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Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests, South Asia and East Asia. It is also known as the European lynx, common lynx, the northern lynx, and the Siberian or Russian lynx. While its conservation status has been classified as "Least Concern", populations of Eurasian lynx have been reduced or extirpated from western Europe, where it is now being reintroduced.
Physical characteristics[edit]
The Eurasian lynx is the largest lynx species, ranging in length from 80 to 130 cm (31 to 51 in) and standing about 70 cm (28 in) at the shoulder. The tail measures 11 to 25 cm (4.3 to 9.8 in) in length. Males usually weigh from 18 to 30 kg (40 to 66 lb) and females weigh 8 to 21 kg (18 to 46 lb).[3][4][5][6] Male lynxes from Siberia, where the species reaches the largest body size, can weigh up to 38 kg (84 lb) or reportedly even 45 kg (99 lb).[7][8] It has powerful, relatively long legs, with large webbed and furred paws that act like snowshoes. It also possesses a short "bobbed" tail with an all-black tip, black tufts of hair on its ears, and a long grey-and-white ruff.
During the summer, the Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat, which tends to be more brightly coloured in animals living at the southern end of its range. In winter, however, this is replaced by a much thicker coat of silky fur that varies from silver-grey to greyish-brown. The underparts of the animal, including the neck and chin, are white at all times of the year. The fur is almost always marked with black spots, although the number and pattern of these is highly variable. Some animals also possess dark brown stripes on the forehead and back. Although spots tend to be more numerous in animals from southern populations, Eurasian lynx with heavily spotted fur may exist close to others with plain fur.[9]
Eurasian lynx make a range of vocalizations, but are generally silent outside of the breeding season. They have been observed to mew, hiss, growl, and purr, and, like domestic cats, will "chatter" at prey that is just out of reach. Mating calls are much louder, consisting of deep growls in the male, and loud "meow"-like sounds in the female.[9]
Eurasian lynx are secretive, and because the sounds they make are very quiet and seldom heard, their presence in an area may go unnoticed for years. Remnants of prey or tracks on snow are usually observed long before the animal is seen.
Lynx preys largely on small to fairly large sized mammals and birds. Among the recorded prey items for the species are hares, rabbits, marmots, squirrels, dormice, other rodents, grouse, red foxes, wild boar, foxes, chamois, moose, roe deer, red deer, reindeer and other ungulates. Although taking on larger prey presents a risk to the animal, the bounty provided by killing them can outweigh the risks. The Eurasian lynx thus prefers fairly large ungulate prey, especially during winter when small prey is less abundant. They are the only Lynx species in which ungulates provide a great portion of their diet in relation to lagomorphs or rodents. Where common, roe deer appear to be the preferred prey species for the lynx.[10][11] Even where roe deer are quite uncommon, the deer are still quantitatively the favored prey species, though in summer smaller prey and occasional domestic sheep are eaten more regularly.[12] In parts of Finland, introduced White-tailed deer are eaten mostly regularly.[11] In some areas of Poland and Austria, red deer are the preferred prey and, in Switzerland, chamois may be locally favored.[11] They will also feed on carrion when it is available. Adult lynx require 1.1 to 2 kilograms (2.4 to 4.4 lb) of meat per day, and may take several days to fully consume some of their larger prey.[9]
The main method of hunting is stalking, sneaking and jumping on prey, although they are also ambush predators when conditions are suitable. In winter certain snow conditions make this harder and the animal may be forced to switch to larger prey. Eurasian lynx hunt using both vision and hearing, and often climb onto high rocks or fallen trees to scan the surrounding area. A very powerful predator, these lynxes have successfully killed adult deer weighing to at least 150 kg (330 lb).[13]
The Eurasian lynx inhabits rugged forested country providing plenty of hideouts and stalking opportunities. Depending on the locality, this may include forest-steppe, boreal forest, and montane forest. In the more mountainous parts of their range, Eurasian lynx will descend into the lowlands in winter, following their prey, and avoiding the deepest snows. They tend to be less common where wolves are abundant, and wolves have been reported to attack and even eat lynx.[9] In Russian forests, the most important predators of the Eurasian lynx are the gray wolf and the wolverine. Wolves kill and eat lynxes that fail to escape into trees. Lynx populations decrease when wolves appear in a region and are likely to take smaller prey where wolves are active.[14][15] Wolverines are perhaps the most dogged of competitors for kills, often stealing lynx kills. Lynxes tend to actively avoid encounters with wolverines, but may sometimes fight them if defending kittens.[13][14] Sometimes, Siberian tigers have also preyed on lynxes, as evidenced by examination of tiger stomach contents.[14] Lynx compete for food with the predators described above, and also with the red fox, eagle owls, golden eagles, wild boar (which scavenge from lynx kills), and in the southern part of its range, the snow leopard and leopard as well.[14]
Although they may hunt during the day when food is scarce, the Eurasian lynx is mainly nocturnal or crepuscular, and spends the day sleeping in dense thickets or other places of concealment. It lives solitarily as an adult.
The hunting area of Eurasian lynx can be anything from 20 to 450 km2 (8 to 174 sq mi), depending on the local availability of prey. Males tend to hunt over much larger areas than females, which tend to occupy exclusive, rather than overlapping, hunting ranges. The Eurasian lynx can travel up to 20 km (12 mi) during one night, although about half this distance is more typical. They patrol regularly throughout all parts of their hunting range, using scent marks to indicate their presence to other individuals. As with other cats, the scent marks may consist of faeces, urine, or scrape marks, with the former often being left in prominent locations along the boundary of the hunting territory.[9]
Life cycle[edit]
The mating season for Eurasian lynx lasts from January to April. The female typically comes into oestrus only once during this period, lasting from four to seven days, but if the first litter is lost, a second period of oestrus is common. Unlike the closely related Canada lynx, the Eurasian species does not appear to be able to control its reproductive behaviour based on prey availability. This may be because, feeding on a larger range of prey than the Canada lynx, rarity of suitable prey is a less common occurrence.[9]
Pregnant females construct dens in secluded locations, often protected by overhanging branches or tree roots. The den may be lined with feathers, deer hair, and dry grass to provide bedding for the young. Gestation lasts from 67 to 74 days, and results in the birth of from one to four kittens. At birth, Eurasian lynx kittens weigh 240 to 430 grams (8.5 to 15 oz) and are blind and helpless. They initially have plain, greyish-brown fur, attaining the full adult colouration around eleven weeks of age. The eyes open after ten to twelve days. The kittens begin to take solid food at six to seven weeks, when they begin to leave the den, but are not fully weaned for five or six months.[9]
The den is abandoned two to three months after the kittens are born, but the young typically remain with their mother until they are around ten months of age (the start of the next breeding season). Eurasian lynx reach sexual maturity at two or three years, and have lived for twenty one years in captivity.[9]
Status and range[edit]
- Central Asia: The European lynx is native to the Chinese provinces of Sinkiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, as well as to Iran, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
- Pakistan: The Northern Areas(Gilgit Baltistan), adjoining areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA
- India: Kashmir's Ladakh area, Himachal Pradesh and most other Himalayan states.
- Nepal: Most of northern areas of country.
- Russia: More than 90% of all Eurasian Lynx live in the forests of Siberia. They are distributed from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific island of Sakhalin.
- Turkey: As "the fate of Turkey's wildlife lies with various governmental bodies holding often conflicting agendas and handicapped by a lack of skilled personnel and funding" unfortunately "there are no estimates of the number" of Eurasian lynx living in Turkey and possibly their number is declining due to legal hunting of the animal from August to the end of March every year.[16][17]
Once the Eurasian Lynx was quite common in all of Europe. By the middle of the 19th century, it had become extirpated in most countries of Central and Western Europe. Recently, there have been successful attempts to reintroduce this lynx to forests.
Status of the Eurasian lynx in various European countries and regions:
- Carpathian Mountains: About 2,800 lynx live in this mountain range in the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.[18] It is the largest contiguous Eurasian Lynx population west of the Russian border.
- Romania: over 2000 lynx live in Romania, including most of the Carpathian population. However, some experts consider these official population numbers to be overestimated.[19] Limited hunting is permitted but the population is stable.
- Balkan peninsula: The Balkan Lynx is found in Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Bulgaria and possibly Greece.[20] They can be found in remote mountainous regions of the Balkans, with the largest numbers in remote hills of western Macedonia. The Balkan Lynx is considered a national symbol of Macedonia,[21] and it is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 5 denars coin, issued in 1993.[22] The name of Lynkestis, a Macedonian tribe, is translated as "Land of the Lynx" It has been on the brink of extinction for nearly a century. Numbers are estimated to be around one hundred, and the decline is due to illegal poaching.[23][24] The animal was declared extinct in Bulgaria in 1985, but sightings continued well into the 1990s. In 2006 an audio recording of a lynx mating call was made in the Strandzha mountain range in the southeast. Two years later an ear-marked individual was accidentally shot near Belogradchik in the northwest, and a few months later a mounted trap camera caught a glimpse of another individual. Further camera sightings followed in Osogovo as well as Strandzha, confirming that the animal has returned to the country. A thorough examination on the subject is yet to be made available.[citation needed]
- Britain: It was thought that the lynx had died out in Britain either about 10,000 years ago, after the ice had retreated, or about 4,000 years ago, during a cooler and wetter climate change. However, carbon dating of lynx skulls taken from the National Museums of Scotland and the Craven caves in North Yorkshire show they lived in Britain between 80 and 425 AD.[25][26] A native name for the animal, lox, existed in Old English.[27] There is interest in reintroducing the lynx to Britain.[28]
- Czech Republic: In Bohemia, the lynx was exterminated in the 19th century (1830–1890) and in Moravia probably at the turn of the 20th century. After 1945, migration from Slovakia created a small and unstable population in Moravia. In the 1980s, almost 20 specimens were imported from Slovakia and reintroduced in the Šumava area. In early 2006, the population of lynx in the Czech Republic was estimated at 65–105 individuals. Hunting is prohibited, but the lynx is often threatened by poachers.
- Dinaric Alps and Julian Alps: Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are home to between 130 and 200 lynx.[18][29] The Eurasian lynx had been considered extinct in these countries since the beginning of the 20th century. However, a successful reintroduction project was carried out in Slovenia in 1973, when three female and three male lynx from Slovakia were released in the Kočevski forest. Today, lynx can be found in the Slovenian Alps and in the Croatian regions of Gorski kotar and Velebit, spanning the Dinaric Alps and over the Dinara Mountain into western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia's Plitvice Lakes National Park is home to several pairs of lynx. In the three countries, the Eurasian lynx is listed as an endangered species and protected by law. Realistic population estimates are 40 lynx in Slovenia, 40–60 in Croatia, and more than 50 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatian massif Risnjak in Risnjak National Park probably got its name from the Croatian word for lynx, ris.
- Estonia: There are 900 individuals in Estonia according to a 2001 estimate.[30] Although 180 lynx were legally hunted in Estonia in 2010, the country still has the highest known density of the species in Europe.[31]
- Fennoscandia: Fennoscandian lynx were close to extinction in the 1930s–1950s but increased again thanks to protection. In the meantime protective hunting for lynx has been legalized again. The numbers are still on a slow increase. Lynx is the only non-domestic feline in Scandinavia.
- Finland: about 2200–2300 individuals, according to a 2009 estimate.[32] Lynx population in Finland have been increasing every year since 1991, and is estimated to be nowadays larger than ever before. Limited hunting is permitted. In 2009 the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry gave a permit for hunting of 340 lynx individuals.[33]
- Norway: The Eurasian Lynx is found in stable populations throughout Norway except for the southwestern counties, where they are only found sporadically. The national goal of 65 lynx births was reached in 2007, with 69 to 74 registered lynx born. The population was estimated at 409–439 specimens.[34]
- Sweden: Sweden had an estimated population of about 1400 lynx in 2006 and 1250 in 2011. The hunt is controlled by government agencies.[35] Hunters who wish to hunt for lynx must register for the so-called "protective hunt," which takes place in March. The hunt may only take place if the population has an annual increase of 300 animals 300 birth situations. The government has allowed the requirement to fall to an increase of 250 lynx under "certain circumstances" and still permit the hunt. Even though the goal is rarely met, the hunt is always approved. This has led to a steady decrease of the number of lynx in Sweden and protests from larger non-governmental organisations such as The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. Only a few animals are allowed to be shot in each region, depending on the size of the local lynx population and/or how the reindeer herding is affected. Every shot animal and shooting location is controlled by the County Administration, and the carcass is sent away for analysis to the National Veterinary Institute. The hunter may keep the skin, if a microchip or transponder is attached by the local police authority. The skull of the shot animal can be sent back to the hunter for a fee of about €70. No more than 75 animals in 20 regions were permitted to be shot in 2007, an increase from 51 in 2006 (always about 5% of the population). In 2006 there were 41 lynx killed outside of hunting, 31 of which were killed in traffic accidents.
- France: The lynx was exterminated by about the year 1900, but was later reintroduced to the Vosges and Pyrenees[citation needed] and has moved to the French Alps from Switzerland.[36]
- Germany: The Eurasian Lynx was exterminated in Germany in 1850. It was reintroduced to the Bavarian Forest and the Harz in the 1990s; other areas were populated by lynx immigrating from neighboring France and the Czech Republic. In 2002 the first birth of wild lynx on German territory was announced, following a litter from a pair of lynx in the Harz National Park. Small populations exist also in Saxon Switzerland, Palatinate Forest, and Fichtelgebirge.
- Netherlands: The lynx has been extinct in the Netherlands since the Middle Ages. Although there were some sightings, they probably stem from captive-bred lynx which have escaped or were released to the wild, or may be lynx moving in from Germany, since several of the sightings reported during the 1980s and 1990s were around the Reichswald area.[39]
- Belgium: The lynx was extinct for about 300 years, but started to recolonize the eastern part of the country in the first decade of the 21st century (around Vielsalm and Voeren). These animals are probably individuals from the lynx populations in the Eifel region of Germany or the Vosges region of France, or possibly also illegal introductions by hunters.
- Poland: The Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences has information about "at least 128 lynx", observed in 2006/2007. The report suggests that the number is underestimated.[40]
- Slovakia: The lynx is native to forested areas in Central and East Slovakia. The lynx in Slovakia live mainly in mixed forests at altitudes from 800 to 1000 m. The feline can also be found in many national parks of Slovakia and other protected areas.[41][42]
- Switzerland: The lynx became extinct here in 1915, but was reintroduced in 1971. Swiss lynx also migrated to Austria, where they had also been exterminated. A higher proportion are killed by human causes than by infectious diseases.[43]
- Italy: The Lynx was considered extinct since the early 20th century but over the past 30 years a partial recolonization of the Alps, from the Swiss and Slovenian populations, is occurring. Claims in 2009 of the existence of a very small population in central Italy[44] proved to be unsubstantiated.[citation needed]
- Turkey: As "the fate of Turkey's wildlife lies with various governmental bodies holding often conflicting agendas and handicapped by a lack of skilled personnel and funding" unfortunately "there are no estimates of the number" of Eurasian lynx living in Turkey and possibly their number is declining due to legal hunting of the animal from August to the end of March every year.[17][45]
Precise classification of the subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx is still the subject of debate, but based on recent interpretation, the list includes:[46]
- Lynx lynx lynx, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Western Siberia
- Lynx lynx carpathicus, Carpathian Mountains, Central Europe
- Lynx lynx martinoi, Balkans
- Lynx lynx dinniki, Caucasus
- Lynx lynx wardi, Altai Mountains
- Lynx lynx wrangeli, Eastern Siberia
- Lynx lynx isabellinus, Central Asia
- Lynx lynx kozlovi, Central Siberia
- Lynx lynx stroganovi, Amur region
- Lynx lynx sardiniae, Sardinia†
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C (2008). Lynx lynx. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
- ^ "Eurasian lynx". Peter Jackson. 24 April 1997. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Science & Nature – Wildfacts – Eurasian lynx". BBC. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ Lynx Felis lynx. animals.nationalgeographic.com
- ^ Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
- ^ "San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Lynx". Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ Boitani, Luigi, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–176. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
- ^ Molinari-Jobin, Anja; Zimmermann, Fridolin; Ryser, Andreas; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine; Capt, Simon; Breitenmoser, Urs; Molinari, Paolo; Haller, Heinrich et al. (2007). "Variation in diet, prey selectivity and home-range size of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Switzerland". Wildlife Biology 13 (4): 393. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[393:VIDPSA]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c Diet of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the northern Dinaric Mountains (Slovenia and Croatia). DeepDyve (2011-10-01). Retrieved on 2012-07-27.
- ^ Odden, John; Linnell, John D. C.; Andersen, Reidar (2006). "Diet of Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway: The relative importance of livestock and hares at low roe deer density". European Journal of Wildlife Research 52 (4): 237. doi:10.1007/s10344-006-0052-4.
- ^ a b Carnivores of the World by Dr. Luke Hunter. Princeton University Press (2011), ISBN 9780691152288
- ^ a b c d V.G. Heptner and A.A. Sludskii. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II Part 2 Carnivora: Hyenas and Cats. 1992. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co pp. 625–6
- ^ Luigi Boitani (23 November 2003). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 265–. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ Johnson, Kirk (November/December 2002). "The Status of Mammalian Carnivores in Turkey". University of Michigan.
- ^ a b "European Lynx Specialists Conference". Cat News (14). Spring 1991.
- ^ a b "Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe Species fact sheet – Lynx lynx". Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe. no date. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "Status and conservation of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe in 2001". Coordinated research projects for the conservation and management of carnivores in Switzerland KORA. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ "ELOIS – Populations – Balkan population". Kora.ch. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ "Macedonia Wildcats Fight for Survival", by Konstantin Testorides, Associated Press; in The Washington Post, 4 November 2006. – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.
- ^ Macedonian currency: Coins in circulation. National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia.
- ^ "Poachers put Balkan lynx on brink of extinction". AFP. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ "Action urged to save Balkan lynx". BBC. 3 November 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "The bone-man's legacy"; New Scientist 11 August 2007; pp. 48–49
- ^ Hetherington, David A.; Lord, Tom C.; Jacobi, Roger M. (2005). "New evidence for the occurrence of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in medieval Britain". Journal of Quaternary Science 21: 3. doi:10.1002/jqs.960.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ "UK lynx 'could be reintroduced'". BBC. 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
- ^ "World of Animals at Plitvice Lakes". Plitvice Lakes National Park World of Animals.
- ^ Valdmann, Harri. "Estonia – 3. Size & trend". Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe. Retrieved 2007-05-28.[dead link]
- ^ Eestist asustatakse Poola metsadesse ümber kuni 40 ilvest. Eesti Päevaleht, 1-3-2011. (Estonian)
- ^ "RKTL – Ilves". Rktl.fi. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ "Metsästäjäliitto on tyytyväinen ilveksen pyyntilupien lisäämiseen | Suomen Metsästäjäliitto – Finlands Jägarförbund r.y". Metsastajaliitto.fi. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ "Lynx". State of the Environment Norway. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ "Swedish Environmental Protection Agency & Council For Predator Issues".
- ^ Stahl, Philippe and Vandel, Jean-Michel (1998). "Distribution of the lynx in the French Alps". Hystrix 10 (1). doi:10.4404/hystrix-10.1-4117.
- ^ "Latvia". Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ "Lūšis – vienintelė kačių šeimos rūšis Lietuvoje". Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
- ^ "ELOIS – Introduction". Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe. no date. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "Wolf and lynx census". The Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences. 2008-01-24. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
- ^ "Natura 2000 Sites – Rys ostrovid" (in Slovak). State Nature Conservancy SR. no date. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Slovakia (SK)". Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe. no date. Retrieved 2007-05-28.[dead link]
- ^ Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38. Wildlife Disease Association. 2002. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
- ^ "Lince Appenninica". Comitato Parchi Italia. 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ Johnson, Kirk (November/December 2002). "The Status of Mammalian Carnivores in Turkey". University of Michigan.
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Skip to comments.Term Limits - Success or Failure
Posted on 06/12/2007 12:17:06 PM PDT by backtothestreets
Many FReepers still consider term limits a remedy to problems that plague our nation.
I am located in California where term limits is now the law for all non-federal elective offices. The effort was primarily aimed at removing one person from state politics, Willie Brown, then Speaker of the Assembly.
My personal assessment is that term limits has ushered in an era of progressive-liberalism from both the Democratic and Republican parties never imagined. It has also tossed many very capable conservatives from office. I wonder how others assess term limits now.
Using California as the example, how many FReepers would like to see term limits extended into all states and Congress?
Me too!
"Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached." - Manuel II Palelologus
Extend them! Extend them! Make them relinquish the Orb!
The problem with California term limits is that the players just find another elective office to hold. And the people just vote them in. Look at the former Governor Jerry Brown. He became the mayor of Oakland and then Attorney General of the State. Problem is, I think some people just vote for a name they have heard in the past instead of voting with intelligence.
There's no reason to think the legislature in California has become (even) more liberal due to term limits. The voters and the Democratic gerrymander did that.
"Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached." - Manuel II Palelologus
I agree. These individuals are turning being a Senator/Congressman into a lifelong career. Two terms max in the Senate, four in the House, and no more than 15 years total.
Not only that, but BOTH California houses are based on population rather than area. So the blue counties get overly represented and the red counties (which there are more of in California) are always completely shut out.
Well, Jerry Brown wasn't consistently in office. He didn't hold any office from the time he left the Governorship until becoming Oakland Mayor, over 16 years.
I agree with your idea, except that the limit can't be an odd number of years, since the terms are six years for senators and two years for reps. The limit should be 16 years. It's unfair that presidents have term limits and congressmen don't.
I agree but the state that I live in will never allow us to vote in term limits.
Term limits have been great in OK for the Legislature — in fact I would recommend them. Without term limits the Dems would still control the OK House and we wouldn't be tied in the Senate. In 100 years of statehood, the Republicans have NEVER controlled the OK Senate outright. We are tied this time and are in position to take it over in 2008.
I am all in favor of term limits. Ours are 12 years max in either the House or Senate which is six terms in the House or three in the Senate or combination thereof which reaches 12.
Term limits now!
Term limits got rid of a good many dedicated public servants too. A good example was Quentin Kopp. However much I disagree with his politics, the guy was honest.
I agree that California's 6-year legislative term limits are far too low, and have been disastrous - the $35 billion energy scam raid on the state, the horrendous state budget defict, etc. We might as well have a one-day limit and draft people off the street to be legislators for a day.
IMO a simple 16 year limit would be fine, and I'd like to extend that to state appellate & Supreme Court judges, Congress, and all federal judges too.
I agree with you. I think term limits are a bad idea. The assumption is that no one ever seeks office because he's a dedicated public servant who wants to make this country a better place. With term limits, if you elect someone who's in there doing a great job and commanding respect from everyone, he's forced to quit, for no reason other than to kick out the occasional bad guy. That's wrong, and it hurts our country.
If the Founding Fathers didn't want career politicians in office, then term limits would have been part of our Constitution. They're not.
Nothing will change until term limits become law.
Here's what Mr. Madison had to say in Federalist 53:
A few of the members, as happens in all such assemblies, will possess superior talents; will, by frequent reelections, become members of long standing; will be thoroughly masters of the public business, and perhaps not unwilling to avail themselves of those advantages. The greater the proportion of new members, and the less the information of the bulk of the members the more apt will they be to fall into the snares that may be laid for them. This remark is no less applicable to the relation which will subsist between the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Term Limits are absolutely necessary in a Republic. As Madison notes, some legislators will become masters. In today's world this comes from tenure and all the named and unnamed privileges afforded to long-standing legislators. This gives undue influence of citizens represented by tenured legislators (masters) over citizens represented by freshman or less tenured legislators. A Republic must protect the less represented citizen from citizens that continually elect the same legislators to gain undue power, privilege and influence in the legislative branch. The only way is to limit the term an individual can serve in the US Congress.
Then perhaps you can make a citation to what he actually said with sources and in context, please. Madison (in Federalist 50-52) pointed out that the checks and balances within a limited government precluded such despotism. Madison also preferred to leave the decision as to when to remove a legislator up to the people, as I cited in his own words above.
The rest of your post is equally unsupported assertion.
After all is said and done, it's the voters who are mostly to blame or credit with the condition of the government, even more so when term limits are in place. After all, they elected the rotten scoundrels.
First, would term limits give control of government to bureaucrats that are not elected, but serve their entire career with the government?
Secondly, I've seen some suggestions to limit total time served in elective office to a combined 16 years. Had this been the law in 1960, Richard Nixon would have been prohibited from seeking the presidency as he had already served 6 years as Senator from California and 8 years as Vice-President under Eisenhower, thus he had already 14 total years in elective office. Just a thought for consideration.
It would sure push things that way, because the liege-slatterns won't be as familiar the ins and outs of agency connivances. Of course, that's not always a bad thing.
Re total time, who would have the wisdom to deny Henry Clay, Patrick Henry, or Jesse Helms on the strength of too much time in office, much less Antonin Scalia, Story, Fuller, or Taney? To allow that much latitude for whimsy is to engage in a poor understanding of history.
I'd just keep it to similar offices - 16 years as any kind of state or federal judicial office (okay to have 16 years in each), 16 years in Congress (both houses) or the legislature (both houses again), but 16 in the state legislature and another 16 in Congress okay, etc.
The only appointive office I'd hit with term limits would be judicial. Federal judges are incredibly arrogant and, as Supreme Court justices, can do incredible damage. So term limits for judges is pretty much damage control.
I could care less if some bureaucrat has a career - most of them are working stiffs like us, and expertise is pretty important for many. You can risk your kids' lives on some water quality guy with only eight years experience - I'd rather have my water quality guy have twenty years experience.
My opinion of term limits is mine, and all should develop their own, which may or not be similar to mine.
I do not believe term limits is the answer to our woes. It seems no matter who gains elective office the course does not change much.
Having read the replies, and with my tainted personal perspective, I think there is something that could have a greater impact. Prohibit all campaign contributions from organizations, businesses, PACs, Labor Unions and whatever other legal groups exist. All organizations are comprised of people.
Allow them to make their contributions solely as individuals. This would give campaign fund raising a transparency to see who is really pulling the strings & yanking the chains of the candidates and elected office holders.
At present we hold our disdain for the elected, not the puppet masters. We have got to identify the puppet masters. Only then can we keep them from putting their puppets in place.
I recall a situation 20-30 years ago when a Post Master over the area I lived in at that time did something that infuriated the local community. Complaints did not go to the Post Office General, but to our local Congressman. It was he that nominated the local Post Master to the President, and it was the Congressman that stood to lose if he did not move to correct the situation.
What we had then was greater local control.
Now to support my notion that tenured legislators have undue influence over citizens represented by less tenured legislators, one only has to look at "No Child Left Behind", ADA, and the recent immigration "reform" bill to understand the Senator Kennedy and the Commonwealth of MassacuTAXES has more influence on my life than my 2nd term and 1st term Senator from Missouri. (And don't get me started on West Virginia)
Actually, he would point to the "Selective Incorporation" doctrine of the 14th Amendment and the 16th and 17th Amendments for the growth of the Federal government, blaming the people for letting the Republic go down the drain.
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subset: commoncrawl


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in a bad economy, everybody suffers. qualified people, people with college degrees are being forced to settle for jobs they wouldn't ordinarily consider. and even then they are being turned away as 50 people are showing up for every job opening.
in seattle, the economy has been especially hard. a local advertisement appeared stating that someone is looking for landscapers. and the offered wage was great, $26 an hour. if you are willing to work hard, contact the foreman at this e-mail address and he will tell you how to go about applying for a job. many, many people did. they were instructed to show up on main street, right between the hardees burger joint and the local bank. precisely at 9AM on thursday. if they want to be considered for the job, they must be wearing blue jeans, a navy blue sweatshirt, a yellow work helmet, work boots, safety goggles and work gloves. anyone not dressed exactly as suggested will not be considered. and if the foreman was late, you are absolutely not to leave until he arrived.
hundreds showed up. one out of work young man, eager for an opportunity, wanted to show his enthusiasm by kneeling next to the hardees, and started pulling weeds. 9 AM came and went but the crowd was not deterred. at approximately 9:20 AM that morning, an armoured vehicle showed up in front of the bank. no one seemed to take much notice. the armed driver of the armoured car wheeled bags of cash into the bank. upon returning to the vehicle to get more cash, the earnest young man who showed such promise by pulling weeds next to the hardees, got up. he started walking toward the armour vehicle. as he reached the vehicle, its back doors swung wide open, he pulled a can of elephant mace out of his pocket and sprayed the driver right in the face. the onlookers were stunned. he grabbed as many bags of cash as he could possibly carry. and proceeded to take off between the two establishments, down the embankment, and into the uneven, grassy field to apparent safety and freedom.
those that were there had seen everything. not one of the potential employees had left with high hopes they would be receiving a paying job. even if it was only for one day. the local police showed up and started asking questions. it was odd, at first, what the cops were hearing from the witnesses. but it didn't take long to figure it out. the perpetrator, as described to them, looked and dressed exactly the same as the approximately 220 witnesses. it was chaos involving hundreds of people. a serious crime in which the armoured car driver was sent to the hospital due to his injuries. and more than $300,000 turned up stolen.
no one was ever found for this crime. it is still pending investigation.


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Editorial: Don't take ice conditions for granted
The unpredictable weather for the winter of 2012-13 continues, and with it the adverse effects for those who love the outdoors in the winter.
The current stretch of extreme cold is forecasted to be followed by temperatures into the 30s and approaching 40 degrees on Tuesday. With the constant change in temperature comes concerns about ice conditions for those who venture on to area lakes for ice fishing, snowmobiling and other winter activities.
"The best formula for ice is cold nights and calm water," Nick Schwartz, a meteorologist for the National Weather Service in Gaylord, told The News earlier this week. "If you get a few inches of snow on it, while it is still being formed it can affect its thickness and stability because the snow acts as an insulator. Once the ice gets to a certain point of thickness the amount of snow doesn't matter as much. But when it is still in the process of being formed it makes a big difference in how stable it is."
Fortunately for those who enjoy being on the ice, the area didn't receive a large amount snow during the cold weather so ice thickness and quality should be good. However, we would remind everyone that preparation and diligence is needed to stay safe while on the ice.
Even with the recent weather conditions, it is always a good idea to check the ice thickness and strength. Never venture onto ice that is unsafe. And always make sure someone knows your plans, where you will be and how long you plan on being there.
"My philosophy is if you even think for one second that the ice may not be safe don't go on it," Bruce Honeycutt from the Alpena Township Fire Department said in that same story.
We couldn't have said it better ourselves. Stay safe as you enjoy winter activities on the ice.


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Roland Martin talks with Gimbu Kali, about his organization the Black Survivalist Network, which trains people self-defense training, how to stockpile food and water and to become self-sufficient in case of major emergency.
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Tucson Officials Want to Move Homeless from Downtown Camp
City, advocates say 'another vision' needed in services, circumstances for people living in park.
City, advocates say 'another vision' needed in services, circumstances for people living in park.
School district hopes to equip teachers, counselors, others with tools to best accommodate transgender, gender creative students.
Farmworkers' union co-founder Dolores Huerta urges White House to allow Mexican woman to stay in US.
Freely expressing gender identity is at center of Camp Born This Way; children, families build a supportive community.
One volunteer calls it 'a moral imperative to help suffering humanity;' he, his partner, take in two for one night.
Marco Antonio Galdino left São Paulo in 1995, lives in Tucson while he awaits appeal of refugee rejection.
"Who is Dayani Cristal?" puts Pima County on international map as it premiers across the world.
Transgender Pima County lawyer says situation even more difficult for trans people; most states including AZ don't have laws protecting LGBTQ people in workplace.
Business leaders, faith based community in Tucson urging governor's veto; most GOP legislators support bill.
UA's leadership program teaches group about democracy, education and government.
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Belgian Chocolate-Covered Oreo® Cookies
Item #: 492481 | Model #: SAM12 |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this itemAmerica's favorite cookie. Beautifully foil wrapped Oreo™ cookies drenched in velvety Belgian chocolate. Yummylicious!
Handmade glittered red and lime green reusable candy cane boxes filled with 16 lusciuos Belgian chocolate drenched Oreo™ cookies. Each cookie is individually foil wrapped in beautiful lime green, and red foils. Makes a great gift.
- Handmade glittered candy cane gift box
- Filled with our luscious Oreo™ cookies drenched in Belgian chocolate
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quote:Originally posted by Ram1
Man, Megs is handing out the chokes like she was Santa Claus on Dec. 25th! LOL. No offense, Steve-o!! I'm just saying! Megs, you must realize that the "CHOKE!" is a VERY coveted honor. Only given out to a poster during moments of extreme hilariousness when said poster has displayed the ingenious capacity to make one either A) Choke on a balogna sandwich, or B) Cause one to almost wet one's self. I have found that your handing out of chokes has been rather random and unwarranted at many times, MADAM!
(And no, this post DOES NOT warrant a "CHOKE!" Good day, MADAM!)
No doubt, Ram..HAHA. I tried to tell her the same thing about a week ago, but erm...she didn't "get" it. I was surprised. [:D]


text:
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - Text by Gayle Alleyne | BWF
The science of badminton has been in sharp focus lately with the offer of research grants from the Badminton World Federation and a conference at the recent Summer Universiade highlighting scientific developments in badminton.
While BWF is putting its money behind individuals or institutions interested in researching sports-science projects related to badminton, research is already well underway in places like Russia where a study called "Eye Disease Treatment Through Badminton" demonstrated the beneficial effect of badminton on children's eyesight. Many children stopped wearing glasses in two month after taking special badminton lessons three times a week.
This revelation was made by Chairman of the Russian Badminton Federation, Andrey Andropov, at the 25th FISU (French acronym: International University Sports Federation) Conference which took place in Kazan, Russia, last week as the 27th Summer Universiade drew to a close.
The four-day meeting brought together persons from more than a hundred countries and 250 universities to discuss a variety of topics, including "Traditional and Innovative Technologies in University and Olympic sport" and "Leading a Healthy Lifestyle: How Can University and Olympic Sport Contribute?"
Executive Committee member of FISU and BWF Chair of Development, David Cabello (BWF home page), also contributed to the research forum in a presentation with Bastian Kruse (badminton technical delegate from the European University Sport Association) entitled "Universiade as Experience on the Olympic Pathway".
Citing research and case studies, their report stated the level of the badminton tournament – in terms of a higher number of participating nations and a rise in top-20-ranked players competing – has improved significantly from badminton's first appearance in a Summer Universiade in Bangkok 2007.
"It is a very positive step in our quest to get badminton's status upgraded to that of a compulsory sport in future Universiades," noted Cabello.
Meanwhile, the BWF Sports Science Commission will soon award US$40,000 in research grants to persons and/or institutions for sports-science projects related to badminton. The world-governing organisation hopes this initiative will raise awareness of badminton as an area of study and to encourage greater investment in research in the sport by universities. BWF is seeking to build knowledge of badminton in the following areas:
Prospective awardees will be judged on the following criteria: relevance; outcomes; originality; quality; mechanistic insight and immediate impact. Applicants for the 2013-2014 grants will be notified in late August if they have been successful.
The Commission is mandated (1) to encourage and widen interest and investment in applied research in badminton; (2) to improve the level and quantity of scientific material available to players, coaches and badminton practitioners and (3) to contribute towards the increased knowledge of performance and safety at the international level (of coaches and players).
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The Natural Human Diet
When you see dead animals on the side of the road, are you tempted to stop and snack on them? Does the sight of a dead bird make you salivate? Do you daydream about killing cows with your bare hands and eating them raw? If you answered no to these questions, congratulations—like it or not, you're an herbivore.
According to biologists and anthropologists who study our anatomy and our evolutionary history, humans are herbivores who are not well suited to eating meat. Humans lack both the physical characteristics of carnivores and the instinct that drives them to kill animals and devour their raw carcasses.
Human Physiology
Although many humans choose to eat a wide variety of plant and animal foods, earning us the dubious title of "omnivore," we're anatomically herbivorous.
Teeth, Jaws, and Nails
Humans have short, soft fingernails and pathetically small "canine" teeth. In contrast, carnivores all have sharp claws and large canine teeth that are capable of tearing flesh.
Carnivores' jaws move only up and down, requiring them to tear chunks of flesh from their prey and swallow them whole. Humans and other herbivores can move their jaws up and down and from side to side, allowing them to grind up fruit and vegetables with their back teeth. Like other herbivores' teeth, humans' back molars are flat for grinding fibrous plant foods. Carnivores lack these flat molars.
Dr. Richard Leakey, a renowned anthropologist, summarizes, "You can't tear flesh by hand, you can't tear hide by hand. Our anterior teeth are not suited for tearing flesh or hide. We don't have large canine teeth, and we wouldn't have been able to deal with food sources that require those large canines."
Stomach Acidity
Carnivores swallow their food whole, relying on their extremely acidic stomach juices to break down flesh and kill the dangerous bacteria in meat that would otherwise sicken or kill them. Our stomach acids are much weaker in comparison because strong acids aren't needed to digest pre-chewed fruits and vegetables.
Intestinal Length
Carnivores have short intestinal tracts and colons that allow meat to pass through the animal relatively quickly, before it can rot and cause illness. Humans' intestinal tracts are much longer than those of carnivores of comparable size. Longer intestines allow the body more time to break down fiber and absorb the nutrients from plant-based foods, but they make it dangerous for humans to eat meat. The bacteria in meat have extra time to multiply during the long trip through the digestive system, increasing the risk of food poisoning. Meat actually begins to rot while it makes its way through human intestines, which increases the risk of colon cancer.
Read author John Robbins' discussion of the anatomical differences between humans and carnivores or review Dr. Milton Mills' entire article on the topic to learn more.
Human Psychology
Humans also lack the instinct that drives carnivores to kill animals and devour their raw carcasses. While carnivores take pleasure in killing animals and eating their raw flesh, any human who killed an animal with his or her bare hands and ate the raw corpse would be considered deranged. Carnivorous animals are excited by the scent of blood and the thrill of the chase. Most humans, on the other hand, are revolted by the sight of blood, intestines, and raw flesh and cannot tolerate hearing the screams of animals being ripped apart and killed. The bloody reality of eating animals is innately repulsive to us, another indication that we weren't designed to eat meat.
If We Were Meant to Eat Meat, Why Is It Killing Us?
Carnivorous animals in the wild virtually never suffer from heart disease, cancer, diabetes, strokes, or obesity, ailments that are caused in humans in large part by the consumption of the saturated fat and cholesterol found in meat.
Fat and Cholesterol
Studies have shown that even when fed 200 times the amount of animal fat and cholesterol that the average human consumes each day, carnivores do not develop the hardening of the arteries that leads to heart disease and strokes in humans.
Human bodies, on the other hand, weren't designed to process animal flesh, so all the excess fat and cholesterol from a meat-based diet makes us sick. Heart disease, for example, is the number one killer in the U.S., according to the American Heart Association, and medical experts agree that this ailment is largely the result of the consumption of animal products. Meat-eaters have a 32 percent higher risk of developing heart disease than vegetarians do!
Excess Protein
We consume twice as much protein as we need when we eat a meat-based diet, and this contributes to osteoporosis and kidney stones. According to peer-reviewed studies, animal protein raises the acid level in our blood, causing calcium to be excreted from the bones in order to restore the blood's natural pH balance. This calcium depletion leads to osteoporosis, and the excreted calcium ends up in the kidneys, where it can form kidney stones or even trigger kidney disease.
Consuming animal protein has also been linked to cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, and pancreas. According to nutrition expert T. Colin Campbell, the director of the Cornell-China-Oxford Project on Nutrition, Health, and Environment, "In the next ten years, one of the things you're bound to hear is that animal protein … is one of the most toxic nutrients of all that can be considered."
Eating meat can also have negative consequences for stamina and sexual potency. One Danish study indicated that "[m]en peddling on a stationary bicycle until muscle failure lasted an average of 114 minutes on a mixed meat and vegetable diet, 57 minutes on a high-meat diet, and a whopping 167 minutes on a strict vegetarian diet." Besides having increased physical endurance, vegan men are also less likely to suffer from impotence.
Food Poisoning
Since we don't have strong stomach acids like carnivores to kill all the bacteria in meat, dining on animal flesh can also give us food poisoning. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, meat is a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in the U.S. because it's often contaminated with dangerous bacteria such as E. coli, listeria, and campylobacter. Every year in the U.S. alone, food poisoning sickens more than 48 million people and kills more than 3,000.
Dr. William C. Roberts, editor of the authoritative American Journal of Cardiology, sums it up this way: "[A]lthough we think we are one and we act as if we are one, human beings are not natural carnivores. When we kill animals to eat them, they end up killing us because their flesh, which contains cholesterol and saturated fat, was never intended for human beings, who are natural herbivores." Learn more about how meat damages human health.
Human Evolution and the Rise of Meat-Heavy Diets
If it's so unhealthy and unnatural for humans to eat meat, why did our ancestors sometimes turn to flesh for sustenance?
During most of our evolutionary history, we were largely vegetarian: Plant foods, such as yams, made up the bulk of our ancestors' diet. The more frequent addition of modest amounts of meat to the early human diet came with the discovery of fire, which allowed us to lower the risk of being sickened or killed by parasites in meat. This practice didn't turn our ancestors into carnivores but rather allowed early humans to survive during periods in which plant foods were unavailable.
Modern Humans
Until recently, only the wealthiest people could afford to feed, raise, and slaughter animals for meat, and less wealthy and poor people ate mostly plant foods. Consequently, prior to the 20th century, only the rich were plagued routinely with diseases such as heart disease and obesity.
Since 1950, the per capita consumption of meat has almost doubled. Now that animal flesh has become relatively cheap and is easily available (thanks to the cruel, cost-cutting practices of factory farming), deadly ailments such as heart disease, strokes, cancer, and obesity have spread to people across the socio-economic spectrum. And as the Western lifestyle spills over into less developed areas in Asia and Africa, people there, too, have begun to suffer and die from diseases associated with meat-based diets.
Commenting is closed.
In response to "I'm not a vegetarian hater; I just hate bogus arguments" Chimpanzees do NOT hunt down and consume other small animals, besides bugs like ants and fleas. While yes, humans were never meant to be strictly vegan, they were certainly not meant to eat pigs, or cows. Why do you think we cook and spice our meat? We cook our meet to avoid meat-borne diseases that carnivores and some omnivores are naturally resistant to, and so that we can actually chew and digest it. We spice and flavor our food so that the taste appeals to us. Also we don't "salivate at the thought of grass and control our "instinctive" urge to eat every bush and plant they pass when walking down the street" because those aren't plants that humans would consume naturally in the wild, but I would have to control the "urge" to eat a mango, for instance. And animals in the wild aren't obese because they have a reason to get up and work out, while most humans don't. Wild animals also don't have the abundance of food that we do. In fact the reason we love sugars so much is that they are good and essential for us in the right amount, but scarce in the wild, so we have an instinct to eat them when available. the same goes for fats and oils found in potato chips. Humans are omnivores, but only to the point of our ability to eat certain bugs and worms, which is by standard, gross, and not something I, or anyone else considered "normal" would ever do unless forced.
I'm with Erik on this.
We're not meant to eat EVERY kind of plant. Observe our evolutionary relatives; chimps. They eat a range of plants, roots, fruits and nuts etc, without the need to eat everything. We can survive on the same thing they do without becoming ill. Plant-based diet means things from plants, not just the plant itself.
No, not everyone should be vegan, but just take a moment to think compassionately. Find the source of your food, was it free-range or cooped up in a tiny cage? Learn a bit of self-responsibility and make the world a little bit better.
In regards to almost every pro-meat argument ever, NO. Being a vegan/vegetarian has NOTHING to do with eating grass, or bushes, or just any form of plant life. Of course we don't have multiple stomachs, and of course we can't digest certain plant materials, because we weren't made to eat everything that happens to be edible to other animals. We are physiologically omnivorous because humans are designed to be opportunistic. (I could get into humans being opportunistic not just with diet, but in basically all other aspects as well, but that discussion doesn't belong here, so just think about it for yourself.) Meat can be accepted into our diet, because it is conveniently rich in a lot of important nutrients (fat, iron, protein, b-vitamins, zinc…). We have evolved into technological predators, not physical predators. Given that, it should be pretty obvious that our bodies are not meant for such a significant amount of meat. Eating meat is not the problem, it's having meat as such an important part of your diet that is. We don't need every human being to go vegan, but if we all significantly reduced our reliance on animals and animal products in our diets, the entire planet would become a much healthier place to live.
I am a total vegetarian. Being a Buddhist realizing is quite easy. Life is a life!!! Can not spread loving kindness/compassion etc… without being a VEGAN!
With that argument vegetarians and vegans would have to salivate at the thought of grass and control their "instinctive" urge to eat every bush and plant they pass when walking down the street. The entire article argues that humans aren't carnivorous because of all the anatomical and physiological "proof" , but obviously humans aren't strictly carnivores, we're omnivores. So yes, our teeth and digestive systems should be different from those of lions and other carnivores. Also, if we look to chimpanzees, our evolutionary relatives, they have soft nails and not claws and very similar anatomy to humans and they themselves are omnivores. It's very common for chimpanzees to hunt and consume other smaller animals. And very few, if any, wild animals have obesity problems- carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores. Animals don't splurge and eat until their obese in the wild. Fitness is incredibly important to animals in the wild, otherwise natural selection will just kill them off.
If I'm a herbivore, why don't I have a 4 chambered stomach that allows me to digest cellulose, like cows do? Why are there plant molecules that I can't digest, effectively lowering the amounts of energy i can pull out of eating grass? Why does cooking increase the bioavailability of plant nutrients? Why is my digestive system incapable of using up plant resources to the full?
If humans are herbivores, why does my nose and tongue tell me how amazing bacon smells and tastes while at the same time telling me how bland and joyless lettuce and rolled oats can be? Does this have to do with "desensitized" taste buds and if so, is there a way to "resensitize" them? Rolled are much cheaper than bacon and might have a wonderful flavor with "resensitized" taste buds but then with "resensitized" taste buds how much more amazing would the bacon taste? It is quite a conundrum.
I wish everyone in the world would read this with an open mind! Sometimes when people see animal cruelty, rather than back up and wonder why they should keep on eating meat, instead they try to justify the cruelty. That makes the world a worse place for the animals *and* the people who begin to believe that cruelty is okay. If only every person was a vegetarian! Whenever I try to prove to my friends that humans are herbivores, they make the stupid argument that we have canine teeth. Um, hello? You mean you're supposed to tear open raw carcasses with those puny things? I think it's about time I started memorizing some of these facts. If I can get just one person to hear me out with an open heart, and so much as eat one less burger a day, my existence won't have been a waste.
We have small canine teeth and an omnivorous physique that suggests we should eat meat. Yet red meat is unhealthy and we generally shouldn't eat it, plus we have no typical carnivorous weapons to bring down prey. How do we explain this contradiction?
Simple: humans ARE NOT supposed to kill and eat large pray by nature. Hunting is an invention, not a natural thing. What humans ARE supposed to eat is small prey that they can catch/steal/gather with their long arms and opposable thumbs, with soft skin and shells that our delicate fingernails and weak teeth are capable of dealing with: prey like fish that we catch in a stream, clams and crabs we catch and gather along the shore, eggs and honey we steal from the trees. Incidentally, these foods are healthy and easily digested in a raw natural state while red meat isn't. Also incidentally, in the wilderness humans can only catch small amounts of such prey in a day, and small amounts of such prey in a day is EXACTLY how much essential amino acids and vitamin B12 our body needs in addition to a few pieces of fruit and a few pieces of vegetable for a healthy diet.
Wars for oil are proof of human values. Cromagnon Homo sapiens sapiens eat even their own kin since thousands of years. If meat eaters turn vegan just for health sake, when a pandemy arrives Cromagnons at heart will survive and this will last forever.
Animal eating animals have 30 times more acidity in their stomachs than a human being. Our's by nature is alkaline, although we produce a small amount of acid in the stomach could this be to combat disease? A healthy immune system is alkaline.
First, maybe I can clear up a couple of errors postulated above. One, humans do NOT have canine teeth, we have incisors as do most mammals. Our incisors are short, whereas a carnivores incisors are long in order to grasp and hold, as well as, tear the flesh of its prey. Second, humans are NOT herbivores, as we do not have multiple stomachs like true herbivores do. If we try to eat a diet of stems and bark we die just as those in the Batan Death March learned during the Second World War. Those that chewed the fibrous plants and spit out the pulp survived even though they did not have that full stomach feeling. "Diet Tribe" an interesting play on words, conveniently forgets to remember human physiology whenever it suits his point. He or she thinks he/she is a dog and in fact compares himself to other four legged animals of which humans are distinctly apart from having only two legs among many other differences. He avoids thinking and simply reacts, as most of us do when one of our cherished myths is challenged. Yet, he does not challenge the idea that if we humans were truly flesh eaters, then why do we not start to salivate at the site of a fresh kill. Even my father, who was an active hunter of small animals, mostly rabbits, and would routinely gut on the spot the animals he shot could not stomach the site of a slaughter house killing. As I remember that he once visited such a place and could not eat the flesh of an animal for many days thereafter. Such was the degree of his revulsion to what he saw. Mr. play on words is correct on one point and that is that he will not be swayed by mere logic alone unless he first has the desire to know and experience what it is to be truly human and humane. We are among the primates, the most evolved vegetarians. We function best on an all vegetable diet. At 68 years young, all of my friends suffer from a host of disease symptoms, have had many operations, take many daily medications and still have no clue as to why I do not share in drug habits or in their misery.
Why is it that in the carnivores vs herbivores debate everyone ignores a) Omnivores and b) Scavengers.
Humans have far more in common with Hyenas than they do with wolves or goats (actually, we have the most in common with Pigs, who are also opportunistic carnivores with a high-plant diet).
We aren't carnivores, our teeth prove that, our intestines aren't specialized, and (past a certain point) corruption of food bothers us (although some of that is cultural, ask a meat eater about 'aged beef' sometime).
However, we are decidedly NOT herbivores, who never have canines, even if we "…don't have large canines…" we DO have them (much like Hyenas and Pigs), also we don't have organs for the digestion of cellulose, a key adaptation for herbivores.
The solution to the tooth thing? Scavengers. I said we don't like 'corrupted' meat – but we do like our meat dead, the freshest steak tar tare and sushi are long past rigor mortise.
Humans crave salt, fat, and protein – even to the point of doing ourselves harm by eating far too much if its made available to us. This is an instinct from an eon before Restaurants and Supermarkets, to encourage us to be opportunists, when the opportunity presented itself to eat meat. In the 'wild' nobody would be able to support the average American's ratio of meat in their diet – but since you'd have grown up in a world without Iphones and Twitter you'd have taken whatever food you could get your hands on and not worried at the morality of anything other than sharing with the people you lived with (a lone human in the wild is a dead human, all apologies to Mr. Rice-Burroughs).
I've been looking for information about the evolution of human digestion and all I've found is articles like this one and those on the other end of the spectrum, and frankly I resent people grossly editing data and actively ignoring the scientific method to present their own perspectives. I put to you that you will not convince anyone who doesn't already agree with you, and will frankly offend the people who might be trying to make up their minds, much as Prohibition, Abstinence Only, and the 'War on Drugs' only produce results in the negative. Some 'food for thought'.
Very good presentation mate! Spot on. I'm very happy to see many people coming together and sticking up for this. It's a fact of nature, she provides all er children with the diet they need already to eat, no preparation (cookin or burning) needed. Of course our 'big powerful brains' allowed us to use meat in times of lack of superior nutrients. We developed the habit and desensitized our taste buds. Now we are sticking up for it and making assumptions on how it's right trying to justify it but the truth is quite obvious if you open your mind.
In this reply I will touch on every BOLD category to the best of my independent research in human physiology and dietary habits, As well as some other great apes of our family Hominidae.
Although we are more suited to eat plant fibers, we are not true herbivores because not all of are teeth are specialized for grinding plant material. Us humans also posses the canines and sharp teeth in the front of are mouths for ripping stronger material(I.E. meat). In addition, our eyes are oriented towards the front of our line of sight to allow us to have better depth perception instead of field of view, a key evolutionary attribute in predators.
As stated in the article, we do not posses the teeth best suited for eating meat, but as our chimpanzee brothers they do not either. while the chimpanzee(our closes genetic relative) is mostly a forager/ herbivore, the too also eat meat. It could be as a source of protein or indulgence, regardless they are capable of killing other animals and eating their carcasses.
blah blah blah, i don't know why I bother, humans should eat mostly plants, and some meat. Humans should not feel bad about killing animals for food, we have been doing it since before any of your families had a last name.
"The more frequent addition of modest amounts of meat to the early human diet came with the discovery of fire, which allowed us to lower the risk of being sickened or killed by parasites in meat. This practice did not turn our ancestors into carnivores but rather allowed early humans to survive in periods when plant foods were unavailable."
Seems like early humans spent a massive amount of time developing weapons and hunting strategies for something they only ate when it was absolutely necessary. Plus, a purely carnivorous animal is sickened by plant matter, and vice versa. So the fact that humans can eat a predominantly grain and meat diet without being physically ill as many do suggests that we are in fact adapted to the omnivore diet.
I'm a vegetarian. But this article doesn't make sense, there are entirely too many bias influenced pseudo-facts which have no logical support.
I think people eat far too much meat and should err on the side of vegetarianism. I have cut down on meat a lot in the last few years. Aside from the fact that it literally costs the earth to "grow" meat just look at what it does to your health – both mental and physical. And if they didn't use so many hormones and drugs it would not be as bad, but eating little or no meat solves so many problems in one fell swoop. If you see a really fat person, chances are they are a veggie, if not then they are a veggie that eats too much refined food. Drink some apple juice and eat a steak and see what happens – I rest my case!
If humans are herbivores as some saw we are then were are multiple stomachs or stomach chambers of a herbivore. We do not but instead have only one stomach. Humans can't digest the cellulose
Carnivorous fish doe not have claws.
Nails allow humans to manipulate objects more easily..
Humans: no sharp front teeth, but have sharp front teeth for tearing, and flat rough, jagged rear molars for grinding
Eating meat drove the evolution of our big, powerful brain http://www.nasw.org/eating-meat-drove-evolution-our-big-powerful-brain
The best thing to do, for those that seek the truth, is to educate yourselves. Remember, what was 'fact' yesterday can be incorrect today. It wasn't that long ago we thought the only source of Omega was fish oils, we now know better. Harvard and Cornell Universities state the amount of meat required for a healthy human diet is precisely zero. Just because we used to think we were omnivores, doesn't mean we are. It is only our addiction to meat that causes us to continue down that road, as we don't know where we will get our next 'fix' from! If meat was eradicated from all our diets today, would we all suddenly become weak? Frail? Hungry? Actually, no, quite the opposite, we would be healthier, fitter and stronger. Don't let the meat industry lie to you anymore the way the tobacco industry did to smokers in the sixties and seventies. They have something to lose.
Whilst man developed tools to hunt, our physiology did not change and as such we are, and always were suited to a vegetarian (more precisely, a vegan) diet. There is ample evidence, medically and physiologically to support this fact. That is not to say humans cannot eat small quantities of meat and 'get away with it', we are simply not suited to consume flesh.
Look at any TRUE omnivore on the planet, they are different to us. A true omnivore cannot just survive, but THRIVE on EITHER a carnivorous diet or a herbivorous diet for sustained periods of time. As a human, try surviving on a PURE carnivorous diet for a sustained period of time, and you will not be around to have this debate!
Our teeth are not adapted for meat consumption. Our facial muscles are highly adapted for a herbivorous diet. Our posture is in common with neither carnivores nor omnivores, but well aligned to herbivores. Our intestinal tract is well adapted to a herbivorous diet not an omnivorous one, and certainly not a carnivorous one. Surely, the disproportionate instances of heart disease and cancer in meat eaters is strong evidence that we simply cannot process animal products and it is killing us and our environment.
To those that think these articles are about preserving 'a way of life', remember, the vegetarian/vegan way of life will ALWAYS exist, regardless of whether or not the meat industry is changed or ideally, eradicated altogether. At the very least, the meat production industry needs to change, if not for animal welfare, then for human existence and continuation. We cannot continue to have an industry that is more toxic to the environment than all transport industries put together, to satisfy the greed of the minority, for a product that is not only a non-necessity, but is hazardous to health, more so than tobacco, aids and any drug you care to mention put together! Only through education, things WILL change. Lets face it, only 60-70 years ago, Heroin was thought to be so safe, it was readily available at stores, including Harrods in London! Meat is the carcinogenic Heroin of today, there are more victims and addicts of meat to support, and the worlds health infrastructure cannot cope.
I would urge you, with the plethora of information available so easily today, research this with an open mind. Don't jump to ridicule and try and see pass the activism. Don't research in 'defensive mode' where you are looking for a way to reject any piece of information presented, rather look at it holistically and you will find the truth. Ghandi said of Truth, that it comes in stages: first they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, then you win!


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About the Author: Kelly McCaleb is a Foreign Service Officer currently serving in the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs.
2010 has been a landmark year for helping Iraq overcome threats from landmines and unexploded munitions dating back to the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s. Through a $25 million investment in Iraq's future, overseen by U.S. Embassy Baghdad and the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs' Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement, we have worked together to expand conventional weapons destruction programs across the country, improving security, promoting economic opportunity, and furthering our hope for new long-term partnership with the people of Iraq.
The United States is the world's single largest financial contributor to post-conflict efforts to remove landmines and unexploded ordnance around the world. Since 1993, the U.S. Humanitarian Mine Action Program has partnered with dozens of nongovernmental organizations to deliver more than $1.8 billion in aid to 81 countries. Since 2003, the United States has provided more than $200 million toward conventional weapons destruction projects in Iraq that we believe will continue setting the stage for its post-conflict recovery and economic development, as detailed in our annual report, To Walk the Earth in Safety.
While our programs are well-established in northern areas of Iraq, expanding our efforts to clear landmines and educate communities about potential risks into several central and southern provinces was a major step forward.
The Department of State has a full time Demining Advisor in Baghdad who works closely with the Iraqi government to implement projects, supported by several international partners, including Danish Demining Group, MAG (Mines Advisory Group) International, Norwegian People's Aid, and the United Nations Development Program. U.S.-funded technical advisors are working with the Iraq National Mine Action Authority in Baghdad and the Regional Mine Action Authority in the south. In 2010 alone, this effort successfully cleared landmines and unexploded munitions from more than 18,000 square meters of land, boosting economic and agricultural development throughout the nation.
The State Department's goal is to build indigenous capacity so that the people of Iraq can protect themselves against the dangers of landmines. As a complement to the survey and clearance work, local organizations such as the Iraq Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance Organization (IMCO), led by a former Iraqi General, are training Iraqis in the necessary technical skills needed to continue these vital efforts. Through this organization, Iraqi citizens from all walks of life are now working together to ensure the safety of the Iraqi people.
But survey and clearance operations are only part of the story. Other U.S.-funded initiatives, such as Spirit of Soccer provide educational outreach about potential landmine risks while others, such as the Basra Prosthetics Project, provide essential medical services to people injured by these hidden killers.
Despite progress, much work remains. As many as 1,730 square kilometers of land in Iraq are still believed to contain millions of landmines and millions more pieces of unexploded ordnance, according to the United Nations. Roughly 90 percent of this area is located in agricultural lands, making clearance an economic necessity as well as a security priority in the years ahead. But with every step in the right direction, we will continue to make strides in decreasing the landmine threat throughout Iraq.


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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
BiologyFound on muddy bottoms where they hide in the mud. Slime is used for defense. Feeds chiefly on dead and dying fish of varying species by boring into the body and consuming viscera and musculature. Chiefly nocturnal. Its eggs are few in number about 19-30 and large (20-25 mm), the horny shell has a cluster of anchor-tipped filaments at each end.


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Moderator: Mike
EddieV wrote:Are you going to buy them??
I haven´t decided yet? A lot of money to be spent on something I already have
jgkojak wrote:I think there is a good shot they'll all place somewhere in the Top 200- I seem to remember some of the original Beatle CDs placing during the original re-issue phase.
Only the Mono and Stereo box sets can chart on the Billboard Top 200. The individual albums can't make the Top 200 albums charts because they are reissues. They'd all have to go on the Top Catalog Albums chart, which I'm sure they will.
eggman1979 wrote:Well, I just got my two first remastered Beatles' albums, Please please me and With the Beatles in stereo (Yes, I`m gonna buy them all in the order they originally came out).
Well yes, they sound better, specially With the Beatles and, though I expected a little more from the documentaries, I'm happy with them, can't wait to have them all. The only thing I hated is the way the CD is packaged, I will copy it and never again use the original disc so it would not be ruined.
Dear Gary,
I was wondering if you could please let me know how the new Beatles remastered sets will figure into next week's album charts.
Mike Paras
Hi Mike,
Here is the official word from Billboard 200 chart manager Keith Caulfield on the new Beatles releases, as they pertain to our charts:
"The two new box sets from the Beatles will chart on the Billboard 200, as the tally houses current and new releases, generally those 18 months old or less. On the Top Comprehensive Albums chart, both old and new albums mingle. Thus, the individual album reissues of the Beatles' catalog will chart on the Top Comprehensive Albums and Top Pop Catalog Albums charts."
Browse billboard.com's exclusive in-depth coverage of the Beatles' recent multi-media whirlwind.
Here in New York (and online), listeners were treated to wall-to-wall Beatles Wednesday on WCBS-FM 101.1, which counted down the top 101 Beatles songs of all-time to celebrate the reissue of the band's catalog. The specialty programming was quite the musical magical mystery tour, and the list's lower rungs especially provided either a reminder to aficionados or an introduction to more casual fans of the band's deep cuts that often don't receive airplay. The countdown also spotlighted radio at its best - creative, timely and interactive.
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The CEU requirements are increasing beginning Jan. 1, 2014. Click here to learn more.
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- Design a physical store for a long established door to door and mail order product line
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Commissioners take sides
Gainesville Mayor Craig Lowe and the six city commissioners have all picked sides in at least one of the city races that will be on the Jan. 31 ballot, lending their financial and endorsement support to candidates. As I noted in November, the At-large 1 incumbent, Jeanna Mastrodicasa, is backing former Commissioner Lauren Poe to take her seat, while Scherwin Henry is backing Armando Grundy to take his District 1 post. In all, Lowe and three commissioners are backing the… Read More »


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I like the new icons! They are very eye-catching and easy to read!
Could you make the tea in the cup under Black and Pu'er tea two shades of brown and maybe the Oolong a medium color to distinguish between the categories?
jazz88 wrote:I made other options as well some of them were less colorful – it's up to Ilya to choose! Often such things are just a matter of personal preference – just like tea
And yes of course I can change the color in the cup but I will finish all the other smaller icons first and then perhaps fine tune if necessary.
I hope to finish this tonight.
Slurping jasmine Silver Needle.


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Topic: Rails reading from wrong assets folder
I'm having some trouble with the rails on my webhost. Something went wrong when switching from 3.0 to 3.1 and configuring the assets pipeline. Been following the guide: http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pip s-of-rails
But it didn't do the trick. The weird thing is that I now have 2 assets folders (I guess one got generates from rails or something) one in public/assets and one in app/assets/, but it reads everything from public/assets.
I'm wondering how to redirect the assets pipe to app/assets.
P.S The css and images works in this public/assets, but not the JS.


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Monday, December 5, 2011 - Badminton World Federation
For 24 hours, badminton fans had their say on who they would like to have as the 2011 BWF Players of the Year. Here are the results.
The top four highest votes for the male and female Player of the Year fan vote campaign are as follows:
2011 BWF Male Player of the Year
Lee Chong Wei – 34% of votes
Lin Dan – 22% of votes
Cai Yun/Fu Haifeng – 16% of votes
Lee Yong-dae/Jung Jae-sung – 14% of votes
2011 BWF Female Player of the Year
Liliyana Natsir – 78% of votes
Wang Xiaoli/Yu Yang – 6% of votes
Wang Shixian – 5% of votes
Wang Yihan – 4% of votes
The fight to top the 2011 BWF Male Player of the Year fan vote still rests on the fiercest rivalry in the sport between the reigning World Champion Lin Dan and the 2011 silver medalist, Lee Chong Wei (pictured right).
Though the fan poll has proven to be a bittersweet "revenge" for Lee Chong Wei, who was in 4th position on the poll at 4PM today, while Lin Dan had taken pole. Chong Wei eventually came up on top as the fan favourite, when he edged out the four-time World Champion by 12% of votes.
For the Female Player of the Year fan vote campaign, Indonesian fans came out strong for their sole nominee, mixed doubles specialist, Liliyana Natsir, this year. Sending the campaign on viral, the Indonesian fans were nothing less than passionate in going behind Natsir whom they salute as a role model.
The nomination lists for the Awards were released on 4 December, 2011, 8PM (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia time, GMT +8) on the BWF official social media platforms, Twitter and Weibo. Two hours later, the voting channels were opened on our Facebook page and Weibo for fans to cast their vote, and to give their feedback.
The fan vote results will be shared with the BWF Council, who are currently meeting in Queenstown, New Zealand, and will take the decision of the winners.
While the 2011 season's results and performance are at the forefront of consideration, fans appeal and the role model quality of a player are of growing importance in the criteria of the BWF Player of the Year award.
The winners of the two prestigious awards will be announced at the Li Ning BWF World Superseries Finals in Liuzhou, China, next week and the winners will receive the honours over an Awards presentation ceremony at the event.
2011 BWF Male Player of the Year Nominees
Lee Chong Wei (Men's Singles, Malaysia, Yonex)
Lin Dan (Men's Singles, China, Li Ning)
Chen Long (Men's Singles, China, Li Ning)
Peter Gade (Men's Singles, Denmark, Yonex)
Cai Yun/Fu Haifeng (Men's Doubles, China, Kason)
Lee Yong-dae/Jung Jae-sung (Men's Doubles, Korea, Victor)
Mathias Boe/Carsten Mogensen (Men's Doubles, Denmark, Yonex)
Zhang Nan (Mixed Doubles, China, Li Ning)
Joachim Fischer (Mixed Doubles, Denmark, Yonex)
2011 BWF Female Player of the Year Nominees
Wang Yihan (Women's Singles, China, Li Ning)
Wang Xin (Women's Singles, China, Li Ning)
Wang Shixian (Women's Singles, China, Li Ning)
Wang Xiaoli/Yu Yang (Women's Doubles, China, Li Ning)
Zhao Yunlei (Women's/Mixed Doubles, China, Li Ning)
Christinna Pedersen (Mixed Doubles, Denmark, Yonex)
Liliyana Natsir (Mixed Doubles, Indonesia, Yonex)
For further enquiries, email BWF Media Officer, Jan, firstname.lastname@example.com.
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It's probably a bad habit, but I spend a lot of time wishing my life were different. Not in terms of regrets, per se, because it's impossible (and foolish) to regret what you couldn't control or have predicted. But I do spend a great deal of time grieving over a plausible life situations that never came to pass (and never will): a life where I'm a musical prodigy, the kid who just had to be placed in gifted classes because of my great IQ or otherwise bursting with enormous talent.
Instead, I'm a pretty average person. Normal, even. But I guess that's okay – there's no pressure for me to be or do anything. No one thinks I'm wasting my "potential" – so I'm free to follow any path I choose. The perks of normalcy I suppose?
Anyway, in the past thirty minutes or so I've been listening to various songs. First from Disney who used an opera singer to voice Aurora in Sleeping Beauty, then I stumbled upon my favorite opera singer – Diana Damrau. She's absolutely fantastic, and her performance in the Queen of the Night, is hands-down my favorite piece of music. One of my goals is to listen to more opera, learn more about contemporary opera [music]. This, of course, is alongside my goal to learn violin – since I love the way it sounds and would die to be able to play Mozart or Beethoven on one.
In this life, I wasn't born a opera singer (or a genius, or a prodigy) but at least I can appreciate the people who were. Enjoy the video – it features Diana Damrau singing Queen of the Night Aria:
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