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Saturday, November 1, 2003
The Mineral Oil Myth
Aircraft piston engines break-in just fine on ashless dispersant oil, so why do engine manufacturers still require break-in using straight mineral, non-ashless dispersant oil?
There is a pervasive myth in the aviation piston-engine world: the myth claims that in order to break-in a new or freshly overhauled engine or cylinder, straight mineral oil must be used during the break-in period. The term "straight mineral oil" refers to oil that does not contain the ashless dispersant chemicals found in AD or ashless dispersant oil.
Every mechanic has been told from the beginning of time that engines must be broken in on mineral oil. The reasoning behind this claim is that when an engine is run for the first time, it is necessary for the piston rings to seat themselves to the cylinder walls. Properly seated rings provide a fit that keeps compressions high and oil consumption low. Mineral oil, it is claimed, allows seating to occur because it isn't so slippery that rings won't be able to wear off the microscopic metal mountain peaks that populate the material that makes up the steel cylinder walls. This part is true. The rings do have to seat, by wearing smooth the metal peaks.
Ashless dispersant oil, the myth says, is too slippery and too good at preventing wear to allow the rings to seat properly. We have all heard this, it gets passed from mechanic to mechanic, and it even sounds kind of logical. Theoretically, AD oil contains some special chemical that gives it more lubricity and greater film strength than straight mineral oil.
But this simply isn't true.
Unfortunately, this myth is not only passed along by mechanics, but it is also codified in the engine manufacturers' maintenance data, in the form of service information. Both Lycoming and Continental make the exact same claim and insist that mineral (non-ashless dispersant) oil be used for break-in. Many engine overhaulers adhere to the OEMs' advice and even state that their warranties are void if mineral oil isn't used for break-in.
No matter what the OEMs and those overhaulers say, however, break-in occurs perfectly well with non-synthetic ashless dispersant oil. There is no scientific reason why this industry should continue to require operators to run mineral oil in a new or overhauled engine then have to switch later to ashless dispersant oil.
Any non-synthetic oil, even a multigrade, is mineral oil by default. The base oil is 100-percent mineral oil. So a typical non-synthetic aviation ashless dispersant oil is mineral oil. But it does contain the ashless dispersant chemical package. What is in this chemical package?
The ashless dispersant package consists of molecules with polar heads and nonpolar tails, according to a Phillips 66 lubrication specialist. These molecules surround dirty carbon and soot byproducts of combustion and suspend them in the oil. Without the ashless dispersant, these particles tend to group together and precipitate onto the guts of the engine. With the ashless dispersant, fresh oil quickly turns black after running for a few hours because the nasty combustion byproducts are suspended in the oil. This chemical has nothing to do with wear characteristics or capability (or, as the Phillips 66 specialist explained, lubricity and film strength). The presence or absence of the ashless dispersant package does not in any way affect the oil's ability to retard or promote the seating of the piston rings to the cylinder walls. Another component of the chemical package, which makes up 5 to 10 percent of a typical quart of AD, oil is an antioxidant.
All that the ashless dispersant package does is pull undesireable combustion byproducts into suspension in the oil so that they get drained out when the oil is drained.
There might be a slight difference between wear characteristics of Shell's straight mineral oil and ashless dispersant oil, according to Paul Royko, aviation technical manager for AeroShell Oil. In AeroShell ashless dispersant oil, some corrosion inhibitor chemicals have "surface-action chemistry," he explained, where chemicals can plate out on the metal surface and act as "sacrificial" layers. The sacrificial layers will be used up before metal-to-metal wear occurs, but the surface-action chemistry will not crowd out the actual oil itself, he added. The additive that Lycoming recommends for the H-series O-320–LW16702–is a good example of an antiscuffing surface-action chemistry agent. AeroShell's Plus oils and its semi-synthetic 15W50 include the antiscuffing agent required by Lycoming for those engines, as do other oils such as BP's new Castrol single-grade aviation oils.
But where does AeroShell come down on the issue of using ashelss dispersant oil for break-in? "I can't say go ahead and do it," Royko said. "If you've done it and it works, that's your business. We go with the recommendations of the engine builders. People have used W100 [AeroShell's ashless dispersant oil] and had no problems."
Richard Fowler, president of America's Aircraft Engines in Tulsa, Oklahoma, starts all of his overhauled engines on Phillips 20W50 X/C multigrade ashless dispersant oil and he has never had a break-in problem. Fowler overhauls about 250 small and large Lycomings and Continentals per year and he has been using ashless dispersant Phillips oil for break-in for the past 10 years. "It's working fantastic," he said.
Why do Lycoming and Continental continue to insist that non-AD oil be used for break-in?
From Lycoming's Service Instruction No. 1014M: "All other engines must be operated on mineral oil during the first 50 hours of operation, or until oil consumption has stabilized. If an ashless dispersant oil is used in a new engine, or a newly overhauled engine, high oil consumption might possibly be experienced. The additives in some of these ashless dispersant oils may retard the break-in of the piston rings and cylinder walls."
Yet, oddly, Lycoming goes on to state that: "All turbocharged engines must be broken-in and operated with ashless dispersant oil only." And in the same instruction: "O-320-H; O/LO-360-E series engines may be operated using either straight mineral oil or ashless oil."
Is there some different or special kind of cylinder wall metal used in turbocharged engines or the above two normally aspirated engines? The cylinders are all made of the same materials. So why does Lycoming allow ashless dispersant oil to be used on those engines?
Lycoming engineer Rick Moffett responded to these questions: "Many of our customers use ashless dispersant oils for break-in of their engines with factory approval, particularly turbocharged powerplants.
"Part of the basis for the present recommendation can also be 'that's the way our ancestors did it' and it takes some effort to change it. Lycoming has had experience with several of our OEM customers that used AD oil for break-in and experienced some oil consumption problems due to glazed barrels. Whether or not they would have had the same number of problems with mineral oil is open to speculation. They solved the problem by operating at higher power to accelerate break-in.
"Lycoming specifies the use of AD oil on turbocharged engines and the 320-H and 360-E because we do not feel that they need any help with break-in, if in fact there is a difference in the break-in characteristics between the two oil types.
"It would be extremely difficult to set up a program that would decide the advantages of one oil type recommendation over the other. The sample size would involve many engines, many engine models, and many measurements. Most likely there is not much difference between the two, which is probably what the results would tell you. In the end, Lycoming cares less about what oil type is used, but rather that the results are acceptable. If a customer uses ashless dispersant oil, has satisfactory results, good day and happy flying. If a customer repeatedly has problems effecting a good break-in with AD oil, most likely they will get a recommendation to switch to mineral to see if it would improve the situation."
Teledyne Continental continues to recommend the use of mineral, non-ashless dispersant oil for break-in, according to an engine-break-in statement on TCM's web site. "A straight-weight, non-dispersant mineral oil ...is recommended for the break-in period," the TCM statement says.


text: I have a 73 Gibson J-200 that i have installed the passive I-beam. i recently purchased the para acoustic DI to use with it after reading that this is the best pre-amp option for the passive I-beam. The pick up sounds great at low volume, the problem is that I am having to run the gain almost full volume to get a decent signal to the Board. This is causing some extra noise (like a ground buzz) running the gain this high. Is the gain ever supposed to be almost full volume for this set up? it seems a little over half way for the gain should be on the high side. It also seems the double stick tape is not adhering properly. The pick up was knocked loose the other night and turned sideways in the guitar when i bumped it against a stool. Thanks for any help you can give me. I currently have the pre-amp on the stage like a pedal, maybe i need to afix it to the strap and use a much shorter cord from the oick up to the pre-amp.

subset: commoncrawl


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I don't buy yixing to collect either, and I think some of these tests (especially water stopping and alignment measurement) are quite basic and most yixing have no problem to get at least a B+ on them. These are tests of functionality. A teapot that scores higher in those tests is more likely to function well. In the other way, a teapot you feel easier to use is more likely to score higher in these tests.
The inverted test (or anything else involve hanging or shaking) should be done above water. Other tests have proper ways too. It's not that test failures all receive death sentence


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AASE athletes learn online
The Institute of Swimming have launched a new online learning module for the popular Advanced Apprenticeship in Sporting Excellence (AASE) programme, in conjunction with National Apprenticeship Week 7-11 February.
The courses, 'Developing your communication skills and dealing with the media' and 'Planning your career and finances' can be used by AASE athletes to add to their knowledge and training at a time, place and pace to suit them.
Developed by the IoS and the ASA in partnership with other sporting national governing bodies, the training modules are now available via the IoS education and training website at www.theiosonline.com. Click here to go directly to the new modules.


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Central Flat Next to the Beach (V1408)
Size50 m²
Floor No.4(with elevator)
- Balcony/terrace
- Towels
- Kitchen
- Internet/WiFi
- Elevator in building
- Family/child friendly
- Smoking allowed
Accommodation summary
|Jesús Domínguez Grillo, 38650 Los Cristianos, Spain
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|< 50%
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
1 minute walking distance to the sea.
Located in the municipality of Arona between the cone of the mountain Chayofita and the greater mountain Guaza. The town centre is around the Los Cristianos bay, but is rapidly expanding inland with modern development. The town is a popular tourist resort and includes a ferry port.
Unlike its bustling neighbour, Playa de las Américas, this town has a history that predates the tourist boom of the 1970s and 1980s. For many years this holiday hub was a quiet fishing village and evidence of its humble origins can still be seen in the typical Canarian architecture of the older buildings.
House rules
|Weekly rate for up to 3 guests
|Monthly rate for up to 3 guests
|Price for > 3 guests
|$ 11 US per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|On arrangement
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|On arrangement
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews for this host's other properties
We found the apartment to be excellently situated near the centre of Los Cristianos, it was clean and comfortable and the only initial problem was the lack of a kettle and toaster, which was quickly addressed by the helpful staff in the office the next day, I was given a new kettle and a toaster appeared in the apartment during the first day. The apartment has a small microwave, and a two ring hob which we didn't use ( just tea and toast), but some might like to cook The apartment is not big but was adequate for our needs it has two bedrooms a total of four single beds, the TV was Spanish channels only but we were not bothered with TV coverage, there is a nice supermarket on the ground floor, that sells a good range of stuff, which is very convenient.
It has 2 minute access to taxi rank, and is near plenty of bars and restaurants.
All in all we would recommend this apartment
Spacious property with plenty of storage space. Fully equipped kitchen. TV only gets Italian and Spanish channels apart from bbc world and cnn. Has twin beds rather than double. Very clean, tidy and we'll presented apartment.
Balcony has very good view of beach and see despite overlooking some roof terraces. Balcony gets the sun from around midday until sunset.
Wifi is OK, works better the nearer to the door . I couldn't see the password and had to call owner to ask.
Very well located in centre of Los Cristianos. There is no pool in complex.
All very well to repeat
Todo muy bien, para repetir
Kjempeflott apartment. Nice, clean. Good mattresses. Top view and Kjempefin placement in the local. A little loud voices in nabogåden. But as long as they kept the peace at night went fine. Coming very happy again. Only thing we missed was a coffee and maybe a DVD player. Big smile
Kjempeflott leilighet. Reint og fint. Gode madrasser. Topp utsikt og kjempefin plassering i det lokale. Litt høye stemmer i nabogåden. Men så lenge de holdt fred om natten gikk det greit. Kommer veldig gjerne igjen. Eneste vi savnet var en kaffetrakter og kanskje en DVD spiller. Stort smil
Ottima posizione ..appartamento pulito luminoso ...bagno buono...una pecca nelle vettovaglie ...un ferro da stiro e phon mancanti nn guasterebbero... ottimo internet..ottima accoglienza e assistenza
El apartamento tiene muy buena comunicación y todo se encuentra en perfecto estado, además de ser relativamente nuevo. He estado siete días de vacaciones y lo recomendaría.
Die unterkunft war sehr gut.
Appartamento semplice ma ben organizzato. Comoda la posizione vicino alla spiaggia e al centro, presente un supermarket a piano terra.
Il soggiorno a Los Cristianos è stato bellissimo, il posto centrale e pratico per gli spostamenti a piedi, con i bus e per la spiaggia. L'appartamento molto bello praticamente nuovo.Esperienza di un mese da ripetere quanto prima.
Muy buena vacaciones en Los Cristianos.
El apartamento esta bien con una grande terraza y vista la playa y el puerto de Los Cristianos.
Recomiendo este apartamento
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


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Share Your Reflection

Because the whole of our person is quiet a door opens in
Permalink Submitted by Victor Ronald C... on Tue, 2012-04-03 05:52
Because the whole of our person is quiet a door opens in our soul that allows for the "perfect love"of our creator to enter our being and with that the sum total of fear remaining is zero "0." Thank you for reminding us of a life not driven by fear but one created in the pursuit of God's many gifts, one being "still."

Immensely moving... Beautiful!

Permalink Submitted by CogniZENce on Tue, 2012-04-03 07:26
Immensely moving... Beautiful!

what a vivid and perfect pause to begin my day, thank you
Permalink Submitted by Genevieve Wimp-... on Tue, 2012-04-03 07:34
what a vivid and perfect pause to begin my day, thank you for the lushness of Neruda's poem and Sylvia's lovey reading. Continued blessings!
Permalink Submitted by Maureen on Tue, 2012-04-03 16:31

I like your site.

Permalink Submitted by royalessays.com on Fri, 2012-04-20 17:39
I like your site.


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I am New Graduate Student
Quick Links for Grad Students
Steps to Success at SJSU
- Follow the "Steps for Completing Your Master's Degree" information on the Graduate Admissions and Program Evaluations website.
- Meet with your graduate advisor to plan the courses you will take in your course of study.
- Make your way around the campus to get acclimated to the campus culture and to find and utilize the resources available to you as a student.
- Keep updated with your messages on your MySJSU account.
- Consider participating in Community/Service Learning through San Jose State to develop social responsibility and give back to our community.
- Take a trip to the Career Center to learn about resume and cover letter writing, networking, portfolios, and interviewing to be prepared for the job search.
- Attend a Career Fair on campus to learn more about the local companies recruiting SJSU grads and to find current jobs being offered by those companies.
- Check out the glossary to learn more about terms you may be unfamiliar with on the SJSU campus.
- Use the catalog and Department Roadmaps to check where you are and which requirements remain at least once a semester.
Forms for Current Graduate Students
Forms on this webpage include:
- Changing your Graduate Department
- Transfer Credit
- Candidacy
- Graduation
- Seven Year Limit
Campus Life
Links to most every aspect of campus life can be found here. All existing to make your Spartan experience more enjoyable.


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Stock Futures Fall Amid Eurozone Uncertainties
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Stock futures were trading lower Monday as investors awaited the remaining portion of the fourth-quarter earnings season and factory orders data, and again kept close watch of developments in the eurozone.
European political uncertainties were creeping back in as Spain's opposition Socialist Party urged Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to step down over corruption allegations. In Italy, former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is experiencing mounting popularity, potentially interfering with reforms carried out by the incumbent technocrat government.
Amid the news, the yield on the Spanish 10-year bond soared to its highest level since December at 5.3%. The DAX in Frankfurt was declining 1.61% and the FTSE in London was falling 1.22%.
Futures for the Dow Jones Industrial Average were falling 81 points, or 98.79 points below fair value, at 13,849. Futures for the S&P 500 were down 8.25 points, or 9.97 points below fair value, at 1498. Futures for the Nasdaq were off 18.25 points, or 19.21 points below fair value, at 2738.
This week, 89 companies in the S&P 500 are expected to report fourth-quarter earnings, according to Thomson Reuters .
The Thomson Reuters report, released Friday evening, said that fourth-quarter 2012 earnings are now expected to grow 3.8% over the fourth quarter a year earlier.
Of the 239 companies in the S&P 500 that have reported earnings to date for fourth quarter, 68% have reported earnings above analyst expectations, according to Thomson Reuters . This is higher than the long-term average of 62% and higher than the average over the past four quarters of 65%.
Sixty-five percent of companies have reported fourth-quarter revenue above analyst expectations. This is higher than the long-term average of 62% and higher than the average over the past four quarters of 50%, according to Thomson Reuters.
Major U.S. stock averages rose more than 1% Friday on the back of robust gains in January as traders focused on upward revisions in the latest payroll report and anticipated continued accommodative policy from the Federal Reserve in light of a lukewarm January jobs release.
The Dow broke 14,000 on Friday for first time since 2007 and logged the longest weekly win streak since the six-week period ended Aug. 17, 2012.
The U.S. economic calendar is comparatively light this week after last week's big data deluge.
The Census Bureau is expected to report at 10 a.m. EST Monday that factory orders rose 2.2% in December after being unchanged in November.
The Nikkei in Japan closed up by 0.62%. Hong Kong's Hang Seng closed down 0.16% on Monday.
Gold for April delivery was falling $4.60 at $1,666 an ounce at the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange, while March crude oil futures were down $1.10 at $96.67 a barrel.


text: Home Grilling 5 Steps to Perfect Grilled Meat Email 5 Steps to Perfect Grilled Meat Grill perfect pieces of meat in just 5 simple steps. Thumbnails of Previous Next http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Opener_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Perfect Every Time Grilling meat is a pretty basic concept. It's grilling meat well that gets more complicated — but not much, once you commit these meat commandments to memory. By Teri Tsang Barrett http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Step-1-Pat-Dry_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Pat the Meat Dry Who doesn't love the seared crust on a steak? These caramelized bits form once meat comes into contact with the hot grill grates. Pat meat dry first, using paper towels or any clean, lint-free kitchen towel — this removes any excess moisture that would otherwise steam-cook the meat, which would inhibit caramelization. http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Step-2-Salt-Pepper_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Season with Salt and Pepper Just Before Grilling Salt pulls moisture to the surface, so save the seasoning for the very last moment to keep that process from kicking off and thus rendering patting the meat dry useless! http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Step-3-Leave-on-Grill_s3x4.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Leave It Alone on the Grill Once the meat's on the grill, resist all urges to touch or lift it until it releases from the grill naturally. This will aid in solid grill marks (read: flavor) and keep the meat from tearing. Once the browning (or fond) forms and the meat releases, turn it often as you finish grilling, to allow even cooking. http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Step-4-Let-Rest_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Let it Rest Once meat is removed from the grill, two things being to happen: 1) A process called "carryover cooking" begins, where the temperature of the meat continues to rise, resulting in a difference in temperature upward of 10 degrees F. 2) When meat is hot, its physical structure loosens and weakens, making it less able to retain juices (flavor alert!); once removed from the grill, meat cools and returns to a stable physical structure that is able to retain its flavorful juices. So, in a nutshell, let steaks rest for about 10 minutes, and give bigger cuts upward of 20 minutes for juices to settle down. http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2014/6/27/0/FN_Grilled-Meat-Step-5-Slice_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Slice It Against the Grain If you study a large cut of meat, you'll notice that the meat fibers run in a parallel direction, much like the grain found in a piece of wood. Make cuts in the meat perpendicular to the grain, so that it results in short meat fibers, and thus a tender bite of meat. (Try chewing a piece of meat that's been sliced along the grain, for experimental purposes only.) http://foodnetwork.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2013/10/14/1/FN_Sun-Tea-5_s4x3.jpg.rend.snigalleryslide.jpeg Coming up How to Make Sun Tea: A Step-by-Step Guide Follow this step-by-step guide from Food Network to make sun tea. Advertisement Continue to Next Photo


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Club Sports
Approval/Application Process
- Club Name
- Board Members – name, email and telephone number of the organization's President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary. If a new organization has not held elections, two members must take interim responsibility for that position until such time that the organization elects a President. (President must include both her/his home and campus addresses and phone number(s)).
- Advisor – The Intramural and Club Sport Coordinator will advise all sport clubs.
- Team Member Information – A list of all club members. To be recognized as an active
- Club Sports team, there must be at least 10 active members for the upcoming year.
- Club Constitution - A copy of the club's constitution and by-laws, which should include detailed information on the official regulatory body and any other rules, regulations, descriptions of board member and/or requirements that may apply to the club.
- Equipment Listing - A complete listing of all equipment necessary for the club to operate.
- Budget Proposal - A copy of the club's proposed budgetary needs. This should include an itemized list of anticipated field fees, travel expenses, equipment, team apparel, trainer fees, referee fees, league fees, and any other expenses that may need to be considered prior to the approval.
- Complete OSLA New Students Organization application form. Form is then submitted by the Intramural and Club Sport Coordinator to OSLA.
Current Club Sports
- Soccer, Co-ed Lacrosse, Ju-Jitsu, Men's Basketball, Men's Flag Football
Budget Proposal Form [2] Game Events Schedule Form [3]
DSU Release Waiver Agreement Form [4] Community Service Form [5]
Membership Roster Form [6] Club Sports Coaches Agreement Form
Fundraiser Form [7] Recognition Renewal Form [8]


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Nintendo Prevails in Wii Patent Lawsuit
U.S. District Court Judge Grants Summary Judgment
REDMOND, Wash., Aug. 1, 2012 – A U.S. District Court judge has summarily dismissed a patent-infringement lawsuit against Nintendo brought by Copper Innovations Group, LLC. Copper had alleged that the Wii console and its controllers infringed on one of its patents (U.S. Patent No. 5,640,152). Judge David Cercone of the U.S. District Court in Pittsburgh granted summary judgment in Nintendo's favor and ruled that there was no need for a jury trial.
"We are very pleased with the court's decision," said Richard Medway, Nintendo of America's deputy general counsel. "Nintendo has a long history of developing innovative products while respecting the intellectual property rights of others. We also vigorously defend patent lawsuits when we firmly believe that we have not infringed another party's patent, despite the risks that this policy entails. I would like to express our sincere appreciation for the tireless efforts of our legal team."
For more information about Wii, visit http://www.nintendo.com/wii.
About Nintendo: The worldwide pioneer in the creation of interactive entertainment, Nintendo Co., Ltd., of Kyoto, Japan, manufactures and markets hardware and software for its Wii™ home console, Nintendo 3DS™ and Nintendo DS™ family of portable systems. Since 1983, when it launched the Nintendo Entertainment System™, Nintendo has sold more than 3.9 billion video games and more than 630 million hardware units globally, including the current-generation Wii, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DSi™ and Nintendo DSi XL™, as well as the Game Boy™, Game Boy Advance, Super NES™, Nintendo 64™ and Nintendo GameCube™ systems. It has also created industry icons that have become well-known, household names such as Mario™, Donkey Kong™, Metroid™, Zelda™ and Pokémon™. A wholly owned subsidiary, Nintendo of America Inc., based in Redmond, Wash., serves as headquarters for Nintendo's operations in the Western Hemisphere. For more information about Nintendo, please visit the company's website at http://www.nintendo.com.
[Nintendo PR]


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A collection of stories from individuals with disabilities, families, friends, and disability service providers in Tennessee
Showing stories 1 - 3 of 3
Results related to: Student interview of parent / Education / Rutherford County
"The one service [ABA] that has been deemed "optional" and thus not eligible for coverage is the one service most vital to Jackson's progress."
"In the community and their social circles, Angie feels that Jesse is generally accepted. They are well-supported through their church community and by other homeschooling families who take all three children to home school PE so Angie has a few hours free.
"I think there are a large number of parents out there with kids with disabilities who are unaware of the services out there."


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Welcome to the Missouri State University Assessment and Accreditation website for the Educator Preparation Program (EPP), formerly the Professional Education Unit. Missouri State University has been accredited with the CAEP, Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation, (formerly NCATE) since 1965, and we have created this site to assist CAEP and the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) in their 2011 review process.
The Onsite BOE Team Report (REPORT REMOVED PER CHRIS CRIAG) has been posted. The faculty committee appointed by Provost Einhellig has reviewed this report and prepared a Missouri State University Rejoinder to the BOE Report.
Missouri State University has received a letter of approval for seventy-five professional education programs from the Missouri Department of Elementary & Secondary Education (DESE).


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What do you think this peel is made of? Walnut? Or is it metal?One other interesting tidbit - how the pizza is really stretched over the ends of the peel to form the final size. And Larry, your pies look just like these!John
Coffin wood.
Oh yea I forgot about that, people who are using that wood are going to be seeing this guy .


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In Tel Aviv, people are always talking about "the bubble." The lush lifestyle is a bubble. The almost surreal sense of distance from political woes is a bubble. The giddy sense that high tech and high culture are both booming here is a bubble. You don't even have to be a native to feel it. Charles Renfro, a principal in the New York architectural firm Diller Scofidio & Renfro and a frequent visitor to Tel Aviv, says, "Every day feels like the best beach day, every bite the most sublime taste, and every night like the last party on earth."
It doesn't feel like the bubble is bursting anytime soon. From the Arab port of Jaffa, dating from the Bronze Age, to the famed rows of white, modernist Bauhaus buildings, to the 21st-century tech start-ups racing like wildfire across town, Tel Aviv inhales its past and exhales the thrill of the present. In Jaffa on any Friday morning, the first day of the weekend, the sounds of families at café tables echo in the area once occupied by soldiers of the Crusades. The sweetness of honeysuckle seems suspended over streets that tilt toward the timeless blue of the Mediterranean. The neighborhood's locals and joggers from all over the city (an ocean promenade stretches from Namal, the restored port in Tel Aviv's north, to Jaffa in the south) line up at the Margoza Family Bakery for freshly baked croissants and cappuccinos, or browse the great flea market between Yefet Street and Jerusalem Boulevard, where everything from antiques to high-end fashions can be found.
It's helpful to know the quirks of Jaffa — that Albert's Nuts on Rabbi Pinhas Street, with its addictive salted almonds, is open only on Fridays or that the shop called Palestina, on Oley Zion Street, has a cache of electrical antiques from before Israel's founding in 1948. Lately, merchants have been complaining that rising rents are forcing some of them out, but that is an unfortu- nately common complaint in Tel Aviv, whose real estate rivals the craziness of New York prices. Still, the restaurants in Jaffa—spots like Charcuterie, Yoezer Wine Bar, and chef Nir Zook's super-luxe Cordelia—are often crammed at night, with revel- ers, drinks in hand, spilling onto the streets.
"The culinary revolution in northern California, where I cooked for a while, was incredible for me, but I couldn't keep away from Tel Aviv," Zook says. "The mix of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and European cultures makes the place, let alone the food, unforgettable. I can be as wild as I want in what I make, in the way I live, as simple or rich. It's like love. There's no limit."
Inside the Biennale des Antiquaires


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Backgrounder #2756 on Budget and Spending
January 8, 2013
January 8, 2013 | Backgrounder on Budget and Spending
Between 1988 and 2011, the amount of the U.S. population that receives assistance from the federal government grew by 62 percent. That means that more than 41 percent of the U.S. population is enrolled in at least one federal assistance program. To make matters worse, per capita expenditures on recipients are rising as well. In 2010, over 70 percent of all federal spending went to dependence-creating programs. That growth is unsustainable, as baby boomers are now retiring every day and their entitlements cost more each year. The publicly held federal debt will exceed 100 percent of GDP in 2024. Such a high level of debt always hurts an economy—and the people who live in it. The time for Congress to reform dependence-creating government programs is now.
The number of people receiving benefits from the federal government in the United States has grown from under 94 million people in 2000 to more than 128 million people in 2011. That means that 41.3 percent of the U.S. population is now on a federal government program. The 128 million is an estimate based on the recently released March 2011 U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS), which, due to the survey methodology, most likely undercounts the actual number.
Heritage Foundation calculations using the March 2011 CPS found the number of people who receive assistance from at least one federal program to be 128.8 million. Using the Census Bureau number for the U.S. population in July 2011, which was 311,591,917, at least 41.34 percent are federal government program beneficiaries.[1] While very few Americans would deny that the federal government should play a role in aiding those in need, this number doubtless qualifies as far too large, indicating that taxpayer dollars are going to those not in need as well.
Many of those who receive benefits from the federal government could live well without them, so they do not count as truly dependent on the federal government.[2] Warren Buffett is the beneficiary of a federal program—Social Security—but, since he does not rely on that income for his livelihood, he should not be considered dependent on government programs. Others depend on the programs for nearly all of their income, housing, health care, food, and other needs and so fall under the classification of truly dependent on the government. Still others are somewhere in between, depending on government financing for, say, college, but little else. Consequently, it is important to note that stating that 128.8 million people receive benefits from a government program does not mean that all of them are dependent on the government.
In the CPS, the Census Bureau surveys thousands of U.S. citizens and non-citizens living in the U.S. in randomly drawn monthly phone surveys. Together, the roughly 60,000 households surveyed are a representative cross section of the U.S. population. While the CPS is conducted each month, the March survey has the most detailed questions. Only the March CPS survey format contains a sufficient level of detail to count federal government program participants.
The responses to the March 2011 CPS have now been released, and these individual responses were sorted for this report. All of the data were examined for responses by individuals who answered affirmatively that they were receiving benefits at the time of the survey. Based on their responses, Heritage created a new dataset from those who responded that they receive financial or in-kind benefits from at least one government program. By counting the individuals in that dataset, and using a weight assigned by the Census Bureau to each individual, the weighted number of people who depend on government programs was found.
The new dataset of people on government programs can then be further sorted to find out how many people say they are on a particular program. Here are some of the resulting numbers:
It is important to note that the above categories overlap; for example an individual may receive both subsidized rental housing and food stamps. The total number—128,818,142 people on at least one government program does not double count individuals, however.
The 128,818,142 figure for people enrolled in at least one program is surely an undercount: The CPS responses are well known to undercount those receiving Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, State Children's Health Insurance, higher-education support, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.[3]
The undercount in higher-education subsidies may be the most important, because recipients of education subsidies are generally younger and not likely to be enrolled in other programs. Sorting the March 2011 CPS data shows that, of the two million people in the survey who responded that they receive higher-education subsidies, fewer than one half of 1 percent relied on Social Security retirement income; only 1.5 percent were also on Medicare; and only 16 percent received food stamps. The 2 million people who stated they receive higher-education subsidies are assuredly much fewer than the actual number, since the number of people receiving Pell Grants alone in 2011 was 9.7 million.[4] It is not known why the undercount in education subsidies is so large, but it is likely related to the weights the CPS uses to represent college students. Therefore, even counting only Pell Grant recipients would add millions to the lowball estimate of 128.8 million total people who receive assistance from a government program.
Housing subsidies are also most likely undercounted. According to the March 2011 CPS, only 6,984,783 individuals live in subsidized rental housing. Other government data puts the number at 4,952,191 households in 2010, not individuals.[5] Again, the weights used in the survey may contribute to the shortfall.
The rate of growth in the number of people who are enrolled in a federal program far outpaces general population growth. (See chart.) In fact, an analysis of the March 2011 CPS responses going back to 1988 reveals that the number in March 2011 (128,818,142) is 62 percent higher than it was in March 1988 (79,592,924). Meanwhile, the U.S. population has grown only 27 percent since that year. In other words, the number of people who are enrolled in at least one federal program has grown more than two times faster than has the U.S. population. That growth is unsustainable as baby boomers are now retiring every day, and their entitlements cost more each year. The publicly held federal debt will exceed 100 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2024.[6] Such a high level of debt always slows an economy.[7] One need look no further than the current situations in Greece, Italy, or Spain to see what high levels of national debt do to a country's economic health. The European Union now faces a recession because of the debt its members owe. Shrinking economies are bad for everyone who lives in them, but they especially hurt the young, who have much higher rates of unemployment than older workers.[8] Shrinking economies make it even harder for young workers to find jobs. Their very futures are the ones in peril because of that debt.
While the number of people on a federal program has grown too fast, the average amount spent per capita has greatly outpaced even that level. (See chart.) The Heritage Foundation's Index of Dependence on Government has been released annually since 2002. It tracks the amount of money that is spent on federal-assistance programs.[9] The data is in constant 2005 dollars, meaning that the amount spent increases or decreases due to government policies, not inflation. Between 1988 and 2011, spending on dependence-creating federal government programs has increased 180 percent.[10] versus "only" a 62 percent increase in the number of people who are enrolled in federal government programs, and a 27 percent increase in the population. Not only are more people enrolled in government programs than ever before, but more U.S. taxpayer dollars are being spent on each recipient every year.
What these alarming numbers mean is that a large proportion of the people in the United States have two kinds of income: (1) money that they or their family have earned, and (2) money transferred to them from U.S. taxpayers through the vehicle of a federal government program. Those consuming the second kind count for over 128.8 million individuals—41.3 percent of the population. According to Wall Street Journal research, when counting the number of people who live in a household where at least one person is on a government program, the dangerous tipping point of half of all Americans is nearly reached.[11] at 49.1 percent.
If one person in a household receives federal assistance, it is often the case that all members of that household do. This is certainly the case for food stamps: If a family shares meals and one of the relatives accepts food stamps, all members of that household are using those food stamps for part of their food.[12] If one person in a household receives a rent subsidy, everyone who lives in the home is a recipient.
The time to reform dependence-creating government programs is now. In 2010, over 70 percent of all federal spending went to dependence-creating programs.[13] It went to subsidize the living expenses of over 128.8 million individuals in the U.S. in 2011, which was more than 41 percent of the U.S. population. When the percentage of those living in a household where at least one person is subsidized is calculated, the number tops 49 percent. The problem is too much government subsidizing, and too much transfer of wealth from taxpayers to those who pay fewer and fewer taxes. After all, government does not create wealth by spreading it around.
Congress would do well to remember that there are no free subsidies and benefits. The government today is borrowing from future taxpayers to pay the current government program enrollees. The game will soon be up as debt approaches 100 percent of GDP. The United States should not owe 100 percent of all the goods and services produced in a year to its debtors. It is time for across-the-board entitlement reform so that the red ink does not drown America's babies as they grow older and seek out their vision of the American dream. It is time for elected officials to restore America's future for kids today who deserve to live in the great land of opportunity that America has been for the generations that came before them—instead of being bound to pay off a mountain of debt that they had no part in creating and that they should not have to face.[14]
—Patrick D. Tyrrell is Research Coordinator in the Center for Data Analysis, and William W. Beach is Director of the Center for Data Analysis, and Lazof Family Fellow in Economics, at The Heritage Foundation.
Show references in this report
[1] U.S. Census Bureau, "National Characteristics: Vintage 2011," http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2011/index.html (accessed September 28, 2012), and U.S. Census Bureau, "National Characteristics: Vintage 2011," Table 3. Annual Estimate of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011, http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2011/tables/NC-EST2011-03.xls (accessed September 28, 2012).
[2] Kevin Williamson states that "[t]oday 64 percent [of federal transfer payments] goes to the middle and upper classes, with the most growth at the higher end of the income spectrum." Kevin D. Williamson, The Dependency Agenda (New York, NY: Encounter Books, 2012), pp. 31–35.
[3] Laura Wheaton, "Underreporting Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the CPS and SIPP," The Urban Institute, 2007, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411613_transfer_programs.pdf (accessed October 1, 2012).
[4] U.S. Department of Education, "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Background Information," 2012, p. 47, http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget13/summary/13summary.pdf (accessed October 1, 2012).
[5] Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "National Federal Rental Assistance Facts," April 15, 2011, ttp://www.cbpp.org/files/4-13-11hous-US.pdf (accessed October 1, 2012).
[6] Romina Boccia, "CBO Report Echoes Trustees on Medicare, Social Security," Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 3638, June 14, 2012, chart 2, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/06/cbo-long-term-budget-outlook-on-the-nations-fiscal-future.
[7] Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 129.
[8] Diana Furchtgott-Roth, "How to Keep the Young Unemployed," MarketWatch.com, August 1, 2012, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-keep-the-young-unemployed-2012-08-01 (accessed October 1, 2012).
[9] William W. Beach and Patrick D. Tyrrell, "The 2012 Index of Dependence on Government," Heritage Foundation Special Report No. 104, February 8, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/02/2012-index-of-dependence-on-government.
[10] David B. Muhlhausen and Patrick D. Tyrrell, "The 2013 Index of Dependence on Government," Heritage Foundation Special Report, forthcoming.
[11] Phil Izzo, "Number of the Week: Half of U.S. Lives in Household Getting Benefits," The Wall Street Journal, Real Time Economics blog, May 26, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/05/26/number-of-the-week-half-of-u-s-lives-in-household-getting-benefits/ (accessed October 1, 2012).
[12] Robert Rector and Katherine Bradley, "Reforming the Food Stamp Program," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2708, July 25, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/07/reforming-the-food-stamp-program.
[13] Beach and Tyrrell, "The 2012 Index of Dependence on Government."
[14] For the Heritage Foundation's plan to get the country out of debt, and save the American dream for all Americans, see Stuart M. Butler, Alison Acosta Fraser, and William W. Beach, eds., Saving the American Dream: The Heritage Plan to Fix the Debt, Cut Spending, and Restore Prosperity, The Heritage Foundation, 2011, http://savingthedream.org/about-the-plan/plan-details/.


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There has been an awakening. Have you felt it? Gather up your Ewoks and hop in your Millennium Falcon because August 13 is STAR WARS Fireworks Night, presented by Chevron, at the Oakland Coliseum with the Oakland A's! Jedi and Sith from all over the galaxy are invited in STAR WARS costume for this fun family event. Fans who purchase this special ticket will receive an exclusive A's Stormtrooper beanie.
Fans can meet STAR WARS costumed fan groups during the game. Dress as your favorite STAR WARS character and you may be selected to throw a ceremonial first pitch at the game. Everyone at the ballpark can enjoy postgame fireworks set to the music from STAR WARS. Act fast, tickets are going at hyperspeed.
TM & © 2015 Lucasfilm Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used Under Authorization.


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Great block parties: 2012 Rangers-Devils isn't 2010 Canadiens-Caps yet
Blocked shots quickly became a major storyline in the 2012 Eastern Conference Finals as New York Rangers skaters opened the series by stopping 26 of the New Jersey Devils' shot attempts in Game 1 before they could make it through to goalie Henrik Lundqvist (stat via ESPN.com). Devils goalie Martin Brodeur said about Lundqvist's play, "I saw him [only] about 10 minutes of the game because there were so many Ranger players in front of him."
Anytime I see discussions about shot blocking, particularly in the playoffs, it sends me back to the 2010 first round series between Montreal and Washington, in which the eighth-seeded Canadiens knocked off the top-seeded Caps in seven games.
@TedStarkey I credit the Montreal Canadians of 2010 for the block party.—
Mike Holden (@mikeholden) May 17, 2012
Montreal blocked 182 shots in those seven games against the Caps, for an average of 26 per game. The 2010 Presidents' Trophy winning Capitals led the series 3-1 before the Canadiens came back to win three straight, with shot blocking playing perhaps the biggest role I've ever seen it play in a series.
As WashingtonCaps.com Senior Writer Mike Vogel wrote in 2010 following Game 7:
"Washington fired 94 shots to Montreal's 38 in Game 7. Only 42 of Washington's shots were on goal; the Canadiens blocked a whopping 41, which was more than Montreal teed up on the entire night. The Caps also missed 11 shots. In the final three games of the series, the Habs blocked 83 shots. The Canadiens had just 66 shots on goal of their own in the same three games."
94 shots by the Caps in that Game 7! That includes 41 that never made it to goaltender Jaroslav Halák because a Montreal player got in the way first. That still blows my mind.
26 blocks in Game 1 against the Devils is something the Rangers—who then had 16 blocks in Game 2—can be proud of. But the 2010 first round shot blocking performance by Montreal against the Caps, particularly the 41 in Game 7, still might be the best block party ever.
Related articles
- Rangers block fewer shots in loss (nypost.com)
- Rangers' Girardi, McDonagh more than just shot blockers (sports.nationalpost.com)
- Capitals, Rangers and their shot-blocking: Troubling sign for the NHL playoffs? (sports.yahoo.com)
Posted on May 18, 2012, in NHL and tagged blocked shots, hockey, Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devil, New York Rangers, NHL, shot blocking, Stanley Cup Playoffs, Washington Capitals. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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About Malas
The meaning of the Sanskrit word "Mala" is "garland." The word for Mala in Tibetan is Akshamala. For Buddhist practitioners a mala is considered an essential tool. Below is a brief explanation about Malas, their purpose, meaning, and use.
What is a Mala?
From a practical and outer point of view, a mala can simply be […]


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by Justin Peters
Michael Brown says I owe him an apology and correction. In my previous post, "Ignorance is not an Option," I quoted some tweets from Dr. Michael Brown in which he seemed to claim ignorance of the legion of controversies surrounding Benny Hinn as an excuse for recording five shows for Hinn's This Is Your Day television program (four of which aired January 13-16). Brown later informed me that before my article was posted he had already apologized for the way he announced that he would appear on Hinn's program. He acknowledged that it "was not wise & stirred up undue controversy."
At the time I completed the article I was unaware that Dr. Brown himself had made any kind of apology. I am not a social media guy and spend zero time on Facebook and Twitter. So I am sorry I missed the follow-up tweet. I certainly would have cited it had I known it existed.
My complaint, however, had nothing to do with the tone or timing of Dr. Bown's original announcement. Nor does it ease my concern that he now regrets the announcement of his partnership with Hinn. What troubled me from the beginning (and still does) is the reality of Brown's partnership with Hinn.
What about the charge that Dr. Brown seemed to be claiming he did not know enough about Hinn to discern whether he was sufficiently sound or truly dangerous? I was by no means the only person who drew that conclusion based on what Dr. Brown wrote. Asked how he could possibly think it might be a good idea to appear on television with Benny Hinn despite the many false claims and bad doctrines Hinn has broadcast over the years, Brown originally said, "We've traveled in different circles over the years. Simple. And I don't watch Christian TV." (My earlier article quoted that statement.) Dr. Brown also wrote, "While I'm quite aware that some . . . feel he is the ultimate false teacher and charlatan while others believe him to be a wonderful man of God, I have actually not monitored his ministry over the years." My charge that Dr. Brown was claiming ignorance was based on statements like those.
Dr. Brown later wrote to me saying that he was "fully aware that he [Hinn] is often considered the poster boy for charismatic abuses, frequently accused of: doctrinal error; false healing claims; charismania; financial impropriety (including ungodly fundraising techniques); and moral violations (lavish lifestyle; adultery). In fact, when people say to me, 'What about false prophets (or, false teachers, or heretics) like so and so?,' invariably, they put his name at the beginning of the list."[1]
Brown says a graduate of his school of ministry had earnestly assured him that the allegations against Hinn were either exaggerated or inaccurate and that Hinn is truly a man of personal godliness and doctrinal soundness. Brown goes on to say, "So, the issue was not one of ignorance or lack of awareness; the issue was whether I had been monitoring his ministry."[2] In other words, because he had not been monitoring Hinn's ministry, he believed it was at least possible that Hinn had repented of his past sins. Says Brown, "To repeat yet again: I was fully aware of the many charges and controversies regarding Benny Hinn and I made an informed, prayerful decision to appear with him on TV and begin a dialogue with him."
So, to be fair and accurate, it appears I was speaking imprecisely (innocently so) when I implied that Brown was claiming ignorance of the many controversies and allegations regarding Hinn. For that, I unequivocally apologize to Mr. Brown.
Unfortunately, that clarification doesn't really strengthen Brown's position. It actually undermines it—significantly. Brown says his appearance with Hinn was intended to begin a dialogue with the world's most famous "healing evangelist."[3] He hopes the dialogue will eventually give him an opportunity to ask Hinn about the controversies that swirl around him. That he desires to do this with Hinn must be taken at face value and, in and of itself, is commendable. The order of events, however, is not: the public appearances happened before the yet-unrealized confrontation of Benny Hinn. That Brown went on Hinn's program with full knowledge of these doctrinal and character issues is far worse than if he had done so out of ignorance. Simple ignorance would have been carelessness at worst. Brown seems to have dug his hole only deeper.
Virtually every book in the New Testament warns about false teachers, and Scripture has a great deal to say about how they should be handled by believers. False teachers[4] are to be marked, avoided, publicly rebuked, and exposed (Romans 16:17; 1 Corinthians 5:11; Titus 1:9). The Scriptures are not unclear on this. False teachers are not to be welcomed into Christian fellowship. They are not to be given any endorsement. "Do not receive him into your house or give him any greeting" (2 John 10 ESV). By appearing on Hinn's program, Dr. Brown gave a public endorsement to him and thus, according to Scripture, participated in his evil deeds (2 John 9-11). I am not making a judgment one way or the other regarding his intentions of doing so; only that he did.
In recent years, some within charismatic circles have asserted that Benny Hinn has repented of some, if not most, of his more brazen heresies and outlandish claims. Before we examine the question of Benedictus "Benny" Hinn's repentance, or lack thereof, allow me to provide a (very) brief sketch.
Hinn says his call to ministry came when he was a young man attending a Kathryn Khulman[5] crusade. He reports, "I went back to Canada and thought about it. 'I'm going to try this,' I said."[6]
In my previous post, I listed a small sampling of some of Hinn's heresies, false prophecies, and outlandish claims spanning almost four decades. Here are a few of the highlights, along with some new ones:
It is said by some that Benny Hinn repented of some of his more brazen heresies and outlandish claims. For example, some point to interviews he did with Christianity Today in 1991 and Charisma magazine (which to this day promotes and carries advertisements for some of the worst of the word-faith heretics) in 1993 in which he said that he no longer believed in many of the doctrines of the word-faith movement.[18] His disavowal of word-faith teaching was predictably short lived. Within months of those interviews he was teaching the exact same things he had supposedly renounced.
While it is true that Hinn is no longer teaching a nine-member Godhead[19] or that Jesus had "union with the Satanic nature" or that women were intended to give birth out of their sides, here's the rub: for all those teachings, Hinn originally claimed divine-revelation-knowledge as his source. He insisted God told him those things. He furthermore claimed God was the source of all the false prophecies he has uttered. Having claimed divine authority for these pronouncements, he should not now get a pass just because he is no longer repeating the falsehoods. He needs to address the issue squarely and confess to his followers that he was not speaking the truth when he claimed God was the source of such "revelations."
There are only three possibilities with Hinn's false teachings, failed prophecies, and bogus claims:
Michael Brown suggested in an email that charismatics sometimes simply imagine they have "heard God's voice, received a revelation, or even seen something in the Spirit when it was actually their own imagination"—as if Benny Hinn's false prophecies could be written off as the innocuous products of an overactive faculty in his brain. But as any parent of an imaginative child will affirm, someone who repeatedly and compulsively reports things he imagined as if they were factual is in fact a pathological liar. Whatever is behind Benny Hinn's fanciful claims, there is simply no reasonable way to write it all off as innocent. Someone as intelligent as Michael Brown ought to be able to see that. The fact that he will not acknowledge the gravity of so many false claims undermines Dr. Brown's credibility.
If Benny Hinn genuinely wants to repent of his past teachings, false prophecies, and general ministerial malfeasance, he would need to do the following:
I'm not talking about a private admission of guilt and regret, followed by a brief respite from public ministry. I'm talking about Zaccheus-level repentance—the kind wherein he exhausts himself and his personal fortune to set right all the wrongs he's committed.
My earnest wish is that Benny Hinn would genuinely repent—that God would graciously grant him repentance (cf. Acts 5:30-31; 11:17-18; 2 Timothy 2:24-26). There is of course the sobering possibility that Hinn is one of those whom Jude spoke about who have been "long beforehand marked out for this condemnation" (1:4) and, therefore, he is beyond repentance. Either way, the time will certainly come when Benny Hinn will regret having played fast and loose with truth in the name of God.
One thing is clear: Benny Hinn's conversations with Michael Brown did not provoke him to sober self-examination and repentance. On January 17, the day after Michael Brown's last show was aired, Hinn's special guest was Steve Munsey, pastor of Family Christian Center in Munster, Indiana. Steve Munsey and Todd Coontz (another frequent guest of Hinn) are two of the worst deceivers in the dark realm of charismatic shills and charlatans–bottom-feeders in the word-faith movement/prosperity gospel.[22] Or, switching metaphors, they are theological snake-oil salesmen. (My sincere apologies to all snake-oil salesmen.) During the broadcast, Munsey claimed to hear the voice of Jesus in real time, promising Hinn's viewers that if they would call in and sow $250 that they would receive a twelve-fold return, and God would heal them of any sickness.
(Why $250? You ask. Well, that's a reference to the boy who gave Jesus two fish and five loaves of bread. "2" fish and "5" loaves, and add a "0" for good measure. Total seed: $250. And the promised twelve-fold return for your $250? That's because there were twelve baskets of fragments left over! Hermeneutics is not really a precise discipline among prosperity preachers.)
As I wrote my first draft of this blogpost on the morning of February 3, 2014, at 10:38 a.m, I checked Benny Hinn's website. Under the headline "Activating God's Favor with Your Faith,"[23] Hinn had written:
If you want favor in your home, your job, your family situations, even opportunities and inheritances that will arise in 2014, you must begin planting now. Harvest and favor always follow seedtime. Without planting, there is no harvest!
Step out in faith now and send your most generous offering, and then begin expecting your own unprecedented miracle. Remember the promise in God's Word:
"Now he that ministereth seed to the sower both minister bread for your food, and multiply your seed sown, and increase the fruits of your righteousness" (2 Corinthians 9:10).
God will multiply your seed-gift as you sow it toward the spreading of the Gospel.
Increase your seed level to increase your harvest level, because that's what releases the anointing for favor. Every level of giving releases your faith. You must release greater seed in order to release a greater harvest. It is impossible to see a greater harvest if you are content to give sparingly.[24]
If you want favor in your home, your job, your family situations, even opportunities and inheritances that will arise in 2014, you must begin planting now. Harvest and favor always follow seedtime. Without planting, there is no harvest!
Step out in faith now and send your most generous offering, and then begin expecting your own unprecedented miracle. Remember the promise in God's Word:
"Now he that ministereth seed to the sower both minister bread for your food, and multiply your seed sown, and increase the fruits of your righteousness" (2 Corinthians 9:10).
God will multiply your seed-gift as you sow it toward the spreading of the Gospel.
Increase your seed level to increase your harvest level, because that's what releases the anointing for favor. Every level of giving releases your faith. You must release greater seed in order to release a greater harvest. It is impossible to see a greater harvest if you are content to give sparingly.[24]
Has Benny Hinn repented? If you think he has, I have a bridge I'd like to sell you.
[1] Brown, email to me dated January 13, 2014.
[2] Ibid.
[3] "Healing evangelist" is how Hinn is described on the back cover of his own book, He Touched Me (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999).
[4] I stand by my statement that I made to Dr. Brown on his radio program and in my first post that Hinn is a false teacher and is not a Christian. Brown played clips from Hinn that sounded orthodox in their content. That Hinn makes orthodox statements and, on occasion, can even rightly present the gospel is not the issue. Balaam spoke truth as well but was still a false prophet (Numbers 22-24; 2 Peter 2:15). Not everything that false teachers teach is false. This is why discernment is so vitally important. Further, that people have likely been saved listening to Hinn present the gospel in no way authenticates his ministry. God holds His name and His word above all things (Psalm 138:2) and honors the message itself, not the messenger.
[5] Kuhlman was arguably the world's most famous faith healer between the 1940s and 1970s.
[6] Benny Hinn, The Anointing (Nashville, TN Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), pg. 52. Though Hinn never met Kuhlman personally, he has copied many of her mannerisms. She wore a white dress; Hinn wears a white suit. She "slew" people in the spirit, Hinn has brought this practice to new theatrical levels. So fond of Kuhlman is Hinn that not even her death has kept her from visiting him. Hinn claims that she appears to him in visions from beyond the grave to give him ministerial direction. In one of these encounters, which Hinn describes as "visions of the night," Kuhlman said to him, "'Follow me.' That's all she said. And I followed her into a second room. In that second room stood the Lord. When the Lord, uh, when, when I saw the Lord, Kathryn disappeared. She was just gone [Hinn snaps his fingers]. And now the Lord looked at me and said, 'Follow me.'" [Benny Hinn, This Is Your Day (TIYD) television broadcast, June 11, 1997]
[7] Hinn, Welcome Holy Spirit (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1997), pgs. 232-235.
[8] I attempted to get an audience with Hinn but was refused. I was successful only in speaking with one of his staff at Hinn's ministry headquarters in Grapevine, Texas.
[9] Hinn, audio clip recorded Dec. 31, 1989, at Orlando Christian Center. Audio on file.
[10] Hinn, sermon entitled "A New Spirit" delivered to Orlando Christian Center, aired on TBN (October 13, 1990). Video on file.
[11] Hinn, audio recording. Exact date not known but likely early 1990s. Audio on file.
[12] Hinn, Good Morning Holy Spirit (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990), pg. 56.
[13] Hinn, TIYD broadcast with Oral Roberts as guest. Video on file.
[14] Benny Hinn interview with unknown reporter. Video on file.
[15] The closest thing in Scripture which even remotely looks like the charismatic practice of being "slain in the Spirit" is recorded in John 18:1-6. The ones who "drew back and fell to the ground," however, were the Roman soldiers coming to arrest Jesus–not Christians. Further, think of the audacity of what is being displayed. Hinn throws around the Third Person of the triune God like He was his plaything. That Hinn would do this as a staple of his theatrics on stage shows that he does not know the Holy Spirit. If he did, he would reverence Him, not sling Him around to knock people over.
[16] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary entitled "Do You Believe in Miracles?" aired in 2004. Video on file.
[17] Hinn, TIYD broadcast from 2007. Video on file. This is a telling clip from Hinn. Hinn maintains that unless signs and wonders accompany the preaching of the gospel, then the gospel in and of itself has no power. This statement alone is more than sufficient to prove that he really has no understanding of the true transformational power of the Gospel of Christ as recorded in the written Word of God (Luke 16: 27-31; Romans 1:16).
[18] Randy Frame, "Best-Selling Author Admits Mistakes, Vows Changes," Christianity Today 35 (October 28, 1991) and Stephen Strang, "Benny Hinn Speaks Out," Charisma and Christian Life 19 (August 1993), pg. 24.
[19] This is one of Hinn's more notable heresies. Hinn did rescind this teaching in the same Charisma article already referenced, saying that as soon as he repeated the teaching he "could feel tension in the congregation. . . . So I tried to clear the air. Jokingly I said, 'There must be nine of them.' Well, the people laughed and I thought, Boy that was a dumb thing to say. Then I forgot about it." Strang, "Benny Hinn Speaks Out," pg. 25. That is a lie. I have the video of the nine-member Godhead teaching in my possession. Hinn was clearly not joking and the congregation did not laugh. In fact, after making the "nine of them" statement, Hinn continued the teaching for another solid seven minutes.
[20] Incidentally, if this story was true then why—WHY—does Benny Hinn not go to hospitals today? Why is he not right now at St. Jude's Children's Hospital channeling the power of God to heal those kids with cancer?
[21] This would be a bit tricky for him given that one who prophesies falsely is, by definition, a false prophet.
[22] For the record, Dr. Brown has told me in an email that he is aware of Munsey's fund-raising techniques and has renounced them.
[23] In the word-faith movement, faith is not placed in God, but rather is a force which we direct at God to make Him do our bidding. This, coupled with the word-faith doctrine of Positive Confession, is almost identical to the New Age teaching known as "The Law of Attraction," also known as "The Secret."
[24] Source: http://www.bennyhinn.org/looking-back-looking-forward/ Accessed Feb. 3, 2014.
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Thank you for your teaching and ministry. Discernment is so important these days. I am grateful for Grace to You and the Strange Fire conference.
There is a local Christian TV Network in my area (Cornerstone TV in Pittsburgh, PA). They were recently spreading the same type of "seed faith" teaching that you mentioned at the end of your post in a recent telethon. It is very sad to see the great lengths that the guest preachers would go to in order to entice people to make a contribution. Recommendations included "ignoring your budget" and to "sow a seed" using your credit card (never mentioning whether or not you could actually afford making a donation/contribution).
I am grateful for John MacArthur and his ministry and all that I have learned over the last several years from his teaching. It seems that this type of charismatic teaching has become more prevalent and awareness of this is more important now then ever. Your willingness to stand for the truth is much appreciated.
Jim B
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Great article, Justin. Well researched and documented. I must admit that I was a bit taken back when I first learned of Dr.Brown's association with Benny Hinn. I thought very highly of Dr.Brown and am more than a little disappointed that he did not demonstrate any discernment on this issue. Very jarring!
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Mr. Justin Peters,
Thank you for your faithful dedication to God's Word and to checking out these false teachers and for being on WATCH and being WATCHFUL as Pyromaniacs states today.
This ministry has faithfully served the Lord for more than 40 years. I just don't understand why the body of Christ is so timid about stepping up and publicly defending the Gospel. Thank the Lord we have people like John MacArthur and this ministry. Pastor Gregory Carl White
Unfortunately due to the charismatic "fallible prophesy" card Benny Hinn will continue to gain more and more acceptance among Continuationists. For the cessationist it is an open and shut case....
"[...] I made an informed, prayerful decision to appear with him on TV and begin a dialogue with him." (Michael Brown)
Every person who has ever been in the charismatic/pentecostal movement (and later left) should be able to see how the above works: "informed" does NOT mean going through Scripture to see what God has to say about meeting up with false teachers. You see, if Scriptures are taken seriously, the person would not have to pray, for Scriptures are well clear about the issue.
I don't know what Mr. Brown understands by "informed". His pious "prayerfulness" means nothing. I've seen this done over and over in the charismatic movement: Scripture is clear about a subject but they need to pray about it first? What happened to "obedience"? Perhaps God will tell the person anything different than what His Word teaches? Sadly, that is exactly the case with this people and their hearing the voice of 'god'. Their god, not mine.
There is a reason that false teachers are called wolves, and one that comes to mind is that wolves cannot be domesticated. The reason that wolves are said to be wearing sheep clothing is not to simply camouflage themselves, it's to get close enough to the sheep so they (the wolves) can destroy the sheep by eating them.
Justin, thank you for your ministry and willingness to bring up to light all these wolves.
I wonder if Michael Brown realizes that by admitting that some charismatic prophecy is simply the product of someone's own imagination he has just given the biblical description of a false prophet. "Thus says the LORD of hosts, 'Do not listen to the words of the prophets who are prophesying to you. They are leading you into futility; they speak a vison of their own imagination, not from the mouth of the LORD....Is there anything in the hearts of the prophets who prophesy falsehood, even these prophets of the deception of their own heart, who intend to make My people forget My name by their dreams..." (Jer 23:16, 26, 27) It was the shame of Israel's incompetent priests that "they have made no distinction between the holy and the profane, and they have not taught the difference between the unclean and the clean....seeing false visions and divining lies for them, saying "Thus says the LORD God," when the LORD has not spoken" (Ezk 22:26, 28).
I'm afraid the church is inundated with shepherds who refuse to distinguish between the holy and profane, the unclean and the clean, and "the precious and the worthless" (Jer 15:19).
Thank you Justin for being one of the few willing to make the distinction.
Benny Hinn and his televised ministry has been around a long time. It's hard to believe Mr Brown has not witnessed or heard Hinn's doctrine and beliefs. There seems to be no biblical boundaries or nothing too strange for the Charismatic Movement to allow. Experience trumps truth.
Great article! I'm so thankful to God for the ministry of GTY and John MacArthur. I love how you guys stand up for God's Word on a daily basis and don't try and be "tolerant" and just smile at people and say, "Oh they mean well." No! Real love shows people where they err and GTY does that very well haha! It's sad, however, that so many people are deceived in this day and age. Honestly, sometimes, I think it's not only deception, but laziness. It's a lack of digging into the Word and studying what God truly reveals. A lot of people nowadays know nothing of the Bible and it's embarrassing. I wish more Christian ministries would stand up for Christ the way you guys do! God bless you for all that you do, I truly mean that.
Has Benny Hinn repented? Well, as I'm typing this, I'm watching him on Daystar pushing the Seed Faith heresy with Marcus Lamb.
Thank you Justin.
I wish more Godly Men would call out the charlatans like Benny Hinn. Or most any of the deceptive false teachers on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. I applaud what John MacArthur & so many others have done during the Strange Fire conference.
Separate wheat from chaff.
Modern Christianity is corrupted with never confronting anything out of fear that they might be called "a hater". They would rather passively allow corruption to go unchallenged.
Such heresy.
I cannot thank you enough, Justin, for your head-on defense of God's truth as you accurately expose the wolves that are ravaging the church and bringing reproach on our beloved Lord and Savior. I pray for their repentance and salvation daily. Thank you and Pastor MacArthur and all of those godly people who gave us the Strange Fire teaching. God bless you all and your ministries and continue to strengthen and encourage you daily. Thank you!
Hi family!
I came upon this post while following up on a citation one of my university students used in a paper.
I felt a bit queasy reading this article and scanning the contents. Here's the reason: we really are brothers and sisters with the same Dad -- Father God. I don't think it's appropriate or loving to speak of each other in disrespectful ways, particularly in such a public forum!
If I had a biological brother who was making choices I didn't agree with, or even was messing up massively, I definitely wouldn't blog about it and invite others to critique him as well.
I'd pray into his restoration, honor the good stuff he has done, and contact him directly as a means of encouraging him and helping him more fully and freely live out the destiny God has for him.
Hopefully, that helps give some light to the way we deal with each other, especially in an internet-established capacity.
I love you all. I love Benny Hinn too. I'm excited for all of you to flourish in all ways!
Benny Hinn = Self condemned
Hi Dawn.
I believe the consensus here is that Hinn is not a fellow brother in Christ, but a false teacher. The Church body should be warned of such heretics, and today's social media is the way most of us socialize on a daily basis. So it makes sense to utilize this forum for alerting us to this urgent issue. Many have no idea of this man's history of perverting the gospel, and might otherwise fall prey to his deception. Again, he's not a brother, unless he repemts and puts his faith in Christ ALONE. I'm thankful for MacArthur and his team for using this medium to God's glory.
I understand JM is catching a lot back lash from strange fire, but stay and stand on Jesus Christ, you are bringing a lot of people out on these false people. I am part of a prison ministry, and see the b.hinn and faith movement follows every week, yet my ? To them is speak yourself out side the jail walls and I would drive them home. That ends that, thanks to men of God like u guys.
"I felt a bit queasy reading this article and scanning the contents. Here's the reason: we really are brothers and sisters with the same Dad -- Father God. I don't think it's appropriate or loving to speak of each other in disrespectful ways, particularly in such a public forum!"
If you felt queasy reading this article, do you also feel queasy reading a vast amount of Christ's teachings, such as: Matthew 10:34-49 or Matthew 18:15-17?
No one has claimed that Benny Hinn is not loved but rather that he is a flagrant heretic and a false teacher. Justin Peters and the Grace to You ministry is taking a stand for our Lord Jesus and His truth by alerting as many people as possible of the deception that is rampant in the "church". Paul, inspired by our Father's Holy Spirit, felt it fitting to call out names in 2 Timothy 2:17-18 when false teachers were "upsetting the faith of some."
Our Lord was the Master of balancing love and truth and I don't believe any of us can perfectly replicate that. Praise our Lord for raising up faithful ministers who try though! We cannot fulfill one while neglecting the other.
Great Job Justin Peters! You really did your homework and you made a solid point of everything you wrote! I have a dear friend who is Pentecostal and she believes all of this stuff...and if my printer was working, I would print out every one of these blogs and give them to her... she watches these people on TBN... and she gives her money to them...she is 70. There are many ederly women in my apartment complex who make it a point, every day, to watch their 'favorites' on TBN... and some have told me they, too, support these ministries... and they believe this stuff !!! If I had a printer, I would hand out these blogs, the calling out the wolves that all of you are writing...and I would also put them on the bulletin board for all to see in this building. Otherwise, these elderly women defend these fakes...and it turns my stomach.. and I am praying that God will help me find a way to get through to these wonderful people who think they are honoring God... anyway, I commend all that you said in your blog.... you could not have done a better job detailing it all out.... Praise God for this ministry who is doing all they are able to teach the wrongs being done to The Holy Spirit! Thank you for teaching us... I am sharing these with my adult daughters, and hopefully they will be able to teach my grandchildren to beware of the dogs because this is the world that may possibly confuse them someday very soon. Meanwhile, I just have to say.. you did an excellent job pointing out all the details of such wicked debachery. Thank you one and all at GTY!!
Thank you for this exhaustive blog.
The longer the more I believe that the wrong doctrine of "tithing" is a precursor of the likes of Benny Hinn et. al. and helped to enable them to find such a willing audience.
Just like Benny Hinn promises blessings for money so do these false preachers in the name of God.
"Tithing" and giving above those 10 percent are "sold" the same way as those lies of these prosperity teachers.
Thank you for pointing out their lies.
I would point out that the apostle Paul named names and they are memorialized in scripture for eternity. It is an act of Love to tell someone the truth even when it hurts and the message is painful. To say you love someone and not tell them of their error is tragic and ungodly. Mr. Hinn needs prayer for salvation and prayer is also an act of love. So rather than just blindly go with the flow even when faced with the truth as justin so eloquently pointed out in his article, why dont you pray for Hinn and the people he has robbed and lied to. These are all well documented. God bless you.
"I am part of a prison ministry, and see the b.hinn and faith movement follows every week, yet my ? To them is speak yourself out side the jail walls and I would drive them home."
Hallelujah. I love this, Charles, and I think brings a very good point about the message that Word of Faith/prosperity teachers bring. Would that nonsense ever resonate in the lives of those who are inside a prison wall? I certainly wouldn't think so. Only the truth of the Gospel has the power to transform lives, wherever it travels.
Something that I think we can all be appreciative of, in regards to Dr. Michael Brown, is the way he recently stood firm in the defense of the biblical definition of marriage and did not tiptoe around the issue of homosexuality being a sin on Piers Morgan. I just saw this for the first time this evening:
I'm still trying to figure out how Piers Morgan considers himself a Christian while claiming that God's Word is ridiculous. I love Brown's response to Morgan when Morgan asks him if he believes that he feels he has more rights than a homosexual. Brown says, "No, of course not. But should two brothers have the right to get married?" Morgan's response? "You're just being silly and ridiculous." 1 Corinthians 2:14 immediately came to mind.
And then Dr. Brown goes on to appear with Benny Hinn, claiming no knowledge of Hinn's ministry. I don't get it.
I would be in rough agreement with this article if I was a Cessationist. I get it - some of the activity in the Word of Faith / Prosperity and Charismatics hurts my head too. But on the gut level it seems right - maybe on a far weaker level than what some disciples received from Jesus (who they did not recognize) on the road to Emmaus. For me, it is head vs gut - how do I decide - Scripture.
The Word of Faith / Prosperity and Charismatics provide scriptural basis for their doctrine. Most critics attack these doctrines with some resort of character assassination and ridicule. Has anyone seriously refuted their supposed scriptural arguments on a point-by-point basis? Any links on the web?
Where is the scriptural basis for the Cessationists? Cessationist deny many powerful promises in the New Testament of any practical application - but I have not heard any convincing SCRIPTURAL BASIS for the Cessationist doctrine. Why is Mark 16 : 17 & 18 included in the Great Commission and what basis is that nullified for today? How does the compilation of the New Testament obviate some verses in the New Testament? Please explain.
John, did you watch or listen, to any of the Strange Fire conference, Dr. MacArthur dismantled their position through scripture....
John Mullally #27
John MacArthur addresses charismatics in the Strange Fire book, and Justin Peters has a DVD set dealing with the word-of-faith (prosperity) movement. Both these resources respond in detail to the arguments advanced by these movements, and they both do so respectfully without resorting to disparagement. (I agree with you that many so-called discernment ministries are characterised by personal attacks, and I regard this as totally unchristian).
Much of John MacArthur's material is available on this web site, and I think you can find Justin Peters' videos on YouTube. But I would encourage you to buy the originals for yourself.
I was once like you, trying to decide which position best represented scripture. I saw merits in both sides of the argument, but did find cessationism less than convincing. The main factors that changed my mind were the widespread corruption in the charismatic movement (not just the word-of-faith camp), and the realisation that its claims are simply not true. Charismatics say they are practicing Biblical gifts, but when you check these out, you find they are nothing of the sort.
I watched John MacArthur's address on the Strange Fire conference. Great speaker and very impassioned. But also very much in line with strong Cessationist thinking.
For my own better understanding, I turned to a more neutral discussion on "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism_versus_Continuationism" where both sides are represented in a less than inflammatory manner. In 2 Corinthians 2:13 Paul states that "In the Mouths of 2 or 3 Witnesses Shall a Thing Be Established". So I would have to discount Cessationism since there is only a questionable interpretation of a single text (1 Corinthians 13:8-12) that could be used to support it.
OK, so you believe in continuationism. Fine. Please show me some evidence that the supernatural gifts (1) continued throughout the last 2000 years and (2) are around today.
For (1), these gifts have not been seen in church history after the apostolic age.
For (2), I was a charismatic for almost 30 years. I was widely travelled and saw many different aspects of the movement, from classical pentecostals to denominationals charismatics, from vineyard churches to charismatic catholics. I realise now that I never saw any genuine miraculous gifts. At best, people were deluded, at worst they were deceivers.
Continuationism is a theory without any evidence. Cessationism is demonstrably true. We can debate scripture forever, but it won't change the fact that the supernatural gifts have been absent from the church since the end of the apostolic era. So why are you in favour of a theology that contradicts almost 2000 years of testimony?
Concerning miraculous supernatural gifts: I have not seen any myself. Of the people I have known personally for any length of time, the pastor of Destiny House, Larry Matteson, has often shared that he was healed of deafness at the age of 10 at an A. A. Allen meeting. Even before that God had spared his life. He and other children were playing Hide and Seek in a junk yard and he locked himself inside an old refrigerator that was latch so that he could not open it from inside and he was suffocating. God spared Larry's life by speaking audibly to his atheist father.
Personally, I have benefited from others operating in the Gifts of the Spirit - I have shared the experiences them with friends, but I would not try to use them to convince skeptics.
The church has been in rough shape for most of those 2000 years - a lot of lives were lost when God used Martin Luther and others to bring back the elementary doctrine of Justification by Faith.
The evidence for Continuationism is scattered throughout New Testament. There are many quotes from Jesus, Peter, and Paul concerning the operation of the Gifts of the Holy Spirit . One cannot wave away the Gifts of the Holy Spirit by using the questionable interpretation of a single text or by saying they have not observed it.
Based upon your years with Charasmatics and Pentecostals you have undoubtedly heard a lot of different biblical texts emphasized that John MacArthur has never seriously addressed as they are contrary to his strong Cessationist beliefs. I believe that this is the cause of much of the divide.
"a lot of different biblical texts emphasized that John MacArthur has never seriously addressed"
John, I'm not sure how familiar you are with John MacArthur's ministry, but it's difficult to charge him with not seriously addressing any particular verse in the NT. If there is a specific passage you're thinking about, take a look around this site and you'll find his teaching on every verse in the New Testament.
Thank you for the correction. I miss-spoke, it would be better written as:
"a lot of different biblical texts emphasized that John MacArthur does not emphasize as being applicable to today".
I used your web link and reviewed what John MacArthur had to say about 1 Corinthians 13:8-13. Interestingly, he was noncommittal about when the Gifts of the Spirit cease - leaving open the option that they may cease at the time of the Rapture.
John Mullally #33:
Yes, I heard a lot of preaching arguing a case for continuationism from all over the Bible. I also have plenty of books on this subject in a box somewhere. I accept that continuationism is a possible interpretation of the Bible.
BUT if continuationism is the correct interpretation, then we will see miraculous gifts. I didn't. I saw a lot of smoke and mirrors, a lot of mind tricks, and a lot of snake oil being sold. And you said you haven't either. Third party claims of the sort you mention are impossible to verify.
Remember that the easiest way to deceive someone is to tell them what they want to hear. If you believe that the supernatural gifts are around today, then you're not going to question claims to this effect. You don't want to admit you were wrong and part of your theology isn't right. With me, I kept searching in an attempt to find the truth and eventually realised that the claims of continuationists just don't add up.
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text:
Boa constrictor imperator
- Common names: common northern boa, common boa, or BCI
Boa constrictor imperator is a nonvenomous boa subspecies[2] found in Central America.
B. c. imperator is wide-ranging, with animals living in both Central America and northern parts of South America.[3] As a result, the appearance of this snake varies greatly depending on the specific locality.
One population is found on the Cayos Cochinos (Hog Islands) off the north shore of Honduras. These are naturally hypomelanistic, which means that they have reduced melanin, and are thus more lightly colored, although they retain the distinctive darker tail that is characteristic of most members of this species. The color of the tail may vary from salmon pink to orange. A favorite among collectors, there are fears that they are almost extinct in the wild.
Another well known population of Boa constrictor imperator is the population from Nicaragua. While not as small as the dwarf insular island populations, adults are still smaller than the larger Boa constrictor constrictor. The size of a mature female Nicaraguan boa is 1.1 meters and 1.9 kilograms, while the larger female Boa constrictor constrictor is not mature until it reaches 1.6 meters and 4.5 kilograms.[4] Nicaraguan individuals typically have a compact saddle pattern on their back that is often circular in shape.[5] These boas have a reputation for being "nippy", with some individuals being quick to bite in self-defense[citation needed].
Mainland specimens from Colombia can be among the larger boas, but this subspecies also includes a number of dwarf insular populations, such as those from various Caribbean islands and the Sonoran Desert of Mexico. These populations represent the smallest of the species.
Some generalizations can be made despite the wide range that Boa constrictor imperator survives in. As one of the smaller Boa constrictor subspecies,[6] they average between 1.3 m and 2.5 m in length when fully grown, but have been known to reach 3.7 m.[7] They usually weigh around 6 kg (13 lbs), although females are significantly larger than males. Lifespan in the wild is around 20–30 years, but 40 can be exceeded in captivity.[6] Although B. c. imperator exhibits almost identical patterns to the other recognized subspecies of Boa constrictor, this subspecies often has a darker tail, usually dark brown or very dark red. They are however, usually just as colorful as their counterparts, and like the larger boas can be bred into a variety of different colors given the right conditions to breed.
Geographic range[edit]
The type locality given is "l'Amerique meridionale, principalement au Mexique" (Central America, principally Mexico).[1]
This snake subspecies is becoming extremely popular in the exotic pet trade, due in part to the vast amounts of color and pattern morphs that breeders are creating, as well as their manageable size in comparison to B. c. constrictor.
Recently, experienced boa keepers have come to the conclusion that boa constrictors do better in PVC, or wooden enclosures, opposed to glass tanks. This makes humidity and heat much easier to maintain, as well as providing a sense of security for the snake. The minimum size is 4' long X 2' wide X 2' high, although a length of 5-6' would be better.
It is generally known that all of the Boa constrictor subspecies be fed rats, as an alternative to mice for healthier growth. Typically these snakes are very well tempered and easy to breed. Although not as thick-bodied as ball pythons, they do, on average, get longer and have a stronger feeding response in comparison to ball pythons.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ^ "Boa constrictor imperator". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ http://www.reptileguru.com/care-red%20tail%20boas.aspx
- ^ "Boa Care". Rio Bravo Reptiles. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
- ^ "theboas.com". theboas.com. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
- ^ a b Cotswold Wildlife Park and Gardens[dead link]
- ^ "Common Boa Constrictor - Boa constrictor imperator". Exotic-pets.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-18.