text:
A Study of AMR101 to Evaluate Its Ability to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in High Risk Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia and on Statin. The Primary Objective is to Evaluate the Effect of 4 g/Day AMR101 for Preventing the Occurrence of a First Major Cardiovascular Event. (REDUCE-IT)
This study is ongoing, but not recruiting participants.
Amarin Pharma Inc.
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Amarin Pharma Inc.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 13, 2011
Last updated: July 25, 2016
Last verified: July 2016
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
AMR101 (icosapent ethyl [ethyl-EPA]) is a highly purified ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) being developed by Amarin Pharma Inc. for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether this drug, combined with a statin therapy, will be superior to the statin therapy alone, when used as a prevention in reducing long-term cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with mixed dyslipidemia.
Cardiovascular Diseases
Drug: AMR101
Drug: Placebo
Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Investigator)
Primary Purpose: Prevention
|Official Title:
|Evaluation of the Effect of AMR101 on Cardiovascular Health and Mortality in Hypertriglyceridemic Patients With Cardiovascular Disease or at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With EPA - Intervention Trial)
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: Triglycerides
Drug Information available for: Icosapent Icosapent ethylU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Amarin Pharma Inc.:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Composite endpoint of CV death, MI, stroke, coronary revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina. [ Time Frame: 4-6 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Incidence of additional cardiovascular events, lipid and lipoprotein levels, subgroup analyses such as: diabetics, etc. [ Time Frame: 4-6 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|November 2011
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|December 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
|Experimental: AMR101
Drug: AMR101
Parallel Assignment
Other Name: VASCEPA® (icosapent ethyl)
|Placebo Comparator: Placebo
Drug: Placebo
Parallel Assignment
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|45 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Men and non-pregnant or sterile women ages 45 and older
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- On statin therapy for at least four weeks
- Either having established Cardiovascular Disease or at high risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe heart failure
- Any life-threatening disease other than Cardiovascular Disease
- Active severe liver disease
- Hemoglobin A1c >10.0%
- Poorly controlled hypertension
- Planned coronary intervention (such as stent placement or heart bypass) or any non-cardiac major surgical procedure
- Known familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (Fredrickson Type I), apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, or familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (Fredrickson Type III)
- Known hypersensitivity to the study product, fish and/or shellfish, or placebo
- History of acute or chronic pancreatitis
Patients are excluded if using the following medications:
- niacin >200 mg/day or fibrates;
- any omega-3 fatty acid medications ;
- dietary supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., flaxseed oil, fish oil, krill oil, or algal oil);
- bile acid sequestrants
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01492361
Show 410 Study Locations
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01492361
Show 410 Study Locations
Sponsors and Collaborators
Amarin Pharma Inc.
|Principal Investigator:
|Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH
|Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston
More Information
Keywords provided by Amarin Pharma Inc.:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on January 14, 2017
|Responsible Party:
|Amarin Pharma Inc.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01492361 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|December 13, 2011
|Last Updated:
|July 25, 2016
|Health Authority:
|Australia: Department of Health and Ageing Therapeutic Goods Administration
Canada: Health Canada
India: Drugs Controller General of India
The Netherlands: The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO)
New Zealand: Medsafe
Poland: Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products
Romania: National Medicines Agency
Russia: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
South Africa: Medicines Control Council
Ukraine: Ministry of Health
United States: Food and Drug Administration
|Individual Participant Data
|Plan to Share IPD:
Keywords provided by Amarin Pharma Inc.:
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Ischemia
Coronary Disease
Heart Diseases
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Cardiovascular Diseases
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Vascular Diseases
Angina Pectoris
Chest Pain
Anticholesteremic Agents
Hypolipidemic Agents
Lipid Regulating Agents
omega-3 fatty acids
docosahexaenoic acid
fatty acids
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Cardiovascular Diseases
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on January 14, 2017


text:
The Maricopa County Board of Supervisors has adopted several ordinances relating to property to ensure
orderly development and quality of life in Maricopa County.
Please also reference various local amendments as detailed in the Local Additions & Addenda
As the various codes are owned and copyrighted by the International Code Council, National Fire Protection Association,
the Planning & Development Department is unable to provide the codes on the website for customers. Customers seeking
this information can visit their local library or purchase a copy in most bookstores.
For additional information, call 602-506-3301.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
More on theStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
Secretary Clinton delivers remarks entitled "No Greater Danger: Protecting our Nation and Allies from Nuclear Terrorism and Nuclear Proliferation" at the University of Louisville as part of the McConnell Center's Spring Lecture Series. Secretary Clinton said:
"I want to speak about why nuclear arms control, nonproliferation, and nuclear security matter to each of us, and how the initiatives and the acronyms that make up our bipartisan work on these issues are coming together to make our nation safer.
"There is a reason that presidents and foreign policy leaders in both parties are determined to address this danger. A nuclear attack anywhere could destroy the foundations of global order. While the United States and old Soviet Union are no longer locked in a nuclear standoff, nuclear proliferation is a leading source of insecurity in our world today.
"And the United States benefits when the world is stable: our troops can spend more time at home, our companies can make better long-term investments, our allies are free to work with us to address long-term challenges like poverty and disease. But nuclear proliferation, including the nuclear programs being pursued by North Korea and Iran, are in exact opposition to those goals. Proliferation endangers our forces, our allies, and our broader global interests. And to the extent it pushes other countries to develop nuclear weapons in response, it can threaten the entire international order."
The Secretary continued, "There are three main elements of our strategy to safeguard our country and allies against nuclear attack. First, we begin with our support for the basic framework of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The global nuclear nonproliferation regime is based on a three-sided bargain: countries without nuclear weapons agree not to acquire them; countries with nuclear weapons work toward disarmament; and every nation is afforded the right to access peaceful nuclear energy under appropriate safeguards."
Secretary Clinton then outlined the second major element of U.S. strategy: a global effort to secure vulnerable material and enhance nuclear security. She said:
"When the United States first started working to secure nuclear materials overseas -- principally in the former Soviet Union -- our teams of experts found highly radioactive materials stored in open fields without any security. They discovered fissile materials -- the ingredients for nuclear bombs -- warehoused in facilities without electricity, telephones, or armed guards. The International Atomic Energy Agency has released the details of 15 cases of smuggling involving weapons-grade nuclear materials since 1993. But we have no idea how many other smuggling operations have gone undetected. Nuclear terrorism has been called the world's most preventable catastrophe. But to prevent it, the world needs to act.
"And the importance of this issue demands American leadership. So next Tuesday, the President will convene a meeting in Washington as part of an unprecedented summit intent on keeping nuclear materials out of the hands of terrorists. To put it in context, this summit hosted by the United States is the largest conference since the one that came together around the founding of the United Nations in 1945.
"Many of the countries who will be there have already taken concrete steps to strengthen nuclear security. And we expect announcements of further progress on this issue during our talks. But we will also hear from other countries that are helping us keep a very close watch on anyone we think could be part of a network that could lead to the sale of or transfer of nuclear material to al-Qaida or other terrorist organizations. We are trying to make this Summit the beginning of sustained international effort to lock down the world's vulnerable nuclear materials within four years and reduce the possibility that these materials will find their way into the hands of terrorists."
The Secretary continued:
"Finally, the third component of our strategy must be to maintain a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent ourselves. For generations, our nuclear forces have helped prevent proliferation by providing our non-nuclear allies in NATO, the Pacific, and elsewhere with reassurance and security. An ally or a partner that has confidence that the United States and our arsenal will be there to defend them in the event of an attack is a country that is less likely to develop its own nuclear deterrent. And we are committed to continuing that stabilizing role for us as long as nuclear weapons exist.
"Our latest budget request asks for significant resources to modernize our nuclear complex and maintain our nuclear arsenal. Our budget devotes $7 billion for maintaining our nuclear weapons stockpile and complex. This commitment is $600 million more than Congress approved last year. And over the next five years we intend to boost funding for these important activities by more than $5 billion dollars. We are committed to reducing the role and number of our nuclear weapons. But at the same time, we are investing to ensure that the weapons we retain in our stockpile are safe, secure, and effective.
"The fact that we are maintaining this arsenal does not mean that we intend to use it. We are determined to see that nuclear weapons are never used again. But the new START treaty will enable us to retain a strong, flexible deterrent. And our military will continue to deploy every leg of what's called our nuclear triad -- land-based missiles, submarine-based missiles, and bombers.
"The treaty will enable us to maintain this arsenal, and also provide strong verification provisions. We think it will enable us to develop greater understanding maybe even allow trust between Russian and American forces, while eliminating potential opportunities for mistakes and miscalculation.
"Now, one aspect of our deterrent that we specifically did not limit in this treaty is missile defense. The agreement has no restrictions on our ability to develop and deploy our planned missile defense systems or long-range conventional strike weapons now or in the future. The Pentagon's recent Quadrennial Defense Review and Ballistic Missile Defense Review both emphasize that improving our missile defense and conventional capabilities will help strengthen our deterrence. And in the future, we feel that regional missile defense will be an important source of protection for allies as well. Used wisely, missile defense could further reduce our dependence on nuclear weapons.
"So these three elements of our strategy -- strengthening the nuclear nonproliferation regime, combating the threat of nuclear terrorism, and maintaining a safe nuclear deterrent -- are not new. And they're not controversial. Leaders in both parties have been pursuing these goals together for years."
Read the Secretary's full remarks here.
Inigo in Montana writes:
The use of government figures to enunciate public policy in academic forums is well known to practical theorists and degreed practitioners of every ilk. These august stages present rarified heights from which Solons can broach eloquent threads of enlightened discourse to an eager concentration of youthful minds. From these impromptu Chautauquas important concepts can inoculate the body politic to both the hazards and the rewards of mundane existentialities. Synergies become possible that had hitherto only been initiated through complete inaction alone. The expenditure of governmental liquidities toward this end leads to increased municipal pride and significant upticks in the manufacture of cranial protective devices. Moreover, chemical imbalances are increased through increased consumption of yeast processed fruit and grain beverages, with and without distillation. These imbalances often remedy a sometimes chronic sleep deficit shared by both students and professors alike. This alone decreases intangibles by factors of uncalculated possibilities.
Evelyn in California writes:
Hillary, every time I watch you and listen to you as in this Conference I ask myself and everybody how could this Country missed a President like you? We need you to run on 2010 or 2016! There's no Democrat or Republican as prepared and as intelligent like you! Is up to you, we're ready! God bless you Hillary!
Raul in California writes:
Hillary, you're the most amazing woman in the world and the best Leader ever! We love you!
Donald M. in Virginia writes:
I agree 110 percent... I also agree with the State Department, Mrs. Hillary Clinton and the bold steps towards making peace. Nuclear Peace is a goal reachable. I give a Bravo Zulu to President Barack Obama for having a dialogue with the Russians. Reducing Nuclear weapons on both sides means our Joint effort in the long run would give our Grandkids hope and a place to live in peace.
BRAVO ZULU AND KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK!!! Nodge Nodge Wink Wink!!!
SNP in Syria writes:
Hillary, you're the most amazing woman in the world and the best leader ever! We love you much more than famed Dimitry Kalezov. This meeting is essential to control nuclear weapons and the criminals that uses them. Nothing more dangerous than state sponsored attacks, especially, when such is used to blame others for it. I think it is called false flag or something like that. That is really terrible and this upcoming meeting is most needed to prevent such attacks in the future by evil terrorists.
Palgye in South Korea writes:
Dear to
i thinks good speech and good answers.
..(fiction from consruction worker)
China and The oil-producing countries of the Middle East warfare expands the political economy territory of the themselves and the world recognizes and thinks that expects. To North Korea economic aid must approach with the vector and Iran thinks that outside world and with the map power which will approach softly the new ideological system is necessary. Thinks like this one "economic cold war system" lasting, short time. (The retaliation to be afraid the nuclear missile with the themselves is not a interlinkage and thinks that the 3rd influence SADM [the possibility which will use Special Atomic Demolition Munitions] is big. fiction is.
This week biggest from the theme song nuclear weapon and terror speaks the opinion which is personal.)
The warfare thinks issue where the economy is important. Until today....
thank you. thank you very much(alwyas saying, before speech).


text:
Make a Better Breakfast With These 14 Homemade Waffle and Pancake Recipes
"I like the texture of Red Mule Polenta de Georgia, a coarsely ground cornmeal from Mills Farm in Athens, Georgia," Satterfield says.
Recipe: Buttermilk Cornbread
Instead of serving just collards or mustards, the chef mixes both with chard and kale--all grown on a nearby farm.
Recipe: Braised Early-Spring Greens
The 10 Best Grilling Tools


text:
The Runners' Web - Page 4
I called Mass General Hospital to see if they needed help or blood, but they had plenty of both. I went online to offer my hotel room to any displaced runner, only to find a list of thousands of Bostonians opening up their houses. Boston was telling me, "We got this, bro ... we got this. " Of course they do. This is Boston, one of the greatest communities in the world. Nobody takes care of their own like Bostonians
I looked at my cell phone—53 texts, 25 Facebook messages, 30 tweets and 18 phone calls. It was family, friends...it was you guys. Yes, I was OK. Yes, I had been at the finish 30 minutes before [the explosions], but my need for beer may have saved my life. In fact, let's have a few more beers. I opened up a tab and invited everyone to raise a glass to the families of the dead and injured, and to celebrate being alive. But in classic Boston form, the staff of the Beantown Pub just kept bringing free drinks.
As I got back to my hotel, another runner told me what it was like to be 500 yards away from the finish and told to stop (around 6700 runners were unable to finish). It was his first Boston, and like many who were coming in around the 4:09 mark when the bomb hit, he was running for a charity. I offered him my finisher medal, and he just smiled and said, "You're the fifth person to do that in the last hour ... no worries, mate, the BAA will take of us. " His smile made me smile, and we hugged. Then he saw my watch and said "2:44? That's outstanding! Tell me about your race."
And just like that, the healing began.
My senses came back quickly. I felt denial, and asked myself, "Why?" a few hundred times. I got angry, and blasted off a "#GFY terrorists" tweet (that's the Go F*** Yourself hashtag). I felt helplessness, realizing what an easy target the Boston Marathon is and it was likely just a matter of time before some of that small sliver of crazy in all humankind would see this easy target. Munich Olympics, Atlanta Games ...the pinnacle of sport will forever be in the crosshairs of attention-seeking zealots with a few loose screws. I FaceTime'd with my wife and kids and turned into a sobbing mess as soon as it ended. This was good. This was healing. Somewhere in the whirlwind of emotion I fell asleep, and woke up still fully dressed with a new appreciation for life. That day is done. This day is ours. We all move on, stronger than before and gracious to be alive. Heroes abound. We will remember this day forever.
I am sad for the victims of this terrible tragedy. I am proud of Boston for their incredible response and support, and to the B.A.A., B.P.D and local hospitals for being so prepared they undoubtedly saved lives. But most of all, I am happy for today. Happy to the point of tears that I get live and be healthy, surrounded by caring friends and family. The world feels brighter today, the sounds and colors more vibrant. I will not take it for granted. This day is a gift.
Give your kids an extra hug, raise your glasses, tell everyone close to you that you love them. It might be a PR day, it might be your last, but it's your day. Cherish the gift.
MIKE BURNSTEIN, 23, of Brookline, Massachusetts, is the founder of Janji Running Apparel, and a longtime runner who recently discovered trail running.
This year's Boston Marathon was a major weekend for me, and somehow everything had come together. First, the race itself. I grew up watching Boston every year, and it had always been my dream to compete in my hometown in front of my friends and families. Monday's race did not disappoint. My training was solid coming in, the weather was perfect and the fans were absolutely mind-blowing. Crossing the finish line in 2:28, I had accomplished my goal and then some, running a 20-minute PR.
On top of the race, Janji was hosting a pop-up store two blocks from the finish line on Newbury Street. It had taken months for me to plan and execute. Despite a shoestring budget and limited manpower, the store was a huge success—packed with customers all day who were excited to learn more about Janji and our mission to help end the global food and water crisis.
After the race I hobbled back to the store, drank a beer and soaked in the runner's high. It was an amazing couple hours. Then we heard the bombs go off. Never before have I experienced such a drastic change in emotion. From top of the world, to confusion, to terror and eventually to grief. We packed the store as quickly as we could and evacuated.


text:
About the Author: John Dickson is currently serving on the ground in Port-au-Prince, Haiti as a Public Diplomacy Director for the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs.
On February 13, a month and a day after the devastating earthquake in Haiti, USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah came back to Haiti for the third time to meet with President Preval and his team as well as UN officials and NGO representatives. Dr. Shah was joined by General Doug Fraser, Commander of U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), charged with overseeing the U.S. military support for the humanitarian assistance/disaster relief. Dr. Shah and General Fraser traveled to a cash-for-work site outside of Port au Prince and met with their own teams to assess what has been accomplished to date, the immediate challenges ahead and the long-term road of reconstruction.
When asked about what has worked well, Dr. Shah said "It's sometimes hard to describe the successes because the needs are so tremendous. But this was the largest and most successful international search and rescue effort ever assembled in history. We've seen real progress with more than two million people served with food rations; with significant increases in water availability that meet humanitarian targets; and with health and medical interventions that range from immunization to prevent the spread of disease in the future and surgical capacities with literally thousands of surgeries being performed."
General Fraser referred to the role of the U.S. military evolving as capacity on the ground among Haitian and international organizations. He said numbers of U.S. troops have declined from a high of over 20,000 to 13,000 currently. He said that he would assess the roles for U.S. troops a "capacity standpoint, not necessarily a timeframe. So as capacity meets demands, then we'll look for transition."
One example of that transition took place Saturday, when members of the 82nd Expeditionary Unit of the U.S. Marines worked with Jordanian soldiers to deliver 904 bags of 100 pounds of rice at a food distribution site (see photo).
Donald M. in Virginia writes:
Well done and Bravo Zulu on all the efforts to help the people. Keep up the good work!!!
Palgye in South Korea writes:
Thank you,
Happy Lunar New Year.
Erin B. in Washington, DC writes:
The relief effort on the ground currently in Port-au-Prince has been astounding. While it is unfortunate that more individuals couldn't be found among the demolished buildings in the city, it is amazing to see the compassion that has been received by the newly homeless population in Haiti. The number of adoptions has been astounding. With the U.S. Customs and Immigration Service working around the clock, many children have been placed with their adopted families inside the United States. The relief efforts have not stopped and adoptions will continue to be processed in order to bring more orphans to the United States. It's great to see the outpouring of care for people we don't know.
Steven J.A. in Hawaii writes:
A world of help will be given to Haiti survivors; especially for US citizens and govt. personnel in the region. Much needed storage supply areas are needed to house the homeless and the food and medicines.
OysterCracker in USA writes:
It's nearly a month later and the Haitians are still asking for tents, food and water. Are we play acting the AID game or what?
Parfait B. in Haiti writes:
I need to know where to send my resume for rebuild haiti,I was burn and reared in port de paix,I am carpenter and contractor in california,I am available for volunteer my time to help rebuild the country. please let know where to send my resume.
parfait b.
Armstrong in the United Kingdom writes:
Have you heard of "Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs"?
thank you
Eric in New Mexico writes:
Armstrong in UK,
Yeah I have, and I tend to think of it like going to the pub and ordering a "black and tan".
One can observe the brew-miester creating a perfect layered effect between the pale and the stout, but the whole affair only has practical application when they get mixed together as the concoction slides down one's gullet, ends up all in the same place and becoming greater than the sum of its parts...
Happiness then as becoming manifest in a burp...
...and a round on your's truly.
Parris in United Kingdom writes:
I would so love to go down to the more rual areas to aid in the rebuild,I myself am of hatian heritage though trans racially adopted as child. I would mainly like to set up inclusion programmes for the kids particularly thos that are facing lon-term social exclusions, thru disability or learning difficulties.I would ultimately like to run a school / youth center or orphanage.
Rajut in New York writes:
Helping to rebuild Haiti?
Give us a break already. This will be a very good opportunity to line up the pockets of political hacks posing as consultant.


text:
Tom is in the eighth year of his second tour of duty with the Phillies doing television play-byplay. In his first stint with the club he spent five seasons (2001-05) as the host of the pre- and postgame radio shows, while also doing radio play-by-play. He also hosted his own weekday afternoondrive show on ESPN Radio 920 AM, which concentrated on local sports. He spent the 2006-07 seasons as a radio broadcaster with the New York Mets on WFAN before returning to the Phillies in November of 2007.
A graduate of The College of New Jersey (BA degree in communications), Tom spent six seasons with the Trenton Thunder, the former double-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. He was hired as director of public and media relations in 1993 and promoted to assistant general manager in 1996, while also working as one of the team's broadcasters, doing play-by-play on radio and television for CN8.
After the 1999 season, Tom left the Thunder to pursue a full-time career in broadcasting, creating the first local-driven show on ESPN Radio 1680 AM. He also used to work national shows for ESPN Radio.
Tom has done extensive broadcasting for collegiate sports in his career. He currently does NFL games for CBS, baseball for FOX, basketball and college football play-by-play for CBS College Sports Network (formerly CSTV) and NFL and college basketball games for Westwood One, after three years of doing the NFL with Sports USA Radio. Previously, he worked as the radio voice of the Saint Joseph's University men's basketball team (2004-09) and the play-by-play voice for Rutgers University football (2001-03), as well as Princeton University football (1995-2000) and men's basketball (1995-2003).
In 2000, Tom earned a Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award for his work on CN8 and is a two-time winner (2002 & 2004) of the Achievement in Radio Award for Best Local Sports Coverage. He also received the Radio/TV Excellence Award from the New Jersey Sportswriters Association in January 2007 and the Good Guy Award in 2009. He was inducted into the Trenton Baseball Hall of Fame in the summer of 2011 and had the radio booth at Trenton's Waterfront Park named after him. Additionally, he was named the 2013 Sportscaster of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.
Tom was born in Jersey City, N.J. He and his wife Meg live in Allentown, N.J., with their two sons, Patrick and Tommy, and two daughters, Maggie and Kerri.
Scott made his Phillies debut in 2006, when he was named the pre- and post-game host for Phillies radio broadcasts and did radio play-by-play in the middle innings. In 2007, he took over as the main play-by-play commentator for Phillies radio broadcasts, working with Larry Andersen. The duo was honored at the Philadelphia A.I.R. (Achievement in Radio) Awards, winning for Best Live Sports Event Coverage in 2007 and 2008. In addition, Scott was the winner of the 2010 Pennsylvania Sportscaster of the Year Award, given by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.
A graduate of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in 1994 with a degree in broadcast journalism, Scott began his radio career as a talk show host with Prime Sports Radio, a national all-sports radio network based in Dallas. He worked for two seasons as the part-time pre- and post-game host for his hometown Texas Rangers (1997-98) before becoming the voice of the Kane County Cougars, a single-A affiliate of the Florida Marlins (1999-2001). In 2000, Scott covered the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia for Sporting News Radio. He spent four years (2002-05) in his second stint with the Rangers as the full-time studio host of the pre- and post-game shows and fill-in play-by-play announcer, winning the 2003 Katie Award for Best Radio Play-by-Play Sportscast from the Press Club of Dallas.
Scott was born in Dallas, Texas. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife Lori, son Gus, twin daughters Loretta and June, and their dog.
The 2015 season is Larry's 18th season in the booth serving as a color analyst for the Phillies' radio broadcasts.
Larry began his broadcast career with the Phillies in 1998. He had been offered a position on the Houston Astros' broadcast team in 1997 when Larry Dierker moved from the booth to become manager, but opted instead to become pitching coach for the Phillies' triple-A affiliate at Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. In 2008 he and his partner Scott Franzke won for Best Live Sports Event Coverage at the Philadelphia A.I.R. (Achievement in Radio) Awards, the second straight year they won that category.
A former relief pitcher who played 25 years of professional baseball, including 17 seasons in the major leagues with the Indians (1975-79), Mariners (1981-82), Phillies (1983-86; 93-94), Astros (1986-90), Red Sox (1990) and Padres (1991-92), Larry was 40-39 with 49 saves and a 3.15 ERA in 699 career games (1 start). In 1987, he pitched 101.2 innings, all in relief, and in 1989-90, he posted ERAs below 2.00 - 1.54 ERA in 1989 and 1.79 ERA in 1990.
Larry is famously known as being traded from the Astros to the Red Sox for Jeff Bagwell in August of 1990. He pitched in two World Series with the Phillies in 1983 and 1993 and in two League Championship Series, with Houston in 1986 and Boston in 1990. Larry holds the Phillies' club record for longest consecutive scoreless streak by a reliever (32.2 IP), set in 1984. It is also the third-longest among all Phillies pitchers, trailing Grover Alexander's 41.0 scoreless innings in 1911 and Cliff Lee's 34.0-inning streak in 2011.
After graduating from Interlake High School in Seattle, Wash., in 1971, he was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 7th round and made his major league debut with them in 1975. Following his playing career, Larry spent three seasons as a minor league pitching coach, first with double-A Reading (1995-96) and then Scranton (1997). He has served as a guest instructor at Phillies spring training the past two years.
Born in Portland, Ore., Larry has two daughters, Angie and Tania, and one son, Chase. He and his wife Kristi live in Philadelphia..
Jim Jackson is in his ninth season hosting the pre- and post-game shows on the Phillies Radio Network. In 2010 he added some play-by-play responsibilities and other broadcast assignments. He is also known to local sports fans as the television voice of the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team, having spent the past 22 years as the club's play-by-play broadcaster, two years on radio and the last 20 on television.
An eight-time Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award winner for sports play-by-play, Jim joined the Flyers organization in 1993 after serving as the radio voice of the Utica Devils (American Hockey League) for six seasons. In all, he has been involved in hockey play-by-play for over 20 years at various levels.
Jim has previous experience in baseball play-by-play. He was the radio voice of the Utica Blue Sox of the New York-Penn League from 1986-93 and spent the summer of 2005 broadcasting the Trenton Thunder in the Eastern League. In August of 2006, Jim was the television voice of the Cal Ripken World Series on the Outdoor Life Network. In addition, he has served as a part-time host on 610 WIP Sportsradio, authored a book, Walking Together Forever: The Broad Street Bullies, Then and Now, and provided the call for college football, basketball and lacrosse during his career. Jim also won the 2011 Pennsylvania Sportscaster of the Year Award, given by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.
Jim is a 1985 graduate of Syracuse University with a degree in broadcast journalism. He resides in Gloucester Township, N.J., with his wife Bernadette, daughter Deanna and son Johnny.
Gregg Murphy joined the Phillies broadcast team in 2012 as a field reporter. In his role, he brings viewers closer to the action reporting from the field, dugouts and elsewhere throughout the ballpark during the games. He added occasional play-by-play duties in 2014.
Part of the on-air team at Comcast SportsNet since December 2008, Gregg is a multiple Emmy winner and nominee in numerous categories, including sports reporting. He was also recognized twice as the winner of the Associated Press Outstanding Talk Program for Out of Bounds, a program he hosted earlier in his career.
Before joining Comcast SportsNet, he was at CN8 (Comcast), The Inquirer High School Sports Show and WFMZ in Allentown, Pa.
A 1993 graduate of St. Joseph's University with a degree in English, Gregg has reported on many notable sports events, including the NCAA Tournament, Super Bowl, World Series and NBA Finals.
Born in Meadowbrook, Pa., Gregg was raised in Mt. Laurel, N.J. and lettered in baseball while attending Holy Cross High School in Delran, N.J. He gives his time and hosting talents to the Children's Miracle Network as well as The Irish Pub Children's Foundation, which benefits Philadelphia police officers.
Gregg lives in New Jersey with his wife Denise and their three children: a daughter, Quinn, and two sons, Matthew and Colin..
Matt Stairs returned to the Phillies in February of 2014 as a TV color analyst. A member of the Phillies' 2008 World Series Champions, Matt spent two seasons (2008-09) with the club during his 19- year major league career. He will always be most remembered by Phillies fans for his two-out, tworun pinch home run in Game 4 of the 2008 National League Championship Series at Dodger Stadium that gave the Phillies a 7-5 lead and eventual win.
After being signed by the Montreal Expos as an amateur free agent in 1989, Matt played for 12 major league teams in 13 different cities (Expos and Nationals), which is a major league record for position players, and finished his career with a .262 batting average, 265 home runs and 899 RBI in 1,895 games.
Following his playing days, Matt worked as an in-studio analyst for the New England Sports Network (NESN) and co-hosted programming on MLB Network Radio for Sirius/XM. He also coached high school ice hockey, first as an assistant coach at Bangor High School and then as the head coach for Fredericton High School, and played one year of senior baseball in his native Canada. Matt was inducted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 and will be inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in June 2015.
Matt and his wife Lisa currently live in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada with their three daughters..
Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt had his role with the Phillies expanded in 2014 as a broadcaster for Sunday home games. Mike previously worked as a Phillies broadcaster during the 1990 season.
Ben Davis joined the Phillies broadcast team in February of 2015, making this his first season in the booth. He previously spent four years as an in-studio baseball analyst for Comcast SportsNet and made occasional appearances on 94.1 WIP's morning show.
A local product, Ben was selected by the San Diego Padres as the second overall pick in the 1995 draft out of Malvern Preparatory School and went on to have a seven-year (1998-2004) major league career with the Padres (1998-2001), Seattle Mariners (2002-04) and Chicago White Sox (2004). Ben transitioned to pitcher for the final three seasons (2008-10) of his professional career, spent with single-A Sarasota in the Cincinnati Reds organization and the Camden Riversharks of the independent Atlantic League.
Ben currently resides in West Chester, Pa., with his wife Megan and their four children.


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Today on the White House Blog, official White House videographer Arun Chaudhary previews the "West Wing Week." Arun writes:
"Watch a preview of 'Dispatches from Sudan' and join General Scott Gration, President Obama's Special Envoy to Sudan for a unique look at the vote that could result in the world's newest nation.
"Go behind the scenes at polling stations from Juba to Khartoum, meet some of the international community helping ensure the vote is fair and peaceful, travel to Darfur to inspect conditions on the ground, and learn about the commitment of the United States to peace in this region after decades of civil war. That's coming soon to WhiteHouse.gov..."
You can watch the preview, and learn more about President Obama's engagement on the issue, here.


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How Obamacare will hurt Delta County
WASHINGTON – The relationship doctors develop with their patients can last a lifetime, extend to entire families, and last for generations. They can become trusted advisors for people facing difficult decisions. Doctors are there to help bring the newest addition to a family into the world and to be supportive during someone's most difficult hours.
How do I know this? Because I've been practicing medicine in Northern Michigan for the past 30 years. And as a doctor, I have always believed in putting my patients first. That includes providing guidance and care that improves, enhances, and even saves lives. It's that sacred trust that all doctors work hard to earn. We know it helps develop an unbreakable bond between us and our patients.
Unfortunately, President Obama's new health care law will weaken that bond. It places Washington in the driver's seat of health care decisions, makes health care more expensive, limits access, stifles innovation, and erodes the doctor-patient relationship.
Beyond that, the promises they made when pushing the health care overhaul through Congress have not come to pass. The health care exchanges, which promised a customer friendly experience, have been plagued with technical problems that have made even enrolling in these new plans nearly impossible. I continue to meet and hear from more and more people that won't be able to keep their own insurance plan and doctor – even though the President promised we could.
Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi claimed the law would "almost immediately" create 400,000 jobs. This hasn't happened. In fact, job providers are telling us the exact opposite – either they are cutting back on workers or cutting hours, all in hopes of avoiding different penalties that come with this new health care law. Families in Northern Michigan may be forced to take on several part-time jobs, that don't even offer health care, just to provide for their kids.
How can anyone get ahead when Washington is always setting us up for failure?
Families may also start to feel the ramifications of another empty promise. President Obama told us the new law would "lower… premiums by $2,500 per year," yet premiums have actually risen by an additional $2,200 since the law took effect.
In this tough economy, hard-working moms and dads in Michigan are struggling to pay their bills and save for their children's future. They simply cannot afford to pay higher insurance premiums caused by the new health care law.
Most alarmingly, President Obama cut over $700 billion from Medicare in order to pay for his new health care law. As a doctor, I am deeply concerned these cuts will put our seniors at risk and have devastating effects on our local hospitals. In fact, the cuts total over $2 billion in Northern Michigan, including $99 million in Delta County. It's going to be really hard for our small local hospitals to stay open when they have to take on those drastic cuts.
Being a doctor, I know we have to lower health care costs, and the system that was in place is not an acceptable alternative. But, we can do this without putting Washington in charge. That's why I support patient-centered reforms like allowing insurance to be sold over state lines, making health insurance portable, expanding health savings accounts, and real lawsuit reform.
You can learn more about these ideas at my website, www.benishek.house.gov. Health care works best when patients make their own decisions, instead of having Washington calling the shots. Let's work together to put in place a health care system that will work and actually meets the needs of the American people.
– – –
Rep. Dan Benishek is a general surgeon from Iron River and is serving in his second term in the U.S. House of Representatives.


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Discontinued Product
Enviromate Steam-Vacuum Cleaner
Sorry, the manufacturer is no longer producing this product.
Description & Highlights
Reliable Enviromate Steam-Vacuum Cleaner - Black
Keep the house or office clean with the Reliable Enviromate Steam-Vacuum Cleaner (TANDEMEV1). This unit has five (5) bar steam pressure and a powerful HEPA filtration vacuum to efficiently clean around the house or office. Designed in Italy, this unit is for those who are looking for a a natural alternative to cleaning and sanitizing with harsh or harmful chemicals.
Steam cleaning allows you to clean and sanitize using heat and moisture, instead of cleaning with harmful and expensive chemicals. So that way, you won't have to waste time and money buying and using chemicals that can potentially harm you. With the detachable 7.2' steam hose, you can easily clean any hard-to-reach area, while the water level light lets you know when its time to refill.
Low Cost:Using only water to fill the 1.8 liter stainless steel tank, there is little cost to operate
Safe to Use:This steamer uses water instead of harsh chemicals and cleaners
Reaches Anywhere:This portable cleaner can reach hard-to-see areas so you don't have to
- Model: TANDEMEV1Reliable Enviromate Steam-Vacuum Cleaner
- Brand: Reliable24-piece accessory kit
- 72.5 PSI operating pressure70 micrometer HEPA filter
- Two (2) 1700 W heating elementscETLus approved
- Boiler temperature: 302-320 degrees FLow water level light & sound
- Five (5) minute heat up timeDetachable 7.2' steam hose
- Tip temperature: 245 degrees FWater capacity: 1.8 liters
- Adjustable pressure controlInput voltage: 110/120 V
- Tank constructed of 18/10 stainless steelPower: 1700 W
- 16.3' electrical cordWeight: 25.8 lbs
- Warranty: 1 year, 5 years tank & shellDimensions: 14" H x 19" W x 12" D
- Height: 14"
- Width: 19"
- Depth: 12"


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It's not just your name
Handwriting analyst Janet Lefler says she can pick apart a signature and see what kind of person she's dealing with.
By MICHAEL KRUSE
Published March 9, 2007
I'm outgoing and busy and don't like to reveal too much about myself.
So says my signature.
So says the woman from Weeki Wachee who's Hernando County's only handwriting analyst.
"I can tell you if a person is depressed," Janet Lefler said the other day at the Dunkin' Donuts on State Road 50. "I can tell you if a person is happy. I can tell you if they're an outgoing person just by looking at the shape of their letters."
Some think handwriting analysis is huckster hocus-pocus; others call it legitimate science, a smart, added way to screen potential employees or test out a couple's long-term compatibility. The latter believe the slant and the size of someone's letters show anything and everything from honesty to punctuality to aggression to perversion to an insatiable sex drive.
Handwriting, Michelle Dresbold wrote in her recent book Sex, Lies and Handwriting, shows "the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth."
According to Web sites like handwriting.org and myhandwriting.com, people who leave their letters unclosed at the top are talkative, people who use a big lowercase k are defiant, and people who write angled to the left like being alone.
The dot close to the top of the i? Prompt.
Long t bars to the right? Watch out for that temper.
A low-hanging incomplete loop on a g or a y? Sexually frustrated. A strange-shaped loop? Perverted. But a long, wide, completed loop? Great storytellers ... and the best in bed.
For Lefler, a mother of four who moved from Michigan 12 years ago and works part time as a nurse, all this started five years ago.
Late at night.
With an infomercial.
Since then, she's been to Handwriting University's International Handwriting Analysis Summit in Dallas, joined the Greater Hernando County Chamber of Commerce and the local chapter of Business Networking International and started her own Web site at handwritingadvisor.com.
She offered $10 "mini" analyses at the Contours Express women's gym in Brooksville Saturday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. She will be at the Contours Express in Ridge Manor March 16 in the same time slot and then again March 30 at the Contours Express in Spring Hill on Forest Oaks Boulevard.
The mini analysis offers three things about a person based on his or her handwriting.
A more formal, written mini analysis is $25.
A full analysis is $50.
And a couple's compatibility analysis? That costs $100.
My analysis? It was done quick-quick over coffee. I ball-pointed my signature on a lined piece of paper ripped from a notebook.
Lefler took a look.
"The fact that it's not legible shows you're either in an extreme hurry or don't reveal a lot about yourself," she said.
"The size and slant of the letters show you have an outgoing personality.
"And the blending and the overlap of the letters show you're extremely busy because they're all running together."
My girlfriend says she's good.
Michael Kruse can be reached at email@example.com or 352 848-1434.


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GameEnthus Podcast ep116: Solid Snake Drive or The "Office" Wii
- By Ind1fference
- 2 November, 2012
- 1 Comment
This week we chat it up with @ClassickMateria from The Cold Slither Podcast. Classick dreams of running through restaurant's kitchens. Tiny thinks that The Hangover is better than The Other Guys. Mike finally sees The Avengers. BigRob salivates over the new Nexus phones. Lastly, Aaron plans for his anniversary and … Continue Reading →


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Mexican Tofu Scramble
Organic tofu scrambled with vegetables and topped with salsa and grated cheddar cheese covers a mini organic tortilla with refried black beans on the side.
Nutritional Information
|Nutritional Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Meal (255g)
|Servings Per Container: 1
|Serving Weight: 1 Meal (255g)
|Product UPC: 00-42272-00056-2
|Total Fat: 18g
|Saturated Fat: 6g
|Trans Fat: 0g
|Cholesterol: 15mg
|Sodium: 680mg
|Carbohydrates: 40g
|Fiber: 6g
|Sugars: 4g
|Protein: 20g
|Vitamin A: 6% • Vitamin C: 20%
|Calcium: 25% • Iron: 20%
Ingredients: Organic tofu (filtered water, organic soybeans, nigari [magnesium chloride, a natural firming agent]), organic black beans, organic roasted potatoes, organic onions, organic corn tortilla (organic white corn cooked in water with a trace of lime), filtered water, organic bell peppers, Monterey Jack cheese (pasteurized milk, culture, salt, enzymes [without animal enzymes or rennet]), organic extra virgin olive oil, organic corn, organic tomato puree, organic diced tomatoes, grade AA butter (cream, salt, annatto), sea salt, organic garlic, organic cornstarch, spices, organic green chiles, organic high oleic safflower and/or sunflower oil, nutritional yeast, organic cilantro, black pepper, organic jalapeño peppers. Contains milk and soy.


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USA Taekwondo Announces Transitional Board of Director Election Results
COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO – USA Taekwondo (USAT) is pleased to announce the results of the recent elections for the Referee and Coach Director positions for the Transitional Board of Directors. The United States Olympic Committee's Audit Division administered the collection of the ballots and validated 174 votes that elected Anne Chase (Minneapolis, Minn.) as the Referee Director and Brandon Meek (Los Angeles, Calif) as the Coach Director. In the interest of transparency, Chase received 58 votes to the 32 that were cast for Elva Adams (Helotes, TX) while Meek tallied 63 votes to 21 votes for Angel Aranzamendi (Sedalia, CO). USA Taekwondo would like to thank all of the candidates who volunteered to serve the organization by running for these positions.
In addition to Chase and Meek, Brian McCutcheon (Ewa Beach, Hawaii) and Herb Perez (Foster City, Calif.) were elected as the two Club Directors as they were uncontested in the Club Director election.
Chase, Meek, McCutcheon and Perez will join Marty Mankamyer (Independent Director), Russell Ahn (Affiliated Director – ½ vote) and JP Choi (Affiliated Director – ½ vote) who are already seated on the Transitional Board of Directors per USA Taekwondo's Bylaws while two athletes will be named to serve working with USAT's Athletes' Advisory Council. Finally, two Independent Directors will be selected by the Transitional Board to complete the full Board.
Once fully seated, the Transitional Board of Directors will fulfill the governance roles and responsibilities in USAT's Bylaws. In addition, they will be tasked with conducting a thorough review of USAT's current governance model to determine if it is structured appropriately to provide effective leadership to its constituencies and to recommend and approve changes where necessary.
The Transitional Board of Directors term ends on December 31, 2012, or when a new Board is seated. Given that the initial term was expected to be six to eight months, it is likely this Board's term will be extended until first quarter 2013. However, any change in the term date would need to be approved by the United States Olympic Committee's Section 10 Hearing Panel.


text:
From the Manufacturer's Label:
- 100% Pure Powder
- Supports Membrane Health**
Contains no sugar, salt, starch, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy,
milk, egg, shellfish or preservatives.
Vegetarian/Vegan Product.
L-Lysine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be manufactured by the body. It must be obtained through the diet or by supplementation. Lysine is one of the most well known amino acids and is an essential component of proteins.
Manufactured by NOW® Foods


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Hey there. Pretty much all of the teas that I have bought in my local stores lately were stored in the fridge. Honestly, I had never thought of doing that.
Is it common to do that? Are there certain teas that you wouldn't do that with (like pu-er)? Is it good to let it come back up to room temp. before brewing?


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"I prefer silent vice to ostentatious virtue. "
F. Lee Bailey
F. Lee Bailey argued his way into the American consciousness, having directed the defense at many of the most talked-about criminal trials of the last half century. He represented Albert DeSalvo, the so-called Boston Strangler, as well as Dr. Sam Sheppard, the man widely believed to be the inspiration for the TV series The Fugitive. He also defended Patty Hearst and Watergate burglar James McCord. He was the supervisory attorney in the My Lai Massacre court-martial of Captain Ernest Medina. And he was on O.J. Simpson's "dream team."
Bailey won many of his famous cases, but he has also had notable losses- and at least one big career setback. That came when the government demanded possession of securities owned by one of his clients. Bailey insisted that he was entitled to appreciation in the stock as payment for his legal fees-and wound up going to prison for contempt for 44 days in 2000. The case resulted in his disbarment in Florida and Massachusetts. (He's currently trying to regain his license to practice law.)
We asked Bailey about that experience, as well as about some of his biggest cases. We also talked about his relatively little-known but lifelong passion for business aviation, which led him-among other things-to earn a pilot's license; acquire a dozen aircraft; become an airport manager; launch a Cessna dealership; work as a sales rep for Learjet; serve as executive director of an air-traffic-controllers organization; run a helicopter company; and launch a flight school for minorities.
The following interview doesn't reveal how he found time to do all this-not to mention write 17 books-while also managing his high-powered legal practice. It does, however, cover why he still believes O.J. Simpson didn't kill anyone; which of his cases he found toughest and most satisfying; how he came to own the helicopter company; and what career he'd choose if he could start over.
When did you begin using business aviation?
Law school. I was a private investigator working for lawyers preparing for trial. I used to take aerial photos for them by renting a [Cessna] 172 and letting the slipstream keep the window open while I took shots.
Then, the minute I passed the bar, I bought a 172. I flew that until a lender offered me a repossessed Cessna 310 if I would pick up the payments. I had rebuilt two airplanes when I was in the service and I rebuilt this one. Then [my law practice] started to take off and in an article in Life magazine I said, "What I really need is a Learjet." Immediately after that hit the streets, I was in St. Paul and a Learjet [Model 23] showed up. A guy jumped out and said, "Bill Lear asked me to show you this airplane."
I bought it, and we got the factory to upgrade it because Bill had hired me to promote the Learjet. I also had a Merlin IV, which is a [Fairchild Swearingen] Metroliner tricked up for executives.
How did you use these aircraft?
One case I had was against attorneys general in 38 states and I was visiting them at the rate of three a day. I also did a lot of speaking and the only way I could guarantee I could be at these speaking engagements, since the courts had priority, was to have an airplane to get out and back the same night. During the Hearst case, I flew to Las Vegas three nights one week because I was giving a seminar.
How did you happen to buy Enstrom Helicopter?
I got a call in 1970 [from someone who said], "I've got a chance to buy Enstrom and it's a great deal but I don't know anything about helicopters. If I buy it, will you run it?" I loved the company, so I said sure. I met him and we had a big ceremony about the rebirth of Enstrom, which had been shut down. Then his check bounced. So I raised the money and bought the company myself.
And did very well with it.
I did. We were at one time the biggest manufacturer of piston-engine helicopters in the world.
So why'd you sell the company?
I couldn't give it the proper attention. I designed and built a prototype, which [Robinson Helicopter Company] has now proved has tremendous marketability. But I didn't have the money to develop it so I looked for a buyer for the company. I gave it 10 years and enjoyed it, but I was getting tired.
At one point you formed a company to remanufacture [Piper] Twin Comanches as the so-called "Bailey Bullet."
I thought the price of fuel might go up so I looked for a miserly little twin [engine airplane] for businessmen who fly themselves and I picked the Twin Comanche. I still have the prototype and, now, with my affiliation with Oxford Aviation [a refurbishment and completions center in Maine], I'm turning the STCs [Supplemental Type Certificates from the FAA] that I've got over to them.
What's your role with Oxford?
I hold a position for marketing and business development. We're looking to go into big completions- BBJs and Airbuses. [Our facility] will hold six 737s at once.
What did you think of the PR fiasco that resulted when Detroit's automaker CEOs flew their corporate jets to Washington to plead for bailouts?
That was the most thoughtless disaster I could imagine. The saving grace is that Americans tend to have the attention span of a four-year-old. And the airlines are so bad now that business aviation [stays healthy] where before it would always cycle down when stockholders started complaining about the fancy toys. I think the fractionals have done a lot to diffuse that because nobody [with a fractional share] has an airplane on his balance sheet. You know that wonderful fiction: You own a sixteenth and you can still tell your customers, "This is my airplane."
How do you respond when someone says business jets are perks for the rich?
I'm very quick to explain that the productivity of the people at the top determines how many jobs there are for people not at the top. And when a guy misses an important sales meeting because Delta Airlines had a mechanical [problem] at Kennedy and it reverberated across the system and he winds up in Chicago in a fleabag hotel while the meeting's going on in Tucson...the airplane pays for itself.
You became a pilot when you were in the military. How did that come about?
The Korean War was raging and my grades at Harvard were such that the draft board was looking down my throat. I'd heard horrible tales of people in trenches in subzero temperatures in Korea and I found the idea of flying intriguing. I thought since I was going to have a military identity, [being a pilot] was probably the elite.
What did you think you'd do after the military?
I'd planned on being a writer. Then I was made a second-assistant legal officer [in the Marines]. I took the job because I'd found out the second assistant didn't do anything. A week later, the first assistant's plane blew up on takeoff and the legal officer's wife threatened to leave him if he didn't turn in his wings. The commander called me in. He said, "Who are you and why are you now my legal officer? Here's a manual for courts-martial. Read it over the weekend. You're trying a case on Monday." Prior to that, I'd never given the law much thought. But [by the time I left the Marines] I'd tried enough cases to know this is what I'm going to be good at.
Did you consider becoming a prosecutor?
Prosecution doesn't fit too well with my way of thinking. Prosecutors have kind of a mundane job of building blocks. Defense lawyers have the job of shooting holes in them.
You seem to have gravitated to high-profile cases.
I never intended that, but if you're winning cases, the business just pours in. They get the impression you're a magician. Sometimes they want to know the acquittal date so they can schedule a party, when in fact the chances of acquittal are remote.
What are your memories of the Hearst case?
It was the worst case I've ever tried. Patty was allegedly involved in so many crimes that you had to walk on eggs. Every time you stepped forward on one case, you might be stepping into another.
That was one of your losses.
No, it wasn't. It was a substantial victory but nobody knew it until she wrote a book admitting it. I was hired to avoid a first-degree murder conviction, on which they had her cold. I got her immunity for that. The bank robbery case we might have won if her name wasn't Hearst. But I arrived in San Francisco for my first meeting with Randy Hearst and I asked the cab driver what's going on with this Hearst case. He said, "Oh, they've got plenty of money. They're gonna hire some hotshot to get her off and she's guilty as hell."
What was your most satisfying case?
The My Lai Massacre case. It was a military trial and they're always the best. Number one, the military jury is disciplined. When they're told, "If you have reasonable doubt, you have to acquit even if you think he did it," they're capable of that. Civilian juries are not. Second, they're all college graduates. Third, they can't hang: two thirds convict; otherwise it's an acquittal. And military courts are very particular not to convict an innocent person because that can destroy morale.
Speaking of innocence, you've said you still believe O.J. Simpson's innocent and that the public didn't get the whole story.
They didn't. They never heard from a number of critical witnesses and the DNA was flawed. The tests that implicated O.J. were in some cases planted and we proved that. In some cases, the work was sloppy and contaminated. The fellow who got the Nobel Prize for inventing PCR [a technique for analyzing tiny specks of DNA] would have testified that these results are worthless. The public never got to see that, nor did they see O.J. testify. He would have been a very credible witness. Everybody I've had him have lunch with has completely turned around. They say, "This guy didn't kill anybody."
Have there been times when you felt guilty clients were lying to you?
If I think my client is lying, I'll get him to take a polygraph or give me a reason why he can't. I got a very high percentage of innocent clients because of my association with the polygraph. For instance, John DeLorean thought about hiring me. Then someone told him, "If you hire Bailey and don't take a lie-detector test, everyone will think you're guilty." And I have strict rules about people who are guilty. Most of them go away when I tell them they can't put on an alibi defense or claim self-defense if it isn't true. They can't commit perjury to raise reasonable doubt.
You spent 44 days in federal prison yourself because you refused to turn over-
I didn't refuse anything. I had encumbered a client's stock [to cover my fee] and the judge gave me 30 days to raise the money to pay off the encumbrance so the stock could go in a [court] bank account until we litigated. I didn't have $3 million so he put me in jail and I raised it from inside the jail. And I'm going to be candid: I do not believe that [I would have gone to jail] except that people were so angry with me over the Simpson verdict.
You've used the media much more than most attorneys.
It's funny: I've had people almost break down my door to get an interview and then write an article saying I used the media. I've tried all kinds of cases where the media didn't bother to show up, so they weren't tracking me-they were tracking cases. And once the media start to report a case, you can either let accusations against your client go unanswered or you can try to mention things the prosecution left out and show why the media ought not to be presuming him guilty.
Your latest book's subtitle is "The Public Passion for Spousal Homicides." You seem to have a passion for those cases yourself.
Getting a bunch of those cases if you're a criminal lawyer isn't unusual. I thought [a book about them] would be interesting, provided it crossed the spectrum from guys who were so reprehensible you'd like to shoot them in open court to people who were absolutely innocent.
Such as?
Dr. Sam Sheppard. The good thing was, by the time I got him out and retried his case everybody knew he was innocent because they thought he was [the star of TV's] The Fugitive and everyone knew he was innocent.
How does your public image differ from the real F. Lee Bailey?
I'll tell you the most common comment: "Gee, I'm surprised to find out you're really a nice guy." People have an image of a brash, aggressive, I'll-cut-you-to-ribbons kind of uncaring lawyer who wins cases even if he shouldn't. Clients find out quickly-that dream world doesn't exist. If the evidence is bad, you're going away.
People that I meet socially generally come to an attenuated view because I'm not terribly impressed by myself and I have a good time doing things a lot of people like to do-particularly in aviation, which is a much more rewarding field than the law. If I had it to do all over again, I would have stuck with aviation from the outset.
To say that after all your success as an attorney is quite something.
Well, in the legal field, we say we're concerned about protecting the innocent but we don't really do a good job of that, even in capital cases. We're turning up people
on death row who couldn't have committed the crime because of new DNA evidence.
In aviation, I have not seen any advocates of the opposite to safety. That's the guiding principle of all certification, operation, regulations and so forth. If something is unsafe, it's verboten. So I think that's a noble enterprise.
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Bachelard, Gaston
Gaston Bachelard 1884-1962
French philosopher and literary critic.
The following entry provides criticism on Bachelard's career from 1961 through 1991.
Bachelard is widely regarded as a major figure in twentieth-century scientific thought and literary criticism. Although relatively obscure outside of his native France, his essays on science, imagination, space, and reverie are a significant contribution to the fields of philosophy and literature. Moreover, some scholars consider him to be one of the greatest psychoanalysts since Sigmund Freud.
Biographical Information
Bachelard was born on June 27, 1884, in Bar-sur-Aube, France. After leaving school, he worked as a postal clerk for nine years. Studying part-time, he earned a degree in mathematics. He served in the French military during World War I then taught natural sciences in Bar-sur-Aube. In 1927 he received his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Paris. Two years later he became a professor of philosophy at Dijon, then at the Sorbonne in 1941. He published his well-known philosophical study, La Psychanalyse du feu (The Psychoanalysis of Fire) in 1938, garnering serious critical attention. He won the Grand Prix for literature in 1961 for his contribution to literature and philosophy. On October 16, 1962, Bachelard died in Paris.
Major Works
A professor of the natural sciences and philosophy, Bachelard focused on the history and philosophy of science early in his career. He was an important figure in the "criticism of science" school, which theorized that the pursuit of scientific knowledge is more than simply observing and analyzing reality because our concept of reality is constantly changing. From there, he began to focus on the creative force of imagination as the key to reality. In La Philosophe du non (1940; The Philosophy of No), he contended that the philosophy of science is polarized between the extremes of rationalism and empiricism. Rather than reject either of these, he attempted to formulate a scientific philosophy that takes both extremes into account. He began to incorporate his scientific philosophy into the study of literature. In La Poétique de l'espace (1957; The Poetics of Space), he offered a phenomenology of poetic image as inner and outer space. Moreover, he considered the image in terms of the "reverberations" it inspired within him. In such works as La Poétique de la rêverie (1960; The Poetics of Reverie) he theorized that since reality is fashioned by imagination, the state of day dreaming, or reverie, is the highest state of mind. He also differentiated between formal and material imagination. In his best known work, The Psychoanalysis of Fire, Bachelard introduced his theory that the four elements—earth, water, fire, and air—embody the creative temperament as well as the basic forms of life. He went on to explore the meanings of these symbols throughout time in world literature. In other works of literary criticism, he traced the use of imagery in the works of such authors as Edgar Allan Poe, Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Baudelaire, and Lautréamont.
Critical Reception
Bachelard is little known outside of his native France. Some scholars have asserted that his contribution to the philosophy of science and literary criticism are so diverse that it is almost impossible to fully evaluate them. The progression of his thought from the philosophy of science to literary criticism has been another area of interest for scholars; The Psychoanalysis of Fire is regarded as a transitional essay and is his best-known study. Commentators note that his theories were greatly influenced by the French philosopher Henri Bergson, and Bachelard's impact on French philosophy and literary criticism has been an area of critical discussion. He earned a reputation as a prolific, influential philosopher and psychoanalyst; his works have been called erudite, complex, and paradoxical. Commentators have also investigated affinities between his philosophies and English with German Romanticism, Symbolism, Surrealism, and Existentialism. Often viewed as one of the most significant philosophers of science and literary criticism of the twentieth century, Bachelard's work on reverie, imagination, and psychoanalysis is often contrasted with that of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.
Principal Works
Etude sur l'evolution d'un probleme de physique: La Propagation thermique dans les solides (essay) 1927
Essai sur la connaissance approchée (essay) 1928
L'Intuition de l'instant (essay) 1932
Le Pluralisme coherent de la chimie moderne (essay) 1932
Les Intuitions atomistiques (essay) 1933
Le Nouvel esprit scientifique (essay) 1934
La Dialectique de la durée [The Dialectic of Duration] (essay) 1936
L'Experience de l'espace dans la physique contemporaine (essay) 1937
La Formation de l'esprit scientifique: Contribution à une psychoanalyse de la connaissance objective (essay) 1938
La Psychanalyse du feu [The Psychoanalysis of Fire] (essay) 1938
Lautréamont (essay) 1940
La Philosophe du non: Essai d'une philosophie du nouvel esprit scientifique [The Philosophy of No: A Philosophy of the New Scientific Mind] (essay) 1940
L'Eau et les rêves: Essai sur l'imagination de la matière [Water and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Matter] (essay) 1942
L'Air et les songes: Essai sur l'imagination du mouvement [Air and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Movement] (essay) 1943
La Terre et les rêveries de la volonté (essay) 1948
La Rationalisme appliqué (essay) 1949
L'Activité rationaliste de la physique contemporaine (essay) 1951
Le Matérialisme rationnel (essay) 1953
La Poétique de l'espace [The Poetics of Space] (essay) 1957
La Terre et les rêveries du repos (essay) 1958
La Poétique de la rêverie [The Poetics of Reverie: Childhood, Language, and the Cosmos] (essay) 1960
La Flamme d'une chandelle [The Flame of a Candle] (essay) 1961
Le Droit de rêver [The Right to Dream] (essay) 1970
Ètudes (essay) 1970
On Poetic Imagination and Reverie (essays) 1971
L'Engagement rationaliste (essay) 1972
C. G. Christofides (essay date February 1961)
SOURCE: Christofides, C. G. "Gaston Bachelard's Phenomenology of the Imagination." Romanic Review 52, no. 1 (February 1961): 36-47.
[In the following essay, Christofides attempts to define Bachelard's esthetic, calling it "a fruitful theoretical statement that has affinities with Symbolist, Surrealist and Existentialist work evoking insights which are partly contingent on the theories of contemporary psychology."]
Gaston Bachelard's lifelong fecund and original investigations into the realm of the imaginary and the stuff of dreams reached a triumphal apogee in 1957 with the publication of a volume on the "poetics of space."1 In a year that watched with exhilarating awe the penetration of space by a humanly-made satellite this was no science-fiction gimmick. It was the natural culmination of a work which for the last two decades had been leading the Sorbonne's philosopher of science not so much away from science as into the mystery of the creative act, the imagination which brings life to the material cause and the nature of oneiric experience.
None but the French academic and journalistic critics and a few literary linguists2 have paid any attention to this philosopher's main body of work, some of them dismissing it as revival of alchemy and magic. In the United States, references to his work can be found in four major articles, two of them by Professor Robert Champigny, himself a Sorbonne product.3 And in general, recognition is vaguely given to Bachelard for being the "philosopher of Surrealism," and for having fathered the phenomenological critics Georges Poulet and Jean-Pierre Richard.4 It is the purpose of this article to seek an esthetic in the scientific and non-scientific writings of Gaston Bachelard. This esthetic is a fruitful theoretical statement that has affinities with Symbolist, Surrealist and Existentialist work, evoking insights which are partly contingent on the theories of contemporary psychology.
For Bachelard, science produces the Cartesian distinction between reason and imagination; he sees here the cleavage that his predecessor at the University of Paris, Léon Brunschvicg, saw between science and perception. Scientific experimentation, which shattered the world of air, earth, fire and water by no longer considering them basic elements of nature, demonstrated the erroneous methods of pre-science. Bachelard's speculations are born of the consideration that what science has destroyed is not error but poetic expansion. It is of little importance that a pre-scientific treatise on fire may tell nothing about fire's natural structure. What is important is revelation about the unconscious of its author, since the elements have never ceased to be fundamental symbols of the imagination. In primitive times, says Bachelard, art, song, caress must have been associated with utilitarian activity in an unbreakable fashion: man is a hand, a language.5 Poetry can rewed what science has put asunder. To avoid dehumanization, the philosopher must seek understanding in the realms of both science and poetry by seeing clearly the relationships between the two activities. After all, argues Bachelard, science does not yield absolute reality, since scientific reality is always open to revision. In its quest of the reasonable, science must constantly admit that which is not amenable to reason. If science were an absolute, it would become contended at a given point of achievement, instead of perpetually negating, in order to be able to affirm. Reality, then, can be seized only in the oscillation between the intuitive and the geometric spirit. Verification is never total; its fragments and generalizations continuously pose new problems, and scientific method must of necessity follow a dual path.6 At the stage of evolution where contemporary science finds itself, the scientist is faced with the renascent need of living and reliving the instant of objectivity, of being ceaselessly at the emerging state of desubjectivation which gives the supreme joy of moving from extroversion to introversion, within a spirit liberated psychoanalytically from the twin slaveries of subject and object.7
But, there is one source in man that is a constant, an absolute, one source that is literally creative (poetic): the source of dreams, images, illusions. "Nous avons la puissance de réveiller des sources,"8 says Bachelard in an admirable sentence. "L'humanité imageante est au delà de la nature naturante."9 With Otto Rank, Bachelard would agree that it is not sufficient to see the importance of the irrational element in human life and point it out in rational terms, but that on the contrary it is necessary not only to live with it but to live it actually.10
The dream is no longer the Bergsonian "détente et chute d'un élan," for oneiric imagination is a "faculté de surhumanité," without which man is not really man.11 If in Bergson's philosophy to dream is to lose the sense of reality, in Bachelard's philosophy to lack the power of the unreal is to be neurotic.12 "L'imagination invente plus que des choses et des drames, elle invente de la vie nouvelle; elle invente de l'esprit nouveau; elle ouvre des yeux qui ont des types nouveaux de vision."13 The spirit must be vision and poetry for reason to be revision and analysis. Dream is not smoke but fire.14 The cogito is an oneiric one. I dream, therefore I am. Dream (not reason or faith) will break the eternal silence of these infinite spaces. The method is that of the alchemist, for whom "tout intérieur est un ventre, un ventre qu'il faut ouvrir. … Avant l'expérience, pour l'inconscient qui rêve, il n'y a pas d'intérieur placide, tranquille, froid. Tout ce qui est caché germine."15 In La Psychanalyse du feu, Bachelard wrote that he was setting out to show how dreaming ceaselessly treats primitive themes, works as a demiurgic soul—against logic and science.16 At a staggering, frightening pace, twentieth-century scientism took less than twenty years to trap Bachelard's vision experimentally. In the University of Chicago's Sleep Laboratory, Professor Nathaniel Kleitman and his associates, by means of an electro-encephalograph and small disk electrodes attached near the eyes and scalp of their subject, have succeeded in registering on moving graph paper the live, pulsating dream, before it has been transformed into memory.17 Science, which, in Sir James Jeans' words, can give very few indications as to the way in which consciousness apprehends the work of art,18 is gradually moving toward the substantiation of this aspect of Bachelard's conceptions. In Physics and Philosophy (1958), Nobel Prize-winning atomic scientist Werner Heisenberg succinctly and eloquently describes the new horizons revealed by Einsteinian science: "The philosophic thesis that all knowledge is ultimately founded in experience has in the end led to a postulate concerning the logical clarification of any statement about nature. Such a postulate may have seemed justified in the period of classical physics, but since quantum theory we have learned that it cannot be fulfilled" (p. 85).
Contemporary literary criticism, never to be outdone by contemporary scientism, accepts, in principle, the validity of Bachelard's probings. For René Wellek and Austin Warren, among the important literary motifs are the supernatural and the non-naturalist or irrational.19 Dorothy Sayers reprimands critics who, to the claim that archetypes bring forth unknown things, base their objection on the ground that these things are not to be found in their personal experience.20 The correctness of speaking of art as dream is admitted by De Witt Parker, because there is "creativeness" in dream.21 T. E. Hulme and Ezra Pound conceived the image as an analogy offered to the senses, expressing vision—the precise moment when a thing outward and objective transforms itself into a thing inward and subjective. T. S. Eliot's "heap of broken images," in the Waste Land, is the objectification of a spiritual situation. Yeats' "unpurged images" in "Byzantium" must be purged to summon the work of art into being. "Most images today," writes William York Tindall, "whether in poem or novel, are allowed to stand alone, teasing our understanding by nondiscursive relationship with what surrounds them."22 This is the temperate, tolerant view, not distant from Professor Helmut Hatzfeld's: "The mark of genius is evident when the oneiric and the realistic style fuse by an interior necessity without any surrealist experimentation involved."23
Margaret Gilman, in her imposing testament, The Idea of Poetry in France,24 has shown that before the middle of the nineteenth century Hugo is almost alone in insisting that the artist's act is to create and to resuscitate, and in defining imagination as the faculty that simultaneously makes images and explores the infinite.25 She might have added Baudelaire's "visionary" Balzac, who wrote in Séraphîta: "… comprends-tu que l'âme seule, élevée à sa toute puissance, résiste à peine, dans le rêve, aux dévorantes communications de l'Esprit?"26 Miss Gilman shows that the dichotomy between matter and form, feeling and reason, was the prevalent artistic attitude in France before Baudelaire. This attitude distrusted imagination, considered it an embellishing rather than an inspirational faculty. Finally, Baudelaire came to ally suggestion with imagination and to enthrone the claims of dream and contemplation, with the creation of correspondences between the horizontal and the transcendental, the inner and the outer worlds. (Imagination, wrote Baudelaire, is the most scientific of all faculties because it alone understands universal analogy.) Imagination and vision were fused with form to create the modernist esthetic.27 Miss Gilman quotes "a modern critic" (Bachelard): "Imagination is not the faculty of forming images of reality: it is the faculty of forming images which go beyond reality, which turn reality into song. It is a superhuman quality."28 This is a formulation reminiscent of Malraux's moving, lyrical sentence on the last page of Les Voix du silence: "… mais il est beau que l'animal qui sait qu'il doit mourir, arrache à l'ironie des nébuleuses le chant des constellations, et qu'il le lance au hasard des siècles, auxquels il imposera des paroles inconnues."
Two strange bedfellows,29 Thierry Maulnier and Henri Peyre, present the positivist rebuttal to activities of the order of Bachelard's investigations. Maulnier, not insensitively, points out that the content of poetry is verbal, not mental, and that its role is not in the vain undertaking of reproducing images formed in the consciousness of the poet, but rather in assembling and ordering words so as to endow them with an inexhaustible power of incantation.30 Needless to state this is neither revelatory nor original, if one remembers that when these lines were published, the Abbé Bremond had been dead for six years. Henri Peyre's abolition of the dominant esthetic of his times, if no more clarifying, is as damning as it is puzzling: "The sacrosanct phrases of modern pedants, 'levels of meaning,' 'formal patterns,' 'symbols' and, worst of all, 'myth,' which have marred much German and American fiction seem to have left not only critics but, more fortunately, novelists in France untainted."31 Exit Bachelard. More important, out go Camus and scenes from the novels of Malraux, Mauriac and Bernanos. Indeed, Bachelard's most lasting achievement may well be his sincere effort to understand and explain what modern artistic sensibility has wrought: Nerval's organic, life-infusing function of dream, the dream which in Aurélia he called a second life; Baudelaire's "many other" images in "Le Cygne"; Verlaine's "beaux yeux derrière des voiles"; Rimbaud's chaotic reconstruction of a primitive world; Mallarmé's cigar smoke rings that abolish each other, leaving behind them but ashes; Valéry's "être" and "nonêtre"; René Clair's "unreal" cinematographic attempts; Cézanne's, Picasso's and Braque's decomposition and recomposition of their universe, not to reproduce what is visible but to render visible; Apollinaire, Cocteau, Giraudoux, Fargue, Eluard, Supervielle.32
In six books devoted to "material imagination," two to earth,33 one to fire, air, water and space, Bachelard gradually abandons pre-scientific literature for imaginative literature, especially poetry. He traces poetic imagery to some of its unconscious archetypes, to show the tangibility of both dream and matter, and to advance the theory that the gap between mind and environment is bridged whether the image-making faculties take on an active or a passive direction—reveries of will or reveries of repose—but that the image perceived and the image created are two different psychic moments. Bachelard asks that to understand his work, traditional considerations of imagery as the effect of perception be forgotten. Imagination, then, becomes itself creator, no longer linking fragments of perceived reality, but preceding thought, not exhausted at the moment of the birth of the image (whose creation is the release of psychic tensions). Surrealism, or imagination in action, seeks the new image by virtue of a thrust of renewal. The awakened dream takes its flight in the face of the elements: the resistance of matter increases the reactive capacity of the subject's imaginary forces and excites the...
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Jacques Ehrmann (essay date December 1966)
SOURCE: Ehrmann, Jacques. "Introduction to Gaston Bachelard." MLN 81, no. 5 (December 1966): 572-78.
[In the following essay, Ehrmann traces the different phases of Bachelard's career.]
Before dealing with Bachelard, the literary critic, it seems relevant to recall that he was formerly a philosopher of sciences. He had already spent an important part of his career writing books and essays on scientific topics when, in 1938, he undertook his first "literary" work. This change, which appears so radical and of which there are very few examples in our modern times of intense specialization, concerns only the object of his inquiry (literature instead of science),...
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Ronald Grimsley (essay date March 1971)
SOURCE: Grimsley, Ronald. "Two Philosophical Views of the Literary Imagination: Sartre and Bachelard." Comparative Literature Studies 8, no. 1 (March 1971): 42-57.
[In the following essay, Grimsley compares the role of the imagination in the philosophy of Jean Paul Sartre and Bachelard.]
Whereas any attempt to clarify the relationship between philosophy and literature has to reckon with the fundamental and obvious difference between literary creation and reflective analysis, the bearing of philosophy on literary criticism seems at first sight easier to understand and justify. On the one hand, the writer derives his initial inspiration from within his own...
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Neil Forsyth (essay date 1971)
SOURCE: Forsyth, Neil. "Gaston Bachelard's Theory of the Poetic Imagination: Psychoanalysis to Phenomenology." In The Quest for Imagination: Essays in Twentieth-Century Aesthetic Criticism, edited by O. B. Hardison, Jr., pp. 225-53. Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1971.
[In the following essay, Forsyth provides an overview of Bachelard's critical approach to the concept of imagination, asserting that his development progressed "from the objectivity of psychoanalysis to the subjectivity of phenomenology."]
When Gaston Bachelard died in 1962, he was probably best known to students of the philosophy of science for his work in the...
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Edward K. Kaplan (essay date September 1972)
SOURCE: Kaplan, Edward K. "Gaston Bachelard's Philosophy of Imagination: An Introduction." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 33, no. 1 (September 1972): 1-24.
[In the following essay, Kaplan surveys the major points of Bachelard's writings on imagination.]
The academic career of Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) was devoted to epistemology and the history and philosophy of science.1 A militant rationalist and materialist concerning science, Bachelard also indulged his rich imagination in a series of studies on imagination, from The Psychoanalysis of Fire (1938) to The Poetics of Reverie (1960).2 These essays examine the images...
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Roch Smith (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: Smith, Roch. "Gaston Bachelard and the Power of Poetic Being." French Literature Series 4 (1977): 234-38.
[In the following essay, Smith examines the relationship between Bachelard's works on science and on the imagination.]
A major feature of Gaston Bachelard's epistemological work is his observation that modern science, in its search for knowledge, goes beyond immediate reality. In Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique, for instance, he points out that "L'observation scientifique … transcende l'immédiat; elle reconstruit le réel après avoir reconstruit ses schémas."1 Through mathematics, science creates a world that shakes our faith in...
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Roch C. Smith (essay date fall 1981)
SOURCE: Smith, Roch C. "Gaston Bachelard and Critical Discourse: The Philosopher of Science as Reader." Stanford French Review 5, no. 2 (fall 1981): 217-28.
[In the following essay, Smith provides an assessment of Bachelard's contribution to critical discourse.]
Usually original, often provocative, Bachelard's quarter century of work on the literary imagination has itself caught the imagination of numerous critics and imitators who would apply his approach to other texts. This is particularly true of his works on the imagination of elements, or simply the "Elements," as I shall call them here.1 Some of the early adaptations of Bachelard's...
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Mary McAllester (essay date April 1984)
SOURCE: McAllester, Mary. "Bachelard Twenty Years On: An Assessment." Revue de Litterature Comparee 58, no. 2 (April 1984): 165-76.
[In the following essay, McAllester evaluates Bachelard's legacy as critic and philosopher.]
Bachelard died in October 1962, leaving us a rich and singular legacy: some ninety publications in all, and twenty-three books—twelve on the philosophy of modern science, two on time and consciousness, nine on poetic imagination—published between 1928 and 1961, and a tenth book on poetry left unfinished when he died. What has become of this legacy in the last twenty years? Many have expressed their debt to Bachelard's books on poetic...
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Dennis Patrick Slattery (essay date fall 1985)
SOURCE: Slattery, Dennis Patrick. "Imagining the Stuff of the World: Reflections on Gaston Bachelard and Ivan Illich." New Orleans Review 12, no. 3 (fall 1985): 81-7.
[In the following essay, Slattery finds parallels between the philosophy of the imagination in Bachelard's Water and Dreams and Ivan Illich's H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness.]
Have we forgotten the elements of the world, those aspects of the world's body that connect us to things on a level more intimate and important than that of simple possession? And culturally, have we moderns become suspicious of, if not overtly distrusting of, the imagination and its place within the ecology of...
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Margaret R. Higonnet (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: Higonnet, Margaret R. "Bachelard and the Romantic Imagination." Cahiers Roumains d'Etudes Litteraires 1 (1987): 92-109.
[In the following essay, Higonnet notes the contradictions in Bachelard's ideas about imagination and investigates the influence of Romantic theories on his work.]
The coherence of Gaston Bachelard's ideas about imagination, has long eluded students of his work. Because of his shifts in critical approach, a debate has arisen over what system, if any, governs his meditations on poetic imagery.
The problem requires a comparative approach, since Bachelard's work is rooted in the poetics and poetry of English and German...
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Edward K. Kaplan (essay date winter 1987-1988)
SOURCE: Kaplan, Edward K. "The Writing Cure: Gaston Bachelard on Baudelaire's Ambivalent Harmonies." Symposium 41, no. 4 (winter 1987-1988): 278-91.
[In the following essay, Kaplan maintains that "Bachelard's special focus on images of ambivalence in Charles Baudelaire's poetry, and their aesthetic resolution of existentially insurmountable contradictions, points to the energetic center of both philosopher and poet."]
Gaston Bachelard's brief, incisive, suggestive, and sometimes incomplete analyses of Baudelaire illuminate the philosopher's preoccupation with writing as a cure for death anxiety and essential solitude. As both theoretician and literary...
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Martin Bidney (essay date summer 1988)
SOURCE: Bidney, Martin. "'A Dream' as Key to a Reverie Pattern in Matthew Arnold: Interactions of Water and Fire." Victorian Poetry 26, nos. 1-2 (summer 1988): 45-60.
[In the following essay, Bidney applies a Bachelardian "elemental" approach to fire and water images in Matthew Arnold's poetry.]
Gaston Bachelard, in his work on the phenomenology of reverie, focuses attention on the power of the primal elements—earth, water, air and fire—to shape and animate recurrent patterns of epiphanic experience in the visions of major poetic seers.1 Patterns of Arnoldian reverie have of course attracted the interest of many critics, and have been...
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Jonathan Culler (essay date 1988)
SOURCE: Culler, Jonathan. "Bachelard's Images." In Framing the Sign: Criticism and Its Institutions, pp. 96-106. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
[In the following essay, Culler judges Bachelard's overall contribution to science and literary criticism, contending that "the diversity of his accomplishments makes Bachelard difficult to assess and contributes to the neglect of his ideas."]
At the time of his death in 1962, Gaston Bachelard was France's leading historian and philosopher of science as well as one of its most original and influential literary critics; but to pupils and colleagues he was a moral and philosophic example, a patriarch,...
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Martin Nakell (essay date fall 1988)
SOURCE: Nakell, Martin. "The Last Image." New Orleans Review 15, no. 3 (fall 1988): 49-59.
[In the following essay, Nakell uses Bachelard's psychoanalytic criticism to interpret the image and its origins, and investigates his concept of reverie.]
Well they'd made up their minds to be everywhere because why not. Everywhere was theirs because they thought so. They with two leaves they whom the birds despise. In the middle of stones they made up their minds. They started to cut.
Well they cut everything because why not. Everything was theirs because they thought so. It fell into its shadows and they took both away. Some to have some for...
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Don Johnson (essay date 1991)
SOURCE: Johnson, Don. "The Appalachian Homeplace as Oneiric House." In The Poetics of Appalachian Space, edited by Parks Lanier, Jr., pp. 40-9. Knoxville, Tenn.: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991.
[In the following essay, Johnson applies Bachelard's theories of "felicitous" space to the Appalachian experience, focusing on the work of Jim Wayne Miller's The Mountains Have Come Closer.]
The exploration of "felicitous space" undertaken by Gaston Bachelard in The Poetics of Space becomes especially poignant when applied to the Appalachian experience. In Appalachia the oneiric house is frequently a rotting cabin in a remote "holler" that loggers...
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Further Reading
Basalla, George. Review of The Philosophy of No: A Philosophy of the New Scientific Mind, by Gaston Bachelard. Library Journal 93, no. 9 (1 May 1968): 1905.
Favorable review of The Philosophy of No.
Review of The Poetics of Reverie, by Gaston Bachelard. Kirkus Review 37, no. 18 (15 September 1969): 1035.
Calls The Poetics of Reverie "erudite, richly suggestive, but vaporous in meaning."
Knapp, Bettina L. Review of On Poetic Imagination and Reverie, by Gaston Bachelard. Library Journal 97, no. 8 (15 April 1972): 1436.
(The entire section is 133 words.)