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Legal Memorandum #89 on Legal Issues
December 4, 2012
December 4, 2012 | Legal Memorandum on Legal Issues
The growth in criminal law today reflects a divergence from its treatment early in our republic and under traditional common law rules of Anglo–American culture. This is most evident in such areas as overfederalization of criminal law and the dilution of the "guilty mind" requirement. Yet there is one area in which this divergence is particularly acute that has not received the same attention: the atrophying of the executive's pardon power. Properly understood, the pardon power is one of the great bulwarks of individual liberty. It is, in effect, the personification of the government acting as a check on the institutions of the government. Leaders today would do well to remember the value of the pardon power and restore it to its former prominence.
The growth in criminal law today reflects a divergence from its treatment early in our republic and under the traditional common law rules of Anglo–American culture. We have, for example, diluted the traditional requirement that criminal acts required a criminal intent.[2] We have expanded concepts of civil liability and wrongdoing into the criminal sphere such that those who cause an injury that traditionally required compensation are now jailed.[3] We have seen the federalization of criminal laws, formerly thought of as the proper domain of the state's police power.[4] And we have diverged from the Founders' conception of the separation of powers, allowing the devolution of unchecked authority to unelected prosecutors without the oversight of the other branches of government.[5]
But there is yet another way in which criminal justice no longer resembles the justice system that the Founders would recognize: the atrophying of the executive's pardon power. For much of America's history, the President used his pardon power to correct wrongs, forgive transgressors, and temper justice with mercy.[6] Governors likewise used their power to prevent the perpetuation of an injustice.[7]
Today, those instincts have died, buried under a legacy of prosecutorial zeal and a fear of adverse political criticism.[8] That is a shame, for the pardon power, properly understood, is one of the great bulwarks of individual liberty. It is, in effect, the personification of the government acting as a check on the institutions of the government. Leaders today would do well to remember the value of the pardon power and restore it to its former prominence.
How the American legal system and its Founders treated the pardon authority is (and ought to be) relevant to both policymakers and jurists alike—those charged with developing and interpreting contemporary American criminal statutes. For example, if Americans were to conclude that the Founding generation was skeptical of the exercise of pardon authority, then we might approve of our current practice of limiting clemency. Conversely, if we were to conclude that the exercise of the pardon authority was more frequent and linked to intentionality of conduct, we might develop a greater skepticism of, say, the movement toward felony punishment for simple negligence offenses, and we might be curious about the current disuse of clemency in modern America.
At the time the Constitution was framed, the pardon was conceived of as having a dual purpose both as a political means of ameliorating dissent,[9] broadly understood, and as a moral expression of just deserts.[10] There was, in the Founders' conception, a link between criminal liability and some form of moral blameworthiness—a link that led to mitigation of punishment where criminal intent was lacking.
The presidential power to pardon is granted under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution: "The President...shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment."[11] The text does not provide any standard for the presidential exercise of this power. For all it appears, the power can be exercised for any reason or no reason at all.[12] Substantively, there is only one limitation: impeached officeholders cannot be pardoned.
What is the purpose of such a broad and unfettered pardon power? It was considered essential for both normative reasons of justice and utilitarian reasons of power. First, the pardon power coincided with the Founders' conception of justice. As Alexander Hamilton put it in Federalist No. 74:
The criminal code of every country partakes so much of necessary severity, that without an easy access to exceptions in favor of unfortunate guilt, justice would wear a countenance too sanguinary and cruel. As the sense of responsibility is always strongest in proportion as it is undivided, it may be inferred that a single man would be most ready to attend to the force of those motives, which might plead for a mitigation of the rigor of the law, and least apt to yield to considerations, which were calculated to shelter a fit object of its vengeance. The reflection that the fate of a fellow creature depended on his sole fiat, would naturally inspire scrupulousness and caution: The dread of being accused of weakness or connivance, would beget equal circumspection, though of a different kind.[13]
Thus, Hamilton concluded, "Humanity and good policy conspire to dictate, that the benign prerogative of pardoning should be as little as possible fettered or embarrassed."
Hamilton was not alone in his view that the purpose of the pardon power is to temper justice with mercy. Chief Justice John Marshall said much the same thing: "A pardon is an act of grace, proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws, which exempts the individual, on whom it is bestowed, from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed."[14]
But pardons were also seen as playing a practical role in public policy. Here is Hamilton on the use of pardons as a critical component of reconciliation: "In seasons of insurrection or rebellion, there are often critical moments, when a well timed offer of pardon to the insurgents or rebels may restore the tranquility of the commonwealth."[15] Likewise, James Wilson argued during the Constitutional Convention that a "pardon before conviction might be necessary in order to obtain the testimony of accomplices."[16]
For public policy reasons, as much as anything else, President George Washington granted an amnesty to those who participated in the Whiskey Rebellion,[17] and Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson did the same for Confederate soldiers who fought in the Civil War.[18] Indeed, this aspect of the pardon was used relatively recently when Gerald Ford pardoned President Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam-era draft evaders.[19]
For the Founders, therefore, the pardon power was an authority that was both utilitarian in nature and an effort to develop a constitutional conception of just deserts. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes put it, "A pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power. It is a part of the constitutional scheme."[20]
Indeed, as Akhil Reed Amar has noted in his history of the American Constitution, the federal pardon power was far broader than that possessed by state governors.[21] The governor of Massachusetts, for example, could issue a pardon only with "the advice" of a legislatively chosen council. New York's governor could not pardon before trial and, for murder and treason, could only suspend a sentence pending legislative review of the matter. For this reason, Amar characterizes the pardon power as one of the "threads that defined America's presidency" and allowed for decisiveness of action and the unity of executive power.
The conception of the pardon as an exercise of justice found a ready echo in some of the early enactments of the new federal government. The most prominent example was the Mitigation and Remittance Act of 1790.[22] About one year earlier, Congress had enacted a number of forfeiture provisions and penalties relating to the avoidance of customs duties. For example, it was unlawful to unload a ship after dark (an act that might facilitate the evasion of tariffs) or without a license (an early example of a malum prohibitum crime).[23] Other early customs penalties imposed fines or forfeiture for failing to get clearance to sail[24] and departing without a manifest.[25]
Within a year, however, it became apparent that a number of ship owners had incurred liability for penalties or forfeitures principally through ignorance of the recently enacted customs regulations, tariffs, and duties.[26] The First Congress provided a means of mitigating the punishments (in effect, a statutory pardon) with district judges finding the facts of the matter and reporting on them to the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary, in turn, had the "power to mitigate or remit" any penalty "if in his opinion the same was incurred without willful[l] negligence or any intention or fraud."[27] In other words, Congress recognized that it had created criminal liability where intent might be lacking and provided a mechanism for the mitigation of punishment for those deemed to lack criminal intent.[28]
The sentiment behind mitigating penalties when criminal intent was lacking was no stray or isolated thought. Indeed, it survived even in times of conflict on the brink of war. In 1800, when Congress passed a law suspending commerce with France, it imposed a series of penalties and forfeitures to enforce the adopted restrictions.[29] Yet even here, in the midst of heightened tensions, Congress also saw fit to extend the provisions of the Mitigation and Remittance Act and apply them to "all penalties and forfeitures incurred by force of this act."[30]
The same was true nine years later, in 1809, when Congress imposed an embargo on trade with Great Britain in the run-up to the War of 1812.[31] Though the embargo was a critical component of American opposition to British actions on the high seas, the mitigation and remittance provisions were again adopted to excuse those who acted without willful negligence or the intent to defraud.[32]
Finally, a broad acceptance of the pardon power can be seen throughout the early practice of the republic. Although Washington and John Adams made little use of the pardon power (16 and 21 pardon statements, respectively), other early Presidents were far more generous with their mercy.[33] Thomas Jefferson signed at least 119 pardon statements; James Madison, 196 (or possibly 202, the records are unclear); James Monroe, 419; and John Quincy Adams, 183.[34] Plainly, the pardon was a regular aspect of the criminal justice system early in American history.
Today, the pardon power is seldom used. While the Constitution places no significant limitations on the ability of a President to grant pardons, Presidents have come to issue fewer and fewer of them over the years. Abraham Lincoln granted more than 200 pardons in his first two years in office.[35] He once granted clemency to 62 deserters in a single day.[36]
The commonplace of 150 years ago is the exception today. The Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) keeps statistics on the issuance of pardons over time that reflect this decline.[37] At the start of the 20th century, Presidents routinely granted between 100 and 200 pardons every year. As recently as 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt granted 204 pardons in his first year in office. By contrast, President George W. Bush granted only 200 pardons or commutations during his entire eight-year term. And in his first three years in office, President Barack Obama granted only 22 pardons along with one grant of clemency.
This is all the more stunning a figure when one considers the radical growth in federal prosecutions. President Obama's 22 pardons are but a miniscule fraction of the 200,000 federal prisoners today: Indeed, strictly speaking, since all of President Obama's pardons have been granted to those who had already served their term of imprisonment, not a single individual has been released from prison by virtue of a presidential pardon in the Obama Administration. By contrast, in the early 1900s, when fewer than 10,000 federal prisoners were incarcerated nationwide,[38] pardons averaged roughly 300 each year.[39] Both in absolute terms and, far more notably, as a percentage, the rate of pardons has decreased significantly.
Though many theories for this decline can be offered, the most plausible is that the atrophy of the pardon power arises from its institutionalization. Before the Office of the Pardon Attorney was established, Presidents considered pardons individually, often on their own time. Now the pardon attorney is resident in the Department of Justice and assists the President in reviewing requests for pardons according to a settled guideline.[40] These recommendations from the pardon attorney are just that—recommendations and nothing more. The President is not required to follow them and retains full pardon authority. And yet it would be a bold—or a foolhardy—President who overrode the recommendations of his pardon attorney.[41]
More important, the advent of a pardon attorney has institutionalized the hostility of prosecutors to exercises of the pardon power. When the President exercised the pardon power directly or, more recently, when he reviewed recommendations made by the Attorney General, pardon applications were examined with two views in mind. To be sure, they brought the perspective of law enforcement officers sworn to uphold the law and take care that federal criminal statutes are faithfully executed. But, as political actors, the President and the Attorney General also brought to the review a more finely tuned sense of political judgment and a generalized appreciation for the American body politic and its sensitivity to criminal law.
That has changed. In the late 1970s, Attorney General Griffin Bell delegated the recommendation role to the same officials who made prosecution policy.[42] This has had the natural tendency of modifying the DOJ's approach to pardon applications: They are now seen as a challenge to an Administration's law enforcement policy rather than as an effort to individualize justice.
Under President Ronald Reagan, this trend only accelerated as a tighter control of pardon authority was instituted in order to ensure that the policy "better reflect[ed] his administration's philosophy toward crime."[43] This approach is not "wrong" as a matter of philosophy; however, using career prosecutors to screen pardon application[44] has the natural tendency of subjecting pardon applications to greater scrutiny with less lenity to be expected, because career prosecutors (like any human beings) are products of their culture and less likely to see flaws in the actions of their colleagues.
In addition, political considerations give the legislator every incentive to be overinclusive in crafting criminal laws rather than underinclusive.[45] The same political impulse tends to limit the willingness to use the powers of clemency.
Indeed, if any proof that the political winds disfavored mercy were thought necessary, the recent experiences of former Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour demonstrate the point.[46] Barbour, widely regarded as a conservative executive, granted more than 200 pardons as his term as governor neared its conclusion. More than 25 of these pardons were to individuals still serving terms of imprisonment, and a few were even for individuals convicted of violent murders.
Though sometimes couched as a legal dispute,[47] the hailstorm of criticism that rained down on Governor Barbour had, one suspects, far more to do with a generalized objection to the use of a pardon authority to show mercy than it did to any real concern about the legal niceties of the mechanism by which the pardons were granted. Governor Barbour has defended his actions, but at some significant cost to his political reputation.[48]
How, then, to navigate the Scylla and Charybdis of pardons—allowing the invocation of mercy and the amelioration of an excessive criminal code while avoiding the specter of lawless, unprincipled, and, in some cases, overly politicized exercise of the pardon power?
In an ideal world, the need for clemency would exist at the margins of the law to take care of extraordinary cases. This would be the result of a well-developed and well-regulated, moderate criminal law. As the philosopher Cesare Beccaria put it while opposing the power of a pardon as a lawless exercise, "Clemency is...a virtue which ought to shine in the code, and not in private judgment."[49]
Sadly, America's current system does not see the judicious application of punishment as a virtue. Rather, it has become a system where being a criminal no longer requires criminal intent and where traditional concepts of responsibility for the acts of another have become subsumed within amorphous doctrines with names like "responsible corporate officer."[50] In short, within the confines of our prosecutorial structures, there is no virtue of clemency.
Reinvigorating that spirit is urgently required, both as a practical matter and as a matter of fidelity to the original Founders' understanding of the proper scope of criminal law. But we cannot get there with the current architecture of pardon review. It simply is asking too much for DOJ prosecutors to review their own work.
On the other hand, no matter how much an originalist might wish for a return to limited government, it is also asking too much for us to expect a President to find time to personally conduct an independent inquiry and consider every application for a pardon or the commutation of a sentence. That just is not feasible at this juncture.
What is needed is an institutional solution that honors the Founders' expectation of personal justice and political reality. The institution should therefore reflect the sentiments of its presidential sponsor while affording the President a realistic and unbiased opportunity to review cases and make an informed decision. The current institutional solution—locating the Office of the Pardon Attorney under the Deputy Attorney General in the Department of Justice and staffing it with a career prosecutor—does not meet this need.
The pardon authority is an unfettered executive power. The President needs no statutory authority to change how he administers pardons and reviews clemency applications. He is free to change the current rules as and when he sees fit. If the current Administration (or any Administration, for that matter) wanted to reinvigorate the pardon power and return it to its original function, it would:
Doing either or both of these things would alleviate most of the systemic problems that plague the current way in which the pardon process is implemented. Moving the office outside of the Department of Justice would restore the pardon function to its traditional status as an exercise of pure presidential authority. Including staff who are not exclusively career prosecutors would bring a more balanced perspective to the decision-making and eliminate the natural and understandable institutional tendency of prosecutors to be confident in the rectitude of their own judgment.
The location of the reinvigorated office is, naturally, capable of some debate. Placing it in the Executive Office of the President would return the pardon to its original status as a matter of the personal judgment of the President. It would also greatly diminish concerns that agents and prosecutors are strongly motivated to defend their investigative and charging decisions.
But placing the Pardon Attorney in the White House might be seen as further politicizing the process rather than dealing with those concerns. The alternate compromise, which might be a "best of both worlds" solution, would staff the Office of the Pardon Attorney with professionals from various fields but place the office as part of the Attorney General's office, with the Pardon Attorney reporting directly to the Attorney General without going through the Deputy Attorney General. An alternative might be to have the Pardon Office be a separate independent agency (much like the Sentencing Commission).
If the President were to delegate the initial review of clemency applications to this new Pardon Office, we just might see a positive result: the amelioration of harsh justice in America today and the restoration of a traditional conception of presidential power.
—Paul Rosenzweig is a Visiting Fellow in the Center for Legal & Judicial Studies and in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. He served previously as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy at the Department of Homeland Security.
Show references in this report
[1] A longer version of this paper will appear as Rosenzweig, Reflections on the Atrophying Pardon Power, 102 J. Crim. L. & Criminology. (2012) (forthcoming). My thanks to the participants in the conference at Northwestern, where I delivered an earlier version of this paper, and to the staff of the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (most particularly Ms. Jennifer Won) for their helpful comments and editorial suggestions.
[2] Paul Rosenzweig, The History of Criminal Law, in One Nation Under Arrest 127, 139–143 (Paul Rosenzweig & Brian Walsh eds., 2010).
[3] A classic example of the criminalization of formerly civil offenses was United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975), imposing criminal liability on the manager of a food storage warehouse company for maintaining unsanitary conditions.
[4] One example of the phenomenon, subject to the limitation of the Commerce Clause power, was Congress's effort to make all violence against women a federal offense. See United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
[5] Brian W. Walsh & Benjamin P. Keane, Overcriminalization and the Constitution, Heritage Found. Legal Memorandum, Apr. 13, 2011, available at http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pdf/lm64.pdf.
[6] Margaret C. Love, The Twilight of the Pardon Power, 100 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1169, 1169 (2010) ("For most of our nation's history, the president's constitutional pardon power has been used with generosity and regularity to correct systemic injustices and to advance the executive's policy goals.").
[7] Joanna M. Huang, Correcting Mandatory Injustice: Judicial Recommendation of Executive Clemency, 60 Duke L.J. 131, 133 (2010) ("Executive clemency['s]…flexible and broad nature allows the president and state governors to pardon or commute sentences at will, including those sentenced during the mandatory-injustice period.").
[8] A recent example of which was the decision of Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour to pardon more than 200 during his last days in office—a decision that generated a firestorm of criticism. See infra notes 46–48.
[9] See Kathleen M. Ridolfi, Not Just an Act of Mercy: The Demise of Post-Conviction Relief and a Rightful Claim to Clemency, 24 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 43, 50 (1998) ("[T]he Framers, themselves steeped in the tradition of English law, were in substantial agreement about the need for an executive pardoning power and favored its adoption…. [A]n executive pardon would allow the President to heal the country in times of civil unrest, thereby protecting national security.").
[10] See Mark Strasser, The Limits of the Clemency Power on Pardons, Retributivists, and the United States Constitution, 41 Brandeis L.J. 85, 89 (2002) ("[P]ardons may be issued when justice would otherwise not be served either because the sentence was too harsh or because the person was wrongly convicted.").
[11] U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1.
[12] Indeed, even Bill Clinton's infamous pardon of donor Marc Rich did not violate the Constitution. To be sure, it was contrary to every understanding of good governance (the selling of justice has been anathema at least since the Magna Carta). See Magna Carta ch. 40 (1215) ("To none will we sell, to none will we deny, to none will we delay right or justice"). But no constitutional barrier to the exercise is apparent. See Albert W. Alschuler, Bill Clinton's Parting Pardon Party, 100 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1131, 1168 (2010).
[13] The Federalist No. 74 (Alexander Hamilton).
[14] United States v. Wilson, 32 U.S. 150, 160 (1833).
[15] The Federalist No. 74 (Alexander Hamilton).
[16] Madison Debates August 27, Yale Law Sch., http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_827.asp (last visited Feb. 27, 2012). The practice that has arisen regarding the compulsion of testimony under a grant of immunity (e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 6002 (2006)) makes this particular ground for the pardon power a historical curiosity.
[17] Jonathan T. Menitove, Note, The Problematic Presidential Pardon: A Proposal for Reforming Federal Clemency, 3 Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 447, 452 (2009) ("[T]he President's ability to pardon federal offenders swiftly has helped to heal the nation and serve the public interest. George Washington used the first presidential pardon in 1795 when he granted amnesty to participants in the Whiskey Rebellion.").
[18] Id. ("Perhaps the best known examples of the presidential pardon being employed to restore tranquility to the nation arose during and after the Civil War. In 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation of general amnesty to those who rebelled against the Union; President Andrew Johnson, on Christmas Day 1868, pardoned Jefferson Davis and other confederate soldiers in what one scholar has called 'the most salient exercise of executive clemency to date.'") (citation omitted).
[19] Id. at 453 ("Similarly, on his first full day in office, Jimmy Carter pardoned those who had evaded the draft during the Vietnam War in an effort to 'bind the wounds that an unpopular war had inflicted on society and on its young people, so that healing could begin.'") (citation omitted).
[20] Biddle v. Perovich, 274 U.S. 480, 486 (1926).
[21] Akhil Reed Amar, America's Constitution 189 (2006).
[22] Mitigation and Remittance Act of 1790, ch. 11, 1 Stat. 122.
[23] Act of Jul. 31, 1789, ch. 5, 1 Stat. 29.
[24] Act of Sept. 1, 1789, ch. 11, 1 Stat. 55.
[25] 1 Stat. at 63.
[26] David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress 50–51 (1997).
[27] 1 Stat. 122, 122–23. Although initially passed as a temporary measure, the provision suspending operation of the Act was repealed in 1800, making the underlying provision a permanent part of the law. Act of Feb. 17, 1800, ch. 6, 2 Stat. 7.
[28] See David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The First Congress and the Structure of Government, 1789–1791, 2 U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable 161, 213 (1995); see also David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: Substantive Issues in the First Congress, 1789–1791, 61 U. Chi. L. Rev. 775, 827 (1994) ("Congress perceived no constitutional impediment to this convenient use of judicial officers for purely administrative purposes." (citation omitted)).
[29] Act of Feb. 27, 1800, ch. 10, 2 Stat. 7.
[30] Id. § 9.
[31] Act of Jan. 9, 1809, ch. 5, 2 Stat. 506.
[32] Id. § 12.
[33] P. S. Ruckman, Jr., Policy as an Indicator of "Original Understanding": Executive Clemency in the Early Republic (1789–1817), at 6–7 (Nov. 1994) (paper presented to Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association), available at http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/Paper7.pdf.
[34] Actual pardon numbers are difficult to state with certainty, both because of the age of the records and because early Presidents frequently made pardon or clemency grants to a number of people in a single instrument. In general, the actual number of people receiving pardons is greater than the number of pardon signing statements: For example, Madison's approximately 200 pardon statements granted relief to more than 250 individuals. The data offered in the text are taken from id. at 7; P. S. Ruckman, Jr., Federal Executive Clemency in United States, 1789–1995: A Preliminary Report 16 tbl.2 (Nov. 1995) (paper presented to Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association) (on file with the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology).
[35] Love, supra note 6, at 1170 (citing P. S. Ruckman, Jr. & David Kincaid, Inside Lincoln's Clemency Decision Making, 29 Presidential Stud. Q. 84 (1999)).
[36] Ruckman & Kincaid, supra note 35, at 85.
[37] All data in the text are taken from the Office of the Pardon Attorney, U.S. Dep't of Just., Clemency Statistics, http://www.justice.gov/pardon/statistics.htm (last visited March 28, 2012).
[38] For example, in 1925, only 6,430 prisoners were incarcerated in federal prisons. See Langan, Fundis, Greenfield & Schneider, Historical Statistics on Prisoners in State and Federal Insitutions, Yearend 1925–86, Table 1 (Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1988), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/digitization/111098ncjrs.pdf.
[39] Love, supra note 6, at 1188.
[41] President Clinton, for example. See Alschuler, supra note 12, at 1136–60 (detailing numerous questionable, end-of-term pardons issued by President Clinton).
[42] See Love, supra note 6 at 1197.
[43] Pete Earley, Presidents Set Own Rules on Granting Clemency, Wash. Post, Mar. 19, 1984, at A17 (quoting David C. Stephenson, Acting U.S. Pardon Attorney).
[44] All but a handful of the individuals officially responsible for approving Justice Department clemency recommendations since 1983 have been former federal prosecutors. See Margaret Colgate Love, Fear of Forgiving: Rule and Discretion in the Practice of Pardoning, 13 Fed. Sent'g Rep. 125, 132 n.23 (2001).
[45] Paul Larkin, Overcriminalization: The Legislative Side of the Problem, Heritage Found. Legal Memorandum, Dec. 13, 2011, 1, available at http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/12/overcriminalization-the-legislative-side-of-the-problem.
[46] There are hundreds of reports of the controversy generated by the Governor's pardons. One example: Richard Fausset, Pardons Could Haunt Barbour, L.A. Times, Jan. 13, 2012, at A1.
[47] The Mississippi Supreme Court has agreed to resolve the legal question surrounding proper notice to be a valid pardon. See Miss. High Court Steps into Flap Over Pardons, USA Today, Feb. 2, 2012, at A3.
[48] Not everyone was opposed to the pardons. For one of the few editorials in support of Governor Barbour, see A Quality of Mercy in Haley Barbour's Pardons, Christian Sci. Monitor (Jan. 24. 2012), http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2012/0124/A-quality-of-mercy-in-Haley-Barbour-s-pardons.
[49] C. B. Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishment 158 (photo. reprint 1953) (2d ed. 1819).
[50] The responsible corporate officer doctrine, first developed in United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943) and United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975), stands broadly for the proposition that a corporate officer can be convicted of a crime even though he took no direct part in its commission if he stands in some "responsible relationship" to the criminal actions (as, for example, if he has a duty and capability of preventing their occurrence). See generally, Corporate Crime: Regulating Corporate Behavior Through Criminal Sanction: Standards of Liability, 92 Harv. L. Rev. 1243, 1263–64 (1979).


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Cuba as a Classroom
Annual summer trips educate University of Arizona students about the culture, politics and daily life of an isolated island nation.
Annual summer trips educate University of Arizona students about the culture, politics and daily life of an isolated island nation.
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"It's a film about the tragedy of idealism," says director of Tatanka, one of the films featured at the Loft Film Festival.
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text:
Regardless of what people tell me. I plant whatever comes to mind.
Sometimes knowledge holds us back.
lavender flourishes in dry limestone soil. what ever we grow the deer eat unless it is fenced off.ReplyDelete
Actually the lavender I'm growing is in a pot with miracle grow. The stuff in the ground isn't doing so well.Delete
Yes, I thought lavendar was one that did well in Arizona--wish I lived near so I could come and steal a tomato or two!ReplyDelete
You'd have a fight on your hands. I protect my tomatoes!l lolDelete
I don't know. People keep telling me it can't be grown here in the desert at least. Oh well.ReplyDelete
Wow! Nice garden!ReplyDelete
Wow! Nice garden! amyReplyDelete
I love those blue shoes and your refusal to take "can't" as a not possible. Your shoes might be blue but your thumb is green, SusanneReplyDelete
Thank you. They had green shoes like that but I like blue.Delete
Lovely, Rita! Just planted myself an herb garden in two fat pots right outside my kitchen window. I won't even have to go outside to snip me a handful of freshness. Can't wait to harvest!ReplyDelete
Most of my herbs are in pots on the front porch. I have put a few in the garden. Always experimenting.Delete
Your garden looks good! I planted some zucchini this year thanks to inspiration from your amazing crop last year. :-)ReplyDelete
YEAH. Zucchini time is coming.Delete
My gardening is downsizing - I am doing my herbs on the deck in pots (except for the perennials, tarragon & sage) I will do the annual tomatoes, cilantro and basil in one raised bed - the rest? Flowers only - and it is flower season now! YIPPEE!ReplyDelete
I stick an occasional flower in but mostly things we can eat. I should start experimenting with edible flowers.Delete


text:
He used to be pudgy. He's had heart bypass surgery. He's had stents put in. His fast food fetish was the premise of one of the all-time funny Saturday Night Live sketches as SNL mocked him at McDonald's. But things have changed...
Bill Clinton has taken control of his health. Have you seen him lately? He's downright skinny, having lost 26 pounds, back in the neighborhood of his high school weight. He looks rejuvenated, too.
You may have heard he was slimming down for Chelsea's wedding this summer and that is true, but clearly his motivation is much more substantive. After conducting his own research, Clinton committed to Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn's plan to prevent and reverse heart disease. It takes my "No Processed" plan to an extreme, but Esselstyn's research cites success in not just avoiding heart attacks, but even allowing the heart to heal itself. I can't verify Esselstyn's claims, but President Clinton is a true believer.
Clinton describes his diet in this video with Wolf Blitzer on CNN. It's a highly plant based plan, with no meat, poultry, dairy, and only a very little fish. What he does eat are fruits, vegetables, beans, legumes, and a protein supplement. (Esselstyn can be seen on CNN here discussing the plan.)
It is often said that Jimmy Carter is a better ex-president than he was a president. Bill Clinton often eschews the premise, citing the power of the White House in the lives of people around the world as not replicable by civilians, even effective do-gooders and philanthropists. But when I see projections that one-third of Americans could have Type 2 Diabetes by 2050, I'm not so sure that any president could do something more important than reversing the weight and health crisis in America. Bill Clinton's doing that for himself, and this time, all Americans - Republicans and Democrats alike - should consider his example.
Photo by sneakerdog on Flickr


text:
Coach USA bus accident closes Route 60
Sara Jane Vecchio
Sara Jane Vecchio, nee Mirusso, 88, of Mullica Hill, New Jersey, born August 7, 1924, passed away Monday, January 21, 2013 at Ardens Courts in Bloomington, Delaware.
Sara was a former math and science teacher and homemaker. She was a member of the Catholic Community of the Holy Spirit Catholic Church in Mullica Hill, New Jersey. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1942 from the State University of New York at Fredonia. She married Joseph Charles Vecchio on April 2, 1945, and together they raised six children.
She was preceded in death by her parents John and Rose Mirusso, and her two brothers Anthony Mirusso and James Mirusso.
Surviving are her loving husband Joseph, and her six children, Jay Vecchio of Mullica Hill, NJ, Dale (Patricia) Vecchio of Belleville, IL, Neal Vecchio of Columbia, MD, Dean (Mary Jane) Vecchio of Mullica Hill, NJ, Kevin (Patricia) Vecchio of Gainsville, Virginia, and Laurie Stanton of West Chester, PA; six grandchildren, Shannon Sullivan of Cleveland, OH, Alexandra Elizabeth Vecchio of Chicago, IL, Alissa Vecchio and Deanna Vecchio of Mullica Hill, NJ, Christopher Vecchio of Gainsville, VA, Timothy Vecchio of Seattle, WA, Jimmy Stanton of West Chester, PA, and Tori Stanton of West Chester, PA; two sisters, Mayme Joy of Fredonia, NY and Marie Spicola of Bradenton, FL; and nieces, nephews, great-nieces and great-nephews.
Memorials in Sara's name may be made to the Alzheimer's Foundation of America, 322 Eighth Ave., 7th Floor, New York, NY 10001, or to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 50 Crestwood Executive Center, Suite 401, St. Louis, MO 63126.
Friends may call on Friday Jan. 25, 2013, at 12:30 p.m. at the Catholic Community of the Holy Spirit Parish Center, 17 Earlington Avenue, Mullica Hill, NJ. A Mass of Christian Burial will follow at 1:30 P.M. Burial will be held at Gloucester County Veteran's Memorial Cemetery in Williamstown, NJ. Thoughts and prayers may be extended to the family at www.FERTIGFUNERALHOME.com


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Huskies end losing streak
HOUGHTON – There were a lot of smiles down the stretch, from setter Madeline Haben on down the Michigan Tech volleyball line-up, and for good reason.
The Huskies snapped a three-match losing streak and pulled their conference record back up to .500 by overcoming Walsh 3-1 (25-19, 20-25, 25-17, 25-17).
The 3-1 win came on the heels of three consecutive 3-1 losses to Northern Michigan, Findlay and Wayne State.
"We haven't been playing bad," Haben said. "But you don't get a stat for not playing bad."
Haben set the tone immediately. She tricked the Cavaliers with her signature dump set to win the first point of the match, then wound up and swung away for a forceful (and for the 5-foot-6 senior, unusual) kill on the next point.
"If I see an opportunity, I'm going to take it. It tends to free up our pins (the outside of the court), which is really key," Haben said.
She finished with seven kills and no errors attacking, and dished out 47 assists, setting up freshman Kendall Ward and junior Shelby Jones for 15 kills apiece.
"I thought tonight was her best night setting of the season. The balls that were going to the outsides were as consistently hittable as they've been in a long time," Husky coach Matt Jennings said.
Tech's .245 hitting percentage for the match is its best of the season thus far and the best it's achieved in a conference match under Jennings.
Though Haben's two kills gave Tech an early lead, neither side strung more than three points together in the first set. Only after Tech took a 23-16 lead on a Walsh attack error could they consider the set in their column despite 16 kills and an impressive .375 hitting percentage.
Kienna Sharp served two aces as Tech opened the second on a 4-0 run, but went one-and-done on their next seven rotations, leading to a 19-11 deficit.
The Huskies rattled off six in a row on Aubrey Ficek's serve, including an ace and three Jones kills, but got only as close as 19-17 before the set slipped away amidst 11 hitting errors and a .000 percentage (equal number of kills and errors).
"We lost focus and we were not efficient in our thoughts and our actions," Jennings said.
Tech snapped out of it for good by midway through the third set, running off six in a row for a 14-10 lead. Jones had an ace and a back-row kill, while Ward rattled off three kills.
"Kendall was ripping the line. They weren't blocking it, so we just kept going there," Haben said. "Shelby's a shot master. She sees a seam and she'll take it."
Tech got a sideout from six straight Walsh serves and built its lead to 24-15 before winning it on a Walsh hitting error.
The fourth was over nearly before it began. Sharp threw in a pair of aces on Tech's second rotation for a five-point run, then added four more on the next rotation for a 10-2 lead. Walsh got to within 12-8, but no closer.
Tech tinkered with its defense to improve its GLIAC-worst blocks per set total.
Though the Huskies got only three block kills for the match, Jennings believed his team made improvements in slowing down Cavalier attackers.
"Blocking is less than half about getting points. It's about taking away space and getting touches at the net so your back row can make a play," he said.
Libero Jackie Aird was one of three Huskies with double-digit digs, posting a team-high 12. Haben and Rachel Pohlod had 11 apiece.
Tech, now 4-4 in GLIAC play and 9-7 overall, is a game behind the top eight. Today's home match with Malone will mark the midpoint of the 18-match league schedule.
"We want to secure a spot in the GLIAC Tournament and this is how you do it," Jennings said.


text:
A Microsoft 'Evangelist' and Former Employee Think the Company's Marketing Stinks
When I strike a chord, I notice an increase in company-specific lawyers viewing my LinkedIn profile; executives and public/media relations departments begin to "reach out" to "open a dialogue"; and/or I start hearing from current and former employees of companies under the microscope.
Over the last month or two, I have heard from a considerable number of current and former Best Buy (BBY) and Microsoft (MSFT) staffers across ranks. When these folks echo your sentiment once or twice, you don't think much about it. However, as support from past and present workforces keeps rolling in -- as independent accounts -- it's logical to think you're on to at least a little something.
The other day, a former 10-year plus Microsoft veteran sent me an email. This person's spouse still works for the company. The better half's tenure approaches a decade.
The correspondence came in response to Does Steve Ballmer Even Know Microsoft Makes Xbox? , where I question Redmond's marketing apparatus. There's simply no connection between Microsoft's best work in recent years -- Xbox -- and its larger, more entrenched Windows ecosystem.
I won't interject much because this former MSFT employee states it well. And, believe me, this person is not alone. Do some digging; you might find a similar level of bewilderment from unassociated Microsoft workers.
I lightly edited these comments, received via email, for space and anonymity sake. I put the comments from the employee in italics. My interjections use the standard, un-emphasized font.
Rocco, I was a 10-plus year veteran at Microsoft (until early last year) and my spouse has currently been with the company for 9 years; what your Xbox article mentions is what both of us have been screaming about to whoever would listen for as long as I can remember.
At a party we had back in 2007/2008, we were in our mid/late 20's and the attendees were the same age. Everyone was either single or married without kids and everyone worked at Microsoft. This audience was the absolute sweet spot for the Xbox. But the only thing that people knew the Xbox did was play games. When we told them you could stream music directly from your PC or stream pictures from a connected USB/Zune, no one had any idea ...
Back then, this was not the most elegant UI
user interface, but it showed the capability of what could be done 6-plus years ago. And again, 25-year old males who worked at Microsoft and who had owned an Xbox since its inception had NO IDEA that this was possible.
Microsoft is just absolutely horrible at marketing
its hardware...horrible ... While the current Surface ads are snappy, they still are C+ at best. They need to show how you can play Angry Birds on 75% of the screen and change your music selection on the other 25%. Or they need to show how you can keep track of your entire social network across all apps at the same time. And why haven't they shown SmartGlass in action; that's a game changer in my mind.


text: Letitia Basford Presents at ConferenceAssistant professor in Hamline's School of Education, Letitia Basford, and Heather Megarray Traegar, a K-12 teacher in the Twin Cities, presented their paper titled, "How are they going to adapt if they go to an all-Somali school?" at the International School Choice and Reform Conference in Tampa, Florida. Basford and Traegar addressed three commonly held concerns (by outsiders) about the culturally specific charter school where they worked and conducted research: 1.) that culturally specific schools fail to prepare students to enter culturally diverse situations; 2.) that ethnocentric schools are not academically rigorous; and, 3.) that schools like UMA go against the Establishment Clause stating a separation between church and state in schools, and they encourage Islamic fundamentalism.The paper is part of a soon-to-be published book addressing culturally specific charter schools.


text:
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An excellent way to save weight for the $ Review by coloclimber
These skewers are an excellent way to maximize the $/gram to drop weight off a bike. I use them now on my daily rider bike. They clamp with strong force and have very ample (more than adequate) lever size and shape. The AX rear shaft may require a little shaving to shorten the ti axle. AX hit a home run on this one. The AXs are even lighter than KCNC skewers and are more substantial in the lever. The carbon-ti (and tune) levers are a joke in the lever shape and size department and didn't last more than one ride on my bike. Since the AX skewers are light, strong and even come in colors, they are a definite buy in my book. (Posted on 3/17/10)
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text:
2007-09-13 / Clubs & Church
Crafters wanted for Chaffin's fair
Crafters are invited to participate in Chaffin Congregational Church's fifth annual Fall Craft Fair on Saturday, September 29, 9 a.m.-3 p.m., 155 Shrewsbury St., Holden. Inside spaces are $35; outside spaces $25. For application blanks and information, call Guy Beales, (508) 736-3887, or e-mail to email@example.com.


text:
The suit accuses the bank of closing the accounts of Arab Americans without explanation.
DETROIT -- Attorneys in Detroit filed a class action Thursday against Huntington National Bank on behalf of Arab Americans who said their accounts were suddenly closed without explanation.
Ali El-Hallani of Canton and Mark Manuaeel of Farmington Hills, who are Arab-American Muslims, allege that Huntington closed their bank accounts in March "without providing ... any reason for doing so."
Filed in U.S. District Court in Detroit, the lawsuit claims that Huntington "engaged in racial, ethnic, national origin or religious discrimination against its customers" who are Arab and Muslim. It's asking the court to issue a temporary restraining order to stop the banks from closing the accounts of plaintiffs. No other banks were named in the lawsuit.
Maureen Morrissey Brown, director of public relations for Huntington, on Thursday said the bank could not comment on the lawsuit, but added that "it appreciates the opportunity to do business within the Arab-American community in greater Detroit and all our other markets."
Over the past decade, Arab Americans have complained about their bank accounts being suddenly closed down at financial institutions, civil rights advocates say.
Since the passage of the Patriot Act after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. Treasury Department and other agencies have placed heightened scrutiny on banks to make sure they are not dealing with money that might be related to terrorism. This has resulted in banks cracking down on accounts that might fit a possible pattern of concern. But civil rights advocates say the crackdown has been overly broad and unfairly targeted Arab Americans and Muslims.
The Arab American Civil Rights League, a new group based in Dearborn, said in a statement Thursday that in recent months, it has "received hundreds of complaints from community members who have had their bank accounts closed for no apparent reason."
The lawsuit was filed by attorneys Nabih Ayad of Canton, Barry Seifman of Farmington Hills and Kassem Dakhlallah of Dearborn.


text:
One of the most difficult bosses, ever. I think the only boss that's ever given me more issues was Theseus in God of War 2 on Titan mode. But anywho, the avatar just kind of grew on me. DMC is my favorite series of games, and I like the fact that I can represent both my favorite anime and my favorite game series in my profile. I've thought about changing it a few times, but meh, I don't really want to. I already have my sig devoted to DBZ.
As for your DBZ question, not much is known about the Frieza-species. The only bit of data we really have on them, is they run the Planet Trade Organization, and they might be the Arcosians mentioned by King Kai. Hell, we don't even know if they age. For all we know, Frieza may have been alive when his ancestor Lord Chilled was killed. I would pay money to know more about them though.
Edit: Hey! We just reached 1000 posts!


text:
puerhking wrote:several for today....going through the back catalog.
06 Luxi Brick of Dehong - decent tea...enjoyable enough. Tastes like purple leaf as I have stated before.
2010 Mangshi Maocha - horrible (trash)
09 Mengku Wei Zui - Pure dreck. Tastes like poison. (trash)
08 Menghai 0622 801 - Just okay. It's a shame to dry store this stuff.
I'm done keeping crap tea around. I'm cleaning house and tea is going in the trash. (Changtai above is in the trash as well.)
Zared wrote:Trying out a new $10 yixing i bought in Chinatown last week. I was hoping this pot was under 150ml but its not. Sadly its the same size as my Sunsing pot but thicker/heavier and possibly lower fired. Does a duller clay mean it's lower fired? I brewed that 90's Taiwan brick from realchinatea and it does a rather nice job. The other 2 aged teas worked well too. It doesn't mute too much aroma or flavor. I suspect this pot is gonna see some heavy use with mid-aged sheng. I also picked up another cheap 100ml yixing in Chinatown today. Its a bit thinner and possibly higher fired too. I'm hoping to use this one for dryer stored sheng under 15yr. I already have 5g of 2000 Fu Hai brick set for my first session with this new guy. I'm really hoping this pot likes it younger and dryer. Its the perfect size for everything i drink so if dryer sheng fails i'll try my Hong Kong stuff. Tomorrows update will include my first impressions. I now have a family of four!


text:
Before West Virginia University broke for Spring Break, MountainMade stopped in at the Ceramics Studio and discovered a treasure trove of affordable, functional pieces for you. The WVU Ceramics program is a 3-year intensive program dedicated to teaching traditional pottery making and providing their students with the techniques and skills needed to work as potters.
We selected a few place settings offering dinner and luncheon plates as well as a selection of bowls, cups, mugs, ramekins, mugs and bake ware. These student made pieces are functional, beautiful and just feel good in your hands. Complimentary glazes allow for a few select "sets', but eclectic collections that you will enjoy using as much as we do. All pieces are sturdy, stoneware pieces that are dishwasher, oven and microwave safe.
This IS the next generation of potters. Built with the integrity and character that can only be found in West Virginia. Enjoy and use well!


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Adobe Photoshop
Lightroom 4
Photoshop® Lightroom 4 software helps you create amazing images that
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photography in one intuitive solution. Lightroom helps photographers work fast
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software does not run on Windows XP.
This is an
electronic license only product, and you'll receive an email with your license
information 1-3 business days after your order is placed.
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text:
6.5 lbs, 34 inches long, aircraft-grade aluminum barrel, pneumatic trigger, refillable CO2 tank, adjustable velocity gauge
T-shirt cannons became popular advertising tools in the 1990s. Lakewood Troop member Felix Garcia first used the T-shirt cannon as a monster hunting tool in the early 21st century.
Launches projectiles a range of 10 to 500 feet. Typically used to shoot promotional T-shirts into a crowd at sporting events and concerts. To battle monsters, Garcia recommends loading it with frozen T-shirts, if possible.


text:
April M. Shirley
April M. Shirley, 47, of 96 Bowen St., Jamestown, passed away Monday (May 6, 2013) in the emergency room of WCA Hospital.
A lifelong area resident she was born May 21, 1965, in Jamestown, N.Y., a daughter of the late Kenneth Evans Sr. and Sandra Welch.
Before her illness, she had worked for The Resource Center and was also a cake decorator for Quality Markets for several years. She was also a member of the Jamestown Moose Lodge.
Surviving are her mother Sandra Welch of Celoron, her fiance Wilson Cooper of Jamestown; three sons: Spencer Shirley, Tyler and Samantha Shirley, and Adam Evans, all of Jamestown; seven grandchildren: Mollie Nolan, Ison, Mya, Kendra, Carter and Chase Shirley and Anthony Mohney, all of Jamestown; three brothers: Kenneth Evans Jr. and Bill Evans, both of Jamestown, and Bobby Evans of Dewittville, N.Y.; a sister, Bernice Reil of Wrightsville, Pa., and a close family friend, Jennifer Anderson.
Besides her father she was preceded in death by her uncle, David Evans.
The funeral will be held at 1 p.m. Thursday in the Lind Funeral Home. Friends will be received for one hour prior to the service on Thursday.
You may light a candle in remembrance of April at www.lindfuneralhome.com.


text:
addition to being the center of worship for the Princeton Seminary campus, Miller Chapel
is where students learn to preach. InSpire asked PTSs three preaching professors to
reflect on their teaching and their experience of preaching and worship.
Are you professors? (Had she seen our books on
Calvin balanced on our tray tables?)
Yes, I averred.
What do you teach?
Preaching, I replied.
My husband is a preacher. Were National Baptists in St. Louis.
Then it was my turn: Do you think preaching can be taught?
I dont know, she said politely. I do know that you cant
preachwithout the anointing.
Can preaching be taught? I often ask myself that question, especially when colleagues
ask with furrowed brows if the student preaching in Miller Chapel yesterday happened to be
one of mine! (Of course, when students preach well, it is tempting to claim I taught them
everything they know.)
The ability to preach is a gift from God, the gift of prophecy the New
Testament sometimes calls it. It is certainly not the only gift the Spirit passes around
to the people of God, but some Christians are more gifted as preachers than others. One
hopes that persons claiming the call to the ministry of the Gospel will have in some
measure the gift of prophecy or the anointing from on High, as my flight
attendant put it.
Most preaching is learned through imitation. I remember at sixteen trying to imitate
Peter Marshall (ŕ la Richard Todd in A Man Called Peter), complete with those Scottish
burrs! (Arent congregations patient?) Later, I modeled my preaching on my college
chaplain, Reuben Welch, a biblical expositor, who knew what grace was and who incarnated
preaching as pastoral care.
When I went off to divinity school, I never took a preaching class. It was the
60s, and preaching was passé. It was years later, after I was ordained, that I took
my first preaching course from Bill Skudlarek, a Benedictine and a Princeton Ph.D. (Class
of 1976) teaching at St. Johns Abbey in Collegeville, Minnesota. In retrospect,
those summers at St. Johns were a turning point for me. I began to think
theologically about what I was doing, rather than simply relying on my gifts and the
churchly models I had imitated. Later, at Union Seminary in New York, I had the privilege
of serving under James A. Forbes as a tutor in his basic preaching class, and to continue
thinking about preaching from the standpoint of what Rudolf Bultmann called the
All of this is to say that there are many ways we come to the preaching task even
before we take Introduction to Preaching. Students bring all sorts of experiences and
models into the classroom. What I try to do as a teacher of preachers is to encourage them
to join me in exposing what we bring to the pulpit to the light of the knowledge of
the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. Such testing of our proclamation is
necessary for the sake of the preacher, the church, and the Gospel itself. As a teacher of
preachers, I am also a coach or a cultivator trying to assist students in stirring up
their gift of prophecy. There are certain basic skills of the homiletical craft that can
be taught, things like exegetical method, sermonic structures, and rhetorical devices.
What I cannot teach students is how to create faith, hope, and love. Thats the
Triune Gods job. No rhetorical techniques or hermeneutical theories can ever replace
the anointing of the Spirit. But Gods graciousness does not justify our cavalierness
or our carelessness. If only God can make the Gospel significant, surely we preachers are
called to signify it to the best of our ability, our offering of thanksgiving and praise.
And, so, conversing at 30,000 feet above the heartland, I still found the homiletics
classroom necessary, if simply to remind would-be preachers and their teachers that it is
only relatively necessary. Come, Holy Spirit!
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The URL for this page is http://www.ptsem.edu/read/inspire/4.1/feature5.htm
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Key Findings Report: 2013 Recession Survey, 7th Edition
March 28, 2013
This Key Findings Report includes results from the 2013 Recession Survey, 7th Edition. The objective of this survey was to understand how the current economic atmosphere is affecting client-side marketers.
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text:
Kevin L. Chizek, 66
Kevin L. Chizek, 66, of Beaman, IA passed away Wednesday, October 16, 2013, Iowa Methodist Medical Center, in DesMoines, IA. Funeral services will be 11:00 a.m., Saturday, October 19, 2013, at the Gladbrook United Methodist Church, in Gladbrook. Visitation will be 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m., Friday, October 18, 2013, at the Gladbrook Chapel of the Anderson Funeral Homes, in Gladbrook, IA. Online condolences may be sent to www.andersonfhs.com


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Lavish Sleep Pant
Style: 570081077
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Every night becomes a romantic getaway in this comfy Sapphire Pant with scalloped trim and scrolled embroidery. Pair with the matching Sapphire lace-accented top for pajamas at their luxurious best.
- Ultrasoft Cool Nights knit with a sensuous feel and plenty of stretch stays cool and dry.
- Contour waistband with narrow flat elastic. Full-length legs.
- Non-cling. Retains shape and silky drape after washing.
- Approximately 30.5" inseam.
- 95% Rayon, 5% Spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
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text: Quick Links/Related Resources Mission Sno-Isle Libraries serves residents in Washington's Snohomish and Island counties through 21 community libraries, online services, and Library on Wheels. Its mission is to be a community doorway to reading, resources, and lifelong learning, and a center for people, ideas, and culture. Guiding Principles The guiding principles define the most basic beliefs of the Library District. They provide the foundation on which policies and key decisions are made throughout the organization. The Library District is guided by these principles: Provide collections and services that are responsive to the diverse interests of individuals and communities Uphold First Amendment rights through freedom of expression, open exchange of ideas and access to information Provide diverse staff who are skilled, well-trained, courteous, professional and responsive to all users Promote reading and literacy among all ages Act as responsible stewards of the Library District's financial resources Contribute to the preservation, enhancement and vitality of our communities Respect the integrity and confidentiality of all customers. Vision Statement Our vision provides the Library District with a forward-looking, idealized image of itself. The vision statement is a broad definition of what the Library District wants to be in the future. The Library District will be recognized as a leading contributor to informational and educational networks and for its excellence in providing innovative, comprehensive and timely library services and materials to all the people of Snohomish and Island counties. Quick links Policies


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Part time Health Science Student and Full time Mom of a 4 year boy and some how I work two part time Jobs as a CNA/HHA Made the switch to Vegan about in December 2012.I watched earthlings and didn't even make it 30 mins in without bawling my head off. I love animals breaks my heart to see them treated so badly. I have found so many awesome meal ideas for being a mom on the go and college student.


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The Creators Project: When did you start rapping?
Emicida: I didn't care much about school, or at least I told myself that, so I flunked out and didn't go to school for a year. When I got back, I was lucky enough to have a teacher that noticed that I was really into comic books. She got me started writing my own stories, and for a while I wanted to design comic books -- even today I still want to do that. But what happened is that from those stories, I started writing poetry. And then I started mixing up my poetry with what I was doing before, which was rapping on the street. Then, after school and work, we started doing freestyle without knowing that was what it was called. We even started rapping in English even though we didn't even speak the language. We were saying things like "flavor" because it was the only word we kind of knew and heard in rap all the time. After a while, I started to put some words in Portuguese in there, and then I was rapping 100 percent in Portuguese.
What kinds of technology were you using back then?
I had a microphone, tapes, cables, and stuff like that. My mom bought a little keyboard, and I would loop everything from deck A to B of the tape player. I would loop all night, and by the time I was done you couldn't hear anything anymore -- it just sounded like crap to me. But I took the tape to school and people liked it. They were like, "Wow! This is cool."
When did you first record in a studio?
I had participated in this rap workshop in São Paulo, and a week later some guys that I met there called me to do the voiceover for a cartoon. In my head no one made money for doing that. Even now I can't believe it's a real job. (laughs) The guy called me and said he needed someone who could improvise. I was so nervous—it was my first time in the studio. Then I went to a studio to collaborate with a few guys to make music, and after I met them they wanted me to do an internship there as well. I would make 200 reals a week. That, to me at the time, was like being rich. I'd get out of school and go straight there. It was a great phase. I learned a lot and met a lot of people, and that's where I learned about music. I started to understand how the process worked.
How did your famous YouTube rap battle come about? Was it a conscious decision to film it and post it online or did it all just happen on its own?
People would shoot the rap battles with these Cyber-shot cameras and they'd almost instantly be uploaded online. The day after my battle that got so many hits, the video was on YouTube and people started sending it to their friends. Then I ran into someone, and he told me I had over one million hits. I hadn't even recorded an album and I didn't even have a computer yet, but because of technology, but my name was already out there.


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About the Author: Arturo A. Valenzuela serves as Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs.
The past year saw virtually non-stop travel by senior U.S. officials, of multiple agencies, to Canada, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. This reflects the pace and scope of our work to advance U.S. interests and develop the forward-looking partnerships President Obama committed to at the start of his administration. I will use this blog regularly in the year ahead to discuss specific aspects of this work, but wanted to offer some broad comments as we look ahead to the next 12 months.
Our policies in the Americas reflect important conceptual shifts underway in how we interact with our neighbors, and in how they approach each other. It's worth emphasizing this point, because a lot of policy commentary still reflects old assumptions and metrics that have long been overtaken by new realities.
One of the most significant trends in the Americas today is the continuing consolidation, in most countries, of resilient democratic and market societies. These are increasingly successful meeting their diverse peoples' needs, enhancing their opportunities, and realizing the benefits of their talent and industry. Another key trend, obvious as countries of the Americas become more integrated globally, is their increasing ability to help address some of the most pressing global challenges we all face.
Together, these trends are profoundly important. They are reshaping our approach in the region toward more concerted action together to confront the great trans-national challenges that will mold our common future.
Examples abound. Five Western Hemisphere countries -- Argentina, Brazil, Canada and Mexico, plus the United States -- are part of the G-20, trying to build a more secure and equitable international financial system. Mexico's successful hosting of the COP-16 highlighted its growing global leadership role on climate change. There is unprecedented and growing cooperation among countries of the Americas to stem the transnational crime-driven violence that jeopardizes our citizens' safety. Colombia's success on many fronts provides rich experience to share with others. It has simultaneously fought back a narco-insurgency, strengthened institutions of democratic governance and rights, addressed fundamental causes of longstanding conflict, and built bridges to neighbors -- all in ways that strengthen its own, and regional, security. Hemispheric leaders such as Brazil are major players on global food security and other issues, and we cooperate increasingly with regional countries on development priorities in third countries in Latin America and beyond. Chile's extensive set of trade agreements literally spans the globe and underscores the human opportunity that can flow from economic integration. Just as, decades ago, our relations with traditional European partners shifted outward in focus, the beginnings of a similar process are clear in our relations in the Americas.
Within the Americas, new patterns of cooperation are transforming ties between nations. After Haiti's catastrophic earthquake the region's enormous and poignant response highlighted the will and capacity for common cause in the face of great emergencies. Likewise, the Organization of American States' (OAS) efforts to promote fair and credible elections in Haiti bespeak a commitment of members' to help build effective democratic institutions as a cornerstone of stability and development. In 2011, the 10th anniversary of the OAS Democratic Charter, members are expected to adopt a Social Charter that underscores the link between democracy and social opportunity in the Americas.
As Western Hemisphere nations link up with other parts of the world in new networks of trade and cooperation, the benefits of regional integration become ever more apparent. As it has in Europe for more than 60 years, our diplomacy strongly supports open, forward-looking and inclusive regional and sub-regional integration. This can profoundly boost competitiveness and opportunity in ways that advance the interest of all of us.
Effective diplomatic and development policy in a new environment requires new tools. Collaborative initiatives like the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas and Pathways for Prosperity, where different partner governments have led dozens of projects, illustrate new approaches to address critical concerns such as environment, energy security, and social opportunity. These initiatives are poised to continue building dynamic relationships that deliver tangible services and solutions to people throughout the Americas.
Of course, to succeed, our policy must tailor its approach to the widely varying experiences and challenges of different countries. These include localized crises and development needs, as well as persistent inequality and exclusion. We understand that not all countries will seek reform and progress in the same way " an observation at the heart of our outreach to Ecuador. We seek productive and respectful relations with all, even where we may have disagreements, without disclaiming our fundamental values. This is why we continue to seek an equitable new basis for respectful and mutually beneficial relations with Bolivia. Unfortunately, there are some outliers to the broad and positive trends in the Americas today. We are very concerned anytime governments or rulers act to restrict democratic space and practice, or economic freedom. We are likewise concerned at any interruption of democratic constitutional order, or efforts, whether by governments or non-state actors, to undermine the integrity of institutions. Such actions are profoundly at odds with the trajectory of the region, its peoples' values, and our shared goals of successful, safe, and prosperous societies.
However, 2011 begins on a promising note for most of the Americas, which Secretary Clinton recognizes as "one of the world's most dynamic and diverse" regions. Growth and recovery are strong, civil society is vibrant, democratic governments are addressing key challenges, and polarizing voices are increasingly isolated. Polling data show Latin American publics' views of the United States have become strongly positive over the last two years. Secretary Clinton literally began 2011 in South America, and just returned from Brazil, where she attended the inauguration of its first woman President on January 1. That's a very auspicious start to what I expect will be a year of particularly productive U.S. engagement with its neighbors -- and I look forward to keeping you abreast of developments.
You can follow me on Twitter, @WHAAsstSecty.
Jimmy in New York writes:
Central and South American countries continue to abduct American children in record numbers. Why is this office, unlike that of the Secretary for the Asian hemisphere, so absolutely and consistently silent, and verging on complicit, with this issue?
Pamela G. in West Virginia writes:
We must stop the violence the drug cartels are bringing across our borders.
Justice J. in Panama writes:
Panama's politicians need to stop using drug trafficking as an excuse for their corruption. What was the invasion for, then? If Hillary Clinton returns Manuel Noriega to Panama, justice can be served and the Republicans won't get their way. Please stop violating the Geneva Conventions just to ignore the past or the future will not be a good one!
John R. writes:
If this can be enforced in the system, I believe the younger generation will look back and think more on their actions.


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (85 votes).
In short: Good for a quick time unless you get injured like me :-(In full: This is a good course and can easily produce a good time. Unfortunately I ended up with a stress fracture and in A&E the following day :-( ... All we got at the end was a medal. A goody bag would have been nice as I was desperate for a drink. Date of review: October 15, 2011
In short: Flat, fast and friendlyIn full: I've done this several times now and it's definitey one of my favourite races. The course is flat (there are a couple of very, very slightly uphill bits, but nothing worthy of note) and has real PB potential. The atmosphere is good and the marshalls friendly all the way round. This year it was chip timed without and increase in price (maybe because it was a late decision?), so it was very good value! I'll keep going back!Date of review: October 8, 2009
In short: a very nice race good route see you next yearDate of review: October 8, 2009
In short: Reasonably flat course gave me my new pbDate of review: October 5, 2009
In short: Improves every yearIn full: I'm biased because I am local, but this race seems to get a bit better each year. It is fairly inexpensive and this year had electronic timing. The organisation seemed smooth and professional, although the atmosphere only existed at the beginning and end of the race.Date of review: October 5, 2009
In short: Good course and well organised.In full: All very good indeed. Marshalling very good, although I was worried in the last mile that I was going wrong (partly due to gibbering exhaustion but also not many marhsals/signs). Nice finish area, good to have the hall and well-organised tables at the start. Some fast 10K runners seemed annoyed at half-marathon runners getting in the way after the start but I gather it was the other way round last year. Difficult to get this right unless there's more of a stagger at the start. A good day all round.Date of review: October 5, 2009
In short: Quick course, nice route.In full: Quick course with some inclines but nothing of serious note. Well marshalled apart from the last mile when it could of been a bit better, plenty of water stations.Much better than the Swindon half which i have run twice, will be back next year.Date of review: October 5, 2009
In short: A good, well organised & flat half.Date of review: October 5, 2009
In short: Very well marshelled and mildly undulating course. Great fun.Date of review: October 5, 2009
In short: Friendly, well marshalled, enjoyable run.Date of review: October 5, 2009
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Orbital Super Slim Tilt TV Mount 37" - 70"
by Orbital | Item #: 575365 | Model #: ZL8601-A |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this itemThe Orbital ZL8601-A is a flat & tilt TV mount for 37" - 70" TV screens that allows the TV to be positioned just 1" from the wall also giving a 15 degree tilt.
Low profile design positions your TV just 1" from the wall. Optional 15 degree tilt offers perfect viewing angle. Easy to install and it's post-install leveling feature guarantees a perfectly level application. Easy access stand securely holds TV away from the wall and provides easy cable access. Lock and release system secures TV to mount ensuring piece of mind and allows for easy TV removal.
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Third-quarter pretax earnings at Berkshire Hathaway's "other services" division, which includes FlightSafety International and NetJets, climbed 15 percent from the same quarter last year, to $281 million.
November 17, 2011
November 15, 2011
Sports fans panicked a couple of years ago when the Department of Transportation, the FAA's parent organization, ordered a charter service run by Air Canada to cancel sports-team flights in the U.S.
October 1, 2011
If the super computers that some blame for Wall Street's recent wild swings were used to trade aircraft, it's likely they would be programmed to buy right now. But aircraft purchases and sales still occur the old-fashioned way, which can involve deal-stalling high emotions and conflicting personalities.
October 1, 2011
One of the first things you hear about when you begin using business aviation in the U.S. is the mysterious but important distinction between Part 91 and Part 135 operations. Many people still think about the difference in simplistic terms: Part 91–good; Part 135–bad. The facts are considerably more complicated.
August 1, 2011
Activity in the preowned market continues unabated, yet at a measured pace. In fact, inventory levels are now about where they were in October 2008 (and climbing for almost a year), when the calamity on Wall Street reverberated around the globe and dealt a devastating and unprecedented blow to the new and used aircraft business.
August 1, 2011
You wouldn't think of buying a house and then renting it to yourself. Why would you ever want to charter your own aircraft?
July 1, 2011
What does it really cost to fly privately and how do those expenses compare with the price of airline travel? BJT computed the roundtrip cost of a New York-to-Paris trip for four passengers via airline first class and via a wholly owned and chartered Gulfstream 550.
July 1, 2011
One of the first consequences of the 2008 Wall Street meltdown was the overnight disappearance of capital. At the time, many aircraft lenders still proclaimed that they were "ready to do deals," but often they lacked the financial horsepower to deliver on that promise.
July 1, 2011
When BJT's 2010 Buyers' Guide appeared a year ago, all signs suggested a shift toward an aviation insurance market characterized by increasing premiums, restricted coverage availability and more rigid underwriting criteria.
June 1, 2011
The Federal Aviation Administration recently changed the rules that determine when executives may pay for flights on their company aircraft.
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Source Naturals, Ascorbyl Palmitate, 500 mg, 90 Capsules
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
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- Your loyalty credits are valid for up to 60 days from the date of your last purchase.
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Expiration Date:?Oct 2020Expiration Date
The length of time for the expiration date or "best used before" date depends on the type of product, as well as the brand.
Perishable items (such as flax oils or certain probiotics) generally have shorter expiration dates. Although our warehouse is fully air-conditioned, these more fragile items are put in cold storage (freezer or refrigeration unit) for maximum freshness.
Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
Shipping Weight:?0.14 kgShipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: SNS-01616
- UPC Code: 021078016168
- Package Quantity: 90 Capsules
- Dimensions: 11.2 x 6.1 x 6.1 cm , 0.11 kg
- Dietary Supplement
- Fat-Soluble Vitamin C Ester
Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat-soluble form of ascorbic acid that exerts the antioxidant activity characteristic of vitamin C on lipids throughout the body. In vitro studies have shown that ascorbyl palmitate may be more effective as an antioxidant in protecting lipids from peroxidation than water-soluble vitamin C.
Suggested Use
1 to 5 capsules daily with meals.
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Dibasic calcium phosphate, gelatin (capsule), colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.
Hypoallergenic: contains no yeast, dairy, egg, gluten, corn, soy or wheat. Contains no sugar, starch, salt, preservatives, or artificial color, flavor or fragrance.
Note: If you are pregnant, may become pregnant, or breastfeeding, consult your health care professional before using this product.
Do not use if either tamper-evident seal is broken or missing. Keep out of the reach of children.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Capsule
|Amount Per Serving
|Vitamin C (as ascorbyl palmitate)
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|500 mg
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The benefits are worth the price.
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The benefits are worth the price.
Vitamin C Ester (Ascorbyl Palmitate) antioxidant efficiency. Vitamin C Ester is fat-soluble vitamins. We retain the nutritional value and long lasting surface. Not fall on my environment. And antioxidant properties. The advantage like armor to protect skin from free radicals. Reduce the destruction of the cells 40 to 60% on skin exposed to sunlight. Vitamin C Ester serves to stimulate collagen. This is like the structure of the skin and elastin (Elastin), thus providing flexibility to the skin. Reduce wrinkles. It also reduces melanin or Melanie Min. With the clear white light. Make your skin look younger. Skin and skin from the inside out naturally. Is gentle to the skin. Does not cause irritation to the stomach. The result of eating. Reduce the incidence of influenza can. The skin is smooth and cost effective. For those with a stomach irritation.
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Just in case any one might be interested,after contacting the manufacturer about this product they informed me this is a GMO product made from GMO corn.
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Just in case any one might be interested,after contacting the manufacturer about this product they informed me this is a GMO product made from GMO corn.
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It is a good product. I use it for my son. The capsule are very large and are a little bit hard to swallow.
not sure
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It seems good, not sure about effect.
no upset tummy
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great prpduct. I like this brand. I am happy to continue buying this one. Great price and like it better than NOW foods one and Doctor's Best brand
Good way to take vitamin C
Posted by 5578438804665721844 on Feb 07, 2014
I have been using this product for several years as a cold preventative and am happy with the results. I would recommend this product to all.


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If you don't want 8closing parenthesis to turn into , you have to check the Don't use smileys box right above where you attach pictures.
Maybe she is saying it doesn't develop a lot of gluten, so the crusts it makes tend to be thin as they don't rise a lot?
that pizza looks great Norma
I still cant figure out why the protein says what it does. There is no way that I know of that it can be that high.
Norma,I think that you have to look at the freekeh flour much like you would look at whole wheat flour. Whole wheat flours routinely have a protein content of around 15%. But that doesn't mean that the gluten levels will be high. Maybe you can do a wet gluten test sometime to see what you end up with. Whole wheat flours also have wheat germ and bran that interfere with good gluten formation. As scott123 once noted at Reply 313 at http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,11044.msg102526/topicseen.html#msg102526, the bran in whole wheat can do a number on the gluten. Peter
I guess I havent played around enough with whole wheat flours,
Friends don't let friends make whole wheat pizza.
I suppose a few experiments will be OK.
Craig,Good, so we are still friends? Norma
I am glad we will remain friends, even though I do crazy stuff. Norma


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I know I was asked to do a WAR primer next, but I want to take on the major components before I look at position player WAR. I think going slow will make it easier to make sense of everything when we throw it all in together. Not to mention some guy named Dave Cameron took basically the same approach at fangraphs. Whatever that is.
Where to start with fielding? While errors or fielding percentage get some play, I think defense is assessed by the typical fan with the ever popular Eyeball Test. This makes sense. But let's first figure out…
April 2, 2010
colin's excellent UZR primer
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Calendar of Events
Tomorrowland: Aili Schmeltz Exhibition
Wednesday, 16 January, 2013 | 11:00 AM - 03:00 PM
Tomorrowland by Aili Schmeltz
January 11 - February 16, 2013
Opening Reception: �Friday, January 11, 6 - 8 PM
Aili Schmeltz is a Los Angeles based artist that earned her MFA from the University of Arizona, holds a BFA from the Kansas City Art Institute and has exhibited internationally in cities such as New York, Berlin, Los Angeles, Chicago and Miami. She recently had a solo exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art, in Tucson, Arizona, and received the prestigious Pollock Krasner Foundation Grant. Other recent awards include The Creative Capacity Fund Grant, The Durfee Foundation Grant and Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grant. Schmeltz has been an artist in residence at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, Sculpture Space, Babayan Culture House (Cappadocia, Turkey) and Takt Kunstprojektraum (Berlin, Germany). She is cofounder of the Los Angeles Art Resource, a website that serves as a forum for the exchange and sharing of comprehensive arts resources.
Aili�s artist statement illuminates her creative process; �My current body of work explores the idea that utopia can be considered not only a place or a goal, but also as the very act of striving for such a target. These hybridized structures are materializations, remnants of an ideal that never was and may never be. As fallen monuments to a utopic philosophy, they function as relics of both a �good place� and �no place.� They nod towards a bright future and a fallen past, recontextualizing and recombining materials that are both nostalgic and futuristic. An embedded sense of naivet� is inherent to the objects, formed from a chemical bond of sunshine and noir that was repeatedly cooled and heated by urban temperament and artifice. Part architectural, part fossil, part potential: these works utilize discarded building materials that appear to have crystallized within a �natural� process�strata that have undergone philosophical transformation yet to be fulfilled.�
For more information visit Aili Schmeltz�s web sites at ailischmeltz.com and
Wednesday, 16 January, 2013
Prescott College Art Gallery at Sam Hill Warehouse
232 N. Granite Street
Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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Hi there - this is probably a simple question to anyone with pizza dough experience.Is the major difference between a thick pan style pizza and thinner neopolitan in the dough formulation or in how it's stretched and pulled? Basically I'm curious if it's possible to use the same formulation for these two crusts or if they must be made separately.Thanks,Billy Corgan


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Tabloid Wars Articles
Celebrity Tabloid Wars featuring conflicting stories and contradictions.
Question Mark/Exclamation Point
April 4, 2012 14:35:36 Posted at April 4, 2012 14:35:36
PEOPLE Magazine has been getting its ass kicked since the beginning of the year by Us Weekly on exclusives: Justin Timberlake's engagement, Drew Barrymore's pregnancy, Michelle Williams/Jason Segel first photos as a couple, to name a few. Each time, PEOPLE follows with a story half a day, sometimes a full day, later with "sources" of their own confirming what Us Weekly scooped earlier. Full Story