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Foreign Affairs Committee on May 9th, 2012
Evidence of meeting #37 for Foreign Affairs and International Development in the 41st Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site, as are the minutes.) The winning word was countries.
A recording is available from Parliament.
On the agenda
MPs speaking
Also speaking
- Fraser Reilly-King Policy Analyst, Aid & International Co-operation, Canadian Council for International Co-operation
- Toby A.A. Heaps Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder, Corporate Knights Inc.
- Paul Romer Professor, Stern School of Business, New York University, As an Individual
May 28th, 2012 / 3:35 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Pursuant to Standing Order 108(2), our study on the role of the private sector in achieving Canada's international development interests will commence. I want to thank our two witnesses for being here today.
We have with us Fraser Reilly-King, who is a policy analyst for aid and international cooperation with the Canadian Council for International Co-operation.
Mr. Reilly-King, thank you very much for being here.
From Corporate Knights Inc., we have with us Toby Heaps, chief executive officer and co-founder.
We'll get a chance to hear from both of you right now.
I'm going to start with you, Mr. Reilly-King. Can I have your opening statement? We'll then move to Mr. Heaps for his and then go around the room and ask some questions back and forth.
As I said, once you're done, we will fill out the rest of the hour with questions and comments.
Mr. Reilly-King, the floor is yours for 10 minutes, sir.
3:35 p.m.
Fraser Reilly-King Policy Analyst, Aid & International Co-operation, Canadian Council for International Co-operation
Thank you.
Firstly, thank you for inviting me to appear before the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development on this important issue related to aid, the private sector, and development.
As Mr. Allison mentioned, I work for the Canadian Council for International Co-operation, which is a national platform of 92 Canadian voluntary sector organizations working globally to achieve sustainable human development. I am also the vice-chair of Reality of Aid, which is a network of 172 organizations that do independent assessment of aid policy and practice globally. We have a flagship report that we produce every two years. This year it will be on aid and the private sector.
CCIC has three messages for this committee that we feel complement a number of the previous interventions you have heard so far.
Firstly, the private sector is an important player in development, but it is not the new silver bullet. Secondly, we feel that ultimately it is the development of the local private sector that must be prioritized in the context of aid. Finally, the private sector is often seen as a promising means of leveraging additional resources for development, but the committee should not lose sight of other substantial sources of development finance.
On my first point, the private sector is without a doubt essential, but it is not the new silver bullet for development, nor, we would argue, is it the engine of growth—at least not of equitable and inclusive growth. Rather, the private sector is one of a range of players central to development, alongside multiple layers of government, elected officials like yourselves, civil society, media, and citizens. Yes, the private sector contributes a lot through investments, loans, and production and job creation, but to contribute to truly sustainable development, country-specific checks and balances are also key.
In this vein, let us not forget the role of the state in promoting growth. The 2008 Commission on Growth and Development, which looked at 13 countries with sustained periods of growth over 25 years, put a number of key state functions at heart of this success: political leadership, industrial policies, managed exchange rates and capital controls, effective institutions and governance structures, a talented public service, strong domestic savings, public investment in infrastructure, health, and education, job creation, and social protection. Each country context is different, of course, but in all cases the state was the primary engine and the driver of growth, and the private sector merely the fuel, if you will.
But what kind of growth? The Africa Progress Panel report, which came out two weeks ago, noted that several countries in Africa—Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Tanzania, among them—are outpacing many of the emerging economies.
While this is very slowly helping to create a middle class, disparities are also growing. Still, half of Africa—386 million people—lives below the poverty line, so it's the equitable redistribution of growth and job creation that is the real challenge, and government, elected officials, the media, and citizens are all key to this, not just the private sector. In this vein, we would urge the committee to encourage CIDA to put equitable growth and job creation at the heart of its own growth strategy, in particular for smallholder farmers and for the 74 million young Africans who will need jobs in the next decade.
A second key message that we want to underscore is the notion of which private sector. This committee has heard from a number of individuals who have talked about different types of private capital flows and private enterprises.
For us, the private sector in the context of aid and international development should address two key issues. The first is using public resources like aid to stimulate growth and development of the local private sector, and more specifically, a diverse range of enterprises and producers in the informal and formal economies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises and co-operatives engaged in market activities—all with a view to creating jobs and sustainable livelihoods. In fact, this what CIDA's own 2003 private sector development strategy proposes. We fully agree with this vision.
Secondly, aid must promote financial and developmental additionality. In other words, it must ensure that what aid resources bring is something that is otherwise not available through commercial lending practices. Aid needs to fill a financial and development gap. It also requires a robust framework to anticipate, track, monitor, and evaluate expected positive development outcomes in terms of private sector development—as some donors already do, but most do not.
Ultimately, then, it is about integrating the local private sector into a sustainable development framework, and it should not solely be about promoting the interests of Canadian companies overseas. Why? We need to separate Canadian self-interest in promoting Canada's economy from what is in the interests of developing economies. The two may not necessarily be mutually exclusive, but they are often very different.
Furthermore, putting Canadian private sector interests front and centre of Canada's development strategy contravenes the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, something that Canada prides itself on meeting. It also runs the risk of tying Canadian aid to development, just as Canada has ended this practice. Untying aid is a good thing, and we should not backtrack on this.
The Canadian public also believes this. In an Angus Reid survey that came out last week, while Canadians agreed that both the private sector and NGOs had an equally important role to play in development, 76% of Canadians in the poll felt that large multinationals should not be getting government funding for this.
This does not preclude the private sector from partnering with organizations where the core main mandate of both partners coincide, and you've heard from a number of organizations that do that. Desjardins' international development fund to support local credit unions is a good example, as is Teck Resources' project with the micronutrient initiative, or—I'm not sure if you've heard of this one—CARE Canada's initiative in Peru to promote small and medium-sized enterprises by working with Export Development Canada and using its expertise. These are all efforts that help advance long-term development outcomes and demonstrate the additionality I referred to above.
The difference between these projects and typical corporate social responsibility initiatives is good practice versus good intentions. CSR initiatives, as many have concluded—including the OECD and John Ruggie, the special rapporteur on business and human rights—are at best limited, in particular when they respond to corporate dynamics rather than development dynamics, as several witnesses have already noted.
Finally, donors have been quick to recognize the potential of the private sector for leveraging additional resources for development, but other sources of finance offer just as much potential. Using the private sector to leverage resources may work well when it fills real gaps in a market. For example, Canada's advanced market commitment for the pneumococcal virus is largely seen as having created an affordable market for vaccines in the developing world that would have not otherwise been filled. This is not the only way to leverage further finance for development, and we would argue that it too has its limits.
A few presenters have already talked about domestic resource mobilization, or generating revenue through progressive taxation, royalties, and tariffs. To illustrate this point, while aid in Africa rose from $12 billion in 2000 to $36 billion in 2008, natural resource rents rose from roughly $40 billion in 2000 to $240 billion over the same time period. Such resource rents are a logical and substantial source of revenue. In December of last year, roughly half of Africa's mining ministers met in Addis Ababa and declared their intention to assert greater control over private sector mining operations and transfer the revenue to weaker areas of their economy.
Equally, addressing capital flight could seriously enhance the amount of revenue that stays in the continent and is put to use for sustainable development outcomes. In Africa alone, the continent has lost $1.2 trillion to capital flight over the past four decades. In a 2008 report, Christian Aid estimated that the developing world loses approximately $160 billion every year in corporate taxes through transfer mispricing and false invoicing—one and a third times more than global aid for that year.
At home the government could also formalize its matching arrangements around humanitarian assistance, or leverage the Canadian public's support for development through Imagine Canada's suggestion of a stretch tax credit. If donors are serious about ending the aid dependence of countries, in particular as aid budgets decline, then building effective institutions, promoting local private sector development, and addressing domestic resource mobilization and capital flight should be priorities.
Thank you.
3:40 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Thank you very much, Mr. Reilly-King.
We're going to move over to Mr. Heaps. The floor is yours for 10 minutes, sir.
3:40 p.m.
Toby A.A. Heaps Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder, Corporate Knights Inc.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
It's an honour to be here today. I'm representing Corporate Knights. Corporate Knights is a Canadian-based media and financial products company. We're best known for a magazine we publish on sustainable business that's circulated in the Globe and Mail, and now we have a U.S. version in The Washington Post.
Globally, we rank companies. We presently have 2,000 large companies in our database, and we rank them on things ranging from safety to the per cent of their tax obligations met, to their carbon and energy productivity.
In our financial products purview, we have a suite of equity products and fixed-income products that are premised on bringing a new balance sheet into the 21st century, where you can take into account a company's social and environmental performance in quantifiable ways and then integrate that into your investment propositions.
We also are working with some leading Canadian businesses from the resource, financial services, and manufacturing sectors to create a council for clean capitalism. We define clean capitalism as an economic system in which the prices fully reflect social, ecological, and economic benefits and costs, and actors are fully aware of their impacts.
As far as my presentation here today goes, I have a fairly simple message and it comes back to first principles.
If we take a step back and we ask where we are strong in Canada economically and what we are strong at, we come away with a pretty resounding focus on the resource sector and on financial firms. Within the TSX 60, our main blue chip composite index, 63% of the firms are either financial firms, material-orientated firms, or energy firms. If you look around the world, you see where Canada is strong and plays a pivotal role in the development of many emerging economies.
We have just initiated a study and we've uncovered over 20 countries around the world where a Canadian-based company is the number one private foreign investor in that economy. That's a pretty staggering statistic considering we're only a few per cent of the global GDP. We're making a comprehensive assessment of that, and we'll have a better idea at the end of the summer of exactly how many countries we're the number one foreign investor in. We play a pivotal role.
To my colleague's comments around corporate social responsibility, that's not really where the action is. Where the action is, and what the world needs from an international development perspective, is finance, specifically finance for infrastructure and for energy, and resilient forms of energy at that. The various agencies, whether it be the International Energy Agency or the OECD, estimate that over a trillion dollars of extra finance is needed each year for renewable energy in order to avoid catastrophic climate change scenarios and also to meet the energy security needs of economies around the world, including developing economies.
Presently, emerging markets have a key problem. The best forms of energy, in many cases for them, are renewable forms of energy, but often the capital costs are prohibitive. The cost curve when you want to make an investment in energy infrastructure is much more pronounced at the front end of the cycle, if you're going to invest in renewable energy, than it is if you're going to invest in fossil fuel energy. With fossil fuel energy, you have to keep paying variable costs for inputs like coal, oil, or gas, whereas with renewable energy, it's mostly at the front end.
The trouble is that most developing economies cannot get cheap credit. They pay exorbitant rates of interest on the international markets, and this is where Canadian companies and the public sector can play a really pivotal role. There are trillions of dollars of finance, there is a new emerging field called green bonds, which HSBC classifies now as a $174 billion market globally. TD Bank is a leading player in this field.
If you marry up our financial capacity with our resource penetration—so you map out all of the economies around the world where Canadian companies play a major role, then you look at those economies and you see what their infrastructure needs are—what they're asking for in terms of the finances they need to develop their infrastructure and use the EDC, which is interested in ramping up their activities in this base to provide more finance to credit enhance some of these propositions so that instead of paying really high rates of interest they are paying rates of interest that are on the AAA tranche, would make the capital costs much more affordable and make these projects much more doable.
There is a national economic benefit that would accrue to our country from doing this is. Sometimes development advocates proclaim against tied aid. There are a lot of cases to suggest against it, but the Export Development Corporation of Canada is a former tied-aid, and has been a remarkably successful form of tied aid for generating jobs and prosperity for our economy.
When you look at where the world economy is going now, more and more capital is being invested in renewable energy infrastructure and water infrastructure. The western markets are often not at the front end of this. The Asian Development Bank and China are doing a bunch of stuff here. The U.S. is starting to do some things. Canada has a huge opportunity to ramp up our portfolio of credit enhancement products, specifically out of EDC, from less than 1% to the 5% or 10% range. That would really position us well in those economies. There's massive potential to marry up EDC with the strength and interest of our pension funds to also invest in these areas.
I would encourage the committee to look at options. A paper came out today from HSBC on these types of financial products. It is a good reference point and provides many examples for marrying up EDC credit enhancement activities with catalyzing infrastructure investments in developing countries where Canadian resource companies are prevalent.
We can look at home, right here in Newfoundland and Labrador, to find an example to apply elsewhere. With the fishery collapse, their economy has experienced the trauma that can happen when you run up against the wall as a single development. They put in place the really interesting approach of resource conversion. Resource conversion has become a popular concept internationally as of late, and I expect it will stay there.
Newfoundland and Labrador is taking their fossil fuel assets and generating cash from them. They're using that to invest in renewable energy—transmission and generation projects that will last for hundreds of years, long beyond when their fossil fuel assets are gone. They're doing this at a much more accelerated rate with the support of credit enhancement from the federal government. The federal government is helping to backstop the billion dollar loans Newfoundland is getting to build their infrastructure.
Using that model of resource conversion and applying it internationally for development purposes is not a silver bullet by any stretch, but it would have the most impact in catalyzing enhanced prosperity for countries around the world. It would also be good for Canadian businesses.
Thank you kindly.
3:50 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Thank you very much.
We're going to start with the opposition.
Mr. Saganash, the floor is yours for seven minutes.
3:50 p.m.
Romeo Saganash Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou, QC
Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Thank you to both witnesses today. I truly appreciate your contribution to the work of this committee.
I'll ask my first question to Mr. Reilly-King. Earlier this month we had an official from CIDA before the committee to testify. I asked him what CIDA's approach to implementing the ODA Accountability Act was, given the three criteria we have under the act.
His reply to that question was the following, and I quote:So at CIDA, in our approach to this act, this is job one.... This is integral to everything we do.
Given your experience, Mr. Reilly-King, and the work you have done over the years, would you agree with that statement?
3:50 p.m.
Policy Analyst, Aid & International Co-operation, Canadian Council for International Co-operation
I would like to think that the ODA Accountability Act is integral to everything that CIDA does, but we've done a number of access to information requests over the past three years to get a better sense of how CIDA has both interpreted the act and implemented it. It's unfortunate that we had to use access to information, but it has been very difficult to get a sense from bureaucrats in the government of how it's being implemented.
I think CIDA has interpreted the act by saying, "We already do this. We already promote poverty eradication. We already promote human rights. We already consult with the poor", but they haven't actually developed any mechanisms to evaluate or really translate that into its core practice.
For example, at the end of CIDA's sustainable economic growth strategy it says that all program activities within this strategy are compliant with the ODA Accountability Act. We submitted an access to information request to establish how CIDA had come to this conclusion. The access to information request turned up no documentation, meaning that while CIDA asserted it was compliant with the act, it actually hadn't developed any tools to evaluate or assess this, or determine how programs were truly going to be compliant with the act.
I think the principles of the act are maybe integral to CIDA's practice, but it's hard to get officials to even talk about the act these days.
3:55 p.m.
Romeo Saganash Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou, QC
Is it your view that the third review to Parliament and the Government of Canada official development assistance...? The point is driven home in your report that it falls short of the spirit and intent—and I would add "letter" to that—of the ODA Act. Can you expand on that a bit?
3:55 p.m.
Policy Analyst, Aid & International Co-operation, Canadian Council for International Co-operation
It's similar to my previous intervention that through access to information we looked at what different tools CIDA might have developed to implement the act. While early access to information talked about the possibility of developing various tools, as far as we know nothing was ever concretely developed. I guess it's neither in the spirit nor the letter of the act.
3:55 p.m.
Romeo Saganash Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou, QC
You've also recently completed the analysis of the program cuts by country, made by CIDA, that showed three of the CIDA countries of focus: Colombia, Peru, and Ukraine, which rank in the top half of the human development index, remain completely unaffected. Whereas 10 of the 13 countries affected lie in the bottom quarter of the HDI ranking. Have you been able to determine why this move was made?
3:55 p.m.
Policy Analyst, Aid & International Co-operation, Canadian Council for International Co-operation
The government hasn't yet put out its official cuts to this. This is just based on media reports or leaks on what the government is supposedly going to cut. I think probably the government would argue that it's an attempt to be more focused and effective, and also to respond to development needs and Canada's own foreign policy and development objectives.
Our biggest concern, and this is not a trend that's unique to Canada, is that in the context of aid cuts an increasing number of donors are moving away from low-income countries to middle-income countries. Especially in the context of the Africa Progress Panel report Canada would be ideally situated to respond to some of Africa's needs. We have a focus on growth as one of our strategies, on children and youth, and on food security. Where the most number of jobs need to be created in Africa is among the youth population. As I mentioned 74 million young people are expected to be looking for work in the next decade. CIDA already has a focus on smallholder farmers, and the report also identified addressing the needs of smallholder farmers as a key priority.
I already mentioned the youth population. Canada has a children and youth approach. It's difficult to know why Canada is moving away from low-income countries toward middle-income countries especially when a number of the countries were in Africa, as I mentioned, and Canada seems very well placed to address those needs.
3:55 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Thank you very much, Mr. Saganash.
We're going to move to Ms. Brown for seven minutes, please.
3:55 p.m.
Lois Brown Newmarket—Aurora, ON
Thank you very much, Mr. Chair.
Thank you to our witnesses for being here today.
This has been a most interesting study for our committee, and I think it would be fair to say that every one of us on this committee wants to see progress on emerging economies and how Canada can best help in getting emerging economies up and running. I think all of us share that same sentiment; it's a matter of how we get there.
It was interesting to hear some of the things you've said today. I was particularly interested in your comment, Mr. Reilly-King, that CIDA's doing some good things. Certainly our objective is to help and to be there in times of need.
You know, Canada is the only country that is current with all of its payments to the global fund. We made a contribution of $50 million last year to GAVI Alliance, over and above our other contributions. Canadians also made a contribution in east Africa last year to a desperate humanitarian need—$142 million went into the east Africa drought relief fund. Currently we have about $42 million that has gone into the Sahel region. Canadians respond with tremendous generosity when we are called upon to assist.
But those are always the things that are urgent and the things we can't predict. So how do we help these countries get themselves to a point where they in some measure can respond to their own challenges, and how can Canada support that?
Mr. Heaps, you were talking about a council for clean capitalism, and I would like to hear more of that. We are not in any way averse to knowing what the total costs are when things are going on. Obviously that has to be part of an assessment that needs to be done whenever a company is going in, and to help countries make those assessments.
You also talked about the need for—I'm sorry, maybe it wasn't you, maybe it was Mr. Reilly-King—political leadership, effective institutions, and civil service, but you probably don't disagree, Mr. Heaps, that those things need to be in place. When you are doing this council for clean capitalism, are you helping countries make those assessments, and helping to build those institutions that can start making the assessments themselves?
4 p.m.
Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder, Corporate Knights Inc.
The agenda for the council is emerging. There are two priority areas that have been identified, and one of them is dealing with unplugging financial flows toward important infrastructure—renewable energy infrastructure and transmission infrastructure. The other one is related to getting more honest accounting so we have more of a total wealth approach to how we calculate our gross domestic product here.
Then, it's also looking at the impacts that investments in our development programs have overseas, borrowing from the World Bank's methodology, which now includes taking into account the effect their investments in foreign countries have on the overall capital stocks of the economies, including the natural capital stocks and social capital stocks. That's key, because if you don't put the issue in the form of a number on the balance sheet, it gets left out of consideration when boardrooms are looking at it.
4 p.m.
Lois Brown Newmarket—Aurora, ON
I've been in several African countries. I was in Bangladesh and nobody has telephones or land lines. Everybody is using a cell phone. So the infrastructure that is going to have to go in is going to be very different from what we have historically had to build in our own country. You would agree with that, I'm sure.
I look at countries in Africa where solar energy is now becoming more and more the norm. When I was in South Sudan, it was solar-powered lights for all of their street lights that are going in.
I wonder if you can talk about how that's going to impact the need for infrastructure dollars. How do we move forward with these countries in the areas of initiating their economy, because that kind of infrastructure is going to be critical?


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subset: commoncrawl


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Today was very tea-educational for me
I learned that Darjeeling cannot stand a second steep. It was a good color, but in terms of taste was bleh... Most of my blacks can do a second steep, Darjeeling must be too delicate.
In the evening I brewed a small pot of Bangkok green from Harney's. Yuck! A friend gave me a sample to try, mercifully I did not pay for it. I even finished a cup and tried to appreciate it. No. Yuck-yuck-yuck! We should have a vomiting smilie here, very useful thing.


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Topic: SciTE with Ruby support
Hi guys,
I have spent the whole day trying to implement the Ruby support into SciTE using Mitchell's Caladbolg Lua scripts. The instructions are here: http://caladbolg.net/scite.php
I have managed to get the snippets working, but I think I am missing a lot of features:
- automatic "end" completion for if, def, unless...
- Calltip
- ability to run a Ruby script in a console from within SciTE: right click "run in console"
Did someone successfully implement all the features into SciTE?
I am running Windows XP, and Mitchell's config files were for Linux. I think I edited all the files related to windows but maybe I missed something.


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I went to Setebello last year and their pizzas are delicious. I'm curious, on their facebook page they claim that this dough was hard to handle and that Neapolitan pizzaiolos have problem working with them. What crazy hydration level are they using? 65+ percent?
What's crazy about 65 % ?That's my usual hydration, and here's one of last nights pies.Perry


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I just set one of my posts as sticky and now it has a gray, dotted border around it in all browswers. How can I remove that border?
Much thanks.
Click Here To DONATE! Support the theme development, get more attention and additional benefits based on your donation level. Your forum name will be highlighted.


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Living Healthy Community Clinic
The UW Oshkosh College of Nursing operates the Living Healthy Community Clinic with the support of community agencies. The clinic provides confidential, cost-effective medical care to underinsured people with high deductibles and uninsured people who currently do not have the money to pay for traditional health care. Services are provided on a sliding fee scale based on each individual's ability to pay. You will be asked to provide information about your income.


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I'm going to do what I want…regardless of my Crohn's
This Thursday, I am starting an oil painting class, and I am pretty excited about it. I am also a little bit nervous. I love to paint for many reasons but mostly because I love the vivid colors of the oils and I love the freedom that I feel when I paint. I can do whatever I want with the colors, and it is bliss to be free like that. It is also very relaxing. I also love dancing for the same reason. I spend most of my days being constrained by what I can't do that I love the feeling of letting go, of being free from everything, even if only for a moment.
I have never taken a formal painting class before; I have just messed around with oils at home. I am nervous about the class mostly because I worry that my Crohn's will act up. It is impossible to predict how I am going to feel and I don't know how the class is organized (like, will we be able to run off to the bathroom at any given moment or will it be difficult to hide my Crohn's problems). The class is from 6:30 until 9:00, which is usually my not feeling good time of the day. I signed up for the class despite the bad time of the day because it is something that I want to do and I should not let my Crohn's worries stop me. And I work full-time, so after work or on the weekend are the only times I'm available.
I am going to try to keep the mindset that my body will behave and maybe I will get so distracted by painting that I won't remember that I even have a disease. We are only given one life, and I want to make the most of it. I don't know if I am going through an early mid-life crisis but lately I have been thinking about all the things that I want to do in my life (before I die) and I want to make sure that I do them. I have decided to start doing them now since later I do not know what my health state will be. So, as long as I am capable now, I will try to cross off some of the items on my "to do before I die" list.
Take Care,


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Daily Archives: October 14, 2012
Observations: The QandO Podcast for 14 Oct 12
This week, Michael, and Dale talk about the vice presidential debate and game the electoral college.
The direct link to the podcast can be found here.
As a reminder, if you are an iTunes user, don't forget to subscribe to the QandO podcast, Observations, through iTunes. For those of you who don't have iTunes, you can subscribe at Podcast Alley. And, of course, for you newsreader subscriber types, our podcast RSS Feed is here. For podcasts from 2005 to 2010, they can be accessed through the RSS Archive Feed.


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A Comprehensive Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
by Liqin Zhao
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common gynaecological and endocrinal disorders in women. It affects not only the womens menstrual cycle, but also ovulation and fertility. To be able to treat PCOS and its related infertility effectively, early diagnosis is important. In the article, I will discuss every aspect of treatment, including conventional Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine theory and pattern differentiation and dietary therapy. Illustrated by case studies, I will also analyse the TCM aetiology and pathology and individualised treatment plan.
Tin Western medicine has been much debated. However, it is generally defined as a disorder of ovulation, with the keyfeature including menstrual cycle disturbance, hyperandrogenism and obesity. There are many extra-ovarian aspects to the pathophysiology of PCOS. It is recognised that 20-33% of the UK female population and 5-10% of women across the world are affected and it is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility [1, 2].
Due to the impaired metabolic and endocrine functions in PCOS, 90% of women with PCOS suffer from irregular menstrual cycles or absent periods [2], and50-70% of women have insulin resistance, which may further raise the risk of developing diabetes, endometrial cancer, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease [3]. Controlling symptoms as soon as possible can decrease a womans chance of developing any of these other conditions.
Western Medicine View
Natural ovulation process
Each month approximately twenty follicles (eggs) start to mature, but usually only one egg fully matures, when the fully mature egg is ready, the follicle breaks open to release it, see figure 1. The egg then travels through the fallopian tube for fertilization and implantation in the uterus.
This natural ovulation process depends on optimal function of the sexual hormonal axis, which comprises the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries (HPO). The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH). FSH stimulates the growth of small follicle sacs in the ovaries, while LH supports FSH to ripen the eggs and release a mature egg.
Figure 1. Ultrasound image of a normal ovary.
The causes of PCOS and infertility
PCOS is a controversial condition in WM. It is believed that in 25% of women with PCOS inherit the disorder [4]. Endocrine malfunction and environmental factors may also play a part in the development of PCOS. The majority of women with PCOS have insulin resistanceand the elevated insulin levels contribute or cause the abnormalities seen in the HPO axis that leads to PCOS.
In women with PCOS, the ovaries are much larger than average with a multiple rows of cysts, covered with a thick, slimy, waxy or hard outer coating. These small cysts produce male hormone called androgen. Androgens block follicular development and cause the follicles to degenerate, preventing the release of mature eggs. Androgens can also alter the feedback mechanism within the HPO axis. The overproduction of oestrogen can then cause decreased FSH levels and increased production of LH (this is the reason that many women with PCOS still get an LH surge when they use an ovulation predictor test) and testosterone. Because of this hormonal cascade, the state of the endometrium is affected and ovulation is prevented, therefore no egg is released for fertilization.
Clinical manifestations
PCOS is considered a syndrome because it has a number of unrelated symptoms. It often occurs with one or more of the following factors:
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: up to 90% of women with PCOS experiencing irregular menstruation [2]. It is possible to have either very long menstrual cycles with very heavy bleeding, or short menstrual cycles with light bleeding, or even amenorrhea. The menstrual blood contains stringy tissue or mucus, or even watery blood.
- Anovulatory infertility: approximately 74% of women with PCOS have anovulatory infertility [4], they may still have regular period, but no ovulation, or if an egg is released, it is often later in a womans cycle and it is of poor quality.
- Recurrent miscarriage: due to poor quality of egg and over stimulation of endometrium, the fertilized egg (if any) is prevented from implanting in the uterus and causes a miscarriage.
- Hirsutism and/or acne: up to 83% of women with PCOS have heavy hair growth, cystic or pustular acne [5].
- Obesity: 50% of women with PCOS are overweight [5], their BMI (Body Mass Index) is over 25.
- Ultrasound-scan showing enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts (immature follicles), see figure 2.
- Blood tests: increased LH and testosterone levels, LH / FSH ratio>3, elevated prolactin level, imbalances in sugar metabolism and insulin levels.
Figure 2. Ultrasound images of ovaries with PCOS.
Western medicine treatment
- Birth control pills: can help regulate menstrual cycles, lower levels of androgen, reduce abnormal hair growth and improve acne. It is suitable for women who have irregular periods with very heavy bleeding, but are not trying to conceive. However, symptoms can return if a woman stops taking the pill.
- Fertility medications: Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) to promote ovulation; FSH, such as Gonal-F, Manopur or Puregon to reduce LH level, decrease LH/FSH ratio, correct the biochemical imbalance, improve ovarian function.
- Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) to help mature eggs, and to induce ovulation.
- Diabetes medications: Metformin, Yasmin or Provera to control insulin and blood sugar levels, regulate the production of male hormones, improve the regularity of menstrual cycles.
- Steroids: to balance the androgen hormonal effects, to treat excess or unwanted hair growth and acne. However, over the long term, it can cause liver damage and a reduction of bone density.
- Healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight is also a way to manage PCOS. A healthy diet and exercise can lose weight, help the body to use insulin more effectively, lower glucose levels and help regulate menstruation.
- Surgically eliminate follicular cysts:A small portion of the ovary is destroyed by a laparoscopic procedure laser ovarian drilling (in which a small electric current is applied to the ovary), which can decrease the production of male hormones and increase ovulation. It will not help with excessive hair growth and also carries the risk of scar tissue forming on the ovaries. Normally, results only last a few months and then the symptoms return.
- If all of these fail, IUI or IVF may be recommended. However, most women with PCOS dont respond well to any hormonal manipulation that does not address both the health of eggs and the state of ovarian endocrine balance, which may hyper-stimulate the ovaries and create a multitude of side effects. Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) is one of the most common and severe conditions seen clinically. Even if a womans body is forced to ovulate with artificial follicle stimulating drugs, the quality of eggs may be poor. If the woman does become pregnant, consequently, she has a higher risk of miscarriage.
TCM Perspective of PCOS
TCM Aetiology and Pathology
PCOS is classified as amenorrhoea or scanty periods, abdominal masses and/or infertility in terms of TCM. Clinically, PCOS is seen as more of a combination of both an excess and deficient conditions. The organs involved include the Spleen, Kidney and Liver with a subsequent disharmony of Chong and Ren channels. PCOS generally derives from a deficiency of Kidney Yang and Spleen Qi, in its inability to transform, transport and evaporate fluids in the lower burner. The accumulation of water in the pelvic cavity enlarges the ovaries, leading to phlegm-damp and/or blood stagnation, which manifests as abdominal masses.
Kidney Deficiency, Disharmony of Chong and Ren Channels
Constitutional kidney qi deficiency, prolonged illness, excessive sexual activity, long term intake of oral contraceptive pills, can all affect the kidney function and result in the depletion of kidney yin or/and kidney yang, leading to a failure of its ability to dominate the bodys fluids, warm the uterus with a poor nourishment of chong and ren channels. Therefore, the uterus is unable to get adequate blood flow, causing prolonged menstrual cycle with scanty bleeding or amenorrhea occurs.
Spleen Qi Deficiency, Accumulation of Phlegm and Damp in the Uterus
Over consumption of greasy, fatty and sugary foods, dairy products and alcohol; or excessive worrying and excessive physical work may impair spleen function, causing a failure of transporting fluids and food into useable energy. Accumulated body fluid then transform into damp and phlegm, obstruct the qi and blood flow in the uterus and blocks the chong and ren channels. Consequently, the uterus and ovaries are starved of blood supply, leading to irregular and scanty periods, or even amenorrhea and infertility.
Liver Qi Stagnation and Blood stasis
Enduring stress, depression or anxiety may lead to internal impairment of the seven emotions, causing liver qi stagnation and blood stasis; or invasion of pathogenic wind and cold. Together with excessive consumption of cold foods and drinks, they congeal the blood and cause blood stasis, which obstructs the chong and ren channels and prevents menstruating and therefore amenorrhea. Long term liver qi stagnation could eventually transform into heat, or excessive pathogenic heat invasion exhausts the kidney yin and blood and then causes irregular periods, or heavy and clotty bleeding.
Pattern Differentiations and Treatment
TCM seeks to readdress the entire hormonal environment in PCOS, promote ovulation, improve egg quality, support conception and prevent a miscarriage if a pregnancy is achieved.
Deficiency of Spleen Qi and Kidney Yang, Accumulation of Phlegm and Damp
Clinical manifestations: A prolonged menstrual cycle with scanty bleeding, which contains stringy tissue or mucus or even watery blood, or amenorrhea, or infertility, accompanying with lower back pain, bloated stomach, aversion to cold, fatigue, overweight, heavy facial and body hair, prone to vaginal thrush. Pale and swollen tongue with teeth marks, white and greasy coating, deep and fine pulses.
Treatment plan: Warm up kidney yang and strengthen spleen qi, remove dampness and resolve phlegm.
Patent herbs: Combine You Gui Wan or Nuan Gong Yu Zi Wan with Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan or Ren Shen Iian Pi wan.
Herbal prescription: Tu Si Zi, Yin Yang Huo, Shu di Huang, Shan Zhu Yu, Gui Zhi, Fu Ling, Dang Shen, Cang Zhu, Ban Xia, Xiang Fu, Zao Jiao Ci, Zhe Bei Mu, Shan Zha.
Deficiency of Kidney Yin and Blood, Liver Qi stagnation
Clinical manifestations: Irregular menstrual periods with light bleeding, or even amenorrhea, severe PMT, depression, restlessness, headache or dizziness, disturbed sleep, night sweats, acne and infertility. Red tongue with thin coating, wiry and fine pulses.
Treatment plan: Nourish kidney yin and blood, soothe liver qi and unblock the chong and ren channels.
Patent herbs: Combine Zuo Gui Wan or Fu Ke Yang Rong wan, with Jia Wei Xiao Yao wan or Chai Hu Shu Gan wan.
Herbal prescription: Shan Yao, Shan Zhu Yu, Mu Dan Pi, Nu Zhen Zi, Han Lian Cao, Gou Qi Zi, Dang Gui, Bai Shao Yao, Chong Wei Zi, Mai Dong, Sheng di Huang, Xiang Fu, Chai Hu.
Blood Stasis, Phlegm and Heat, Blockage of Chong and Ren Channels
Clinical manifestations: Very irregular menstrual cycle with no pattern at all, scanty bleeding with clots, or amenorrhea, although may flood sometimes, infertility, distension of chest and breasts, bloated stomach and cramping in the lower abdomen, severe acne, heavy body and facial hair, thirsty, constipation and overweight. Dark red or purple red tongue with black spots around the edge, white or yellow greasy coating; wiry, slippery and rapid pulses.
Treatment plan: Clear heat and remove phlegm, motivate blood and resolve blood stasis.
Patent herbs: Combine Xue Fu Zhu Yu Wan or Fu Ke Tiao Jing Wan, with Chai Hu Shu Gan Wan or Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan.
Herbal prescription: Tao Ren, Dan Shen, Dang Gui, Chuan Xiong, Fu Ling, Mu Dan Pi, Chi Shao Yao, Xiang Fu, Zhi Ke, Chong Wei Zi, Zao Jiao Ci, Xia Ku Cao, Hai Zao, Zhe Bei Mu.
For complicated cases with multiple patterns, an artificial menstrual regulatory treatment with herbal medicine and acupuncture may be applied.
Commonly used points:
Baihui (DU 20), Tianshu (ST 25), Guilai (ST 29), Zhongji (REN 3);
Moxibustion on Guanyuan (REN 4), Qihai (REN 6) and Shenque (REN 8);
Electro-acupuncture on Shenshu (UB 23), Ciliao (UB 32), Zhishi (UB 52).
Modification of points:
- For strengthening spleen qi: Zusanli (St 36), Xuehai (SP 10), Fenglong (ST 40), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Pishu (UB 20).
- For warming kidney yang: Shenshu (UB 23), Dachangshu (UB 25), Mingmen (Du 4), Yaoyangguan (DU 3), Fuliu (KI 7), Zhaohai (KI 6).
- For nourishing kidney yin: Shenshu (UB 23), Taixi (KI 3), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Neiguan (PC 6).
- For soothing liver Qi and resolving blood stasis: Geshu (UB 17), Ganshu (UB 18), Waiguan (SJ 5), Hegu (LI 4), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Taichong (LV 3), Zulinqi (GB 41).
Dietary Therapy
Most women with PCOS have endocrine abnormalities affected by diet, losing weight can help treat PCOS. Fat cells store oestrogen, and usually there is relatively too much circulating oestrogen and LH, The liver metabolizes these hormones, so a healthy functioning liver is also crucial for proper insulin balance.
- Cut out all forms of refined sugar and carbohydrates, which include white bread, paste, white rice, rice cakes, most breakfast cereals or any starchy, low fibre food.
- Avoid sweeteners, soda, fruit juice and any drinks that rapidly raise the blood sugar level.
- Consume adequate amounts of protein, such as lean meat, and soybean products.
- Eat plenty vegetables, but preferably slightly cooked.
- Eat only complex whole grains like oatmeal, brown rice and whole wheat.
- Avoid cold food, ice cold drinks, milk and dairy products.
- Eliminate alcohol and caffeine.
- Exercise regularly.
Case Studies
PCOS & Recurrent Miscarriages
Medical history: Helen, aged 33, HR advisor.
She had two miscarriages at the age of 25, then conceived and delivered her daughter at 26. Her period was 28 days cycle until December 1997 when she started taking oral contraceptive pills. She had been trying for a second child since January 2002 when she came off the pill, but had no menstruation for 6 months and then suffered from very irregular periods ever since. She had only two menstrual periods between March 2005 and December 2005 and was diagnosed with PCOS. She had been taking Clomid since April 2006 for 9 months, had achieved a pregnancy in November 2006, but miscarried again at 6 weeks. She had visited me after that miscarriage, the main symptoms were: stress, depression, anxiety, fatigue, prolonged period with scanty bleeding. Her tongue was pale with thin coating and black spots on the edge, deep and fine pulses.
Differentiation: Spleen qi deficiency with blood stasis.
Treatment plan and progress:
Chinese herbal powders were given every day combined with acupuncture weekly.
1st visit (Day 7 of cycle): modified Ba Zhen Yi Mu Tang and Nuan Gong Yun Zi Tang.
2nd visit (Day 14 of cycle): modified Zhu Yun Tang plus Tao Hong Si Wu Tang.
3rd visit (Day 21 of cycle): had ovulation pain and vaginal fertile mucus, test confirmed ovulation was on day 19 of cycle. Modified Tiao Jing Cu Yun Tang plus Cong Run Bu Shen tang.
4th visit (Day 28 of cycle): Modified Tiao Jing Bu Xue Tang.
5th visit (Day 35 of cycle): feeling tired and sick, pregnancy test was positive.
She continued treatment weekly until 12 weeks of pregnant and delivered a baby boy in October 2007.
PCOS is a rather common and complicated gynaecological condition. It is considered a syndrome because it has a number of unrelated symptoms, and usually occurs with one or more of symptoms, therefore it is often misdiagnosed at an early stage, or it may take a long process before making a diagnosis by WM and is left untreated until trying to conceive. In my clinical practice, many women come with infertility issues, they may have already gone through several failed IVF attempts, but the actual underline cause was PCOS. TCM combine with dietary therapy is the most optimum and effective treatment for PCOS and its related infertility. Here I summarise some key factors:
- PCOS is believed as a combination of both excess and deficient condition, which usually affects the organs: kidney, spleen, liver and chong and ren vessels. The most commonly seen patterns are: deficiency of spleen Qi and kidney yang, accumulation of phlegm and damp; deficiency of kidney yin and blood, together with liver qi stagnation; blood stasis with phlegm and heat, blockage of chong and ren vessels.
- TCM treatment should focus on strengthening spleen Qi and kidney yang to remove damp and phlegm, soothing liver qi to motivate blood and resolve blood stasis, unblock the chong and ren channels.
- IVF treatment may be necessary for some women if other fertility issues are also involved, for example male factor infertility. However, women with PCOS often dont respond well to hormonal stimulation drugs used in the IVF treatment, they either produce very few eggs with poor quality, and consequently poor fertilization; or suffer from OHSS, which can be life threatening. Therefore, TCM treatment is advisable before the IVF to prepare their body to be in the best possible condition and produce the best response to IVF treatment.
- TCM treatment should be continued during early pregnancy to minimise the risk of miscarriage.
Dr. Zhao graduated from the Henan University of TCM in 1985, and is qualified in both TCM and Conventional Western Medicine. She has been practise acupuncture and Chinese medicine in the UK since 1995, has developed her unique TCM programme for women with infertility and RSM. She has been work in collaboration with CARE (the largest independent fertility treatment provider in the UK), and some gynaecological and reproductive consultants in UK hospitals.
For further information, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Balen, A. MD, Rutherford, A.J (2007), Managing anovulatory infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. British Medical Journal.
David, G. (2011), Acupuncture for the symptom of Anxiety in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, The Journal of The Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Wing, T. (2011), Ovarian Cysts and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. RCHM Post Graduate Lecture Series.
Shen G and Huang K (1999), The Treatment of Infertility with combination of TCM and Western Medicine. Beijing: Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing House.


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Imputation and Latent Class Analysis
Mplus Discussion
Missing Data Modeling
Jon Heron
posted on Friday, July 09, 2010 - 3:23 am
Hi Bengt/Linda,
I'm carrying out an unconditional LCA, exporting the posterior probs to use as a weighting in my second stage covariate analysis (to prevent the covariates affecting the class derivation). I have missingness in my covariates as well as my dependent variables and I'm comparing the results of two ways of dealing with missingness.
1] ICE then LCA
Impute multiple datasets (using ICE in Stata) and fit the LCA model to each one in turn. I am not allowing Mplus to pool the LCA results (Rubin-style) due to earlier problems with this (already discussed with Bengt in another post).
2] LCA then ICE
Fit one LCA model in Mplus with FIML and export those results, using the single set of posterior probs as a weighting in my ICE imputation.
As one might have predicted, the parameter estimates in each approach are similar as I used 100 imputations (I have been uncharacteristically patient), but the SE's for approach [1] are considerably higher to reflect the variability in LCA results between each dataset.
Despite the fact this outcome is not surprising, I am still at a bit of a loss as to how to finish this up. Is [1] superior as I have maintained the uncertainly that approach [2] would lose when manifesting my latent measure, or do they both have their shortcomings.
Any help gratefully recieved
best wishes, Jon
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, July 09, 2010 - 3:29 pm
You can do the imputations in Mplus using the SEQUENTIAL method (Ragunathan's method) without having to go outside Mplus to ICE in Stata.
Regarding 1], I am not clear on how you combine the results to compute the SEs - not by Rubin's formula you say, so do you just take the average SE?
Regarding 2], I think this only works well when the entropy is high (say > 0.8).
Another imputation-oriented method is to use the LCA indicators only and create plausible values for the latent classes using the new Version 6 option for that. Then do multiple regressions of class on covariates.
Yet another approach is to first estimate the model with covariates influencing class membership, using ML, and include the covariates in the model so that missing data on them is handled by MAR. Then use SVALUES to carry those estimates over as fixed starting values for a Bayes analysis that simply generates the missing data. Then analyze the model you want.
As an aside, when you impute for the covariates, perhaps you don't want to use the LCA indicators given that in the modeling you don't want covariates to affect class formation.
Jon Heron
posted on Monday, July 12, 2010 - 1:39 am
Thanks Bengt
Re [1] sorry for not being clear, I don't pool the results in Mplus, I use MIM to pool them in Stata. I meant that it is my covariate*latent-class parameter estimates which are being pooled, rather than the latent-class posterior probs.
I expect if I were to pool the results of the LCA prior to my multinomial model, then SE's for the covariate effects would be reduced and be more similar to those obtained in [2]. If I were to chose this option, what would I average over the imputations - the pattern specific assignment probabilities?
Re [2] My entropy is pretty good ~ 0.85.
With this approach I do drop the latent class indicators prior to the imputation step.
It seems I am spoilt for choice here thanks to Mplus 6. Unfortunately I am under some pressure now to finish up and move on
Rachel Ellis
posted on Wednesday, January 15, 2014 - 6:22 pm
Hello, I'm running a longitudinal growth mixture model, using FIML to deal with missing data. I've also used multiple imputation on auxiliary variables (that I've analysed with DCON in version 7.11) to get their means and S.E.'s.
Some articles have suggested that data imputation isn't appropriate with LCGA/GMM, because they assume multiple subpopulations whereas imputation assumes a single population (e.g. Costello, D. M., Swendsen, J., Rose, J. S., & Dierker, L. C. (2008). Risk and protective factors associated with trajectories of depressed mood from adolescence to early adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76(2), 173-183. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.173).
Just wondering if anyone has any thoughts on this?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, January 16, 2014 - 9:34 am
This may be the case. You can, however, impute the data according to an H0 model. See page 516 of the user's guide where the various options for imputing data are shown.
posted on Tuesday, January 13, 2015 - 4:24 pm
Dear Dr. Muthen,
I ran a latent class analysis with two covariates using "auxiliary". In addition to the two covariates, I also wanted to take into account the correlation between the two covariates. Then, how should I ran the latent class analysis? For growth curve, we can use medcon with dep, but it does not work for the latent class analysis using auxiliary.
auxiliary = MEDCON (R) dep(R);
starts = 1100 250;
stiterations = 20;
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, January 13, 2015 - 5:33 pm
The covariates are allowed to correlate - the correlation parameter is just not estimated since it is not part of the model (just like in regular regression).
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Debates of April 26th, 2010
House of Commons Hansard #33 of the 40th Parliament, 3rd Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was refugees.
- Question Period
- Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
- Balanced Refugee Reform Act
- Missing Children Society of Canada
- Bay of Fundy
- Maison de la famille LeMoyne
- Health
- National Food Policy
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- Infrastructure
- Competition for Disabled Athletes
- Canada-India
- Canada-Vietnam
- Quebec's Forest Economies
- Lake Avenue Elementary School
- Firearms Registry
- Status of Women
- David Freiman
- Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
- Afghanistan
- Ethics
- Lobbying
- Citizenship and Immigration
- Ethics
- Afghanistan
- International Cooperation
- Military Police Complaints Commission
- Member for Beauce
- Tax Harmonization
- Agriculture
- Foreign Aid
- Environment
- Forestry Industry
- Aboriginal Affairs
- Anti-terrorism Act
- Firearms Registry
- Access to Information
- Anti-terrorism Act
- Airport Security
- Pensions
- Vancouver 2010 Winter Games
- Health
- Government Assistance
- Presence in Gallery
- Points of Order
- Export Development Canada
- Documents Regarding Mission in Afghanistan
- Government Response to Petitions
- Increasing Voter Participation Act
- Committees of the House
- Petitions
- Questions on the Order Paper
- Questions Passed as Orders for Returns
- Balanced Refugee Reform Act
Access to Information
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
The Speaker Peter Milliken
The hon. member for Ahuntsic.
Anti-terrorism Act
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Maria Mourani Ahuntsic, QC
Mr. Speaker, the former director of CSIS, Reid Morden, is very concerned about the anti-terrorist bill the government introduced last week. He said that both measures the government is trying to reintroduce are excessive and infringe upon individual rights. He added that the police do not need additional powers to be able to do their job effectively.
Why does the Conservative government insist on reintroducing these measures, when a former director of CSIS sees them as unnecessary and abusive?
Anti-terrorism Act
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Niagara Falls
Rob Nicholson Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
Mr. Speaker, we are introducing them because law enforcement agencies in the country need these provisions to fight terrorism in the country.
It is always the same thing from the Bloc members. They are always pushing against getting tough on crime in the country. What they should do is get out of Ottawa sometime, go back to their constituents, talk to their constituents and they will tell them the same thing that we have heard right across the country. They want a government that will fight crime in the country and stand up against terrorists and stand up for victims and law-abiding Canadians.
Airport Security
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Dennis Bevington Western Arctic, NT
Mr. Speaker, on Thursday, the transport committee heard testimony from an Israeli security expert who said he was able to foil the nude body scanners although he was carrying enough explosives to take down a 747. Because of this, the Israelis have decided not to install these scanners at their airports. The transport committee has continued to hear evidence about Canada's aviation security.
With this revelation, will the minister hold off deploying more of these scanners until after the transport committee has made its report to the House?
Airport Security
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Rob Merrifield Minister of State (Transport)
Mr. Speaker, let me help the hon. colleague with some facts. We have multi-layered approach when it comes to airport security. In that layered approach, some of those are visible and some of those are invisible. When it comes to the scanners that he talks about, they are much more effective when it comes to liquid explosives than the metal detectors that are currently in many of the airports.
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Scott Armstrong Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley, NS
Mr. Speaker, my constituents are upset that criminals, like child killer Clifford Olson, are receiving taxpayer-funded seniors' benefits while in prison. As an elementary school principal, I find this personally revolting.
The Liberals ignored this important issue for 13 long years. Canadians know our Conservative government will take action.
Would the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development please update the House on what steps are being taken by our Conservative government to end this practice?
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Diane Finley Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development
Mr. Speaker, this morning I received a petition from the Canadian Taxpayer Federation, with over 46,000 signatures on it, condemning this practice.
Our government shares the outrage of Canadians on this issue. That is why as soon as it became aware of the situation, it took action. We want to correct this situation and stop it from happening again.
I look forward to making an announcement on this issue in the near future.
Vancouver 2010 Winter Games
Oral Questions
2:55 p.m.
Joyce Murray Vancouver Quadra, BC
Mr. Speaker, the last-minute Canada Pavilion in Vancouver's 2010 games was a total embarrassment, nothing but a tent filled with sport video games.
For this, an American firm was paid $10 million. Canadian taxpayers deserve to know exactly how their money was spent. The response I received to my access to information request was two blank pages. That is an insult to Canadians. It is the opposite of openness.
What exactly is the minister hiding? Why is he being so secretive?
Vancouver 2010 Winter Games
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam
James Moore Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages
Mr. Speaker, what is an insult to Canadians is a Liberal playing ridiculous politics with the most successful Olympics in history.
The Canada Pavilion, our two live sites in Vancouver, our live site in Whistler, the Four Host First Nations Pavilion, the Atlantic Pavilion, Place de la Francophonie, the Cultural Olympiad, all investments by this federal government, helped make the Vancouver 2010 games the greatest games in Olympic history.
Our government is proud of our investments, proud of the Canada Pavilion that saw tens of thousands of Canadians come and have access to the athletes and the games and have a great time. We are proud of the 2010 games and everything we did.
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Yvon Godin Acadie—Bathurst, NB
Mr. Speaker, on April 16, the task force put together by the New Brunswick government to look at the decision of Canadian Blood Services to relocate its centre in Saint John, New Brunswick, to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, released its report, which recommends that the centre be kept in Saint John.
Canadian Blood Services confirmed that Health Canada approved its decision to close the facility.
Will the Minister of Health change her mind, since she is responsible for guaranteeing safe access to blood products for all Canadians, especially since the Krever report?
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Leona Aglukkaq Minister of Health
Mr. Speaker, the decision was made in consultation with every provincial health minister, including the minister from New Brunswick. The decision was made by all provinces and territories, and I support the decision that was made.
Government Assistance
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Michel Guimond Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord, QC
Mr. Speaker, the municipality of Lac-aux-Sables is hoping to renovate its waste water treatment system.
The Quebec government has said that it wants to move forward, but we are still waiting for confirmation from the federal government. The deadline for the bid guarantee is today and municipal officials are very worried.
What is the minister waiting for in order to act and confirm that this municipality will finally receive funding?
Government Assistance
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Ottawa West—Nepean
John Baird Minister of Transport
Mr. Speaker, I am very proud to say that we have come to a good agreement with the Quebec government. The federal government gave Quebec $350 million to ensure high-quality drinking water and we are very proud of that. We have already launched a number of projects, and I can say to my Quebec colleagues that more good announcements will be made in this area.
Presence in Gallery
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
The Speaker Peter Milliken
Order. I wish to draw the attention of members to the presence in our gallery of His Excellency Bédouma Alain Yoda, Burkina Faso's foreign affairs and cooperation minister.
Presence in Gallery
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Some hon. members
Hear, hear!


text:
Wilson NFL Jacksonville Jaguars Stand Bag
Product Information:
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- 9" x 8" top, 5-way divider top
- Premium rip-stop fabric
- Premium lightweight stand complete with angled feet & stand lock strap
- 7 total pockets
- 1 full-length side clothing pocket
- 1 large side accessory pocket
- 1 side valuables pocket
- 2 side pockets
- 1 front ball/accessories pocket
- 1 large bottom front beverage pocket
- Double strap with 4 attachment points for extra comfort
- Umbrella holder
- Rain/travel hood
- Wilson ®
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1-1 of 1


text:
Game Details
Payroll Productions & Fort Knox Presents
Mobsters; Redemption
November 3rd & 4th
Friday 11/2
2pm Gates open for campers
Day 1 (Sat.) 11/3
8am Registration Opens
11am Player Briefing
12am Game On!
Red= Area 51
Green= Cars
3-4pm Lunch Break
4-Dusk Game On!
Green= Area 51
Red= Cars
Day 2 (Sun.) 11/4
8am Registration Opens
9:30 Player Briefing
10am Game On
Green= Area 51
12:30-1:30 Lunch Break
Red=Area 51
1:30-3:30 Game On
Awards and prizes to follow promptly after game ends up front
Primitive camping available. Drop off your camping waiver off at the registration building when you arrive.
Event Specific Rules
Please refer to Fort Knox House rules for general scenario & big game rules, these rules pertain to event specifics that may alter between other games you have played general scenario & big game rules
Insertion Points
Occur every 15 minutes with a 5 minute window
Donate $10 towards our charity and receive constant insertion all week end long!!!
Typical insertion points will be used for this game.
Area 51 near the front
Car Field
At the start of the game and after each break there will be a fifteen minute window for NEW players only to enter into the game, after this normal insertion rules apply.
The last hour of Saturday and Sunday play wil be constant insertion.
Collect supplies needed to produce and harvest ye moonshine. Each side will have pre-determined areas of covert operations to produce moonshine. It is very important for your side to hold control of this area at all times. Your first task will be to move a slapstick to this area to signify control and produce your moonshine
Slapstick Scoring
Slapsticks will be scored at the top of the hour, with extra points awarded to your moonshine objective flag station.
Law Rockets
Before shooting a law rocket you must notify a referee who then punches your law card. The law rocket must it or hand inside of the object you are shooting at. If it does it will eliminate the entire structure with the exception of the castle. It takes a rocket for each level to completely clear the castle. Any man made structure can be blown up with a law rocket.
Transport Choppers
None at this game.
Search The Body
If you eliminate an enemy player, before they begin to move you can shout "search the body" the enemy player must then remain in their spot. You have a reasonable amount of time to make it to them and gather any game props or cards they may have. Medic cards, law rockets, sniper cards, props of any kind, can all be stolen. You have approximately one minute to reach a player you call for search the body, you can only call search the body on one person at a time.
Gambling is a large part of Mob life. Each side will roll dice at the top of every hour to determine one of their three missions. Luck of the dice determines mission difficulty or likelihood of its success!
This is the last Payroll Production at Fort Knox. Make it a fun one and be there to partake in this final event!!!!
Event staff reserves the right to change, omit, or add to these rules at any time with or without prior notice
Edited by RIP-Buttercup, 16 October 2012 - 09:56 AM.


text:
Versions available for this page: CUBRID 8.2.1 | CUBRID 8.3.0 | CUBRID 8.3.1 | CUBRID 8.4.0 | CUBRID 8.4.1 | CUBRID 8.4.3 | CUBRID 9.0.0 |
A subquery can be used wherever expressions such as SELECT or WHERE clause can be used. If the subquery is represented as an expression, it must return a single column; otherwise it can return multiple rows. Subqueries can be divided into single-row subquery and multiple-row subquery depending on how they are used.
A single-row subquery outputs an row that has a single column. If no row is returned by the subquery, the subquery expression has a NULL value. If the subquery is supposed to return more than one rows, an error occurs.
The following is an example of retrieving the history table as well as the host country where a new world record has been set. This example shows a single-row subquery used as an expression. In this example, the subquery returns host_nation values for the rows whose values of the host_year column in the olympic table are the same as those of the host_year column in the history table. If there are no values that meet the condition, the result of the subquery is NULL.
SELECT h.host_year, (SELECT host_nation FROM olympic o WHERE o.host_year=h.host_year),
h.event_code, h.score, h.unit from history h;
host_year (SELECT host_nation FROM olympic o WHERE o.host_year=h.host_year) event_code score unit
2004 'Greece' 20283 '07:53.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20283 '07:53.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20281 '03:57.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20281 '03:57.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20281 '03:57.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20281 '03:57.0' 'time'
2004 'Greece' 20326 '210' 'kg'
2000 'Australia' 20328 '225' 'kg'
2004 'Greece' 20331 '237.5' 'kg'
The multiple-row subquery returns one or more rows that contain the specified column. The result of the mutiple-row subquery can be used to create a set, a multiset or a list/sequence set using an appropriate keyword (SET, MULTISET, LIST or SEQUENCE).
The following is an example of retrieving countries and their capital cities from the nation table, and returning lists of host countries and host cities of the Olympic Games. In this example, the subquery result is used to create a list from the values of the host_city column in the olympic table. This query returns name and capital value for nation table, as well as a set that contains host_city values of the olympic table with host_nation value. If the name value is an empty set in the query result, it is excluded. If there is no olympic table that has the same value as the name, an empty set is returned.
SELECT name, capital, list(SELECT host_city FROM olympic WHERE host_nation = name) FROM nation;
name capital sequence((SELECT host_city FROM olympic WHERE host_nation=name))
'Somalia' 'Mogadishu' {}
'Sri Lanka' 'Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte' {}
'Sao Tome & Principe' 'Sao Tome' {}
'U.S.S.R.' 'Moscow' {'Moscow'}
'Uruguay' 'Montevideo' {}
'United States of America' 'Washington.D.C' {'Atlanta ', 'St. Louis', 'Los Angeles', 'Los Angeles'}
'Uzbekistan' 'Tashkent' {}
'Vanuatu' 'Port Vila' {}
Such multiple-row subquery expressions can be used anywhere a set value expression is allowed. However, they cannot be used where a set constant value is required as in the DEFAULT specification in the class attribute definition.
If the ORDER BY clause is not used explicitly in the subquery, the order of the multiple-row query result is not set. Therefore, the order of the multiple-row subquery result that creates a sequence set must be specified by using the ORDER BY clause.


text:
Climate change has leapt back into the larger policy discussion in Washington.analysis by Resources for the Future economist Dallas Burtraw. "A 10 percent or more reduction is already baked in," says Burtraw. If the Administration takes the contentious step of putting curbs on existing power plants, the country could come very close to meeting the commitment Obama made in Copenhagen in 2009 of slashing emissions 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. It might even cut emissions more than the failed House climate bill would have done — although progress beyond 2020 would require far stronger measures.
The work being done now could lay the groundwork for a price on carbon in the U.S. in the future.head, former Congressman Bob Inglis (R-S.C.), who supports a carbon tax. The blogosphere is humming with carbon tax punditry, and even Grover Norquist initially acknowledged that such a levy, if it returned the proceeds to the American people, would not violate his famous "never raise taxes" pledge. "It's welcome to be having a serious policy discussion on an issue that seemed pretty moribund six months ago," says the Brookings' Muro.
California's nascent cap-and-trade program could spur federal regulatory efforts.promoting more flexible policies," says Kyle Danish, climate and clean air law expert at the Washington, D.C.- and Seattle-based law firm Van Ness Feldman.
The U.S. has a good shot at staying on track for substantial progress on climate.senior fellow at Duke University's Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions.
MORE FROM YALE e360
Will President Obama Seize
Moment on Climate Change?


text:
by Anton Shilov
Even though there are a lot of talks about the popularity of electronic books, it looks like actual shipments of e-book readers were not truly high in 2009. Considering that shipments of electronic paper displays (EPD) totaled five million units last year, it may be estimated that shipments of e-book readers are more or less equal.
"Seeing this growth for a new application, especially in the second half of last year, is a vote of confidence from consumers who seem to have embraced e-books. Momentum from e-book popularity last year combined with new, larger-screen products hitting the market right now means that this trend will continue, so we will see large shipment volume increases in the first half of 2010," said Hiroshi Hayase, DisplaySearch director of small/medium displays.
Market tracking firm Display Search claims that the popularity of e-book readers, particularly Amazon's Kindle, drove shipments of EPDs to 5 million units in 2009, up 417% from 950 thousand in 2008. Amazon's Kindle e-book, with a 6" display, captured 66% of the total EPD market in 2009. This market domination is expected to increase as the Kindle DX gains traction.
"Boosted by success from e-books thus far, Amazon is expanding its service offering to help customers access more timely books at low cost. We expect to see other service providers increase their presence in the U.S. and expand e-book adoption in Europe and Asia as well," Mr. Hayase added.


text:
BluejayKnights belt Warriors
ARMSTRONG – Despite the Truman/Martin Luther Bluejay Knights leaving home without their visiting blue jerseys, Sam Geistfeld scored 23 points and grabbed eight boards to lead the visitors to a 70-45 nonconference victory over the North Union Warriors on Thursday in Armstrong.
"We left the Truman gym with our white jerseys, and stopped at the Martin Luther gym because we remembered that in Iowa the home and away colors are opposite of here," said Truman/Martin Luther head coach Roland Wendt. "Thankfully we got here and they had their black uniforms so we were ok."
Regardless of jersey color, the BluejayKnights started out the game on a 9-2 in the first quarter.
North Union freshman Colin Runksmeier tried to put a stopper in the scoring run, driving into the lane from the wing and flipping the ball up and in for two of his team-leading 12 points and the reverse layup to make it 9-2.
The Warriors kept battling back and Aric Runge managed to even up the game with 40 seconds remaining in the first quarter at 12-12 with two of his 11 points.
DaMarko Thomas took a feed in from point guard Cade Ekstrom on the ensuing BluejayKnight possession, and powered up through the outstretched arms of Shane Mills for the basket and drawing the foul.
Thomas missed the charity toss to give TML a three-point lead, but Geistfeld was there for the rebound and put back basket to make it 16-12 with less than 30 left in the first half.
North Union missed the shot on their final possession of the quarter, but a Thomas rebound for the BluejayKnights gave them one last scoring chance to extend their early lead.
Ekstrom sank a 3 from the win in the final moments to give TML a 19-12 lead after the opening frame.
Unfortunately for the Warriors, the momentum was completely in the visitors hands, as the BluejayKnights opened up a 10-2 in the second quarter and never looked back.
"Well we have a couple kids that our sick, so they went out there and coughed up a lung and played well," said Wendt. "We knew they had played Granada-Huntley-East Chain and we wanted to go out and just play our game. Thankfully we were able to get those guys a break on the bench."
Chandler Greier fired off back-to-back baskets to start the second half for the BluejayKnights, scoring five of his 14 points.
"This is a tough week for us. We played tonight and tomorrow we go to Mankato, then Monday we have a game. It was nice to come away with a win and get a chance to rest some of the guys for the next couple games," said Wendt.
Truman/Martin Luther made 28 of 62 shots from the floor, sinking nine of 24 from the charity stripe.
North Union went 17-for-57 from the floor, making seven of 18 from the free throw line.
Truman/Martin Luther (11-8, 5-4 Valley) travels to Mankato Loyola for a 7:30 p.m. conference game today.
North Union (4-18) opens up Class 2A District 2 playoffs with a 7 p.m. game at Spirit Lake on Monday.
Ekstrom 1-9 4-6 7, Smith 3-6 0-0 8, Thomas 3-6 0-4 6, Geistfeld 11-17 1-1 23, Greier 6-12 1-2 14, Weihe 2-6 0-2 4, Neumann 0-0 0-2 0, Wille 2-6 3-5 8, Greiner 0-0 0-2 0. Totals: 28-62 9-24 70.
Adams 1-8 1-4 3, McConnell 0-9 0-0 0, Runge 5-7 1-2 11, Runksmeier 4-7 1-2 12, Mills 1-7 0-0 2, Braddock 3-7 1-2 8, Olsen 0-2 1-2 1, Vaske 1-2 0-0 2, Umscheid 0-2 1-2 1, Larson 1-2 0-0 2, Ortmann 1-3 1-2 3, Govern 0-1 0-0 0. Totals: 17-57 7-18 45.
3-pointers: TML 5-16 (Ekstrom 1-4, Smith 2-4, Thomas 0-4, Geistfeld 0-3, Greier 1-3, Wille 1-2); NU 4-15 (Adams 0-2, McConnell 0-5, Runge 0-1, Runksmeier 3-3, Braddock 1-3, Larson 0-1). Rebounds: TML 36 (Thomas 10 and Geistfeld 8); NU 19 (Runge 5, Mills 4). Fouled out: Mills (NU). Steals: TML 12 (Geistfeld 3); NU 3.