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Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
On-line version ISSN 2411-9717
Print version ISSN 0038-223X
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.111 n.12 Johannesburg Dec. 2011
The application of the analytical hierarchical process in complex mining engineering design problems
P. KlugeI; D.F. MalanII
IHatch Africa, Woodmead, South Africa
IIDepartment of Mining Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Mining engineers frequently encounter complex design problems for which the critical components of the design are difficult to quantify or compare. Teams of people typically work on these designs and human perceptions and judgments play a strong role. To assist with this process, the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) as a decisionmaking tool is described in this paper. Although the technique is used in many other disciplines, it is currently not widely used in mining engineering in South Africa. To use the AHP process, the problem should be treated as a hierarchy that defines the goal, the alternatives to reach it, and the criteria for evaluation of these alternatives. Pairwise comparisons are conducted on the criteria of the hierarchy to establish priorities. The value of the technique is that it is simple to test for consistency amongst the pairwise comparisons to ensure that the answer obtained is better than that provided by a random selection. To illustrate the technique, the use of a backfill support system in a platinum mining project was investigated. Ten design parameters, which will be impacted by the use of backfill, were identified and weighted according to their relative importance. The result of the AHP evaluation was that the use of a backfill support system should be preferred to a conventional support system at the mine.
Keywords: analytical hierarchical process, backfill, mine design
Mining engineers are frequently faced with problems where a number of alternative designs need to be evaluated. Some of the typical problems faced by these engineers are deciding on the best option to access the orebody, location of the shafts, the choice of mining method (e.g. trackless or conventional mining), what the optimum layout should be, and what support to use. A large amount of data is typically collected to assist with this design process, but the evaluation and integration of the available information is difficult. In many cases, more than one solution to a particular problem is possible and choosing the 'best' option can be a daunting task. The final designs are frequently based solely on subjective decisions and previous experience of mining engineers. As this is not entirely satisfactory, methodologies to assist with this process will greatly increase the confidence that can be placed in the option eventually selected.
This paper describes the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) as a decisionmaking tool in mining engineering with specific reference to the use of backfill in a platinum project. Although the technique is used in many other disciplines, it is currently not widely used in mining engineering in South Africa. Some earlier references to the use of this technique in mining engineering can be found in papers published by Acaroglu1 and Ataei et al. 2. Musingwini and Minnitt3 used AHP to rank conventional, mechanized and hybrid mining methods in the South African platinum mining industry. From this study, conventional mining was found to be the most efficient method. In a subsequent study, Musingwini4 used AHP to optimize the level and raise spacing for a typical Bushveld Complex platinum mine. Optimizing level and raise spacing in inclined narrow reef mining has been a subject of controversy for decades and some form of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process is required. AHP was found to be the most appropriate technique for this study. By examining an orebody based on real geological data, the derived optimal range of vertical level spacing was 30 m to 50 m and the raise spacing was 180 m to 220 m.
As described by Bushan and Rai5, AHP is particularly valuable when teams of people work on complex problems, especially those with high stakes, involving human perceptions and judgments, whose resolutions have longterm repercussions. It has significant benefits when critical components of the design are difficult to quantify or compare. These attributes are typical of large mining engineering projects. As a further illustration of the technique, a case study on the use of backfill as support in a new platinum project is described in this paper.
Overview of the analytical hierarchical process
AHP was developed by Saaty6. Forman and Gass7 gave an interesting overview of the development of the technique. In the late 1960s Thomas Saaty was managing the research programme for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency at the US State Department. In spite of working with some of the world's leading economists and game and utility theorists, Saaty was disappointed with the results and the inability of the team to come up with practical and sharp answers. He also noted some years later at the Wharton Business School that that there were communication difficulties between scientists and lawyers and that there was no systematic approach used for decisionmaking. Based on these observations, he was motivated to develop a simple method to help ordinary people make complex decisions and this resulted in the AHP. AHP methodology is taught in many universities and is used extensively by organizations such as the Central Intelligence Agency. Saaty has published 11 books on its use and application and the biennial International Symposium on AHP (ISAHP) is testament to its value and wide acceptance. According to Sun8, nearly a hundred Chinese universities offer courses on this method, over 900 papers have been published on this topic in China, and there is a journal dedicated exclusively to AHP.
The procedure for using AHP is well described in many textbooks and websites on the internet. The process essentially entails the following components:
Describe the problem as a hierarchy that contains the goal, the alternatives to reach it, and the criteria for evaluation of these alternatives
Conduct pairwise comparisons of the elements of the hierarchy to establish priorities amongst these elements
Synthesize the pairwise comparisons into a set of overall priorities for the hierarchy
Test for consistency amongst the pairwise comparisons
Make a decision based on the results.
The first step of AHP is to decompose the problem into a hierarchy of smaller problems or elements. Once the hierarchy is built, the various elements are systematically evaluated by comparing them, two at a time. It is acceptable that human judgments, and not just underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations9. AHP converts this process to numerical values that can be processed and compared. By attaching weights to each element of the hierarchy, it allows for the comparison of elements in a rational way. To conclude the process, numerical priorities are calculated for the alternative decisions. Regarding the mathematical principles of the technique, the essence is to construct a matrix expressing the relative values of a set of attributes. The technique is best understood by working through a practical example, and the next sections describe the example of choosing between conventional or backfill support for a platinum project. It should be noted that a team of experts should typically be used to obtain the weighting of each criterion. As the focus of this paper was mostly to illustrate the AHP technique, the weightings are based on the judgments made by one individual. The conclusion that backfill is preferred to conventional support should therefore be considered in this light.
Choosing between backfill and conventional support
The principal author was involved in a study for a new platinum project, and the mining engineering team was faced with the complex decision to choose between backfill and the more conventional panel support as used in the majority of platinum mines. This is an important decision as the choice of support will affect the mine design process on many levels, and AHP was well suited to assist with this problem. With the exception of Northam Platinum Mine (as shown in Figure 1), backfill is currently not used in any of the platinum mines in South Africa. It was the intention of this study to ascertain whether the integration of a backfill support system into the mine design process from an early design stage onwards can increase the benefits derived from this support type. This is of particular interest in cases where the middling between the UG2 and Merensky reefs is small and the planned multi-reef extraction will create high-stress zones. The rock engineering aspects of backfill have been extensively researched in the past, and the reader is referred to the many references available on this topic10,11,12. A further key issue related to backfill is the improved ventilation in mines using this support type. Examples of these studies can be found in Bluhm and Biffi13, Spearing and Wilson14, and Pothas15. Although many papers on the rock engineering and ventilation aspects of backfill can be found, little is available on the impact of backfill on aspects such as overall mine planning, scheduling, and layout. This makes the decision process during the mine planning phase difficult and highlights the value of a tool such as AHP.
Building the AHP hierarchy
The objective of the study was to choose between backfill and conventional support, and this forms the 'goal' of the AHP hierarchy as shown below. Regarding criteria, it was determined that a backfill support system will have an influence on ten distinctly different parameters16. These parameters are listed below:
|Safety and other rock engineering considerations
|Equipment and infrastructure
|Capital expenditure
|Mine water flow
|Environmental considerations
|Mine planning and sequencing
|Operating expenditure
|Production rate
|Reserve extraction
Based on this information, the AHP hierarchy as shown in Figure 2 could be built.
Pairwise comparisons of the criteria and computation of the relative value vector
The second step is to conduct a pairwise comparison of all the criteria based on the information available (see Coyle17). A typical question posed will be: what is the relative importance of safety as opposed to capital expenditure? The comparisons are conducted using the preference weights as provided by Von Waveren18. These weights are illustrated in Figure 3. To illustrate the use of these ratings, if criterion A is 'extremely preferred' to criterion B, it is rated 9. Criterion B is therefore not preferred at all compared to criterion A and is rated 1/9. This value of 1/9 must be used to describe the importance of B relative to A as the technique works only if so-called positive reciprocal matrices can be created (see the section below).
The results of the relative weighting analysis performed on the decision criteria for the backfill problem are summarized in Table I. The table shows, for instance, that it is believed that safety scores a 5 (suggesting that it is 'strongly preferred') when compared to capital expenditure (CAPEX).
To generalize the technique, mathematically, it can be described that we compare n criteria C1 ... Cn where n = 10 for the specific case of the backfill problem. The relative weight of Ci compared to Cj is denoted by aij. This forms a square matrix A as shown in Table I:
The constraints imposed on matrix A are such that aij = 1 if i = j and aij . This forms a reciprocal matrix. For this matrix, an eigenvector ω of order n can be found so that:
where λ is an eigenvalue. For a matrix in which the weights are consistent, it follows that λ = n. The weights are consistent if aik=aijajk for all i, j and k. As there is human judgment involved in the setting up the matrix in Table I, the weights may not be consistent, and in this case:
and λmax > n. In Table II, an approximation of the eigenvector is obtained by multiplying together the entries in each row and then taking the nth root of that product. The nth roots are summed and this value is used to normalize the eigenvector. Aω can subsequently be calculated by the necessary matrix multiplication. Ten estimates of λmax can be obtained by dividing each component of Aω by the corresponding eigenvector. The average of these values, 11.037, is the estimate for λmax.
This eigenvector ω gives a good reflection of the relative values of the different criteria that are used to compare the support options. It is therefore also known as the relative value vector (RVV). It gives an indication that, for instance, safety is rated far higher than water or ventilation.
Consistency index and consistency ratio
In order to test whether the data in the matrix show consistency, the consistency ratio (CR) can be calculated. Saaty6 suggested that this check is an essential part of AHP as a matrix may approach randomness if no consistency is applied in the allocation of weightings. This may lead to results that are as valueless as the throwing of a dice. Imagine a scenario where OPEX is given a weighting of 9 when compared to CAPEX (suggesting that it to be extremely preferred), then CAPEX is given a weighting of 9 when compared to water and finally water is given a weighting of 9 when compared to OPEX. The result of this weighting allocation would be meaningless, as it would not be clear which criteria should be preferred over the others. In order to check for these inconsistencies and to verify whether the results are meaningful, the consistency index (CI) and CR should be calculated.
A good initial sanity check is to ensure that the average value of λmax is larger than n (or 10 in this case). The CI is given by:
The average value of λmax is 11.037 from Table II, and the value of CI is therefore 0.115
Table III illustrates Saaty's indicative table for CR calculation. The top row shows the order of the matrix (10 in the example described above), while the bottom number gives a CI value that would indicate randomness in a matrix. The CR is computed by dividing the CI from the matrix (0.115) by the number 1.49 from Table III: CR = 0.115/1.49 = 0.077.
A CR value that is larger than 0.1 indicates that the data should be treated with caution, as it indicates an approach towards randomness. If this is encountered, the ratings of the criteria need to be re-allocated. On the other hand, a value of zero shows perfect consistency, while a value below 0.1 indicates that the matrix is consistent enough to be used with confidence. The CR for this matrix is in the range where it can be used with confidence.
Setting up the option performance matrix
After the RVV is calculated, each of the possible support designs (in this case, backfill support and conventional support) now also need to be evaluated according to the pairwise comparison method for each criterion. To assist with this process, the ten evaluation criteria will now be discussed individually with regards to the impact of the two support systems. This discussion is specific to the feasibility study for a new platinum mine.
Each discussion is concluded with a score for that criterion. For the purposes of this comparison, it is assumed that the backfill and conventional support is placed correctly and timeously. The scores are typically derived through discussion by a team of experts. In this illustrative example, however, the scores were taken from Kluge16, where they were chosen by one individual. Therefore, the absolute value of the criteria ratings are indicative only and can be altered to reflect additional information or assumptions.
The dangers arising from rockfall and rockburst related incidents in the narrow tabular mining industry are well known and documented19. This was recently confirmed by Handley20 who stated that 'rock falls and rock bursts continue to dominate the fatality statistics in the underground mines, especially gold and platinum mines, where the combined rock-related incidents are the largest single contributor to injuries.' For the particular platinum project, the safety risk is exacerbated by the mining depth, which extends to 1400 m, and by the interaction of multi-reef mining horizons. Based on expected poor ground conditions, especially in the mining environment with close inter-reef middling distance, the placement of backfill was considered as an important component to improve ground conditions.
The success of backfill in achieving these objectives has been confirmed in the literature and in numerous case studies. The placement of fill 'is providing significant benefits from a rock mechanics point of view', particularly in areas where discipline is maintained in keeping the fill-to-face distance low21. The use of backfill in multi-reef environments with closely spaced reefs has been specifically addressed by Spearing and Wilson14, who stated that 'backfill can play a highly significant role by allowing the middling to settle and 'float' on the backfill'. They further emphasized that the psychological impact of having a hard backfilled wall behind the worker has a positive bearing on worker morale and therefore productivity. Workers are also contented by better ventilation control (discussed in more detail below). These factors will contribute to a safer environment. The regional support benefits derived from backfill placement at Northam Platinum Mine arediscussed by Roberts et al.22. They illustrated that the unravelling of the hangingwall is avoided with the placement of fill in the Merensky stopes.
The additional water that a backfill system adds to the mining process increases the potential risk of mud rushes in orepasses. However, in this particular project, fissure water inflows from the rock are comparatively large and the additional mud rush risk resulting from the placement of backfill is therefore relatively low.
Based on the confirmation of the advantages of backfill as described in the literature, it is expected that the ground conditions and the safety conditions will be much improved with the use of backfill support in the planned platinum project. It is expected that the frequency and severity of rockfalls will be reduced. As these are the major contributors to fatalities in the narrow tabular mining environment, a major increase in safety and probably a reduction in fatalities will result from the use of backfill. The only safety disadvantage of backfill is a minor increase to the risk of mud rushes. This assumed increase in safety results in the backfill support scoring a rating of 8 above the conventional support in the pairwise comparison method, which places it between 'very strongly preferred' and 'extremely preferred'.
Equipment and Infrastructure requirements
The use of backfill has a significant effect on the required infrastructure and this has been the Achilles heel of backfill support systems for many years. For the planned platinum project, the items required are the backfill plant, the backfill shaft, and forty backfill pipe ranges which will be used to pump the fill from the plant to all operational raise lines. The use of a committed backfill shaft for the pipe ranges was preferred to the more conventional use of a bratticed portion of an existing shaft owing to the following reasons:
The bratticing of the ventilation shaft would have increased the required shaft diameter. This would have increased the costs and slowed the expected rate of shaft sinking
The installation of the brattice would have slowed down the entire shaft commissioning and production process by at least six months, a delay that would have had a great negative impact on the valuation of the project
The bratticed-off portion in the ventilation shaft would have provided a very confined space in which to maintain or replace potentially damaged backfill pipe ranges
If the pipe ranges were installed in the main shaft, range blockage, failure or maintenance would lead to shaft downtime and a resultant loss of production23
The service cage in the shaft will provide an additional safety egress out of the mine and the replacement or maintenance of pipes will be much simplified. Additional flexibility for mine ventilation flow, especially downcast, is also provided through this shaft.
Despite some of the advantages brought about by the backfill infrastructure, the excavation of an additional shaft, the placement of over 100 km of pipes, and the construction of an additional plant brings with it inherent space constraints on surface, project risks (schedule and quality), and costs. Based on these reasons, conventional support receives a score of 7 for infrastructure, which is ranked 'very strongly preferred'.
Capital expenditure
The backfill system, and in particular the infrastructure surrounding the plant and the pipe system, brings with it an increase in project capital expenditure. Estimates indicate that this is equivalent to 9% of the total project capital expenditure. This significant increase in project capital requirement must be compared against the potential reduction in fatalities that can result from the backfill system implementation.
Handley20 estimated that the direct cost of fatality in the gold mining industry is equivalent to approximately R1.1 million (this will be far more in 2011). He also stated that at an operating margin of 33%, R3.3 million additional revenue has to be generated to cover the cost of one fatality. Indirect costs resulting from a fatality, such as lost production due to shaft closure and reduction in worker morale, were excluded from the analysis and the true cost of a fatality in the mining industry will be far higher. The true cost benefit of the use of a backfill system can unfortunately not be quantified, as the number of fatalities prevented by the system will not be known.
The large increase in project capital expenditure resulting from the backfill system results in conventional support being allocated a score of 8, which is located on the rating chart between 'very strongly preferred' and 'extremely preferred'.
Owing to the high thermal gradient encountered in the Bushveld Complex, refrigeration will be required at mining depths below 600 m. The maximum depth of 1400 m implies that significant refrigeration is required for the successful extraction of the rock at that depth. Furthermore, the long strike distances will require a strict control of air flow through development ends and old workings. To assist with this control, the use of a backfill support system on the primary reef can provide considerable advantages to the ventilation design and layout. Bluhm and Biffi13 summarized the ventilation-related advantages of a backfill system as follows:
Reduced heat flow from surrounding rocks-the backfill provides an insulating buffer against the heat radiating from the host rock. Backfill, nevertheless, can heat up in time and backfill therefore 'does not obviate the need for in stope cooling'. However, the placement of cooled backfill can be considered under certain circumstances. Most importantly, even with non-cooled backfill, it has been observed in practice that a reduction in stope heat load of up to 50% can be achieved in certain stopes. Overall, if fill is employed mine-wide, a total reduction in ventilation requirement of 30% can be expected24. For the platinum project, this implies that the refrigeration requirements and associated costs will be reduced by 15%
Assisting in the control of air flow in the stope-the backfilling of mined out areas greatly reduces the occurrence of leakage in the stopes, as the air flow is physically channeled by the solid fill into the desired direction. If a good mining and filling cycle is maintained, the face-to-fill distance will remain low. As a result, 'Air flow velocities are double what they are in conventional mining'24. It is well known that better air flow and a cooler face increase worker morale.
Given the advantages that a backfill support system has for ventilation design and control, it was decided to prefer the backfill support by a score of 9 compared to conventional support. This is equivalent to a rating of 'extremely preferred'.
Mine water flow
As the pumped backfill can easily harden in the pipe ranges, it is essential that the pipes are always flushed with water within 30 minutes of the deposition of the fill material. The flushing requirements are approximately 30 m3 of water per range, which is equivalent to 1000 m3 or 1 Mℓ of water per day for pipe flushing. In addition, approximately 30% of the volume of the placed hydraulic backfill will bleed out as water, and some additional water is flushed though the backfill ranges before use to determine whether the pipe used leads to the correct stope. It is estimated that water from these two sources will also be approximately 1000 m3/day.The resultant 2 Ml of water added to the mine water system per day can be compared to a typical non-backfill daily mine water flow of 42.3 mℓ. Despite the fact that the flush and bleed water will put significant demands on the settling facilities, it is assumed that the existing settling and pumping capacity is sufficient to accommodate this additional water. Backfill water will therefore impact only on the electricity consumption of the main pumps. As the pumping costs are less than 5% of total operating cost, the total impact on operating cost will be an increase of approximately 0.2%. The placement of backfill leads to slight improvement in mine water control as water reports more readily to the drain holes and/or pump stations14.
The minimal increase in pumping costs is mostly offset by the improvement in mine water control. Based on the pairwise comparison between conventional support and backfill, the conventional support was allocated a score of 6, which is equivalent to a rating of between 'strongly preferred' and 'very strongly preferred'.
It is one of the requirements of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) and the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) during the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) application process that methods of reducing the surface impact of a mining operation are stated. The use of backfill underground will reduce the environmental problem of tailings on surface25. As all the primary reef is backfilled with plant tailings in this project, approximately 40 Mt of plant tailings (50% of the mined material) will be returned underground during the life of mine. The chemically reactive plant tailings are rendered inert when combined with the cementitious binder material underground and the underground backfill material will no longer constitute an environmental hazard. An additional benefit of backfilling is that the tailings dams on surface, which require significant and long-term environmental management, are reduced in size. The removal of 40 Mt from the surface tailings dams will reduce the surface footprint of the dams by 6.5 ha (at an average dam height of 20 m).
Based on the clear environmental benefits brought about by the use of backfill, it was decided to allocate backfill a score of 7 ('very strongly preferred') over the use of conventional support.
Mine scheduling and planning
The Merensky Reef is more profitable than the UG2 Reef. Not only is the grade per ton of rock approximately 25-30% higher in the Merensky Reef, but the higher base metal content adds additional by-products to the mix.The plant recoveries achieved for Merensky Reef in the concentrator are also better. The general approach of mine planning in a platinum mine is therefore to mine the Merensky Reef as early as possible and exploit the UG2 Reef later.
This objective is easily achieved in mining areas with a large middling between the two reefs. In these cases the Merensky Reef is extracted as the primary reef on every half level until the maximum strike distance is reached. For the new project in areas where the middling is large, the mine design has provided for long crosscuts that access both reef horizons simultaneously. This reduces the amount of development required to open up either of the two orebodies. These same crosscuts are then used to extract the UG2 Reef on a retreat basis, back towards the shaft infrastructure.
A mine scheduling problem occurs in areas where the middling is very small and the extraction of the Merensky Reef leaves zones of high stress concentration on the UG2 Reef horizon. If the Merensky Reef is mined first in this area, possible large-scale sterilization of the UG2 Reef will occur. This problem is reduced with the primary extraction of the UG2 Reef and subsequent placement of backfill, which leads to a de-stressed mining environment for the secondary mining of the Merensky Reef.
As the primary extraction of UG2 Reef is less profitable than the mining of Merensky Reef, a co-extraction sequence was developed. It is planned that the UG2 Reef will be mined two raise lines ahead of the Merensky Reef. This will allow sufficient time for underground exploration and identification of the Merensky Reef to occur from the UG2 stopes. In areas, where the Pothole Merensky Reef (PHR) is geologically consistent, the secondary raise is immediately developed and mining commenced. The rock handling is performed with the aid of orepasses feeding into the mined UG2 raise.
Despite the challenges posed to half level production, output control, and ventilation by this co-extraction mining method, the ability to mine the Merensky Reef in these areas as soon as possible adds significant value to the overall project. Co-extraction is made possible only by the use of backfill, which minimizes the effect of Merensky remnants on the middling and underlying UG2 Reef excavations.
The enhancement in profitability brought about by coextraction, which is made possible by a backfill system, implies that the backfill support system is 'very strongly preferred' to the conventional support system and it scores 7 on the pairwise comparison scale.
Operating cost
The increase in operating cost is often touted as the single biggest concern around the use of a backfill support system. This is not surprising, given the fact that most financial mine evaluation models show a far higher sensitivity to operating costs than to capital expenditure. The cost of backfilling is estimated to be between 10-20% of total underground costs, with the binder cost alone constituting 75% of total backfill material costs25.
The feasibility study conducted in 2007 for this particular platinum project included a component in which the operating costs were derived from first principles. This was benchmarked against other operations in the mining group. It was estimated that the use of backfill in the primary reef horizon would lead to an increase of only 7.5% in operating costs. Since the completion of the feasibility study, the cost of binder has increased dramatically and the advent of ISA milling at the adjacent plant has led to an increased requirement for binder material in the backfill slurry. It is therefore now estimated that backfill will increase the shaft head mining costs by 10%, which is in line with the lower range estimate in the literature. The cost contribution of 75% from binder material also proves to be accurate. If it is assumed that the support costs for timber and support packs to be used in the stopes would have added 2% to the operating costs, the actual cost increase resulting from the use of backfill is 8%.
Given this significant increase in operating cost, conventional support is allocated a score of 7, which is indicative of the category 'very strongly preferred' in the pairwise comparison table.
Production rate
Experience in the gold mining industry has shown that the operation of a backfill system has tended to reduce production rate on the levels where it is being used. These reduced production rates are due to a number of operational factors such as interference of backfill operations with face cleaning and material hauling operations, but a detailed discussion of these is outside the scope of this paper.
If the decision is made to use a backfill system in the early design phase of a new mining complex, then it can be assumed that many of these operational issues can be overcome, as half levels, haulages, raises, and panels are all designed and excavated specifically with backfill infrastructure in mind. Furthermore, as the production teams will take part in an operation that uses a backfill system from the outset, efficient mining cycles, which include cleaning and filling on wider panels, can be expected to be optimized at this new operation from the beginning. A time and motion simulation including backfill, men, material, and rock for this new planned operation was conducted during the feasibility study. It was found that the production rate would not be materially impacted by the backfill operation.
Despite the fact that this incorporation of backfill into mine design and planning from the outset is expected to negate the possible reduction in production rate, current operating history at backfill operations suggests otherwise. For this reason a conventional support system was chosen to be 'strongly preferred', which is equivalent to a score of 5 on the AHP criteria.
Reserve extraction
The use of a backfill support system eliminates the requirement for crush pillars to be left between the mining panels and some regional support pillars. This increases the reef extraction in the stopes, which leads to reduced development costs per ton of reef mined. Increasing extraction is fully in line with the DMR's mandate that mines are to maximize ore body extraction to the best of their ability in order to sustainably mine South Africa's mineral wealth.
An estimate in the literature stipulated that percentage extraction in narrow tabular gold mines is increased from approximately 85% to 90% with the placement of backfill11. For this platinum project using conventional support, the panel length between crush pillar lines would not have exceeded 20 m. The extraction on the primary reef would have been 12% less compared to a layout using backfill. This is equivalent to an overall increase of project reserves of approximately 5%.
The addition of mineable reserve extends the life of the operation, adding to project sustainability and slightly increasing project NPV. For this reason the backfill support system was scored an 8, which is situated between 'very strongly preferred' and 'extremely preferred' on the AHP scale.
Setting up the option performance matrix
The scores allocated for each of the evaluation criteria are summarized in Table IV. It can be seen that for five of the ten comparison criteria, the backfill support design was preferred, while the conventional support was preferred in the other five criteria. In order to determine the actual result of this evaluation, however, the weightings as well as the actual level of preference as determined by the pairwise comparison will need to be calculated. This is illustrated below.
Based on the pairwise scores given in Table IV, the eigenvector for each of the criteria can be calculated. Table V illustrates this for the different criteria. Note that the CR values of these matrices are equal to 0, as these 2 x 2 matrices are perfectly consistent.
The calculated eigenvectors are summarized in the option performance matrix in Table IV.
The eigenvectors in this matrix were multiplied with the relative value vector (RVV) to determine the final ratings for comparison. The result is the score for the two support systems in Table VII.
These scores indicate that for the platinum mining project under review, the backfill support system is the preferred support system. It should be emphasised again, however, that the weighting for the individual parameters should typically be derived through discussion by a team of experts. In this illustrative example, the scores were chosen by one individual. Therefore, the absolute values of the criteria ratings (and the final result of backfill being preferred) are indicative only and should be altered for specific projects to reflect additional information or assumptions.
Mining engineers frequently encounter complex design problems for which the critical components of the design are difficult to quantify or compare. Teams of people typically work on these designs and human perceptions and judgments play a strong role. To assist with this process, the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) as a decisionmaking tool is described in this paper. Although the technique is used in many other disciplines, it is currently not widely used in mining engineering in South Africa. To use the AHP process, the problem should be treated as a hierarchy that defines the goal, the alternatives to reach it, and the criteria for evaluation of these alternatives. Pairwise comparisons are conducted on the criteria of the hierarchy to establish priorities.
The value of the technique is that it is simple to test for consistency amongst the pairwise comparisons to ensure that the answer obtained is better than that provided by a random selection. To illustrate the technique, the use of a backfill support system in a platinum mining project was investigated. Ten design parameters, which will be impacted by the use of backfill, were identified and weighted according to their relative importance. The result of the AHP evaluation is that the use of a backfill support system should be preferred to a conventional support system at the mine. It should be noted that a team of experts should typically be used to obtain the weighting of each criterion. As the focus of this paper was mostly to illustrate the AHP technique, the weightings are based on the judgments made by one individual. The conclusion that backfill is preferred to conventional support should therefore be considered in this light.
This work formed part of the first author's B. Eng. (Hons) study at the University of Pretoria. He would like to thank Prof. Matthew Handley, Paul Muller, the late Dr Martin Pretorius, and Prof. Ronny Webber-Youngman for their assistance and support during the course of this study.
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6. SAATY, T.L. The Analitic Hierarchy Process. New York, McGraw Hill. 1980. [ Links ]
7. FORMAN, E.H. and GASS, S.I. The Analytic Hierarchy Process-An Exposition. Operations Research, vol. 49, no. 4, 2001. pp. 469-486. [ Links ]
8. SUN, H. AHP in China. Levy, J. (ed.). Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarcy Process, Hanolulu, Hawaii, 2005. [ Links ]
9. SAATY, T.L. Relative measurement and its Generalization in Decision Making: Why Pairwise comparisons are central in mathematics for the measurement of intangible factors. Review of the Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences, Series A, Mathematics, vol. 102, 2008. pp. 251-318. [ Links ]
10. RYDER, J.A. and JAGER, A.J. A textbook on rock mechanics for tabular hard rock mines. Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee, Johannesburg 2002. [ Links ]
11. Piper, P.S. and Ryder J.A. An assessment of backfill for regional support in deep mines. Backfill in South African Mines. South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1988. [ Links ]
12. GURTUNCA, R.G., JAGER, A.J., ADAMS, D., and GONLAG, M. The in situ behaviour of backfill materials and surrounding rock mass in South African gold mines. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Innovations in Mining Backfill Technology, Montreal, Canada. 1989. [ Links ]
13. BLUHM, S. and BIFFI, M. Variations in ultra-deep, narrow reef stoping configurations and the effects on cooling and ventilation, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 101, no. 3, Johannesburg, 2001. pp. 127-134. [ Links ]
14. SPEARING, A.J.S. and WILSON W.B. The Design of a Backfill System, with particular emphasis on Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company Limited. Backfill in South African Mines, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1988. pp. 153-165. [ Links ]
15. POTHAS, W.J.C. Hydraulic Backfilling as Developed and Practiced at East Driefontein. Backfill in South African Mines, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1988, pp. 369-391. [ Links ]
16. KLUGE, P. The impact of the use of backfill on the mine design process in deep narrow tabular platinum mines, B. Eng. (Hons) dissertation, University of Pretoria. 2010. [ Links ]
17. COYLE, G. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Practical Strategy. Open Access Material, AHP. Pearson Education Limited, 2004. [ Links ]
18. VON WAVEREN, C. IBD 710 Decision Analysis Lecture Notes, Multi-Criteria Decisions. University of Pretoria, 2009. [ Links ]
19. JAGER, A.J. and RYDER, J.A. A handbook on rock engineering practice for hard rock mines. Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee, Johannesburg, 1999. [ Links ]
20. HANDLEY M.F. Sustainability in mineral development: lessons from other parts of the world. 1st Asian Mining Congress, Kolkata, India, 2006. [ Links ]
21. GAY, N.C., JAGER, A.J., and PIPER, P.S. Quantitative evaluation of fill performance in South African gold mines, Backfill in South African Mines. South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1988. pp. 167-202. [ Links ]
22. ROBERTS, M.K.C., GRAVE, D.M.H., JAGER, A.J., and KLOKOW, J. Rock mass behaviour of the Merensky Reef at Northam Platinum Mine. SARES 97: Proceedings of the 1st South African Rock Engineering Symposium, 1997. [ Links ]
23. PRIEST, G. The replacement of two ventilation-shaft pillars with backfill from a conventional grouting plant. Minefill 93, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1993. [ Links ]
24. MATTHEWS, M.K. The implications of backfilling on environmental control, Backfill in South African Mines, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 1988. pp. 561-582. [ Links ]
25. KRAMERS, C.P. Anglo Platinum Deep Mine Studies Project Memo. Anglo Platinum Management Services, CSIR Mining Technology. 2002. [ Links ]
Paper received Apr. 2011; revised paper received Sep. 2011.
© The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2011. SA ISSN 0038-223X/3.00 + 0.00.


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Winter 2002
Volume 6 Number 2
Dear Friends and Colleagues:
Many have asked how the campus has been affected by the terrorist acts of September 11. My impression is that a certain somberness characterizes the current academic year, not in the sense of doom and gloom but in the sense of seriousness of purpose.
We live in a culture that has not valued theological education for a long time. Our society has, for the most part, dismissed differences of religious conviction as irrelevant. Popular wisdom has contended that it does not matter what you believe so long as you are sincere. Superficial comments like that are no longer plausible. For those who attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and were responsible for the crash in a Pennsylvania field were not godless atheists we had feared for so long in the Cold War. They were believers convinced they were doing the will of God.
Suddenly, then, theological studies have taken on a new seriousness. We have heard the mantra "Theology matters" and remained unconvinced. Now we know that it does matter. Now we know that what someone believes about God can be a matter of life and death. Now we know that pastors must be prepared to face and interpret outrageous events that inflict evil upon our world.
Now the doctrine of God is recognized as crucial. Who is God really? Who really is God?
So is the theodicy question. As Archibald MacLeish put it in his play JB, "Either God is God and not good or God is good and not God."
And so is the doctrine of Christ. If we believe God exercises sovereignty in this world through the cross and resurrection of Jesus, we need a Christology big enough to deal with the tragic events of September 11.
Yes, there is a seriousness of purpose on the campus just now, and I, for one, hope and pray that it will continue.
Faithfully yours,
© Copyright 2001 Princeton Theological Seminary

subset: commoncrawl


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I recently went to hell and back while passing a kidney stone. This is my second time passing one in 4 years. Now, I started drinking tea about 6 months ago, so I know the first stone had nothing to do with tea, but there was a 2nd one still in my kidney which I have housed for a few years until this past Monday. My personal thought is that the sheng/shu I have been drinking dislodged the stone to cleanse my body.
Has anyone heard if Puerh is good or bad for kidney stones?
I have to go visit my dr in a few weeks to get another Cat Scan, discuss what was causing the stones, and I wan't to bring solid information on Puerh and kidney stones. If you have any information on this please feel free to post it.


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PRINCESS ANNE, MD. - (March 27, 2013) - UMES residence director Clifton H. Harcum is headed to Washington in June, where he will represent Delmarva as the region's nominee for a prestigious national honor that celebrates altruistic Americans.
A panel of judges working with WBOC-TV, the Salisbury television station that sponsors the Jefferson Awards for Public Service, selected Harcum over nine other nominees. He learned of the honor during a ceremony at TV station held during spring break.
"At first, I couldn't believe they said my name," he said. "I thought for a second I was dreaming."
The mission of the Jefferson Awards, according to WBOC, is to "encourage and honor individuals for their achievements and contributions through public and community service."
Here's a synopsis generated by WBOC outlining Harcum's activities that impressed judges:
Judges also took note of Harcum's visits to high schools to make life-skills presentations on such topics as college preparation and goal setting. Students he encounters "find Clifton inspirational and testify to the positive difference he makes to their lives," according to WBOC.
The TV station identified fellow UMES residence director Phillip M. Thomas as one of the people who nominated Harcum.
"It is my personal belief … this award must have been tailor-made for Mr. Harcum," Thomas wrote. He "inspires others to find their own strength, persevere through difficult times and provides assistance whenever he can to all the residents of Delmarva."
Harcum's latest project was "Stepping Up," a community summit that challenged adolescents to combat cyber-bullying and rebuff the lure of gangs. Another of his community outreach ventures is "Healthy Choices, Healthy Lifestyle," which partners UMES, the Maryland Food Bank, the Child and Family Development Center and G.R.A.S.P. to provide produce and health information for low-income families.
Harcum is a nominee for the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Award, a category the Jefferson Awards organization created in 1974 to recognize "outstanding public service benefiting the local community." Five nominees from across the country will be named Onassis award winners.
Bill Robinson, director, Office of Public Relations, (410) 621-2355.


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Sylvan Productions and Gallery and Bar 4N5 are happy to announce, with it's six month anniversary rapidly approaching, that Laughing Stock (the comedy show) will become a regular fixture at the venue voted "Best Nightlife Spot" by SF Weekly 2012. Starting March 21st the show will debut it's new, regular time slot every third Thursday of the month.
The show will stay the same! The same quality comedy, same draft beers, and the same quirk and allure of a comedy show in an art gallery in the basement of a parking garage. The only things changing about this show are the date to every third Thursday, and the lineup of comedians.
The next show is Thursday (surprise!), January 17th. $5 At The Door. 21+.
Get you and your friends in for $5 total when you come together!
Show your college ID and get in for free.
Hosted by Aaron Barrett. Featuring Kollin Holtz, Melanie O'Brien, Keith D., Eloisa Bravo. Headlining Brendan Lynch.
Get ready for the Valentines Day show on Feb. 14th.


text: How much compression are you running? Well I finally ( how about over a year) got the motor in my SV. I started over a year ago. Balance and lighten crank and flywheel (thanks BRG Racing), 1 mm over zlock pistons, 1 mm over intake valves, mild porting and radius valve job, Zoran's springs with 03 cam swap ( I may put in the Webb cams later), all new bearings, shell and ball, new rods. In a word, wow! The dyno run was good, it just ran out of power at 73.5 hp (factory pro) only 4 HP over my other motor ( busa pistons and 03 cam swap, both motors with M4 and flatslides). However from 5700 to 9000 there was a fat 5-8 HORSEPOWER gain all the way through, and the 5k dip is gone. Running 100 octane pump gas. I rode it yesterday at Thunderhill, and am I smiling. The midrange drive out of the corners is fantastic. I finally don't feel abandoned on the front straight, the 600s still pull me, but they don't pull me that much, and the tighter course is just dynamite. 6-7-8-9 rocks. Definitely worth the long wait. Thanks to KC for the help along the way. Ernie


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Sustainable Viticulture | Power To The People
Contributing Monkie G Living Staff Monkies
Published on April 18, 2010
If you're a wine drinker, you're in a powerful position.
Viticulture (the science, production and study of grapes) is a branch of the science of horticulture. "Sustainable viticulture" goes vital steps further and views the vineyard as a whole system which creates a high level quality fruit production reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals and fertilizers to protect the growers, the consumers and the environment. Many conscientious vintners ascribe to this method and produce some very fine wines while pursing a responsible higher goal. Universities and private organizations responsibly teach and encourage these practices.
The UC Davis-based statewide Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (SAREP) is an example of the trend towards a worldwide sustainable viticulture focus.
Continue Reading / Additional Photos / Videos


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does anyone out there have any idea about the george harrison forum website? it has been off for like say 2-3 mos. now. says that is unavilable and to try back later. is it being reformatted? will it be back online anytime soon in the near future? would like to know. it is or was at:
GeorgeHarrison.com Forum
The official 'George Harrison' messageboard
http://spod.org/~gjf/outside/boards/Geo ... /index.php


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Belt-based hydration system for runners built around twin 21oz Podium® Chill bottles, insulated to keep your water fresh and cool on a long run and lined with our TruTaste™ liner so you taste only the water—not the bottle. Patented self-sealing Jet Valve™ technology for bursts of hydration on demand with one simple squeeze. Center cargo pocket for essentials plus a bungee cinch system for quick stash items.
Podium Bottle Features: Self-sealing Jet Valve™, easy to squeeze, BPA-Free, TruTaste™ Polypropylene with HydroGuard™ lets you taste water--not the bottle, Lockout for leak-proof transport
Key Pack Features: Bungee cinch system; Front and back reflectivity; cargo pocket; key clip; 2 Podium® Chill 21 oz bottles
CamelBak® Got Your Bak™ Guarantee: If we built it, we'll Bak it™ with our lifetime guarantee.
We recommend wiping your pack with a damp cloth to remove dirt. If the pack is extremely dirty and needs a deeper cleaning, soak it in cool or warm water with a very mild soap. Rinse the pack thoroughly with cool water. If soap residue remains in the fabric, it may create suds if exposed to water or sweat.
DO NOT wash your pack in a washing machine. Machine washing may damage the pack or affect the integrity of the fabric and fasteners, and will void the Got Your Bak™ Guarantee.
The Podium Bottle is dishwasher-safe and easy to clean. Remove the cap assembly, making sure the Jet Valve™ lockout is open, and place it with the bottle on the top rack of your dishwasher. Do not disassemble small parts of the cap, simply place the whole cap into the washer. Disassembly of the cap could lead to leaks or product malfunction. For best results, we recommend avoiding high-heat settings such as 'sanitary clean' or 'heat boost' which may distort plastic components. We don't recommend forcing a brush or other cleaning tool through the Jet Valve cross-slit (i.e. where you drink).
(based on 2 reviews)
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(5 of 5 customers found this review helpful)
By Anthony77
from Sacramento CA
Best Uses
Comments about VentureDiscontinued by CamelBak:
Bit of a weekend warrior runner and purchased this pack at REI due to the double bottle holders and comfortable fit. Choose the waist pack over the backpack as on hot days I enjoy the option of cooling myself off by pouring the water over my head or back. The bottles that are included in the pack are excellent at keeping water cold and have a valve that stops water leaking while running but allows water to be discharged by squeezing the bottle. The water bottles are conveniently placed on either side allowing for easy access and replacement while running. Unfortunately the focus on easy access has resulted in some movement of the bottles while running. This is particularly evident when both bottles are filled to capacity and thus one's mind is not so much on the road in front, but rather the bottles sliding up and down in the holders in back and annoying ones lower back. The material in the holder is a smooth slippery material as is the Camelbak trademark in the holder creating an unstable environment for the slick water bottles. I have attempted to alleviate this by only filling the bottles ¾ of the way, but the movement only seems to subside when the bottles are half full. The pack has storage area that can fit a few personnel belongings such as wallet, additional dry socks, and phone ect and has a clip to hold keys. On the outside the pack has a yellow cord which can be tightened in order to keep the contents of the pack relatively immobile. Great idea but again the yellow cord is so slick the locked clasp slides easily up and down effortlessly rendering it practically useless while running. With the comfort of access, double water holders and slick design this waist pack has all the elements needed for a long hiking or walking day pack, but falls shorts or surpassing into a runners pack.
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(7 of 8 customers found this review helpful)
Not good for long runs
By Fernando
from Lisbon, Portugal
I use this product during training, in runs > 25kms.It keeps bouncing in your back while more than half full! Very uncomfortable when full of liquid. Not suitable for long runs.I'm very disappointed with this product from Camelbak. I'm a customer for more than 10 years, using your great backpacks for either mountain biking and running. But as for this belt, it was just a bad surprise!
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
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Itasca motorhomes combine the innovation and build quality you expect from Winnebago Industries with a look and style all their own. Itasca's full lineup of Class A and Class C coaches means there's an ideal floorplan for everyone from young families to full-time couples.
Let our dealers find it for you!
Sell it now for $24.95
Let RVTrader.com know how we can do better.


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Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed
to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without
your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
Clerc, Sigrid Le; Coulonges, Cédric; Delaneau, Olivier; More
Clerc, Sigrid Le; Coulonges, Cédric; Delaneau, Olivier; Manen, Danielle Van; Herbeck, Joshua T; Limou, Sophie; An, Ping; Martinson, Jeremy J; Spadoni, Jean-Louis; Therwath, Amu; Veldink, Jan H; van den Berg, Leonard H; Taing, Lieng; Labib, Taoufik; Mellak, Safa; Montes, Matthieu; Delfraissy, Jean-François; Schächter, François; Winkler, Cheryl; Froguel, Philippe; Mullins, James I; Schuitemaker, Hanneke; Zagury, Jean-François Less
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 56(3):279-284, March 1, 2011.
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Raw Aerials: Marysville Tornado Damage
Next video starts in : 7 Play
Raw Aerials: Marysville Tornado Damage
Obama Honors WH Press Secretary Josh Earnest
1:16Now watching Up next
Raw Aerials: Marysville Tornado Damage
The WLKY NewsChopper flies over damage in Marysville, Ind.
1:33Now watching Up next
Obama Honors WH Press Secretary Josh Earnest
President Obama made a surprise visit to the the daily press briefing to praise outgoing White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest. (Jan. 17)
1:06Now watching Up next
Raw: US Forces Hold Live-Fire Drills in Poland
Tank and Bradley Fighting Vehicle crews from the US military on Wednesday conducted live-fire training exercises in Swietoszow, Poland. The military said it would look to eventually tie in Polish NATO partners to their exercises. (Jan. 17)
0:46Now watching Up next
Damon says he'll give Trump 'benefit of the doubt' over foreign aid
Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland, Matt Damon says he'll be giving president-elect Donald Trump the "benefit of the doubt" when it comes to his approach to foreign aid. (Jan. 17)
0:49Now watching Up next
Fla. Airport Shooter Held Without Bond
The man suspected of fatally shooting five people and wounding six others at a Florida airport earlier this month has been ordered held without bond. (Jan. 17)
0:53Now watching Up next
New polls show Trump's approval rating; Trump calls them 'rigged'
President-elect Trump tweeted that the polls are "rigged just like before" after new polls were released showing respondents disliked how President-elect Trump is handling the transition.
1:10Now watching Up next
What makes a great wedding?
Indian wedding gown designer Abu Jani discusses the ingredients that make a great wedding. (Jan. 17)
1:12Now watching Up next
Top bridal designer: 'respect us' for our experience
Indian bridal designer Abu Jani reveals what advice he passes on to his brides-to-be. (Jan. 17)
Kerry on 2017: World is Filled with Possibility
Secretary of State John Kerry says amid global anxiety and questions over the incoming administration, he says the world is 'filled with possibility and opportunity.' (Jan. 17)
Keaton's love/hate relationship with McDonald's kingpin
Actor Michael Keaton - who plays McDonald's kingpin Ray Kroc in new movie "The Founder" - says there's much to admire and detest about the late businessman. (Jan 17)


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Union College has announced plans to bring a marching band to campus, starting in the fall of 2013.
Recruiting has already begun for the band, under the direction of Bryce Seals, the head cheerleading and dance coach at Union College. He will be assisted in the fall by freshman pep band member Adam Webb, along with Dwayne Dixon, the current leader of Union's pep band, who will act as a consultant.
Scholarships are available for students who perform in the marching band. These scholarships will be additional to any merit-based scholarships students may receive. The band will serve as a marching band during the football season, and as a pep band during basketball season. Union is hoping to have at least 30 new students involved by the fall.
Seals, who lead the initiative, said that a marching band at Union will help create a more competitive and enjoyable atmosphere at athletic events.
"A marching band at Union is a win-win situation," Seals said. "It allows for more students to join the Union nation, and Union has yet another opportunity to give back to the community."
Any student who has experience, either in marching band or color guard, is encouraged to seek more information. They can do so through contacting Seals at (606) 546-1650 or by visiting the website at www.unionky.edu/band.


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6'8 power forward Nikoli Svetinovic will return to the Zips in 2011-12, his last year of eligibility. He was considering returning to Serbia to play pro ball, but decided to stay at Akron. Zeke Marshall will have his trusty right hand bigman for one more season.
Other news, Dakotah Euton (nicknamed "Whoton?") packed his bags and transferred. Where? Who cares. It's not like the first time he's jumped ship for one reason or another, doing so in high school and once before in college. Good luck.
Two players transfered to the Zips, 6'5 swingman Chauncy Gilliam from Maryland-Baltimore County, and 6'4 point guard Brian Walsh from Xavier.
FOrmer Akron player Joe Jakubick is featured in this article.
That's about it, probably til signing day.
This info was stolen from ZipsNation.org


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"You're only an entrepreneur if you almost didn't make payroll. "
Completion and refurbishment centers
Cabin completion or refurbishment is second only to buying the airplane in terms of price and importance.
Where should you have the job done? Those who purchase a new, or "green," airplane typically have the interior built and installed by the manufacturer. You also have the option of using an independent completion center. Most such centers focus on refurbishment of used airplanes, but large facilities handle green aircraft as well. Some aircraft manufacturers offer interior refurbishment of used aircraft, though sometimes only on their own airplanes.
A handful of centers focus exclusively on interior work on airliners being converted to an executive/VIP configuration. Some have the approval of manufacturers such as Airbus and Boeing to build and install interiors on their green aircraft. Most do both green completion work and refurbishment of older aircraft.
Perhaps a dozen independent completion and refurbishment centers focus exclusively on helicopter interiors, for customers ranging from executives and law enforcement to news media and emergency medical services.
Many independent completion and refurbishment centers offer such additional services as maintenance and avionics modifications and installation. This allows refurbishment to be done at the same time as repairs and other work, minimizing down time.
Aircraft manufacturers and independent completion and refurbishment centers either do exterior painting or outsource that job.
The list that follows includes manufacturer and independent completion and refurbishment centers, plus some exterior-paint shops.
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Fedor: Wait, Who was Exposed?
Last Saturday night, Fedor Emelianenko engineered another methodical victory. He did it 1:48 seconds into the second round. Big John McCarthy stepped in shortly after a momentous F-16 of a punch crumpled his behemoth opponent. He did all of that in the relatively unfamiliar habitat of a cage. That being said, the whole thing amounts only to this: Fedor has been exposed. Really? Exposed? Why is that? Because Joe Rogan says so.
In my opinion, Joe Rogan is the best MMA color commentator in the business. Hes employed by the UFC, easily the biggest direct competitor to Strikeforce, Fedors current meal ticket. Plenty of people are endeared to Joe. So if he says that Rogers exposed Fedor, theres probably a little band of Afflictioned drones firing up its squadron of noobcycles, ready to gallop like spray-tanned Paul Reveres through the streets of MMA fandom repeating it. Last Saturday night, just after a halo of punch-drunk birds were chirping around the periphery of Rogers horizontal mohawk, Rogan sauntered by with his own flourish of harmonic tweeting: As for the fedor fight, I thought it was very interesting, but I thought Rogers hesitated, and I felt like Fedor got exposed a bit. Fedor got exposed. Joe posted the comment on his Twitter account. Was his failure to capitalize Fedors name intentional? Its an interesting question. Tweedily-deetily-deet.
I admit that I underestimated Brett Rogers. He was undefeated before Saturday. In June, he cracked Arlovskys crystalline jaw like a spastic, overweight kid in a Tiffany lamp emporium. And his larger resume reads like a sweaty urban gladiators personal chalkboard in a surly Irish pub. Punches, punches, punches, punches. TKO, KO, KO, TKO. All but two of his fights ended in the first round. Six of them, inside of two minutes. But like listening to a vinyl recording of Paris Hilton singing pop music, its hard to evaluate that sort of record and make any informed conclusions about his skills below waist level. So I admit that I assumed he would roll around like Butterbean after Thanksgiving dinner if Fedor put him on the ground. Obviously, I was wrong. Aside from having a little maturing to do, Rogers is the real deal.
Why was I so unfair? Maybe it was Kimbos most recent joke of an exhibition that left me biased against big, hyped strikers. Maybe Im just mean by nature. Whatever. Fedor had his hands full. That sneaky, opening shot to his nose was concerning to this committed Fedor fan. At one point, when Fedor was flicking streams of plasma out of his eyeballs and using his fingers like a broken set of windshield wipers, I was texting short phrases of panic to whoever happened to turn up on my cell phone contact list. With a minute and a half remaining in the first round, when the dwarfed Russian was on his back and in thick mohawky crosshairs, absorbing a string of, albeit, glancing bombs, I was nauseous. My wedding ring might have edged a glass canyon in the neck of the domestic beer bottle that I strangled during the duration of those punches. But, halleluj, halleluj, halleluj, hallelujah, I was wrong to worry.
Fedor won the fight. He didnt blanket his opponent to a decision. He did it with flair. So why this obsession with identifying weakness in the greatest representative of our sport? Why this talk about him being exposed? Rather than attempting to provide a comprehensive answer, Ill just suggest that this contagious need to verbalize doubt probably says more about us than it does about Fedor Emelianenko. We either need him to win, or we need him to lose. Personally, I needed him to win on Saturday. Im not sure why. Its probably the result of some forgotten kindergarten playground mishap. Maybe Ill light some candles and draw a bath and do some reflecting. But in the case of Rogan, he might as well stay dry.
Im suspicious that Joes thoughts here are more the result of the Dana Hancock on his paychecks than anything. Look, Joe has dotted his career with really admirable individuality when it comes to his honest perspective of MMA. But Fedor is different. Hes the most critical cog in the larger machine of commercial MMA today. And while he isnt going to shut down a very robust UFC, he may be the most significant sustaining factor for an organization like Strikeforce. Hell at least allow them to act as an increasingly resilient lamprey. He wields even more power outside of the ring than he does in it. Hes got the ability to create, sustain or destroy an organization. Like Atlas, hes balancing a subtly gyrating world of Fertitas and Cokers and savvy Russian promoters on his shoulders.
All of that said, could Rogan still be right? Was Fedor exposed by Rogers? Sure, parts of him were exposed. Some of his blood was exposed, for instance. An inch or so of his epidermis around the bridge of his nose was exposed. Hell, hes probably exposed right now in some brotherly spa in Stary Oskol. But was he exposed in any ominous sense? Even a bit? Of course not. If Fedor has exposed anything of note, its simply because hes provided a little broader glimpse behind the iron curtain of his astonishing mystique: that hes not a significant beneficiary of chance, that he can absorb an as-yet undefined level of punishment without losing his lungs or his calm, and that he is always dangerous. At no point last Saturday did Fedor approach a condition of submission, either by tap or by unconsciousness. He never looked tired. And most importantly, he never panicked. He worked out that same old stoic formula. So it all comes down to this: icons like Fedor inflame primal emotions in all of us otherwise stable adults. In doing so, they expose all sorts of things. And in the final analysis, after all our reflexive doubts and impassioned supports are betrayed, it isnt Fedor who has been exposed. Nope. It is us.
Fedor wasn't exposed by anything in that fight except that:
1. He can still spot weaknesses - the moment Rogers threw that overhand right, Fedor knew it by watching Rogers' footing. Fedor beat Rogers to the punch, simple as that.
2. Fedor is still tough as ****! After the big shots he ate while standing and while on his back, he still survived and remained calm.
people act like fedor walked into every fight and administered the touch of death without breaking a sweat.
he has been in many adverse situations during fights. serious battles waged.
i would think joe rogan of all people would know that. we all know hes a closet fedor N-hugger!
I pictured all the fights Fedor won...
Fighters go to center of ring, touch gloves, opponents fall out! lol. great analogy.
That was a good artcle and I agree. I hope that Fedor earned a few more fans after that fight. A lot of people say that he would lose to someone with big power or big size but he met them both and won.
A Droid having weaknesses exposed?????????? Pffffffff!:laugh:
Fedor seemed undaunted in the fight. He took some big shots, got his nose crushed, and moved along like a true champion would.
Fedor does what all great fighters do find a way to win. I'll give him more props as hes a small HW and with these guys pushing 260+ and hes still gettin' it done...
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Check out our calendar for upcoming children's programs at the Columbus Public Library!
Regular Programs
Children's Storytime
Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 10:00 AM
Storytime is recommended for children ages 2 and up. It consists of stories, songs, rhymes, and crafts that help you build early literacy skills with your little one. Storytime is best when shared, so we ask that caretakers stay with their child at all times.
Baby Storytime
Thursdays at 10:00 AM
Baby Storytime is for children ages 0-24 months, and consists of short books, songs, bounce rhymes, and fingerplays that help you build early literacy skills with your baby. Siblings and other children are welcome to attend.
LEGO Club
2nd Thursday of the month at 3:30 PM
Come play, build, and explore with LEGOs at the library! We'll provide the LEGOs and after school snacks - you provide the creativity. Afterwards, photos of your LEGO creations will be displayed on our Facebook page.
Paws to Read
1st Thursday of the month at 5:00 PM
For children in first grade and up! Snuggle up with a book and a dog! Bring a book... to the library and read to Honey the golden lab. Time slots are limited so registration is required for this program. Register by calling (920) 623-5926 or emailing our children's librarian Jenni.
Bookworms Tween Book Club
3rd Thursday of the month at 4:00 PM
Tweens (grades 3-6) are welcome to join us for a book discussion, snacks, and fun activities. We'll discuss a new book each month, so check out our calendar and stop by the Tween Zone to pick up a copy of this month's selection!
Inklings Teen/Tween Writing Club
4th Thursday of the month at 3:30 PM
Get together with like-minded teens and tweens for a fun, casual writing club! We'll eat snacks, talk about what we're working on, share our work (if we want), and do writing exercises to get the creative juices flowing. No need to sign up ahead of time. Just bring yourself, a notebook, and a writing utensil.
Our Kids' Space
Visit our friendly kids' space to pick up the latest books and movies, enjoy our play space and photo scavenger hunts, and get started with computers by using our early literacy and learning game stations. In a hurry? Pick up one of our book bundles and enjoy a selection of books and movies on topics such as cats, farms, and dinosaurs. Our staff members will be happy to help you locate new titles and old favorites, find the perfect book or series for reluctant readers, or answer any questions you may have!
Wisconsin's Digital Library For Kids
Use your phone, tablet, computer, or eReader to enjoy free books, audiobooks, and streaming video from Wisconsin's Digital Library For Kids! You can even browse content by subject and reading level. This resource is powered by OverDrive, so take a peek at their Getting Started Guide or stop by the library to learn about downloading content to your device.


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I've looked locally for a pizza screen but haven't found one. I do plan to order one but I'm not sure how to use it. Do I just use the screen in the oven by itself or do I set the screen on a hot stone?


text: Normally I'm content to shop at H&M and other ultra-inexpensive, not particularly swanky stores, but sometimes it's fun to buy ultra-inexpensive clothes by designers like Helmut Lang, Nanette Lepore and Michael Kors. How? Select T.J.Maxx locations have designer sections called The Runway, and Columbus' only Runway store is at the corner of Henderson and Reed roads. Designer items are marked with a special purple tag. Most of the clothes are from previous seasons, but when you're buying a Prada top for $40, who cares?


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ExCEL: A UNCW Learning Community
Excellence through Cultural Engagement and Leadership
ExCEL (Excellence through Cultural Engagement and Leadership) is a learning community for first-year students that combines academic and co-curricular experiences designed to cultivate the diverse knowledge and skills that students will need to become engaged in their educational, local, and global communities.
Achieving Excellence in the university experience requires students to engage with a diversity of cultures. This Cultural Engagement empowers students to develop effective personal styles of Leadership as they become knowledgable, compassionate, contributing citizens within their local communities and beyond. Because leadership is demonstrated by action, ExCEL students are also empowered to be curious, engaged, and active citizens who use their learning experiences to make a difference in the world.
The Learning Community framework provides a dynamic learning experience that integrates curricular and co-curricular activities, giving students both the knowledge and skills to ExCEL in all areas of life. ExCEL students work with, learn from, and assist each other with the support of faculty, advisors, peer leaders, and campus services.
ExCEL Students Will:
- Enroll in common courses with other members of the Learning Community during the first year
- Develop a comprehensive personal education plan
- Earn three UNCW Leadership Certificates
- Explore aspects of identity, such as values, cultural background, and personal experience
- Work in teams to explore multiple perspectives of a broad range of topics and issues
- Learn and apply the fundamentals of active citizenship
- Participate in a variety of interactive activities inside and outside the classroom, including cultural events and lectures
- Organize and participate in community service projects


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50 State Salute-Criteria and Video Submission Information
Check out the "50 State Salute" videos created thus far on our map.
This year marks the 30th anniversary of Banned Books Week, the national book community's annual celebration of the freedom to read. To commemorate this milestone anniversary, the Office for Intellectual Freedom is coordinating a "50 State Salute to Banned Books Week." The "50 State Salute" will form the core of ALA's participation in this year's Banned Books Virtual Read-Out and will consist of videos from each state proclaiming the importance of the freedom to read.
Many state ALA chapters have agreed to participate and we hope that your organization will join us by creating a video. Please note that the "50 State Salute" is for organizational participation only. Organizations could include state or regional library associations, local libraries, local bookstores, schools, universities, community organizations, etc. All individuals not representing an organization who wish to participate in Banned Books Week are encouraged to create a video for the Banned Books Virtual Read-Out.
The "50 State Salute" will consist of videos (no longer than 5 minutes) that emphasizes ways in which each state's community celebrates the freedom to read during Banned Books Week. Videos can be as simple as a state representative reading a book that was banned/challenged in your state, or a reading a book by an author from your state whose works have been banned/challenged. We also accept more elaborate video montages demonstrating how a particular community celebrates Banned Books Week. A great example of a video montage we seek comes from Mooresville Public Library, Mooresville, IN. We strongly encourage all participating organizations to be as creative as possible, as long as the video's message focuses on how your state celebrates the freedom to read during Banned Books Week. For the "50 State Salute," ALA is seeking:
- Only one video per organization
- Each video from an organization should demonstrate how a particular community celebrates Banned Books Week
- Videos from organizations can feature members of the organization, as long as the video promotes the freedom to read
- Each video should be no longer than 5 minutes long
How do we participate?
If your orgnization is interested in participating in the "50 State Salute," you will need a YouTube/Google account. Click here to create one. Once you have created an account, click upload and follow the instructions. While your video uploads, you will need to create a Title, Description, and Tags.
Title: The title of your video should include "50 State Salute." An example is "American Library Association for the 50 State Salute" or "Washington for the 50 State Salute."
Description: Provide a brief description of your video. Your description should include a brief background of your organization.
Tags: Use "50 State Salute" as one of your tags.
Video submission and deadline information
We have extended the deadline to submit video for the "50 State Salute" to Friday, October 5. You will need to fill out this form to submit video.
If you have any questions regarding participation in the "50 State Salute," including questions about which state library associations are participating, please contact Nanette Perez at firstname.lastname@example.com and email@example.com.


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See images from Himawari-8 in the new satellite viewer
This demonstration product is most suitable for people
with fast internet connection and high data allowance.
Low-definition satellite images
Satellite View Selection
00:30 AWST on Sunday 22 January 2017 | Cloud/surface composite, Australia
Images from Japan Meteorological Agency satellite Himawari 8 via Bureau of Meteorology.
IDY28000 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Bureau National Operations Centre Satellite Notes for 1800UTC chart 21 January 2017 Issued at 6:27 am EDT Sunday on 22 January 2017 Showers and thunderstorms are visible along a surface trough through the interior of Western Australia. Another surface trough is generating showers and thunderstorms through central Australia and southern Queensland. A humid unstable air mass is resulting in the thunderstorm activity over the Top End and Peninsula district of Queensland. High pressure is maintaining clear skies across the southeast of the country although a little cloud is evident about coastal NSW and Tasmania due to onshore winds. Patchy cloud is evident over the Bight while southerly winds a producing low cloud about the far southwest of Western Australia. Further east, a band of cloud is evident over the southern Coral Sea which extends further southeast over New Zealand. This is associated with a significant upper level trough and intense low pressure system near the south island of New Zealand.


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Valor Fitness Rubber Hex 3 lb Dumbbells
Product Information:
A staple to any home gym or fitness facility, the Valor Fitness® Rubber Hex 3 lb Dumbbells are ergonomically designed to bring you a smooth and steady free weight workout. Protective rubber ends help prevent damage to your gym floor, while the durable solid steel handles fit comfortably in the palms of your hands. The knurled steel grip delivers a secure, contoured hold, letting you put all your focus into the pushing out the next rep.
Click here for additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty.
- Two 3 lb dumbbells (6 lbs total) for free weight workouts
- Ergonomically-designed rubber hex dumbbell
- Durable solid steel handle is designed to fit comfortably in your palm
- Knurled grip steel gives you a secure hold during each workout
- Includes two dumbbells per purchase
- Manufacturer's warranty: 5 years
- Dumbbell Weight: 3 lbs each ( 6 lbs pair total)
- Style: RH-3
- Valor Fitness
Click here for additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty.
Country of Origin: ImportedWeb ID: 13051517


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SeasonsIn color: Bluestone/Taupestone
Seasons is inspired by the changing seasons of a year. As easily and quickly as the seasons change, Seasons natural stone looks fit easily within any space and will quickly add to the beauty of a room.
Features & Benefits
|Contributes to good indoor air quality
|Finished product proudly MADE IN THE USA!
|ArmorGuard Wearlayer
|Order a Sample
Product Details
Care & Maintenance
Regular Care: Sweep or vacuum regularly to remove dirt and grit. Wipe up spills promptly. Wash your floor with Congoleum Bright N' Easy No-Rinse Cleaner for a thorough cleaning.
One Star
Congoleum stands behind its products with the most comprehensive warranties in the business. Find your product line to learn about your flooring's warranty. To learn what is included in the Congoleum Limited Warranties download our Consumer Flooring Guide and let us help you determine which Congoleum product is right for your home.
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Conservation Status
Northern elephant seals are not presently endangered. At one time, however, this species was thought to have been hunted to extinction. They were presume extinct by the 1880's, after being exploited by hunters and whalers seeking to use the animals' thick layer of blubber as an oil source. A few animals were then discovered in 1892 which were captured and killed for scientific study. Eventually, it was discovered that a population of about 20 to 100 individuals had survived. Studies have shown that all individuals of the current population, which has grown to over 175,000, are relatives of these few survivors. The population bottleneck that occurred during this time is of concern because genetic variation is reduced, creating the possibility for the population to be vulnerable to disease or reproductive failure. (Bonner, 1990; Weber et al., 2000)


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Happy Tuesday everyone! Sorry this week's roundup is a day late. We were in Cali over the weekend and got back late on Sunday night, which threw my blogging schedule off.
The trip was short but nice: we went to see Jeff's grandpa, who is nearing 100! The weekend was centered around two things: eating, and walking, and we sure did a lot of both. We also got a chance to visit the Davis Farmer's Market for the second time. The farmer's market just came out with its own cookbook, and the author was there sign copies on Saturday. Apparently you can get all the ingredients for the cookbook's recipes from the farmer's market. How neat is that?!
Now for this week's roundup: color blocking! What is it? It's basically wearing a lot of different colors at the same time. You can either color block by wearing an outfit comprised of those different colors. Or you can wear a garment that has a bunch of colors 'blocked off' on it (colors are sectioned off from each other in straight-edge geometric shapes like squares, rectangles, triangles. The colors usually complement each other, but that's not always the case. Seems like a fun way to brighten your wardrobe.
These DIYs are fun, and are also a great way to upcycle old clothings/purses/shoes. I'm really wanting to make the color block top. I figure you can rummage for great scraps of remnants at the fabric store, so you can create this for cheap!
color block neon TOMs // iGriza
color block neon purse // Le Minimalist
color block clutch // Just B
neon toe shoes // Luxury Spot
carDUOgan // Park & Cube
colorful credenza // design*sponge
color block top // Scared Stitchless
golden triangle nails // Binky_Bunny via flickr


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Insulated Jackets - MensSave on Men's Insulated Jackets at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of street gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Insulated Jackets and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
Please refine here More in the Outlet Shop.
- Size: Large
- Color: Plaid
Insulated Jackets More in the Outlet Shop.
Analog Bowery JacketReg: $90.00 On Sale: $67.95
Size: Medium, Large, X-Large
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Size: Small, Medium, Large, X-Large
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Size: Medium, Large, X-Large
Burton TWC Primetime Snowboard Jacket
Size: LargeReg: $189.95 On Sale: $123.47
Columbia Two Lives Reversible JacketReg: $120.00 On Sale: $65.95
Size: Small, Medium, Large, X-Large
DC Backwoods Shacket SoftshellReg: $119.95 On Sale: $83.95
Size: Small, Medium, Large
Sessions Adlan JacketReg: $109.95 On Sale: $60.85
Size: Medium, Large, X-Large
Special Blend Gunner Snowboard JacketReg: $199.95 On Sale: $112.85 - $113.95
Size: Medium, Large


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In Edwards Lifesciences AB v. Corevalve, Inc. (now a part of Medtronic), Appeal No. 2011-1215-1257 (Fed. Cir. Nov. 13, 2012), Corevalve challenged the validity of US Pat. No. 5,411,552 directed to a "transcather heart valve" on the basis that the valve had only been implanted in pigs as of the effective filing date of the patent, and that not all of the experimental implants were successful. The Fed. Cir. disagreed, and Edwards provides a succinct review of the standards for enablement based on animal testing.
The panel began by reminding the parties that "[t]he enablement requirement is met if the description [in the specification] enables any mode of making and using the invention." Johns Hopkins Univ. v. CellPro, Inc. 152 F.3d 1342, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 1998). In other contexts, this statement permits claims based on "benchtop" syntheses, even if the claimed compound or process is being produced or practiced on a pilot plant scale. "The most efficient commercial embodiment need not be disclosed. Durel Corp. v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 256 F.3d 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2001)."


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The atmospheric world of electro-acoustic music, meshing the digital and the analogue, gets an incredibly crafty addition on The West (Deluxe) thanks to Matmos, the conceptually oriented San Francisco duo, and a host of friends (on, among other things, slide guitar, drums, jew's harp, trumpet and more).
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Current Activities
• October 13, 2016: This day marks the start of the 250th weekly Disquiet Junto project.
• November 16, 2016: I'll be sharing the mic at Adobe Books in San Francisco with my fellow 33 1/3 author Evie Nagy for an evening hosted, from 7pm to 10pm, by Marc Kate (facebook.com).
• December 1, 2016: A likely speaking engagement. Details to come.
• December 13, 2016: This day marks the 20th anniversary of Disquiet.com.
• January 5, 2017: This day marks the 5th anniversary of the Disquiet Junto.
• Ongoing: The Disquiet Junto series of weekly communal music projects explore constraints as a springboard for creativity and productivity. There is a new project each Thursday afternoon (California time), and it is due the following Monday at 11:59pm: disquiet.com/junto.
• My book on Aphex Twin's landmark 1994 album, Selected Ambient Works Vol. II, published as part of the 33 1/3 series, an imprint of Bloomsbury, is now in its second printing. It can be purchased at amazon.com, among other places.
disquiet juntoThe Disquiet Junto is an ongoing weekly collaborative music-making space in which restraints are used as a springboard for creativity. Subscribe to the announcement list at tinyletter.com/disquiet-junto. There is an FAQ. ... These are the 5 most recent weekly projects: • 0264 / Time Travel / Record a piece of music that plays with the perception of time. • 0263 / Overture Edit / Produce an overture to an existing album. • 0262 / Ice Code / Record the sound of ice in a glass and make something of it. • 0261 / Audio Journal 2016 / Create a sonic diary of the past year with a dozen five-second segments. • 0260 / Tone Fade / An exercise in when a sound ends.
... And there is a complete list of projects at disquiet.com/junto.
Tags8-bit app audio-games brands of sounds chiptune classical comics copyleft field-recording film forum-digger free free download gadget generative i-hop IFTTTgram installation ios ipad iphone ipod ipod touch junto listening to yesterday live-performance modular netlabel noise recommended stream remix rock saw2for33third science-fiction score site-maintenance software sound-art sounds-of-brands this week in sound turntablism TV video video-games voice
twitter: @disquiet


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Twenty years ago – 1993
Area farmers who sell produce at the farmers' market in Dunkirk have banded together to organize an informal group calling itself the Dunkirk Farmers' Market Association. Eight farmers who have leased space at the market in the past met recently to review new rules and regulations that have been established for the upcoming season. The farmers' market is held in a pavilion on East Third Street that was donated to the city by Bells Market.
Thirty years ago – 1983
Accountant Donald R. Thering has served three generations of individuals in the Dunkirk-Fredonia area, as well as businesses, and recently moved his office to Dunkirk. With 33 years of accounting experience, Mr. Thering currently works out of an office at 744 Central Ave., Dunkirk, above the Northern Chautauqua Dental Group in which his son Bruce is a partner. Mr. Thering began his practice many years ago at his former home on Eagle Street, later moving it to his home on Chestnut Street in Fredonia.
Forty years ago – 1973
Walter J. Stasiewicz, plant manager at Kraft Foods, Dunkirk, announced that James A. Grupa, area native, has been promoted from senior clerk to control center supervisor in the Dunkirk traffic department.
Fifty years ago – 1963
The Fred Koch Brewery of Dunkirk was announced as the first-place winner in its class in the United States Brewers Association's industry-wide "Fleet Safety Contest."


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13 Insurance Technology Twitter Users You Should Be Following
The Insurance Strategic Advisor & Industry Analyst at Strategy Meets Action specializes in and posts about customer communications, data and analytics, document/content management and mobile technologies.
Godes describes himself as an insurance recovery attorney helping corporate insureds with insurance claims, audits and posts often about cybersecurity and data risk.
Golesworthy is president of The Customer Respect Group, which reviews the complete online customer experience in a variety of industries, including insurance.
The social media director for State Auto Insurance keeps followers up to speed on social media news.
Houghton's Twitter bio reads, "CIO. Change, Technology and Information evangelist. Commercially focused." He often shares his views on insurance technology news.
Hunter describers herself as an "Insurance Nerd, Yoga Guru in Training, Blogger, Speaker." Her followers get a broker perspective of the industry.
This partner and managing director at Novarica, insurance and financial services IT strategist and researcher gets to the heart of CIO matters.
Lee's Twitter bio reads "Executive Consultant in the domains of Information Governance & Risk Management, Advanced Analytics & Business Informatics." He Tweets often about all things data.
The CEO and Founder of Aragon Research Inc. covers collaboration, mobile, social, content, portals as well as knowledge and workplace issues.
The analyst with Unisphere Research and contributor to CBS interactive, Forbes and INN shares news and opinion about data management.
The Senior Analyst for Celent keep followers up to date on his insurance technology research and shares opinions on the industry.
The Director of Social Media at Prudential provides a view from the insurer and offers opinion on the role of social media within insurance companies.
Wise focuses his enterprise social tech consulting efforts and Tweets on socially enabled sales and marketing within insurance companies and large agencies.


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As the costs of traditional and renewable electricity are converging, we are nearing the holy grail of renewable energy — grid parity.has continued that trend. Barack Obama was elected on a platform promising a transformation of the nation's environmental and energy policies. The stimulus bill passed in 2008 provided support to the growth of clean and efficient energy for years to come, and introduced the concept of improving building efficiency as a source of green jobs, both themes continued and expanded in 2009's stimulus plan. Obama and Congress are committed to devoting more than $150 billion in the coming decade to developing alternative energy sources and vastly improving energy efficiency.
Questions about climate regulation and the future cost of greenhouse gas emissions have shifted from "if" to "when."investments in green energy as one of the tools to restart the economy. It contains more than $20 billion for the green economy, including renewable energy and energy efficiency programs, grants, bonds and loans — a sum unimaginable even six months ago. And an energy bill containing a national minimum requirement of renewable energy is looking increasingly likely this year, as well as some kind of climate legislation during Obama's first term. Together, these represent a major transformation of U.S. energy policy.


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Thumbs Up/Thumbs Down
Human Rights Award
THUMBS UP: Congratulations to Sheldon Rieke, recipient of this year's Human Rights Award, presented annually by the New Ulm Human Rights Commission.
Rieke has worked for years with local youth, through Healthy Communities/Healthy Youth, and through the local SPOTS program (Students Performing On Tough Situations). In SPOTS, students examine social problems that face young people, from bullying to alcohol and drug use, and they develop plays and skits to help educate their fellow youth on the issues.
It is always nice to see people who work for others get the recognition they deserve, but don't always get.
Cuts arrive
THUMBS DOWN: So the long-dreaded "sequestered" cuts have arrived. The cuts are sort of a slow-motion disaster. The effects may not be felt for several weeks as the government phases them in, so there is still time for a budget cutting deal once the politicians get tired of blaming each other for the problem.
The fact that these cuts have been coming for months, and were put off back at the end of 2012 makes it all the more frustrating that no agreement could be reached.
In the meantime, the Republic will survive even this folly.
State Wrestling
THUMBS UP: Congratulations to all the area wrestlers who are competing in the Minnesota State High School Wrestling Tournament this week. A state tourney trip is a great payoff for the months and years of hard work these athletes have put into their sport.
The International Olympic Committee may not recognize wrestling as a worthwhile sport anymore, but we do, and wish all the area wrestlers well as they compte.


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Brooke Marks
Brooke Marks
is a very cute amateur girl with brown hair and such a cute little body and personality. You will see her cupping her boobs with her hand as she's wearing little cute panties. You will see all her high quality, exclusive pics and tons of her candid and personal photos too. You will enjoy Brooke Marks, she's more than a hot ass amateur girl, she's a wonderful personality chick too! - Brooke Marks peels off her bikini.
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