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Rahv, Philip
Philip Rahv 1908–1973
(Born Ivan Greenberg) Russian-born American critic and editor.
Rahv symbolizes for many readers the Marxist critical movement that was prominent in American letters during the 1930s and 1940s. As a member of the John Reed Club (the Communist party affiliate in New York), Rahv contributed literary essays and reviews to its magazine, New Masses. In 1934 Rahv and William Phillips founded Partisan Review as the literary companion to New Masses. Within ten years, T. S. Eliot was to describe Partisan Review as "America's leading literary magazine."
The essay "Paleface and Redskin" brought Rahv his greatest critical attention. In it, he described the "palefaces" as members of "the thin, solemn, semi-clerical culture of Boston and Concord," and the "redskins" as members of "the lowlife world of the frontier and big cities." Citing Henry James and Walt Whitman as examples of these two trends in writing, Rahv discussed this dichotomy in the American experience and traced its influence on modern writers. Most of his later essays, including "The Myth and the Powerhouse," also stress the importance of history in the creation and appreciation of art.
Throughout his career, Rahv was characteristically opposed to contemporary trends in literature and critical theory. Consequently, his writings had an anachronistic tone, but as Mary McCarthy wrote: "His resistance to swimming with the tide, his mistrust of currents, were his strength."
(See also Contemporary Authors, Vols. 85-88.)
Richard Chase
What one admires most in Philip Rahv's essays [in "Image and Idea"] is the determination to search among our modern cultural closures and total ideologies for "the cultural forms of dissidence and experiment." And what one admires about Rahv's critical method is his abundant ability to use such techniques as Marxism, Freudian psychology, anthropology, and existentialism toward his critical ends without shackling himself to any of them…. The characteristic success of these essays is a success of reclamation: the appropriation toward humanist ends and by methodical means of the irrationality, apocalypticism, and chaos of the modern mind.
Mr. Rahv affirms that modern literature "bristles with anxiety and ideas of alienation," that its frequent informing image is the depersonalized, homeless man of the city, and that the proper task of modern creative writers has been to give the quality of "felt life" to the inner tensions and contradictions imposed by contemporary existence. He tends to regard the devices of the imaginative writer—naturalism, the subtle refinement of Joyce and Proust, the use of symbol and myth—as stratagems employed by the writer for circumventing his personal and cultural plight.
For the contemporary critic Mr. Rahv suggests an "ideal aloofness from abstract systems" and exhorts him to remember that in respect to metaphysics "the art-object is first to last the one certain datum at his disposal." This is a healthily pragmatic attitude, the more so because Rahv is on the whole anything but aloof from the moral and historical meanings of the art-object. Rahv is above all a political critic, in the sense that his...
(The entire section is 694 words.)
Howard Mumford Jones
I am not sure that I know what the "new criticism" is, and I am not certain that Mr. Rahv is a new critic. But his essays [in "Image and Idea"] display one quality which has become tiresome. It is the habit of making dark and dogmatic statements about the American literary past, notably in relation to the American literary present, at least, that is, as interpreted by Mr. Rahv.
For example, the opening essay ["Paleface and Redskin"]. This lays down the proposition that American writers "viewed historically" appear to group themselves around two polar types—paleface and redskin. The paleface is James, the redskin is Whitman, and the national literature "suffers from the ills of a split personality." The palefaces dominated nineteenth-century American literature, and the redskins dominate twentieth-century American literature. When this sort of obiter dictum was uttered by the late Irving Babbit or other members of the neo-humanist group, you took it for what it was worth as propaganda for their side. But Mr. Rahv seriously presents this formula in the first essay of his book as something profoundly serious and profoundly true. It is only a half-truth, one of those half-truths, uttered dogmatically, that lead me to distrust the obiter dicta of contemporary criticism.
A second essay, "The Cult of Experience in American Writing," takes off where the first ends. Here are some representative sentences:
While the idea that one should "live" one's life came to James as a revelation, to the contemporary European writers this idea had long been a thoroughly assimilated and natural assumption … it represents a momentous break with the then dominant American morality of abstention. The roots of this morality are to be traced on the one hand to the religion of the Puritans and, on the other, to the inescapable need of a frontier society to master its world in sober practice.
This seems to mean that at some indefinite time in the nineteenth century, an indefinite group of European writers had "assimilated" the idea that one should "live" one's life. But what writers? Did they mean "live" in the sense that James is supposed to mean it? Did James discover this startling truth only when he went abroad, as the old dig said, to read Turgeniev, or did he learn it primarily from that exciting, transcendentalist-flavored intellectual climate out of which his father came and in which some of his formative years were passed? And about this distinction between redskin and paleface—did they both "abstain"? if so, what becomes of the distinction between them? Abstain from what? From the...
(The entire section is 1103 words.)
Robert Alter
[What is] most impressive about Mr. Rahv's criticism is its urgent insistence that the mind remain engaged with the multiplex, ambiguous data of reality despite repeated temptations to slip off into the pleasures of private fantasy, the neatness of intellectual schematisms, the security of dogma, or whatever escape route the signs of the times may point to. Mr. Rahv is at his best, then, as a critic of criticism. He exercises a surgeon's fine skill in exposing the particular failed nerve that produced each of our major literary fads—the religious revival (in the late '40s), the ascendancy of myth (in the mid-'50s, but we are not out of that Sacred Wood yet), the grand sport of symbol-hunting (an intellectual pastime of the '50s, now permanently appropriated by the academic critics), and the current quest for "inner freedom" and spontaneity of consciousness in both the creation and criticism of fiction.
Because Mr. Rahv has such a strong sense of criticism as a responsible activity, mediating, ideally, between life and art, he is quick to raise just the right questions as to the ultimate implications of a critic's commitment to a particular method or ideology. It may have been obvious, even in 1950, that the vogue of Christianity among the intellectuals was, after Marxism, merely a turning to a new form of authoritarianism, but Mr. Rahv is able to analyze precisely the way in which Rome and Moscow are complementary escapes from the stubborn complexities of human nature. The "Utopians on the Left" assume man's innate goodness, the "Utopians on the Right," his inalterable depravity; the former position as a rationale for political action courts disaster, the latter view is "the permanent alibi of those unconcerned with justice"; both alternatives finally shirk the...
(The entire section is 737 words.)
Julian Moynahan
[In "The Myth and the Powerhouse," Rahv is too often] found fighting a species of rear-guard action against troops who have long since retired from the field or may never have left the barracks in the first place. For instance, he looks with suspicion upon a religious revival "current" among intellectuals in the early 1950's, yet from the perspective of the present the only real question is whether such a revival ever occurred. Similarly, he views with alarm the illiberal and anti-historical assumptions of "myth" critics—people who come up with archetypal and symbolic readings of novels and poems while ignoring or hypostasizing personal and historical dimensions of meaning in literary works. But who nowadays pays any serious attention to myth critics, or to New Critics, or to psychoanalytic critics, or to Camp critics, or to you-name-it critics?…
Mr. Rahv is out of step with the new tendencies and as a critic has really nothing to recommend him except taste, experience, honesty, humaneness, knowledge of several foreign tongues and literatures, and a rather single-minded devotion to the idea that the theme of human history is freedom. He is attracted to the novel as the dominant modern literary form because in its conquest of historical actuality, in its "realism," the novel spotlights the social arena in which the issues of freedom are to be fought out. It therefore becomes important to him to emphasize Gogol's social realism in...
(The entire section is 534 words.)
Mark L. Krupnick
Rahv is best known as an editor, since its founding in 1934, of Partisan Review. [The essays in Literature and the Sixth Sense] are very much the writings of a partisan and public man who is as much concerned about influencing cultural debate as in elucidating texts. So this is literary criticism of a special kind: the essay as position paper, as a tactical exercise in a continuing war of ideas. Rahv acknowledges the influence of psychoanalysis, existentialism and anthropology, and he uses all of these resources of modern criticism to good effect; but his method depends basically on Marxism, with its stress on the social determinants of literature, the art object as it exists in the dimension of time....
(The entire section is 656 words.)
John P. Sisk
[A book like Literature and the Sixth Sense,] ranging as it does over a period in our cultural life so marked by change at all levels, could be a useful record even if its insights and judgments were no longer especially relevant. Rahv himself accedes to this record-value in his decision to reprint his essays without substantial changes, and so delivers himself to the whimsies of the Zeitgeist. But what continually struck me as I reread pieces I had not read for years was how well they stand up despite the fact that they carry the imprint of their particular times and occasions. This is especially true of the splendid synoptic essays on Hawthorne …, Henry James's heroines …, and the introductions to...
(The entire section is 638 words.)
Frank Kermode
[Rahv's] criticism has strength rather than ingenuity, eloquence rather than wit. He mimics nobody, preferring his own voice with its certainty of timbre and its dynamic range (loud but controlled in polemic). Consequently he collects well, keeps well. To me, a critic with virtually nothing in common with him …, the weight of [Literature and the Sixth Sense], its clarity and certainty, are extremely impressive. Apart from anything else, it was no small achievement to go on doing unfashionable things, to follow one's own road, when American criticism, for virtually a generation, was headed in a quite different direction. It called for sobriety and patience, for a sense of vocation and a sense of history....
(The entire section is 1255 words.)
Mark Shechner
[Rahv] was fairly unproductive as a critic: his collected writing would scarcely total more than a thick volume of occasional essays and book reviews, a scattering of uncollected editorials and manifestoes, and an unfinished book on Dostoevsky which he labored over in desultory fashion for more than thirty years. Yet the editors of [Essays on Literature and Politics 1932–1972] are quite justified in claiming that he was, in his own right, one of the finest literary critics of his generation….
Though he wrote slowly and took great pains in the articulation of his positions, he was a formidable rhetorician who drove home his points with a pungency and directness that bespoke not only a sure...
(The entire section is 1065 words.)
Denis Donoghue
Experience is Rahv's word; it turns up on virtually every page of [Essays on Literature and Politics 1932–1972]. Sometimes he uses it to mean everything in life that the mind should encounter not by chance but by purpose and an intuitive sense of what it needs. So he speaks of "a dichotomy between experience and consciousness" as the typical American disability. But sometimes he uses it to mean 'felt life' rather than 'life's total practice,' and in that sense it is hard to see that there could be a dichotomy between experience and consciousness. I can only explain this ambivalence by saying that to Rahv experience was the grander term and that while he revered consciousness and was stirred by ideas, he knew...
(The entire section is 1317 words.)
William Barrett
[Philip Rahv's break with Communism marked the real beginning of his career as a literary critic]. Starting in 1939, and then through the 1940's, he wrote some solid and really first-rate essays in literary criticism, which still remain the best memorial to his powers of mind and sensibility. One of the remarkable things about them too was the degree to which his Marxism had receded into the background. In fact, he had not given up his beliefs; when pushed in conversation, the Marxist formulary would come out as flat and dogmatic as ever; but in his literary criticism, and much to its benefit, he seemed to look the other way. The god of Marxism had not died for him, it had simply withdrawn—and, as it turned out,...
(The entire section is 2607 words.)
Irving Howe
Though he wrote mostly about literature, and often surpassingly well, Rahv's criticism can't be understood apart from a fancied relation (mostly in his head) to some ideal Marxist text. Sometimes this stood as a relation of mimesis, sometimes parody, most often allegory. His essays moved along a double track. On one track he could faithfully follow the work being examined—an obligation he took with great seriousness—while on the other he might also trace out the half-blurred footprints of Marxism. Just as some of the New Critics seem in retrospect to have been ministers manqué, their rhetoric soaring to a preacher's climax while their matter failed to keep pace, so Rahv wrote with the pleased stateliness of the...
(The entire section is 1643 words.)


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13406 E. Philadelphia St. Whittier, CA 90608
The following are courses that have been offered or are usually offered by the Program in Environmental Science and Environmental Studies. For a comprehensive list of courses, please refer to the current Schedule of Classes or Course Catalog.
ENVS 100. Introduction to Environmental Science
An introduction to the field of environmental science, examined from multiple perspectives: biology, earth sciences, chemistry, and physics. The class focuses on the contributions these different disciplines make to the diagnosis and solution of environmental problems, with an emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of these issues. Lecture, laboratory, and field trips. One semester, 4 credits.
ENVS 396. Integrated Research Methods
This course focuses on developing expertise in environmental sampling and analysis. Topics to be covered include basic surveying and mapping techniques, community sampling, air and water quality analysis, and basic statistical analysis of data. The course is topic based, and will investigate several problems over the course of the semester using field and laboratory instrumentation. This course is designed for sophomores or juniors. Lecture, Laboratory and Field Trips. Prerequisite: ENVS 100. One semester, 3 credits.
INTD 218. Insects and People
Insects are the most diverse group of living things on the planet and vastly outnumber, in species and individuals, any other taxonomic group. This course explores the interactions between humans and insects to appreciate the importance of insects in human well being. On the one hand insects provide people with valuable goods (e.g. food and clothing) and essential services (e.g. pollination and waste removal). But on the other hand, insects transmit deadly diseases among people and inflict immense economic losses as pests of our crops and our homes. Students learn basic insect ecology, morphology and physiology on the basis of which they are able to recognize the diverse insect orders and life cycles and their relatives. Consequently, students come to appreciate the capacity of insects to deliver ecosystem goods and services to human societies, but also to be pests and purveyors of pestilence to people and property. The culminating experience in the class is project that encourages students to explore the theme of insects and people as imaginatively as possible. The project could be a work of art (painting, a short play, even a song etc.) or it could be an ecological analysis (e.g. the diversity of insects on campus or in Puente Hills).
ENVS 320*. Environmental Chemistry
Atmospheric and condensed phase chemistry involved in modern environmental challenges including: global warming; energy supply; air, water and soil pollution; and ozone depletion. Prerequisite: CHEM 110A or instructor permission. One semester. Lectures and Laboratory. Cross listed with Chem 282. One semester. 4 credits
ENVS 352. Long Term Environmental Change
The Earth's climate is experiencing unprecedented changes that will likely affect every form of life. Now scientists can rely on the study of past climate changes to better understand the mechanisms, triggers and environmental impacts behind abrupt past changes in climate and to make predictions about future climate.
ENVS 473*. The Southern California Flora: Ecology, Evolution and Taxonomy
Taxonomic and ecological study of native plants. Lectures, Laboratory, and Field Trips. This course involves lectures only and does not have a lab section. Through lectures, readings from book chapters and scientific papers students learn about the different drivers of climate change and related implications for life on Earth.
ENST 323*. Environmental Anthropology
The changes that humans make in the natural environment are related to their world views and to their ideas about what the relationship between humans and nature should be. This course will explore these relationships cross-culturally through the readings of ethnographies and the viewing of films. Sophomore standing or above or the instructor's permission. One semester, 3 credits.
ENST 348. Food and Food Systems
This course approaches food–something Americans often take for granted–as a complex social system. We will investigate the social relationships and modes of organization that constitute the economic, political, environmental and social contexts for the development, production, distribution, promotion and consumption of food in contemporary society. Thus the course engages topics such as genetically modified food, the politics of food regulation, industrial agriculture, alternative agriculture and/or sustainable development. Cross listed with SOC 348. One semester, 3 credits.
ENST 350*. World Environmental History
An examination of the world's environmental history from both local (e.g. California and the U.S.) and global perspectives (e.g. deforestation, species extinctions, climate change and global warming, nitrogen flows) designed to explore the interaction between humans and the natural environment, and to assess the extent of the human impact on natural environments over time.

subset: commoncrawl


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Skip to comments.Canceled Comcast
Posted on 11/08/2012 8:58:49 AM PST by PHloon
I called Comcast last night and cancelled my cable TV. When the young lady on the phone asked me why I was cancelling it I explained that we just had a change in our financial situation. I told her that my wife and I both work full time and because we have good paying jobs we are now going to have have to pay higher taxes as we are for some reason considered the enemy. I went on to explain that we have fixed expenses such as a mortgage and car payments that we cannot cut. With 4 kids who are rapidly approaching their college years we do not have disposal income. This was just the start as I have to begin preparing now for the reality of the next 4 years.
What I didn't tell the young lady was that there is an added benefit of this change as I will no nonger be sending my hard earned money to to the owner of the hate filled network MSNBC. Any company that allows the lies and distortions to flow night after night from their hosts needs to hear from their customers. The news coverage from NBC over the last few months was incrediably biased with the hosts continually singing the praises of the President while ignoring the deteriorating economy, the scandal in Libya and Obama's Katrina. Nothing new but this time in my own small way I will adjust for our unfortunate economic reality and at the same time hopefuly do my part to send a message to Comcast that a significant portion of this country does not agree with the hate and lies that constantly flow from the NBC properties.
I'm curious—did she try to offer you a better deal? Any time I have called to cancel they immediately offer a deal for 6 months.
Good for you! Thinking of doing the same!
Well at least you can still watch Fox on your handheld phone or if you at least have internet connection you can watch on a tablet.
I will be cutting the cable very soon. Comcrap can go to hell.
"What I didn't tell the young lady..."
Actually, that should have been your sole reason if you wanted to send a message.
We have Comecast & I'd cut it myself. But my sweetie is addicted to the high speed internet (me too, on that one) & likes to watch movies in the evening. Even if we've seen the same ones ten times before.
why didn't you tell her that?? several years ago, when i called HBO and cancelled my subscription (only had it as the wife like the Sopranos) and they asked why i told them i will not support any hate filled left wing media outlet that gives a voice to people like bill maher. larry davis and nancy pelosi's daughter (who was producing anti-conservative documentary's for them) with my money...they've got to know up front its their politics thats pushing you away...
Bravo to you. We all need to "go Galt" in any way that we can. And since you were feeding the UrineStream Media anyway with your subscription, a double whammy!
I'm planning to cut back to extreme austerity measures. I hope to put numerous businesses out of business, and by doing so, unemploy numerous Obama drones. We can "stop the engine of the world" together if we try.
You won't miss it.
A couple of years ago, my wife and I canceled our cable TV. We kept internet access, though, and now get all the TV content we need via Netflix streaming. We even tried Hulu+ for a while, which was OK, but decided we didn't need that either. Netflix streaming seemed to cover our needs at a fraction of the cost of cable.
And we barely watch TV. Usually I watch TV *maybe* for 1 hour a week. Maybe. Although recently, this stupid anime Fullmetal Alchemist has sucked me in and is taking up more of my precious time. Hrm.
I cancelled a web service yesterday and plan to drastically reduce or eliminate my cable bill.
I am also cancelling my LA Fitness account. I will explain to them in no uncertain terms as to why.
I am not planning to expand my business in any way that expand hiring and I am circling the wagons to survive.
i cancelled time warner last month. 106.00 a month when i signed up 6 years ago 196.00 a month when i cancelled. Uverse now at a savings of 44.00 a month for internet,phone, and tv.
I will be contacting my pool guy, the landscaper and canceling the newspaper because I won't have a job after this month. Reason I will give is one word: OBAMA
Wife might be getting laid off soon too.
I'm just about to cancel Brighthouse too. I'm no longer going to willingly finance the left anymore.
Why LA Fitness? I have a membership there.
Also don't forget to contact your GM or Chrysler salesman (if you've bought from one in recent years) and let them know that you're not going to buy from their companies again. Not as much due to the bailout — rather due to their last-minute decision to defend Obama from Romney's criticism of the bailout. That hurt Romney in Ohio and Michigan and was purely political. No reason to give money to crony capitalist corporations that suck up to the other side of the aisle.
I have not had outside TV for well over 5 years. While I do miss the football, I do NOT miss the trash.
Kill your TV!!
Screw fox.
Five Best Video Services for Ditching Cable Without Losing Your Favorite TV Shows
I canceled my Comcast cable TV 6 months ago, but work at home and need some kind of Internet connection, still have Comcast but looking to change.
Nice! I'm preparing to tell my family members (on Mr. Littlespotblog's side, all libs from CA) that Christmas will be very frugal this year. Thanks to our increase in taxes next year, along with the increased amount of $$ we have to pay for food and gas, they can expect simple homemade gifts and photographs of our daughter. The days of buying consumer items are long gone.
We're all poor now!
Had a Google AdWords account for my business.
DELETED and CANCELLED.
I cancelled DISH about six months ago, bought a rabbit ears antenna for $15.00 and discovered I receive 23 channels with perfect picture. I was paying $71.00 per month for a system that I barely used and which spent most of the time in "Acquiring Signal" mode when I did use it.
And watching Fox is necessary because....why?
My employer is giving away a Ford F-150 in a national sweepstakes. I was asked to research vehicle options and chose Ford strictly because they are not government owned. (not the reason I gave my company but that was my true reason) I went and ordered the truck the other day. The GM of the dealer is a tea party type guy-I did tell him.
I called the tree service company yesterday & told them because Obama won I no longer could afford to have the two trees cut. They called back laughing (left message on answering machine) that they understood. Since they thought it was so funny I won't be using them next time I decide to have the trees taken down.
My wife and I cut the tie to cable/satellite tv two months ago. We stream Netfliks/Huluplus and watch movies we've chosen and listen to music we've chosen through Apple TV.
I bought a powered antennae to pick up local digital/analog tv stations (which we probably won't be watching for the next four years because we might accidentlly see national news with their god Obama).
We get any news we want over the internet at websites like this, as well as Drudge, Foxnews.com, etc.
We really haven't missed satellite tv at all. We are saving about 70 dollars a month. I highly recommend one of the streaming products. We are heavy into itunes so Apple TV made sense for us, but I understand Roku is good as well as others. You definitely need a good wireless router. I recommend Apples Airport Extreme. Very few dropouts on streaming. I'm sure there are other good ones out there as well.
Take the plunge, you won't regret it.
Exactly and am with you 100%....
If enough of us do this, business will suffer (read JC Penney) and the message will be heard...
Hey, no money, no business, no employment...trickle down DOES work!
People have GOT to learn to turn off the cable news channels and TV stations. That is the only way to hurt them. Low ratings. If people continue to watch, then they will not change. Everyone has simply got to stop watching the liars.
While we like Netflix too because of classic film availability, I hate to break it to you but the head of Netflix is a huge lib in Los Gatos, CA.
I deleted all the liberals on my facebook page (including my brother) so I don't have to put up with them thinking they won. In the long run we will find our own "revenge" & it won't be pretty. I see there has been & will be a lot of layoffs starting all over the country. Some employees were warned ahead of time that if Obama won some would lose their jobs. Actions always have reactions.
The best service is an antenna.
It's amazing how many people have forgotten (or never knew) about free over-the-air TV. We get 50 channels in our area—all free; all HDTV (better quality HDTV than cable provides).
Go to zap2it.com and look up the broadcast channels in your area. You'll be really surprised what's out there for free.
We dumped cable 3 years ago. Never looked back.
Hooked a computer to the TV antenna and use it as a DVR to record shows.
Hulu, Crackle, and channel websites (like tbs.com) provide other access to TV.
There is really a wealth of TV content out there that is free, if you know where to look for it.
I already told my kids the other day not to expect buckets of stuff under the tree this year, although we could. I am not participating in the Obama economy as much as is possible. They completely understood.
Can you believe this—I am 67 years old and I have NEVER had or paid for cable since it came into existence.
And I can truthfully say I have missed nothing.
Without cable there is very close to nothing but trash to watch, so I don't watch it.
For 8 years when Clinon was in office, I didn't even watch the local news. Even now I have rarely watched the local news for the past 4 years because they keep playing this disturbing image that has nothing to do with local news. LOL
I've been doing the math today.
We are looking at an extra $10K in fed taxes alone starting January 1st till the end of the year.
Who knows what it will be beyond that.
I have no idea where it will come from.
It isn't going to take long for many of us to be considered "tax delinquent"
You can kill the TV service part of your bundle and save significant money that way. Comcast doesn't require TV to get internet service.
And with internet service you can do NetFlix or Hulu or whatever for those movies.
Don't want to support the riff raff, if I can help it
Don't miss tv at all, 3 years and counting. I feel... kinda....FREE!!!!!!!
When I was ready to ditch cable, I started with Netflix and Hulu and got a digital TV antenna and it's pretty sweet. Once you buy the TV antenna whatever channels you get in your local area are free (I'd actually forgotten there was still such a thing) and with Netflix & Hulu at $8/each it's a beautiful $16 solution.
Cheers...Charter gets the boot next week. Their new bundle policy, smart-ass CSA's along with trash programming made my mind up long before the election. Problem is finding a reasonably priced ISP in our rural area...not many choices available.
Who in the entertainment/media industries isn't a lib?
My goal is to get what I want with the absolute minimum expenditure. Hopefully that results in less money in the economy feeding taxes to the government.
I've actually got a BIG idea that I may work on to limit taxes for a lot of people. We'll see...
That'll show 'em.
Silly. That might make you feel better but you vented to a minimum wage employee. You should send a copy of your complaint to the Comcast HONCHO and the letters to the editor.
I do "feel your pain" and I'm divesting from every LIBERAL company I've done business with previously, I'm cutting up my Costco card and will be sending a note to their agents in charge. More to follow. I may be a fly poop speck in the grand scheme, but it works for me and that is what matters.
Even without Mitt, you'd think out of 12M jobs, there'd be some available.
I know exactly what you mean. Every dollar spent is an economic vote for this administration. I am looking high and low for ways to spend less because it is the right thing to do.
Should have said "The election." We have canceled $225 worth of various services every month so far. And we aren't done. EVERY BUSINESS was told the truth: we are cutting back due to Obama's re-election.
I swore if Obama won I'd trade my Lexus SUV for a Prius - twice the mileage/half the cost including taxes. I don't want to but I will - particularly now that they're all excited about finally slamming us with a carbon tax.
Starve the beast.
Just say , *No* to better deals.
We don't have cable, and mr. mm and I are now in serious prepping mode. He is now motivated to take care of some stuff around the house that we need materials for. We're going to get the stuff done while we have the money that's worth anything, and the materials still available.
This sounds like a great opportunity to have fun at the expense of liberal corporations. For example, go window shopping at Home Depot and inquire about a really expensive kitchen makeover, then once they give you a quote tell them that you wish you could have afforded that makeover, but you cannot both pay for your employees Obamacare and also get the makeover.
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Technical Resources
Natural Resources Assessment
National Resources Inventory
/ Percent of Irrigated Cropland in Gravity Irrigation, 1982
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Technical Resources
This shaded polygon map shows the percent of irrigated cropland in gravity irrigation for each 8-digit hydrologic unit. Areas with 95% or more Federal area are shown as gray. There were 29.7 million acres of gravity irrigated cropland in the U.S in 1982.
Cautions for this Product:
This map does not show the total amount of gravity irrigated Cropland. Data are not collected on Federal land. Data are not available for Alaska, and the Pacific Basin. Data for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are shown by 6-digit hydrologic unit.
Source: National Resources Inventory, 1997
Distributor: USDA-NRCS-RIAD
NRI sample data are generally reliable at the 95% confidence interval for state and certain broad substate area analyses. Generally, analyses that aggregate data points by smaller geographic areas and/or more specific criteria result in fewer data points for each aggregation and therefore less reliable estimates. NRI maps reflect national patterns rather than site- specific information.
Aggregate Layer: 8 Digit Hydrologic Unit Areas with Federal Land
Other Layers Displayed: States, Rivers
A Land cover/use category that includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. Two subcategories of cropland are recognized: cultivated and noncultivated. Cultivated cropland comprises land in row crops or close-grown crops and also other cultivated cropland, for example, hayland or pastureland that is in a rotation with row or close-grown crops. Noncultivated cropland includes permanent hayland and horticultural cropland. [NRI-97]
Gravity irrigated:
Water is delivered to the farm and/or field by canals or pipelines open to the atmosphere; and, water is distributed by the force of gravity down the field by: [NRI-97] 1. A surface irrigation system (border, basin, furrow, corrugation, wild flooding, etc.) or, 2. Sub- surface irrigation pipelines or ditches.
Hydrologic units:
A hierarchical system developed by the U.S. Geological Survey that divides the United States and the Caribbean into 21 major regions, 222 subregions, 352 accounting units, and further subdivided into 2,150 cataloging units that delineate river basins having drainage areas usually greater than 700 square miles. [USGS]
Irrigated land:
Land that shows evidence of being irrigated during the year of the inventory or during two or more years out of the last four years. Water is supplied to crops by ditches, pipes, or other conduits. Water spreading is not considered irrigation; it is recorded as a conservation practice. [NRI-97]
Product ID: 6014
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Mississippi College President Lee Royce has received a major award from one of the nation's premier higher education organizations.
"Lee Royce is a remarkable leader who knows how to create a compelling institutional vision and then inspire faculty, staff, and students to unite in efforts to turn that vision into reality."
-Ron Howard, vice president for academic affairs
Saluted for creating a vision for his university, inspiring others, encouraging innovation among faculty and staff, and other notable accomplishments, Royce was the 2014 recipient of the Council for the Support of Education's (CASE) District III Executive Leadership Award. The honor is presented annually to chief executives at universities in the group's Southern region spanning Florida, Kentucky, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Echoing the CASE endorsement, colleagues at MC agree that Dr. Royce was an excellent choice.
"Lee Royce is a remarkable leader who knows how to create a compelling institutional vision and then inspire faculty, staff, and students to unite in efforts to turn that vision into reality," said Ron Howard, vice president for academic affairs.
A Vanderbilt University alumnus who became president in July 2002, Dr. Royce has led a Mississippi College construction renaissance, seen enrollment skyrocket, successfully pushed for greater financial stability, and spearheaded the "Growing the Vision" campaign, which raised $87.4 million.
"Thrilled, but not surprised," was MC trustee Andy Taggart's response when learning that Royce had been recognized with the high honor. "MC is a great university for many reasons. We should all be gratified that those whose profession is higher education realize that Dr. Lee Royce is one reason we are where we are at this time in our history."
The CASE honor also recognizes campus leaders who create a positive image of their school and actively support fund-raising with a high level of success. Under Royce's leadership, Mississippi College's operating budget has climbed 69 percent and enrollment has increased by 82 percent. MC has seen an 89 percent reduction in long-term debt, and the institution has hired 42 more full-time faculty members. In short, said Debbie Norris, graduate school dean, "Dr. Royce leads Mississippi College in ways that have truly made our faculty and staff proud."
"Lee Royce leads by doing and gives his all to assisting others in applying their talents to the task at hand," said Howard. "He's taken MC to new levels of academic achievement and Christian commitment."


text: Both sexes mature at about 5 meters long. There is thought to be a sex ratio of 67% males to 33% females. Little is known about the reproduction of this species because there does not seem to be a specific breeding season. The whales breed and calves are born all year round. The average lifespan is at least 35 years (http://www.ims.usm.edu/~musweb/ziphcav.htm. Minasian et al. 1984, Watson 1981).


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Jean Moule last wrote about flying with a different instructor for the Flight Training blog. She is an emerita faculty member of Oregon State University, and a published writer and artist. Visit her website.—Ed.
Spiraling up on thermals in a glider, circling Kauai dodging clouds: what a way to spend time and funds for vacation fun.
I expected to take to the air between islands and headed home. Yet…something called…
Normally time in the tropics leads to sunset and/or snorkeling cruises. Fancy meals overlooking the beach. And, for more active adventure: zip lines, parasailing, scuba diving, SUP (stand up paddling), horseback riding. There are hikes and special coves for swimming. So, what did I unexpectedly do?
This time…it was different. Even as we landed from the mainland onto Oahu, I knew I wanted to see more from the air. On some of the islands 80 percent of the scenery is only visible from a boat or from the sky. A bit of research and a few calls and I was scheduled to take a mini-glider lesson.
What was it like without an engine? Everything seemed different. Until Yuki had us up in the air after our release from our tow plane and we turned slowly upward and she let go of the controls. Somehow it began to feel familiar. She had told me earlier, "A student pilot learns a lot about flying from the engineless experience." Now, if only I could take my eyes off the scenery long enough to solidify my growing skills.
She let me take the glider wherever I wished, while maintaining her watch on the altitude, the other gliders, and parachuters in the air not far from us. I FLEW. As we got ready to return to the airport she took over the controls and did a few steep g-force turns that had me laughing and joyful. Then she landed. My mini lesson helped me understand the power of rising air and the feel of an airplane, as all of them are, designed to fly on its own.
Quite a day. This is an adaptation of what I wrote to my Salem, Oregon, flight instructor:
Remember the time you took over the controls after we were landing to quickly clear the runway for a corporate jet flight coming in? As we landed in Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii, my flight instructor took over the controls to get out of the way of an American Airlines flight about to take off. Oh my…amazing to be intertwined with the big guys. And, like, holding them up!? We also had to wait in line for the takeoff earlier. Almost cartoonish: Big planes and little us. A first for me.
As I took off Bruce said, "You've done this before." He also appreciated that I was gentle on the controls. Certainly learned a bit about flying in the mountains, near the rainy clouds and in some turbulence. Now I know to say 492 Echo Romeo unfailingly (OK, confession: Since my regular N number is 75765, I had never asked for a briefing with a tail number with letters. The briefer let me know my error when I said E R, even added "November" for the N part of the number! I have studied, my husband has tested me: At this point I think you can wake me up in the middle of the night, give me a letter of the alphabet, and I can tell you the standard word…I am even dreaming of them).
As a CFI, Bruce, a former college prof, freely shared that he could not get a student to pilot certificate level as I believe the island situation has limitations. He certainly knew his island. I was surprised that we carefully avoided flying over populated areas to reduce the noise to those communities. And I learned to skirt clouds. Raindrops on the window did not freak me out this time either.
The scenery was awesome and the cost—that had both Robbie and me up in the air—was all of $2 more than if we had both taken the regular scenic flight with the same time and route!
Worked for me. And Robbie took 100 photos.
I think I enjoyed it most when Bruce and Robbie were talking and I just flew over the coastline with some turns and altitude adjustments as I felt like it. 1.1 Hobbs and I have an entry to paste into my logbook.
Thought you might like to know…
And, one last surprise: having now flown a different Cessna 172, my heart races every time I see one…and I want to fly it.—Jean Moule
Are you interested in learning to fly? Sign up for a free student trial membership in the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association and receive six issues of Flight Training magazine plus lots of training tools and resouces for student pilots. Click here for more information.
Tags: gliders, Hawaii, Kauai, learn to fly, Oahu, soaring, student pilot, women pilots


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Free standard shipping over $ 75.00
$ 150.00
Unfortunately this product is currently not available.
A beautiful combination of delicate pink crystal and rose gold-plated metal. This timeless set includes a pair of pierced earrings and a pendant on a chain. Ideal for adding a refined sparkle to a work outfit, it is only available online in a limited quantity.


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HIPAA Rules & Regulations
For medical professionals and providers of health insurance services in the country, one of the important regulations to follow are the HIPAA rules & regulations laid out by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Act of 1996. This act was primarily brought in to effect for streamlining health insurance system and also for protecting the privacy of patient data. The health care providers and organizations and health plan providers that store and use patient information are required to follow the regulations laid down by HIPAA act.
HIPAA Rules & Regulations
HIPAA rules & regulations lay out the guidelines that need to be followed while providing health plan coverage and also while providing health services. These guidelines are provided in the form of Administrative requirements and security and privacy requirements that has to be met by the medical care provider and by the health insurance provider.
Administrative HIPAA Rules & Regulations:
Administrative requirements contain many sub parts that establishes the identifiers and code sets needed to be used by the health plan providers and health service providers. The sub parts ranging from Subpart A though Subpart H is available as part of administrative requirements.
Some of the important sub parts are explained below:
Subpart D
This part contains guidelines for Health care providers for implementing Standard Unique health identifier. It contains implementation specifications for Health care provider, Health plans and Health care clearing houses.
Subpart F
This part contains the required guidelines for implementing standard unique employer identifier.
Subpart I
Sub Part I deals with general provisions for arriving at transaction standards. It also talks about the guidelines to be adopted while maintaining the standard and also the rules for making changes to the standard transactions.
Subpart J
Part J deals with the guidelines that need to be followed for framing Medical data code sets.
Subpart L
This part provides information regarding the eligibility criteria that need to be met for considering a transaction as a proper health plan transaction.
Subpart N
This section actually details the different transactions related to Health care claim status. It also provides the standard structure of a health care claim status transaction.
Subpart O
This section talks about the process of enrollment and Disenrollment in a health plan and the standards that need to be adopted while performing enrollment and disenrollment.
Subpart Q
This part talks about the process flow in a Health plan premium payment transaction and the different standards that need to be adopted
HIPAA Rules & Regulations | Security And Privacy:
After the administrative requirements, the next important part of the HIPAA rules & regulations is the Security and Privacy section. This has five subsections ranging from Subpart A through to Subpart E.
HIPAA Rules & Regulations
Subpart A
Subpart A talks about the general provisions such as Definitions, Statutory basis and organizational requirements.
Subpart C
This part contains the security standards that need to be maintained for protecting health information of the patients.
Subpart D
It outlines the process that needs to be followed while notifying the case of breach of unsecured protected health information. This includes Notification to media, Notification to individuals and also notification to secretary.
Subpart E
This part lays out the process to be followed for protecting health information of the individuals.
After going through the details provided here on what are HIPAA rules & regulations, medical service providers and health insurance service providers would get an overall idea about the standards and procedures that need to be followed while working on their related transactions.Tags: Knowledge, Organization, SAP
HIPAA|Compliance|Laws|Certification|Training, www hipaagives org
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World-renowned classical guitarist MILOŠ takes the stage at Mar-a-Lago, clutching his instrument.
It's the Chamber Music Society of Palm Beach's season debut, and Florida's weather was up to its usual rainy tricks. MILOŠ, also known as Miloš Karadagli, explains that he had arrived expecting sunshine and palm trees. "I'm from London, so I'm used to it," he remarked to the White and Gold Ballroom's laughing audience.
So began his exquisite performance, punctuated by comments, jokes and anecdotes—all presented in the guitarist's eloquent and charming manner of speech. MILOŠ improvises as he plays, and one gets the feeling that he expertly adjusts his program according to setting and mood.
As he strums, he takes the audience on an emotional journey: from soothing Mediterranean melodies to Latin American pieces with samba undertones to Diana Krall's "The Boy from Ipanema" to his mother's favorite, "A Day in November" by Leo Brouwer.
"When she attends, I play it because she's there," he says. "And when she's not there... I play it because she's always there."
MILOŠ closes the evening with a powerful rendition of Carlo Domeniconi's "Koyunbaba." He first heard it when he moved to London, and it was "medicine for [his] nostalgia." Though "Koyunbaba" wasn't part of his curriculum at the Royal Academy of Music, it was so special to him that he took it upon himself to learn it.
"I hope you can find your own place and go somewhere with this piece," he tells the audience.
And away we went.
MILOŠ' performance was part of the Great Performers: Palm Beach series. All six concerts will be held at the elegant Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach. Prior to each concert, guests will have the opportunity to meet artists at a cocktail hour from 6-7 p.m.
The Chamber Music Society of Palm Beach's inaugural season will also include:
- Tuesday, December 17th, 2013, 7:00 p.m. –Doori Na, Violin; Joseph Lee, Cello, Seaon Kennard, Piano.
- Tuesday, January 21st, 2014, 7:00 p.m.—Paolo Bordignon, Harpsichord; Matthew Dine, Oboe; Stephen Taylor, Oboe.
- Tuesday, February 11th, 2014, 7:00 p.m.—Jon Manasse, Clarinet; Jon Nakamatsu, Piano.
- Thursday, March 20th, 2014, 7:00 p.m. –Anderson & Roe, Piano Duo, Greg Anderson, Piano; Elizabeth Joy Roe, Piano.
- Thursday, April 10th, 2014, 7:00 p.m. –Trio Les Amies, Carol Wincenc, Flute; Cynthia Phelps, Viola; Nancy Allen; Harp.
Admission is invitation only. For more information, call 561-379-6773 or visit cmspb.org.


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With Thanksgiving just one day away, families around the nation are doing last minute preparations to get ready for the main event - though some may be forgetting to include their pets in the prepping.
According to PetMD.com, Thanksgiving can be a dog's favorite day, as there will be more people to pet and play with it and it has more opportunities to get table scraps. Although dogs may love the taste of a Thanksgiving feast, many of the ingredients can actually be harmful to them, making it important that owners watch out during dinner. Onions can be deadly to dogs and tend to be in the majority of dishes, from mashed potatoes to stuffing. Many think turkey is fine, but it tends to be stuffed and basted in fats to crisp the skin, which is unhealthy for dogs.
If guests do want to give the dog a little nibble, make sure it's skin-free turkey and have the guest put the treat in its dog bowl so it doesn't develop bad table manners.
Most people like to relax after a big meal, though sticking to a dog's exercise routine is important and shouldn't be avoided even for one day. Make this day's walk a family affair - get nieces, nephews, uncles and aunts moving by going for a 30 minute or longer walk with the dog. VCA Animal Hospitals reports that dogs need two 30-minute walks each day to maintain good overall pet health, so families may want to walk the dog once before guests arrive as well to help keep it calm during the dinner.


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The Architecture of CUBRID
Table of Contents
- Back to Top
- Introduction
- Broker
- Client and Server Modules
- Module Configuration
- Detailed Description for the Modules
CUBRID is an object-relational database management system (DBMS). It has a 3-tier architecture which consists of the Database Server, the Broker, and the CUBRID Manager.
- Database Server: It is the core component of the CUBRID Database Management System, which saves and manages data in a multi-threaded client/server architecture. The Database Server processes the queries entered by users and manages objects in the database. The CUBRID Database Server provides seamless transactions using locking and logging methods even when multiple users use the database at the same time. It also supports database backup and restore for the operation.
- Broker: It is a CUBRID-specific middleware that relays the communication between the Database Server and external applications. It provides functions including connection pooling, monitoring, and log tracing and analysis.
- CUBRID Manager: It is a GUI tool that manages database and broker. It also provides the Query Editor, a tool that allows users to execute SQL queries on the Database Server.
CUBRID's architecture allows to have 1 Broker and many DB Servers, i.e. Broker/DB Server = 1/N. The basic configuration of CUBRID is shown below in Figure 1.
1. Introduction
1.1 Overall Architecture of the CUBRID System
Figure 2 below shows a simplified version of the CUBRID Architecture.
Figure 3 shows the overall architecture of the CUBRID system.
The CUBRID system follows the client/server model that allows multiple applications to access the same database simultaneously. The client module (the Broker in Figure 3) and the server module (the Server in Figure 3) on separate systems (computers) are connected through a network. Even when a broker and a server on the same system are connected, the same architecture as above is configured because they are connected via socket IPC. A server performs the requests from multiple clients in a single process/multi-threaded environment, and each server process manages one database.
The client module analyzes SQL queries on the database from users or applications and executes them to the optimization level. Then it generates a query plan tree and sends it to the server. And it receives the execution results from the server by using the cursor navigation and delivers them to the users or applications. The client caches object instances from the database to its memory to provide fast access to data by using the query execution results or directly by users/applications. In addition, it caches locks as well as objects from the server for concurrency control. The execution of triggers or methods specified by users or applications is also performed in the client module.
The server module receives and processes requests from the client module (e.g., object requests or query execution requests from a query execution tree) and then returns the query execution results. The server can execute the requests from multiple clients in a single process/multi-threaded environment. To support multiple client modules with the appropriate number of threads, the server threads are allocated to each broker request, not to each broker. The server performs input and output operations for database and log volume and provides a file access method to the database volume in a file or page. In addition, it manages page buffer in a memory and uses a B+-tree index to increase retrieval speed. The server also provides concurrency control, deadlock detection, and failover between multiple transactions.
1.2 Process Architecture
Below is a simplified architecture of the CUBRID Processes.
Below is a more detailed architecture of the CUBRID Processes.
Figure 5 shows the process architecture of the CUBRID system. In the server host, there can be one master process (cub_master) and more than one database server process (cub_server). Each client process (cub_cas) that exists in multiple broker hosts connects to each single database server process.
The cub_broker process allocates cub_cas, passes a connection and manages cub_cas for a connect request from an application. The cub_cas process executes database queries from the application.
1.2.1 Connection Configuration
The cub_cas process connects to the defined connection port number of the master process. The master process checks whether the requested database server is running; the connection request is rejected if the server is not running. If the requested database server is running, the master process passes the connected socket to the requested server process. Then, the server process communicates with the client process (cub_cas) directly through the socket.
The database server process connects to the master process's port and then registers its server name (database name) and establishes a UNIX Domain Socket (or Named Pipe) connection to the master process. In this connection, the master process passes a socket descriptor to the client (cub_cas); the connection is maintained for server shutdown and other future operations. After the connection between the server and client processes (cub_cas) is established, the server process allocates threads for each client request and performs tasks.
Master Process (cub_master)
1. Checks whether other master process is running by connecting to cubrid_port_id
2. Switches to the demon process, opens a socket to the port defined as cubrid_port_id, and waits for the connection between the client and the server.
3. Registers a server name and establishes a UNIX domain socket connection to the server process if the connection is from the database server process.
4. Passes the connected socket number (socket descriptor) to the database server requested by the client to establish a socket connection between the client and the server if it is connected from the client process (cub_cas).
Database Server Process (cub_server)
1. Connects to the designated port of the master process. If the connection fails, the connection attempt is aborted, assuming that the master process is not running.
2. Registers its server name (database name) to the master process if the connection to the master process is established. At this time, if a server with the same name already exists, the registration is rejected, and the server is terminated.
3. Creates a UNIX Domain socket (or Named Pipe), sends a connection path (socket file path) to the master process and terminates the socket connection to the designated port when the master process is connected.
4. Waits for task requests from the connected client. At this time, a connection relay of a new client from the master process is processed, if any.
5. Accepts requests from the connected client and performs tasks by allocating threads.
Client Process (cub_cas)
1. Connects to the master process that exists on a remote or local server through the port defined as cubrid_port_id.
2. Sends the name of the database to connect when the connection to the master process is established and checks whether the database server process is registered and running. At this time, the connection is rejected if there is no corresponding server.
3. Receives response messages directly from the server because the master process passes the socket connection between the client and the master process to the corresponding server process.
2. Broker
The Broker is a middleware that relays the communication between the database server and applications. It consists of cub_broker and cub_cas. Before you continue reading, we suggest you to read The CUBRID Broker Story blog which can give you very clear idea of why there is a Broker layer in CUBRID's architecture.
2.1 The cub_broker Process
The cub_broker process allocates cub_cas, passes a connection and manages cub_cas for a connection request from an application. cub_broker has a multi-threaded architecture and consists of the following threads:
- main
This thread creates other threads and manages the number of cub_cas processes. It increases or decreases the number of cub_cas processes depending on the number of requests in the job queue.
- receiver_thread
As a thread waiting for the accept() system call, this thread puts a connection request from an application into the job queue.
- dispatch_thread
This thread finds cub_cas available to allocate to the connection requests in the job queue and passes the connection to cub_cas.
- cas_monitor_thread
If cub_cas is abnormally terminated, this thread restarts cub_cas.
2.2 The cub_cas Process
The cub_cas process executes database queries from an application and has a single thread architecture. This process connects to the database server when it receives a "connection" request from an application and calls a function corresponding to the request from the application. After the connection with the application is terminated, this process can receive a connection from another application. When disconnecting an application, the connection to the database server is not terminated. If next application uses the same database as the current one, the existing database connection is reused.
Depending on the application's connection status, cub_cas has four statuses: IDLE, BUSY, CLIENT WAIT, or CLOSE WAIT.
- IDLE: No connection is made to an application.
- BUSY: A connection is made to an application, and the request from the application is being processed.
- CLIENT WAIT: A request from an application is waited for, and a transaction is being processed.
- CLOSE WAIT: A request from an application is waited for but a transaction has been terminated. If the connection between cub_cas and an application is disconnected in this status, the application attempts reconnection.
The cub_cas process waits for the select() call after a connection to the application is established and processes each function passed by the application. Main functions that respond to requests from an application are as follows:
- fn_end_tran
This function performs commit/rollback. If KEEP_CONNECTION is set to off in the cubrid_broker.conf file, it terminates the connection the application when a transaction is terminated; establishes a new connection when a new transaction starts. If KEEP_CONNECTION is set to auto, the status of cub_cas changes to CLOSE_WAIT when a transaction is terminated. In this case, if the application connected to cub_cas has not sent a new request, and a new application has sent a "connection" request, the cub_broker process can select the cub_cas whose status is CLOSE_WAIT to terminate the connection to the previous application and send a request to cub_cas asking for the connection to a new application.
- fn_prepare
This function processes a prepare request from an application. It compiles the queries, creates a handle for the compiled query and sends it to the application. Then, the application sends an execution request by using the created handle. After the queries are compiled, if they are the SELECT queries, meta information on columns is extracted and sent to the application.
- fn_execute
This function executes a prepared query statement. If the query statement is SELECT, it sends the query results as the specified buffer size and sends the query execution results for other query statements. If JDBC RESULT CACHE is in use and the executed query already exists in JDBC RESULT CACHE, this function determines whether the stored query results can be reused. If they can be reused, the query results are not sent. Instead, only a flag indicating reusability is sent to the JDBC.
- fn_fetch
This function copies the query results of the SELECT statement as the specified buffer size and sends them to an application.
3. Client and Server Modules
This chapter describes the components of the entire server (hereinafter, the server) and the native C API & other modules (hereinafter, the client) in the Client Library of the Broker as shown in Figure 6.
3.1 Module Configuration
The CUBRID client and server modules consist of the following components:
- Transaction Management Component
Handles system transactions across the client and server (including system failover).
- Server Storage Management Component
Accesses and manages database and log volume on the server (including page buffering).
- Client Storage Management Component
Allocates and manages a workspace for the object cache and access on the client.
- Object Management Component
Defines a class object, creates and modifies an object, converts the object representation structure between the disk and the memory.
- Client-Server Communications
Manages the network communication between the client and the server.
- Thread Management
Manages threads of a server process.
- Query Processing
Executes query plans on the server, which are created by translating, analyzing and optimizing SQL statements on the client.
The module configuration of each component is described in the following section.
3.1.1 Transaction Management Component
The Transaction Management Component consists of the modules in dark blue in Figure 7.
- Object Locator
As a module passing object data between a workspace on the clients and the page buffer pool on the server, it caches an object and acquires a lock to a workspace.
- Transaction Manager
As a module performing transaction start, commit, and rollback, it initializes other modules (lock/log/recovery manager) of Transaction Management Component. This module also supports commit, rollback, and savepoint including 2PC (2-phase commit).
- Lock Manager
As a module performing lock management based on the 2PL (2-phase locking) protocol, it supports a granularity locking protocols.
- Recovery Manager
As a module protecting database consistency from the system failure, it employs a failover method that uses UNDO/REDO logging and the WAL (Write Ahead Logging) protocol. This module supports total rollback, partial rollback (to savepoint), and nested top operation, and uses LSA (Log Sequence Address) and CLR (Compensation Log Record), etc.
3.1.2 Server Storage Management Component
The Server Storage Management Component consists of the modules shown in Figure 8.
- I/O Manager
As a module performing I/O tasks for the disk volume (or volume file), it performs a volume mount/unmount process and locks a volume. This module performs write synchronization for a log volume.
- Page Buffer Management
As a module managing the page buffer in a virtual memory that is used for disk page buffering, it employs the LRU page replacement algorithm and the FIX/UNFIX protocol to use page buffer. In addition, this module uses a hash table to quickly retrieve a requested page in the buffer pool.
- Disk Manager
A module managing the internal structure of the disk volume (or volume file). A volume consists of sectors, and a sector is a group of continuous pages. Each volume consists of system area and user area. The bit allocation map is used for page allocation in the volume.
- File Manager
As a module helping access to a database only in a file and page regardless of internal structure of the volume (volume, sector and page), it is used in a file structure such as B+-tree, heap, or hash. The File Manager module keeps and manages information on the sector that is allocated to a file in a file header.
- Slotted Page Manager
As a module inserting, deleting and updating records in a file page, it provides slot structure that indicates the position (offset) of records in a page; it can move records in a page through a slot.
- Overflow Page Manager
A module inserting, deleting and updating records with the size of over one page in an overflow page area. With this module, you can treat a large size data atomically.
- Object Heap Manager
A module inserting, deleting and, updating an object in a file through the heap structure. The instances (records) of a class (table) are stored into an object heap file, and a unique OID (object identifier) is allocated to each record. The OID consists of "Volume ID | + Page ID + Slot ID," and it is not reused except for a special case. This OID expression is the same as disk addressing in the Disk Manager. That is, the OID indicates the physical location of a disk where a record is stored.
- Extendible Hash Manager
As a module providing the extendible hashing to access data quickly, it is used to retrieve class OIDs with a class name.
- B+-tree Manager
As a module providing an index file structure based on the prefix B+-tree, it inserts, deletes, and retrieves a key for B+-tree.
- Long Data Manager
As a module processing ad-hoc large objects such as multimedia data, it can modify part of the data.
3.1.3 Client Storage Management Component
The Client Storage Management Component consists of the modules shown in Figure 9.
- Workspace Manager
A module managing the database objects cached in the workspace of the client process. Through an object table implemented as a hash, it converts a disk object identifier OID to a memory object pointer (MOP). The MOP has a memory pointer that helps access to objects cached in the client memory.
- Garbage Collector
A module collecting garbage for the client workspace. This module releases the memory that is allocated to MOPs and cached objects.
- Quick Fit Storage Allocator
A module allocating a memory to the workspace for an object.
3.1.4 Object Management Component
The Object Management Component consists of the modules in Figure 10.
- Representation Manager
This is a module performing conversion between disk expression structure and memory expression structure of an object. An object data is suitable to query execution in a disk and it has a structure which helps an application access it in a memory. The Representation Manager does conversion between these two expression formats. It also performs byte ordering during conversion.
- Schema Manager
As a module defining and changing a class, it creates, modifies, or manages the inheritance of a column, method, or class.
- Object Access Manager
As a module creating, deleting, modifying, checking an object or calling a method, it is closely related to the Schema Manager.
- Dynamic Loader
A module providing a dynamic link to an application that is executing methods written in C.
- Trigger Manager
A module implementing a trigger feature with a system object. This module is closely related to the Schema Manager and Object Access Manager.
- Authorization Manager
A module checking the authority of a database user. This module is implemented on top of the API provided by the Object Access Manager.
- Data Type and Domain
A module manipulating internal data structure (representation format) for data type and domain information. This module caches the information about the used domain to a connection list and has a domain conversion matrix.
3.1.5 Client-Server Communications
Client-Server Communications consists of the modules in Figure 11.
- Socket Manager
A module managing communications in the client, the server and the master process (cub_master). This module manages the procedures of connection to the client or server through the master process.
- Packet Manager
A module processing a packet that is used to exchange information between the client and the server. The packet types include request packet, data packet, close packet, out-of-band packet, or error packet. The request packet and data packet can communicate asynchronously by using a queue in the client and server.
- Client-Server Interface
A module providing an interface to use Client-Server Communications in the system. This module processes an exception that occurs during communications as well as out-of-band such as user interrupt, etc.
3.1.6 Thread Management Component
Thread Management Component manages multiple threads in the server process; it is implemented by using pthread. This component detects a request from the client by using the select() system call and allocates a task to the threads per each request. Similarly, the worker thread processing a request from the client waits for a task in the Job Queue and wakes up when a task enters the process. After it processes the task, it waits for another task in the Job Queue. There are also system threads that process only special system tasks as well as this worker thread.
- Deadlock detection thread
This thread checks whether a deadlock occurs at a fixed interval or when there is a lock request, and it solves a problem when there is a deadlock.
- Checkpoint thread
This thread performs a checkpoint feature that flushes the data page, which is already committed at a fixed interval but not reflected to the disk and cached in the page buffer. Performing a periodic checkpoint reduces the restore time during failover.
- OOB (out-of-band) thread
This thread receives the OOB signal and passes it to thread.
- Page-flush thread
This thread periodically flushes the dirty pages in the page buffer to the disk. This improves system performance by reducing flushing dirty pages to the disk during page replacement.
- Log-flush thread
This thread flushes the log page to the log volume. It provides group and asynchronous commit methods by using the log flush thread.
3.1.7 Query Processing
The Query Processing consists of the following modules.
- Scanner/Parser
As a module translating queries (SQL) from users or applications, it creates a parse tree.
- Semantic Checker
A module performing node typing, name resolution, semantic checking, or view translation, etc.
- XASL Generator/Optimizer
A module creating XASL (eXtended Access Specification Language) tree which is a query execution plan and performing query optimization by using schema information and database statistics. The XASL tree includes scan information (heap scan, index scan, list file scan, set scan, and method scan), a value list (values required for query results) and predicate. The query optimization employs cost-based optimization and rewrite optimization.
- Query Manager
A server module executing a given XASL_tree from the client. This module consists of the Query File Manager that stores the query's XASL plan and its results as well as the Query Evaluator that evaluates queries and creates a result list file. This module interfaces with the Transaction Manager or Recovery Manager to approve or cancel a transaction.
- Cursor Manager
A module fetching data from the list file that is created as the retrieval results.
3.2 Detailed Description for the Modules
3.2.1 Transaction Management Component
A. Object Locator
The Object Locator is a module delivering object data between a workspace on the clients and the page buffer pool on the server. The Object Locator provides simultaneous access, use, and failover for database objects by using the Transaction Management Component's locking and restore algorithm.
The Object Locator is divided into Object Locator on the client, Object Locator on the server, and Object Locator on the client/server. The Client Object Locator executes its tasks by using Workspace Manager, Representation Manager (Transformation Manager), and Heap File Manager. The Authorization Manager, Schema Manager, Object Access Manager and Query Parser (Scanner/Parser) use the functions of Client Object Locator. The Server Object Locator executes tasks by using Object Heap Manager, Representation Manager (Transformation Manager), Lock Manager, Catalog Manager, and B+-tree Manager. In the Client Object Locator, the functions of Server Object Locator module is used for object fetch and flush.
The objects that are cached to the workspace of a client by the Object Locator maintains coherency with the objects in a server by using cache coherency number. If the cache coherency number of an object, that is cached into the workspace of a client, is not the same as the cache coherency number of an object that exists in the page buffer (or disk) of a server, the cached object becomes invalid (invalidation). The Server Object Locator increases the cache coherency number of an object whenever an object is flushed from a server and it is sent to a server.
Validation check for a cached object is performed when the object is first used by transaction. Because lock is also cached (set up) when an object is cached, the validation of an object is effective while one transaction is being executed. When a transaction requests an object, the Client Object Locator checks whether the object and its lock are cached. If both the object and lock are cached, the transaction can use the cached objects in the workspace memory much faster. If neither the object nor lock is cached, send a request to the Server Object Locator. The Server Object Locator sets up lock that is requested for an object by using the Lock Manager. When lock is acquired, the cache coherency number of an object in the workspace and the cache coherency number of an object that exists in the database (page buffer or disk) of a server are compared. If these two values are different, a new object data from the server is sent to the client and it replaces the old cached object.
When a transaction is terminated, the cached objects are flushed to a server. When a transaction is rolled back, the objects are all de-cached. In addition, when a class object is invalidated (e.g., a schema is changed by a transaction of another client), all the instance objects in the class are flushed/de-cached all together. And all the objects are flushed to a server together with query execution requests because queries are executed in a server.
To reduce the communication amount between a client and a server, the Object Locator sends flush data together with object fetch request packet or pre-fetches related class objects or other surrounding objects when caching objects.
The Server Object Locator fetches an object from database and updates it to the database upon the request of Client Object Locator by using the Heap File Manager. In addition, it manages lock setting by using the Lock Manager.
B. Transaction Manager
The Transaction Manager is a module which does transaction start, approval, and rollback, etc. The Transaction Manager calls the Object Locator to flush an object that is used for transaction, the Lock Manager to release a cached lock, or the Log Manager (Recovery Manager) for transaction approval/rollback.
The Transaction Manager is divided into a client and a server. When an application requests transaction termination (approval, rollback), the Client Transaction Manager flushes the objects (among the objects in the workspace) that are changed during transaction execution to the page buffer of a server. (If it is rollback request, the changed objects are not flushed to a server. Instead, they are immediately removed from the workspace.) Next, the Client Transaction Manager requests approval/rollback to the Server Transaction Manager. In case of approval, the Server Transaction Manager calls the Log Manager (Recovery Manager) executes postpone action to the database in a server and also loose_end postpone action in a client. After that, it releases all the acquired locks and closes all the open cursors. In case of rollback, the Log Manager (Recovery Manager) returns the tasks that are executed by transaction by using UNDO log and releases all the acquired locks. When a transaction is approved or rolled back, the locks that are cached by the Client Transaction Manager are all released.
It supports 2PC (2-phase commit) protocol for global transaction.
C. Lock Manager
The Lock Manager is a module that manages locks according to the 2PL (2 Phase Locking) protocol and Granularity Locking protocol. The Lock Manager searches for a transaction identifier, calls the Log Manager (Recovery Manager) to get the lock waiting time of a transaction, and calls the Server Transaction Manager to roll back a transaction to handle deadlock. The Server Object Locator uses the Lock Manager to acquire and release a lock for an object and the Log Manager uses the Lock Manager to release locks all together.
When accessing an instance object, lock setting is necessary for the class objects that define the all attributes of the instance and also for the upper class objects that are inherited. In case of the schema change for a class object, eXclusive lock must be set for the class and its lower classes.
In case of query execution, the instance of a class and the instance of its lower classes are all searched. In addition, because a class object is a domain that defines the corresponding instance, the domain class and its lower classes are all accessed. Therefore, set up shared lock for the class to search and its lower classes and also the domain class that defines an instance and its lower classes during query execution.
To detect a deadlock, WFG (Waits-For-Graph) method is used. If WFG detects a deadlock, one of the involved transactions is forcibly terminated by the system.
The Lock Manager manages Lock Table. The Lock Table is implemented with hash table for OID and access to the table is set up as critical section to maintain consistency.
D. Recovery Manager
The Recovery Manager reflects the status of all the committed transactions to the database and does not reflect the effect of transactions that are not committed when any fault to transaction, system, or media occurs. For this, the Recovery Manager records a log and restores database from diverse faults based on the log. The CUBRID Recovery Manager uses UNDO/REDO restore protocol and this protocol is based on the following rules:
- UNDO Rule
Record data value before it is changed. It is assured the last committed value is recorded into a log before it is overwritten by a value that is not yet committed.
- REDO Rule
The values updated by a transaction are surely recorded into a log before the transaction is committed. That is, the data value before committing is recorded into a log.
A log is a file in which data is appended in an arbitrary length. To implement a log file with infinite length, recent log data is recorded into an active log and previous log data is archived into an archive log.
The UNDO/REDO logging is designed to achieve the maximum efficiency during general operation, rather than database system fault restore time. The flush of data page can be avoided as much as possible during commit or rollback due to the logging protocol. The data page is only written to a disk only when it is replaced by another page.
3.2.2 Object Management Component
The Object Management Component defines a table, creates or modifies an object, and formats an object in a disk or memory.
A. Representation Manager
This is a module performing conversion between disk expression structure and memory expression structure of an object. An object data is suitable to query execution in a disk and it has a structure which helps an application access it in a memory. The Representation Manager does conversion between these two expression formats.
The disk expression format of an object is shown in Figure 12. The class OID and Representation ID of an object come first, and these are used to judge which format the object has. The following CHN (Cache Coherency Number) is used to judge the validity of caches object. In the disk expression format, the columns (attributes) are divided into a fixed length type column where all the values have the same length just like an integer and a variable length column where all the values have different lengths just like a string. The fixed length columns are saved into a pre-defined location, and the location of each column is obtained from the information that is managed by the Catalog Manager. The location of the variable length column is obtained from the variable length column offset table which has location information of each variable length column. The last entry of offset table indicates the end of an object. The offset table is not saved for the object of a table which has no variable length column.
When an object is cached into a memory, the MOP indicates a memory block that has the columns of the object. The fixed length column values are continuously saved into an object block and the values of a variable length column are saved into a memory block that is separately allocated. The CHN is also included in the memory expression format. The object locator compares this CHN value and the CHN value that is stored in a disk to judge the validity of an object. If two CHN values are different, it means the object that is cached to the memory is not valid. Then, the object locator de-caches the object and caches the content of a new object.
The Representation Manager uses the Workspace Manager to receive a storage space for the memory expression of an object and uses the Schema Manager to determine the size and architecture of an object.
When the CUBRID changes schema, it does not change the expression format of the records in the schema. Therefore, if you find an object that is saved in the old expression format during the conversion process between two expression formats, convert it to the recent expression format. At this time, use schema information for the recent expression format and the old expression format. During expression format conversion process, convert the difference of hardware architecture between the client equipment and the server equipment, e.g., the byte ordering difference.
3.2.3 Query Processing
A. Scanner/Parser
The parser keeps the data structure to create a parse tree during parsing process, the data structure to maintain the created parse tree, and data structure to manage multiple SQL statements, and information about lexer.
B. Semantic Checker
If a parse tree is configured without an error, it means a query statement with correct syntax is input. Semantic checking is a feature that checks whether the semantics of an input statement is valid. It performs the following tasks:
1. Name resolution and parse tree node type checking
Checks whether an existing table or column is used and infers the type of a column.
2. Semantic checking
Checks whether an operation that is not supported between types is used.
3. View translation
Converts the definition statement of a view.
C. XASL Generator/Optimizer
The query statement input by a user goes through parsing and semantic checking, and then it is converted into the augmented parse tree where catalog information is listed. When query optimization is performed based on this augmented parse tree, the XASL tree, i.e. action plan, is created as a result. The XASL tree is a tree where the most optimized access sequence and method are specified for the tables to access during query execution. It consists of action plans which has the lowest access path cost among many other possible plans. With a parse tree and catalog statistics information, one XASL tree can be created as follows:
1. Classifying terms to configure search conditions in table units
A term becomes a search condition for one or more tables. When there is one table to which the term is applied, the term is scan term (sarg). If there are two, the term is join term (edge). If there are three, the term is other term. For the terms specified in the where clause of a parse tree, divide them into join terms or scan terms. Classify the scan terms according to the table to which each term is applied.
2. Determining the most optimized access method to each table
For the scan terms that will be applied to an arbitrary table, calculate the selectivity of each scan term and select a search method of a term whose selectivity is lowest as a table search method. That is, determine whether to use sequential scan or index scan for a table. If the index scan is used, determine which index to use.
3. Calculating selectivity for each table
Calculate the selectivity of each table by using the selectivity of each scan term that is calculated in the step 2.
4. Determining access sequence among tables
To determine the access sequence among tables, list various access sequences and calculate access path cost of each case. Select the execution sequence whose access cost is lowest as the final execution plan.
5. Creating XASL tree for the final execution plan
D. Query Manager
This is a server module that executes a XASL tree from a client. During Query Processing, a client sends a XASL tree that is created through the XASL Generator/Optimizer module to a server. A query is executed when the server receives and executes this XASL tree. Actually, it is undesirable, in terms of performance, to go through the XASL Generator/Optimizer whenever there is a query of the same pattern, the CUBRID saves the XASL tree into the Query Plan Cache and reuses it. In addition, when the same query is executed repeatedly, it saves the query result into the Query Cache and returns the result without query execution next time.
The procedure of query processing through these components is shown in Figure 16.
See also
CUBRID Automated Scripts for DB Hosting Service
Often we receive requests from Hosting companies and other developers to publish some scripts for automated installation and administration of CUBRID ...


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