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Today, U.S. Ambassador to Syria Robert Ford; Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration Anne Richard; and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Assistant Administrator for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, Nancy Lindborg traveled to Ankara, Turkey to address the humanitarian situation in and around Syria. Ambassador Ford said:
"...We've had a busy couple of days. Yesterday, we were at the Syrian refugee camp of Islahiye down on the Turkish-Syrian border. We met a lot of people and heard stories of their suffering, of losing family members, houses destroyed. We talked about what we are doing, providing tents, providing food both to people in camps like the one we saw, but also inside Syria. Today, we were in the Turkish capital of Ankara where we met with Turkish officials and also with leaders from the Syrian Opposition Coalition to talk about how we can all work together to help get more aid to address this spiraling refugee crisis. The delegation goes on tomorrow to Jordan. There are 180,000 Syrian refugees in Jordan, the number is climbing there too. And then we go on from Jordan to Kuwait where we can put all this together and try to get the international community to develop more resources to address this Syrian refugee crisis."
While in Ankara, Assistant Nancy Lindborg announced that the United States is providing an additional $10 million in humanitarian assistance in response to urgent needs resulting from the brutal conflict in Syria. This new funding will supply enough flour to bakeries in Aleppo to provide daily bread for approximately 210,000 people in need for the next five months. With this new assistance, the United States is providing $220 million to date to help those suffering inside Syria and refugees in the neighboring countries.
With this additional $10 million, the United States is taking action in response to heightened flour shortages, an alarming lack of bread, and rising hunger. Many bakeries have had to close down because the Assad regime has cut off flour and fuel. The United States recognizes bread as a mainstay of Syrian daily life, and this new program is focused on getting 50 bakeries back up and running to provide life-saving food to the Syrian people.
This latest assistance is part of an additional, significant funding package that the United States plans to announce at the United Nations high-level donors conference in Kuwait on January 30.
Related Entry: Helping the Syrian People in Difficult Circumstances
Ashim C. in India writes:
By calculation an allocation of US $ 220 million for 221000 refuges works out greater than yearly per capita income of many low cost economies of Asia & Africa. US generosity must be admired. But in chaotic conditions, which must have been created for Syrian refugees, one can imagine many NGOs and other mechanisms must have sprouted in and around Syria. Utmost vigilance and strictest possible auditing system ought to be put in place to ensure that the aid reaches the beneficiaries. Without such vigilance the possibility of some developing vested interest in perpetuation of Syrian crisis cannot be ruled. Corruption does not respect humanitarianism. US, caught by the need of reinvigorating it's own economy, cannot be as liberal in this matter in Syria or for that matter anywhere else as it afforded to be earlier on and yet be effective in promoting democracy, peace and order by alternative more active strategic interventions against Assad, which it has the strength to undertake that.
Eric in New Mexico writes:
By calculation, it would have cost the Syrian people far less in lives and economic and physical destruction of their country to simply have at the hands of the international community removed Assad from power and rendered his military incapable of making war on the civilian population 2 years ago.
I'm not saying things would be perfect now if folks had, but there still is no end in sight to the suffering because of the lack of will to use force to create peace on the part of nations simply content to treat the symptoms of conflict and offer humanitarian assistance.


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I have been playing with western brewing in a big (pre-heated) english style teapot. About 2 teaspoons with about 250ml boiling water for about 2 minutes. I feel my results can be better. My first variable to change will probably be the water temperature. I seem to be getting too much of a woodiness where I would like it to be a bit fruitier and sweeter. Perhaps it's the teas I'm trying, but maybe not.
How do you do it?


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The Steel Snake Archery Club, IRAQ
There is NOW a club, self-named "the Steel Snake Archery Club", in Iraq properly outfitted with compound and recurve gear, thanks to the donations of a number of people, the Easton Foundation, Lancaster Archery, BowTech, Ten Ring Archery, and more. For a new set of photos plus all of the original, please use this link.
The gear has arrived. In addition to the huge shipment from Lancaster Archery, a number of smaller but valuable care packages have arrived. Ten Ring Archery, Ken & Renee Walther has repeatedly stepped up to supply things that these guys truly miss, from archery and hunting magazines, tapes, and DVDs, to JERKY. (a real big hit).
From Lt. Randall Russell: "Due to the help of many people Bravo Companies Archery range has become a reality. We are with the Idaho National Guard and have been deployed nearly 16 months. And along with those 16 months we have or will miss a total of two hunting seasons. For most of us here hunting is not just a hobby it is a way of life.
Being able to sit around the fire and tell our stories with the guys is somewhat of a distant memory. A few months back I decided to email a few places and see what I could to help the morale of my troops. I asked around and the subject of archery was brought up many times as something that soldiers missed or would like to try. At first I got little response back from people.
But then the emails came rolling in and now everything from bows to arrows have now arrived in Iraq for soldiers to use. Soldiers are able to come and forget about the worries of where they are at, even it is just for a couple of hours, and relax. For us it is just like sitting around the camp fire and telling stories, we are able to talk about things other then our normal day to day duties.
When the packages started to arrive it was just like Christmas. My soldiers would stand around and wait with anticipation to see what had come in the mail. We were surprised to see what people were willing to send to those of us in Iraq. Just opening the packages was a morale boost and now that our range is up and functional morale is even higher. We want to thank all those who have made this possible and thank them for bringing home just little closer."
One of the
archers there provides this:
SSG Richard
Ken Walther of
Ten Ring Archery has sent
numerous care packages:
Past Log:
After a donation drive on the internet, the TSAA received more than $1800 in donations, all of which was used at Lancaster Archery supply. Lancaster provided a substantial discount to us, designed the bow setups, balanced the quantities of gear, packaged and shipped this gear to our troops in Iraq, at no additional cost. Lancaster also coordinated discounts and contributions from target block, bale, and 3D foam target suppliers as well. So this was a successful team effort.
Lancaster shipped a wealth of new archery gear to Iraq August 18, 2005. Click here for a list of the gear. It arrived on Wednesday, August 24th !!
As soon as the gear arrives, they will be able to use it, right out of the box. Lancaster not only helped by giving us a huge discount on the gear, but also by assembling all of the bows COMPLETELY, insuring that all was in working order, the arrows were fletched and nocked, the strings served properly with nocking points already installed. Sights for both the recurve and the compound bows were included and again, set up. The total cost of the gear shipped approached $3,000, thanks to the good folks at Lancaster, who also paid for packing and shipping costs.
We hope the archers in Iraq will be able to enjoy many hours of downtime with this, and all of the other gear, sent by supporters of the troops.
In addition, several private individuals that I know of sent gear directly. Please email the webmaster if you sent gear. Two JOADs in Texas also put together care packages for the troops as well as contributed money.
All donors are listed here:
The Colorado County 4H Shooting Sports Club has voted to donate $150 and is sending care packages to the troops:
The care packages include things like Items like cards, games, letter writing paper, pencils, pens, wet wipes(antibacterial, baby , body), toothpaste, deodorant, soap, spiral notebooks, shampoo, etc.
Ten Ring Archery, Ken & Renee Walther has sent several shipments, including the following care package:
1 LH 62 recurve bow (ragim)
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation has also sent a care package, consisting of a number of hats, 3 elk bugles, 1 gun sock, several skinner knives and a number of water bottles, as well as 5 videos.
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation: 866-287-9298 toll free
PSE has provided a number of DVDs on hunting.
Send your care package of archery-related "stuff" to:Here is the new address for the company that has replaced us in Kirkuk.
Thanks again for all that you did for us while we were deployed.
1LT Amanda Durham (Or Blackjack Company)
B/426 BSB, 1st BCT, 101st ABN DIV (AASLT)
Kirkuk, Iraq (FOB Warrior)
Please email the webmaster if you sent gear!


text: Focus stacked image consisting of 15-25 images. Produced using Helicon Remote and Helicon Focus, using a Canon 7D with 100mm f2.8 macro lens and a 250D closeup filter. These photos are provided for scientific and educational reference and are free to use non-commercially via creative commons licensing. I simply request I am kept informed of any uses of these images. Please contact me regarding commercial uses.


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Minot man charged in shooting incident
Worthwhile luncheon: Lightening the burden for area organizations
At a luncheon full of representatives from various organizations in the Minot area, bellies were full of warm food as grant money was awarded from the St. Joseph's Community Health Foundation. The grant awards luncheon took place Thursday at the Holiday Inn Riverside.
More than $450,000 was distributed at the luncheon to support a variety of agency projects in counties served by St. Joseph's Community Health Foundation. The grants will benefit residents in Bottineau, Burke, McHenry, McLean, Mountrail, Pierce, Renville, Rolette, Sheridan, Ward and Wells counties.
St. Joseph's Community Health Foundation is an independent public charity foundation that was set up with proceeds donated by the Sisters of St. Francis from the sale of St. Joseph's Hospital in 1998. The foundation gives money to promote and support the improvement, availability and provision of the mental, physical, spiritual and emotional needs for people residing in the 11 counties served by the foundation. The foundation meets this goal by welcoming grant requests from area agencies committed to meeting the needs of residents in their service area. Additionally, the foundation may also identify an area of need in north central North Dakota and fund an initiative.
About 45 organizations received money from the foundation at the luncheon with executive director Shelly Weppler serving as the emcee. Weppler explained what each grant was given for and the representative from the organization would walk up to the front to receive the check from board of director members. The luncheon was sponsored by Bremer Bank, First Western Bank and Trust and First International Bank and Trust.
The five organizations receiving the most grant money include the Minot Area Homeless Coalition, $40,000; the YWCA Minot, $40,000; Domestic Violence Crisis Shelter, $32,000; Minot Family YMCA, $20,000; and the City and Country Health Clinic, $20,000. The grants awarded to the Minot Area Homeless Coalition, the YWCA Minot and the City and Country Health Clinic were matching grants.
Matching grants were awarded to area church camps for camper scholarships. Area food pantries also shared in the grant money. Numbers from the food pantries for 2012 identified 1,875 families being served per month.
New to the grant awards this year was a social work scholarship worth $2,000 for a student attending Minot State University. Additionally, five nursing scholarships worth $2,000 for students attending Minot State University will be awarded in honor of the Sisters of St. Francis. Nursing scholarships in the amount of $2,000 will also be awarded to a student attending Dakota College at Bottineau and to a student in nursing who is attending Williston State College.
"As a community health foundation, we are able to help organizations and individuals establish endowment funds that will help meet emerging and changing community care needs," Weppler said.
For further information regarding the St. Joseph's Community Health Foundation, people are encouraged to write to them at 308-2nd Ave. S.W., Minot, N.D., 58701, or by calling 837-1726. People can also send an email to email@example.com.


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How to send GIFs with the Google Keyboard in Android Nougat
Sometimes you need a wacky GIF to say just the right thing during a conversation.
Sometimes you need a wacky GIF to say just the right thing during a conversation.
You can listen to audio books and empower many apps to 'talk' to you with Google's nifty tool.
Google Earth users can do more than just fly around a virtual globe. The free mapping application can display real-time weather, help compose photographs and measure distances much more easily than its Maps cousin.
Saving a destination in Google Maps makes it easier to navigate to and also lessens the chance for error when entering or trying to remember an address.
Searching Google is a quick way to find information, but more advanced functions can help users find more helpful information faster.
Want to send someone a photo, screenshot, or other image? If you're a Gmail user, there's only one option: attach the item(s) to the message. That's all well and good, but what if you want to embed an image in the body of the e-mail? Scan the toolbar...
Microsoft's Internet Explorer 9 officially launched late Monday and is ready for download here.
If you're one of Gmail's 193 million users worldwide, you probably rely on the service -- and its add-ons -- every day. Popular among users for its customization features, Google constantly adds to its arsenal of Labs and brings new features mainstre...
Picture this: You're sitting down
Google Docs is becoming a more robust cloud-based productivity suite, and the addition of uploading, storing and viewing videos is a boon for sharing corporate presentations and the like. It's also a slick way to skirt your company's firewall on stre...
Google launched its Apps Marketplace back in March, effectively inviting companies to create business software for the cloud that would sit alongside the standard set of Google Apps.
Google's Android operating system is riding a wave of popularity that has rapidly eclipsed Apple's iOS, and by the end of 2010 it's expected to overtake RIM's BlackBerry as the world's leading smartphone platform. However, despite the relative openne...
We explain how to turn your raw video footage into a presentable production using Windows Live Essentials Movie Maker, a free download for Windows 7.
Many people log on to Facebook primarily for fun, but businesses are increasingly turning to the social networking site as an advertising gold mine. By placing ads on Facebook, you can zero in on a select portion of some half a billion users accordin...
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
Visit our shop for the best deals on hot products
Watch our video news and reviews from around the world
Comprehensive buying guides, features, and step-by-step articles
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.


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The complex human reaction to incest and its prohibition have taken a central position in psychological and sociological scholarship from these disciplines' early twentieth-century beginnings up through today. The taboo of incest in the physical, emotional, and moral senses, especially in father-daughter and brother-sister relationships, was a familiar and persistent theme in literature during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early-twentieth centuries, and consequently has been a popular focus of modern critical discussion.
Anthropologists and psychologists focused heavily on the study of incest in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Considered a universally prohibited act by most Victorians, it took center-stage when Sigmund Freud gave the wish for incest and its repression or sublimation a central role in human psychological growth and development. In contrast to this fairly recent anthropological and psychological interest, the significance of incest has long been acknowledged in literature; the theme gained special treatment in Jacobean Drama, the eighteenth-century novel, the novels of the American South, and in Romantic Poetry. Literary critics contend that, especially for the Romantic Poets, the incest theme is at the heart of writing about sibling relationships. The Romantics emphasized shared childhood experiences between brothers and sisters, basing the perfection of their union upon the mutual associations built during an idyllic childhood. Critics view this interpretation and representation of brother-sister relationships as being closely related to the Romantic valorization of childhood, where the familial bond is so strong that it survives and is more powerful than anything either adult sibling can feel for someone else. In the eighteenth-century novel, by contrast, brothers and sisters are usually separated at birth and form an attraction to each other during the course of the story. This mutual appeal is a result of the nature versus nurture conflict and is used to illustrate the intuitive attraction of a blood tie.
Most incestuous relationships, including those idealized by the Romantic poets, end in tragedy. Freud saw this tragic culmination as equivalent to the standard punishment for incest in primitive times—death. He interpreted the relationships featured even in such works as The White Doe of Rylstone (1815), where the brother and sister do not share a sexual relationship but are remarkably close and share a common fate, as implicitly incestuous. But there were numerous other overtly incestuous relationships depicted in Romantic poetry and writing, including Lord Byron's Manfred (1817) and Shelley's Laon and Cythna (1818), all of which culminate in tragedy. For the Romantic poets in particular, incest represented a facet of extreme self-love, in addition to the potentially purest form of love. Although it was incorrect in society's eyes, this very mixture of social defiance and self-degradation made the theme of incest attractive to many writers. Variations on the sibling relationship theme as developed by the Romantics exist in Victorian literature as well, although not as explicitly. Two compelling examples of the Victorian manifestation of incest in literature that are often cited by critics are The Mill on the Floss (1860) and Wuthering Heights (1847).
While the incest theme dates back to classical literature, there is a lack of agreement among sociologists and anthropologists regarding the incest taboo and its origins. This inconsistency, in fact, has led many scholars to believe that the taboo derives not from some inherent moral code, but from our self-imposed need to separate ourselves from the animal world where all sexual activity is indeterminate. The derivation of the word "incest", which means incestum or "unchaste" in Latin, supports this interpretation. Incest has been treated as both a taboo and a special privilege in different eras. The Adam and Eve story, say some critics, posits incest as the very foundation of humankind. Many scholars contend that the controversy regarding the "incest taboo as a result of innate revulsion" has been effectively refuted, especially since there is a long history of stringent laws and punishments against incest. For many of these scholars, the incest taboo is a representation of our most fundamental attempt at social order. According to this theory, the family unit is the most basic representation of social order. Incest represents a serious violation of that order and is therefore disruptive and animalistic.
By 1490 B.C.E. restrictions against incest were firmly established. Sociologists theorize that the world population had increased to the point where the introduction of restrictions on sexual mating was in fact necessary. From this point on, the punishment for incest was consistent throughout differing cultures and ages, though definitions of incest vary according to time and place. Significant legal measures against incest in England coincided with two major literary periods—the Elizabethan and the Victorian. In 1583 Queen Elizabeth I began penalizing incest and created a court of high commission to address crimes associated with it. The next major legal act regarding incest did not become reality until 1908, when the Punishment of Incest Act was passed. Although there were concerns that legal strictures would call attention to the offense and lead to increased frequencies of occurrence, the act simply resulted in more cases being brought to court. And while sociological data provides a valuable context for the recurrence of the incest theme at various times in literature, most critics acknowledge the lack of correspondence between life and literature.
What is consistent between life and literature, however, is that the most common incestuous relationship occurs between fathers and daughters. Precipitating causes for these relationships in real life mirror those represented in literature—an absent mother, a nubile daughter, and/or a radical polarization in the family. Critics also agree that most literature of incest presents a paternalistic culture, where feminine desire for masculine approval is cultivated. By the nineteenth century, the growing cultural repression of purely incestuous impulses made it increasingly difficult to detect acts of incest in literature as they began to be more symptomatically expressed. With the development of Freudian analysis in the early twentieth-century, discussion of incest and its emotional, moral impetus was brought out in the open. The fundamental components of psychoanalytic literary criticism were in place and all literature could now be analyzed in light of incestuous relationships, real or inferred, in search of a deeper understanding of both the work and ourselves.
Representative Works
Jane Austen
Sense and Sensibility (novel) 1811
Mansfield Park (novel) 1814
Emma (novel) 1816
Charlotte Brontë
Jane Eyre; an Autobiography [as Currer Bell] (novel) 1847
Emily Brontë
Wuthering Heights. A Novel [as Ellis Bell] (novel) 1847
Lord Byron
Manfred, A Dramatic Poem (verse) 1817
Charles Dickens
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, Edited by "Boz" (novel) 1836-1838
Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation (novel) 1847
The Personal History of David Copperfield (novel) 1850
George Eliot
The Mill on the Floss (novel) 1860
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (novel) 1818
Mathilda (novella) 1959
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century [revised as The Revolt of Islam; A Poem of Twelve Cantos] (poem) 1818 [i.e., 1817]
The Cenci. A Tragedy, in Five Acts (verse drama) 1819
William M. Thackeray
The History of Henry Esmond, Esq., a Colonel in the Service of Her Majesty Q. Anne, Written by Himself (novel) 1852
Criticism: Overviews And General Studies
SOURCE: "Introduction," in The Incest Theme in Literature and Legend: Fundamentals of a Psychology of Literary Criticism, by Otto Rank, Johns Hopkins University, 1992, pp. xi-xxv.
[In the following essay, Rudnytsky traces the evolution of psychoanalysis and literary criticism in the early twentieth century, focusing on the work of Sigmund Freud and Otto Frank.]
The first three meetings of the Psychological Wednesday Society for which minutes are extant took place on October 10, October 17, and October 24, 1906. Viennese physicians and other intellectuals interested in Freud's ideas had begun gathering for weekly discussions in his apartment at Berggasse 19 as early as 1902, but not until 1906, with Otto Rank's appointment as salaried secretary to the group—an appointment that lasted until 1915, when World War I intervened—were the proceedings recorded in writing.
Rank's function at these October 1906 meetings was pivotal in two respects, for he not only transcribed them but also read the paper that was discussed. His three-part presentation, "The Incest Drama and Its Complications," outlined the ideas that he fully elaborated in his 1912 magnum opus, Das Inzest-Motiv in Dichtung und Sage: Grundzüge einer Psychologie des dichterischen Schaffens [The incest theme in literature and legend: Fundamentals of a psychology of literary creation], which appears here for the first time in an English translation.
Beyond Rank's double function as speaker and reporter, it is symbolically appropriate that the minutes of the Psychological Wednesday Society should begin with a sketch of The Incest Theme. During 1906-12 the psychoanalytic movement grew to maturity. The group to which Rank delivered his ideas was renamed in 1908 the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society; in 1910 it ceased meeting in Freud's apartment. Also in 1910, in the aftermath of the Nuremberg Congress, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded, with Jung as president. After the Nuremberg Congress adjourned, Freud wrote to Ferenczi: "With the Nuremberg Reichstag closes the childhood of our movement; that is my impression. I hope now for a rich and fair time of youth" (Jones 1955, 70-71).
By existing in preliminary and final form at either end of the period 1906-12, Rank's work frames the years in question. The historical significance of The Incest Theme is inseparable from its theoretical concern with incest. As Rank summarizes his main thesis, "The incest fantasy is not simply the 'nuclear complex of neurosis'" that "dominates the unconscious psychic life of normals, determining their social and erotic orientation in life," but is also "of primary importance in the psychic life of the author" (1912b, 12). During 1906 to 1912 the Oedipus complex emerged as the touchstone of psychoanalytic truth.
The story of Freud's discovery of the Oedipus complex has often been told; here only one point solicits attention. In a valuable study, John Forrester (1980, 84-96) has documented how Freud gradually consolidated the concept of the Oedipus complex, which integrated such disparate themes as infantile sexuality, children's sexual researches, generational conflict, the family romance, Jung's idea of a "complex" derived from word association experiments, and the triangular relation between a child and its parents into a single theoretical whole. The term itself first surfaced in Freud's paper, "A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men" (1910). Challenging traditional accounts of Freud's career, Forrester argues that "Freud did not discover the Oedipus complex as such during his self-analysis. … Rather, he discovered Oedipal impulses. If we mean by the Oedipus complex the nucleus or core of a neurosis, then it seems clear that Freud did not establish this until the period 1908-10" (1980, 232 n. 19).
Building on Forrester's work, John Kerr (1988, 25-30) has charted the evolution of Freud's belief in a "nuclear complex" (Kernkomplex) of the neuroses. As Kerr shows, it was again only gradually that the "nuclear complex" became synonymous with the Oedipus complex, so that Freud could declare in Totem and Taboo, "We have arrived at the point of regarding a child's relation to his parents, dominated as it is by incestuous longings, as the nuclear complex of neurosis" (1912-13, 17). Kerr points out that the first reference to the term "nuclear complex" in the Freud-Jung correspondence, in Freud's letter of December 11, 1908, occurs in connection not with Oedipus, but with an altogether different notion of a "poisoning complex": "I am so obsessed by the idea of a nuclear complex in neuroses such as is at the heart of the case of Little Herbert [Hans] that I cannot make any headway. A recent observation tempted me to trace the poisoning complex, when it is present, back to the infant's interpretation of the mother's morning sickness" (McGuire 1974, 186). Kerr links Freud's interest in this developmental aspect of the poisoning complex—the bewildered child's inference that sexual intercourse makes people sick—to his deeply held belief that libido would prove to be a toxic chemical process in the brain.
The inquiries of Forrester and Kerr usefully complicate oedipal-centered narratives of Freud's intellectual development—such as my own in Freud and Oedipus (Rudnytsky 1987)—but they do not undermine them. In his Autobiographical Study, Freud states that "the ubiquity of [the Oedipus complex] gradually dawned on me" (1925, 63), and the labors of the revisionist historians simply substantiate this retrospective realization.
Moreover, although Freud's arrival at his 1910 formulation of the Oedipus complex was indeed gradual, a chain of references to Oedipus in his writings beginning with the section "Typical Dreams" in The Interpretation of Dreams—itself a recasting of the insight expressed in his October 15, 1897, letter to Fliess—shows that a conjunction between the ideas of Oedipus and incest was well established in his mind. In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud affirms: "Among these [infantile] tendencies the first place is taken with uniform frequency by the child's sexual impulses towards his parents, which are as a rule already differentiated owing to the attraction of the opposite sex—the son being drawn towards his mother and the daughter towards her father." A footnote directs the reader "to my remarks in The Interpretation of Dreams on the inevitability of fate in the fable of Oedipus" (1905, 227). Alluding to the foregoing passage, Freud writes in the case of Little Hans: "In his attitude toward his father and mother Hans confirms in the most concrete and uncompromising manner what I have said in my Interpretation of Dreams and my Three Essays with regard to the sexual relations of a child to his parents. Hans really was a little Oedipus who wanted to have his father 'out of the way,' to get rid of him, so that he might be alone with his beautiful mother and sleep with her" (1909a, 111). In the case of the Rat Man, although he does not mention Oedipus, Freud defines "the nuclear complex of the neuroses" as "the complex which comprises the child's earliest impulses, alike tender and hostile, towards its parents and brothers and sisters" (1909b, 208). He remarks of his obsessive patient: "There can be no question that there was something in the sphere of sexuality that stood between the father and son, and that the father had come into some sort of opposition to the son's prematurely developed erotic life. Several years after his father's death, the first time he experienced the pleasurable sensations of copulation, an idea sprang into his mind: 'This is glorious! One might murder one's father for this!'" (1909b, 201).
When one reads these excerpts from Freud's writings between 1905 and 1909, it becomes evident that the Oedipus myth never had a serious rival as an explanatory paradigm. The passages from the two case histories directly refute Forrester's contention that in 1909 "Freud and his co-workers were not particularly concerned with the triadic relation of father, mother, and child" (1980, 89). With commendable honesty, Kerr concedes that the poisoning complex "was not destined for great things in the evolution of psychoanalysis" and that it "was one of the few ideas that Freud seems simply to have discarded altogether" (1988, 28-29).
As Freud's letter to Fliess of October 15, 1897, attests, Oedipus inheres in the very origins of psychoanalysis: "A single idea of general value dawned on me. I have found, in my own case too, being in love with my mother and jealousy of my father, and I now consider it a universal event in early childhood. … If this is so, we can understand the gripping power of Oedipus Rex" (Masson 1985, 272). He rephrases the same idea less personally in The Interpretation of Dreams: "It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father" (Freud 1900, 262). In both the letter to Fliess and The Interpretation of Dreams, his exegeses of Oedipus the King and Hamlet follow. Already in the letter to Fliess, Freud asserts the oedipal paradigm to be his "single idea of general value" and a "universal event." Thus, when in 1910 he formulates the Oedipus complex and in 1912 equates it with the nuclear complex, Freud is simply restating at higher levels of theoretical abstraction the basic contention he had proposed to Fliess in the wake of his abandonment of the seduction theory and then advanced publicly in The Interpretation of Dreams. In psychoanalytic terms, Freud's progression from the letter to Fliess to Totem and Taboo is one of deferred action, in which the later moment completes the meaning of the earlier moment but the two cannot be understood independently of one another.
As I have shown elsewhere, the chain of "supplements" in Freud's identification with Oedipus begins before the letter to Fliess and continues after Totem and Taboo; its origins lie in his family constellation, in which his father was a generation older than his mother (Rudnytsky 1987, 3-17). Nonetheless, these are the two decisive moments. Consequently, Freud's abandonment of the seduction theory in September 1897, which led immediately to his reorientation toward infantile sexual fantasy and invocation of Oedipus, retains its standing as a turning point of his thought, and no account of his career can be accepted that loses sight of this benchmark.
Freud's engagement with the Oedipus myth forms the backdrop to Rank's achievement in The Incest Theme. Rank's progression from his 1906 presentations to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society to his 1912 publication of the completed work parallels Freud's intellectual development and forms an integral subplot to the history of psychoanalysis during this period. In his comments on Rank's first talk, Freud criticized the lack of clarity in his organization and proposed: "Oedipus should be presented as the core [Kern] and model; then the one tried and tested method of presentation would be on the one hand to group the material around this core, and on the other hand, by developing a series, to follow the theme from its core to its furthest ramifications" (Nunberg and Federn 1962, 10). In the first recorded meeting of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Freud heralds his search for a nuclear complex, and he does so in connection with Oedipus.1 That Rank took Freud's strictures to heart is clear from The Incest Theme, not only in the passage I have already quoted but also in the conclusion, where he reaffirms that "the incest complex with all its diversity, opposing aspects, and derivatives represents the nuclear complex of neuroses and of the literary creative drive as well" (Rank 1912b, 570).
Rank's relationship to Freud is triangulated by Jung, who in 1912 published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Transformations and symbols of the libido), translated into English in 1916 as Psychology of the Unconscious. Not only were Transformations and Symbols and The Incest Theme published in the same year, but the two works mirror one another in that they approach the problems of incest and libido from antithetical vantage points. Jung's work announces his dissatisfaction with Freud's system; Rank's champions Freudian orthodoxy. As Jung wrote to Freud on August 2, 1912, upon receiving Rank's book: "It is a very distinguished piece of work and will make a big impression. But, as you know, I am not in agreement with his theoretical position on the incest problem. The salient fact is simply the regressive movement of the libido and not the mother" (McGuire 1974, 512).
The doubling between Jung and Rank is redoubled, since both published revised editions of their landmark books. The second edition of The Incest Theme appeared in 1926; the second edition of Jung's treatise, retitled Symbols of Transformation, appeared in 1952. Both later editions reflect changes in their authors' relationship to Freud.2 A distillation of Jung's mature thought, Symbols of Transformation is implacably antipsychoanalytic. By contrast, the second edition of The Incest Theme stems from the period between 1924 and 1927, when Rank had broken personally with Freud over the crisis precipitated by The Trauma of Birth (1924) but still continued to regard himself as a psychoanalyst.3 Thus, whereas in Jung's case the first edition is transitional and the second definitive, for Rank the reverse is true. Still, the appearance of revised editions testifies to the importance both authors attached to the works in question, and a properly historical reading would require a scrutiny of the disparities between the two versions.
Jung's modifications cannot be considered here, and even Rank's can be only cursorily assessed. But it surely bears mentioning that both occurrences of the phrase "nuclear complex" I have cited from the 1912 edition of The Incest Theme (13, 681) are eliminated in the 1926 edition (19, 623). In The Trauma of Birth, by contrast, Rank speaks of the disturbance of the "blessed peace" the fetus enjoys in its mother's womb by the paternal phallus during intercourse as the "nuclear complex of the neuroses," of which the later Oedipus complex is merely the "psychosexual elaboration" (1924, 194). He thereby displaces Freud's oedipal paradigm from its place of theoretical primacy in favor of the prenatal period. The notion of the birth trauma receives only two passing glances in the 1926 Incest Theme. First, Rank claims to have shown by it that the child's "original bodily relationship to the mother" is the "deepest biological source" of its love for its parents (1926, 35; cf. 1912a, 27; 1912b, 23). Second, Rank writes of Cronus's castration of his father Uranus during intercourse that "besides the sexual rivalry over the mother, we must discern as well its previous infantile stage, namely separation, or, if one may so call it, 'castration' from the mother, whose root I have shown to be the actual separation from the mother in birth" (1926, 277-78; cf. 1912a, 287; 1912b, 231-32). By treating castration as a form of separation, the second passage makes clear the radical shift from oedipal to preoedipal levels of analysis that characterizes Rank's 1924-27 period.
The intertwining of the fates of Rank and Jung culminates in their roles as psychoanalytic apostates. In the New Introductory Lectures Freud contemplates the schisms that have taken place in psychoanalysis: "Suppose, for instance, that an analyst attaches little value to the influence of the patient's personal past and looks for the causation of neuroses exclusively in present-day motives and in expectations of the future. … We for our part will then say: 'This may be a school of wisdom; but it is no longer analysis.' Or someone else may arrive at the view that the experience of anxiety at birth sows the seed of all later neurotic disturbances" (1933, 143). These unnamed heresies are transparently those of Jung and Rank. Although they "start from diametrically opposed premisses," Freud adds, they share the characteristic that "each of them takes hold of one fragment out of the wealth of themes in psycho-analysis and makes itself independent on the basis of this seizure" (143-44).
Freud seeks to exonerate himself of responsibility for the ruptures in the psychoanalytic movement by claiming that they were simply a series of partings that became inevitable when theoretical differences exceeded tolerable limits. To the extent that "strong emotional factors" were involved, Freud imputes them exclusively to his opponents, who (apart from Wilhelm Stekel) "excluded themselves" because they found it difficult "to fit themselves in with others or to subordinate themselves" (1933, 143-44). Freud's polemic is a rhetorical tour de force, but it serves a defensive function, and his anonymous portraits of Jung and Rank show for whom he reserved his greatest scorn.
Freud's assimilation of Jung and Rank as dissidents was taken over by Ernest Jones in his biography of Freud. Indeed, Jones maintains that this parallel is in one important respect unfair to Jung: "The outstanding difference between the two cases is of course that Jung was not afflicted by any of the mental trouble that wrecked Rank and so was able to pursue an unusually productive and fruitful life" (1955, 77). Jones's depiction of Rank is prejudiced in the extreme, for there is no evidence that he suffered from any serious mental illness, and he retained the productivity of genius until his death in 1939 at age fifty-five.
Despite Jones's animus, however, his assimilation of Rank to Jung ironically finds vindication in the intellectual realm. As I have contended elsewhere, although Rank's early thought was antithetical to Jung's, by the end of his career Rank espoused Jungian views (Rudnytsky 1991, 48-50). As late as The Trauma of Birth, Rank attacked Jung for slighting sexuality (1924, 27), citing the passage in Transformations and Symbols where Jung asserts of the longing to return to the mother's womb: "It is not incestuous cohabitation which is desired, but the rebirth. … Thus the libido becomes spiritualized in an imperceptible manner" (1912, 251). Six years later, however, Rank affirms in Psychology and the Soul: "Symbolic and anxiety dreams … can be understood only in relation to that 'unconscious' which never becomes conscious, and which Jung has properly called 'collective' because of its identity with the spiritual. The typical sexual symbols of serpent, mouse, and bird originally had spiritual meanings" (1930, 126). In keeping with his conversion to a "collective" unconscious with "spiritual" meanings, Rank in Art and Artist scores Freud's "concrete" view of the mother and the birth trauma, which he now disdains "only as typical and ideological," and approvingly quotes Transformations and Symbols on "the symbolic significance of the mother" (1932, 378). Thus, in his final phase, Rank repudiates psychoanalysis and his own earlier work in The Incest Theme and endorses Jung's critique that "the salient fact is simply the regressive movement of the libido and not the mother."
Like Jung, Adler mediated between Rank and Freud. But unlike Jung, who lived in Zurich, Adler was part of Freud's circle in Vienna, to which Rank also belonged. In an excellent study, Paul E. Stepansky has warned against reading Adler's place in the early history of psychoanalysis from the retrospective standpoint of his 1911 break with Freud. Rather, during 1906 to 1910 Adler was a leading member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, whose "emphasis on the psychological repercussions of organ inferiority was neither exceptional nor controversial" and whose contributions "were generally welcomed for the clarifying connections they provided between clinical medicine and psychoanalysis" (Stepansky 1983, 104). Since Adler's views remained largely unchanged during the years of his association with Freud, Stepansky persuasively suggests that the reasons for his ouster in 1911 were not intellectual but political. After the Nuremberg Congress and the founding of the International Psychoanalytic Association, Freud's heightened emphasis on ideological purity in the psychoanalytic movement and his confidence that its future rested with Jung caused him to become intolerant of diversity among his Viennese followers and to "reinterpret the status of his own prior reservations about Adler's theories with a view to ending Adler's active collaboration" (136).
Stepansky (1983, 91-92) adduces as the best example of Adler's respected position during the earlier, open-ended years of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Rank's attempt on March 4, 1908, to prove that "the inferiority of Schiller's eyes" was "one of the roots of his Tell figure by referring to the myth of the blind archer and to some characteristic passages in the Wilhelm Tell drama" (Nunberg and Federn 1962, 341). Strikingly, several members of the group who later sided with Adler against Freud found the greatest fault with Rank's presentation. Stekel complained that "the continuous recourse to the doctrine of inferiority has by now become painful"; Eduard Hitschmann concurred that Rank's explanation was "paradoxical and forced," with inferiority "dragged in by the hair." Freud, in contrast, came to Rank's defense and pronounced his exegesis "a particularly beautiful mythological confirmation of Adler's principle and secure as are few interpretations" (341-43).
Like Rank's three-part 1906 paper, his presentation in 1908 shows The Incest Theme in the making. His Adlerian reading of Wilhelm Tell was incorporated into the published text (Rank 1912b, 88-91). Rank adroitly argues that the theme of blindness is displaced from the shooter Tell to his son Walter, who refuses to be blindfolded, although Tell himself is overcome with dizziness at the moment of shooting. He augments biographical evidence of defects in Schiller's eyesight with the etymological detail that the name Schiller, given to the poet's ancestors, is derived from the verb schielen ("to squint"). Here Rank's 1912 edition reflects the ecumenical spirit that prevailed through 1910 in the discussions of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Elsewhere, however, Rank shows his Freudian colors by discounting an Adlerian explanation of sibling love in Shelley and Byron in terms of "male protest" (1912b, 447). This polemic was deleted from the 1926 edition of The Incest Theme (514), when Rank no longer had reason to cast himself as Freud's disciple.
Stepansky's analysis reveals that the politicization of the international psychoanalytic movement "provided a structural foundation for the crystallization of rival 'Freudian' and 'Adlerian' conflict groups within the Viennese psychoanalytic community" and that Adler's ensuing departure from the group "was the product of a premeditated assault engineered entirely by Freud" (1983, 144, 146). Its upshot is to expose as disingenuous Freud's intertwined claims in the New Introductory Lectures that the rifts in the psychoanalytic movement were intellectual in origin, that his opponents' decisions to depart were voluntary, and that he himself had no responsibility for what occurred. On the contrary, as Stepansky points out, the pattern detectable in Freud's dealings with Adler emerges even more distinctly in his relationship with Jung. From his first letters, Jung openly acknowledged his reservations about Freud's theory of sexuality. Freud, keen to secure Jung as a convert and then to anoint him as his heir apparent, did not accept these qualms at face value, but rather "resorted to the wish-fulfilling prophecy that Jung's theoretical timidity would inevitably yield to the input of additional clinical experience" (Stepansky 1983, 177). Only after the rift between the two men became irrevocable did Jung's expanded definition of libido as general psychic energy, which followed consistently from his original premises and appealed to Freud's own analysis of paranoia in the Schreber case, retroactively receive its "deviant" stamp (177-78).
The same pattern of emotional reversal surfaces for a final time in Freud's rupture with Rank. As I have documented elsewhere, to grasp the crisis surrounding The Trauma of Birth it is necessary to realize that Rank, like Jung a decade earlier, had reason to regard himself as Freud's probable heir (Rudnytsky 1991, 37-39). In a letter of August 4, 1922, Freud regrets that he has not encouraged Rank to study medicine, for he then would not "be in doubt as to whom I would leave the leading role in the psychoanalytic movement. As it now stands I cannot help but wish that Abraham's clarity and accuracy could be merged with Ferenczi's endowments and to it be given Jones's untiring pen" (Taft 1958, 77-78). Although Freud's tone is rueful, such praise sparked Rank's ambition, which burst into flame at the news of Freud's cancer in spring 1923. Rank initially regarded The Trauma of Birth as a capstone to the psychoanalytic edifice, with which he simultaneously consummated Freud's ideas and established his own claim to the throne. Only when Freud, heeding the warnings of Abraham and Jones—the conservative members of his inner circle—refused to bestow his unqualified approbation did Rank manifest the negative side of his ambivalence and construe his innovation as a birth trauma heralding his own intellectual independence.
Like his predecessors in Freud's disfavor, Rank doubtless had his personal failings and must be apportioned some of the blame for the painful quarrels that took place. As in the cases of Adler and Jung, moreover, Rank's secession from Freud was in part a political drama in which many of the elements were beyond Freud's control. But the litany of defections and broken friendships—including that with Fliess in the 1890s—mandates the conclusion that their ultimate cause lies in Freud's...
(The entire section is 10914 words.)
Criticism: Novels
David Smith (essay date 1965)
SOURCE: "Incest Patterns in Two Victorian Novels," in Literature and Psychology, Vol. XV, No. 3, Summer, 1965, pp. 135-62.
[In the following essay, Smith argues that incest is a central theme in both Jane Eyre, where Jane struggles against her incestuous feelings for father figure Rochester, and Mill on the Floss, where the controversial flood-death scene and the passionate embrace between brother and sister illuminate the incestuous undercurrent of the novel.]
Even the initial reading of Jane Eyre1 will reveal that the central organizing element is...
(The entire section is 12400 words.)
Giles Mitchell (essay date 1973)
SOURCE: "Incest, Demonism, and Death in Wuthering Heights," in Literature and Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1973, pp. 27-36.
[In the following essay, Mitchell theorizes that there is no compelling moral or social reason for Heathcliff and Cathy not to marry each other, but they abstain from a sexual or marital relationship because they are already tightly bound by other ties, including a brother-sister relationship.]
It is clear to most readers of Wuthering Heights, and it is equally clear to Catherine Earnshaw, that she is betraying herself when she decides to marry Edgar Linton.1 She says that she loves Edgar "entirely and altogether"...
(The entire section is 5621 words.)
Sylvia Manning (essay date 1979)
SOURCE: "Incest and the Structure of Henry Esmond," in Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 34, No. 2, September, 1979, pp. 194-213.
[In the following essay, Manning contends that the incest motif permeates Henry Esmond beyond the commonly acknowledged feature of Henry and Rachel's marriage; Manning also theorizes that the author's own subconscious incest fantasy underlies the conflict between desire and social convention in the novel.]
The broader incestuous features of Henry Esmond are commonly acknowledged. Henry marries Rachel, who not only has served him as foster mother and called him her son, but who is the biological mother of the younger...
(The entire section is 8544 words.)
William R. Goetz (essay date 1982)
SOURCE: "Genealogy and Incest in Wuthering Heights," in Studies in the Novel, Vol. XIV, No. 4, Winter, 1982, pp. 359-76.
[In the following essay, Goetz examines two interpretation problems in Wuthering Heights: first he examines Catherine's choice to marry Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff, and then he discusses the second half of the novel's complex kinship relationships.]
In arguing for the basic equivalence between language and systems of kinship, Claude Lévi-Strauss has pointed out that the situations of the two, in one important respect, are symmetrical but inverse. In the case of language, we know what the function or meaning of the phenomenon...
(The entire section is 8829 words.)
Anca Vlasopolos (essay date 1983)
SOURCE: "Frankenstein's Hidden Skeleton: The Psycho-Politics of Oppression," in Science-Fiction Studies, Vol. 10, No. 30, July, 1983, pp. 125-35.
[In the following essay, Vlasopolos suggests that despite some awkwardness of style and plot improbabilities Frankenstein is a coherent novel because of the conflict it presents between accepted socio-political forces and the private struggle of a man who views himself as driven to incest.]
Renewed interest in Frankenstein suggests that the novel possesses a covert structure which, despite some critics' charges of awkwardness of style and improbabilities of plot, gives the novel a coherence that has...
(The entire section is 6810 words.)
Johanna M. Smith (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: "'My Only Sister Now': Incest in Mansfield Park," in Studies in the Novel, Vol. XIX, No. 1, Spring, 1987, pp. 1-15.
[In the following essay, Smith regards the happy ending of Mansfield Park to be a dismal failure and contends that the incestuous overtones of Fanny and Edmund's relationship reveal the crippling effects of sister-brother relationships within a constricted, hierarchical family structure.]
Regarded as a happy ending to Mansfield Park, the marriage of Fanny Price and Edmund Bertram is a dismal failure. Jane Austen, I believe, intends this failure: as Fanny settles into smug seclusion at Mansfield, "the daughter that he...
(The entire section is 6664 words.)
Kathryn B. McGuire (essay date 1988)
SOURCE: "The Incest Taboo in Wuthering Heights: A Modern Appraisal," in American IMAGO, Vol. 45, No. 2, Summer, 1988, pp. 217-24.
[In the following essay, McGuire explores the incest theme in Wuthering Heights in the context of modern psychological breakthroughs in the study of incest; the critic draws on Ernest Jones' thesis of the relationship between incest, Satanism, vampirism, lycanthropy, and necrophilia, stating that Heathcliff demonstrates all these traits.]
Wuthering Heights has long been admired as a unique and powerful novel. The brooding atmosphere of Wuthering Heights, the intense characters, and the disturbing theme lure the...
(The entire section is 2744 words.)
Glenda A. Hudson (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: "Incestuous Sibling Relationships: Mansfield Park, Emma and Sense and Sensibility," in Sibling Love and Incest in Jane Austen's Fiction, Macmillan, 1992, pp. 33-60.
[In the following excerpt, Hudson proposes that far from being elegiac and nostalgic, most of Austen's novels conclude with an optimistic expulsion of menacing intruders from the home and family. Hudson maintains that, in Austen's works, incest creates a loving family circle where familial bonds are tightened and strengthened.]
Jane Austen's sister Cassandra attempted to persuade her to change the dénouement of Mansfield Park. According to Cassandra, Austen's failure...
(The entire section is 12096 words.)
Audra Dibert Himes (essay date 1997)
SOURCE: "'Knew shame, and knew desire': Ambivalence as Structure in Mary Shelley's Mathilda," in Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after Frankenstein, edited by Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, Associated University Presses, 1997, pp. 115-29.
[In the following essay, Himes explains that while incest was a conventional theme of nineteeth-century literature, Mary Shelley treats this theme very differently in Mathilda by presenting Mathilda's desire as especially transgressive.]
"Such is my name, and such my tale, Confessor—to thy secret ear, I breathe the sorrows I bewail, And thank thee for...
(The entire section is 6208 words.)
Susan Anne Carlson (essay date 1998)
SOURCE: "Incest and Rage in Charlotte Brontë's Novelettes," in Creating Safe Space: Violence and Women's Writing, edited by Tomoko Kuribayashi and Julie Tharp, State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 61-77.
[In the following essay, Carlson offers a close reading of Brontë's novelettes written between 1836 and 1839 and theorizes that the secret of Angria that Brontë created for her works allowed her to create a safe space and outlet for her forbidden fantasies of father-daughter seduction and female masochism.]
Charlotte Brontë, between the ages of thirteen and twenty-three, created a secret fantasy world called Angria, a world that she constructed in...
(The entire section is 8135 words.)
Jane M. Ford (essay date 1998)
SOURCE: "The Triangle in Charles Dickens," in Patriarchy and Incest from Shakespeare to Joyce, University Press of Florida, 1998, pp. 54-79.
[In the following excerpt, Ford traces events in Dickens' life that parallel a search for first love depicted in many of his works. She explains that Dickens' lifelong fascination with father/daughter relationships was explored in most of his novels, and that Dombey and Son is an especially significant work on this theme.]
The relationship between psychobiographical data and the recurrent father/daughter theme is particularly explicit for Charles Dickens (1812-70). The early trauma of his relegation to the blacking...
(The entire section is 11762 words.)
Criticism: Plays
SOURCE: "The Incest Motif in Shelley's The Cenci," in Comparative Drama, Vol. 19, No. 3, Fall, 1985, pp. 222-39.
[In the following essay, Groseclose contends that the rape/incest between Beatrice and Count Cenci is the event that controls the The Cenci structurally and histrionically. Groseclose also feels that the incestuous act is Shelley's way of symbolically denouncing the destructiveness of tyranny, and proposing violent insurrection as a means to eliminating it.]
Mary Shelley admired her husband's 1819 play, The Cenci, because it was, she felt, the most direct of his works.1 The author himself, apparently both pleased and...
(The entire section is 6996 words.)
Criticism: Poetry
John Donovan (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: "Incest in Laon and Cythna: Nature, Custom, Desire," in The Keats-Shelley Review, No. 2, 1987, pp. 49-90.
[In the following essay, Donovan traces the publishing history of Laon and Cythna, from its inception to its reprinting as The Revolt of Islam,and argues that the changes between the two versions make it difficult to understand Shelley's intent.]
The printing history of Laon and Cythna; or, the Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century includes a notorious peculiarity. Shelley's grand attempt at a narrative romance on the epic scale, and his longest poem, was composed in draft at Marlow during the...
(The entire section is 19340 words.)
D. L. Macdonald (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: "Incest, Narcissism and Demonality in Byron's Manfred," in Mosaic, Vol. 25, No. 2, Spring, 1992, pp. 25-38.
[In the following essay, Macdonald theorizes that Manfred is a powerful revision of Goethe's Faust and of the tradition behind it. Macdonald explains that the central act of the poem, the pact with the devil, can be traced to the psychodynamics of incest.]
In 1816, Byron left England forever, his reputation ruined by the collapse of his marriage and the rumors of his affair with his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. He went first to Switzerland, where he met the Shelleys and suggested that they all pass the time by writing ghost...
(The entire section is 6327 words.)
Richard Cronin (essay date 1996)
SOURCE: "Shelleyan Incest and the Romantic Legacy," in Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. XLV, 1996, pp. 61-76.
[In the following essay, Cronin explores the evolution and significance of the themes of love and incest in Shelley's poetry. The critic contends that Romantic poetry in general and Shelley's work in particular left a difficult legacy for the Victorians, challenging them to accommodate these themes in an acceptable manner for the reading public.]
I begin with a particular legacy, with the copy of The Revolt of Islam owned by Arthur Hallam and bequeathed, after his early death, to his friend and fellow-Apostle, Henry Alford. Like Hallam, Alford was a minor...
(The entire section is 7132 words.)
Further Reading
Brophy, Robert J. "Tamar, The Cenci, and Incest." In American Literature XLII, No. 2 (May 1970): 241-44.
A brief comparison of the treatment of the incest theme in Tamar and The Cenci.
Durbach, Errol. "The Geschwister-Komplex: Romantic Attitudes to Brother-Sister Incest in Ibsen, Byron, and Emily Brontë." In Mosaic (Summer 1979): 61-73.
Examines an understanding of incest behavior as it relates to the nineteenth-century crisis of existence following the age of Enlightenment.
Garrett, Margaret Davenport. "Writing and Re-writing Incest in Mary Shelley's...
(The entire section is 378 words.)


text:
Afghanistan's president has not signed the deal allowing U.S. troops to remain after 2014.
WASHINGTON — Coalition and Afghan officials are continuing to plan for a U.S. military advisory role after 2014 when the current combat mission ends despite the political uncertainty created by President Hamid Karzai's reluctance to sign a security agreement, U.S. officials say.
"There's definitely not a feeling of abandonment," said Marine Maj. Gen. Joseph Osterman, a coalition operations officer.
"We're continuing to do what we plan to do in terms of working with the Afghan forces," Osterman said in an interview from Afghanistan. "We told them that. We're not letting off on that until obviously the policymakers tell us we need to change."
Karzai's reluctance to sign the agreement soon has raised the prospect that all coalition forces could be removed by the end of next year.
"I have not been told to plan for a zero option, but clearly, I understand that it is a possibility, given the current impasse," Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said this week.
If that impasse continues military officials worry that political uncertainty will undermine the progress the coalition has made in improving the combat effectiveness of Afghan security forces.
"What's hanging in the balance in Afghanistan is confidence," Dempsey said.
Coalition officials are left with the task of easing Afghan worries.
A council convened by Karzai to review the agreement expressed support for it, suggesting that the public wants a long-term international presence. Worries that coalition forces may withdraw have unnerved many Afghans.
STORY: Karzai's maneuvering threatens long-term agreement
"Until a decision is made both the Afghan forces and the coalition forces are just going to keep on the same track we have been in terms of the mission planning and the support and everything else that we planned to provide not only through 2014 but into 2015," Osterman said.
The bilateral security agreement would grant the United States legal jurisdiction over its own forces in Afghanistan after 2014, a requirement that needed to be included before Washington would agree to deploy forces there after the current mission ends.
Coalition officials are planning for a limited advisory mission after 2014 that would place American officers and senior non-commissioned officers at the top headquarters, or corps level, within Afghan security forces. Except for the possibility of occasional visits to operational units, they would not accompany Afghan forces in the field.
"It's not the classic thought of an adviser being out toting a rifle out on patrol," Osterman said.
Coalition military officials say Afghan forces have proved effective at beating the Taliban on the battlefield and don't require advisers embedded in operational units in the field.
Instead, they need support in building systems that allow the Afghan army to sustain itself in the field for long periods of time, such as getting food and ammunition to troops deployed around the country.
"Tactically the insurgents can't stand up to them on the battlefield," Osterman said. Coalition officers say Afghan forces performed well this past summer, their first fighting season in which they operated largely independently.
STORY: Afghan troops blunt Taliban offensive but at high price
In addition to advisers, the coalition may also be able to provide some helicopter and fixed wing support after 2014, though much less than in previous years when Afghan and coalition forces teamed up for operations.
The Pentagon has also said it plans to keep a counter-terrorism force in the country capable of targeting al-Qaeda or affiliated organizations.
The number of U.S. forces in Afghanistan is currently at about 44,500, down from a peak of nearly 100,000. By February it is expected to decline to 34,000. Afghanistan's security forces have nearly doubled since 2009, according to a Pentagon report, reaching a level of more than 340,000 police and soldiers.
The White House has not yet said how many coalition forces will remain after 2014, but the Pentagon had earlier said a coalition force of between 8,000 and 12,000 troops was being considered. The American contribution would likely be about two-thirds of the total forces, officials say.
That number would be considerably lower than what commanders recommended earlier this year when Marine Gen. Jim Mattis told Congress he had endorsed a recommendation of a follow-on force of 13,600 Americans. A coalition contribution would bring the total force to about 20,000.
Some analysts worry that the number of U.S. forces under consideration now is too small and reflects the Obama administration's pressure on the Pentagon to keep numbers low.
"With those kind of force levels you're asking for trouble," said Seth Jones, an analyst at RAND Corp. and author of In the Graveyard of Empires: America's war in Afghanistan. "I don't think you can do that much."
In a Council on Foreign Relations report that he co-authored, Jones recommended creating a more robust follow-on force that would consist of 8,000 to 12,000 U.S. forces.
Follow @jimmichaels on Twitter.


text:
The second Summer Youth Olympic Games (YOG) will be held in Nanjing from 16 – 28 August 2014. This is a major multi sport event for youth between the ages of 14 – 18 years old. The YOG will provide international competition for the worlds youth. It will also provide cultural, social and educational experiences for competing athletes. Badminton will be played at Nanjing Sport Institute Gymnasium from 17 to 22 August, 2014.
The following three events are included in the Youth Olympic Games
IOC Guidebook
BWF are pleased to inform you that the Qualification System Regulations for the Badminton Competition at the 2nd Youth Olympic Games have been formally ratified by the IOC at their recent meetings and are attached for your information and interest.
IOC Guidelines to Authorised Identifications
The BWF Draw for Mixed Doubles Pairs – Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games – takes place on Friday 8 August at 6 p.m. (Kuala Lumpur time) at the Badminton World Federation office in Malaysia.
32 Men's Singles and 32 Women's Singles players from different countries will be randomly paired together to compete in Mixed Doubles
The Badminton World Federation invites players, member associations and fans to watch this draw live on the BWF's online channel: www.badmintonworld.tv
Concluded draw of Mixed Pairs at 6.30 pm on 8 Aug 2014
Competition Venue : Nanjing Sports Institute , Gymnasium (NSG)
Practice Venue:Badminton Training Hall of Nanjing Sport Institute (NSB)
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Here's how RW members rated this race (476 votes).
Date of review: November 7, 2011
In short: Another fantastic Half, with ideal weather for a changeIn full: 8th time running this and once again appeals to the masochistic tendencies with the monster hills at 8 & 11. But great atmosphere and organisation and the lovely downhill last mile or so. Need to add a few portaloos please as the indoor ones got 'blocked' and bring back the photographer. No doubt be back next year.Date of review: November 7, 2011
In short: A well organised half, with great scenery and some hills for challenge.In full: Ran this as my third ever half, and final event before my first Marathon at Luton two weeks after. I thought the event was very well organised and thanks to the countless marshalls etc helping. Coming from Milton Keynes I struggled with hills, especially the downhills where I just have to idea how to descend with pace or grace and was painful on the knees, but it's all good practice.Refreshments were water only, but no big issue. The route is very scenic and on the crisp morning it was beautiful, but I imagine had it poured the whole race it would be far less uplifting.Start area was pretty good but toilets a little lacking (seems the same with every race though). A good mix of runners, most of a fair speed (vast bulk were under 2hs) unlike some of the bigger events I've been to.Was aiming for 10min miles as practice for a 'hoped' marathon pace and ended up bang on that at 2h10m. Probably could have managed nearer 1h50m had I gone for it, but hills would have prevented much faster.Would recommend it!Date of review: November 7, 2011
In short: Challenging hills, lovely scenery...would do it againDate of review: November 7, 2011
In short: Great race, fantastic scenery, but extremely challengingIn full: I will always do this race as it's a great challenge and it has wonderful scenery and a great atmosphere. A few small niggles: baggage storage not supervised or organised - my fleece was lost. Only a T-shirt at the end - no goody bag or medal. And could water stations be going up the hills rather than down them or on the flat when you don't want to stop to walk for water after you have walked a bit going up the hillDate of review: November 6, 2011
In short: A fantastic course with some tough climbs and some tricky downhills! Marshals superb In full: I loved this race. It is hard but every uphill has a downhill and the last few miles are very fast. My average split around the course was 8.5 minutes. My thirteenth mile was done in 06:54 (I had made sure I had some energy saved for that last sprint). The marshals must be on some sort of happy juice. They all cheered and shouted encouragement as we went round. It made a big difference on this quiet rural course. The autumn colours and kind weather made this a perfect run.Date of review: November 6, 2011
In short: The only race that I've run where the down hills are worse than the ups!..In full: I paid for the 'suicidal' down hills again and even had someone try and stop me from almost falling down them, but decided to press on. Oww!, by 9 miles my calves were strained and had to resort to a hobble. Luckily I managed a sprint finish and ran 5 minutes quicker this year!.. You never know what is going to happen in a race.I thoroughly recommend 'The Marlow' though still, especially with the ideal conditions we had today. The strength sapping hills are fun to run with the lovely scenery in the country-side, so have scored this race highly.Date of review: November 6, 2011
In short: really enjoyable coarse, some challenging hillsIn full: lovely coarse, great conditions, add a medal and get a couple of portaloo's and you,ve got a top race. -)Date of review: November 6, 2011
In short: Thanks for another super half marathonIn full: As ever, this is a fantastic race. Glorious scenery, two very tough hills at mile 8 and 11 and excellent organisation. The race I always look forward to each year, thank you Marlow Striders and all marshalls and helpersDate of review: November 6, 2011
In short: Good run-really enjoyed it. Beautiful course-varied countryside and well planned-recommendedDate of review: November 6, 2011
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i generally use 22oz for a topping-friendly 16" pizza, but lately i've been playing with 20oz and they are thick for a ny style. 18.5oz may be the target for you though95% sams club HG flour, 5% bob VWG65% water.5% oil.5% sugar1.3% saltand yeast is from .3% -1.5%, depending on warm counter rise/cold rise, to two hours to bake (water slightly warmed to 85-90ºf)and i get the chewy soft melty inner crumb, and a lightly crisp outside that is still firm enough to handle folding and excessive toppings.
DJ, the .1 listed in the dough calculator is a somewhat contentious figure that's been debated in the past regarding authenticity, and will continue to be debated in the future. That debate isn't relevant to this discussion, though. I'm just recommending .075 to .085 based on the photos of the pizzas you're striving towards.
I think it looks pretty darn good and not many mistachy's at all. Sounds like you have a good handle on what adjustments you need for your next bake...that's great.With a colder dough you will hopefully try hand stretching again and have better results before you pull out that rolling pin. Also with the colder. less extensible dough you should be able to give it a good shake while stretching on the back of your fists...shake that excessive flour right outta your life! Bob
Where is the epic failure? That looks like an epic first step toward your goal. Well done.
DJ,I'd say that you did very well although you will shortly be hearing from my lawyers on the patently transparent use of my forum name for your pizza.
Looks like you are well on the way to your goal. Nice work.
I used block, low moisture, fresh motzerella.
Link is asking for a sign in to view the photos.
Not a bad looking pie. Id eat a slice. As scott mentioned, peperoni does wonders for keeping the cheese from browning. I have to try a bit of oil as was mentioned for a cheese pie. I also keep the cheesr frozen which helps a little bit.Not sure if it was mentioned in this thread already, but you can also brush the rim with oil to get it to brown faster. I found out though you have to be pretty careful though because it doesn't take much misplaced oil to make the pie stick to the peel.


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I would love to have seen the look on the casting director's face when newcomer Jamal Woolard came in to read for the part of Biggie Smalls, a.k.a. the Notorious B.I.G. Woolard looks so much like the real Christopher Wallace that at times during the movie you feel as if you are watching Wallace play himself in this biopic, like Eminem did in 8 Mile. Jamal did an amazing job of playing this very challenging role in Notorious. You can clearly see on his face and in his physical carriage how at each crossroads in Biggie's life, like his mother's battle with cancer or his own incarceration for drug dealing, cause him to become more polished and grounded both as a performer and lyricist and as a human being.
Kimberly Jones a.k.a. Lil' Kim was Biggie's real life lover and musical discovery as he pulled her off the streets out of a retail sales job before producing her music. Lil' Kim was wonderfully played by Naturi Naughton. There is a scene where Lil' Kim is at the height of her performing powers after Biggie has married another girl and Naughton spits out the lyrics to Biggie who she sees watching from offstage with such ferocity, venom and rhythmic beauty that again you feel that you are watching the artist herself in action.
The only unsatisfying thing about the film is its explanation of the feud, which ended both Biggie's life at the young age of 24 and also his friend/rival Tupac Shakur's (played by Anthony Mackie). In the film it is shown to the audience as a mistake, a total misunderstanding played up by the press, which leads to the fatal drive by shootings. But there seems to be some missing history there, some animosity prior to the fatal bloodshed, which remains untold and undefined.
Given that this film was produced in part by Biggie's own mother and longtime friend and producer Puff Daddy with an appearance by Biggies own son Christopher Jordan Wallace playing Big as a child, it is not surprising that Big's character is given a clean slate by the end of the film complete with his prophetic and apologetic phone calls to each member of his extended family, including both his baby mamas the night he died.
Glossed over history or not, this film is worth seeing for Woolard's hauntingly, spot on performance and for the way it clearly demonstrates the real art form of Rap and R&B music that developed as a direct result of Biggie's unusually literate and sensual lyrics for the genre at the time.


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Off-Season Solution
Cure the winter blues with snowshoe running
Running in snowshoes along a snow-covered path surrounds you with winter's magic. ...
Photo by Brian Solano
Running in snowshoes along a snow-covered path surrounds you with winter's magic. Thick snow drapes the trees and a fox's tracks stitch a pattern across a meadow's white quilt. The ground feels like a soft mattress. The air is stone silent.
While most trail runners wait until the spring thaw to resume training, snowshoeing can jump-start your fitness months earlier. The soft snow also gives your body a break from running's pounding.
Snowshoe running avoids icy roads and slush-splattering traffic, and lets you tromp along your favorite trails. "You begin the running season not only physically stronger and more fit, but also mentally stronger, knowing you kept up, or even improved your fitness level," says Danelle Ballengee, 11-time North American Snowshoe Champion and hardcore trail runner.


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Power meeting
ELLSWORTH – City councilmen in Ellsworth addressed a variety of agenda items at their regular monthly meeting for January, including consideration of a new contract between the city and Midland Power Cooperative.
Norm Fandel, director of marketing and member services for Midland Power, was at the meeting to discuss with the council the wholesale power agreement. The initial term of the agreement was for twenty years, beginning in October 1993. Midland Power would like to renew/extend the agreement. In addition to a rate adjustment when a new agreement is made, the city's electric rates were increased by Midland by 6.5 percent as of Jan. 1. Fandel said the increases are due to power cost increases from Corn Belt Cooperative.
Other visitors were Mike and Jan Miller of Jewell, owners of Sweet Treats. They asked if they could rent space on the city shed to advertise their business. The council approved the request to rent space on the south city shed for $50 per month.
In city budget matters, library director Debra Caudle presented the library budget for FY14. The focus will be on special events, and the library request for funding has increased $100. Plans are to review and discuss total budget figures at the February council meeting.
Also discussed at the meeting were the mobile homes located off Delphi Street, which have not had any tenants for over two years. Property owners will be sent notice to remove the mobile homes.
A representative of USAgain, LLC, has requested permission to put a recycle box on Main Street. The council feels that having the Goodwill trailer in town several times each year is adequate.
In other business, the council directed the city clerk to return the unsigned contract to Liberty Township explaining that the figures provided to the city by the county auditor were different from those in the contract.


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Following the success of previous exhibitions of Portraits of Resilience at the Cancun and Copenhagen climate change negotiations, the Portraits of Resilience photography exhibit is opening its doors to the public at the Natural Science Museum of Durban on Tuesday 29th November, 0930 am. Following a successful year working with communities across the Pacific, the project is for the first time featuring compelling new stories and pictures from these regions.
Portraits of Resilience is a photography project that works with youth and schools in the Arctic and Small Island Developing States to document the effects of climate change in their local communities.
The project has worked with young people in the Arctic communities of Shishmaref (Alaska), Unjargga (Norway), Pangnirtung (Nunavut, Canada), and Ummannaq (Greenland), as well as the island states of Seychelles. Over the past year, it has worked extensively in communities in Pacific Islands of Fiji, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Kiribati and Tuvalu.
The project is part the Many Strong Voices (MSV) programme which links people in the Arctic and Small Island Developing States to work together on climate change adaptation and mitigation. MSV is jointly co-ordinated by GRID-Arendal and CICERO in Oslo.
Download the invitation programme for Tuesday's launch at the museum.
The exhibit will be on show at the Durban Natural Science Museum through the COP negotiations and until March 2012.
Photo credit: Children play in flood waters - Tuvalu. (c) Fini Luni/Portraits of Resilience/Many Strong Voices


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Related concepts:
Projectile vomiting, Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Introduction to pyloric stenosis:
"The spit up is getting worse and worse. Now it's after every feed. I think it may even be projectile vomiting, but I'm not sure."
Many babies spit up. A few gradually eject larger quantities of breast milk or formula until they are barely keeping anything down. This can be caused by a condition called pyloric stenosis, in which the muscular valve at the base of the stomach grows too tight to allow milk to pass.
What is pyloric stenosis?
The gastrointestinal system is a long convoluted tube extending from the mouth, through the body, down to the anus. During development a portion of the tube may not form. This is called atresia. In esophageal atresia, for example, a section of the esophagus is missing. More commonly, a portion of the tube is too narrow. This is called stenosis. In pyloric stenosis, for example, the pyloric valve is too tight to permit stomach contents to pass through easily.
Who gets pyloric stenosis?
Pyloric stenosis can occur in boys or girls, but it is much more common in boys, especially in firstborn boys. It is also more common in those with Northern European ancestry and in those with type B or type O blood. It seems to cluster in babies whose mothers have recently taken erythromycin.
Pyloric stenosis can run in families. It is also more common in some medical syndromes, such as Turner syndrome and Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?
The main symptom of pyloric stenosis is vomiting that gets progressively worse. The vomiting usually happens immediately after a feeding and usually happens with each feed. Often, the child remains hungry and would like to feed again after vomiting. Classically, the vomiting becomes 'projectile,' shooting far out from the baby's mouth. Dehydration can progress quickly. Some develop jaundice.
Is pyloric stenosis contagious?
How long does pyloric stenosis last?
Most children with pyloric stenosis are not born with it, but vomiting usually starts at around 3 to 5 weeks of age as the pylorus tightens. Pyloric stenosis can start earlier or months later.
The condition generally continues until treated.
How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?
The diagnosis is suspected based on the story and the physical exam (sometimes the pylorus feels like an olive in the belly). Imaging studies such as ultrasounds are often used to confirm the diagnosis.
How is pyloric stenosis treated?
In the United States, pyloric stenosis is corrected with surgery – with excellent results. Over time, doctors have found that open surgery (with an incision along the abdominal wall) may sometimes be avoided through the use of laparoscopic surgery (where surgeons make several tiny incisions to use several thin instruments to perform the surgery). In either case, the baby is usually rehydrated before the operation.
A fascinating article in the October 2001 issue of Indian Pediatrics describes what happened when 52 babies were treated with atropine instead. Atropine is an ancient medicine that can relax spasms in smooth muscles. Used incorrectly, it can be a poison. But it is also a powerful antidote (in nerve gas attacks, for instance). In fifty of the babies in the study (96.2 percent), the pyloric stenosis resolved with the medicine alone. The other 2 babies improved, but still needed surgery. No side effects interrupted the treatment in any of the babies. Atropine or some other medicine may prove to be a safe, effective, cheap, non-invasive alternative to surgery.
How can pyloric stenosis be prevented?
Usually, pyloric stenosis cannot be prevented.
Avoiding erythromycin during the final stages of pregnancy and early days of nursing may prevent some cases.
Related A-to-Z Information:
Anorectal Malformations (Imperforate anus), Appendicitis, Blocked Tear Duct, Celiac Disease, Cleft Lip and Palate, Clubfoot, Colic, Congenital Hip Dislocation, Constipation, Dehydration, Diaper Rash, Food Poisoning, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Gastroenteritis, Hernia (Inguinal hernia), Hydrocele, Inconspicuous Penis, Intussusception, Jaundice (Bilirubin, Hyperbilirubinemia), Labial Adhesions, Meatal Stenosis, Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism), Vomiting


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American movies have always been a bright and flickering window into our nation's history -- a great narrative tool to tell the American story to foreign audiences. What better way could there be to support our public diplomacy than by screening documentaries about our culture and history at more than 500 American Spaces around the world?
Through the "America's Media Makers" grant program, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), talented American film-makers have told the stories of the American Dust Bowl, Broadway musicals, American jazz, and the Freedom Riders who challenged segregation in the early 1960s, and also created portraits of revered American figures, including Benjamin Franklin, Eleanor Roosevelt, and President Lyndon Johnson.
Now, thanks to a new agreement of cooperation and partnership between the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP) and NEH, we can share these American reflections without paying licensing fees to third party distributors. Today, Acting NEH Chairwoman Carole Watson and I signed an Interagency Agreement (IAA) that provides overseas embassies the right to use grant-funded films without added expense to the American taxpayer.
This agreement will allow us to continue the flow of documentaries to our American Spaces and IIP will coordinate with NEH-funded filmmakers to obtain the films and highlight best practices from posts for screenings and events. The only thing we won't provide is the popcorn.
About the Author: Tara D. Sonenshine serves as Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.


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'Life-Altering Injury'
Understanding the knee's complex biomechanics, and how to get ahead of lacrosse's ACL problem
by Paul Ohanian | LaxMagazine.com
This article appears in the October issue of Lacrosse Magazine, a special sports science and safety edition.
» Lasting Impact: The Brad Ross Story | Just the Facts, Please
"This is a life-altering injury."
Those are the words of Dr. Richard Hinton, physician for the U.S. women's team and a member of US Lacrosse's Sports Science and Safety Committee, when discussing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injuries.
"ACL injuries are the leading cause of game and practice missed time by lacrosse athletes," said Hinton, who performs more than 100 ACL reconstructions annually as director of MedStar Sports Medicine in Baltimore.
One of four major ligaments in the knee, the ACL's primary role is to stabilize the knee when turning or planting. Basically, it connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia).
For most of life's common, everyday activities — walking, bending or climbing — the ligament serves us well. But the added stress of sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction can increase the risk of injury.
"The knee has very complex biomechanics, and there are any number of places where the knee joint can fail when it is overstressed," Hinton said. "There's a greater potential for injury associated with jump, cut, twist, turn sports."
The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine estimates there are 150,000 ACL injuries annually in the U.S.
Statistics also indicate females are at higher risk than males for ACL injuries in some sports, but studies have not shown any significant difference between men's and women's lacrosse.
"We see a lot of injuries that just don't make sense," said Justin Cooper, a physical therapist, who specializes in post-operative rehabilitation and injury prevention at Baltimore's MedStar Harbor Hospital Sports Medicine Clinic. "An athlete does something 1,000 times with no injury, then the next time, tears the ACL. Why that time?"
Through the early 1980s, just one-third of people that suffered ACL tears opted for surgery. Most simply modified their activities and focused on rehab. Conversely, nearly 100 percent of today's ACL tears result in surgery, a statistic driven by athletes who want to return to competition.
More than 90 percent of these surgical procedures result in excellent clinical outcomes — a mechanical, stable knee is restored. But research indicates less than 70 percent of athletes who sustain an ACL injury return to the same level of play. "Surgery is not a perfect solution, but it does provide the best option to return to lacrosse," Hinton said. "We have a problem here that we don't have a great answer for yet."
Hinton tells ACL patients that even in best-case scenario, surgery won't provide them with a better knee ligament than the one with which they were born. That's why US Lacrosse has invested in research on ACL injury prevention — with focus on the athlete and his or her personal characteristics, rather than on the environment. The days of evaluating ACL injury risk based on artificial playing surfaces as opposed natural grass fields, for example, are long past. "Preventing these injuries is a much better answer than operating on them," Hinton said.
Hinton cited landing techniques as an example, noting that athletes must be trained to "land soft and land stacked." Proper mechanics and posture allow the body to absorb energy so that it is not being transferred to the ACL. Hip strength, core strength and coordination also affect susceptibility to injury.
A current pilot study funded by US Lacrosse will identify the most effective exercises to reduce ACL injuries among high school players. It incorporates a 20-minute warm-up of dynamic exercises. While still in the preliminary stages, the data collected could help players, coaches and athletic trainers implement a warm-up routine that more effectively reduces injury risk.
US Lacrosse plans to release an instructional video series on ACL injury prevention practices by the end of the year.
"There's still a disconnect between the gravity and seriousness of this injury and what the public thinks about it," Hinton said. "Despite our best efforts, it still happens."
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First batch of trainees completes prestigious course in the UK
DUBAI, U.A.E., 10th October 2012: The first group of Emirates' UAE national managers to undergo special leadership training at Rolls-Royce in the UK have completed their courses.
The Emirates and Rolls-Royce Leadership and Development Programme is part of a long-term agreement with Rolls-Royce, signed at the Dubai Airshow in November 2011.
The first contingent of 15 UAE national managers travelled to the UK in April this year to attend the first week of the course at the Rolls-Royce Learning and Career Development Centre in Derby. The same managers have now completed the course after a second week of training at Corpus Christi College, Oxford University.
The first part of the course is focused on leadership and techniques to build an effective team. The recently completed second part of the programme focuses on finance, managing resources, airline strategy, competitiveness and marketing.
"This is a collaboration between two great companies, Emirates and Rolls-Royce, to design a course to help develop managers from different departments and disciplines across the airline who have the potential to be the future leaders of Emirates," said Nasser Bin Kherbash, Emirates' Divisional Senior Vice President, HR Development & Employee Services. "We would like to thank Rolls-Royce for helping us to create this opportunity for our UAE nationals, added Mr Kherbash."
Masooma Hassan, Emirates' Vice President, National Development and Recruitment, who has worked closely with Rolls-Royce to develop the programme, also joined the group in the UK.
"This is the first of what we plan will be many Emirates and Rolls-Royce Leadership and Development Programmes," said Phil Harris, Rolls-Royce, Senior Vice President, Customer Business - Civil Aerospace. "This programme underscores the longstanding partnership between our two companies and we are proud to help develop the Emirati leaders who will drive Emirates' future success," added Mr Harris.
The leadership training programme is the first of its kind to be offered in the UAE. The next intake of Emirates' UAE nationals is planned for March 2013.
Emirates carries Rolls-Royce engines on several aircraft types in its fleet; Airbus A330-200, Airbus A340-500 and Boeing 777-300.
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Ketchikan Library CatalogSearch for books, electronic books, videos, DVDs, CDs, maps, government documents and more in the First City Libraries consortium online catalog. The First City Libraries Consortium is a consortium of Ketchikan area libraries, including the Ketchikan Public Library, the Ketchikan Gateway Borough School District libraries, and the UAS Ketchikan Campus Library, all of whom share their resources. We offer a delivery service during school year among member libraries; patrons are allowed to place holds on materials belonging to any FCL library at any FCL library and have them delivered to the library of their choice.
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… As if Thornton's deceptive 95 mph-plus fastball wasn't headache enough, the southpaw has been spending camp fine-tuning a slider he has tinkered with in the past but never perfected.
If he can carry what he's been doing in Cactus League play over to the regular season, then the Sox have not just an elite setup man, but a closer-in-waiting if Bobby Jenks is injured or not performing this year or in 2011. …
March 27, 2010
Matt Thornton working on his slider
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