text:
Background – Current CouchDB storage
CouchDB database files are purely append-only. All document updates and inserts are written to the end of the file. This allows for efficient io on updates and very reliable design.
When written in bulk, the documents are written sequentially on disk. The btrees by_seq and by_id index) that point to them are updated, each node that needs updating rewritten, with the leaf nodes being located and rewritten, and any parents being rewritten to point to the new node(s). Once all nodes are rewritten up to the root, the database header is written to contain the information about the new root nodes.
As all writes occur at the end of the file, this results in very fast updates, provided all the btree nodes that are being updated are already in memory (otherwise they must be fetched from physical disk), the updates require minimal seeks possible.
A tradeoff of this scheme is the wasted space as previous documents are simply forgotten, leaving a hole in the file, and also wasted btree nodes as old btree nodes leave gaps as well. It also tends to give the live btree nodes poor locality for scans, as the btree nodes go from an optimized layout with good locality to child and sibling nodes, to one where btree jumps start to look random in the worst case. However, the most recent updates are all near the end of the file, so lookups on the most recent documents are the most efficient.
Components of a Storage File
- A single tail append storage file contains the following things.
document storage
- by_id btree index
- by_seq btree index
- local_docs btree index: This is a btree of non-replicating, non-indexed documents
- Header: This contains pointers to the roots of the btrees, and other metadata about the database file. It can also be called a trailer, since it always occurs at the end of the file, after the data and the indexes it points to.
4k Header Marker Boundaries
To differentiate between headers and data, especially data that might look like a header, every 4k in the file, a single byte takes the value of either 0x00 or 0x01. 0x01 means that what follows the byte is a database header. Non-header, or data blocks, have 0x00.
When opening the file, the file scanned backward to find the first intact header. It's assumed if an intact header is found, all data preceding it is intact, though crc32 is used on all items and btree nodes when read from the filesystem.
For datablocks (documents, btrees nodes or anything not a header), any data that spans across the 4k marker will have the 0x00 added when written, and stripped out when read. Otherwise Couchbase is not aware of any other block boundaries.
Recovery Oriented Design
The tail append design ensures data integrity of committed data regardless of clean shutdown. Should a write fail do to any kind of crash, even power loss, previous data written and indexes written to the file are still intact and untouched. And incomplete writes and index updates simply appear as garbage data at the end of the file, and are ignored on database open. This is due to the pure tail append design, which means special recovery code, such as consistency checks or fixups, are never needed.
Generational Storage
A new scheme for storage files is to make them "generational", with a series of aging files that is exponentially larger than the younger files. All updates and inserts happen synchronously at the youngest generation.
As files grow, they either exceed their live data threshold (the amount of non-garbage data they contain is too large), or exceed their garbage data threshold (the amount of dark data, or garbage they contain exceeds the threshold).
When a level exceeds live data threshold, some (or all) of the data is copied to the next generation. When it exceeds it's garbage threshold, it's copy compacted to recover wasted space.
Example storage file generations and live data and garbage max:
Gen 0: 10 mb
Gen 1: 100 mb
Gen 2: 1 gb
Gen 3: 10 gb
For example, the largest the file Gen 1 file could get, before triggering async compaction is 200 mb, with it reaching both its live data threshold and garbage threshold at the same time.
Performing an Insert
All inserts happen at the youngest generation file.
Before the insert occurs, a new update sequence is given to the document (locally unique to all documents and monotonically increasing to the generation files), and the document is written to disk at the end of the file. A new by_seq and by_id entry is created and stored in the btrees and points to the written document, again with all node rewrites happening at the end of the file.
Performing an Update
All updates, including deletes, happen at the youngest generation file.
Doc updates and deletes generate and are assigned new update sequence values, and remove the old by_seq entries of the document. A document deletion stores by_id "tombstone", and a new by_seq entry, so that indexers and replicators know to delete the same document as well.
Known "Update Sequence" Mode
If we keep the documents previous update sequence in memory, we'll write a tombstone value for that by_seq entry, so that it's deleted when the tombstone is copied to the older file.
If the existing item is already in the youngest file, the previous by_seq entry for the item is deleted, the new by_seq value is added and the old by_id entry is replaced. If it doesn't exist, a tombstone value is updated to the by_seq index in place of the old seq entry, to note to later remove the existing value in a older file.
Unknown "Update Sequence" Mode
When we do not keep document metadata in memory, we do not generate a tombstone for the previous by_seq value. The write efficiency remains the same, but indexing and replication might encounter, old obsolete values, index, copy or replicate them, and later encounter the newer updated value that obsoletes the older value in the replica or index.
Live Data Threshold
When an update or insert occurs, it's always written the youngest file. If a deletion occurs and the document doesn't exist in the youngest generation, a tombstone value is inserted.
Once the young file write is complete, the caller gets back an acknowledgement that the write completed.
When the live data in the file exceeds its threshold, a copy process invokes asynchronously, and the young file contents are copied into the next older generation file. If there is no next generation file, the storage file is simply moved/renamed to the next generation. If there is already older generation file, the contents of the file are copied in bulk into the older generation file and the older file's btrees are updated.
Any by_seq tombstone values that encounter their old values are now dropped along with the old value, and the by_id value left alone (The by_id values will be dropped later during compaction)
Once all data is copied, the original file is deleted and a new file is started in its place.
If the older generation is pushed over its Live Data Threshold, its contents also moved/copied up to the next level, in a recursive manner.
Unknown "Update Sequence" Mode
If we don't write tombstones for old by_seq values at the youngest generation, then we must delete it when writing the new document. We must read the old by_id metadata get the old seq, which is something that can be done at the same time the newer by_it metadata is written. Then we delete outdated by_seq entry at the same time we insert the new by_seq enty.
Garbage Data Threshold/Compaction
When a file reaches its garbage data threshold – the garbage on disk exceeds the live data threshold – it's copy compacted, recopying the values to a new file and rebuilding the btrees for optimized access, then the new file is put into place and the original file is discarded.
Compaction will happen asynchronously and optimistically, using a snapshop of the pre-compacted file. The file can still be written too in the same tail append way concurrent with the compaction, and any changes written the compactor will notice once done copying the snapshot and will recopy the changes into the new file. It will do this until it's caught up with the live writes, then it will do the file switch-over, adding the new file and deleting the old storage.
Any tombstone values it contains are copied up to the next generation during this time (not recopied to the same level), and if found in the next generation, are deleted along with the old value, or the tombstone written intact to the older file (and both cases more garbage is noted to be in the older file).
When tombstone values or other values are written to the next oldest generation, they must be fully committed to that file before the current generation can switch to the newly compacted file.
Any tombstone values that it previously deleted a by_seq entry, will also cause the corresponding by_id entry to be dropped. When copy compacting, the by_id btree of the original file isn't copied directly, instead the by_seq key values first written to the compacted file are recopied, sorted on-disk by id, and finally written into a new optimized by_id btree. So any by_id values not eliminated by the original tombstone will be dropped during this phase.
All live updates go to the youngest generation and should be from a single thread/process, though compaction and copying values to older generations can occur concurrently with a compactor thread. Any reader who has a file open will get a consistent snapshot of the file and its btrees, regardless if it's concurrently updated, copied to the next generation, or compacted.
If a reader has a snapshot of file that's being deleted by compaction, the file is inaccessible for new snapshots, but the deleted file is still completely readable for as long as the snapshot reader has the file open. Once closed by all readers, the OS will finally free the space consumed by the now deleted.
Database Lookups
When performing a single or batched database lookup (it's possible to lookup by_seq, but in practice will be done by_id). First a key is looked for in the youngest file, then next oldest, until the key is found or the old file has been looked up. As long the files are opened youngest to oldest (not all need to opened at once), consistent results are guaranteed.
Range Scans
A snapshot scan of the logical database is as simple a doing a snapshot btree read in each storage file in each generation, then merging the results as the next value from each file is read, reading the next value from the file whose value is smallest for ascending scan, largest for descending scans. Equivalent values from the youngest files override the same values found in later.
Storage files should be opened and the header read in youngest to oldest file order. This order will ensure that all values are read, nothing missed. Opening in reverse order could cause missing items that are copied to an older file that's a later MVCC version than currently being scanned.
Full Compaction
An actively writing system always has garbage space and fragmentation, with the smallest files experiencing more compactions. The cost of compaction is ONlog(N), so the larger the # of documents, the longer, and more expensive it is per document.
With most workloads, the oldest files will need compaction far less frequently than the younger files. It might be advantageous to perform full database compaction during off-peak periods.
This is will recover all wasted space (items in older generations removed if they occur in younger generations) and it lays out the documents and btrees for optimal by_seq scanning and by_id lookups.
Starting from the youngest file, a full compaction occurs, its contents re-laid out and btree optimized, and its tombstones are copied to the next oldest generation. Tombstones stay around until they encounter their corresponding "live" key. Then the next file is compacted, and the process continues until the oldest/largest generation is reached. It is an error to encounter a tombstone in the oldest generation, the tombstone should have encountered its live key and they both should been deleted from the by_seq index.
Unknown "Update Sequence" Mode
If we don't write by_seq tombstones, full compaction is more expensive memory or IO wise. Removing documents from old files that are superseeded in a younger file requires checking for ids in younger generations as the older generation docs are being copied via the by_seq index. If they exist, the by_seq value is not copied to the new file.
If the oldest generation file shrinks down its live data size to where it can fit inside its next younger generation, it will be copied to that generation instead of compacted, and the oldest generation removed.


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Debates of June 15th, 2011
House of Commons Hansard #9 of the 41st Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was jobs.
- Question Period
- Infrastructure
- The Environment
- York Centre
- Infrastructure
- Royal Canadian Legion Branch 459
- Health
- Honours
- The Environment
- Saint-Lambert
- The Economy
- Young Canadians
- Economic Action Plan
- David Colman
- Trade and Tourism
- Jordan Fram and Jason Chenier
- New Democratic Party of Canada
- Employment
- Canada Post Corporation
- Air Canada
- Foreign Affairs
- Auditor General's Report
- Labour Relations
- Poverty
- Government Spending
- G8 Summit
- G20 Summit
- Border Infrastructure Fund
- Search and Rescue
- Veterans
- Foreign Investment
- Justice
- Syria
- Transportation
- Employment
- Canadian Wheat Board
- Health
- Budget Implementation Legislation
- Foreign Affairs
- Seniors
- Pulp and Paper Industry
- Labour Relations
- Points of Order
- Afghanistan
- Transportation
- Interparliamentary Delegations
- Committees of the House
- Maple Leaf and Tulip Day Act
- Canadian Forces Superannuation Act
- Former Canadian Forces Members Act
- Criminal Code
- Canada Health Act
- National Strategy for Autism Spectrum Disorders Act
- National Brain Health Education and Awareness Month Act
- National Strategy for Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemic Disorders Act
- Military and Veteran Families Week Act
- Employment Insurance Act
- Climate Change Accountability Act
- Fisheries Act
- Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act
- National Strategy for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Act
- Supporting Vulnerable Seniors and Strengthening Canada's Economy Act
- Petitions
- Questions on the Order Paper
- Supporting Vulnerable Seniors and Strengthening Canada's Economy Act
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Alice Wong Minister of State (Seniors)
Mr. Speaker, any form of abuse is unacceptable. Our government is committed to supporting seniors by combatting elder abuse in all its forms. That is why we have introduced an extensive awareness campaign to take action on this serious issue. We have also committed additional funds in budget 2011 to further support elder abuse awareness.
Our government is taking action to protect vulnerable seniors and we will continue to work hard to do so.
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Merv Tweed Brandon—Souris, MB
Mr. Speaker, today Canada joins countries around the world to mark World Elder Abuse Awareness Day and collectively speak out against all forms of abuse.
I would like to ask the minister of state responsible for seniors what the Government of Canada is doing to combat elder abuse.
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Alice Wong Minister of State (Seniors)
Mr. Speaker, elder abuse is unacceptable and we as Canadians need to take action against it. Our government is doing just that. Building on the momentum of our elder abuse initiative, budget 2011 provides increased funding to further support elder abuse awareness and we intend to move forward on our Speech from the Throne commitments.
No one deserves to be mistreated or exploited and our government will not tolerate it.
Pulp and Paper Industry
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Robert Aubin Trois-Rivières, QC
Mr. Speaker, at one time the pulp and paper industry was the economic heart of Trois-Rivières.
The Kruger company recently announced almost another hundred local layoffs. In my region, job losses in this sector have been on the rise for years and we fear the bleeding will continue.
What does this government intend to do to help this industry in crisis and when will it take action to protect these jobs in Trois-Rivières?
Pulp and Paper Industry
Oral Questions
3 p.m.
Denis Lebel Minister of Transport
Mr. Speaker, there was a time when all the books we read were printed on paper. Today, most are in an electronic format. There was a time when the demand for pulp and paper was 50% higher that it is today. We should all get together in 2011 and 2012 to talk about this. To find solutions, we must first identify the problem. Today, it comes down to markets. Unfortunately, we have to look at new products and new markets. Our recent budget provided $60 million to support research and development for new products, to the satisfaction of the Forest Products Association of Canada.
Labour Relations
Oral Questions
3:05 p.m.
André Bellavance Richmond—Arthabaska, QC
Mr. Speaker, it is all well and fine for the Minister of Labour to say she is hoping for negotiated settlements at Canada Post and at Air Canada, but the actions of her government prove the complete opposite. By threatening to introduce special legislation, the Conservatives are sending the crown corporations a clear message: there is no point in negotiating with employees since the federal government will impose back-to-work legislation at the first hint of pressure.
How can the Minister of Labour condone the attitude of her government, which is exacerbating the tensions, as we just saw at the Victoriaville post office back home, unless she too wants to muzzle unionized workers?
Labour Relations
Oral Questions
3:05 p.m.
Lisa Raitt Minister of Labour
Mr. Speaker, regarding both disputes, we have indicated to the House that in one case we have already put notice on the order paper and in the second we are putting notice on the order paper for back-to-work legislation.
It is not with great pleasure that we do that, because it is a fact that the best deal that can be had is the one that the parties themselves actually reach through their collective bargaining.
However, they have not been able to do that. It is now affecting the Canadian economy and it has effect on third party Canadians who are not part of this dispute but are the ones who are suffering from the hardship.
Oral Questions
Points of Order
3:05 p.m.
Kirsty Duncan Etobicoke North, ON
Mr. Speaker, yesterday during question period I asked the Minister of the Environment to explain the discrepancy between what the government had told the United Nations and what it told Parliament about Canada's greenhouse gas emissions. The minister responded by saying that oil sand industry contributions of 6.5% were included in the report to the United Nations. That was false.
Knowing what he does now, will the minister now rise, admit his answer yesterday was wrong, correct the record, and--
Oral Questions
Points of Order
3:05 p.m.
The Speaker Andrew Scheer
That is clearly not a point of order. That is a matter for debate. If the member wishes to pursue it, she has opportunities during future question periods. It is certainly not a point of order.
Routine Proceedings
3:05 p.m.
Ottawa West—Nepean
John Baird Minister of Foreign Affairs
I want to congratulate you, Mr. Speaker, on your election and wish you the best of luck. If you had watched, the member for Winnipeg Centre and I have formed a civility caucus and the member and I are working hard to make your job easier.
Pursuant to Standing Order 32(2) I have the honour to table, in both official languages, reports entitled "Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Quarterly Report to Parliament for the Period of October 1 to December 31, 2010" and "Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Quarterly Report to Parliament for the Period of January 1 to March 31, 2011".
Routine Proceedings
June 15th, 2011 / 3:05 p.m.
Denis Lebel Minister of Transport
Mr. Speaker, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the overview report of the state of Transportation in Canada 2010, in conformity with the statutory requirements of flying in Section 52 of the Canada Transportation Act.
Interparliamentary Delegations
Routine Proceedings
3:05 p.m.
Randy Hoback Prince Albert, SK
Mr. Speaker, I have two reports on the Inter-Parliamentary Forum of the Americas.
The first report is on the delegation's trip to Mexico to the 7th Plenary Assembly. The second report is on an executive meeting that we had in Curitiba, Brazil.
Interparliamentary Delegations
Routine Proceedings
3:05 p.m.
David Tilson Dufferin—Caledon, ON
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to Standing Order 34(1) I have the honour to present, in both official languages, the report of the Canadian Parliamentary Delegation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe respecting its participation at the tenth winter meeting of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly held in Vienna, Austria, February 24-25, 2011.
Interparliamentary Delegations
Routine Proceedings
3:10 p.m.
David Tilson Dufferin—Caledon, ON
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to Standing Order 34(1) I have the honour to present, in both official languages, the report of the Canadian Parliamentary Delegation of the Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association respecting its participation to the second part of the 2011 ordinary session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Mission to Poland, the country that will next hold the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union, held in Warsaw, Poland and Strasbourg, France, April 11 to 20, 2011.
Interparliamentary Delegations
Routine Proceedings
3:10 p.m.
Peter Goldring Edmonton East, AB
Mr. Speaker, pursuant to Standing Order 34(1) I have the honour to present, in both official languages, the report of the Canadian Parliamentary Delegation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe respecting its participation at the election observation mission of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly held in Azerbaijan, November 5-8, 2010.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chango: Retargeting for Retailers: Driving More Dollars
February 6, 2013
In this white paper Chango provides key insights and best practices to retailers on retargeting.
Members Only Content
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The 2012 NBA draft is over, and we're all sitting here trying to make heads and tails of what just happened.
While nothing is a lock, it seems safe to say Anthony Davis will make the New Orleans Hornets better, and Michael Kidd-Gilchrist can't possibly make the Bobcats any worse.
There were reaches, there were safety picks, and everything in between.
No one knows exactly how the 2012 draft class will pan out, but we've got your draft analysis right here.


text:
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This product seems to help. With CHF, I need to boost my cardio health. I ordered this for the Astaxanthin and it also adds L-Carnitine and CO-Q-10. Take this with fat in your meal! Wish it had just a bit more of the CO-Q-10.
Wonderful formula !
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This formula encompasses several ingredients that I had wanted to include in my daily regimen. I am now able to take them without having to ingest several extra tablets or capsules. I love the softgels and the Nutrex quality.
Nutrex cardio Astin
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the capsules and product so far seem just fine. I would recommend smaller bottles or larger quantities per bottle. also out of three bottles shipped, one glass bottle broke. perhaps it would be safer to have plastic bottles. that said, glass can be recycled.
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Items 1-6 of 6 total


text:
Hardware news tagged Fermi
Monday, March 24, 2014
Microsoft Unleashes DirectX 12: One API for PCs, Mobile Gadgets and Xbox One.
[1:08 pm]
Microsoft Promises Increased Performance, New Features with DirectX 12
Friday, October 5, 2012
Startup Develops Ray-Tracing Graphics Processing Technology for Mobile Devices.
[5:12 am]
Siliconarts Develops Real-Time Ray-Tracing Graphics Processing Technology
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
Nvidia Demands Partners to Validate Own Product Designs.
[2:27 pm]
Nvidia Restricts Levels of Add-In Board Makers Tweaking Freedom
Monday, August 27, 2012
Nvidia's GPU Roadmap Slips by One Year Due to Manufacturing Nodes - Report.
[1:36 pm]
Nvidia Maxwell Set to Arrive in 2014 Instead of 2013
Thursday, May 10, 2012
TSMC Reportedly Gives 28nm Supply Priorities to Nvidia, Qualcomm.
[2:15 pm]
TSMC Working Hard to Satisfy Demand for Nvidia and Qualcomm Chips
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Nvidia Announces Sampling of Supercomputer App Development Kit.
[12:59 pm]
Nvidia to Initiate Sampling of "Carma" CUDA on ARM Development Kit
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
Nvidia Introduces New GeForce GTX 560 Titanium Limited Edition with Enhanced GPU.
[11:52 am]
Nvidia Installs GF110 Chip onto GeForce GTX 560 Ti 448 Core Graphics Card


text:
struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man's heart.
One must imagine Sisyphus happy.Camus
|existentialism ° art ° poetry ° exquisite corpse ° chat ° search engine
|( the cry ) Philosophy Discussion Board
Posted by Matt on Tuesday, February 25, 2003 at 15:12:42 :
In Reply to: views on feelings posted by global on Monday, February 24, 2003 at 01:29:05 :
: hi people, i was wondering your veiws on feelings, what are they for? do they serve a perpus other than screw you up? for example i have i kinda theory on love. i think it could be viewed as a 'feeling' that has evolved along with your own evolution. animals have many ways for attracting the opposite sex for mating, servival of the fitest kinda thing, and some animal mate for life. this normally works well as both parents as they are both able to provide for the offspring. now what if love evolved as a way of keeping both paraents together, ensuring a better servival rate and life for the child. the more complex we got the more important that the parents don't just screw and then bugger off. early man and woman that 'loved' each other would therefor stay together and their offspring would have a far higher servival rate and advantage than others. so the early man that was capable of love gave their children better starts and chances to life, and so servival of the fittest (those that could love0 would then occur. its just a idea i came up with and i have not thought it through much but i was just wondering what you guys thought.
yeah naturally, id agree with you, because i think that every natural instinct we have comes as a result of helping us to survive throughout history. does this mean then, that as we move a more promiscuous and sexually liberal society, that love will die out? possibly... also what's interesting to me is that love, in general, doesn't last for more than so many years, because it is essentially a chemical imbalance in the brain that the body eventually finds a way to combat.... could this be because humans used to live a lot less longer, and there was more chance of seperation through death, disease etc at any time?
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Paris Hilton has her hair styled with a small part down the middle. Her hair is straight and long with a choppy fringe that falls at the front of her face.Her haircut is long with the bangs cut choppy.Her hair colour is almost a bleached blonde.
Pictures provided by Retna


text:
Fish Tacos with Chipotle Cream
Recipe courtesy of Ellie Krieger
- Healthy Appetite with Ellie Krieger
- Fish:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 tablespoons freshly squeezed lime juice
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- Freshly ground black pepper
- 1 pound white flaky fish fillet, like tilapia or halibut
- Chipotle cream:
- 1/2 cup plain nonfat yogurt
- 2 tablespoons mayonnaise
- 2 teaspoons chipotle pepper, in adobo sauce
- 8 (6-inch) corn tortillas
- 1 1/2 cups shredded green cabbage or lettuce
- 1/2 cup corn kernels (thawed if frozen)
- 1/4 cup fresh cilantro leaves
- Lime wedges
DirectionsWatch how to make this recipe.
In a small bowl, whisk together the oil, lime juice, salt and pepper. Pour over the fish fillets and let marinate for 20 minutes. Put the yogurt into a strainer lined with apaper towel and place over a bowl to drain and thicken for 20 minutes.
Remove the fish from the marinade and grill on a preheated grill or nonstick grill pan over a medium-high heat until cooked thorough, about 3 minutes per side. Set the fish aside on a plate for 5 minutes.
In a small bowl combine the thickened yogurt, mayonnaise, and chipotle pepper.
Heat the tortillas on the grill or grill pan for 30 seconds on each side.
Flake the fish with a fork. Top each tortilla with 1 tablespoon of the chipotle cream. Top with fish, cabbage, corn and cilantro and serve with lime wedges.
2006, Ellie Krieger, All Rights Reserved
Pairs Well With
Crisp, refreshing light beer
- Find easy pairings for your favorite recipes, Bobby's perfect picks and party ideas.
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Fish Tacos With Watermelon Salsa
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen
Fish Tacos
Recipe courtesy of Aarti Sequeira


text:
Given the FA period and the draft, has anyone stopped to really think about this concept?
The whole D is being remade into the image of Lil Bow Wow. How long do we think he will be here and is he all that and a Suzi Kolber thru Nameth beer goggles?
And with the O, we've added 2 vet WR's to push the 2 kids, which I like, but the house is bet on Norv coachin' 'em up.
It strikes me that if there is positive change for 2014, the house is bet on 2 men. I wonder how long these 2 mwen will be here? .... independent of Taquitergate (TM) shitcanning the whole evermotherlovin' thing.


text:
full size
Product Details
This classic stripe tee is crafted in heavyweight slub cotton—an amazingly soft fabric made from twisted yarns of varying widths that are specially woven to produce a slightly textured look and feel. Not your average tee, its unconventional construction creates a unique "high-low" pattern that makes it a wardrobe all-star in any season. Our slim fit is cut closer to the body for a clean silhouette.
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FAMSF Blog
On May 15—18 Art Market San Francisco, the Bay Area's contemporary and modern art fair, returns to Fort Mason's Festival Pavilion for its fourth annual show. Engaging the interest of both active and new collectors, the fair features artworks from approximately 70 established and up-and-coming galleries from around the country.Read More »
The Thomas Weisel Family's recent gift of Native American art is comprised in large part of pottery, including rare Mimbres pieces that date back to the 11th century. Approximately 50 pieces of Mimbres and Pueblo pottery will be on view in the upcoming exhibition, Lines on the Horizon: Native American Art from the Weisel Family Collection, which highlights the gift. Pottery presents an interesting set of challenges when being considered for display, especially here in earthquake country. Our team of mount makers has been busily crafting custom-made mounts for each pot slated to go on view when the exhibition opens this Saturday, May 3.Read More »
Although Modern Nature: Georgia O'Keeffe and Lake George (on view at the de Young through May 11) focuses on the artist's work created in upstate New York, O'Keeffe is famously associated with the arid deserts of New Mexico. Anna Koster, an artist who now lives in the Bay Area, shares her experience working with Georgia O'Keeffe at her beloved Ghost Ranch in Abiquiu, New Mexico.
On Friday, May 2, and Saturday, May 3, the de Young will host its sixth annual ARTWEAR event, where visitors can browse and take home pieces of original, wearable art. Featuring designs from 16 skilled Bay Area textile and jewelry artisans, ARTWEAR offers a colorful variety of apparel and accessories that are entirely handcrafted.Read More »
"The museum is a perfect environment within which to study art, there is none better," says Dr. Maria Cheremeteff, professor of art history at City College of San Francisco.Read More »
This post was submitted by Ann Dawson, Achenbach Graphic Arts Council Travel ChairRead More »


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Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
On-line version ISSN 2411-9717
Print version ISSN 0038-223X
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.112 n.6 Johannesburg Jun. 2012
Gas-phase extraction of lead and iron from their oxides in a fluidized-bed reactor
L.D. van DykI; E.M.R. MaribaI; Y. ChenI, II; A. JohnsonI; J.H. PotgieterI, III
ISchool of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
IIProcess and Environmental Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
IIIDivision of Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
The extraction of iron and lead from their oxides with a volatile organic ligand such as acetylacetone in the gas phase offers potential advantages of lower energy consumption, recycling of the extractant, recovery of pure metals, and a reduced environmental impact compared with conventional extraction processes. The influence of reaction temperature, ligand flow rate, and metal oxide levels on the extraction and rates of reaction of iron and lead from single metal oxide (synthetic haematite (Fe2O3) and synthetic massicot (PbO)) systems in a fluidized bed was studied. It was found that at the investigated acetylacetone flow rates, the influence of mass transfer was limited, but that the reaction suffered from reactant starvation. When the metal load increased the effect of starvation on the rate of reaction also increased. The reaction kinetics increased with an increase in temperature for both systems. At low metal oxide concentrations more that 80 per cent of the iron and lead could be extracted from their respective metal oxides after only four hours.
Keywords: gas-phase extraction, leaching, iron(III) oxide, lead(II) oxide, acetylacetone.
There is currently much debate about the competitiveness of pyrometallurgy, with its high energy consumption and formation of greenhouse gases, as a metal extraction route compared with hydrometallurgy. Unfortunately, hydrometallurgical processes come with their own disadvantages, as they usually comprise conventional leaching, which is non-selective, and subsequently complicated metal recovery processes are required. The final recovery from solution requires additional processing equipment, while the leaching liquor is usually a harsh chemical that is non-recyclable after recovery of the metal and needs to be disposed of in an environmentally friendly way.
Gas-phase extraction of metals is not a new process concept, as many commercial processes have been proposed using a variety of extractants. A few examples include iodine (titanium, zirconium), carbon monoxide (nickel), and hydrogen chloride (tin, copper, and iron). In a gas-phase extraction process one would ideally want to recycle the unreacted extractant or be able to regenerate it after use, something that has been absent from the previously proposed commercial processes1.
In 1985 Cox and co-workers1 proposed a gas-phase extraction process called Selective Extraction and Recovery using Volatile Organic compounds (SERVO). A metal-bearing ore or waste material, which contains a metal present as an oxide, hydroxide, or sulphide, is heated in a fluidized bed and subjected to fluidization by a volatile organic chelating acid and a carrier gas (optional). The extractant reacts with the targeted metal to produce a volatile metal-extractant complex. The product is carried away from the reaction zone and the metal can be recovered, for example, by reduction, while the volatile organic chelating acid is recycled2.3. The SERVO process has been used on a laboratory scale to extract heavy metal contaminants from low-grade ore2, sediment3, spent catalysts, and fly-ash4.
Gas-phase extraction with volatile organic extractants can potentially offer a solution to the limitations of conventional metal extraction. Duke2 has shown that very selective volatile organic chelating extractants can be developed for specific applications.
Even if several volatile-metal complexes are formed, a series of temperature-controlled condensers can be used to produce clean gas streams as these metal complexes have different crystallization and condensation temperatures4,5. The acidic extractant can be regenerated and the elemental metal obtained if it is thermodynamically feasible to use hydrogen as a reducing agent. Currently, the literature on the reaction mechanisms and extraction kinetics of laboratory-scale studies is limited.
In order to obtain a better understanding of the reaction kinetics of the gas-phase extraction process, our group has been studying the influence of the reaction conditions on the extraction of metals from their oxide forms with acetylacetone. Some of the results for the extraction of single metals from a mixture of synthetic oxide (haematite (Fe2O3) or massicot (PbO)) and silica sand are presented in this paper.
Iron and lead extraction
The extractions of iron or lead from their minerals both follow pyrometallurgical routes. Pyrometallurgical extraction makes it difficult to extract these metals from low-grade sources. Concentration of the metal precursor material is usually required. Large amounts of CO2 and SO2 are released into the atmosphere, and the process requires large amounts of energy. The global demand for lead and iron is increasing and reserves are being consumed. Lead is used extensively in lead-acid batteries, which are seen as green-energy alternatives to some fuels. This study considers the use of acetylacetone as an organic extractant to extract lead and iron from their oxide forms. As gas-phase extraction in a fluidized bed offers good solid-vapour contact, it is expected that this technology can be applied directly to some low-grade sources of both metals. For example, iron can be extracted from sources such as spent iron oxide catalyst, coal mine sludge, tailings that contain a significant amount of iron, and red mud (waste stream from the Bayer process) 6.
The reaction of haematite and acetylacetone is given by the following equation:
Iron(III) acetylacetone (Fe(C5H7O2)) melts at 183°C and volatilizes over a range of temperatures (92-275°C)7. Previous studies using Fe2O3 have shown that iron readily reacts with acetylacetone3.
No previous study could be found in the literature on the extraction of lead from massicot with acetylacetone in the vapour phase. This reaction equation can be written as follows:
The melting point of lead(II) acetylacetonate (Pb(C5H7O2)) is 142°C and the volatilization temperature range is not available in open literature. Figure 1 represents a generic commercial gas-phase extraction process using acetylacetone as the extractant, with lead being the targeted metal.
Acetylacetone is vapourized at its boiling point (140°C) and passed through a heated bed of lead-bearing material. The flux of the acetylacetone vapour fluidizes the bed and the reaction takes place, forming a volatile lead(II) acetylace-tonate (Pb(acac)2). The reaction products (Pb(acac)2 and H2O) and unreacted acetylacetone leave the bed and enter a crystallizer where the liquids are separated from the lead(II) acetylacetonate. The water and the acetylacetone are separated by distillation (boiling point difference of 40°C) and the acetylacetone recycled back to the reactor. Lead(II) acetylactonate can be sold as is, or subjected to reduction or decomposition to form lead and acetylacetone, which will be recycled back to the reactor. A similar process can be developed to recover iron from low-grade iron sources.
Experimental procedure
The bed material consisted of a mixture of silica sand and synthetic haematite (99% Fe2O3) or synthetic massicot (99% PbO) with a total mass of 50 g. The particle sizes of the silica sand and the metal oxides ranged from +53 μm to -75 μm The fluidization gas was acetylacetone (> 99% CH3COCH2 COCH3) at temperatures in excess of its boiling point (140°C).
The minimum fluidization velocities (umin) were calculated at the lowest experimental temperatures and at the highest metal oxide levels. The calculated values represent the highest minimum fluidization velocities at the experimental conditions. Gas viscosity increases with temperature, the density of the gas decreases with temperature, and solid density increases with metal oxide levels. The minimum fluidization velocity of the Fe2O3 bed is 0.00071 m/s and for the PbO bed is 0.00071 m/s. These values are below the experimental linear velocities of the acetylacetone vapours.
Experimental setup
The experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale glass fluidized-bed reactor (15 mm ID and 50 cm high) equipped with a porous glass distributor. A 500 mL round-bowl flask evaporator was located underneath the column and heated by a heating mantle with temperature control. The temperature of the fluidized-bed reactor was measured with a type-K thermocouple located in the middle of the column, and the temperature was controlled with a proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller. The column was heated with heating wire and insulated with ceramic wool to prevent heat losses to the environment. A condenser was connected to the top of the column to condense the vapour product, which was dissolved in a solvent. A detailed description of the experimental apparatus can be found in van Dyk et al.8
The influence of the bed composition, vapour flow rate, and reaction temperature on the extraction kinetics were investigated. The fluidized-bed reactor was charged with three different weight percentages (1, 3, or 10 wt %) of Fe2O3 or PbO. The reaction temperature was varied between 190°C and 250°C for the Fe2O3 mixture, and between 200°C and 300°C for the PbO mixture. The acetylacetone flow rate was fixed at 1 mL/min or 3 mL/min at 25°C. The exit gas stream, consisting of the volatized metal-acetyacetonate and the unreacted ligand, was collected from the top of the fluidized-bed reactor in a condenser connected to a bubbler filled with ice-cooled ethanol. The product samples were collected at regular time intervals and analysed for iron or lead content with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The AAS results were used to calculate the extraction with time.
Results and discussion
The influence of the reaction temperature on the extraction kinetics of synthetic haematite (Fe2O3) and synthetic massicot (PbO) was examined. Iron extraction results are presented for a 1 wt% and a 10 wt% Fe2O3/silica mixture at various temperatures (Figure 2 and Figure 3). For both metal oxide loads the extraction of iron increased with increasing reaction temperature. The influence of temperature on the extraction and rate of reaction is higher at lower Fe2O3 load.
For 1 wt% Fe2O3 load (Figure 2), 87 per cent of the available iron was extracted after 4 hours at 250°C. As the temperature increases the initial reaction rate (gradient of curve) increases, with the biggest increase between 210°C and 230°C. The influence of temperature on the initial reaction rate (up to 120 minutes) above 230°C is much lower, as extraction at 250°C is very similar to that at 230°C. The overall kinetics of a gas-solid reaction system may be influenced by gas-phase mass transfer of the reactants or products, pore diffusion, and chemical kinetics (including adsorption/desorption). Mass transfer involves gaseous diffusion through a boundary layer, which is not an activated process and consequently the influence of temperature on a mass-transfer controlled process is limited. At the reaction conditions presented the gas velocity (0.036 < u < 0.044 m/s) is high and the particles are small (diameter ranges between +53 μm and -75 μm), and the reaction conditions are ideal for studying chemical reaction kinetics9. In general it can be seen that the rate of reaction decrease as the reaction progress with time. As time progress the particle is consumed by the reaction, and 'shrinks' as the reaction products are removed from the particle and its surface area decreases. The gas-solid reaction takes place on the surface of the particle and as the particle shrinks, the surface available for reaction decreases, slowing down the reaction.
For 10 wt% Fe2O3 load, the influence of temperature on the reaction kinetics is less significant than for the 1 wt% system and the extraction appears to be linear. Even though only 31 per cent of the iron is extracted from a 10 wt% Fe2O3 load compared with 87 per cent for 1 wt% at 250°C, 1 mL/ min after 4 hours, the average extraction rate over the four-hour period is 4.5 mg Fe per minute compared with 1.27 mg Fe per minute. In the case of a 10 wt% Fe2O3 load, the surface area available for reaction is greater than that of a 1 wt% Fe2O3 load as more particles are present (particle sizes similar). It can therefore be said that as the available surface area of the solids increases, the more efficiently acetylacetone is used. The extraction stays linear with time, even though the available surface area of the particles decreases. As with the 1 wt% Fe2O3 load, it is expected that the reaction rate will decrease with time, although this is not seen here. A discussion on this matter will follow.
The extraction of lead from a 1 wt% PbO load at various temperatures and 1 mL/min acetylacetone flow rate is presented in Figure 4. The influence of temperature on the extraction of lead is similar to that on an 1 wt% Fe2O3 load. It can be seen that there is a large increase in the initial extraction rate of lead between 250°C and 300°C. At 300°C, 78 per cent lead was extracted from a 1 wt% PbO/silica mixture after 4 hours at 1 mL/min acetylacetone flow rate. The extraction of lead at 250°C and 300°C is lower than that of iron for a similar metal oxide load and acetylacetone flow rate. Cox, Cottrell, and Youssif examined the use of various β-diketones (acetylacetone is a β-diketone) for metal extraction, and found that these reagents reacted preferentially with iron(III). The formation constants of M(III) compounds tend to be larger than those of M(II) compounds, where M denotes metal1. The extraction results obtained for lead at 250°C and 300°C are consistent with their findings that acetylacetone reacts preferentially with iron(III). What is interesting to note is that the extraction of lead at 200°C is higher than that of iron at 210°C. This does not agree with the previous observations. A possible explanation for these results is that diffusion of the product through pores may play a role in the overall extraction kinetics at lower temperatures. Lead(II) acetylacetonate (vapour pressure 27.9 Pa at 120°C) is more volatile than iron(III) acetylacetonate (vapour pressures 14.6 Pa at 120°C), and it could be said that diffusion of the product will be faster for the lead system10. This will, however, have to be proven with additional experimental work.
Figure 5 compares the extraction of lead and iron from their respective oxides at 250°C and 1 mL/min acetylacetone flow rate at 1 and 3 wt% metal oxide loads. It can also be seen that extraction decrease with an increase in initial metal oxide load. The influence of metal oxide load is greater for lead than for iron.
In order to explain these results, additional tests were conducted where the acetylacetone flow rate was varied. The results for 1 wt% PbO at 250°C are presented in Figure 6. Similar results were obtained for the Fe2O3 system and have been reported elsewhere8. By increasing the acetylacetone flow rate an increase in the reaction rate and in the amount of lead extracted is achieved. For a 1 wt% PbO load at 250°C, the extraction increases from 52 per cent to 88 per cent after 4 hours.
The acetylacetone flow rate influences the concentration of the extractant, the availability of the extractant, and the degree of turbulence (linear gas velocity) in the fluidized bed. An increase in the concentration and availability of the acetylacetone has an influence on diffusion (function of concentration difference) and on the chemical reaction. An increase in the degree of turbulence influences the external mass transfer of the acetylacetone from the bulk solution to the metal particle. In our experiments an increase in the volumetric flow rate of acetylacetone increased the linear gas velocity (0.036 m/s to 0.119 m/s) as the same column was used for all the experiments. Szekely et al.9 states that if gas-solid reactions are carried out with identically sized particles at the same temperature and the reaction shows a dependence on the linear gas velocity, this indicates that external mass transfer plays an important role. The results in Figure 6 therefore suggest that mass transfer plays an important role in the overall reaction kinetics. However, it has been shown previously that adding a carrier gas, for example nitrogen, has little influence on the rate of reaction at similar acetylacetone flow rates8. This then means that an increase in the linear gas velocity accompanied by a decrease in the acetylacetone concentration has no effect on the extraction and that an apparent dependence on the gas velocity exists.
This can be the case only if the reaction suffers from reactant starvation. When a sufficient amount of the reactant is consumed by the solid, the gaseous reactant in contact with the solid is at a concentration lower than the bulk concentration and the effective driving force of the reactant will depend on the gas flow rate. This also explains why at 10 wt% Fe2O3 load the rate of extraction is lower than at 1 wt% Fe2O3 load, even though the available surface area for reaction is greater. In another study on the extraction of aluminium within our group, it has been seen that there is an optimum extractant flow rate after which an increase in extractant flow rate has no influence on the rate of reaction11. When the reaction suffers from starvation, an increase in metal oxide load has to be accompanied by an increase in acetylacetone flow rate to achieve similar conversions at the same reaction time and temperature as for lower metal oxide loads.
From the results presented it can be seen that similar extractions (88 per cent and 87 per cent) can be obtained from a PbO and Fe2O3 system at 250°C for 1 wt% load, if the acetylacetone flow rate for the lead system is increased to 3 mL/min.
It has been shown that gas-phase extraction can be used for iron extraction from synthetic haematite (Fe2O3) and lead extraction from synthetic massicot (PbO) using acetylacetone as a volatile organic chelating extractant. The reaction rate of both reactions is temperature-dependent, but differs for the two metal oxide species. At the acetylacetone flow rates investigated the reaction suffered from reactant starvation, which influenced the rate of reaction to a large extent. This influenced the conclusions that could be drawn from the effect of the metal oxide load on the extraction and extraction rates. An in-depth study will have to be performed at the investigated reaction conditions without any reactant starvation to determine the overall rate- controlling step/s. With the gas-phase extraction process, 87 per cent of the iron could be extracted from a 1 wt% synthetic Fe2O3 mixture after 4 hours at 250°C and 1 mL/min acetylacetone, while 88 per cent of the lead could be extracted from a 1 wt% synthetic PbO mixture at similar reaction conditions, but using 3 mL/min acetylacetone. The extraction results presented in this paper are limited to single metal extraction, and future work will focus on ore systems to study the influence of minerals and phases on the extraction kinetics.
The authors would like to thank the National Research Foundation of South Africa for its financial assistance through the Thuthuka Programme.
1. Cox, M., Duke, P.W., and Gray, M.J. Extraction of metals by the direct thermal attack of organic reagents. Proceedings of Extraction Metallurgy '85. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1985. pp. 33-42. [ Links ]
2. Duke. P.W. Thermal stability and reactivity of metal extraction coordination compounds. MPhil Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, UK, 1985. [ Links ]
3. Allimann-Lecourt, C., Bailey, T.H., Cox, M., Gilby, L.M., and Robinson, J. Extraction of heavy metals from sediments using the SERVO process. Land Contamination and Reclamation, vol. 7, no. 4, 1999. pp. 265-269. [ Links ]
4. Allimann-Lecourt, C., Bailey, T.H., and Cox M. Purification of combustion fly ashes using the SERVO process. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 77, 2002. pp. 260-266. [ Links ]
5. Berg, E.W. and Hartlage, F.R. Fractional sublimation of various metal acetylacetonates. Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 33, 1964. pp. 173-181. [ Links ]
6. Apblett, A.W. and Barber, K. Green technology of extraction of iron from ores and other materials. Advances in Material Science and Environmental and Nuclear Technology, vol. 222, 2010. pp. 168-176. [ Links ]
7. Potgieter, J.H., Kabemba, M.A., Teodorovic, A., Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S. and Augustyn, W.G. An investigation into the feasibility of recovering valuable metals from solid oxide compounds by gas-phase extraction in a fluidised bed. Minerals Engineering, vol. 19, 2006. pp. 140-146 [ Links ]
8. Van Dyk, L., Mariba, E.R.M., Chen, Y., and Potgieter, J.H. Gas-phase extraction of iron from its oxide in a fluidized bed reactor. Minerals Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, 2010. pp. 58-60. [ Links ]
9. Szekely, J., Evans, J.W., and Sohn, H.Y. Gas-Solid Reactions. Academic Press, New York, 1976. [ Links ]
10. Igumenov, I.K., Basova, T.V., and Belosludov, V.R. Volatile precursors for films deposition: vapor pressure, structure and thermodynamics. Mizutani, T. (ed). Application of Thermodynamics to Biological and Material Science. InTech, Croatia, 2011. pp. 521-526. [ Links ]
11. Mpana, N. The gas-phase extraction of aluminium. Research report, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, unversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2011. [ Links ]
This paper was first presented at the, Industrial Fluidization South Africa Conference, 16-17 November 2011, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa.


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How classy is this gorgeous bob hairstyle! When it comes to short hairstyles a lot of women tend to think that it doesn't look feminine or elegant which is absolutely not true when looking at examples like this amazing bob cut with the fringe swept to the side in such a sexy and alluring manner. What really defines this style is the pointy fringes on both sides which compliments the swept bangs amazingly. Let us know what you think of this gorgeous cut in the comments below.


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Submit News
LG Sells 55-Inch 3D OLED TV for $10,300
Jason Mick
January 2, 2013 1:28 PM
Recipient E-mail
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(Source: LG Electronics)
South Korean firm beats Samsung to market, fulfills long-standing promise
With a five-figure price point, LG Electronics, Inc.'s (
) latest television set is a bold gamble, testing whether a recovering consumer electronics market is willing to pay an extreme premium for the best technology.
I. Meet the First Big OLED TV
LG has enjoyed a relatively good track record in the LCD television market and looks to leverage its reputation for reliability with a
$10,300 USD 55-inch organic light-emitting diode (OLED) set
, which just went on sale this week.
The new set is a mere 4 millimeters thin and features LG's
new SmartTV technology
and on-board Wi-Fi. A "Magic Remote" is included with purchase.
The release marks the realization of a long standing promise -- Samsung and LG had been
off OLED
prototypes at trade shows since at least 2008.
The move is somewhat of a surprise given the unicorn-like status of commercially available large OLED TV sets in recent years. For example, Toshiba Corp. (
) had
vowed in 2009
to release a 30+ inch OLED model, only to
abruptly bail on the launch
and OLED efforts in general.
OLED TVs are more power efficient than traditional LCD TVs, but that's somewhat a moot point given that they cost nearly twice as much as their LCD brethren. More relevantly, OLED sets feature much more vivid and accurate color reproduction than LCD models. For consumers obsessed with picture quality, OLEDs deliver a clear edge over their less expensive predecessors.
But some are not convinced that the advantage will be enough to convince consumers to pony up $10.3K for the LG set.
Seo Won Seok, an analyst at Korea Investment & Securities in Seoul, to
, "The key issue here is how LG could possibly narrow the price gap between the new OLED TVs and the conventional LCD TVs. The price for OLED TVs should come down to about $5,000 to $7,000 to open up the initial market, which is expected about late this year at the earliest."
II. LG Gets a Head Start
For better or worse, LG seems committed to testing the waters and Samsung will likely follow close behind. Samsung had previously committed to selling OLED sets before the end of 2012, but on Dec. 21 backed off those claims, punting its launch to sometime in 2013. Samsung cited weak demand and high prices as reasons for the delay.
LG shares rose on the launch of the OLED model. Despite skepticism regarding sales in the short term, investors appear to view LG's head-start on Samsung in this growing sector as a good thing. Market research firm IHS Inc.'s (
) ISuppli unit labels the OLED sector as
the fasting growing part
of the $100B USD TV industry. It predicts that sales will rise from 34,000 units in 2012 to 2.1m units by 2015. Given
continued process improvements
OLED panels are predicted by some analysts
to be cheaper than LCD units by 2016
OLED TV shipments are predicted to rise to to 2.1m units in 2015. [Image Source: iSuppli]
In an email LG boasted to
, "LG is prepared to ramp up quickly to take the lead in the OLED segment."
LG's new set gives it a head start on rival Samsung Display [Image Source: Flickr]
Sony Corp. (
) was the first to sell an OLED TV debuting the
11-inch XEL-1
in Japan for roughly $2,000 USD back in 2007. Sold
exclusively in Japan
at low volume
, the tiny, expensive set was viewed as somewhat of a flop. Sony eventually
pulled the plug on XEL-1 sales in 2010
. Regardless, Sony continued to
pour money into
its OLED offerings.
Struggling with profitability
, Sony latest move was to
partner with domestic display rival Panasonic
Corp. (
). The pair will look to produce technology for new OLED display sets to be launched sometime in 2013 or 2014.
LG Electronics
"So far we have not seen a single Android device that does not infringe on our patents." -- Microsoft General Counsel Brad Smith
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Topic: Is this a method call?
Hi, I was reading ROR tutorial and can't figure out this piece of code:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :name, :presence => true
validates :title, :presence => true,
:length => { :minimum => 5}
I understand class declaration, inheritance, but "validates" is what's bugging me. I know what it is supposed to do inside rails but what is it? Is it a method call? Why isn't it inside another method? How it works and what's passed as argument to it?
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National Child Safety Expert, Alison Rhodes, "The Safety Mom," is one
of the country's leading child safety authorities, providing tips and advice to
parents on a broad range of issues facing all children - newborns to teens.
Before you hit the road this holiday season take a few minutes to make sure that it will be the safest ride possible for your kids. And, once you arrive, be prepared for emergencies. Read on for a few tips on helping make travel a little safer for your family:
Be Sure The Seat Fits
Car crashes remain the number one killer of kids 3 - 14 years of age. It's important to be sure that your child is in an age-appropriate car seat and positioned correctly. Unfortunately, many accidents occur because booster seats are not secured sufficiently due to slack in the seat belt. This is actually one of the leading contributors to the high rate of death and injury to children in car accidents. SeatSnug (www.seatsnug.com) is a device that easily attaches to an existing seatbelt to prohibit the seatbelt slack from developing and makes sure the child's seat is properly and safely secured in place during travel. Additionally, place a neon sticker on the side of your child's car seat with important information such as name, emergency contact number and known allergies. If you are rendered unconscious in a crash emergency workers will have important information about your child.
Get Ready For Take-Off
Getting there can either be half the fun or the entire nightmare! If you're flying to your destination, plan ahead. If you're child is old enough, pack a small back pack that she can wear with some essentials for the trip - crayons, books, snacks and a change of clothes. When possible have everyone wear slip-on shoes as this is easier when going through security. The safest place for a child in a plane is in an approved child restraint system - not on your lap! This is a hard-backed child safety seat that is approved by the government for use in motor vehicles or aircrafts. There are also child safety belts that are FAA approved for use in aircrafts. Visit www.kidsflysafe.com to purchase one.
Plan Ahead
Call ahead to your destination and find the name of a local pediatrician as well as pharmacy. Ask your pediatrician to write you an extra prescription in case your child's medication spills or is misplaced. Create a first aid kit to bring with you that includes several sizes of bandages, a thermometer, an antibacterial cream such as Neosporin or Bacitracin, infant or children's Tylenol or Motrin, a tweezer to remove bee stings or ticks, and an antihistamine such as children's Benadryl. You can also purchase a pre-packed travel first aid kit such as the Medibag 4 Kids (www.me4kidz.com)
Label Your Kids
It's important to have your kids memorize not only your home phone number but also your cell phone number. Unfortunately, for young kids this just might not be possible. When travelling, be sure to create a tag listing your cell phone number and the name of the hotel where you are staying. If you're child has any medical conditions this should be listed as well. You can tape a piece of paper to the inside of his shoe or purchase some great wrist ID bands such as Vital IDs from Belly Charms (www.vitalids.com)
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The owner of newly-promoted Stoke City has founded a developmental team here in the US in my town, Austin TX.
I have literally never heard of Stoke City, although I've now read that it comes from the home of Spode pottery, which my mother-in-law has bought us several pieces because she mistakenly thinks we give a shit about that sort of thing.
Can the Englanders tell me anything at all about this team?


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Carter Pedigree. The finest Carson City trade dollar in existance. Partially prooflike and cameod with original periphrial toning. Outstanding eye appeal!
Q. David Bowers: The following narrative, with minor editing, is from my "Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States: A Complete Encyclopedia" (Wolfeboro, NH: Bowers and Merena Galleries, Inc., 1993).
Coinage Context
With a total production quantity of 1,573,700 coins, the 1875-CC was produced in larger numbers than any other trade dollar from this mint. Coinage was erratic throughout the year. Although 225,000 were struck in January, the figure dropped to just 87,000 in February, and none in March. By May the production topped out at 278,000 coins for the month (see Summary of Characteristics for specific monthly figures).
Most 1875-CC trade dollars were exported, although it is likely that significant numbers also circulated in domestic service, particularly in commercial channels on the West Coast.
Numismatic Information
The most available CC trade dollar: The vast majority of known 1875-CC trade dollars are Type 1/1. Taken as a whole, the 1875-CC is the most available Carson City trade dollar, although in MS-64 or better grade it is a great rarity. In MS-60 to MS-63 grade it is somewhat scarce, but is at least twice as available as the next most available Carson City issue, the 1874-CC.
Circulated grades: Worn 1875-CC trade dollars are plentiful, and as late as the 1950s were frequently seen in commercial channels in the Orient. I believe that about 4,000 to 8,000 exist in grades from VF-20 to AU-58.
Chopmarked pieces of the Type I/I issue are common. Chopmarked 1875-CC trade dollars of the Type I/II issue are exceedingly difficult to locate; Marvin Jacobson, who has studied the series carefully, reported that he has owned two and has seen no others; one of these was from the John Willem Collection Sale, the other came from Hong Kong. (Letter to the author, May 15, 1992, and subsequent telephone conversation, August 24, 1992.)
Mint State grades: In MS-65 grade the 1875-CC is very rare; I estimate that just four to eight exist. Even in MS-64 the issue is seldom seen; I estimate a population of just five to 10. At the MS-63 level the coin becomes somewhat available, but is still elusive; I believe that about 75 to 125 exist. Finally, in the MS-60 to 62 range there are enough to meet demand. Some 300 to 500 are believed to exist, making it far and away the most available CC trade dollar in Mint State. However, in absolute terms the coin is hardly common. In fact, an MS-60 1875-CC trade dollar is rarer than a Proof 1895 Morgan dollar.
Bruce Amspacher writes (in his essay, "United States Trade Dollars: 1873-1885," in The Comprehensive U.S. Silver Dollar Encyclopedia): "Some Mint State examples have a heavily striated obverse die. Highly lustrous for a CC issue. A small hoard dispersed in the 1970s is probably responsible for most Mint State examples known today."
Circulation strikes:
1. Medium CC: Mintmark 1.1 mm high; .95 mm spacing between C's.
2. Tall CC: Breen-5796. Mintmark 1.2 mm high.
This variety exists with the CC letters spaced closely (Close CC) and with the letters spaced widely, as C C (Wide CC). Often seen chopmarked.
3. Tall CC. Doubled reverse die: Not in Walter H. Breen's Encyclopedia. Doubling in many areas; plainest on OF AMERICA, adjacent wing, and GRAINS FINE. Now considered to be very rare. As the issue gains publicity (if it does), undoubtedly more will be identified. Cf. Peter Rishel Collection specimen.
(1875-S/CC Large S: Related to but not struck at the Carson City Mint. Breen-5792. See later separate listing for this variety.)
Circulation strikes:
1. Tall CC: Breen-5797. Very rare in all grades. Possibly even rarer if chopmarked. Apparently, the Type II reverse dies reached Carson City late in the year.
Dies prepared: Obverse: 18+; Reverse: 18+. 18 pairs were shipped November 12, 1874, probably others later.
Circulation strike mintage: 1,573,700. Delivery figures by month: January: 225,000; February: 87,000; March: none; April: 75,000; May: 278,000; June: 88,700; July: none; August: 35,000; September: 234,000; October: 256,000; November: 234,000; December: 61,000. If the total mintage required 18 die-pairs, this averages 87,427 per die-pair.
Characteristics of striking: Usually seen well struck.
Known hoards of Mint State coins: A group of about 40 pieces was sold by World-Wide Coin Investments in the 1970s.
Rarity with original Chinese chopmark(s): Rev.
Type I. Somewhat scarce; Rev. Type II. Very rare. The second rarest (after 1878-CC) chopmarked trade dollar.
The highest mintage, most available Carson City coin of this denomination. Exists in Type III and Type I/II styles.


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Video Commission Formula is One of the Top Traffic Generation/SEO Products Online. You've see countless videos rank in the top of Google. This program shows you how to get Your YouTube Videos To Rank At the Top. It's a precise formula and it works.
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Girl4Beats wrote:Album Covers? I have to say the best one is Press to Play. The photo is just GORGEOUS!! BOTR is another good album cover. I also like Red Rose Speedway album cover.
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|Mars Module
This module consists of seven lessons designed to educate students on the exploration of Mars, including topographic and geologic mapping, Martian volcanoes and geology, and image interpretation. The lessons include hands-on activities, maps and overheads, and links to additional resources.
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
Technical requirements:
Adobe Acrobat reader
Cost / Copyright:
No cost
Information presented on this website is considered public information (unless otherwise noted) and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested. We strongly recommend that USGS data be acquired directly from a USGS server and not through other sources that may change the data in some way. While USGS makes every effort to provide accurate and complete information, various data such as names, telephone numbers, etc. may change prior to updating. USGS welcomes suggestions on how to improve our home page and correct errors. USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data.
DLESE Catalog ID: USGS-ED-000-000-000-092
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:
Publisher: United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Flagstaff Center for Education and Outreach
Contact: Joseph J. Kerski
Educational Resources
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Contact: Kevin Mullins
Flagstaff Center for Education and Outreach
United States Geological Survey (USGS)


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You limited your search to:
Decade: 1930-1939
Year: 1938
Collection: Texas Fashion Collection
- Pillbox Hat
- Pillbox like hat of burnt sienna colored velvet. Standing brim and self bow. Top knot of self as trim. Crown close fitting like a calotte. Elastic band for securing hat to wearer's head. Designer's label on inside hatband: " Erik Braagaard / Paris / 8 rue St. Florentin" Label attached to top of designer's label: "Made in France" Model label under designer's label (partly illegible): "00 314" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114877/
- Hat
- Alpine style hat in wine felt with green stitching and crease across center of crown. Wide grosgrain ribbon trim around base of crown of same color as top-stitching. Red feather on one side. Designer's label: "Rose Descat / 22.Rue Royale" Tag in hat: "Made in France" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114867/
- Hat
- High standing beret of navy felt fabric. Asymmetric shape. Hatband of purple stain ties at knot in back with frayed ends. Designer's label: "Madame Luzy / 5, Rue de la Paix / Paris" Label attached to top of designer's label: "Made in France" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114852/
- Turban
- Turban style hat of royal blue, corded velvet. Cords are twisted and braided over all of hat. Grosgrain hatband with silk lining (deteriorated). Designer's label: "Mme Marie-Alphonsine Modes / 73 . Champs Elysees Paris" Label below designer's label: "Made in France" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114873/
- Glengarry Hat
- Glengarry style cap of Scottish tartan wool plaid in green/black/blue and white stripes. Tricolored cockade trim on right side. Designer's label on inside hat band: "Madame Suzy / 5, Rue de la Paix / Paris" Label above designer's label: "Made in France" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114856/
- Ensemble - Dress, Jacket, and Muff
- Evening ensemble of golden olive green lightweight wool twill: A) Short jacket. No collar, center front opening with 4 hook-and-loop closures. Back has section of bloused fabric giving the effect of a faux hood hanging back. Wide bands of decoration on front, yoke, and on faux "hood" of back, in the form of golden vines of gold braid and leaves and flowers of gold and pearl beads. Fully lined in olive silk crepe. Label at center back inside neckline: "Milgrim". B) Full length evening dress of matching fabric. Sleeveless, wide straps. Moderate neckline with "bow" effect at front. Just below knot of bow is accent of brown mink. Slight train to back of skirt. Side zipper closure. Fully lined in green silk crepe matching jacket. Label inside skirt: "Milgrim" C) Muff of matching fabric. Large trapezoidal shaped muff, the front with two large tiers of mink tails and a large bow with floral pattern in tiny white seed beads accented in gold beads and with scrolling gold embroidery. Zipper compartment on back. Label inside pocket: "This Article / 10 Year Guarantee" "Berlou / Moth / Proofed" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701451/
- Tricorne
- Tricorne of light green straw, black and orange velvet. The hat is designed as a traditional tricorne, or "three-cornered-hat", with a low cylindrical crown of green straw, slightly domed. The wide brim of green straw curls up on three sides, and has cut-back arches at corners. The underside/facing of the brim is lined with black velvet, and edged with a thin band of orange velvet, which is tied in a bow at center top edge of one side. Crown is unlined, but has inner hatband of a striped/plaid fabric. Designer's label inside: "Original / Ruby Ross / California" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc276985/
- Beach Clogs
- Beach clogs of painted wood, and red and yellow leather. The thick wooden soles are painted in a marbled pattern of greens and yellows on red ground. The toe-box is formed of two wide crossed leather straps, one red, the other yellow, each affixed to the sole by large-headed nails/tacks. The heels have red silk cord which is threaded through hole passing through the sole and tied around wearer's ankles. The modified French heels are painted to match the rest of the soles. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503760/
- Hat
- Hat of navy straw in turban style. Knot or twist in front. Shallow back, extends high off the face in front. Label on inside hatband at back: "Washer Bros. / Fort Worth" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114828/
- Hat
- Hat of black felt. "Pancake" style hat with low, domed crown of black felt slightly "puffed out" at top. Around base of crown is tied ribbon made of white Birdseye pique, with self bow at each side. Hat has wide circular black felt brim, set slightly off-center to back around crown. Inner black grosgrain ribbon hatband. Black felt back strap lined with black grosgrain ribbon secure hat to wearer's head. Labels: Retailer's label on inside band: "Carson Pirie Scott & Co. / Chicago" Additional label sewn partly behind retailer's label: "57 31" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc114885/


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Shop smart and safe this holiday season
Shop smart and safe this holiday season
Release date: 11/19/2012
AG Cooper, BBB encourage shoppers to avoid common problems
Many North Carolina consumers have already started shopping for the holidays, and Attorney General Cooper and the Better Business Bureau of Central North Carolina today encouraged them to take steps to avoid common problems such as items that can't be returned, gift cards that can't be used and orders that never arrive.
"For many families, giving gifts to loved ones is an important part of holiday celebrations," Cooper said. "You can make the holidays even more enjoyable if you learn how to avoid potential headaches, shop smart and spend wisely."
"During the holidays, we ask you to pay special attention to family and friends who are senior citizens. These people are usually the first victims of con artists. Their willingness to talk to strangers makes them vulnerable," added Kevin Hinterberger, president and CEO of the BBB of Central N.C "Make sure senior citizens in your circle of friends and family know where their money is going."
Buy from stores you know.
Buying from reputable retailers improves the odds that you'll be able to return or exchange a purchase if needed. To check out a company's track record, call the Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division at 1-877-5-NO-SCAM or contact your local Better Business Bureau.
Shop safely online, too.
If you
shop online
, stick to buying from well-established companies with secure web sites (look for a lock icon on the site and a web address that starts with "https"). Get the company's street address and telephone number and verify them before you place an order.
Learn about refund and return policies.
Stores aren't required by law to accept returned merchandise, so ask about refunds and return policies before you buy. Many retailers offer store credit instead of a cash refund, and some charge a "restocking fee" for returns. Hang on to receipts, and remember to print receipts for online purchase and keep invoices that arrive with mail order gifts. If your purchase came by mail, you may have to pay shipping costs to return it.
Consider paying by credit card
to improve your chances of getting a refund if the retailer goes out of business. If you order a gift that never arrives, you may be able to dispute the charge. Also, if your credit card is lost or stolen, federal law limits your liability to $50.
Giving gift cards or certificates?
If you buy a gift certificate with a credit card and the store or restaurant closes before the certificate can be used, you may be able to contest the charge through your credit card company. Under North Carolina law, retailers can't charge a maintenance fee on their gift cards within the first year and must clearly disclose any fees they'll deduct from the value of the gift card after that.
Give wisely.
Planning to make a donation as part of your holiday gift giving? Learn where your money will go and how it will be used. Research charities with the
BBB's Wise Giving Alliance
and the
NC Secretary of State's Office
. Give to causes that you choose rather than being swayed by high-pressure telemarketers or text messages and emails that may be scams.
Criminals and scammers don't take a holiday.
Always be aware of your surroundings and protect your wallet and access to your credit or debit cards when in public. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash. Consider paying by credit card because federal law limits your liability if your credit card is stolen. And never share personal information with telemarketers who call you or respond to emails or text messages that ask you for personal information.
To check out a company with the Attorney General's Office or file a consumer complaint, call 1-877-5-NO-SCAM toll-free within North Carolina or visit
. To check out a company's record or file a complaint with your local Better Business Bureau, visit
Media contact:
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(919) 716-6413
North Carolina Department of Justice / Josh Stein, Attorney General (919) 716-6400
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Montefiore Health Opportunities Program (Monte-HOP) promotes, educates and encourages underserved youth to pursue careers within the health fields. Students will gain valuable knowledge and professional skills through interactive workshops, mentorship by physicians, observation of physician-patient interactions, lecture activities and independent learning.
Specific Program Activities:
Must be a US citizen or a Permanent Resident
Students from disadvantaged backgrounds and who are from groups underrepresented in health fields will be considered.
Graduating High School Senior or College Freshman/Sophomore (ages 16–25)
Able to commute easily to program sites independently (commuter program, no housing available)
Application: Application process starts in December or January and submission deadline is March. Please visit our website or contact the program manager, Ms. Whittaker, for more information. Application can be found on program website (www.montehop.org)
Other: Students are stipend funded for their participation, as funding is available.
Elizabeth Natal, M.D., Program DirectorMs. Carol Whittaker, Program Manager
Department of Family & Social Medicine
Phone: 718.920.4678
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.montehop.org/


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Fried Calamari
- Vegetable oil, for deep-frying
- 1 pound clean squid with tentacles, bodies cut into 1/3- to 1/2-inch-thick rings
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 2 tablespoons dried parsley
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 2 lemons, cut into wedges
- 1 cup simple tomato sauce, recipe follows or jarred marinara sauce, warmed
- Simple Tomato Sauce:
- 1/2 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 1 small onion, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, chopped
- 1 stalk celery, chopped
- 1 carrot, chopped
- Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 2 (32-ounce) cans crushed tomatoes
- 2 dried bay leaves
- 4 tablespoons unsalted butter, optional
DirectionsWatch how to make this recipe.
Pour enough oil into a heavy large saucepan to reach the depth of 3 inches. Heat over medium heat to 350 degrees F. Mix the flour, parsley, salt, and pepper in a large bowl. Working in small batches, toss the squid into the flour mixture to coat. Carefully add the squid to the oil and fry until crisp and very pale golden, about 1 minute per batch. Using tongs or a slotted spoon, transfer the fried calamari to a paper-towel lined plate to drain.
Place the fried calamari and lemon wedges on a clean plate. Sprinkle with salt. Serve with the marinara sauce.
In a large casserole pot, heat oil over medium high heat. Add onion and garlic and saute until soft and translucent, about 5 to 10 minutes. Add celery and carrots and season with salt and pepper. Saute until all the vegetables are soft, about 5 to 10 minutes. Add tomatoes and bay leaves and simmer uncovered on low heat for 1 hour or until thick. Remove bay leaves and check for seasoning. If sauce still tastes acidic, add unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon at a time to round out the flavors.
Add 1/2 the tomato sauce into the bowl of a food processor. Process until smooth. Continue with remaining tomato sauce.
If not using all the sauce, allow it to cool completely and pour 1 to 2 cup portions into freezer plastic bags. This will freeze up to 6 months.
Yield: 6 cups
Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cook Time: 1 hour 15 minutes
East of preparation: easy
Recipe courtesy of Giada De Laurentiis
CATEGORIES:View All
Pairs Well With
Sparkling Wine
Anything with bubbles
- Find easy pairings for your favorite recipes, Bobby's perfect picks and party ideas.
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Wet Fried Calamari
Recipe courtesy of Alton Brown
Fried Calamari
Recipe courtesy of Anne Burrell


text:
Jeffrey follows Chef Tusk as he scratch-makes tender Italian dumplings.
Giada's sweet potato gnocchi are topped with a maple cinnamon sage butter.
Spinach and Ricotta Gnocchi: a yummy way to get kids to eat their veggies.
Turkey Tomato Gravy and Gnocchi: like gravy, soup and cream sauce in one.
Get Cooking Channel on your TV.


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Help available as local propane need continues
ESCANABA – With a propane shortage hitting the Midwest and a particularly cold winter looming, U.P. residents who heat with propane are feeling the chill this season.
"We are swamped with people who are needing fuel assistance particularly with propane," said Bill Dubord, executive director of the Menominee Delta Schoolcraft Community Action Agency, which helps low income residents through various assistance programs.
A propane shortage across the Midwest led Gov. Rick Snyder in mid-January to issue his first executive order of the year declaring a statewide energy emergency. The order was extended on Jan. 31 and again Tuesday. The energy emergency in the state has now been extended through March 1.
Despite the executive order relaxing regulations on motor carriers and drivers carrying propane on Michigan highways, the shortage has led to an increase in the cost of propane – and in propane heating.
"What we're finding with propane is the price has gone up so the money we're giving out buys less," said Dubord.
Between mid-December and Feb. 3, Community Action assisted 359 families or individuals with heating assistance in Menominee, Delta and Schoolcraft counties, but as the extreme cold and propane shortage continues, residents are struggling.
"The unprecedented cold coupled with the shortage has made it a huge problem to budget. You just can't budget that," said Dubord.
As the cold drags on, some residents will be looking to heat their homes by other means.
"What we're getting concerned about is that people will begin using electric space heaters, which are both expensive and also dangerous if not used properly," said Dubord.
According to Dubord, many people who heat with propane have wood burning backup systems, but even the supply of available wood is dwindling.
To combat this, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources has made fuelwood permits available a month and a half earlier than the traditional starting date of April 1.
"In addition to those who use firewood when hunting or camping, others rely on this resource to heat their homes at a lower cost," said Bill O'Neill, chief of the DNR's Forest Resources Division in a press release.
The permits are available for $20 and are valid for 90 days; they are for use on designated state forestland in the northern two-thirds of the state and allow for the collection of up to five standard cords of wood per household. A reimbursement may be available for residents who are enrolled in the Low Income Heating and Energy Assistance Program run by the Michigan Department of Human Services.
Locally, Community Action is working to get more funding from the Department of Human Services to make available to struggling residents, and will be holding their annual Walk For Warmth fundraiser on Feb. 22. The walk has raised more $468,000 for heating assistance for Delta County Residents since 1992.
While having more funding to distribute is a major priority for Community Action, Dubord recommends residents currently in need of heating assistance call 2-1-1, which can help put residents in contact with a variety of programs with varied funding sources.
Because the propane shortage is regional and record cold temperatures have gripped cities across the nation, other states have taken up the call to get assistance for their residents.
On Feb. 4, Snyder joined with the six other governors from the Midwestern Governors Association to send a letter to President Barack Obama requesting immediate assistance to address the current propane supply shortage and price increases.
"We hope, with this request, that the federal government will join us in taking every possible action it can to help increase propane supplies and resolve this problem as soon as possible," said Snyder in a press release following the request.
Other members of the Midwestern Governors Association who signed the letter were Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, Minnesota Gov. Mark Dayton, Ohio Gov. John Kasich, Iowa Gov. Terry Branstad, and Kansas Gov. Sam Brownback.


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1 of 3 photos
iCandy Cherry in Fudge
2 of 3 photos
iCandy Cherry in Liquorice
3 of 3 photos
Bumper bar
Cherry model strollers
The opening between the bumper bar and seat bottom of the stroller can allow an infant's body to pass through and become entrapped at the neck, posing a strangulation hazard to young children when a child is not harnessed.
Contact iCandy America toll-free at (877) 484-4179 anytimebegin_of_the_skype_highlighting, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or visit the firm's website at www.icandyworld.com and click "United States of America" and "Important Safety Information – iCandy Cherry."
About 830
This recall includes the iCandy Cherry stroller only in the colors Fudge (light-medium brown) and Liquorice (red and black). The iCandy Cherry stroller system has a telescopic folding frame where a seat, bassinet or infant carrier car seat can be placed. The seat unit features three recline positions, adjustable footrest, 5-point safety harness, removable canopy and removable bumper bar. There is a printed white cherry logo on the rear of the seat unit. A label can be found under the basket fabric on the frame tubing that supports the lower basket on the following recalled models:
None reported.
Consumers should immediately remove the bumper bar from the strollers and contact iCandy America Inc. to receive a free replacement bumper bar. Consumers can continue to use the strollers while awaiting the replacement bumper bar.
Buy Buy Baby and other juvenile product stores nationwide and online at www.buybuybaby.com and other online retailers from October 2009 through December 2012 for about $400.
iCandy America Inc., of Brooklyn, N.Y.
iCandy World Ltd, of Bedfordshire, UK
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of
thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the
nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or
mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to help ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household
chemicals -– contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the
To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury go online to www.SaferProducts.gov or call CPSC's Hotline at 800-638-2772 or teletypewriter at
301-595-7054 for the hearing impaired. Consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www.cpsc.gov, on Twitter @USCPSC or by subscribing
to CPSC's free e-mail newsletters.
Times: 8 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. ET; Messages can be left anytime
Call to get product safety and other agency information and to report unsafe products.
Please use the below phone number for all media requests.
Phone: (301) 504-7908
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Report a Product on SaferProducts.gov
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Click Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.


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Pages: 1 - 1 / 2 of 2
Reykjavik Bed and Breakfasts
General Information About Bed and Breakfasts in Reykjavik, Iceland
Finding a Reykjavik bed and breakfast can be very time consuming. There are many sites showing partial inventory of Reykjavik bed and breakfasts in Iceland, Reykjavik motels, as well as Reykjavik lodges and Reykjavik guest houses. At Rentalo.com, we can help you save time in your search for Reykjavik bed & breakfasts by using our free Reykjavik bed and breakfast locator service. To get find the best Reykjavik motel, Reykjavik lodge, or Reykjavik guest house in Iceland, simply click the "Inquire Now" button, complete a simple inquiry form, and start receiving multiple offers from Reykjavik b&b and Reykjavik bed & breakfast owners within minutes. Save time! Let us help you find the ideal lodging option for your romantic getaways or honeymoon in Iceland.
How to Post your Wanted Ad (Inquire All)
Enter your travel dates and number of people traveling (sleeps) and use one of the following search options:
1. Inquire on ALL Bed and Breakfasts in Reykjavik. Click "Inquire Now" (Fastest Option - Receive the most Offers)
2. Inquire on Selected Bed and Breakfasts in Reykjavik. Click "Check to inquire", then click "Inquire Now" (Time-Saving Option - Receive Offers from Selected Properties)
3. Inquire only on a Specific Reykjavik Bed and Breakfast (Take the time to review each property - Receive an offer on the Property you like)