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Backgrounder #2747 on Arms Control and Nonproliferation
November 30, 2012
November 30, 2012 | Backgrounder on Arms Control and Nonproliferation
The Obama Administration is apparently considering further reductions of U.S. nuclear forces based on the misguided notion that the world is safer when America adopts a nuclear deterrence posture based on a minimal level of effectiveness. In contrast, a sound targeting policy consistent with a "protect and defend" strategy for the U.S. and its allies and friends indicates that the U.S. should maintain approximately 2,700 to 3,000 operationally deployed warheads and be flexible enough to permit continuous updates. These numbers also assume that the U.S. will modernize its delivery systems and upgrade its command and control structure to meet counterforce targeting requirements. Increasing and maintaining the U.S. military's asymmetric advantage will protect the ability of the U.S. to shape events, rather than be controlled by the wills of other nations.
The targeting policy recommended in this report responds to the multiplying strategic threats that the U.S. will likely face as result of the spread of ballistic missile and weapons of mass destruction technologies. It reflects U.S. values and strengthens credibility of U.S. deterrence. The targeting policy and the targeting requirements that follow from that policy fundamentally drive the number of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Further, the analysis provides a general description of the targeting requirements that follow from this policy.
The recommended targeting policy is based on five principles.
Principle #1: The U.S. should accept a concept of deterrence that leads to a targeting policy that is consistent with a "protect and defend" strategy for the country and its allies. U.S. strategic planners should start with a basic concept for deterrence that overarches the chosen targeting policy. The deterrence posture needs to be credible both to U.S. allies and to current and potential enemies of the U.S. It should reflect the values of the American people and the federal government's solemn commitment to protect and defend them to the best of its ability.
The Heritage Foundation spelled out this concept for deterrence in a 2008 study.[2] Both before and after the release of the 2008 study, The Heritage Foundation validated this concept in gaming exercises that tested it against requirements for crisis and arms race stability in proliferated settings.[3] This concept for deterrence has become the declared strategic deterrence policy of the United States, as stated in the resolution of ratification accompanying the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START.)[4 ]
The declared protect and defend policy explicitly abandons the Cold War concept of deterrence based on strategic vulnerability, also described as a balance of terror policy, which held that the U.S. needed a nuclear force capable of retaliating against an attacking force by destroying undefended population and economic centers.
This change in declared policy follows from the recognition that destroying enemy population and economic centers has little political and military utility to the U.S., especially if it all but invites follow-on strikes against equally undefended U.S. population and economic centers. Further, purposeful attacks on undefended populations are contrary to the values of the American people. The earlier concept for nuclear deterrence makes it readily apparent that a U.S. President is highly unlikely to employ U.S. nuclear forces for these purposes; therefore, the threat of doing so does not represent a credible deterrent.
An effective nuclear deterrence posture, as a part of a broader strategic deterrence posture, cannot be separated from credible options to employ nuclear weapons under specified circumstances. The old deterrence concept is both less effective and immoral. Pursuant to the protect and defend policy declared in the New START resolution of ratification, the U.S. nuclear force, in conjunction with strategic defensive forces and strategic conventional strike forces, will seek to hold at risk the means of strategic attack on the U.S. and its allies. The U.S. government needs to commence building a strategic force, including the portion consisting of nuclear weapons, under the new declared policy.
Principle #2: U.S. policymakers need to recognize that in the emerging multipolar strategic setting no mechanistic, apolitical equation will identify what must be added to the U.S. nuclear force or may be subtracted without increasing the risk of inviting extremely destructive strategic attacks. [5 ] Rather, nuclear deterrence in this setting requires evaluating various factors that may evolve. These factors include the national goals of foes, what dangerous regimes value, and their willingness to take risks. To treat the threat of nuclear war as stemming from the U.S. increasing its security and thereby tipping an imaginary balance, rather than recognizing that dangerous regimes inimical to the U.S. and its allies are the true threat of conflict and war, is to incorrectly portray deterrence as something far more simplistic than it really is. Failure to maintain a dynamic and effective nuclear force because of a misunderstanding of deterrence or an ideological pursuit of ridding the world of nuclear weapons could empower America's foes and increase the likelihood of a holocaust.
Principle #3: This analysis does not make a precise recommendation on the number of nuclear weapons that should make up the U.S. arsenal. The exact number of nuclear weapons that the U.S. needs is unknowable, particularly in a nonclassified setting. To make a specific numerical recommendation is to claim perfect knowledge of the future actions of U.S. foes, all scenarios that may require the U.S. to employ nuclear weapons, and a precise understanding of how strategic defenses and conventional strategic strike systems will influence deterrence. It would require access to classified information about other countries' nuclear and other strategic forces. Therefore, recognizing the complexity of the calculations, this report takes a more flexible approach and recommends a range for the number of nuclear weapons. The quantity and quality of nuclear weapons, including both warheads and delivery systems, is whatever it takes to present a compelling, credible deterrent in the minds of current and projected U.S. foes and to offer real, credible assurance to U.S. allies. Further, the actual number of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal will fluctuate within this range on a continuous basis in response to evolving circumstances.
Principle #4: The U.S. strategic force, including its nuclear component, must give the President options that allow him to employ the force with precision by holding at risk a spectrum of targets. This flexibility and precision is necessary because, when an employment decision is imminent, the President will need to meet the specific threat at hand. Of course, the U.S. will need to plan and construct the required nuclear force well in advance, anticipating a wide variety of circumstances, not in response to a specific, imminent circumstance.
Principle #5: The nuclear force must be safe and reliable. A decaying, vulnerable, or unsafe force is not a credible force and is therefore less effective in deterring foes and assuring allies. While this report makes a recommendation on appropriate force levels, modernizing the current U.S. nuclear weapons force and its design and industrial complex is of utmost importance and urgency.[6 ]
The contemporary American political leadership led by President Barack Obama is making a concerted effort to take the world to zero nuclear weapons.[7] The President outlined his vision in his April 2009 speech in Prague.[8] The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) Report listed "Reducing the role of U.S. nuclear weapons in U.S. national security strategy" and "Maintaining strategic deterrence and stability at reduced nuclear force levels" as two of the Administration's five aims regarding the U.S. nuclear posture.[9 ]
On February 2, 2011, President Obama took a significant step toward this wrongheaded goal by signing the New START instruments of ratification, presumably as instructed by the U.S. Senate.[10] According to the Obama Administration, the treaty stipulates that the U.S. and Russia will cap their accountable deployed strategic nuclear warheads at 1,550 and deployed delivery vehicles at 700, a 74 percent reduction from the limits of the 1991 START and a 30 percent reduction in the allowed number of real deployed strategic warheads under the 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (the Moscow Treaty.)[11] Despite the still uncertain effects of reducing the size of the force, on March 26, 2012, President Obama flippantly remarked in Seoul that the U.S. has "more weapons than we need,"[12] signaling that he intends another round of cuts in the near future.
Although the Obama Administra-tion is responsible for the most recent cuts and the attempt to take the U.S. force to radically lower levels, the U.S. has reduced the number of nuclear weapons in its stockpile by 75 percent since the end of the Cold War. In spite of this effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, material, and technology by lowering the number of U.S. nuclear weapons, no evidence suggests U.S. reductions have "set an example" that other countries would follow. To the contrary, more countries possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) now, and dangerous regimes inimical to U.S. interests are determinedly pursuing these capabilities, publicly threatening highly destructive attacks on the United States and U.S. allies.
Some advocates of nuclear disarmament speculate that nuclear weapons should necessarily play a lesser role in U.S. security planning because nuclear deterrence no longer "works" in the post–Cold War world in which the several nuclear powers vary in character and intentions.[13] Yet no evidence supports this argument. To the contrary, the growing complexity and uncertainty of the global threats suggest that the U.S. should increase its options to deter and defend, not decrease them. The motivations and character of the modern threats may have changed since the Cold War, but the basic principles of deterrence have not.
At the heart of nuclear deterrence is the foe's perception that the consequences of attacking the U.S. or U.S. allies with strategic weapons would far outweigh the benefit of doing so. Put another way, "[d]eterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction."[14] As such, determining an effective U.S. targeting policy begins with assessing the character of each foe and identifying the instruments of power they value most. Contemporary foes value most:
As such, the means of strategic aggression and internal oppression should be included in the list of instruments of power that the United States should be prepared to hold at risk.
To convince foes that attacking the U.S. or U.S. allies with chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons would result in an outcome far worse than their current situation, the U.S. must possess a credible ability to target the enemy's political and military assets in a strategic attack.[15] Such a targeting policy is called "counterforce." Strategic planners should develop a list that includes targets for implementing a counterforce strategy.
While establishing target sets for each of America's current and future foes based on a counterforce policy, it is vital the U.S. maintain moral clarity and certitude about which items the U.S. will never purposely target. Under no circumstances would purposely targeting civilian populations and economic centers further American interests. Targeting civilians and economic centers—"countervalue" in nuclear deterrence parlance—contradicts the ideals that motivate and characterize the United States of America. Moreover, U.S. foes tend not to value the lives of their populations the way that the U.S. does. Therefore, targeting their civilians would not serve as a means of effective deterrence. In addition, if the U.S. claimed to target civilian populations, few states would believe that the U.S. would employ nuclear weapons against such targets because of the nature of the American people. Therefore, such deterrence posture would not be credible.
During the early 1960s, deterrence was discussed in countervalue terms. For example, Jerome Wiesner, science adviser to President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson, testified before Congress that the U.S. could establish deterrence based on a threat to destroy six of the 10 largest Soviet cities. However, by the mid-1980s, U.S. officials began to publicly explain that the U.S. did not target civilian populations and instead targeted Soviet military assets, including nuclear forces. Nonetheless, the U.S. made clear in public statements that it maintained a limited force, which would allow the Soviets a retaliatory response in the event the U.S. attacked the Soviet Union with nuclear weapons. This created an imaginary mechanistic "strategic balance" or "balance of terror," which was thought to deter either country from attacking the other. Illustrating this principle, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger praised the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which codified that neither the U.S. nor the Soviet Union would build effective defenses, noting that it gives Soviet missiles "a free ride" to their U.S. targets.[16 ]
The George W. Bush Administra-tion deliberately moved away from this balance of terror formulation when it withdrew the U.S. from the ABM Treaty in 2002 and instead worked to develop a strategic policy that included conventional weapons, defensive weapons, and nuclear weapons to provide the strongest possible defense of the American people. The 2001 NPR recognized that the U.S. needs missile defense and conventional weapons to complement its nuclear force in the overall U.S. strategic posture in a post–Cold War environment, in which the U.S. faces a wide and diverse range of threats.[17] This policy, which The Heritage Foundation has called the protect and defend strategy, has become the declared policy of the United States in the resolution of ratification accompanying New START.[18 ]
Ten years after the U.S. withdrew from the ABM Treaty and nearly two years since the ratification of New START, the Obama Administration has instead made it a goal for the U.S. to move toward a minimal deterrence strategy rather than implement a protect and defend policy with an effective counterforce targeting capability. In a minimal deterrence strategy, nuclear weapons serve the sole purpose of deterring the first use of nuclear weapons. In explaining the narrow circumstances in which the U.S. may use the threat of nuclear employment to deter the use of chemical and biological weapons, the 2010 NPR states, "The United States is therefore not prepared at the present time to adopt a universal policy that deterring nuclear attack is the sole purpose of nuclear weapons, but will work to establish conditions under which such a policy could be safely adopted."[19 ]
There are two major problems with this goal. First, it requires the U.S. to return to a countervalue strategy because under a minimal deterrence strategy the U.S. would be unable to hold at risk the spectrum of military and political targets that foes need to attack the U.S. or its allies with strategic weapons. Rather, minimal deterrence necessitates the U.S. maintain a small nuclear force and establish a targeting policy and targeting requirements that would inflict enough pain so as to deter first use. The only target sets that fit this description with minimal numbers of nuclear weapons are large population centers. As already discussed, indiscriminately targeting population centers to cause as many fatalities and economic damage as possible is immoral and contrary to American values. It is also ineffective due to the lack of credibility that a U.S. President would ever order such an attack.
Second, if the "sole purpose"—as opposed to the chief purpose—of U.S. nuclear weapons is to deter, one would deduce that this means that the U.S. is effectively barring itself from launching the first nuclear strike and therefore can only be the recipient of a first strike if deterrence fails. More importantly, the logic of this policy dictates that if the U.S. is attacked with nuclear weapons—meaning deterrence has failed—its nuclear weapons would no longer serve any purpose because the policy would not permit the U.S. to retaliate with nuclear weapons. Moreover, if the U.S. maintains a minimal force, it would lack survivability and likely would be completely destroyed by the enemy's first strike in the event deterrence does fail.
In reality, the sole purpose of the Obama Administration's minimal deterrence strategy is to provide a stepping-stone to complete U.S. nuclear disarmament. Clearly, if the U.S. adopts a minimal deterrence posture, which logically bars the use of nuclear weapons under any circumstance, the weapons will necessarily be defined as lacking utility and ready for abandonment on a unilateral basis.
In the context of the protect and defend strategy, the U.S. would have an overall strategic posture consisting of a mix of complementary nuclear, conventional, and defensive forces. It is essential to recognize that nuclear weapons are unique. This is due, in part, to their physical qualities, which enable them not only to hit their targets, but to destroy them with a higher level of confidence. In February of this year, U.S. Strategic Command's Deputy Director for Plans and Policy Greg Weaver said, "You can't replace nuclear weapons today with conventional capability" because "they don't have the same effects on targets."[20] Dr. Mark Schneider puts it this way, "Ultimately, an attempt to counter a nuclear attack with conventional weapons would be fighting a yield of up to one million to one." Although analysts arguing for significant cuts to the nuclear force often make the case that conventional weapons can hold at risk critical targets, it is highly unlikely that conventional weapons can reach deeply buried, hardened targets. One can deduce that an enemy would keep its most valuable assets in such places. Accordingly, the U.S. needs a credible means of holding them at risk. The National Academy of Sciences has reported that there are 10,000 such targets, mostly controlled by foes of the U.S.[21 ]
In addition to their physical qualities, nuclear weapons have unique psychological effects. This is because deterrence has everything to do with creating a calculus in the minds of U.S. enemies that attacking the U.S. is not worth the cost. The extreme destructive power of nuclear weapons make their possible employment a more persuasive deterrent. In 2010, General Kevin P. Chilton, Commander of U.S. Strategic Command, warned, "We have to be careful when we start talking about one-for-one substitutions of conventional weapons for nuclear weapons," because "the nuclear weapon has a deterrent factor that far exceeds a conventional threat."[22] Since the goal motivating the use of military force is to achieve political objectives and to terminate war on terms favorable to the U.S., it is not necessarily the case that simply because a conventional weapon can reach a target that it would be the optimal weapon for the U.S. to employ. The threat of the U.S. employing a nuclear weapon may actually better achieve deterrence aims, and in the event deterrence fails, the employment of a nuclear weapon with its unique physical and psychological attributes may help to end the war on terms more favorable to the U.S.
By the same token, a counterforce strategic targeting policy recognizes that conventional strategic strike weapons and defensive weapons have unique attributes and make essential contributions to deterrence. In some scenarios, conventional strike weapons can cause the least amount of collateral damage while still achieving the desired political aim, and defensive weapons can provide the most effective option for denying an enemy his war aims. Undergirding this broader counterforce strategic targeting policy are the three legs of this strategic posture: nuclear weapons, conventional strategic strike weapons, and defensive weapons and postures. In this context, the three legs reinforce each other to achieve maximal, as opposed to minimal, deterrence.
Regrettably, President Obama's defense budget fails to recognize the benefits of this broader strategic posture.[23] It precludes an adequate conventional strategic strike force. It ensures that the current missile defense architecture can provide only a limited defense against a limited threat and cannot defend against such sophisticated threats as from Russia and China.
Ultimately, a strategic counterforce targeting policy would divide the global target set into three baskets: targets best held at risk by U.S. nuclear weapons, targets best held at risk by conventional strike weapons, and targets best held at risk by defensive weapons and postures (e.g., civil defense steps). This policy would also permit redundancies that would permit placing some targets in more than one basket. For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in a hardened silo would fall into the first basket, while the same ICBM in flight would fall into the third basket. Applying this counterforce strategic targeting policy makes it possible to determine the subset of targets that should be placed in the nuclear basket and the appropriate size of the overall nuclear arsenal.
Nuclear targeting policy is ultimately established through presidential guidance, which typically takes the form of a directive. Meeting the demands of this guidance, more than anything else, determines the overall size and structure of the U.S. nuclear force. According to a recent report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the current guidance was issued in 2002, although new presidential guidance may be issued as soon as later this year.[24 ]
Following the application of more detailed guidance from the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Strategic Command produces the Nuclear Forces Employment Plan. Given the overall structure of this process, presidential guidance has the potential to do enormous damage to U.S. national security if it is conceptually flawed.
A conceptually sound presidential directive on nuclear weapons employment and targeting policy should:
In 2006, immediately following a North Korean nuclear test, Japanese leaders sought assurances from U.S. officials of the credibility of the U.S. nuclear umbrella. The former defense ministers of NATO members Poland, Latvia and Lithuania recently stressed that "any possible reduction in America's nuclear capabilities" in Europe would be contrary to "Europe's security and NATO's cohesion."[25 ]U.S. allies must be convinced that the U.S. force will deter aggression against them. Therefore, their perception of U.S. credibility is crucial if U.S. assurances are to dissuade allies from acquiring their own nuclear forces. The explanation should go on to make it clear that nuclear weapons play a unique role in bolstering deterrence in terms of this broad meaning of the term.
Military planners have the responsibility to translate presidential nuclear targeting and employment directives as augmented by the Secretary of Defense and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff into targeting requirements and to set the "military characteristics" for nuclear weapons. These serve as a guidance when the National Labs design nuclear forces. The military is responsible for deploying the nuclear forces to meet the President's requirements.[29] Once directed that the U.S. will pursue a counterforce policy, military planners would compile a target list for each current or future strategic foe based on the five targeting categories, determining which offensive weapons would most effectively and with the highest level of confidence hold such targets at risk.
Military operations planners must then consider the various scenarios in which a foe might employ nuclear weapons and how the U.S. might respond to exact an outcome favorable to the United States. To do this, the U.S. must maintain a nuclear force that can hold at risk the full spectrum of targets within the five targeting categories and maintain the ability to execute an effective strike plan. This would communicate to the aggressor that the U.S. is able and willing to launch strikes that would make the cost of continuing or escalating a war against the U.S. or U.S. allies too high for the enemy.
In addition, the U.S. planners need to build "damage expectancy"—the reliability of each weapon to perform precisely as designed—into their requirements. A foe or coalition of foes would very likely attack U.S. nuclear forces first, destroying or neutralizing some U.S. weapons before the U.S. could use them. The U.S. needs to have enough nuclear weapons on hand to absorb such losses. Moreover, the likelihood that each surviving weapon will perform exactly as intended without error or delay is minimal.
Just as Iran, Russia, and China are building defensive systems to complement their strategic offensive force, the U.S. needs to allocate warheads to suppress the defensive systems of enemy countries to maximize the effect of its offensive weapons. U.S. ICBMs have missile defense countermeasures, and nuclear cruise missiles have the ability to evade missile defenses. These attributes make them critical elements of the U.S. nuclear force, especially for defense suppression. The force must also be large enough that no country will believe strategic parity with the U.S. is achievable.
Sizing the U.S. nuclear force to meet targeting requirements is necessarily a "bottom-up exercise" in which Strategic Command will ultimately design the U.S. long-range and short-range nuclear forces based on the targets that it identifies. As indicated earlier, this will not result in a single preferred number of U.S. weapons. Rather, it will result in a range of numbers. In order to describe how the process should work, this analysis provides the following examples, one for long-range nuclear weapons and one for short-range nuclear weapons.
Example #1: Targeting Requirements for Countering Russian ICBMs. According to outside analysts, Russia had about 320 deployed ICBMs as of early 2012.[30] A State Department report on the aggregate number of deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and bombers) states that as of March 1, 2012, Russia possessed 494.[31] Because Russia's deployed ICBMs are mostly in hardened silos, this force is beyond the capabilities of conventional arms to hold at risk with high confidence. Furthermore, the U.S. possesses only about 30 deployed missile defense interceptors that can intercept ICBMs, which should be considered a necessary redundant capability with U.S. strategic nuclear strike weapons in meeting targeting requirements to counter the Russian ICBM force. Further, it is reasonable to assume that the U.S. will need to allocate two strategic nuclear warheads to each Russian ICBM silo in order to attain high confidence in destroying this portion of the global target set and to account for attrition of U.S. weapons following an initial Russian strike.
Accordingly, holding at risk the Russian ICBM force alone would require a U.S. nuclear force of roughly 640 warheads. Under New START, Russia is permitted to increase its aggregate number of long-range nuclear delivery systems to 700. Assuming Russia retains the current percentage of ICBMs in its total force, by 2018 it will have about 455 deployed ICBMs. This future Russian ICBM force will then require more than 900 U.S. strategic nuclear warheads to meet counterforce targeting requirements. Obviously, this warhead requirement does not extend to the plethora of additional targets in the global target set. These additional targets include other nuclear weapon targets, such as long-range bomber and ballistic missile submarine bases; non-nuclear weapons targets, such as some types of biological and chemical munition; non-weapon targets such as command and control facilities; and certain military industrial facilities, such as strategic weapons production plants, depots, and storage areas. Finally, it is essential to remember that a portion of targets exist in select countries outside Russia.
Example #2: Targeting Requirements for Countering Russian Short-Range Nuclear Weapons. Estimating the number of Russia's deployed short-range nuclear weapons is difficult because the Russian government has insisted that its arsenal remain unrestricted and that short-range weapons be excluded from arms control treaties. In 2008, Amy Woolf of the Congressional Research Service estimated the Russians had roughly 3,000 such weapons and as many as 8,000 if nondeployed weapons are counted.[32] This compares with her estimate that the U.S. had somewhat more than 500 short-range nuclear weapons, mostly deployed at bases in Europe, and some 1,100 if nondeployed weapons are included.[33] Assuming these force structures are roughly similar today and that only a percentage of the Russian deployed and nondeployed short-range nuclear weapons constitute discrete targets, the U.S. would need to increase its own arsenal by at least several hundred to meet counterforce targeting requirements, even on a one-weapon-per-target basis and accounting for the fact that some portion of the Russian short-range nuclear force may be targeted with conventional strike weapons and countered with defensive systems. This also assumes that the deployed U.S. short-range nuclear force would be modernized and deployed in a fashion to meet the same counterforce targeting requirements.
While this is necessarily a rough estimate, it is reasonable to assume that the U.S. needs a minimum of 800 short-range nuclear weapons that are modernized for rapid delivery in order to meet counterforce targeting requirements relative to the Russian short-range nuclear weapons. As with the example for U.S. long-range nuclear forces, it is essential to acknowledge that U.S. short-range nuclear forces will have other targets outside Russia's short-range nuclear force, including other targets in Russia itself and targets in other countries that pose strategic threats to the U.S. and its allies.
At the time of the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review, the U.S. government concluded that it would need a long-range nuclear arsenal of 1,700 to 2,200 operationally deployed warheads.[34] This range was later codified in the Moscow Treaty, which required the U.S. to meet this range of numbers by the end of this year.[35] The public briefing on the 2001 study did not include explicit proposals for changing the overall size of the short-range nuclear force. However, it did acknowledge that the U.S. needed to be prepared to address a variety of regional threats in ways that would include U.S. nuclear forces.
Regarding the long-range nuclear force structure, current analysis suggests that the U.S. needs a deployed force that is at the upper range of what was proposed in 2001, assuming that force is modernized to meet counterforce targeting requirements. The U.S. short-range nuclear force needs to be increased by several hundred, even in the context of a thorough modernization effort. This means the total U.S. nuclear force should number between 2,700 and 3,000 operationally deployed warheads for the years ahead. The numbers may go above or below this range only if major strategic developments merit a comprehensive review of U.S. nuclear targeting requirements. The designs of the strategic posture and nuclear targeting policy that are proposed by this paper are such that they should remain in place indefinitely.
It is a misguided notion that the world is safer when America is weaker. All national security policy should strive first and foremost to protect the American people and U.S. allies. To do this, policymakers should increase and maintain U.S. military strength, thereby protecting the ability of the U.S. to shape events, rather than be controlled by the wills of other nations. Arms control and diplomacy can be means to this end, but confusing them for ends in themselves is folly.
American nuclear weapons deter aggression and protect America and its allies. Nuclear weapons themselves are not a threat to peace. Rather, the actors who would seek to harm peaceful nations pose the threat. Accordingly, the U.S. must conceive of a deterrence posture that is convincing to both the allies and current and potential enemies of the U.S. and that reflects the values of the American people and the federal government's solemn commitment to protect and defend them to the best of its ability. In order to convince foes that attacking the U.S. or U.S. allies with chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons would result in an outcome far worse than the current situation, the U.S. must possess a credible ability to target the enemy's political and military assets in a strategic attack.
Such a force preserves peace. Failing to maintain such a force due to an ideological opposition to nuclear weapons themselves would only invite aggression and increase the likelihood of nuclear holocaust.—Rebeccah Heinrichs is a Visiting Fellow and Baker Spring is F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation.
Show references in this report
[1] The Obama Administration's plans for the U.S. short-range nuclear arsenal are not clear.
[2] Baker Spring, "Congressional Commission Should Recommend 'Damage Limitation' Strategy," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2172, August 14, 2008, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/08/congressional-commission-should-recommend-damage-limitation-strategy.
[3] Nuclear Stability Working Group, Nuclear Games: An Exercise Examining Stability and Defenses in a Proliferated World, The Heritage Foundation, 2005, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/11/nuclear-games-an-exercise-examining-stability, and Nuclear Stability Working Group, "Nuclear Games II: An Exercise in Examining the Dynamic of Missile Defenses and Arms Control in a Proliferated World," Heritage Foundation Special Report No. 83, July 26, 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/07/nuclear-games-ii-an-exercise-in-examining-the-dynamic-of-missile-defenses-and-arms-control.
[4] U.S. Senate, "Treaty with Russia on Measures for Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms," Treaty Doc. 111–5, § c(2), December 22, 2010.
[5] Keith B. Payne, The Great American Gamble: Deterrence Theory and Practice from the Cold War to the Twenty-First Century (Fairfax, VA: National Institute Press, 2008), p. 75.
[6] Baker Spring and Michaela Bendikova, "Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2646, January 27, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/01/time-to-modernize-and-revitalize-the-nuclear-triad.
[7] See Barack Obama, remarks in Prague, Czech Republic, April 5, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-By-President-Barack-Obama-In-Prague-As-Delivered (accessed October 24, 2012), and Rose Gottemoeller, keynote speech to Arms Control Association, June 4, 2012, http://www.armscontrol.org/events/Join-ACA-June-4-Our-Annual-Meeting%20#keynote (accessed October 24, 2012).
[8] Obama, remarks in Prague.
[9] U.S. Department of Defense, "Nuclear Posture Review Report," April 2010, p. iii, http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/2010%20nuclear%20posture%20review%20report.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[10] It is possible to only presume the content of the U.S. instrument of ratification to New START. The Heritage Foundation has filed a Freedom of Information Act request for copies of both the U.S. and Russian instruments, but has yet to receive them.
[11] Macon Phillips, "The New START Treaty and Protocol," The White House, April 8, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/04/08/new-start-treaty-and-protocol (accessed October 24, 2012). The warhead limit under New START is an accountable number because the treaty permits both sides to deploy as many warheads on heavy bombers as they want and still have each bomber count as only one warhead under the limit.
[12] Barack Obama, remarks at Hankuk University, Seoul, South Korea, March 26, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/26/remarks-president-obama-hankuk-university/ (accessed October 24, 2012).
[13] See Global Zero U.S. Nuclear Policy Commission, "Modernizing U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Force Structure and Posture," May 2012, http://dl.dropbox.com/u/6395109/GZ%20US%20Nuclear%20Policy%20Commission%20Report.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[14] U.S. Air Force, "Nuclear Operations," Air Force Doctrine Document 2-12, May 7, 2009, http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afdd2-12.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[15] See also U.S. Department of Defense, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, August 15, 2012, s.v. "deterrence," http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/ (accessed October 24, 2012).
[16] Robert Joseph, "Obama Chooses Vulnerability," The Washington Times, June 12, 2012, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jun/12/obama-chooses-vulnerability/ (accessed October 24, 2012).
[17] U.S. Department of Defense, "Nuclear Posture Review Report," reconstructed, December 31, 2001, http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/united_states/NPR2001re.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[18] U.S. Senate, "Treaty with Russia," § c(2).
[19] U.S. Department of Defense, "Nuclear Posture Review Report," April 2010, p. viii.
[20] Greg Weaver, quoted in Mark Schneider, "Zero Deterrent?" Air Force Magazine, August 2012, http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2012/August%202012/0812Zero.aspx (accessed October 24, 2012).
[21] Schneider, "Zero Deterrent?"
[22] General Kevin P. Chilton, quoted in ibid.
[23] See Baker Spring, "Obama's Defense Budget Makes Protecting America its Lowest Priority," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2658, March 1, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/obamas-defense-budget-makes-protecting-america-its-lowest-priority, and Rebeccah Heinrichs, "Providing the Capabilities That the Common Defense Requires," Heritage Foundation America at Risk Memo No. 12–04, March 21, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/05/providing-the-capabilities-that-the-common-defense-requires.
[24] U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Strategic Weapons: Changes in the Nuclear Weapons Targeting Process Since 1991," GAO-12-786R, July 31, 2012, pp. 5–6, http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/593142.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[25] Keith Payne, "Zero Nuclear Sense," The Washington Times, May 29, 2012, http://p.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/29/zero-nuclear-sense/ (accessed October 24, 2012).
[26] Ibid., p. 5.
[27] Tim Miller and Rebecca Davis, "De-Alerting Nuclear Forces," U.S. Air Force Academy, Institute for National Security Studies, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536263 (accessed September 25, 2012).
[28] Andrei Shoumikhin and Baker Spring, "Strategic Nuclear Arms Control for the Protect and Defend Strategy," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2266, May 4, 2009, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/05/strategic-nuclear-arms-control-for-the-protect-and-defend-strategy.
[29] U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Strategic Weapons."
[30] Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, "Russian Nuclear Forces, 2012," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 5, 2012, http://bos.sagepub.com/content/68/2/87 (accessed August 20, 2012).
[31] U.S. Department of State, "New START Treaty Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms," June 1, 2012, http://www.state.gov/t/avc/rls/191580.htm (accessed August 20, 2012).
[32] Amy F. Woolf, "Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons," Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, July 29, 2008, pp. 17–18, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32572_20080729.pdf (accessed October 24, 2012).
[33] Ibid., pp. 13–15.
[34] J. D. Crouch, "Special Briefing on the Nuclear Posture Review," U.S. Department of Defense, January 9, 2002, http://www.defense.gov/utility/printitem.aspx?print=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1108 (accessed August 21, 2012).
[35] U.S. Department of State, "Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions," May 24, 2002, http://www.state.gov/t/avc/trty/127129.htm#1 (accessed August 21, 2012). The Moscow Treaty was replaced by New START upon New START's entry into force in February 2011.


text:
Team Coordinator Contact: Clara Martinez
Helping the Coach
(Note that the coach may do some of these tasks. Please coordinate with the coach.)
- Stay organized (Sample 1st Team Meeting Agenda)
- Player registration forms – Keep a copy for yourself in a binder and bring to every game. A team CANNOT practice or play a game without these forms present. Make two copies of the originals, 1 set for each of the following: Coach, Assistant Coach, Team Coordinator. Note: There MUST be original signatures on ALL sets, every copy.
- Help with phone calls regarding practices, games, event dates, last minute changes, etc.
- To help communicate, know which families look at email often and which families prefer a phone call. For last minute changes, use a phone-call.
- Help pass out team uniforms and keep track of numbers for team roster.
- Put together a roster of the players and distribute to the team. This could help with phone calling or last minute car-pooling. The coach will have the player information to create a roster.
- Relay team and player information to the coach(es) and families.
- Keep the parents informed and encourage them to check the website often, including the Parents FAQ's and Region 88 News.
- SNACK LIST: The snack list will be put in the schedule by the coach. You may want to send a reminder email to the designated family each week.
- For haltime, the designated snack family for the week should bring enough sliced oranges (or a watery fruit) for each player on their team.
- After a game, each parent should choose healthy snacks ( See and Game Snacks Ideas)
- Each child should bring their own water to be available throughout the game. There is no need for the snack person to bring drinks for everybody. We also recommend to your parents to have the players bring their own thermos each week, so we don't have to throw away so many water bottles each week.
- Rainy days: the Region 88 Answering Machine at 957-AYSO will also have rainy day updates.
Team Zone
- Direct parents to the Team Zone for the game schedule they can print out (schedule will be available after August 25th).
- Team Info: Each team will have their own teampage. Your coach may give you access to update the information or add news items or game summaries to the team page.
- Snack List: Your coach (or you) can add the snack list directly to he printable team schedule.
Kids Zone and Code of Conduct Pledges
- Every Parent needs to sign these forms before the season begins.
- Help the coach collect signed Kids Zone and Code of Conduct pledges from all the parents and players. Make sure you get one from the coaches, too.
- Encourage the parents to wear the Kids Zone buttons.
- When collected, Team Coordinator can send forms to:
Carole Nedeff
101 West Kenneth Road
Glendale, CA 91202
Team Banner
This should be one of the first things you do because of the lead time. You can also designate another team parent to do this task. This is a must for the Opening Day Ceremony.
- Option 1 – Make it yourself or recruit other team parents to help and enter the Online Banner Contest.
- Option 2 – Have it made. The cost is usually around $50 to $120. Determine the total cost, divide the amount among the families evenly and collect the funds.
- Each team is responsible for finding a sponsor before the season begins
- Various Levels ($300-bronze, $400-silver or $500-gold) including new online visibility
- For Under-5 Division teams, the cost is only $150 for bronze level, as they have less players per team.
- If you cannot find a sponsor, you will need to collect the funds from each family
- See sponsorship page for details, online form and where to send the check.
Picture Day
- Remind the parents to bring the envelopes with them to Picture Day
- Be early and tell the team to be ear as inevitably someone will be late
- Make sure the kids are in full uniform
- You can designate a spot for your team to meet
- Bring your team banner if you want it in the photo
- Help hand out the pictures after they are developed and given to the coach
End of Season – Team Party
- Plan ahead, many teams may have their party on that day
- Usually, but not required, purchase a gift for the manager and the coaches
- Make sure the coach has picked up the trophies and yearbooks
- Suggested venues: Shakeys, Fuddruckers, P & R Sports Cafe, etc.
Coaches Absence – Practice and/or Games
In the event that the coach is not available for a practice or game, the asst. coach(es) or another parent can take the responsibility over only if they have fulfilled the following requirements:
- Completed a volunteer application
- Completed a Safe Haven clinic and signed the Code of Conduct forms
- Have completed at least one of the coaching clinics offered by the Region
- The player registration forms must also be present
Collecting Money
Generally you will need to collect a set amount from each player. The money can be used for the banner, or manager/coaches gifts etc. Either collect each time money is required or determine what you'll need in total for the season, then notify each family of their share.
Team Coordinator Contact: Clara Martinez

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Topic: Are you sure you want to be mainstream?
While searching for an explanation to this, I came across a post on Loud Thinking titled Are you sure you want to be mainstream?. While the title of the article feels a little too much like myself in high school, the sub-text is what interests me.
"There are enough people and businesses that depend on Rails today to ensure that it'll be surviving and thriving for many, many years to come. In other words, we have critical mass." - DHH
I've been getting excited recently about the Leopard news, and the all the articles and bashing, but it's really irrelavent because we have what we need to continue to use Rails for a long long time. By this I mean we have the people. RadRails is awesome, but it needs more work. Mongrel looks very promising, but needs time to have it's own version 1.1.5 . But the fact that these projects exsist and that very intelligant people are working on them tells me we have what we need.
I don't think DHH or anyone else has a choice regarding Rails' mainstream adoption, but even if we can't assimilate the world, we can at least keep ourselves happy.
/inspirational speech over


text:
Celebrity Videos
50 top US & UK comedians - all squeezed into a 2-minute teaser for Amnesty International's new DVD/Blu-ray "The Secret Policeman's Ball - USA". www.SecretPolicemansBallUSA.com
DESCRIPTION: Monty Python get legless! Taken from the new Amnesty International DVD/Blu-ray "The Secret Policeman's Ball - USA". www.SecretPolicemansBallUSA.com
Anthony Anderson is an actor and producer from California. He began his career on the Saturday morning television series Hang Time, going on to appear in the shows Law & Order, Psych, Ally McBeal, Til Death, The Shield, All About The Andersons, Treme, The Bernie Mac Show, and Black-ish. His film credits include Life, Big Momma's House, Romeo Must Die, Hustle & Flow, The Departed, Kangaroo Jack, Me Myself & Irene, Barbershop, and Scream 4.
Strange phenomena sweep the nation as people go to any length to pick the perfect basketball tournament bracket. Featuring Neal McDonough, Danny Pudi, Common, Matt Leinart, Patti Stanger, and many more!
Matumbo teaches his Dad a few things.
Matumbo teaches his Dad everything he knows.
A trendy, none-too-bright couple adopts an African baby, only to find their new son isn't quite what they expected.
Anthony Edwards is an actor from California. He has appeared in the films Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Top Gun, Zodiac, Miracle Mile, and Revenge of the Nerds. His television credits include Northern Exposure, and ER.
Anthony Edwards prepares to star in the NYC Marathon.
Antonio Cromartie is a football cornerback and return specialist for the New York Jets. He played college football for Florida State University, and was originally drafted by the San Diego Chargers. He is credited with the longest play in NFL history.
Deleted scenes from Field of Dreams 2: NFL Lockout with Taylor Lautner the rest of the cast (Ray Liotta, Dennis Haysbert & Marielle Jaffe, Ray Lewis, Tony Gonzalez, DeSean Jackson, Dwight Freeney, Shawne Merriman, Antonio Cromartie, Shaun Phillips, Steve Smith, Kirk Morrison, Rich Eisen, & Marsha...
Behind the Scenes footage of FIeld of Dreams 2 with Taylor Lautner and the cast (Ray Liotta, Dennis Haysbert & Marielle Jaffe) and the stars of the NFL (Ray Lewis, Tony Gonzalez, DeSean Jackson, Dwight Freeney, Shawne Merriman, Antonio Cromartie, Shaun Phillips, Steve Smith, Kirk Morrison, Rich E...
An Iowa corn farmer (Taylor Lautner), hearing voices, interprets them as a command to build a football field in his fields; he does, and the National Football League comes.
Antonio Sabato Jr. is a model and actor from California. After gaining recognition for his modeling campaigns with Calvin Klein, he went on to appear in music videos and earn roles on the television series General Hospital, Melrose Place, The Bold and the Beautiful. He later starred in a reality dating show called My Antonio. He has since appeared on the shows Bones, Celebrity Wife Swap, The League, Castle, and Dancing with the Stars.
God is a little too busy this week for the rapture, he has a few house parties to attend to so he's going to have to reschedule the rapture planned for Saturday.
Anvil, the Canadian heavy metal band, was first formed in 1978 in Toronto. The band has released 15 studio albums and is considered to have influenced the bands Metallica, Slayer, Anthrax, and Megadeath.
Anvil teaches you how to play drums and how to react to a home invasion.
Sit back, relax, and enjoy the new Funny Or Die–produced Flaming Lips album, 'Flaming Side of the Moon,' a companion piece to Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon.' It even syncs up with 'The Wizard of Oz' if you really want your mind blown.
The Flaming Lips have sold out. On the upside, they made this totally kick-ass action movie with 'Transformers' director Michael Bay starring Lyndsy Fonseca.
Fred Armisen proves he has what it takes to replace Wayne Coyne as lead singer of The Flaming Lips after the band officially sells out.
After releasing their Funny Or Die–produced masterpiece, 'Flaming Side of the Moon,' a companion album to Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon,' The Flaming Lips take the only logical next step and sell out big time.
Happy Holidays from everyone at Between Two Ferns, Funny Or Die, and some special guests.
50 top US & UK comedians - all squeezed into a 2-minute teaser for Amnesty International's new DVD/Blu-ray "The Secret Policeman's Ball - USA". www.SecretPolicemansBallUSA.com
Arden is an actress and comedian from Rhode Island. She was involved with the IO Theater in Chicago and Los Angeles before being cast as a member of the TV sketch comedy show MadTV. She has also appeared on the shows Friends, and Party Down. Her film credits include What Women Want, Kinsey, and Evan Almighty.
Grab your girlfriends and run to the biggest sale of the year at Dress Gallery!
Humorous musical comedy video for Adira Amram and the Experience's song "Virgins"
Houston Texans star running back Arian Foster shares his best tips on how to properly field post-game interview questions and avoid embarrassing fumbles during a press conference.
Arianna Huffington is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Huffington Post. She has authored thirteen books and appeared on the television shows Real Time with Bill Maher, The Cleveland Show, and Family Guy. Her film credits include EdTV, John Q, Swing Vote, Bhutto, and How To Make Money Selling Drugs.
Arianna Huffington sits down to talk about her newest book, Two Painters that has nothing to do with politics.
Arielle Kebbel is an actress from Florida. She has appeared on the television shows Gilmore Girls, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Judging Amy, Law & Order, Grounded For Life, Life Unexpected, Audrey, 90210, The Vampire Diaries, and Ballers . Her film credits include The Uninvited, John Tucker Must Die, American Pie Presents Band Camp, and The Grudge 2.
"Why be LIMITLESS when you can be LIMITED?" Directed by Michael Hoy, starring Jonathan Sadowski (The Goods, Live Free or Die Hard), Arielle Kebbel (The Uninvited, The Vampire Diaries), Brian Bogulski, Ben Feldman (Drop Dead Diva, Friday the 13th), Antonia Raftu (Parks and Recreation), and Mic...
Armie Hammer is an actor from California. He has appeared in the films The Social Network, J. Edgar, Mirror Mirror, and The Lone Ranger. Armie's television credits include Arrested Development, Veronica Mars, Gossip Girl, Reaper, and The Simpsons.
Don't be a cock block. Featuring Armie Hammer from "The Social Network" and "J. Edgar."
Arsenio Hall is a comedian from Ohio. He was the host of The Arsenio Hall Show, a late night talk show from 1989 to 1994, and costarred in the Eddie Murphy movie Coming to America. In 2012 he appeared on and won the television game show Celebrity Apprentice.
The Vote Off is Funny Or Die's newest reality game show where a bunch of contestants are taken off of the street and forced to vote each other off.
Art Evans is an actor from California. He has appeared in the films Die Hard 2, Metro, Fright Night, A Soldier's Story, and iSteve.
You'll see the rest, now watch the FIRST. Justin Long stars in the first biopic of Apple founder Steve Jobs. Also starring Jorge Garcia, James Urbaniak, and Michaela Watkins.
Ashley Hinshaw is an actress from Indiana. She has appeared on the television shows Gossip Girl, The League, True Detective, Workaholics, True Blood, and Fringe. Her film credits include Chronicle, The Pyramid, About Cherry, and +1.
Each year, drunk people are selected to participate in torturous games the morning after a big night out. There's no sunglasses, no water, and no headache medicine.
Ashley Judd is an actress from California. She has appeared in the films Double Jeopardy, High Crimes, Heat, Divergent, Insurgent, Olympus Has Fallen, and Kiss The Girls. Her television credits include Missing, Sisters, and Star Trek: The Next Generation. In recent years she has focused on humanitarian efforts working as a global ambassador for YouthAIDS.
There are a few things Rick Santorum should keep in mind before terminating his candidacy. Ashley Judd, Michelle Trachtenberg, Katy Mixon, and Eliza Coupe weigh in.
Ashley Tisdale is an actress and singer from California. She is most best known her role as Sharpay in Disney's High School Music trilogy. She has also appeared in the film Donny Darko, the television series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, and has lent her voice for the animated television show Phineas and Ferb.
A look behind the scenes of Toddlers and Tiaras starring Ashley Tisdale & Leah Remini.
"Toddlers and Tiaras: Where Are They Now?" catches up with Makenzie (Ashley Tisdale) and her mother (Leah Remini), 22 years later, we find out Makenzie hasn't changed a bit. Unfortunately.
Ashton Kutcher is a model, entrepreneur, actor, and producer from Iowa. He is best known for work on MTV's Punk'd, That 70s Show, and Two And A Half Men. His film credits include Butterfly Effect, Dude Where's My Car, and Jobs.
Are you sick of being hounded by the paparazzi? Are you a prisoner in your own home? You want to walk your dog? But can't. Take your kid to the park? But can't. If you answered yes to any of these questions you might be...a celebrity. Whether your celebrity status is of the A, B, C, D or even a...


text:
Youth are overrepresented both as victims and perpetrators of violent crime in the Americas. Children, as young as 12, in countries like El Salvador are recruited into gangs. The Latin American Technological Information Network has found that a young person in Latin America is 30 times more likely to be murdered than a young person from Europe. Moreover, the short- and long-term costs of youth delinquency take a heavy toll on the potential development of the region. According to the World Bank, youth violence costs Latin American and Caribbean countries an average of 1.4 percent of their GDP each year. The urgency to address this crisis is clear.
Youth crime and violence in the Americas stem from poverty and inequality, lack of opportunities, lack of access to formal and alternative forms of education, lack of constructive leisure activities, and lack of employment opportunities in the formal economy. They are also the result of governments' failure to invest sufficient resources to raise the standard and quality of living of those on the margins of society.
The nations of the Western Hemisphere have the primary responsibility to address the root causes of crime and insecurity that adversely impact the region's youth. Governments should engage local communities in developing effective protective and preventive measures that provide constructive alternatives to crime and violence. Such investment in youth will generate positive impacts now and well into the future.
We can draw inspiration and determination to do more when we see young women and men who already demonstrate leadership and show how individuals can make a difference. For example, Mayerly Sanchez Clavijo founded the Children's Movement for Peace in Colombia at age 12 in response to the violence in her war-torn country. Mayerly's movement was the first children's movement nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998, and it has been nominated multiple times since then. Youth Crime Watch of Jamaica (YCWJ), a youth-led crime prevention initiative, has become one of the most effective community policing organizations in the country. YCWJ was originally launched under Ambassador Sue Cobb's "Building Bridges" project. We can only imagine what the future would hold if we could help more Mayerlys and projects like YCWJ reach their full potential.
Sandra in Panama writes:
The decline of the family, absence of a father in the home and the general lack of discipline with children are the reasons for the increase in crime and gangs. Children need clear guidance and structure and stable environments - not more money and government interference.
W.W. writes:
Young people are threatened... by the evil use of advertising techniques that stimulate the natural inclination to avoid hard work by promising the immediate satisfaction of every desire.
Jessica M. in California writes:
The Nazi Youth were also good community police. I prefer a different model, that of Pacoima Beautiful, which helped teens identify and fix environmental and compliance issues within the community by first doing the research, then presenting to funding agencies. Teens became heros and problem-solvers. I believe that's a more efficiacious model, and it doesn't have the drawback of taking children and putting them in the potentially awkward position of informing on family members.


text: "This decision is standard ITC procedure and is not related to the merits of this case," said Ali Pourkeramati, senior vice president of Flash Memory Business at Spansion. "As the ITC stated in its own press release: 'by instituting this investigation (337-TA-909), the USITC has not yet made any decision on the merits of the case.' We believe that Macronix has requested this investigation without regard to its underlying merit as an attempt to counter our earlier case against Macronix at the ITC. The Macronix patents that have been asserted have questionable validity, lack domestic industry and are not infringed by Spansion products."


text:
Dazzling color contrast! Luminous foliage emerges in glistening silver. Light purple veining and eggplant purple undersides. Foliage matures to pale seafoam green with a subtle purple patina. Pink buds open to reveal showy white flowers in May. Grow in part to full shade for best silver tones.
Very heat and humidity tolerate. Heuchera Stainless Steel is bred by Charles and Martha Oliver of The Primrose Path in Scottdale, PA.
Heuchera make excellent border plants with their nearly evergreen foliage in neat clumps. Dainty flowers are held aloft on airy stems May through July. These versatile perennials can be used in a shady courtyard pot or as a groundcover under deciduous trees. Prefers average to moist soil conditions.
Benefits from deadheading. Watch for frost heaving - mulch can help. In cold climates, winter mulch applied after the ground freezes will help prevent root heaving. It keeps the mature crown in contact with the soil and keeps the soil moist in the summer as well. Must have good drainage over the winter, though, so don't over-do the overwintering mulching. Shear off any damaged leaves in early spring to make room for new foliage. Can be divided every 3 years in spring.
Our plants are all grown in plantable fiber pots that grow incredibly vigorous plants, eliminate transplant shock, and are 100% biodegradable. They have tremendous advantages over plastic pots.
Learn More


text:
The New Orleans Center for the Gulf South at Tulane University (NOCGS) explores the region's intersections with Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean through research, community engagement and a new curriculum. Often ignored in larger US histories, New Orleans and the larger Gulf South figure uniquely within colonial, regional, national, and global narratives. The Center is home to the Musical Cultures of the Gulf South major, a field of study focused on the region's music and culture.
The NOCGS has launched an innovative, multi-platform website on the region's musical cultures to provide historical context for the region's music and support the major. There are eighteen courses mapped onto the Music-Rising-@-Tulane website and each features a syllabus, readings, videos, photographs, and oral histories to introduce any site visitor to the cultural riches of the region. This site documents, preserves, and communicates the sustaining organic factors of Gulf South music and culture http://musicrising.tulane.edu/
The NOCGS also co-sponsors the Trombone Shorty Academy (TSA), a program for teaching musical fundamentals and cultural traditions to young musicians from under-served New Orleans high schools, and the Fredman Business Academy, which trains local high school students in areas of the music business such as production and sound engineering.
Here is a video of TSA's first cohort of students:
The Academy's students will be supervised this year by two members of the world-famous Soul Rebels brass band: Edward Lee, Jr., the band's tuba and sousaphone player, and saxophonist Erion Williams. Lee and Williams are both born-and-raised in New Orleans and they carry on the brass band tradition crucial to the origins of jazz and germane to all contemporary New Orleans music.
In the Gulf South, dozens of African ethnic groups created a pan-African American culture that remains the most influential musical culture of the past century. In terms of American musical genres, jazz, blues, zydeco, Cajun, swamp pop and bounce all have their origins here; Gulf Coast musicians have made seminal contributions to ragtime, rhythm-and-blues, rock-and- roll, funk, and hiphop; country and gospel have always flourished here. Brass band music has been central to a New Orleans way of musical communication for over a century, when uplifted horns began to sound out a new freedom,New Orleans remains a cosmopolitan urban culture founded in the tripartite colonial mix of European, African, and Native American peoples, stirred by the migrations of Cajuns and Haitians in the early eighteenth century and transformed into a crucial national port by a familiar nineteenth-century ethnic mix of Italians, Jews, Irish, and Polish-Americans. More recently, immigrants from Vietnam and Latin America have become integral to the region's ethnic admixture.
The Gulf South Center awards two fellowships to help strengthen an emerging body of scholarship. Monroe Fellowships provide Tulane faculty with resources to enhance their current research projects. Global South fellowships are open to all scholars with projects focused on the cultural intersections of the Gulf South with the Caribbean, the Francophone world, and the African diaspora.
Rebecca Snedeker is the James H. Clark Executive Director of the New Orleans Center for the Gulf South and the Director of the Musical Cultures of the Gulf South program.
Tulane University, New Orleans Gulf South Center, 112 Newcomb Hall New Orleans LA 70118 504-314-2883 email@example.com


text:
More about the crisis and how to help: state.gov/haitiquake
The State Department Operations Center has set up the following number for Americans seeking information about family members in Haiti: 1-888-407-4747. Outside of the U.S. and Canada, call 202-501-4444. Due to heavy volume, some callers may receive a recording. You may also email inquiries to: firstname.lastname@example.com. Our embassy is still in the early stages of contacting American citizens through our warden network. Communications are very difficult within Haiti at this time.
Update: Anyone wishing to donate or provide assistance in Haiti following the devastating earthquake that struck near Port au Prince on Jan 12, 2010, is asked to contact the Center for International Disaster Information.
For those interested in helping immediately, simply text "HAITI" to "90999" and a donation of $10 will be given automatically to the Red Cross to help with relief efforts, charged to your cell phone bill.
How To Help:Center for International Disaster Information | Clinton Bush Haiti Fund | InterAction | Mercy Corps | Red Cross | Text DonationRelated entries:Information on Earthquake in Haiti: January 13 and Update on Assistance to U.S. Citizens in Haiti
Michael in Minnesota writes:
Should US citizens in Port au Prince head towards the embassy or the airport?
John in Florida writes:
I am looking to travel to Haiti this weekend to assist in recovery efforts but I cannot find any organization accepting volunteers. Any leads you can provide me would be greatly appreciate. Thank you.
Regine in Massachusetts writes:
i also want to volunteer,can you connect me with any organization!Thank you for caring!
Gwendolyn in North Carolina writes:
Thank You for making this opportunity available to everyone that has a cell phone. Haiti needs our help!
Lee R. in North Carolina writes:
I have both IT and Construction experience and am wanting to help in any way I can. Went to New Orleans following Katrina with Red Cross in '05 and am available for travel now. Any leads on volunteer projects would be greatly appreciated.
David writes:
As I said a few hours ago.. i would be willing to send as many people as the cargo plane would hold filled with construction workers and doctors and rescue reconizance teams.. but so far no one will contact me from the state dept or obamas staff. I called the white house yesterday to ask about how i can get cleared to go to 10 other countries. But, unless someone calls back i can't give obama the other plan i already had made up for starting my own business in those countries. Anyways.. you all have my email address now. Some one contact me and i can send as many boats and workers as you can carry in one or two planes. The 305th will undoubtedly be going to pick up supplies somewhere else if they don't get them from right outside the base gates. It might just be more efficient to fly straight there.
Katouchka P in Florida writes:
I also would like some information about volunteering... Can't find anything online....please keep me posted...
Lesly M. writes:
I want to volunteer in Haiti. I am a Retiree I can donate 1 to 3 months at a time.
Sabrina in Florida writes:
haitian american speaks fluent creole french and english wishing to help out with the efforts for the haitians hit by earthquake, us passport 41 years of age
Julio I. in Florida writes:
My Church in Kissimmee want to send volunteers to Haiti and other necessary things to help victms in the earthquake. I am trying to contact organizations willing to let us join the effort. We have now about 46 volunteers willing to go. Please contact me at 321-443-9155.
Regina in Virginia writes:
I would like to volunteer with with the recovery efforts in Haiti. Please contact me via email.
Thank You
Barbara in France writes:
Better to wait until the Embassy can get a handle on things. From my experience in the Consular Section there, they use the Warden System to locate and can't necessarily cope with any more bodies, however willing and compassionate they may be. I suggest giving to worthy charities designating Haiti.
Berthony P. in New York writes:
53 Haitian-American Retired Army (Telecommunications)want to assist in anyway possible in Haiti. Have active passport and Govt. clearance
Lynn in Virginia writes:
I just like the others am ready to go to Haiti to help. I can take leave and spend weeks working on helping to establish an emergency center in Haiti. I think we should ask the Haitian government if our PR ARNG or our military can help.
Jen. A. in Florida writes:
I am a Chaplain, how can I help? May God have mercy and bring comfort to the people in Hati! Thank you for helping Hati.
Jennifer S. in Florida writes:
We know that many people are donating to the people in Haiti, but is anybody donating for the animals over there? Our company American Health Kennels manufactures all natural treats for dogs, cats, birds, and horses. They are made with human grade material and are safe to feed any type of animals, people can eat them too. Peanut butter is our most popular flavor and it would be great if we could donate to the animals, I just don't know who to contact. Please email me back. Thank you!
Richard A. in Florida writes:
I am a retired heavy equipment operator (cranes 50 ton, front end loaders, back hoes, dump truck and tractor/trailor operator, etc.). How can I volunteer my sevices in Haiti? Who can I contact?
Jerry M. in Illinois writes:
I am a 38 year old male with heavy equipment operator and physical labor experience seeking to volunteer my services in Haiti. Anyone know who I/we can contact?
Eric B. in Ohio writes:
im laid off im big and im strong how can i go over and help those poor people .GOD has laid it on my heart to help please let me know how i would leave tomorrow God bless eric b.
Issa S. in North Carolina writes:
I am a bilingual ( French and English), if there is any way I can help please let me know. I have already made a modest contribution to the red cross. I really want to do more so I am ready to help.
Dave in California writes:
The U.S. State Department this morning announced that persons who wish to provide assistance or expertise in Haiti are asked to contact the Center for International Disaster Information. The Center, funded by a grant from the USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, has established a dedicated page to coordinate Haiti support at: http://www.cidi.org/incident/haiti-10a/ .
Joseph D. in Florida writes:
I am available to play a significant role in the rescue and rebuilding effort in Haiti. My main goal is to head a program to restore the people's emotional integrity, provide the necessary support to empower them to regain self esteem and take back their lives into their own hands as they are accustomed to doing. I am a certified teacher and entrepreneur. I have 20 years of teaching experience both here in the United States and in Haiti for ten years at the New American School. I hold certification in Social Studies, ESOL, Exceptional Student Education. I own a fully operable bakery in Haiti which I operated for 10 years, producing 5000 to 6000 lbs of bread per day. I have extensive experience in Public Relations, Program Facilitation, Training,Coordination, Transportation Logistics, Business Management and Entrepreneurship as well as Education. I am fluent in English, French, Spanish, and Creole. I am an excellent oral communicator as well as with writing. I write effective detailed reports,and excellent with scheduling and delegating authority. I am a naturalized Haitian-born citizen of the U.S, and have resided permanently in the U.S since 1965. My Bachelor's degree is from Rutgers University in New Jersey, and I also have a Diploma of Paralegal Studies from NYU. I have also completed the requirements for a Master's degree in Urban and Regional Development from CTPEA in Haiti, sponsored by the governmeent of Canada, ACDI. I am prepared to go to work NOW!
John M. in Louisiana writes:
I am a 48year old male, I have certification to operate all heavy equipment and up to 100ton cranes as well, I also have 1st aid certifications and cpr as well as mass overvue and shelter and disaster services. I own my company and would like to volunteer my services and certified heavy equipment operators as well...please contact me with any info on whom I may need to talk with in thus regards to assisting in any way I can in Haiti........thankyou
Wesley C. in Utah writes:
I am a certified heavy equipment operator with physical labor experience as well, I am willing to lend my services to help out. if anyone has info on how I can help let me know.
Regards, Wesley C.
Brian A. in Florida writes:
I have a skid loader with forks and a deom rake ready to go !!
Craig W. in Maryland writes:
I am an Emergency Medicine physician and wish to travel to Haiti and help. Please contact me as soon as possible.
James P. in Florida writes:
retired military and police officer, looking to assist anyway I can..
David M. in Texas writes:
Thanks for your quick timely response to the Haitian disaster. You are showing the world we care. When the limelight has faded I am confident the USA will still be helping.
Rodney M. in California writes:
I am an experienced frontend loader operator and forklift operator, all I need is a passport and I am ready to go to Haiti.
Calvin in Nevada writes:
I'm a 50 year old unemployed building contractor. I would like to volunteer to help in Haiti. I have construction knowledge and good common sense, and somewhat of a strong back. I'm about to lose my house or at least sell it for no gain, as I can no longer make the payments. I'm also going through a divorce therefore going to Haiti would lift my spirits knowing that in my darkest hour I was able to help others. I would need help with transportation to and from Haiti and would need to return to Reno by January 27th. Please let me know if you can use my help.
Sincerely Calvin


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Heater Safety Tips
When using heaters, it helps to keep a few things in mind in order to use the heaters safely and efficiently.
- If you're planning on using electric heaters, then ensure the electric heaters are not left unattended while the heaters are connected.
- Heaters should be placed away from the reach of children and pets.
- Unless the heaters are designed for damp or wet areas, do not use heaters in bathrooms or outside as moisture can damage the heaters.
- Do not place any combustible materials near the heaters and ensure that they are at least three feet away from the heaters. This includes curtains, furniture, paints, gas, or any other material that can easily catch fire.
Find the right heaters for your needs at Sam's Club. Ensure you follow the manufacturer's instructions when using them.


text: With its all aluminum die cast receiver and extra-sturdy black finish, the Tippmann A5 Marker with Response Trigger is one of the toughest markers available. Other features include a shock-absorbing end cap for reduced wear and recoil; front-cocking knob, which allows for a fully enclosed receiver; and a 200-round wide-mouth hopper. In addition, it can be upgraded with many different accessories including, but not limited to, a Flatline Barrel System, Sniper barrels, collapsible stock, double trigger, low pressure kit and expansion chamber kit. Its fully-compatible for CO2, compressed air, or nitrogen, and is completely customizable for enhanced performance.


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Man dies from rollover injuries
MARINETTE, Wis. – A Crivitz, Wis. man is dead from internal injuries sustained in a rollover accident that occurred on County Highway W early Saturday morning.
Deputies from the Marinette County Sheriff's Office received a call of a vehicle that was found rollover over on County Highway W just west of the village of Crivitz on the back side of the north ditch at 5:40 a.m. Saturday.
No persons were located at the scene.
Investigation led officers to the registered owner's residence in the town of Stephenson. No one answered the door at the residence. On a second stop at this residence, at about noon on Saturday, contact was made with the registered owner of the crashed vehicle.
Marinette County Sheriff Jerry Sauve said this person indicated his roommate was also in the vehicle when it crashed late the previous night.
When the officers asked to speak with this second person, the registered owner found him in an upstairs bathroom unconscious and presumed dead.
Crivitz Rescue and additional officers responded. Coroner George Smith pronounced the male victim dead at the scene.
Deceased is Steven J. Hirth, 52, who had resided in the town of Stephenson since January of this year.
An autopsy was performed on the victim today. It is believed the victim died of internal injuries sustained in the crash.
Alcohol is believed to be a factor in this crash, Sauve said.
The case remains under investigation by the sheriff's office and coroner.
Anyone who has any information about this crash is asked to contact the sheriff's office at (715) 732-7626 or Crime Stoppers at 1-800-427-5857.
This is Marinette County's third traffic fatality this year.


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USA TODAY's Robert Bianco previews July 12th's TV lineup from the Critic's Corner with the return of HBO's 'Newsroom' which seems to double down on its flaws. VPC
What's worth watching, and what might not be, in prime time this weekend.
Cult, CW, Friday, 9 ET/PT | 666 Park Avenue, ABC, Saturday, 9 ET/PT
Two failed broadcast series end their summer burn-off runs this weekend. 666 was, by most measures, the better show -- but Cult's failure is more disappointing because it had a more interesting and novel premise. It's a shame that premise was wasted on such a poorly done show, but you can say that about a lot of premises pretty much every season.
CRITIC'S CORNER CHAT ON TWITTER: Submit your questions to @BiancoRobert using #askbianco
The Good Wife | CBS, Sunday, 9 ET/PT
Dylan Baker and Morena Baccarin play cat and mouse -- or more accurately, cat and cat -- in this entertaining repeat that finds Baker's Colin Sweeney once again facing jail, as Baccarin's Isobel decides whether to help put him there. Like the plot, their sparring is clever and witty, and like the show, their performances are Emmy-caliber.
The Newsroom | HBO, Sunday, 10 ET/PT
The worst news on The Newsroom, sad to say, is that there's no news to report. Those who had hoped that Aaron Sorkin's initially promising new series might use its seasonal break for a much-needed course correction will be solely disappointed -- if anything, the show has doubled down on its flaws. There are pleasures to be had in tonight's return (Jeff Daniels' continued strong performance chief among them). But those pleasures are buried under the preachiness, the tone-deaf bantering that makes every character sound the same, the deadly romances that paint all the women as idiots, and the overall uncharitable, smug certainty that underlies every political jab. Pair it with a collapsing True Blood, and you have an HBO summer block to avoid.


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Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. (SMIC), the world's number three maker of semiconductors, and Elpida Memory, a leading supplier of random access memory (RAM), announced on Tuesday that SMIC had qualified memory production using 90nm process technology at its plant. The firm may now ship Elpida memory chips, which are more affordable now.
The memory firms had qualified manufacturing of 512Mb memory chips using 90nm process technology and 300mm wafers at SMIC's facility in
"We are proud of the qualification of Elpida's 90nm product. SMIC will take aggressive steps to establish stable volume production of the product and expand our production capacity to meet our customer's needs," aid Richard Chang, president and chief executive at SMIC.
Elpida has been providing SMIC its fabrication processes since 2002 in the exchange for manufacturing capacities. So far the Chinese foundry giant has shipped the Japanese memory firm products made using 0.13 micron and 0.1 micron process technologies and today the firms said that the collaboration is set to continue.
"Based on the success of the qualification of the 90nm products, we will start considering the installation in SMIC of Elpida's advanced processes for our future products," said Yukio Sakamoto, president and chief executive at Elpida.
The two companies did not unveil when SMIC will get the first orders for 90nm process technology production, which should be more cost effective to manufacture compared to chips made using 100nm manufacturing process today.


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Oscar watch: Sad 'Les Mis' team didn't win for best original song, great to see hometown girl Norah Jones sing (even if it was from 'Ted')
Yes, Adele and Skyfall are wonderful, but I was sad that the Les Miserables team didn't win for best original song. I agree "Suddenly" was far from the best song in the score but it was the one opportunity for the team to be recognized. And after that rousing Les Miserables number, wasn't everyone rooting for them, too? Just a little?
I did love seeing our homegrown singer Norah Jones up on stage making her Oscar debut, even if it was for performing a song from Seth MacFarlane's Ted (Ted himself probably being my least favorite thing about this telecast to date). Always glad to see good things for The Booker T. Washington HIgh School for the Performing Arts alumna, who released her acclaimed album, Little Broken Hearts, in 2012 (the same year her father, Ravi Shankar, died).


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5 New (And Amazing) Smart Home Appliances From CES 2014
If you've been to a chicly-set dinner party in the past 25 years, you've likely dined with Michael Aram. The designer's distinctive yet whimsical metal tabletop accessories have been a fixture in well-curated homes since he started his company in 1989, with his furniture and lighting earning their own devoted following over the years.
To celebrate a quarter-century of his designs, Aram is celebrating exuberantly with two major releases. The Commemorative Collection, a 25-item retrospective of Aram's earliest and most-treasured work, will be released in limited quantities of 1,000 per piece, and available for purchase. Meanwhile, The Atelier, a larger-than-life take on his distinctive metal artistry, is made up of 12 sculptures. At 25 editions per piece, they'll be harder to come by than the commemorative pieces, but they will be available to view in a traveling exhibit, starting in New York.
Click through for an ELLEDECOR.com's exclusive look at pieces from both collections.
From the Commemorative Collection
12 Ways To Update A Room For Less Than $15


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The AC1750 Wi-Fi Router (DIR-859) comes with high power amplifiers that will deliver extreme Wi-Fi coverage to all your Wi-Fi devices.
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Ovum names SugarCRM a leading CRM
Deliver A Better Customer Experience
We put the "i" in CRM. What does that mean to you? It means that CRM is no longer just for the sales executive to keep track of the pipeline. Rather, it's for all employees who interact with customers no matter the department - Sales, Marketing, Customer Service, Product Management, Finance and IT.
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"[SugarCRM] is one of the leading enterprise CRM applications, and the new release has made it a strong candidate for organizations with a broad-based customer-engagement strategy that are looking for a more modern and appealing UX at an attractive price."
Jeremy Cox, Ovum Principal Analyst
Download the complimentary report to learn why Ovum names SugarCRM a leading CRM.
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John, your pizza is a fine example:http://www.pizzablogger.org/index.php/anatomy-of-a-pizza/Blog is still half down, but working on getting it fully back on-line. --K
A lot of people would KILL for a pie that looked like that. That leopard spotting is what some peolple strive for. Maybe your on to something!
The hyper spotting, come to find out, is due to over fermentation. I have taken peoples advice on this thread and put the dough balls in the freezer after a 1 day cold rise. The process of letting the dough thaw in the fridge over the course of another day brings it to where it should be.John
John have you been able to improve it's texture or taste compared to your regular dough that isn't frozen? or is the texture still coming out weird? Bake temps and time are the same correct as your regular pies correct? How much do you normally let your dough proof up before baking? Do you go by time and or visual cues (doubling etc)?Chau
Thanks for the post pizzablogger. There is one concept that was not clear to me and maybe to others. I think you are saying that high radiant heat and a convection fan both encourage spotting. I that correct?Your friends oven with lots of smoke inhibiting leoparding is an interesting observation. Dave
I guess smoke interfering with radiation shouldn't be a surprise. The same thing happens with the night sky. On a clear night, a much greater amount of heat is lost through radiation to the cold, dark sky. Cloud cover provides a great deal of insulation.Dave


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by Anton Shilov
Three leading manufacturers of hard disk drives (HDDs), Hitachi GST, Seagate Technology and Western Digital, have agreed to form a group that would research hard drive technologies and define the roadmap of HDD future. The companies have already invested millions of dollars into the emerging organization.
"By the end of the year we hope to have all the hard drive and component companies, including semiconductor makers, in line because the proposition is so compelling," said Mark Geenen, chairman of the International Disk Drive and Equipment Materials Association (IDEMA), which will manage the research group, reports EETimes.
According to Mr. Geenen, smaller HDD makers, such as Samsung and Toshiba, are also invited to join the group. Component manufacturers Fuji Electric, LSI, Marvell, TDK and Texas Instruments are also projected to participate in the group.
Storage technologies are getting more and more complex as manufacturers try to squeeze more bits onto hard drive media. As a result, it makes a lot of sense for hard drive makers as well as manufacturers of other components to share fundamental research and development costs. A group consisting of numerous market players also means that that the companies are likely to ensure compatibility between different components, which will probably affect pricing of HDDs.
"Companies have come to the realization it's the biggest technology transition in the last 20 years of the drive business, if not in its whole history. Now that we are down to five hard disk companies and a handful of component vendors, we need to do more precompetitive collaboration so our infrastructure is tuned and ready to go," said Mr. Geenen.
Hitachi GST has worked to develop patterned media, a way of precisely locating bits on a spinning disk, that could require 12.5nm lithography. Seagate has labored on heat-assisted magnetic recording, which requires a laser heat source to raise the temperature of a tiny recording spot on the disk by several hundred degrees for perhaps 150 picoseconds. Both approaches promise increase of HDD storage space but are still undeveloped and expensive. Eventually, drive makers project to use both techniques in tandem to drive areal density beyond 50Tbits/square inch.
"Those challenges are too massive for any single company to handle technically or from a business perspective. We're talking about billion-dollar investments in new factories and retrofits while the technology is still immature," stressed Mr. Geenen.