text: Associate Professor of Art History On Faculty since 2011 Phone: (630)752-5270 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Education Ph.D. Art History (Princeton University) M.A. Art History (Princeton University) M.Div. (Princeton Theological Seminary) B.A. Art History (Wheaton College) About Matthew Milliner Dr. Milliner teaches across the range of art history, and his scholarly specialization is Byzantine and medieval art, with a focus on how such images inform contemporary visual culture. Dr. Milliner has published widely in both academic and popular venues, and has given scholarly presentations at University of Chicago, American University, Indiana University and Duke University. In 2014 he organized a scholarly symposium at the Art Institute of Chicago entitled "Envisioning the Eucharist," which explored how art functions as visual theology. He is a National Humanities Center Summer Institute for Advanced Study Fellow for 2013 and 2014, and he was recently appointed a member of the Curatorial Advisory Board of the United States Senate. Courses Taught Art Survey (ART 101) History of Art & Architecture I (ART 251) History of Art & Architecture II (ART 351) Medieval & Byzantine Art (ART 352) Non-Western Art (ART 354) Renaissance Art (ART 353) Image and Ideas of the Virgin Mary (BITH 377/ART 471) Senior Seminar in Art History (ART 494) For Dr. Milliner's full curriculum vitae with links to his writing, please see his webpage: http://millinerd.com


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-T / T / +T | Comment(s)
Friday, November 9, 2012
U.S. Army Issues Huey II Contract to Bell
Fort Worth, Texas-based Bell Helicopter Textron has obtained a $33.4-million U.S. Army contract covering procurement and support services for the Huey II. Under the agreement, work will take place at the company's plant in Hurst through the end of 2013. The Army's Contracting Command at Redstone Arsenal issued the contract.
Related: Support Services News

subset: commoncrawl


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Corporate Sponsor Benefits
As a nonprofit organization, the Dallas Arboretum seeks support not only from members and visitors, but also from the corporations that share our community.
Corporate donor support helps us maintain one of the most beautiful display gardens in the world, provide science education support to young students and continue research in our world-renowned Trial Gardens.
Corporate Sponsors support the Arboretum by underwriting the following:
- Science education programs for at-risk schools
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- Garden growth and maintenance to preserve this important community resource and destination for visitors from around the world
In-kind gifts, such as billboard space, advertising, food and beverage, floral arrangements, printing, and promotional items help us manage our conservative budget to better serve the community. In-kind gifts are recognized at 100% of fair market value.
Our development and marketing departments will work closely with you to design attractive sponsorship benefit packages for cash and in-kind gifts. Benefits include:
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- Rental venues for corporate entertaining purposes (from simple luncheons to large-scale events)
To find out more about corporate sponsorship opportunities, please contact Andrea Jones, our Corporate Giving Manager, at 214.515.6552 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Review Services
The success of Coffee Review and its reviewing method has led to an increasing number of roaster and retailer requests for impartial evaluations of their coffees. However, we receive many more requests for such reviews than our limited publication calendar can accommodate. Consequently, we now offer three ways to obtain reviews or evaluations from Coffee Review.
Reviews for Tasting Reports. Simply nominate coffees and hope that they will be reviewed in a monthly Coffee Review tasting report. Use the Nominate Coffees form or email firstname.lastname@example.com. The calendar for tasting reports can be found on our Cupping Calendar. There is no charge for such published reviews. However, keep in mind that Coffee Review publishes reviews for a relatively small number of the nominations received each month. Of the many coffees typically nominated, we sample no more than 40 (on a blind basis) before settling on the approximately ten that ultimately appear in a final tasting report. Consequently, we cannot supply feedback on coffees that do not appear in published reviews.
Commissioned Sensory Evaluation with Review. Objective, blind reviews in Coffee Review format are available for US$350 per sample. Advertisers pay a reduced rate of $195 per sample and $245 for reviews in espresso format. Coffees typically will be accepted for commissioned review only from the first of any given month through the 17th of the same month. We also may limit the number of coffees we accept for commissioned review in any one month owing to travel or other contingencies, so it is essential to query email@example.com before sending coffees for review. These reviews can be quoted for public use following the same guidelines for published reviews. After receiving a review, the submitting roaster can elect to keep the review private or can request to have it displayed on CoffeeReview.com. However, it remains the sole discretion of the Coffee Review whether it will display a review
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M.A. in English
Application Procedures
Catalog page
Course descriptions
Degree Requirements
Comprehensive Exam
Literature/Language Faculty
The Master of Arts in English is a two-year program which requires students to engage in coursework, take a comprehensive exam, and compose a thesis or a project paper. At UAF, the English Department is composed of a dedicated community of distinguished faculty who have expertise in literary studies as well as many other disciplines including: ecocriticism, cultural studies, linguistics, composition studies, film, gender studies, print culture, and ESL/TOEFL. Thus, the M.A. program gives graduate students the opportunity to work closely with knowledgeable and collegial professors, who can help them design a course of study to suit their academic interests and their professional goals.
MA students frequently work as Teaching Assistants, for which they are prepared both by study in teaching methods theory and by continuing mentorship. Both the training and the practice are invaluable for students who plan to teach English, either at the secondary or university level. In addition, though, the program's emphasis on good writing, careful research, and incisive thinking stands graduates in good stead either for further study in English or for various careers in business, technical writing, editing/publishing, the military, law, and more.
Studying literature at UAF offers students a number of special opportunities. Fairbanks is located just minutes away from some of the country's most rugged and beautiful wilderness areas. Students who are so inclined can both study the sublime and experience it firsthand. Many students find that the time spent in this beautiful place forges friendships, intellectual interests, and recreational avocations that last long beyond the thesis defense. In addition, UAF has Alaska's largest library, which contains a special collection of texts and images addressing life in the circumpolar north. The campus also boasts one of the state's best natural history and art museums, the Museum of the North. Making use of these resources and others, our M.A. students routinely travel to Anchorage to present their scholarly work at the annual Pacific Rim Conference on Literature and Rhetoric.


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Artist Collection: (261 of 276)< Previous | Next >
Tags: fine art, oil painting, red
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hollowby the art of darren vannoy & element 9 graphic design
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- Hollow This image is part of the "Red Collection" The Red Collection is a 24 Piece set of Fine Art Oil Paintings designed & created by Artist Darren Vannoy. Although the series is called the "Red Collection" it is not limited to the color red. The artist used a wide spectrum of hues to create these images. Each print comes with a black painted in boarded so there is no matting necessary. See this entire collection in book form here: www.blurb.com/user/element9
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So it comes as little surprise that a recent study by the National Endowment for the Arts revealed Utahns attend more performing arts shows than anyone else in the nation.And a key component in the state's storied musical history is Abravanel Hall, the home of the Utah Symphony. It's hard to imagine a building more …morePosted on October 27, 2016by Toni IsomShopping is a favorite Salt Lake pastime, from the various boutiques across the valley to downtown's state-of-the-art City Creek Shopping Center. The latter is a 23-acre open-air mall than spans across charming Main Street. City Creek opened in 2012, and it was the catalyst for the rapid transformation of Salt Lake's urban center and arts district. 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Despite what you may think about an alleged lack of alcohol in the Beehive State of Utah, the great Salt Lake is actually teeming with craft breweries, high-end cocktail lounges and fun dive bars at which to let your hair down while downing a few cold ones. Here are some of the top spots for "bottoms up!" in Salt Lake, where a little glitz, glam and celebrity is often mixed in with your mixed drinks.Bar-X …morePosted on September 6, 2016byOriginally established during Utah's immigration and mining boom in 1910, the historic Peery Hotel is celebrating its Grand Re-Opening—complete with a full remodel, and two new restaurants. The beautiful and elegant restoration of the hotel includes a complete redesign of the hotels interior including all guest rooms, the main lobby, meeting space and the addition of two new independent specialty restaurants and bars. The Oak Wood Fire Kitchen, which specializes in wood fired …morePosted on August 24, 2016by Toni IsomThe Utah Beer Festival is back for its 7th round! (Picture us prancing in a field of hops, a frothy stein in each hand.) This year beer-lovers will enjoy more elbow room, as the festival has been moved to the spacious Utah State Fair Park. AND there's more beer on offer than ever before. AND the festival raises funds for the Human Society of Utah, so you can feel extra good about quaffing that cold one. If you've never been to the Utah Beer Festival, here's a power preview:Date: Saturday, …morePosted on August 9, 2016byThe 2016 Annual Meeting and Expo of the American Society of Association Executives comes to the Salt Palace August 13th to 16th. This year's program includes inspirational thought leaders from across the industry, NASA Astronauts, humanitarians, inventors, authors, and more. If you haven't had a chance to register, now is the time. Even if you can't make it, don't miss the highlights of this year's ASAE Annual Meeting in Salt Lake City - tune into the social media live …morePosted on August 9, 2016by Joe KukuraSalt Lake's diverse spirit and eclectic collection of hip neighborhoods has powered a cultural boom in the mountain and desert urban center. As a constellation of trendy, emerging neighborhoods, Salt Lake is cool in ways other than just snow and slopes. If you haven't seen the new frontier of hip, these up-and-coming neighborhoods are taking it to the next level in the high-altitude haven that is the new Salt Lake. DowntownThe heart of the revitalized Salt Lake is …morePosted on August 2, 2016byMeat. Salt. Time. For thousands of years, those three simple ingredients have been at the heart of all cured meats. 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Salt LakePosted on January 10, 2017byHere at Visit Salt Lake we like to think of ourselves as OR Show veterans. …morePosted on December 14, 2016bySalt Lake has a few truly killer parks—Sugarhouse Park with its exceptional mountain …morePosted on November 28, 2016by Megan Eileen McDonoughSalt Lake already has serious street cred among foodies for its brew …morePosted on November 10, 2016by Toni IsomThe bands and musicians that play Salt Lake inevitably come back, despite it being …morePosted on October 27, 2016byCapitol Theatre is one place where nearly every Salt Lake citizen has been. Ask what …morePosted on October 27, 2016byStarting with the arrival of the earliest pioneer settlers, who entertained …morePosted on October 27, 2016by Toni IsomShopping is a favorite Salt Lake pastime, from the …morePosted on October 27, 2016by Toni IsomThere's no shortage of spots to get your pastry fix in Salt Lake, whether you want …morePosted on October 4, 2016byWith the reception of Google Fiber, Salt Lake has firmly established itself as a …morePosted on October 4, 2016by Joe KukuraYes, as a matter of fact, there are bars in Salt Lake. Many of them are indeed top …moreIn The NewsJanuary 23, 2017January 23, 2017, Salt Lake City – Salt Lake's increasingly lively nightlife scene not only keeps visitors out late but invites them to exp...moreJanuary 17, 2017SALT LAKE CITY (January 2017) — Back by popular demand, Visit Salt Lake is again supporting the Salt Lake Festival Café in downtown Salt La...moreJanuary 9, 2017By Elle — We've swept the United States (and a corner of Canada, too) to ensure that wherever you may roam—even if it's only as far as your...moreJanuary 2, 2017By LEE DAVIDSON | The Salt Lake Tribune — Salt Lake City is the nation's second-friendliest city and the fourth-most attractive, according ...moreDecember 30, 2016Utah Business Magazine — Alta has been recognized as one of the Overall Best in Snow, Beginner Friendly, Most Challenging, Family Friendly,...moreadvertisement


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Hey guys,
Wanted to tell you about this incredible Beatles cover band called THE FAB FAUX. They are the closest Beatles sounding band I've ever come across; it's almost like a trip back to the 60's. They are gonna be playing in Washington D.C. on 5/22/2010 at Lisner Auditorium. Do check them out and support the music.
Also do check this video out - http://vimeo.com/11237479
Peace & Love


text:
Avast! Free Antivirus  5.0.418
- stability improvements in the Behavior Shield
- improved compatibility with MBAM Pro (Windows XP)
- improvements in the rootkit scanner
- solved a vulnerability in AavmKer4.sys (Windows 2000/XP only) - special thanks to Tobias Klein
- ProAV + IS: solved a problem with Acrobat hanging when opening pdf files directly from IE
- firewall: low-level packet rules are back in the Expert settings
- improvements in the licensing engine
- new languages: Traditional Chinese, Swedish, Korean, Bulgarian, Hungarian. This makes the current number of supported languages 16


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Explore Hotel
立即预订 ▼▲
Order excellent entrees at our hotel in Cleveland
Dine at the Gateway Bar & Grill to enjoy delicious American cuisine any time of the day. Located in the lobby of our hotel in Cleveland, this casual restaurant is the perfect setting for drinks with colleagues, dinner with family and breakfast with friends. The restaurant offers lunch Monday through Friday, catering for events and room service.
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View the menu.
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Mon-Fri, 6:30-10:30 a.m.
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Dec 21, 2006
Business/Legal Term
A formal evaluation of sources to provide a commercial activity that uses pre-established rules (e.g., the FAR, this circular). Competitions between private sector sources are performed in accordance with the FAR. Competitions between agency, private sector, and public reimbursable sources are performed in accordance with the FAR and this circular. The term "competition," as used in this circular includes streamlined and standard competitions performed in accordance with this circular, and FAR-based competitions for agency-performed activities, contracted services, new requirements, expansions of existing work, and activities performed under fee-for-service agreement. The term also includes cost comparisons, streamlined cost comparisons, and direct conversions performed under previous versions of OMB Circular A-76.


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Nutrition Facts
Serving Size 1
Calories 411
Total Fat 17 g
Saturated Fat 4 g
Sodium 1039 mg
Total Carbohydrate 32 g
Dietary Fiber 5 g
Protein 34 g
Ingredients and Preparation
Ingredients Measures
Solid white tuna in water, drained 1 (9-ounce) can
Celery, chopped ¼ cup
Scallions, chopped ¼ cup
Dried dill weed 1 teaspoon
Low-fat mayonnaise ¼ cup
Mustard 1 teaspoon
Whole grain bread 4 slices
Medium tomato, sliced 1
Reduced-fat cheddar cheese, shredded ½ cup
Freshly ground pepper to taste
- Preheat broiler.
- In a small bowl, combine tuna, celery, green onions, dill, mayonnaise, mustard, and pepper.
- Place bread slices on a baking sheet and broil 5 inches below the heat for 1-2 minutes, until lightly toasted. Then top each of the four slices with the tuna mixture, add sliced tomatoes, and sprinkle with shredded cheese. Broil 5 inches below heat for 3-5 minutes, until cheese is melted.


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Thanks to helpful snowmobiler
To the editor:
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the unknown snowmobiler that helped me when I was stuck in the neighbor's driveway northwest of Courtland on Saturday night (Feb. 15).
As I was going to pick up our babysitter for the evening, I got stuck at the end of their driveway due to the day's snow fall and blowing snow. Even though I approached the situation with caution, I still got my vehicle stuck in the snow. And, before help arrived, you came out of night on your snowmobile and took care of everything.
Once my vehicle was out of the snow, I rolled down my window and looked back to thank you and also ask what I owe you for your efforts. But, by the time I looked back you were on your sled and continued on your way.
I truly appreciate your help. I'm sorry I never caught your name to thank you personally. I am thankful that there are still good Samaritans in our communities willing to help a stranger in need. I firmly believe the old saying "what goes around comes around" and some day you will also receive unexpected help. And, perhaps I might be in the right place at the right time to help you!
Thanks again, Mr. Snowmobiler!
Michele Schroeder


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Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Life in a Lazy Universe
If your task were to simulate a universe well enough for its inhabitants to be convinced it was seamless, then there is an obvious optimisation that could be made. You could simulate just those parts that could be perceived by the inhabitants. But the catch is that if an inhabitant were to explore a new region, the simulation would be required to fill in that region. Just creating a blank new area wouldn't do, it's current state would need to be consistent with having had a plausible history and so the simulation would be required to fill in not just its current state, but also its past. This is precisely what is provided by lazy evaluation - demand driven evaluation that takes place only when results are observed. It seems natural that such a simulation should make use of laziness.
But such optimisation doesn't need to be limited to lazily computing 'new regions' where by 'region' we mean a spatially localised volume. We could also imagine implementing level of detail. If we don't look closely at an object in our grasp, there's no need to compute every single detail of it. We need only provide detail at the resolution at which it can be perceived. We'd like this built into every aspect of the simulation so that anything within it is computed only to a desired accuracy. I've spoken a few times about such a data structure in posts like this. This is precisely what the real numbers give us. Computationally, a real number is an object which when given a degree of accuracy, returns a rational number (or some other finitely manipulatable structure) that represents the real to this accuracy. The wikipedia article suggests that 'the use of continua in physics constitutes a possible argument against the simulation of a physical universe'. This is diametrically opposed to what I might argue: in fact the presence of continua suggests the existence of an efficient demand driven simulation with level of detail. The problem is that the people who have been thinking about these issues have been thinking in terms of traditional imperative style programming where a real number is typically represented to some fixed finite precision. But in fact there are infinitely many real numbers that can be represented exactly if we think in terms of lazy data structures.
But this is all idle speculation if we don't make predictions. So here is one. In a computer simulated universe, all physics must obviously be computable. But all computable functions are continuous. So in a simulated universe we'd expect the physical laws involving real numbers to make use of them only in a continuous way. Sound familiar?
The next section is an aside and I need to give a spoiler alert as I'll be mentioning some aspects of Greg Egan's Permutation City.
What exactly what is meant by 'demand driven' above? If we have implemented a simulated universe I expect we would be interested in looking in on it from time to time. So this is what is usually meant by 'demand'. Whenever the program performs I/O to show us what is going on, it would trigger the evaluation of the lazy thunks that had been sitting around. But consider how the universe might appear to its inhabitants. Whether or not we look in on it us surely irrelevant to the inhabitants, assuming we just look and don't try to communicate. But if I/O isn't performed, functional programmers don't make much of a distinction between an unevaluated thunk and an evaluated one. They are observationally equivalent. So do we in fact need to run the simulation for its inhabitants to consider themselves to exist? Anyway, I won't say anything more about this because Permutation City deals with this issue at length. I'm just rephrasing it as a lazy evaluation issue.
My next post will be on life in a monadic universe.
Update: I'm going to add some detail to the above. Suppose we represent real numbers as infinite sequences of digits. Suppose also that we have some module in a simulation that, let's say, resolves collisions between particles. You might ask it "what is the velocity, to 20 digits, of particle A after the collision". It must then look at all of the relevant inputs, decide how accurately it needs them, and then propagate new requests. For example it might work like this "if I need the velocity of A to 20 digits I need the mass of particle B to 25 digits and the velocity of particle C to 26 digits..." and so on. The idea of demand driven modules that produce outputs to a given accuracy by making requests of their inputs to a given accuracy exactly parallels the subject of analysis in mathematics. There you ask questions like "if I need to know f(x,y) with an error of no more than δ, what ε of error can I tolerate in x and y?". Functions that allow this kind of analysis are precisely the continuous ones. In other words, a simulated universe that is built from continuous functions lends itself to a demand driven implementation. One might argue that the whole of the fields of analysis (and topology) are the study of functions that can be evaluated in this way. And of course, in our universe, the functions we study in physics are typically the continuous functions. So contrary to the claim that the existence of continua argues against the idea that the universe is a simulation, I'd like to point out that they might actually make it more convenient to simulate our universe. In fact, we use this fact all the time in ordinary everyday physics simulations because we know we only need to work to a certain level of accuracy to get accurate results.
The claim that this universe can be simulated, and the claim that this universe is a simulation, are philosophical claims that I don't like to waste time on. But the claim that the existence of continua blocks the notion that the universe is a simulation is a fairly precise statement of logic, mathematics and physics. I claim it is wrong, and that's the only claim I'm making here.
32 comments:
- gelisam said...
Familiar? Not really. On the contrary, I imagine quantum mechanics close-up as a soup of erratic particles which jump non-continuously and randomly all the time. But perhaps you are referring to an earlier post which dispelled views like mine?
I can't wait for your next post! I've blogged about life in a monadic universe too, but I'm sure you'll do it better, as always.
- Wednesday, 21 May, 2008
- sigfpe said...
Despite all the talk in pop science articles about random particle soups, modern physics takes place, by and large, in nice vector spaces built from real numbers (via the complex numbers). But I'll be saying something more about this next post. And I'll have to read what you wrote.
- Wednesday, 21 May, 2008
- Clifford.Beshers said...
Perhaps the universe IS lazy and Heisenberg found the limit of the computational resources.
- Wednesday, 21 May, 2008
- Lionel said...
Didn't get the "sound familiar ?".
Could you elaborate ?
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
Modern physics seems to take place on the ugliest of vector spaces... Banach algebras.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Philip Laureano said...
Speaking of which, this sounds a lot like our universe is somehow being port rendered in the same way the graphics are being rendered in classic 3D engines, such as Doom, or Quake.
In any case, it's an interesting post, and I'm looking forward to reading more posts.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
"But in fact there are infinitely many real numbers that can be represented exactly if we think in terms of lazy data structures."
That doesn't say much. You can always represent all integers with a very simple data structure.
And by the way, there will always be 2^{aleph_0} real numbers that you cannot represent with _any_ (finite) data structure.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Tartley said...
Lazy evaluation of unobserved phenomena? You mean, the content of the box isn't evaluated one way or the other until we look inside it? What does the cat think?
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Madoc said...
I don't believe it's possible to simulate a world lazily. The problem is all the "intervowen" causality. You mention the example of the room that does not need to be simulated when no one is there. However, when someone starts to observe the room, in order to compute its present state, we would also need to compute its past states.
But how do we compute its past states? Obviously, we would also have to account for the rooms that are next to our simulated room. Maybe some wind came in trough that other door five minutes ago and blew away the newspaper from the table.
So, let's say: In order to compute the state of a room, we also need to evaluate the state of its adjacent rooms. The problem with this is now that it is recursive. In order to compute the adjacent rooms, we also need to compute THEIR adjacent rooms, and so on. This means that You have to compute the whole house when someone observes just one room in it. And the same is true not only for houses, but also for the whole universe.
Of course, one could make use of the fact that nothing can be faster than light. So if I want to "catch up" with the last 5 hours of a room, I only need to compute the last 5 hours of the universe in a ball around it whose radius is the distance that light can travel within 5 hours. But when You take one such point that is 5 light hours away from our focus, in order to compute its last 5 hours, You need to compute the last 5 hours of everything in a radius of 5 light hours around THAT point. It's basically the same as with the room and its doors.
There is absolutely no way that we can save processing time here. When the "lazy universe" shall appear consistent to its inhabitants, we must compute every detail that might make it inconsistent if we would leave it out. And that is, as You might have guessed, EVERY detail in the whole universe. I'm sorry about that, but that is the major difference between regular computer programs and the universe "program".
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
I like your post, but there is little doubt the universe is NOT built on the reals. Everything from quantum mechanics to Planck's constant to the speed of light argues against it. We just don't see the granularity. Yet.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Madoc said...
I am sorry to object again, but I believe that simulating some kind of interacting probabilities is much harder than simulating solid particles, not easier. I hope You can explain me how I'm wrong.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
madoc's argument is true for a dense universe or a universe where you can't make accurate level-of-detail approximations.
Take, for example, electric fields. Between galaxies there is almost nothing. Collisions and electromagnetic forces contribute almost nothing to what happens there. When calculating a particles position in the void, you can ignore the electric field contributions from far off particles and be correct to many decimal places.
Next look at gravity. It will generally move according to a certain balance. It doesn't matter which starts collide with each other, the galaxies center of gravity is still the same. From a far off galaxy the contributions of the specific arrangements of stars is very small.
In general, then, when you move across these voids the level of precision you need to calculate falls a lot.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Dejay said...
I disagree with you. Simulations, by definition, have bounds around the accuracy of what they try to simulate. Those bounds are often defined by the programmers, who determine the most critical aspects to be evaluated within the simulation.
For example, if you simulate two ants fighting, you wouldn't need to simulate each and every atom and quark within the ant. Keeping the bounds of accuracy at some reasonable level, much higher than atoms and quarks, is sufficient because no significant gains result from increasing the accuracy by orders of magnitude.
Likewise, if the primary goal of a "universe simulator" is to evaluate how its inhabitants react within the universe, it is not necessary to represent the entire universe down to quarks that are light years away. The behavior of particles that are not within the immediate domain of the inhabitants can be accumulated and generalized into aggregate "macro behavior."
Also, another important aspect to consider is that simulations do not have to be executed in an entirely sequential fashion. For example, if Joe walks into a room that hasn't been calculated before, the simulation can say "Okay, in order to provide Joe with a sensible representation of the current state of this room, rewind the simulation to time minus 200 years, and add the room characteristics to the simulation's current scope." Thus, when replayed, the room would then have a proper historical context with which Joe can evaluate the room. And if the room had dependencies on other things (such as the room next to it), the simulation could macro-generalize by providing less level of detail the further the simulation wanders away from the room.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Madoc said...
thanks for that convincing argument. I am sure that You are right about that. This would imply that, if we are part of a simulation, that simulation would could skip computations for other galaxies.
But as far as stellar objects in our own galaxy are concerned... I think stating that one could simulate them in an unprecise way would be a mere speculation. Perhaps someone who knows more about that than me could prove or disprove this in a more scientific manner. But then again, maybe someone already did this. If anyone knows about such a paper, please give us the link!
Also, I object to the assertion brought up here that the uncertainty principle and quantum physics show that our universe does lazy computation. Maybe we will discuss this point also. But anyway, thanks for Your response!
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Madoc said...
as for the two ants fighting, I agree with You that we do not need to simulate the particles out of which the ants consist. However, in such a simulation, it would also be downright impossible to add an electron microscope that shows us simulated microscopic structures of the ants, simply because that level of detail is not present inside the simulation. This is different from our present universe, where You can put everything under the microscope and see all the small structures out of which it consists.
I agree with McCoyn, who wrote his comment just before Yours, that distant galaxies might be optimized in a simulation by simulating them with some orders of magnitude less detail. But if anyone were ever to travel into another galaxy, the simulator would need to "track back", as You described, and simulate that whole galaxy from the beginning of simulation time, up to the present moment.
But then, this would require for the simulator to store past states of the simulation, because they can never be finalized, closed and forgotten. It would not need to store every single past state, but at least make a "snapshot" of the whole simulation every now and then.
Then, when we arrive close to a distant galaxy with our space ship, the simulator would revert to a past state, probably some million simulation years ago, add the galaxy to the detailed simulations, and simulate those millions of years of the such augmented universe. This is how I interpret Your suggestion, and I strongly agree that this sounds reasonable.
However, that is much more complicated than what I have personally read about the simulation hypothesis. I think that this backtracking algorithm might have disastrous impacts on the simulator performance. But of course, I see that we have not yet been in any other galaxy. So, if our simulator was able to simulate our galaxy in modest detail, and our solar system and all of its regular visitors with great detail, that would probably suffice.
When I wrote my objection, I thought about something else: leaving out atomar and sub-atomar detail when "nobody watches". That means, all the atoms and particles around me right now do not get simulated until I actually try to observe them in detail. When I am outside, only the effects of a moderate wind get simulated, but not every single molecule in the air. This is the idea that I just cannot agree to. And this is what I really had in mind when writing about the room and its adjacent rooms. I confess that I did not make this clear, sorry about that.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Shane Celis said...
This is my first time on this blog, and I'm intrigued by the ideas. One of the things I wanted to compliment everyone on is the discussion. The tone is amiable, and it looks like people can share their ideas and if it doesn't come out exactly right the first time, people don't jump down each other's throat. It's very cool to see people sharing ideas and being charitable with one another. Count me in as an RSS subscriber. :)
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
This is a fascinating subject, and I wish I could add to the discussion of whether lazy evaluation of an element in a simulated universe would necessarily be dependent on a nearly infinite unfolding of thunks, as madoc suggests.
The one point I would like to make is that, except considering the physical limits and our theoretical understanding of computers, the issue of "simulator performance" becomes a rather tricky concept if we consider that we ourselves are simulated minds in a simulated universe.
To illustrate the point, If I am running a physics simulation of a bouncing ball on a modern PC and simultaneously on a commodore 64, the modern machine will finish the simulation much faster than the old one with the slower processor... but does the ball notice?
That's the only coherent idea I have for now, but I would like to know whether people have been thinking of this problem in terms of a "Matrix"-style universe of plugged-in observers, or one of simulated observers.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
For anyone interested in science fiction in this area, James P. Hogan's "Realtime Interrupt" is a fun read that shows at least some sophistication from a technical perspective (e.g., issues like the ones sigfpe raises, also re leaving a back door in the simulation). Hogan's book is of course only one among many works with this theme. On the less (?) fictional side, Nick Bostrom is an Oxford philosopher who has tried to argue about the probabilities that we actually live in such a simulation (see his paper "Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?").
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
I think it's certainly possible. I think the most interesting question is, can we "break" the simulation by looking at enough of the right places at the right time, so that the simulation has to make too many computations at the right time? From my understanding, it is hard to make a lazy system which also meets rigorous real time requirements.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- sigfpe said...
But anonymous, there are no real-time requirements. However slow the simulation is, no inhabitants will notice.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- trb said...
I've been thinking about lazy simulations a fair bit as well.
One important point is that assuming the simulated inhabitants are deterministic then you only need to inspect their limited views and perceptions for inconsistencies in the detail of the simulation. Not the entire simulation.
If none of the inhabitants finds an inconsistency with simulation, then there is no need to fix anything.
Now if one of the inhabitants does find an inconsistency you could do two things to fix it:
1) Go back to the root cause of the error and rerun the simulation from there; for the sphere of influence it would affect.
2) Change the simulated individuals memories/perceptions along with exiting simulation state to cleanup the inconsistency.
So the simulation would probably be creating inconsistencies all over the place, and then fixing them as people notice them. Using that method you could use very basic models for most things that would run quite fast.
People don't tend to take much notice of the world around them except for specific things they are focused on.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- Madoc said...
there are no real time requirements for the inhabitants of the simulation. But if the creators of the simulation in their world notice that the speed of the simulator goes down considerably, they might be forced to react in some way - hopefully not by stopping and restarting the whole thing, but instead by looking who was so smart to "break the rules", and do something nice to him.
- Thursday, 22 May, 2008
- ashley-y said...
So can you do time-travel with call/cc?
- Friday, 23 May, 2008
even a simulated universe resides within a "real universe". somewhere down the turtle tree we hit pay dirt. right?
- Friday, 23 May, 2008
trb, that's a really wonderful idea. In such a simulated universe all the laws of physics perhaps could be products of the simulated intelligences that explore it. Something like a universe-creating genetic algorithm.
On a different note, someone over at reddit (where I was directed from) made the interesting point in regards to madoc's comment: that the fact that the speed of light is the theoretical limit of speed in our universe means that there is a rather computationally convenient built-in limit to how fast changes can propagate.
- Friday, 23 May, 2008
- Baughn said...
Thunks are observationally equivalent from the viewpoint of the programmer. I think that this is an important distinction; although there's no particular explanation of consciousness in this universe, and no real hope of finding one, leaving thunks unevaluated could still have an effect on it.
If nobody ever calls main, a haskell program does nothing; if the focus of the simulation moves out to beyond the horizon, and never moves back, you can't expect anything to be evaluated again on Earth, ever; it would be like time stopped, for those of us who are NPCs.
- Saturday, 24 May, 2008
You also have to consider whether the universe under simulation has sensitive dependence on initial conditions (SDOIC). The reason I bring this up, is that it affects how errors accumulate in any simulation.
Say, for example, you begin simulating a room (as one of the posters mentioned) then to what level of detail do you need to simulate the surrounding room's past? If the universe has SDOIC, then lazy evaluation doesn't buy you anything, because as you work back from an initial starting point to those conditions some time in the past you inevitably have to eliminate those states that cannot have resulted in the currently observed state. Computationally, this would mean checking each node in a tree where the degree of each node is proportional to the degree of precision the model has. Unless one is very clever, calculating past states might involve evaluating all nodes in the tree. From this, I can't really believe that lazy evaluation would buy you anything computationally assuming the model has SDOIC.
It would be much simpler, assuming SDOIC, to keep all state around and step the simulation forward in time, recalculating all interactions for all observers.
- Sunday, 25 May, 2008
This all assumes that "time" is real: Simulated time as a function of simulator time. What if time is part of the simulation? That the simulator is outside of time.
- Friday, 08 August, 2008
- G said...
trb, you are assuming that people are the point of the simulation and that we are the key observers. we could be just a help function going through garbage collection or something. no reason to make changes to lazy state for our sake specifically, unless our poking around is signifficantly and needlesly slowing the execution. Maybe we are supposed to poke around and collect error states or something.
Second - if you introduce "quickfixes" in the tree, you are eliminating posibility of lazy evaluation beyond this value - things would just not add up. Maybe limited lookback is kool, really depends on the purpose of the implementation.
- Saturday, 16 May, 2009
Suggesting that simulated reality is a "science fictional conceit" seems rather small-minded...
- Wednesday, 23 September, 2009
- sigfpe said...
The term "conceit" isn't a value judgment. It's just a word that means a novel idea, often used to mean an idea on which a whole novel is based, something often found in science fiction.
- Monday, 07 December, 2009
- R. A. Davies said...
It seems that all information must simultaneously exist in an infinite array open for every and any permutation in order for this to work. That lends credence to Buddhist field theory.
- Wednesday, 12 September, 2012
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- Blog: A Neighborhood of InfinityCode: GithubTwitter: sigfpeHome page: www.sigfpe.com


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Fairness Doctrine Needed for Presidential Press Conferences?
Also included at the press conference was a blogger from the left-wing Huffington Post (and more power to him, I might add):
Longtime members of the White House press corps who are accustomed to sitting in the front row of presidential press conferences were surprised to find their prime real estate occupied by Ed Schultz, a strident liberal who hosts a nationally syndicated radio program originally based in Fargo, N.D., but of late broadcasting from the Center for American Progress in Washington, D.C.
So, since no right-wing bloggers or talk show hosts were included, does this mean we need a Fairness Doctrine for Presidential press conferences?
Clearly, President Obama was making a point of showing deference to the Left at his first prime-time press conference, which was broadcast to millions from the stately East Room of the White House on Monday.
Like such a show was actually necessary. I can't wait for Sen. Debby Stabenow to bring the Fairness Doctrine up again in the Senate. Watching someone embarrass themselves is usually pretty entertaining.
3 Responses to Fairness Doctrine Needed for Presidential Press Conferences?
One Campaign Promise Kept?
Maybe BHO could bring back Jeff Gannon –


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Gervaise Ollivander
Redirected from Garrick Ollivander's father
this wiki
- "You will never fool the cedar carrier."
- —Gervaise Ollivander[src]
Gervaise Ollivander was a wizard who came from a long line of wandmakers who had operated in Diagon Alley since 382 B.C. He was the son of Gerbold Octavius Ollivander, and the father of Garrick Ollivander.[2]
Early life
Gervaise Ollivander was born sometime between the nineteenth century and 1918 (certainly before 1919, since that's the latest possible year in which his son was born), somewhere in Great Britain. He was born into the wizarding Ollivander family, who had been in the wand-making business since 382 B.C.[2]
Career as a wandmaker
- "Early in my career, as I watched my wandmaker father wrestling with substandard wand core materials such as kelpie hair, I conceived the ambition to discover the finest cores and to work only with those when my time came to take over the family business. This I have done."
- —Garrick Ollivander.[src]
Gervaise took up the family business in London, studying further into wandlore and becoming an accomplished wandmaker.[2]
He and his wife, a Muggle-born witch, had at least one child, Garrick sometime in, or prior to, 1919.[2]
According to Gervaise, it was impossible to fool a wizard or witch who carried a wand of cedar wood, an opinion that his son shared.[2]
As it was practise at the time, a customer would often present the wandmaker with a magical substance to which they were attached, or had inherited, or by which their family swore.[2] As such, Gervaise used a wide variety of wand cores. Early in his career, his son Garrick saw his father working with substandard wand core materials such as kelpie hair, kneazle whisker and Troll whisker. It was then that he conceived the ambition to work with only the finest cores, and thus discover the ideal wand.[2]
- Pottermore (Mentioned only)
Notes and references
- ↑ On Pottermore - Writing by J.K. Rowling: "Pure-Blood" - The Ollivanders are mentioned to have been included in the Pure-Blood Directory published in Britain in the 1930s. As Gervaise Ollivander was already alive by 1930, this establishes that he must be a pure-blooded wizard; his son was not a Pure-blood, however. This was due to Gervaise marrying a Muggle-born.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Pottermore


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Through the years I guess the thing Macca has gotten most panned for are his lyrics. Partly he is to blame himself because he has written some below standard lyrics. Of course he ain t Bob Dylan but no one else is either- Dylan is the Shakespeare of our time when it comes to words.
With that said I think Macca is vastly underrated as a lyricist - why is that?
1. He is he man behind some of the -globally most well known and loved songs ever written. Dare I mention Yesterday, Hey Jude, Eleanor Rigby or Blackbird. The words of these songs- and others are so wellknown that any people on the street if asked could recite parts of them. That my friends is called communication and those words(not only the music) has communicated with billions of people for decades. There is a deep relevance in these songs that makes each and everyone correspond to them. Genius is another way to describe this.
2. Macca is-when he puts his mind to it-very good when it comes to playing with words. All his career is full of examples of this. English gardens and mr Bellamey are recent examples.Maxwell silver hammer, Cmoon and Obladi Oblada some older ones
3. When he want s to he can be very honest in his songs - listen to Scared for proof. Or Every night ..or Maybe IM amazed...or little Willow or.....'
4. He can be a great storyteller. How about Penny Lane, On my way to work
5. He can sometimes be a master of metaphors. Tug of war, Wanderlust, Alligator or you never give me my money, Band on the Run are some examples
6. He can sometimes write lyrics with double meaning that create something mysterious. Vanity Fair and Hosannah two prime examples
7. He has never bothered about being "cool" or hip when it comes to lyrics. That s why many of his songs are so timeless-he actually dares to be sentimental and sometimes go over the top. In that way Paul is a very brave artist
There are more examples and I would without problems create a list of at leads 50 songs Macca has written that-besides the music has good to great lyrics.
Of course it s also easy to find examples of the opposite but generally speaking the "Macca makes good music but can t write good lyrics" is nothing but b-t. IMHO of course


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Apple HDMI-HDMI Cable - 5.9'
by Apple | Item #: 52223 | Model #: MC838ZM/A |
- $ 9 81 9.81
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About this itemCompatible with all HDMI devices
The Apple HDMI to HDMI cable lets you connect an Apple TV, Mac mini, or other HDMI device to an HDTV or A/V receiver. Both high-definition digital video and multi-channel digital audio are delivered over this single cable for stunning picture and sound.
Length: 5.9' (1.8m)
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full size
Product Details
From Vancouver-based Homespun Knitwear, creator of 1930s-inspired workwear, these henleys are meant to be worn as undershirts in the style of the coal miners, iron workers and railroad men who relied on clothing that worked as hard as they did. They're made with yarns that are untouched by bleach or brighteners for an authentic look (and a kid-friendly feel).
Size & Fit Details


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Dorothy Jean "Dottie" Hill, 76, of San Diego, Calif., formerly of Eldorado, died Sunday, Dec. 16, 2012, at the Sharp Grossmont Hospital in La Mesa, Calif., after complications following unexpected surgery.
Dottie was born in Eldorado on June 27, 1936, to the late Clarence and Dorothy (Elder) Adams. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the American Legion Auxiliary. She was a home maker and previously owned "The Denim Den" in downtown Eldorado.
Dottie is survived by her husband, Lt. Col. James E. Hill (Retired, USAF) who resides in San Diego. Also surviving are her two children, Jana J. Youssef of San Diego and J. Jason (Carla) Hill of San Diego. Also surviving are four grandchildren, Cameron and Jordan Youssef and Lucas and Kyle Hill.
She was preceded in death by her brother William "Bill" Adams.
Funeral services will be held 11 a.m. Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012, at the Watson Funeral Home in Eldorado. The Rev. Dan Masters will officiate and burial will be in Wolf Creek Cemetery. Visitation will be held 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. Friday, Dec. 21, 2012, at Watson Funeral Home.
In lieu of flowers memorial contributions may be made to the American Lung Association and can be left at the funeral home.
On line condolences may be sent to the family at watsonfuneralhome.net
Location, ST | website.com


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Eva Anton, PhD
Research Description
The formation of appropriate neural connectivity depends on neuronal placement in the developing brain. Appropriate neuronal placement, the basis for the emergence of neuronal connectome or wiring, is achieved through a process of coordinated pattern of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, enabling distinct classes of neurons to navigate from their sites of birth to their final laminar and areal destinations in the cerebral cortex. Radial glial progenitors in the developing cerebral cortex support neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Disruptions in radial progenitor development and neuronal migration, resulting from genetic mutations or environmental insults, alter the positioning and thus the connectivity and function of cortical neurons. Area specific and neuronal type specific defects in neuronal placement and the resultant changes in neuronal connectivity is an underlying cause of a wide spectrum of neurological disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and malformations such as lissencephaly, schizencephaly, microencephaly, and macro/microgyria.
Our goal is to understand the following four inter-related processes essential for the formation of functional neural circuitry in the cerebral cortex: (1) What are the signals that regulate the establishment, development and differentiation of radial glial cells, a key substrate for neurogenesis and neuronal migration in cerebral cortex?, (2) how do different types of cortical neurons (i.e., projection neurons and interneurons) migrate at the right time in right numbers to appropriate cortical areas?, (3) what are the cellular mechanisms that guide the navigation and placement of distinct classes of cortical neurons?, and (4) how do different neurons elaborate their distinct architecture necessary for the formation of functional circuitry? These studies provide a framework to characterize the neuron-glial mechanisms essential for the emergence of cerebral cortical organization. An understanding of these mechanisms and how they are altered in models of neurodevelopmental disorders will help to delineate the pathophysiological processes that culminate in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Selected Publications
Evsyukova I, Plestant C, Anton ES. (2013). Integrative Mechanisms of Oriented Neuronal Migration in the Developing Brain. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. PMID: 23937349
Higginbotham H, Guo J, Yokota Y, Umberger NL, Su CY, Li J, Verma N, Hirt J, Ghukasyan V, Caspary T, Anton ES. (2013). Arl13b-regulated cilia activities are essential for polarized radial glial scaffold formation. Nature Neuroscience. PMID: 23817546
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. (2012). Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Dev Cell. 13;23(5):925-38. PMID: 23153492
Yokota Y, Kim WY, Chen Y, Wang X, Stanco A, Komuro Y, Snider W, Anton ES. (2009). The adenomatous polyposis coli protein is an essential regulator of radial glial polarity and construction of the cerebral cortex. Neuron. 15;61(1):42-56. PMID: 19146812
Contact Information
Office: (919) 843-6114
Lab: (919) 843-6115


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Ajwain Seed
With a taste similar to thyme, although more powerful with notes of celery and pepper, Ajwain is an exciting and unusual spice. Native to southern India, Ajwain is most commonly added to chutneys, curried dishes, breads and legumes. It's related to cumin and parsley, and is also known as carom and bishop's weed.
Allspice Berry
The whole berry of the pimento bush, Allspice is the size of a large pea and has a deep rich-brown color. Clove and pepper flavors are very pronounced, especially when freshly ground. Used widely in Jamaican jerk and Caribbean dishes. Also nice in holiday pastries.
ORIGIN: Jamaica
Amchoor (Mango Powder)
Unripe mangoes are sun-dried and ground to a powder which is used to give a sour tang to many East Indian dishes including meats, vegetables and curries. Often added to chutneys, pickles and some stir fries much as vinegar is used in other parts of the world.
Anardana (Pomegranate seed)
Made of dried pomegranate seeds, this spice has a mildly fruity, sweet and sour flavor. Used in India to sour chutneys and curries, they are also used in pastries and breads in the Middle East. Try grinding them and sprinkling over salads or vegetable dishes.
Angelica Root
Traditionally root was chewed or brewed into a tea for the immune system. The Chinese species is Dong Quai, famous for alleviating menstrual cramps. Roots sometimes used in making absinthe.
ORIGIN: Poland
Anise Seed
Anise is primarily associated with cakes, biscuits and confectionery, as well as rye breads. It is used in much the same way as fennel to flavour fish, poultry, soups and root vegetable dishes. Anise is not related to true licorice, although it has a similar taste and is often used to flavor black licorice candy.
ORIGIN: India
MEDICINAL: It helps with digestion and sweetens the breath, so it is chewed after meals in parts of Europe, the Middle East and India.
Anise Star
This dried, star-shaped fruit grows on small trees in China and Vietnam. Its smoky, licorice flavour makes it a distinctive ingredient in Chinese five spice, Peking Duck, Vietnamese Pho, and Malaysian curries. Also nice in homemade chai. The lovely pods make a great garnish.
ORIGIN: Vietnam
Medicinal: A warming spice that gently aids sluggish digestion. Extracts from star anise are used to make the anti-influenza medicine "Tamiflu."
Annatto Seed
Annatto is used for its red-orange color in cheeses, confectionery, butter, meat dishes and stews. It is popular in the Philippines, Central America and the Caribbean. Annatto has a very mild taste: slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg.
ORIGIN: Central America
MEDICINAL: Once used to control fevers, dysentery and kidney diseases, though is now used mostly as a dye in medical preparations such as ointments and plasters.
A thickening agent with more thickening power than flour or even cornstarch. It has the unique characteristic of adding a glossy sheen to sauces, much like finishing with butter, but without the fat. Has a faint savory taste, but can still be used in desserts.
ORIGIN: West Indies
Use in minuscule quantities, adding directly to cooking liquid, frying in oil, or steeping in water. Asafoetida is used mostly in Indian vegetarian cooking, where the strong onion-garlic flavour enhances many dishes. It is also suited to many fish dishes and some pappadums are seasoned with asafoetida. Please note that asafoetida resin often contains gluten.
ORIGIN: Afghanistan
MEDICINAL: Known as an antidote for flatulence and is also prescribed for respiratory conditions like asthma, bronchitis and whooping cough.
Basil, Egyptian
Tomato sauces call out for a dash of this intense dried form of the common herb. Egypt produces an intensely flavored basil with hints of an anise flavor and a mild sweetness. Its aroma is released fully in cooked dishes, but it is also delicate and overcooking will dissipate it.
Origin: Egypt
Basil, USA
This American-grown basil is a great all-purpose basil for tomato sauces, pizza, salad dressings and so many other uses.
ORIGIN: California
MEDICINAL: Eases abdominal pains, relieves flatulence, brightens mood.
Bay Leaf, California
Used for shorter cooking times, the California Bay hints at camphor and eucalyptus. The large dried leaves of the bay laurel tree are one of the best herbs for soups and broths, rice, and sauces, giving a mild, delicious savory taste. Bay leaves are among the oldest known cooking herbs.
ORIGIN: California
Bay Leaf, Turkish
This Mediterranean bay leaf is excellent for longer cooking times as it has a potent aroma.
The large dried leaves of the bay laurel tree are one of the best herbs for soups and broths, rice, and sauces, giving a mild, delicious savory taste. Bay leaves are among the oldest known cooking herbs.
ORIGIN: Turkey
Beet Powder
A powdered version of the familiar and often maligned vegetable. Try it in soups and stews or in a vinaigrette to add great color and mild sweetness. With mild thickening properties, it can used to add body to a sauces.
Black Cumin
Black cumin grows wild in Iran and Kashmir. Called royal cumin, or kala jeera in India, the small, dark brown, curved seeds are highly aromatic, with a resinous, astringent flavor that's sweeter and more complex than common cumin. It's preferred for northern Indian meat kormas and shows up in savory dishes of North Africa and the Middle East.
ORIGIN: India
MEDICINAL: Helps build your immune system
Black Lime
Dried limes and lemons are very traditional, special ingredients from the Middle East. The highly aromatic, tart and slightly fermented flavor notes in black limes complement chicken and fish particularly well. Add one or two whole to soups, stews or in the cavity of poultry before cooking, piercing them lightly with a fork to allow the flavors to infuse.
ORIGIN: Turkey
Black Pepper, Smoked
Smoked black pepper is boldly aromatic with a mild smoke taste that goes great anywhere you want a bit of spicy smokiness: BBQ, omelets, Latino food, spiced nuts, etc!
Caraway Seed
Caraway is an essential taste in sauerbraten, sauerkraut and rye bread. It figures prominently in the cuisines of Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. It seems to have a special affinity for apples, pork and sausages. It is also popular in Middle Eastern and North African cooking.
ORIGIN: Holland
Cardamom, Black
Black cardamom has a smokier, more savory taste than the green pods and adds an exotic, authentic taste to Indian lentil soups, rice dishes, pickles and stews. Try it in BBQ sauces for an exotic smoky taste.


text:
Stock Futures Mixed Ahead of Tech Earnings, Housing Data
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Stock futures were trading mixed as investors awaited a spate of earnings reports from tech giants and digested a number of reports from major U.S. firms early Tuesday.
Investors were digesting quarterly results from Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) , DuPont(DD) , Travelers(TRV) and Verizon Communications (VZ) .
Boeing(BA) shares were sliding more than 1% on ongoing 787 aircraft safety concerns. Japanese and U.S. investigators have begun an investigation into the maker of the lithium-ion batteries used in Boeing's grounded 787 jets, The Associated Press reported.
Futures for the Dow Jones Industrial Average were down 15 points, or 26.70 points below fair value, at 13,561. Futures for the S&P 500 were down 1.50 points, or 3.23 points below fair value, at 1477. Futures for the Nasdaq were up 3.75 points, or 0.66 points above fair value, at 2737.
Stephen Guilfoyle, chief economist at sarge986.com, said in a morning note that while a there are a bevy of important earnings releases Tuesday morning and afternoon and money can be made in any number of those names, "we all know that the real bets are being placed on Google(GOOG) and IBM(IBM) ," which release their earnings after the close and can be volatile.
"Actual dough will be made and lost on these two, especially Google," Guilfoyle noted. "The whispers in both cases are higher than the expectation, and many traders are already set up, or taking a pass."
Thomson Reuters said that as of Friday out of the 57 companies in the S&P 500 that reported fourth-quarter earnings, 58% booked earnings above analysts' expectations. This is lower than the long-term average of 62% and lower than the average over the past four quarters of 65%.
Fourth-quarter earnings are expected to grow 2.3% over the fourth quarter of last year, according to Thomson Reuters.
Thomson Reuters also said that 65% of companies, as of Friday, reported fourth-quarter revenue above analysts' expectations. This is higher than the long-term average of 62% and higher than the average over the past four quarters of 50%.
"As a firm we will continue to monitor corporate earnings but don't feel that there are an significant announcements next week that would change our view of the current market conditions," said Paul Pagnato, managing director and partner at HighTower's Pagnato-Karp Group. "We will be paying particular attention to the economic data that will be released."
The Chicago Federal Reserve's National Activity Index on Tuesday showed a decrease to 0.02 in December from 0.27 in November, indicating a moderation of economic growth last month.
The report also suggested subdued inflationary pressure from economic activity over the coming year.
The National Association of Realtors is expected at 10 a.m. EST Tuesday to report existing-home sales data for December. Economists surveyed by Thomson Reuters expect that existing-home sales rose to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 5.1 million units in December, up from 5.04 million in November.


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Topic: Clicking button on submit shows spinner - BACK button problems
So I've got this thing where I show a spinner when a submit button is clicked. The spinner has 'display: none' set on it, and I just 'show()' it. Easy.
However, after the next page has loaded up, the user presses the browser's back button, the spinner is still showing! Argh!
How do I make sure the spinner is hidden when the back button is pressed? I assume I've got to hide the spinner JUST before the current page is about to be unloaded and replaced with the next page? I'm guessing...
Asfand Yar Qazi


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2012 Volkswagen Beetle-4 Cyl. Turbo
Coupe 2D 2.0T
Expert Reviews
Read unbiased reviews by auto experts and the NADAguides Test Drive TeamPrint
- HERNDON, VA – So many cars and so little space to write about them. Volkswagen...
- WOODSIDE, Calif. -- From the sprawl of Standford's campus in Palo Alto we turn onto...
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Seattle Food Tours: Guided Culinary Tour of Pike Place Market
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Taste of Pike Place Market was Friday August 30, 2013 / Noon.
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Soak Up the Scenery on Seattle Sunday Supper Cruise
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Featured review from MellieduckRed Velvet
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Leslie was an outstanding tour guide. As a self-proclaimed lover of cooking and history, her tour was an exemplary lesson in both. We learned the history of the Pike Place Market as well as lots of secret entrances and exits that let you skirt the crazy crowds. We tasted everything from donuts, to clam chowder, to pickles, and enjoyed the best of what Pike Place Market has to offer. Several of the vendors on the tour greeted Leslie with such warmth that it soon became apparent they loved working with her. I attended this tour with my teenage son and we both had a great time. I would recommend this for any age group.
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Penny was entertaining and charming. She did give some Market History, but I would have liked more history about the Market and attention to icons as we passed them (like the Pigs).. Seemed most of tastes were freebies the businesses gave to any...continued
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Interesting blend of shops visited during the tour. Variety of food was great even in a crowd. Tour guide was knowledgable and knows the area. Her acting personality is a plus Left satisfied and will come back with better knowledge.
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My wife and I attended with my sister and brother-in-law. Only one other individual joined our tour. Leslie was our most wonderful tour guide. The tour was fantastic. We all loved it. After the tour we went back to the Micro Brewing...continued
Tour length is approxiamtely 3 hours.


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Wednesday, 20. June 2012
Breathable UV-resistant wind barrier for walls
Breathable membrane consisting of a waterproof PES substrate lining especially resistant to UV radiation. Especially indicated for the direct application on wooden walls or on the cold side of heat insulation, with unlimited open joints.
- UV resistance - unlimited
- No limit to open joints
- In Double tape version
- Resistant to high temperatures
- Windproof, increases energy saving
Application tips:
For direct laying on wooden linings or thermal insulator behind facades or on partially open facades with no limit to number of joints and size of apertures
The membrane is mechanically fastened to the wooden support using staples; please follow laying indications.
Windproofing of the horizontal joints is ensured via the use of self-adhesive overlaps; butt joints are sealed using specific adhesive tapes or glues for membranes.


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Christmas Ornaments Cross Stitch Sam Hawkins #3507 Product Details Pamphlet: 17 pages Publisher: American School of Needlework (1988) Designer: Sam Hawkins ASIN: B000TB1OYG Condition: Excellent used condition
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With the way things are going, by the time we get to the February 28 trade deadline, there may be no more trades left to make.
Another day of NHL trade rumors starts with another trade, albeit a small and puzzling one, as the Ottawa Senators are clearing out their inventory faster than Woolworth's.
Meanwhile, the rumors continue to fly about the Los Angeles Kings and Ales Hemsky, who continues to put on a good show for possible suitors with two more goals last night.
Stephen Weiss continues to be a hot name out of Florida as one of the few playmaking top-line centers available, and the Canadiens might have to make a move for another defenseman after the injury to James Wisniewski.
But the biggest rumors and news are still coming out of Toronto, where no news is apparently frustrating news, as the hockey world continues to wait and see where Tomas Kaberle will be by next week.
There are some developments on that front, however.
Whatever the reason and whatever your favorite team is, this is the place to be for all the latest news surrounding NHL trade rumors and the buildup to the trade deadline.
So keep reading for the latest updates.


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2006 WIC Updates
December 26, 2006
HANDS Help Desk Coverage - Effective immediately
2008 National WIC Association Calendar Art Competition
Guidelines for Nutrition Education and Coding ER# 2.06100
Nutritionist Staffing in LWPs
Program Updates Training March 2007 - St. Charles/St. Louis Training Site Location
Champions for Healthy Kids Grants - American Dietetic Association Foundation
Revised Local WIC Provider Supply Request Form (WIC 8)
Opportunity To Review The New High Risk Care Plan Form (WIC 55)
December 18, 2006
Technical Assistance Contact for HemoCue
Mandatory March WIC Program Updates Training
Ross Product Change: Glass Bottle (4-ounce) to Plastic Bottle (2-ounce)
Revised Nutrition Education Report Form (WIC 49)
December 11, 2006
MyPyramid For Pregnancy Brochure
WICNS exploring possible part-time PDI
December 4, 2006
2007 Client Services Enhancement Project (Attachments Application, A, B, C)
Formula Approvals December 14, 2006
Program for Dietetic Interns (PDI)
Birth Defects Prevention Month Information Packet
Translated Versions of the Weight Gain During Pregnancy Brochure
November 27, 2006
HANDS changes implementation dates - Nutrition Assessment
New Nutrition Assessment Forms
English and Translated Versions of "A Special Message for Grandparents" Brochure
Enhancement Projects Update (Attachment 2006 Enhancement Project Results)
November 13, 2006
WIC Training Schedule January - June 2007
New Nutrition Education Codes - Questions and Answers
Educational Opportunity - Providing Culturally Appropriate Health Care - Why it Matters
Translated Versions of the Exit Counseling Brochure
Food To Grow On - Spanish Version (#620)
Medela Breast Pump Order
November 6, 2006
Educational Opportunity
Track Training Name Change
Translated Versions of the WIC Participant Rights and Responsibilities (Outer Part of the WIC Participant ID Folder)
WIC Caseload Tracking
Medela Breastpumps and Pumping Kits
October 30, 2006
HWNE Nutrition Education screen
Springfield's VENA Training Site Change - Reminder
Value Enhanced Nutrition Assessment (VENA) Dates to Remember
New WIC Preschool Activity Sheets Now Available on WIC Works
Cultural Competency 101 Training and Resource Extra Manuals
Cultural Competency Resource Materials
October 23, 2006
Microsoft Office 2000 Licenses
October 16, 2006
You Are Invited
Extra Formula (Attachments)
Educational Opportunity
Formula Approvals October 17 - 19, 2006
October 21- HANDS Will Be on Emergency Power
Microsoft Office 2000 Licenses
Program Updates Q/A
October 10, 2006
You Are Invited
Progress on the Federal WIC Budget
Planning for a New WIC Data System
HANDS Screens changes effective 10/10/06
Updated Local WIC Provider Supply Request Form (WIC-8)
Southwest District Health Office moved
Bio Hazard Bags Delivered
October 2, 2006
Getting FAMIS Inquiry Access for Local WIC Provider (LWP) Staff
You Are Invited
National WIC Association's WIC 2007 Calendars
Required Signature Statement - Farsi Version
New WIC Participant Identification (ID) Folders
Two New Committees to Form
Progress on the Federal WIC Budget
Planning for a New WIC Data System
September 25, 2006
Computer Equipment Replacement for LWPs
Exclusion of FSSA payments for Military Families to Continue
Program for Dietetic Interns
September 18, 2006
Viewers for Microsoft Office Software
ASAP Requests
Nutrition Education HANDS changes – Reminder
HANDS Training Dates
Required Signature Statement - Translated Versions
Formula and Medical Foods Reference Sheet
Microcuvettes Delivered September 18-20, 2006
VENA Self-Evaluation Questionnaire (Due October 15)
September 11, 2006
New WIC MICAs - Data by Agency
Nutrition Education - HANDS changes to the HWNE screen
Program Updates Training and VENA
WIC-10-SP- (10-06 version) Spanish
Educational Opportunity
Bright Ideas for using the Eat Smart Play Hard
September 5, 2006
Returned Food Instruments (FI) - System Procedure
Description Changes of Enfamil LIPIL Products on the Checks - Effective September 5, 2006
Nutrition Education Codes
Extra Formula
Shipping Plan For Updated WIC Forms
DATE CHANGE: 2006 National Maternal Nutrition Intensive Course will now be held on October 2nd & 3rd
August 28, 2006
WIC Updates Move to the Web: Requires Action
Approved 2007 LWP Contract Scope Of Work
August 21, 2006
Map and Phone List of Technical Assistance Contacts for Local WIC Providers
2006 Enhancement Grant Billing
Microcuvette Survey: Time to order microcuvettes for the next 6 months
Availability of Gentlease
August 17, 2006
New Participation Reports
August 14, 2006
Meet the WIC Director
WIC Updates Move to the Web
HANDS Change for H225 BF data
HANDS Screens changes effective immediately
WIC Educational Literature
Lesson Plan Worksheet for LAP
August 7, 2006
VENA Training
USDA/FNS Proposed WIC Food Package Rule
July 31, 2006
Updated Formula and Food Reference Materials
July 24, 2006
Value Enhanced Nutrition Assessment (VENA) Training -Save the Dates
MyPyramid: Simple Steps to Healthy Living Questionnaire
2006 Annual WIC Vendor Training
LAP Email July 21, 2006
July 17, 2006
Recommended WIC Food Package Changes
Infant Breastfeeding Rates and HANDS Changes
Breastfeeding Conference
LAP Information
July 10, 2006
HANDS Changes
DRAFT Local WIC Provider Contract for 2007
July 3, 2006
2006 WIC Operations Manual (WOM)
June 26, 2006
FFY2007 WIC State Plan Goals and Objectives
Cultural Competency Training
Mandatory August WIC Program Updates Training
Current Practices in Breastfeeding and Infant Sleep Positioning: A Guide For Education of Prenatal and Postpartum Women - September 12 and 13, 2006.
Ross's Product Description Changes on Labels and MJN Discontinuance of 12 oz Next Step Lipil
June 19, 2006
Current Practices in Breastfeeding and Infant Sleep Positioning Seminar Sept. 12 and 13, 2006
World Breastfeeding Week Promotion Materials
Reminder - Cultural Competency 101 - Training Registration Brochure
Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Applications
June 12, 2006
Agenda for District Meetings with the WIC Director (Attachment)
Invalid Medical Data Report Corrections
June 15, 2006 WIC State Office Staff Availability
June 5, 2006
WIC Audit Closure Correspondence
Color Laser Printers
Extra Formula
Correction to WIC Update - May 30, 2006 (Congratulations to Ozark Community Health Department - Should have been listed as Ozark County Health Department)
May 30, 2006
District Meetings with the WIC Director
Mandatory August WIC Program Updates Training (Attachment)
Breastfeeding Promotion Orientation Training (Attachment)
World Breastfeeding Week
Congratulations to Ozark Community Health Department and the Daviess County Health Department
HANDS Changes
May 25, 2006 Special Update
Questionnaire from Food Research and Action Center
May 22, 2006
Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Program FFY 2007 - Applications
Cultural Competency 101 - Workshop Registration Brochure
Next Step LIPIL and Next Step ProSobee LIPIL 12 ounce cans
May 15, 2006
Annual WIC News Release
WIC Caseload Analysis
Federal WIC Budget
Manual WIC Check Printing Program REVISED Updates as of May 15
Please disregard any previous messages about the Manual Check Printing Updates
May 9, 2006
WIC Training Schedule for July through December 2006
Smoking Cessation Education to Staff
WIC 30 Revision
May1, 2006 (2 of 2)
Manual WIC Check Printing Program Updates for May 1, 2006
May 1, 2006 (1 of 2)
Put a Local Face on WIC
Revised Specialty Milk Food Packages (1/2 Gallon and Quart)
Extra Formula
Nutrition and Breastfeeding Conference - Phoenix, Arizona - September 2006
2nd WIC Update Later Today: Manual WIC Check Printing
Program Updates to be Released after 3PM today
April 24, 2006
Nutrition Coordinator Training June 19 and 20 - Reminder
Missouri Takes Action on Obesity Conference June 29
Battling Pediatric Overweight Utilizing Web-based Tools for Kid-Friendly Counseling Educational Opportunity on August 9th
2006 National Maternal Nutrition Intensive Course on October 5th-6th
Playscapes Office Decorating Information
Reminder: Complete your Mid-year Evaluation
FFY2007 WIC Local Agency Plan (LAP) Training
April 17, 2006
Missouri WIC Income Guidelines for April 1, 2006 - March 31, 2007
HANDS (PROD) Mainframe Password Changes
April 10, 2006
Updated Local WIC Provider Supply Request Form - WIC 8
Fit WIC
Policy ER# 3.02000 Income Exclusion Revised
April 3, 2006
Spring Cleaning for Computer Equipment
Folic Acid Brochures and Baby Your Baby Keep Sake Books
HemoCue wants to pick-up old analyzers.
March 28, 2006 (2 of 2)
ER# 2.10300 Prenatal Weight Gain Chart
ER#2.10400 Growth Charts - (3 policies were combined into 1 policy ER# 2.10400) ER# 2.03500 Weighing and Measuring Guide: Infants and Children; ER# 2.03700 Head Circumference Guidelines for Infants and
ER# 2.03800 Growth Charts.)
Risk Factor Definitions Table (long version which includes women, infants and children)
Risk Factors Infant and Children List (short version)
March 28, 2006 (1 of 2)
ER# 2.04220 Underweight or At Risk of Becoming Underweight Infants and Children (A3)
ER# 2.04300 Inadequate Growth or Failure to Thrive Risk Factor (X3)
ER# 2.05400 Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight (X4)
ER# 2.05500 Prematurity (X5)
ER# 2.05600 Small for Gestational Age (X6)
ER# 2.05700 Low Head Circumference (X7)
Decision Tree for Plotting Gestational Age
March 27, 2006 Special Update
Information from the National WIC Association (NWA)
March 27, 2006
WIC Check Image Quality
Income Guidelines
Food Package and Food Item Code Listings - EFFECTIVE April 17, 2006 (Attachments)
Healthy Eating Educational Materials FREE (Attachment)
Revision 7 Nutrition Risk Factor Policies
Educational Opportunity - Weight Loss in Teens (Attachment)
HANDS Training and HANDS Refresher Training are being canceled for October 2006
Final Notice - HANDS System Change
March 20, 2006
New Food Packages - Speciality Milk
Training: State Agency and Local WIC Provider Responsibilities Policy
Guidelines for Approved Nutrition Education Resources Policy
2006-2007 Program for Dietetic Interns (PDI)
WIC Learning Online (WLOL)
Microcuvette Orders
March 16, Special Email
USDA Non-Discrimination Statement for WIC Materials
March 6, 2006
Civil Rights - Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
March 13, 2006 Congressional District Contacts
March 13, 2006 - Second Update
Congressional Visits
March 13, 2006
Fit WIC Missouri
Suggestions for the High Risk Nutrition Care Plan Forms
FNS Community & Faith Contacts - FSP Outreach Tool Kits
Missouri WIC Income Guidelines April 1, 2006- March 31, 2007
Surge Protectors
2006 Client Services Enhancement Grants Successful Applicants
March 6, 2006
Direct Entry Implementation Training Meetings available in June 2006
USDA Non-Discrimination Statement for WIC Materials - Supercedes what was sent in Dec. 5, 2005 Email
Breastfeeding Coordinator Training - April 4 and 5, 2006
Missouri Takes Action On Obesity Conference - June 29th
WIC 30 Revision - Comments and Samples Wanted
Microcuvettes Ordered
March 1, 2006 - Special Update
Surge Protector/Backup Battery Units
2006 Client Services Enhancement Project Application Notification
February 27, 2006
Spanish Version of Diet Intake Forms for Children and Women - Attachments (2)
Extra Anthropometric Equipment Available
Update on Client Services Enhancement Project Requests
February 21, 2006 - Special Update
February 21, 2006
Updated Formula Issuance Report For Infants - HWIIS010-01
Clarification of New Training Format for Track Training
Upcoming Nutrition Changes in Missouri WIC
HANDS System Change - Reminder
February 14, 2006
Food Package Changes: ProSobee, Pregestimil, and Specialty Milk
University of Alabama Pediatric Nutrition Satellite Training
State WIC Staff Pictorial Directory
January 30, 2006
Microcuvette Survey: Time to order microcuvettes for the next 6 months. (Attachment: Cuvettes On Hand Letter)
Formula Approvals and Formula Reference Sheet
Ideas for the Initial Nutrition Education Contact Brochure ("00" Contact Education)
HANDS System Change for "Unknown" Race and/or Ethnicity
January 23, 2006
Breastfeeding-Friendly WIC Clinics
Reminder - Cultural Competency Survey (Second Sending)
National Nutrition Month® Step Up to Nutrition & Health
Local WIC Provider Planning Calendar for 2006
New HANDS Refresher Training
January 17, 2006
Farmers' Market Nutrition Program and Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program Update
WIC Office to get Automated Phone System
Upcoming HANDS System Change for "Unknown" Race and/or Ethnicity
Upcoming HANDS System Change "Number of Days WIC Food Instrument is Valid to be Redeemed"
Corrections to WIC Coordinator's Listing
Change in HANDS Trainings
WIC Forms and Brochures on the DHSS Website
Birth Defects Prevention Brochures
January 9, 2006
Children's Growth Wall Chart
Electric Breast Pump Guidance
January 3, 2006
WIC Coordinator's Listing
HANDS System Change
Cultural Competency Survey
Breastfeeding Coordinator Training - Save the Date - April 4 and 5, 2006
WIC Approved Speciality Milk
Availability of Forms in the DHSS Warehouse and WIC 8 Local WIC Provider Supply Request
January - Birth Defects Prevention Month


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Information about hunting and pursuing black bears in Utah
View the 2016 guidebook for important information on the regulations concerning hunting and pursuing black bears in Utah.
See our wildlife calendar for dates and deadlines.
Wildlife crossing structures on Utah highways
Mule Deer: Saving the Icon of the West
Links to more Utah hunting-related information


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Doherty, Lynch skate with UNH
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Doherty, Lynch skate with UNH
Raw: Officer Helps Woman Escape Burning Car
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Doherty, Lynch skate with UNH
Manchester Police Officer Dan Doherty laced up his skates on Thursday and got on the ice with the University of New Hampshire Wildcats hockey team.
1:15Now watching Up next
Raw: Officer Helps Woman Escape Burning Car
A woman is thanking a Spokane, Washington police officer for saving her life after he helped her escape when she became trapped inside a burning vehicle. (Jan. 23)
2:09Now watching Up next
Spicer Defends Most Watched Inauguration Claim
White House Spokesman Sean Spicer doubled down on his claim that President Trump's inauguration was the most watched in history. He also said his intention is to "always tell the truth," but said there may be disagreement over the facts. (Jan. 23)
0:26Now watching Up next
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White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer held his first daily press briefing on Monday. (Jan. 23)
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Rescue Workers Help Clean Up After Ga. Tornado
Searchers rescued a dog trapped overnight in a mobile home that was demolished by a killer tornado in southwest Georgia. Workers say more than 200 mobile homes were located at Big Pine Estates, and nearly all were damaged or destroyed. (Jan. 23)
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The co-hosts talk about President Trump's inauguration speech.
5:32Now watching Up next
Whoopi Goldberg Discusses Her Experience at NYC Women's March
"The View" co-hosts discuss the hundreds of thousands of women and men who marched for equal rights.
4:37Now watching Up next
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The president's counselor spoke out following the controversial press briefing.
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"The View" co-hosts discuss the president's and the White House press secretary's comments following the inauguration.


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Ford had vision with cars and wages
Henry Ford had his flaws. While his place in history includes political alliances with anarchists, support for an antisemitic newspaper, and a tendency to micromanage his employees' free time, he was also an astute capitalist with supreme respect for market forces.
Like today's CEOs, Ford cultivated corporate profit. He tied that goal to the assumption that well-paid employees would be able to afford his product, making them an important market. Sales volume would also increase if automobile costs decreased – hence, the assembly line. Affordable cars plus high volume plus a solid market equals growing profit.
This philosophy fueled Ford's decision to double his workers' daily wage in 1914. But he had practical reasons as well, such as buying the goodwill of an increasingly unhappy national work force that was organizing and demonstrating, and at times even bombing, to establish reasonable conditions at American workplaces. The wage increase may have spared "Crazy Henry," as his neighbors called the eccentric capitalist, some bombs, but it angered his business peers, who saw the increase as arbitrary, unearned, and even a misguided interpretation of Biblical principles.
Retrospect vindicates Ford's employment and marketing decisions. With an eye toward his company's long-term viability, he calculated greater profits from volume sales of cheap cars as opposed to slim sales of luxury cars. Between 1903 and 1913, the price of Ford automobiles dropped from the first Model A's $850 price tag to the Model T's $450-$500. Sure enough, by 1916, profits doubled, and five years later, Ford was selling to half the market.
The practice of companies selling in volume to generate wealth played out repeatedly during the last century. Nevertheless, affordability has been forsaken in favor of Model A pricing at gas pumps, banks, and stores of all kinds. There is no question that buying power, low wages, inflation, and an increasingly narrow concentration of wealth dictate today's economy. In an era that wasn't toxic with easy credit, Ford knew wages and savings were the only means for workers to buy cars. Today's easy credit is a double-edged sword that promotes bank prosperity and erosion of consumers' disposable income simultaneously; wages and savings are still the best ways to pay for goods. But with so many jobs paying an outdated federal minimum wage, few workers can afford the bread of life, let alone its simple pleasures, without incurring debt.
Today's corporate landscape is populated by the likes of Henry Ford and his detractors. There are some like Brian Parker, whose Michigan restaurant Moo Cluck Moo pays employees $15 an hour. Like every business owner, Parker wants to see growth and profit. Like Ford, he sees past that goal to a long-term viability based on the productivity of satisfied workers, which translates to excellent customer service, increased business, and possibly a chain of stores beyond the second restaurant that is already in the works. Chain stores like Whole Foods and Costco see benefits in paying workers more than they are required to. Yes, Costco derives some revenue from membership fees, but so do its chain competitors, and they are not realizing the per employee volume Costco enjoys.
The federal government has been implementing minimum wage increases since 1938. Every time an increase is proposed, detractors predict the usual disasters: job losses, hardships for small businesses, increased costs passed on to consumers. Inquiring minds can get lost in the morass of arguments supporting and refuting these claims. It's complicated.
The evidence, however, is simple. Since 1997, the federal minimum wage has increased only $2.10, with the last jump – an inconsequential 70 cents – occurring five years ago. In New York state, the wage is now $8 an hour.
If wage increases really were tied closely to prices, then costs of goods and services should have risen only as inconsequentially as wage increases. One need only look at grocery prices for a tangible example against that equation. In truth, many corporate decisions and market forces feed the cost curve; it really is complicated.
There is no doubt all the superstores inhabiting this area would fare as well as they do now if their teen and adult employees were paid $10.10 an hour; they can afford an increase. The local economy would benefit from the inevitable spending boom. Small businesses would feel pinched, but couldn't our legislators work out a compromise, such as a tax break for businesses that employ fewer than fifty people? It's time for House Republicans, who voted down the wage increase, to listen to their constituents, not to mention Republican spokesmen – Rick Santorum and Tim Pawlenty, to name two.
Henry Ford settled on a theory that simplified assumptions about who and what drives profitability: low prices to create volume, and well-paid workers forming a sizable market.
What if Occam's Razor really does make sense, and the simplest theory with the fewest assumptions cluttering it is reliable?
In that case, Henry Ford was wise, and the long-overdue wage increase is as salutary an economic prescription as it was a century ago.
Renee Gravelle is a Dunkirk resident. Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Flute World
America's #1 flute specialty house since 1983.
Seal out noise with a noise reduction rating of 27 decibels (highest ever for a flanged earplug); Exceptional ability to seal out water; Super Soft Seal Rings - Incredibly soft for extreme comfort; Detachable Cord - Convenient for hanging plugs around your neck in environments where noise comes and goes. Quickly and easily remove the cord for water activities. Washable and reuseable. One pair. Reusable, washable, with removable cord.