina Grewal Fleetwood—Port Kells, BC
Mr. Speaker, the Supreme Court has refused to call the traditional definition of marriage unconstitutional. This spineless government appeal has backfired: the Liberals cannot claim the court made them end traditional marriage.
Marriage is a matter for Parliament, not judges.
It has nothing to do with the charter. This government could have endeavoured to defend the traditional definition of marriage by challenging lower court decisions, but it did not. Instead, the Liberals are attacking Canadian family values.
I firmly believe that Canada's laws and social programs should strive to support and uphold marriage and the family unit. The traditional definition of marriage must be preserved.
The union of a man and a woman is the most enduring human institution. Altering it is a profound step that deserves vigorous, open debate. This is a matter for elected representatives to decide.
My party will have a free vote on any government legislation. I call upon the Prime Minister to allow all of his MPs, including members of--
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
The Acting Speaker (Mr. Marcel Proulx)
The hon. member for Dartmouth--Cole Harbour.
Riding of Dartmouth--Cole Harbour
Statements By Members
December 14th, 2004 / 2 p.m.
Michael John Savage Dartmouth—Cole Harbour, NS
Mr. Speaker, this Christmas season has already been great throughout Dartmouth and Cole Harbour.
In particular, the revived Dartmouth downtown has been the centre of much excitement. Last weekend, for instance, over 4,000 people crowded around Sullivan's Pond to see the inaugural lighting of the downtown trees. Last Sunday, Christmas Full of Caring, which raises money for the homeless, held its phenomenal 10th annual dinner.
As well, yesterday Dartmouth celebrated the life of Joseph Howe with the naming of a park in his honour, a fitting tribute to the father of responsible government in Canada.
Dartmouth--Cole Harbour is also the home of another famous person, Mike Clattenburg, the creator and producer of the Trailer Park Boys , a show that is also filmed in Cole Harbour. This past Sunday we saw the show's very touching Christmas special, an episode which I am sure has special meaning for us all.
On September 23, the Chronicle-Herald had a headline that read, "Downtown Dartmouth Comes Alive". This is absolutely true. We will continue to work to ensure its continued success.
Finally, I wish all my constituents the very best of the holiday season.
Millennium Fund
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Benoît Sauvageau Repentigny, QC
Mr. Speaker, the government is telling us that the millennium fund was well managed. In that case, can it tell us why all requests for financing had to go through Alfonso Gagliano's office first? Why did the minister's office not keep any record whatsoever of correspondence? Why would his chief of staff clearly insist that his staff not keep any correspondence. Why was nothing ever sent to departmental staff? Finally, why did an audit report that cost $500,000 disappear?
There are numerous similarities with the management of the sponsorship program. The government, which promoted transparency, owes us some answers. I would remind the Minister of Public Works that even if the program no longer exists, clarification is needed. Where did the $150 million in the millennium fund go?
Greater Toronto Airport Authority
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Derek Lee Scarborough—Rouge River, ON
Mr. Speaker, I want to congratulate the Greater Toronto Airport Authority for recent efforts to prevent illegal taxis from stealing business at Pearson International Airport.
For several years Transport Canada and the airport were seriously neglectful of their obligations to protect the taxi and limousine licences they sold to drivers at the airport.
Rogue taxi drivers, who are called scoopers, were routinely stealing fares and operating illegally, exposing travellers to fare gouging and risks to safety from unregulated drivers and cars.
The new enforcement initiative was supported by officials from the federal Department of Transport and also by officials from the Province of Ontario who are now also developing provincial laws and procedures to support this new initiative.
In addition to eradicating illegal taxi scoopers, the GTAA is reforming its taxi and limo permit system to allow more independent taxis and a new group of licensed limousines. I have been an advocate of these changes for 12 years now and I applaud the progress that has been made.
Canadian Entrepreneur of the Year
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Rona Ambrose Edmonton—Spruce Grove, AB
Mr. Speaker, it is with pride that I rise to honour Edmonton's Bill Comrie, who was recently named the Canadian entrepreneur of the year.
Mr. Comrie is well known as the founder of The Brick, an Edmonton based furniture retailer. The Brick started as one store and is now the largest furniture retailer in Canada with more than 165 stores and over 5,000 employees.
Edmontonians also know Mr. Comrie as a tireless booster of our city, a dedicated philanthropist and a key supporter of the Stollery Children's Hospital and the Alberta Heart Institute.
Mr. Comrie also supports minor sports, especially hockey. Every year he hosts The Brick novice hockey tournament, which is the largest in the world for 9 year olds and 10 year olds.
We have come to realize that whatever Mr. Comrie does. he does well.
On my behalf and on behalf of the member for Edmonton—Leduc, I with to congratulate Bill Comrie and his family on his recent award and thank him for all the good work he does for Edmonton, for Alberta and for Canada.
Canadian Forces Reserves
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Ken Boshcoff Thunder Bay—Rainy River, ON
Mr. Speaker, I rise today to congratulate Thunder Bay resident Admiral Raymond Zuliani on his long and valued service to the Canadian Forces Reserves.
Admiral Zuliani was appointed Chief of Reserves and Cadets in 2000 and represents 27,000 reservists and 56,000 cadets. The reserves constitute 45% of Canada's military forces.
Among his achievements are the implementation of a pension plan for reservists and the protection of civilian jobs for reservists called to duty. He also assured education funds for reservists who attend post-secondary programs.
Admiral Zuliani joined the Canadian Forces cadets at the age of 12, moved to the reserves at the age of 16, and over the past 40 years has dedicated his life to the defence needs of our country while maintaining a full time career as an educator.
Admiral Zuliani will retire from the reserves in January. I invite my fellow parliamentarians to join me in thanking him for his exceptional service and wishing him a happy and healthy retirement.
John Humphrey Freedom Award
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Odina Desrochers Lotbinière—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière, QC
Mr. Speaker, I want to pay tribute to Godeliève Mukasarasi, the recipient of the prestigious John Humphrey Freedom Award.
This African woman, a survivor of the Rwandan genocide, has been working to promote the rights of women in her country for many years.
She has shown exceptional commitment in working with women who were victims of rape and sexual violence during the 1994 genocide.
She played a key role in breaking the silence and documenting crimes of sexual violence for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Thanks to her contribution, for the first time, on October 2, 1998, an international court convicted an individual of a crime of sexual violence perpetrated during a civil war and rape was recognized as an act of genocide and torture.
The Bloc Québécois salutes the exceptional courage of Godeliève Mukasarasi in her struggle to obtain justice and reparations for the women of her country.
Aysegul Candir
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Gurbax Malhi Bramalea—Gore—Malton, ON
Mr. Speaker, people in my riding of Bramalea—Gore—Malton and across Canada are mourning the tragic death of Aysegul Candir, an ESL teacher at Bramalea Secondary School who was the victim of an alleged domestic violence shooting in the school parking lot on Friday, December 10.
I am deeply saddened by this tragic event and by the loss of a very special teacher. Candir had been teaching English as a second language at Bramalea since September 2002. According to Principal John Chasty, she was totally dedicated to her students and understood the challenges they faced as newcomers to Canada because she had first-hand experience.
I would like to offer my deepest condolences to Candir's family in Turkey. I thank everyone who has sent messages of sympathy in the wake of this tragic event. This tragic incident highlights the need to put an end to domestic violence.
Kamloops Christmas Light Tour
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Betty Hinton Kamloops—Thompson, BC
Mr. Speaker, it is an honour for me to rise today, the last sitting day before the Christmas break, to pay tribute to a Kamloops tradition.
The Christmas Light Tour is the highlight of the season for many Kamloops seniors. Volunteers pick them up at various residences and drive them around the city in comfortable coaches to look at the spectacular lights. The Kamloops residents go above and beyond to decorate for the holiday season, knowing that the seniors will be driving by.
It is a truly magical evening for everyone involved. I look forward to being a part of it once again this year. It is often said, but it is well worth repeating, that volunteers are the backbone of this nation. I thank them for their time and efforts in organizing this event.
I would also like to take this opportunity, Mr. Speaker, to wish you and all of my colleagues in the House a very merry Christmas and a prosperous new year.
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Walt Lastewka St. Catharines, ON
Mr. Speaker, Canada was the first western country to recognize Ukraine's independence 13 years ago. Today we are building on that history.
Canadian Friends of Ukraine, a Canadian NGO, is working to promote democracy and reform in Ukraine. I ask every member of the House to show their support for the Canadian Friends of Ukraine and the Ukrainian congress in assisting democratic striving for the people of Ukraine.
Members of the House have unanimously declared their solidarity with the democratic aspirations of the people of Ukraine, so that the December 26, 2004 repeat presidential elections take place in an environment free of media censorship, intimidation and foreign intervention.
The take note debate and the motion in the House supported by all parties have demonstrated our support for free, fair and transparent presidential elections in Ukraine to be held on December 26.
We wish the Ukrainian people all the best in their journey toward democratic reform. Slava Ukraina .
Brabant Newspapers
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
David Christopherson Hamilton Centre, ON
Mr. Speaker, the Brabant newspaper chain publishes many papers in Hamilton communities. Cost cutting measures and layoffs have allowed Brabant to reap record profits.
While investors are raking it in, Brabant and its masters at TorStar Corporation cancelled 600 kids' paper routes.
The 60 remaining press, insert and pre-production workers have gone on strike seeking pay equity and fair wages.
This same company has called for a shield law to protect its journalists from being forced to reveal their sources. That is right, it wants more respect for its workers.
But at the same time, Brabant is now using scab labour just before Christmas to undermine its employees' bargaining strength. Where is the respect in that?
I support a shield law, but I also support showing more respect for workers' rights to fair wages. Using scabs is an immoral attack on the collective bargaining process.
Get rid of the scabs, Brabant, and get back to the bargaining table.
Bethlehem Walk in Parksville
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
James Lunney Nanaimo—Alberni, BC
Mr. Speaker, Parksville on Vancouver Island is a city of some 10,000 people. This week a local Baptist church will attract more than 10,000 people to a four day special Christmas event.
There are shepherds and lots of real, fluffy sheep. There are donkeys and chickens and a stable scene with a real newborn baby.
Reproduced are the shops, smells and sounds of the historic, dimly lit streets of Bethlehem. More than 200 people are dressed in period costume as Roman soldiers, blacksmiths, candle makers and fish mongers. There is a period bakery producing Dead Sea rolls. There is Sotheby's auction house where people can bid on Goliath's sword or Moses' staff, which still turns into a serpent when it is thrown down on the floor.
Afterward there are cookies, hot chocolate and Christmas carols.
It is all in good fun and sets the stage to help the less fortunate. Last year the Bethlehem Walk raised more than $10,000, all given to the Society of Organized Services to help needy families.
It is the spirit of giving. It is the Christmas story. It is light coming into darkness. It is joy to the world, peace and goodwill.
Congratulations to Parksville Fellowship Baptist Church.
Textile and Clothing Industry
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Pauline Picard Drummond, QC
Mr. Speaker, about a year ago, the Denim Swift company in Drummondville announced that it was laying off more than 600 employees.
Yesterday, six textile plants in the town of Huntingdon announced their imminent closure, and more than 800 workers found out, just days before Christmas, that they will be losing their jobs.
Rather than sitting idly, the federal government has an opportunity to ensure that import tariffs on clothing and textile products are maintained in Canada. It can also continue to remit customs duties paid by clothing companies and to maintain a quota on Chinese imports, under the WTO access protocol for China.
The government can also develop a program to help modernize the clothing and textile industries by stimulating research, development and creation. Finally, it could establish a program to help older workers who will not have a job to go back to.
There are many solutions available. The only thing that is lacking is a will to act on the part of the federal government.
Citizenship and Immigration
Statements By Members
2:15 p.m.
Gary Lunn Saanich—Gulf Islands, BC
'Twas the night before the break, and all through the Nation,The citizens had decided, the Liberals deserved no ovation.The immigration requests were hung by her office with care,In hopes that St. Judy soon would be there.Her staffers were nestled all snug in their chairs,While Romanian dancers showed off their wares.And Martin in his confusion, and his MPs on the take,The Liberals had settled down for a long winter's break.When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,It turns out, to the people, honesty does matter.With one minister sinking, Paul must act in a flash,But dithering is his forté, God forbid he be brash.When Gagliano was to Chrétien, a serious bane,He was shuffled out of cabinet to the land of the Dane.Everyone is demanding Paul act with conviction,For if he does not, integrity is just Liberal fiction.A quick dismissal of the minister will stop opposition grilling,But where to put Judy, as the Danish position no longer needs filling?What country's ambassadorship can we to Ms. Sgro?To you Paul, I say, "How about Trinidad and Tobago?"


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Your triglycerides are more for concern. That is no doubt high. The triglycerides are NOT cholesterol. Triglycerides are basically your building blocks of FAT, which you mostly acquire from eating fat. Based on your diet, you are eating quite a bit of fat, mainly in the form of burgers and red meats (i know they are good, i love them too). If you wanted to reduce those numbers, some quick things you can do.
1) cut down on the carbs (like the pastas, burger buns etc)
2) increae more omega 3 fatty acid in your diet through some fish
3 try and drop a few pounds...like 5-8
4) if you drink alcohol, it would be a good idea to put a stop that to.
Also, get a test for your fasting blood sugar. and make sure that you are NOT pre-diabetic.
try some of these first to get your numbers down. There are drugs available that can target your cholesterol levels, but there is a big downside to those drugs.
Am I slowly killing myself being on this medication? I would hate to find out when I'm 50 that my heart is healthy, but my liver is shot!
And did you know that one of the ingredients in Lipitor is Talc?????? That cannot be good for you!
Rearnakedchoke is right. When your diet and exercise are NOT enough to drop your bad cholesterol (HDL) while simultaneously raising your good cholesterol (HDL), then you are in a different group of people. You either have some underlying condition, like diabetes (not saying you do, its just an example). Or, you have a family history of such problems, as you already eluded to.
Lipitor has good and bad things. From a postive side, it does drop your LDL cholesterol by up 60%, and you get the maximum effect usually after about a month of use. Here are the problems...it does not really raise your HDL (the good cholesterol). If you are someone who has low LDL, but you also have low HDL, you are still at risk of heart disease. Furthermore, the side effects often include: muslce pain and muscle degredation, headaches, soarness and problems on liver etc etc. Heres the catch. Ideally, YOU want to come off lipitor. To do that, you have to really modify your diet and exercise to drop about 10% of your body weight. BUT! if you are experiencing the side effects of pain, muscle weakness etc, are you going to be able to workout? Probably not, so you will need to stay on the drug. So there is one double edge sword.
The thing is, drug companies DONT want you to stop using their medication. That is bad business. Do you know how much money lipitor brought in alone in 2007 in the U.S? 12 BILLION DOLLARS!!!! They have you hooked now, and they dont want you coming off. By being on lipitor, yes, the benefits do outweigh the risks, but there is a catch.... the side effects. That is what I meant by going on the drugs (for chronic problems). Once you start, 9/10, you arent coming off them.
But in your case, you have lost about 55 lbs (good job man ). That fact that your doctor said NO to taking you off for a few months and seeing where your levels go is very suspect in my oppinion. I would go to another doctor for another oppinion. By shedding that extra fat, I would imagine you could go off it (you have to gradually reduce the dose).
Avoid large amounts of saturated fats. Dietary cholesterol has very little effect on blood plasma levels. High levels of LDL cholesterol are mostly a result of large intakes of saturated fat. Always avoid trans fats. Saturated fats should make up no more than 20% of your daily fat intake. This doesn't mean you should remove them entirely because testosterone is created from saturated fat.
Increase your fiber content to at least 25g a day.
Exercise is always a plus too!
Do you have actuall underlying heart disease in the family? I know you mentioned your father and grandfather dying early, but did they have any kind of metabolic dieases?
For example: did they have hyperlipidemias, chylomicronemias, anything that would naturally make you have high levels of LDL and TG normally? Because if THAT is that case, then you unfortunately need medicine. Diet and exercise wont be enough.
I myself, have always worked out since my days in high school. AND I actually do some pretty intense workouts, like kettlebell, interval training, tabata style training, etc. The doctor told me I have a athletes resting heart rate(55 to 62 bpm). My diet did get out of hand for awhile, but I have it back under control. I do not consume any cheese or milk, very limited oils, hardly any read meat, no pork at all. Now there is the ocassional cheat day, but thats about it. I eat lots of green veggies, fruit, brown rice, beans, multigrain or whole wheat pastas, nuts and seeds, and any meat is turkey or chicken. For milk I drink rice milk or almond milk which usually goes on my whole grain cereal.
I appreciate you and RNC's feedback. I have had blood tests every 6 months to check for liver problems since I have been on the Lipitor and so far so good. I just hear of all the serious side effects that one can get from taking this medication and to be honest it is a little frightening! I have another appointment with this doctor in May and if my levels are still good or even better I'm going to ask him again. If he does not budge, I'll get a second opinion.
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At the Closing Session of the World Economic Forum
Dead Sea, Jordan
22 June 2003
Professor Schwab,
Your Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The end is a beginning. Today, we close this extraordinary meeting of our forum. But an extraordinary journey has just begun; a journey of healing and new hope; of global creativity and justice.
Together we have worked on some of the world's most difficult challenges – as well as its most important promises. A new beginning for the Palestinian people. A new life in peace for Israelis. A new future for Iraqi children. And new hope for people throughout this region and around the world: that there will be a better tomorrow; that prosperity will be global; that the promise of this century is for all.
Are these goals futuristic? Not if we are realistic. Profound change can come – but only if we confront the old, accepted continuities head-on. In these meetings, we did face the hard truths. We confronted the global divisions that blight peace and prosperity. We explored the root causes of today's cycles of violence and injustice.
Our meeting has succeeded in bringing Palestinians and Israelis together to talk. They spoke about peace and reconciliation, but they also discussed the environment and water. The dialogue affirmed their shared humanity and shared destiny. These and other discussions helped spur renewed faith among the friends of peace – faith that is needed to usher a new day in this Holy Land, a day when trust and forgiveness replace discord and animosity.
Our meeting witnessed the global support for the road to peace in the Middle East. It reiterated the milestones agreed at Aqaba: to end the conflict, renew hope, assure security, and fulfill Palestinian nationhood. By seizing this historic moment, this forum has helped to seize the international conscience, reminding the world of the need to serve justice and meet the expectations of the young.
Our meeting also discussed human development in the Arab world. It is an issue that you, Mr. Secretary General, have championed during the last two years, and it is an issue at the forefront of regional concern. The pillars of all Arab civil society actively participated in our gatherings. They deliberated here on reform and progress on ways to fulfill young people's expectations for knowledge and freedom, protect the human rights of men and women and respect the sanctity of free expression to all those whose opinions will undoubtedly contribute to strengthening our political and social culture.
Allow me to say, these principles are not new in our religious culture. Indeed, they are part of its deepest promise. Islam calls for a dynamic process of discourse and interpretation, based on reason, keen in the pursuit of knowledge, and dedicated to excellence. It stands for tolerance and respect for human life.
These are the building blocks of freedom and peace. And so is the dialogue among peoples that we have witnessed here in the Jordan Valley. In the words of the Holy Quran,
- O Mankind! We created you from a single
- pair of male and female
- and made you into nations and tribes,
- that ye may know each other.
Distinguished guests,
For Jordan and Jordanians, the last three days have been filled with pride and gratitude. We hope we succeeded in demonstrating our emerging civil society. We hope you had a chance to meet some of the people, from every sphere of life, who are building our dynamic country. We strove to provide an opportunity for the women of Jordan to fully participate in setting the global agenda. And we hoped to give young Jordanians a chance to express their dreams and aspirations: for a peaceful region, open to the world, where their skills and talents can flourish.
I thank you for giving my country the opportunity to host this meeting. And I thank each one of you for contributing to its success. Your efforts are more important than you know.
The fact is that today, our global family finds itself on a storm front. In politics, as in economics and culture, our world is being torn between the winds of globalisation and the forces of isolation. To make our way forward requires a steady purpose and more. Friends, we must work together to keep to the path.
Over the last two days, here in the Jordan Valley, that is what we have achieved. We tackled difficult challenges. There are no answers yet, I'm afraid. But together, we have started the process; we have started the journey. A journey that will end with a better humanity, a richer morality, and a more peaceful reality.
Thank you very much.


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Official Tours New Chemical Dependency Unit At Hospital
Patrick Morrison, regional coordinator for the western field of the Office of Alcoholism And Substance Abuse Services, recently visited with officials and staff at WCA Hospital to tour the newly constructed Inpatient Chemical Dependency Unit located on the fourth floor at WCA Hospital. He visited with hospital leadership and staff, touring the new unit including a stop in the new emergency department at the hospital.
"The new unit is a state-of-the-art environment," Morrison said. "Patients and their families will feel welcomed and respected while receiving the highest quality of care."
The WCA Hospital Inpatient Chemical Dependency Program which recently relocated from Jones Memorial Health Center to the main campus at WCA, is a 13-bed individualized inpatient program designed to for individuals age 18 and older to address the emotional, psychological and social impact chemical dependency has on the individual and their family.
The goal of the program is to provide the opportunity and supportive environment for individuals to receive confidential, compassionate, professional care along the road to recovery. Treatment is personalized taking into consideration unique needs and characteristics. This includes someone who may need both mental health and addiction services.
Family members are included in the rehabilitation process as they play an important role in a patient's continuous recovery as well as for their own well being. The key components of the program include addiction programming; personalized treatment plan and individualized length of stay; individual and group counseling; family therapy; outpatient services for family members; immediate appointment for a person in crisis; continuity of care: inpatient and outpatient; linkage to self-help support groups; and relapse prevention.
"Our unit provides a vital service that enables our patients and their families the ability to begin to build a solid foundation in recovery, including the tools to resume a healthy responsible lifestyle," said Andrew O'Brien, CASAC, WCA Hospital director of chemical dependency, who has overseen the direction of the program for more than 20 years. "Our treatment is personalized and takes into consideration the unique needs of each individual in a safe, structured environment through individual, group and family therapy. We are very excited to showcase our vision today that will continue to deliver the highest quality in inpatient chemical dependency care."
"The new location offers a beautiful and supportive surrounding where individuals can begin to rebuild their lives," adds Ann Gustafson, CASAC, program manager on the unit. "Decorated in subtle sage green and blue wall colors and furnishings which create a soothing and cheerful atmosphere, our modern area was constructed to blend 21st century amenities with the hospital's historic charm."


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June Color Inspiration
June 29, 2012 by Ellen
Filed under Core Blog, Hot Topics, May Arts Ribbon
We have been so crazy this month we only got to post twice about our June Colour Lover's Inspiration from our Pinterest Board.
Summer is crazy, isn't it?!?!? Before I show you this super cute card …did you hear??!?!?!??!!?!?!??!
Mark your calendars…all you need is CORE!
Here is our June Inspiration piece…
And Debbie Standard's take. LOVE how she used the tone on tone here. Debbie used the Stacy Julian Core Impressions line. In that pack you get pre-embossed sheets and canvas (plain Core Essentials) sheets that match so you can core'dinate easy projects like this. The different embossed patterns look amazing, too!
Add some May Arts ribbon and you have a gorgeous card!


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Keefe to head county's Salary Review Committee
MAYVILLE – Recom-mendations will soon be made regarding the salaries of elected officials in Chautauqua County.
As per the county charter, a citizen's review committee is charged with making recommendations regarding salaries of elected officials. The committee meets prior to November elections to review the salaries of similar elected officials in other counties throughout the state, in order to compare them to those in Chautauqua County.
April's meeting marked the first of the year for the Salary Review Committee, which Jay Gould, legislative chairman, anticipates will meet two more times before handing in recommendations.
As he is a member of the legislature, which is a paid county position, Gould is not a member of the committee.
"(The elected officials) don't really work for anybody," Gould explained. "They are elected by the public. So, to change their salary structure we have to have a meeting."
The legislative majority and minority leaders submit to the chairman a list of recommended people from throughout the county to serve on the committee. Gould said he then asked the people who were recommended to serve.
Serving on the Salary Review Committee are Mark Deas, financial analyst for the legislature; Stephen Keefe, village of Fredonia mayor; Ellen Ditonto, director of sales for DFT Communications; Larry Anderson, Bemus Point resident; Lance Spicer, former legislator; Al Henderson, town of Ellicott resident; and Fred Larson, an attorney from Jamestown.
Keefe was immediately named chairman of the committee. The committee then spent approximately 45 minutes looking over documents that had been prepared by Deas, which provided information on elected officials from other counties, their populations, cost of living and other pertinent information.
Spicer commented during the meeting that the piece of information he finds most helpful in comparing salaries is the population of other counties. Anderson and Keefe both agreed that the cost of living in surrounding counties is the piece of information they find most helpful in determining what they feel should be the salaries of elected officials in Chautauqua County.
"We're not here to evaluate whether the current county executive is doing a great job, or a fair job or a poor job, or whether the current county clerk is doing a great job, or a fair job or a poor job," Larson said. "We're talking about a position, and who holds these offices in the years to come, if the legislature takes our recommendations, it's possible what we do will set the pay for 10 years."
The last time a Salary Review Committee was in place, Gould said it made 18 recommendations for salary changes. The recommendations were put into a resolution before the legislature. However, none of the 18 recommendations were put into effect.
The next Salary Review Committee meeting will be held May 15 at 6 p.m. in the Gerace Office Building in Mayville. Gould anticipated having the committee's recommendations in resolution form by Aug. 1.
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45th Presidential Inauguration photo gallery
Reinhold Schock
Reinhold Schock, 91, departed to his heavenly home on Thursday, March 7, 2013, at the Sanford Health Hospital in Bismarck. Reinhold had resided at rural Turtle Lake prior to becoming a resident of Valley View Heights, Bismarck, in the fall of 2012.
Reinhold "Reiny" was born Aug. 8, 1921, near Turtle Lake. He was the youngest child of Johannes "John" Schock Sr. and Christiana "Christine" (Ehni) Schock, who had emigrated in 1910 from Borodino, Bessarabia, to rural Turtle Lake. He attended public schools near Turtle Lake and in Turtle Lake and graduated from the eighth grade.
Reinhold married Clara Wagner of rural Mercer on June 6, 1943, at Zion Lutheran Church. Clara's parents were Friedrick "Fridrich" or "Fred" G. and Mathilda Naher (Neher or Nehr) Wagner, who had emigrated from the Odessa region of South Russia in 1909. Reinhold and Clara were married more than 69 years, and they lived all but one of those years on their farm near Turtle Lake. Reiny and Clara were active in farming and ranching until retiring in 1984. After retiring, Reinhold continued his interest in conservation by tilling soil for weed control in newly planted trees throughout McLean County. He enjoyed hunting and fishing as well as welding, and made his own farm trailers, equipment and several shop tools.
Reiny was a member of Peace Lutheran Church and Trinity Lutheran Church in Turtle Lake. He served on church councils, taught Sunday school and sang in choirs. He also enjoyed impromptu singing in harmony with relatives and local friends. Other activities of Reiny included serving on planning boards or boards of directors for the Turtle Lake Community Memorial Hospital, the Missouri Slope Lutheran Home in Bismarck, the Brush Poppers Horse Club of Mercer-Turtle Lake, and the West River Telephone Cooperative. He also had been a volunteer for the Turtle Lake Rural Fire Department.
At the time of his death, Reinhold was survived by his wife, Clara, of Bismarck; a son, Martin Reinhold Schock, of Bismarck; and daughters, Marlys Clara (Duane) Knell, of Washburn, and Beverly Jean Schock, of Billings, Mont.; as well as grandsons Marcus (Amber) Schock, John (Shannon) Knell, James Reinhold (Cicely) Schock and Peter (Christa) Knell; five great-grandchildren; a sister, Emma Whitaker, of San Gabriel, Calif.; and many nephews and nieces.
Reiny's life, including his final days, reflected his Christian faith and influenced many lives. He will be missed. His family thanks the doctors and nursing staff who cared for him.
Funeral Services will be held Tuesday at 10:30 a.m. at Trinity Lutheran Church in Turtle Lake with Pastor George Schuessler and Pastor Curtis Hanson co-officiating.
Interment will follow in the Turtle Lake Cemetery.
Visitation will be Monday, from 5 to 7 p.m., at Goetz Funeral Home in Turtle Lake followed by a 7 p.m. family service.
In lieu of flowers, memorials are preferred to the Trinity Lutheran Church of Turtle Lake (Care & Share Fund).
Provide condolences and sign the guestbook at (www.goetzfuneralhomes.com).


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A Little FartherDo you hear much about lament in your local church?
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Martin Mallette - MY ALL IN ALL
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- Price: $64.00
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Moments Jewelry Website Template 38901 Clients Page
JS Animated Full Site HTML 5 Website Template that was composed by our webmaster artist Astra.
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Moments Jewelry Website Template 38901 has a width of 1600 pixels and is available in the following sources: .HTML, and .PSD. Software required includes Winzip 9+ (Windows) or Stuffit Expander 10+ (Mac) for uncompressing .zip files, Adobe Dreamweaver 8+, and Adobe Photoshop CS+. It has had a total of total of 4 downloads since it first appeared. Please click on the template pages links above to see screenshots from other pages of this template.


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Hilary Green '10, Liz Heisler '12, and English Prof. Chris Fee led a a group including Brittany '12, Jake '12, Ryan '12, Doug Brouder '83 and Joe Lynch '85, who braved torrential rains, spooky mists, and paths ankle-deep in rushing water to help maintain a stretch of the Appalachian Trail. They hiked about three miles as they cut back brush, cleared erosion control ditches, removed trash, dug out fire pits, scrubbed out the Birch Run Shelter, and stained one side of that structure, which had been vandalized.
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text: It's a glider! No, there's an engine on top. A radial engine, at that! It's a flying boat! No, not exactly. The Curtiss-Wright CW-1 Junior resembles all of these things in various ways–see how the pilot sits out in front, which gives him the same sort of visibility afforded to sailplane pilots; note also how the hull looks like that of an amphibious flying boat. But it's actually an an open-cockpit landplane. As Barry Schiff writes in the June 2006 AOPA Pilot, the CW-1 Junior was produced in St. Louis, Missouri, competing against the Aeronca C-2, American Eagle's Eaglet, and the Buhl Pup. Some 270 were built before the Great Depression brought production to a halt in 1932. Barry says the Junior is an airplane that's "easy to fly, but not easy to fly well."—Jill W. Tallman