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Skip to comments.A sensitive matter (The Economist is stepping back from anthropogenic global warming!)
Posted on 04/01/2013 4:33:46 PM PDT by neverdem
OVER the past 15 years air temperatures at the Earths surface have been flat while greenhouse-gas emissions have continued to soar. The world added roughly 100 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010. That is about a quarter of all the CO₂ put there by humanity since 1750. And yet, as James Hansen, the head of NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies, observes, the five-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade.
Temperatures fluctuate over short periods, but this lack of new warming is a surprise. Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, in Britain, points out that surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models (see chart 1). If they remain flat, they will fall outside the models range within a few years.
The mismatch between rising greenhouse-gas emissions and not-rising temperatures is among the biggest puzzles in climate science just now. It does not mean global warming is a delusion. Flat though they are, temperatures in the first decade of the 21st century remain almost 1°C above their level in the first decade of the 20th. But the puzzle does need explaining.
The mismatch might mean thatfor some unexplained reasonthere has been a temporary lag between more carbon dioxide and higher temperatures in 2000-10. Or it might be that the 1990s, when temperatures were rising fast, was the anomalous period. Or, as an increasing body of research is suggesting, it may be that the climate is responding to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in ways that had not been properly understood before. This possibility, if true, could have profound significance both for climate science and for environmental and social policy.
The insensitive planet
The term scientists use to describe the way the climate reacts to changes in carbon-dioxide levels is climate sensitivity. This is usually defined as how much hotter the Earth will get for each doubling of CO₂ concentrations. So-called equilibrium sensitivity, the commonest measure, refers to the temperature rise after allowing all feedback mechanisms to work (but without accounting for changes in vegetation and ice sheets).
Carbon dioxide itself absorbs infra-red at a consistent rate. For each doubling of CO₂ levels you get roughly 1°C of warming. A rise in concentrations from preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to 560ppm would thus warm the Earth by 1°C. If that were all there was to worry about, there would, as it were, be nothing to worry about. A 1°C rise could be shrugged off. But things are not that simple, for two reasons. One is that rising CO₂ levels directly influence phenomena such as the amount of water vapour (also a greenhouse gas) and clouds that amplify or diminish the temperature rise. This affects equilibrium sensitivity directly, meaning doubling carbon concentrations would produce more than a 1°C rise in temperature. The second is that other things, such as adding soot and other aerosols to the atmosphere, add to or subtract from the effect of CO₂. All serious climate scientists agree on these two lines of reasoning. But they disagree on the size of the change that is predicted.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which embodies the mainstream of climate science, reckons the answer is about 3°C, plus or minus a degree or so. In its most recent assessment (in 2007), it wrote that the equilibrium climate sensitivity is likely to be in the range 2°C to 4.5°C with a best estimate of about 3°C and is very unlikely to be less than 1.5°C. Values higher than 4.5°C cannot be excluded. The IPCCs next assessment is due in September. A draft version was recently leaked. It gave the same range of likely outcomes and added an upper limit of sensitivity of 6°C to 7°C.
A rise of around 3°C could be extremely damaging. The IPCCs earlier assessment said such a rise could mean that more areas would be affected by drought; that up to 30% of species could be at greater risk of extinction; that most corals would face significant biodiversity losses; and that there would be likely increases of intense tropical cyclones and much higher sea levels.
New Model Army
Other recent studies, though, paint a different picture. An unpublished report by the Research Council of Norway, a government-funded body, which was compiled by a team led by Terje Berntsen of the University of Oslo, uses a different method from the IPCCs. It concludes there is a 90% probability that doubling CO₂ emissions will increase temperatures by only 1.2-2.9°C, with the most likely figure being 1.9°C. The top of the studys range is well below the IPCCs upper estimates of likely sensitivity.
This study has not been peer-reviewed; it may be unreliable. But its projections are not unique. Work by Julia Hargreaves of the Research Institute for Global Change in Yokohama, which was published in 2012, suggests a 90% chance of the actual change being in the range of 0.5-4.0°C, with a mean of 2.3°C. This is based on the way the climate behaved about 20,000 years ago, at the peak of the last ice age, a period when carbon-dioxide concentrations leapt. Nic Lewis, an independent climate scientist, got an even lower range in a study accepted for publication: 1.0-3.0°C, with a mean of 1.6°C. His calculations reanalysed work cited by the IPCC and took account of more recent temperature data. In all these calculations, the chances of climate sensitivity above 4.5°C become vanishingly small.
If such estimates were right, they would require revisions to the science of climate change and, possibly, to public policies. If, as conventional wisdom has it, global temperatures could rise by 3°C or more in response to a doubling of emissions, then the correct response would be the one to which most of the world pays lip service: rein in the warming and the greenhouse gases causing it. This is called mitigation, in the jargon. Moreover, if there were an outside possibility of something catastrophic, such as a 6°C rise, that could justify drastic interventions. This would be similar to taking out disaster insurance. It may seem an unnecessary expense when you are forking out for the premiums, but when you need it, you really need it. Many economists, including William Nordhaus of Yale University, have made this case.
If, however, temperatures are likely to rise by only 2°C in response to a doubling of carbon emissions (and if the likelihood of a 6°C increase is trivial), the calculation might change. Perhaps the world should seek to adjust to (rather than stop) the greenhouse-gas splurge. There is no point buying earthquake insurance if you do not live in an earthquake zone. In this case more adaptation rather than more mitigation might be the right policy at the margin. But that would be good advice only if these new estimates really were more reliable than the old ones. And different results come from different models.
One type of modelgeneral-circulation models, or GCMsuse a bottom-up approach. These divide the Earth and its atmosphere into a grid which generates an enormous number of calculations in order to imitate the climate system and the multiple influences upon it. The advantage of such complex models is that they are extremely detailed. Their disadvantage is that they do not respond to new temperature readings. They simulate the way the climate works over the long run, without taking account of what current observations are. Their sensitivity is based upon how accurately they describe the processes and feedbacks in the climate system.
The other typeenergy-balance modelsare simpler. They are top-down, treating the Earth as a single unit or as two hemispheres, and representing the whole climate with a few equations reflecting things such as changes in greenhouse gases, volcanic aerosols and global temperatures. Such models do not try to describe the complexities of the climate. That is a drawback. But they have an advantage, too: unlike the GCMs, they explicitly use temperature data to estimate the sensitivity of the climate system, so they respond to actual climate observations.
The IPCCs estimates of climate sensitivity are based partly on GCMs. Because these reflect scientists understanding of how the climate works, and that understanding has not changed much, the models have not changed either and do not reflect the recent hiatus in rising temperatures. In contrast, the Norwegian study was based on an energy-balance model. So were earlier influential ones by Reto Knutti of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science in Zurich; by Piers Forster of the University of Leeds and Jonathan Gregory of the University of Reading; by Natalia Andronova and Michael Schlesinger, both of the University of Illinois; and by Magne Aldrin of the Norwegian Computing Centre (who is also a co-author of the new Norwegian study). All these found lower climate sensitivities. The paper by Drs Forster and Gregory found a central estimate of 1.6°C for equilibrium sensitivity, with a 95% likelihood of a 1.0-4.1°C range. That by Dr Aldrin and others found a 90% likelihood of a 1.2-3.5°C range.
It might seem obvious that energy-balance models are better: do they not fit what is actually happening? Yes, but that is not the whole story. Myles Allen of Oxford University points out that energy-balance models are better at representing simple and direct climate feedback mechanisms than indirect and dynamic ones. Most greenhouse gases are straightforward: they warm the climate. The direct impact of volcanoes is also straightforward: they cool it by reflecting sunlight back. But volcanoes also change circulation patterns in the atmosphere, which can then warm the climate indirectly, partially offsetting the direct cooling. Simple energy-balance models cannot capture this indirect feedback. So they may exaggerate volcanic cooling.
This means that if, for some reason, there were factors that temporarily muffled the impact of greenhouse-gas emissions on global temperatures, the simple energy-balance models might not pick them up. They will be too responsive to passing slowdowns. In short, the different sorts of climate model measure somewhat different things.
Clouds of uncertainty
This also means the case for saying the climate is less sensitive to CO₂ emissions than previously believed cannot rest on models alone. There must be other explanationsand, as it happens, there are: individual climatic influences and feedback loops that amplify (and sometimes moderate) climate change.
Begin with aerosols, such as those from sulphates. These stop the atmosphere from warming by reflecting sunlight. Some heat it, too. But on balance aerosols offset the warming impact of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Most climate models reckon that aerosols cool the atmosphere by about 0.3-0.5°C. If that underestimated aerosols effects, perhaps it might explain the lack of recent warming.
Yet it does not. In fact, it may actually be an overestimate. Over the past few years, measurements of aerosols have improved enormously. Detailed data from satellites and balloons suggest their cooling effect is lower (and their warming greater, where that occurs). The leaked assessment from the IPCC (which is still subject to review and revision) suggested that aerosols estimated radiative forcingtheir warming or cooling effecthad changed from minus 1.2 watts per square metre of the Earths surface in the 2007 assessment to minus 0.7W/m ² now: ie, less cooling.
One of the commonest and most important aerosols is soot (also known as black carbon). This warms the atmosphere because it absorbs sunlight, as black things do. The most detailed study of soot was published in January and also found more net warming than had previously been thought. It reckoned black carbon had a direct warming effect of around 1.1W/m ². Though indirect effects offset some of this, the effect is still greater than an earlier estimate by the United Nations Environment Programme of 0.3-0.6W/m ².
All this makes the recent period of flat temperatures even more puzzling. If aerosols are not cooling the Earth as much as was thought, then global warming ought to be gathering pace. But it is not. Something must be reining it back. One candidate is lower climate sensitivity.
A related possibility is that general-circulation climate models may be overestimating the impact of clouds (which are themselves influenced by aerosols). In all such models, clouds amplify global warming, sometimes by a lot. But as the leaked IPCC assessment says, the cloud feedback remains the most uncertain radiative feedback in climate models. It is even possible that some clouds may dampen, not amplify global warmingwhich may also help explain the hiatus in rising temperatures. If clouds have less of an effect, climate sensitivity would be lower.
So the explanation may lie in the airbut then again it may not. Perhaps it lies in the oceans. But here, too, facts get in the way. Over the past decade the long-term rise in surface seawater temperatures seems to have stalled (see chart 2), which suggests that the oceans are not absorbing as much heat from the atmosphere.
As with aerosols, this conclusion is based on better data from new measuring devices. But it applies only to the upper 700 metres of the sea. What is going on below thatparticularly at depths of 2km or moreis obscure. A study in Geophysical Research Letters by Kevin Trenberth of Americas National Centre for Atmospheric Research and others found that 30% of the ocean warming in the past decade has occurred in the deep ocean (below 700 metres). The study says a substantial amount of global warming is going into the oceans, and the deep oceans are heating up in an unprecedented way. If so, that would also help explain the temperature hiatus.
Double-A minus
Lastly, there is some evidence that the natural (ie, non-man-made) variability of temperatures may be somewhat greater than the IPCC has thought. A recent paper by Ka-Kit Tung and Jiansong Zhou in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences links temperature changes from 1750 to natural changes (such as sea temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean) and suggests that the anthropogenic global-warming trends might have been overestimated by a factor of two in the second half of the 20th century. It is possible, therefore, that both the rise in temperatures in the 1990s and the flattening in the 2000s have been caused in part by natural variability.
So what does all this amount to? The scientists are cautious about interpreting their findings. As Dr Knutti puts it, the bottom line is that there are several lines of evidence, where the observed trends are pushing down, whereas the models are pushing up, so my personal view is that the overall assessment hasnt changed much.
But given the hiatus in warming and all the new evidence, a small reduction in estimates of climate sensitivity would seem to be justified: a downwards nudge on various best estimates from 3°C to 2.5°C, perhaps; a lower ceiling (around 4.5°C), certainly. If climate scientists were credit-rating agencies, climate sensitivity would be on negative watch. But it would not yet be downgraded.
Equilibrium climate sensitivity is a benchmark in climate science. But it is a very specific measure. It attempts to describe what would happen to the climate once all the feedback mechanisms have worked through; equilibrium in this sense takes centuriestoo long for most policymakers. As Gerard Roe of the University of Washington argues, even if climate sensitivity were as high as the IPCC suggests, its effects would be minuscule under any plausible discount rate because it operates over such long periods. So it is one thing to ask how climate sensitivity might be changing; a different question is to ask what the policy consequences might be.
For that, a more useful measure is the transient climate response (TCR), the temperature you reach after doubling CO₂ gradually over 70 years. Unlike the equilibrium response, the transient one can be observed directly; there is much less controversy about it. Most estimates put the TCR at about 1.5°C, with a range of 1-2°C. Isaac Held of Americas National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently calculated his personal best estimate for the TCR: 1.4°C, reflecting the new estimates for aerosols and natural variability.
That sounds reassuring: the TCR is below estimates for equilibrium climate sensitivity. But the TCR captures only some of the warming that those 70 years of emissions would eventually generate because carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for much longer.
As a rule of thumb, global temperatures rise by about 1.5°C for each trillion tonnes of carbon put into the atmosphere. The world has pumped out half a trillion tonnes of carbon since 1750, and temperatures have risen by 0.8°C. At current rates, the next half-trillion tonnes will be emitted by 2045; the one after that before 2080.
Since CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere, this could increase temperatures compared with pre-industrial levels by around 2°C even with a lower sensitivity and perhaps nearer to 4°C at the top end of the estimates. Despite all the work on sensitivity, no one really knows how the climate would react if temperatures rose by as much as 4°C. Hardly reassuring.
Paul Ehrlich failed.
Al Gore failed.
Next up for the globalist control movement is; water.
Yadda, yadda, yadda.
Meanwhile, China alone is building dozens of new coal-fired electric power plants. There is really no evidence (which is admittedly different from evidence of absence) that CO2 has or will cause global climate change. If it doesnt, well and good - and if it does, well - it did. But there wasnt anything practical for us to have done about it in any event; that train left the station decades ago.But even if the climate changes, we, or our grandchildren, might have a post hoc ergo prompter hoc fallacy to debate.
But if theres one thing we do know, its that whether or not their warnings correspond to any reality at all or not, the people who are telling us that the sky is falling are acting in their own best interests by doing so. We also know that they presume that they can simply change the subject any time it becomes obvious that a prediction of theirs is groundless. And that fraud has been committed by scientists who wanted to sell the thesis that the sky is falling.
>>>Despite all the work on sensitivity, no one really knows how the climate would react if temperatures rose by as much as 4°C. Hardly reassuring.<<<
No one knows how the climate would react if temperatures stayed the same for the next century, either. It's a dynamic system. Simply keeping the temperature the same, while the Earth's orbit shifts and changes, and solar radiation rises and falls, would still mean that changes would happen that we can't predict.
Despite the fearmongering, I can't figure out how a warmer and wetter planet would be bad for people, either. (All the screaming about "drought" misses the point that severe global droughts last occurred at the height of the Ice Ages, when much of the water was taken up as ice in contintential glaciers. Warmer air holds more moisture.)
My own theory about all this - and much of the social sciences - is that we tend to see patterns in everything. It's our nature. Even in places where no patterns exist. We've become so good at measuring every little nuance, every speck of group behavior and dynamics, every little molecule of air, that we're imposing our own biases and beliefs on the patterns that data creates. Global warming is a great example of trying to extrapolate future trends from current data, but there are many more examples, from disparities in women's and men's pay to differences in statistics based on race to links between substance exposure and cancer. We love to find the pattern in everything. It's a strength sometimes and a weakness, too.
God help us.
May God help us, but we must help ourselves when we can.!
Whether its title or its subtitle is A sensitive matter, this admission by The Economist that, "If climate scientists were credit-rating agencies, climate sensitivity would be on negative watch. But it would not yet be downgraded..." was the kind of story that I made a list for every state and then some.
It's been referenced by a few essays so far:
Michael Barone: The Economist's Emily Litella moment on global warming (Barone thought it was the title too.)
The Economist essay is worth the read and wide dissemination by email, not just a few echo chambers on the right. The Economist was always hawking global warming alarmism!
FReepmail me if you want off of my list.
AGW is a classic case of the correlation equals causation fallacy. The world started industrializing and dumping carbon into the air around 1850 and the Earth began warming about then. Therefore carbon caused the warming. They then began building computer models to "prove" their theory.
Only problem is the Earth is not acting per their models.
Then they jumped on the AGW bandwagon, which they never should have done. Looks like they are starting, ever so slowly, to get off.
This nonsense has been going on for almost 30 years. People need to start asking hard questions. Why has there been no significant warming for so many years? Where are the great seaports that were supposed to be flooded? Where are the small island nations that were supposed to dissappear? Where are the vast swaths of lost cropland in the Northern Hemisphere? Why have the predictions not come true? Why no reaction to the exposure of the Hockey Stick as a fraud? Why no reaction to the Climagate evidence of rigged "science"?
If mainstream publications like The Economist start asking these questions the tried and true response of calling the questioner names and screaming "settled" isn't going to satisfy them.
Put it all together, and as a professional meteorologist and a scientist, I will tell you what it means:
They do not know squat. They cannot predict the future out 1 month, 1 year, 10 years. Yet they want us to put all of the economic decisions of the world in their hands, because they have told us that the sky will fall if we do not.
A pure con game. Many wanted to believe their own con, and did. This is common. It is not excusable.
Our excessive emissions of CO2 should be drastically increasing global temperatures except that secret government agencies are seeding the clouds with reflective metals so sunlight bounces back into the upper atmosphere.
That's why all our kids are autistic, have asthma, and food allergies.
If only the lizard people from the 7th dimension would violate their prime directive and finally come down here and put a stop to all of this Illuminati-driven tinkering with our environment then we could get back on the road to sanity!
There was a science fiction story (Fallen Angels, by Niven and Pournelle) which had as part of the plotline that Earth was overdue for another Ice Age, and "global warming" was the only thing holding it off...
Oxymoron of the month.
Interesting that you would describe "climate science" as a "social science".
While it is nominally concerned with the study of physical effects, "climate science" is best described as a "social science" because it is actually driven by political agendae.
Thanks for the links
As far as I can tell, this is the only experimentally demonstrable aspect of "global warming." CO2 does have a rather wide absorption/emission band within the infrared portion of the spectrum (the exact wavelengths escape me for the moment). It is unusual, in that most fluorescence bands occupy far narrower portions of the spectrum. Its behavior as a fluorophore, however, is identical to the behavior of every other fluorophore: it absorbs a photon of light and emits it at a slightly lower energy (which equates to a slight increase in the wavelength). The remaining energy (that is not re-emitted) contributes to the kinetic energy of the molecule.
I have never seen any explanation of why or how the fluorescence of CO2 within that particular band has a more significant effect on atmospheric energy than the fluorescence of all the other gasses in the atmosphere, or even than the fluorescence of CO2 at other wavelengths. Nor have I seen any evidence to suggest that the peculiar behavior of CO2 stands out from the general fluorescent noise all around us.
The idea that CO2 could have a disproportionate effect on atmospheric temperatures is not one that is rigorously tested in a scientific manner. Its scientific basis lies in the fact that many people throw in the line "because of climate change" in papers about completely unrelated subjects.
Unfortunately, IMO, the idea that humans could effect climate change is one that fits into certain politicians' schemes very nicely. Trying to convince us to give up our freedom so they can have more power hasn't worked very well. But if they can convince us that all life on earth will go extinct unless we give up our freedom, they get what they want. So the (leftist power-hungry) politicians pick up on climate change, and they do choose the research they want funded. It's a rather unholy arrangement between politicians and scientists that should not exist. I'm not saying politicians shouldn't fund science--but that they should not set up a situation where you produce results they want (or say your results are what they want--they don't know the difference) or you don't get funded.
Oops, I did go on here. But "global warming" is one of my pet peeves--and you did ping me! < /soap box >
Thanks for the ping. I learned early on that, with my minor in statistics, I had a license to lie.
Thanks for the ping.
Thanks for the ping!
Weather-wise, I'm not so sure.
For at least half of the last 2.5 million years, the Earth has been in an ice age.
Not a friendly climate for human beings.
15,000 years ago, Seattle, my home, was buried under 3,000 feet of ice.
I'm in NYC. There are glacial abrasions in Manhattan.
When driving in the middle of the night, it can help keep people awake...hehehehe.
I think there are two known relationships between temperature change and CO2. The primary one is in the opposite cause-effect direction of the one causing the hysteria, i.e. colder ocean water absorbs more CO2 and warmer water releases more CO2.
your tax dollars at work , fund decades of fake global warming research to fund a hoax that they will use to take away more of our freedom.
and the media instead of exposing the hoax, spreads the lies , brainwashing the public into voluntarily accepting slavery and economic destruction. Oh when I tell someone that global warming is a hoax they look at me like I'm crazy . they really do believe the news media and the gov. sheep being led to the slaughter .
that governments and the media spent trilions of dollars funding decades of fake research shows that government should be practically abolished except for the military and border control
So they want caution used when the data goes against their politics, but want legislation and the iron fist of government RUSHED through when the data SUPPOSEDLY fits their view. I see.
(ranted constantly,
raved about,
shreaked from the Media,
taught in our schools,
blamed on humans,
blamed on Americans,
blamed on Evil Capitalists,
blamed on Rich Republicans,
blamed on Tea Partiers,
blamed on Christians,
blamed on ANY one but loving, caring, Liberals and Socialists.)
No snail darters or spotted owls were harmed in the production of this screed.
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No; oxidizers, mixed with a fuel source, stored in small, brass containers.
Government is buy vast quantities of them before they go extinct.
In short, rules made for the rest of us, must be observed by all of us, including the energy pig politicians and their allies.
That very first graphic with the city and scientists inside the greenhouse, has a ribbon overhead with a few dots in it.
The dots properly illustrate the ratio of CO2 molecules to the total makeup of the entire atmosphere, if not overstating it.
That insignificant .039% of CO2 is usually expressed as 400-parts-per-million, to make it sound big and dangerous to the Low Information Voters (because it has the word million in it)
In other words, those pitifully few dots of CO2 cannot form a heat trapping layer....
They don't stop shiite!
What is portayed as an accurate prediction up until recently, is really not true. The reality is that these models have never made an accurate prediction.
Absolutely agree. I have seen and heard discussions in various venues comparing our lives during warming or cooling. Warmer weather is more conducive to food production. Enough said.
There are patterns, but our computers are orders of magnitudes from analysing them, and they are transient as Rirschach's mask.
How great the mind of God is, to design this and the Natural Law which governs it.
Every democratic voter needs to sacrifice and put a plastic bag over their head and leave it there, just this once. What a joke they are, but they should get down on their knees and thank Marx that they have the GOP for opposition.
" - - - I think there are two known relationships between temperature change and CO2. - - - "
Your example has been proven, in the Scientific Literature, to show a cause and effect between temperature change in water temperature and the amount of CO2 that the water can hold.
It does not show that the concentration of CO2 changes the temperature of the water, or the air above the water.
Thus, the main assumption of the Global Warming junk scientists remains a false assumption, or to be charitable, a junk science speculation.
CO2 is the primary source of Carbon for all life on and in the Earth.
Without CO2 life on Earth would be restricted to other, less abundant, sources of Carbon such as CO and CH4.
CO2 in thus an environmentally essential, AND environmentally friendly gas.
CO2 and taxes are similar in that they are good at low concentrations, but toxic at high concentrations.
IF these relationships that you mentioned are speculations such as statistical inference as currently used by the junk scientists' computer models, THEN Global Warming still has no known cause that can be documented by experimental cause and effect experiments.
Consequently, Global Warming remains a speculation in the same realm as the Moon being made of cheese.
IF there are known cause and effect experiments on the change in temperature with a change in CO2 concentration, THEN what peer-reviewed Scientific Journal has published an article on this topic, and what is the title and date of that article?
BTW, be of good cheer if your search is fruitless, as even the United Nations and the inventor of the Internet could not find ONE such Scientific Article.
Best wishes for your success from the "Show Me" State.
Pull your graph to the left to include the 1940s to document ANOTHER inconvenient statistical inference correlation.
Oh, NOES! Statistics just might, could be JUNK SCIENCE!
How could we possibly be forced to abandon the doom and gloom speculations of junk science?
The Internet would never have been invented!
The United Nations would be headquartered in Missouri ! Oh, NOES !
This I already agree with. AGW is no longer a scientific theory, its just false political dogma.
Here, here. I used to subscribe, because it used to be the most cogent reporting on the planet.
The left got a hold of it and then anything and everything got past the editors.
Can't read it anymore. Too small a form factor to serve as a decent fish wrap either.
See Investors Business Daily
Much better
Indeed. Good pub.
Holding back=Holy Spirit.
I do believe GOD is the part of alleqations, big and small. So it's up to Him, not the "earth people," to decide when the world will burn up.
I lean heavily to Intelligent design and the anthropic principle and a symbiotic relationship with man and nature. I'm sure this is intolerant flat earth mythical thinking and has some context in the DSM-IV R which shows I'm just a nutcase than needs a lot of drugs.
Will some one please show me( I really would like to know.see this) how much "man made climate" is forcing change as compared to environmental things like earthquakes, volcanoes,floods and droughts and things?
I wonder how can we logically believe the EPA can force taxation and thousands of rules and regulations for 330 million( counting the illegals) and this will somehow alleviate all the alleged damage we've done to "gaia," or "mother earth" and the tree-hugger dissociation-ists, worshipers of the world.
The only things that haven't failed are the Sun and the ability of the human race to produce morons.
Not one bleeping word in that whole eruption of geniousity about forestation/re-forestation and TREES, which eat CO2. My own two thousand pine trees just love CO2 and eat it by the bagfull. If one of these moonbats figures out a way to actually cut back on available CO2 I swear I will start burning old tires to feed my trees. There is plenty of evidence that there is more forest land is the USA now than there was a century ago. Until these blabbering axe grinders put together a model that actually deals with the real world they will remain political hacks who are in it for their next grant and not to be allowed contact with sane people.
You are so late to the party. Dihydrogen Monoxide has been found to be the leading cause of drowning and makes up a very large percentage of acid rain. It has also been found be a very distructive element in flooding, which creates landslides. This chemical is responsible for killing thousands of people each year. I am surprised that the RATS have not stood in line to protect us from this dangerous chemical by outright banning its existance. Actually, as sad as it is, a high school student did a study about how gullable people are. He created a petition that they could sign after he gave his speal about this dangerous chemical. After people signed the petition, he told them that they just signed a petition to outlaw water.
As a science novice, but an observer of our planet, I believe that we travel around our sun at great speed, taking all of our atoms and molecules with us. They don't come from outer space and don't drift into outer space. So -— carbon cycles! Now a tree; then a house or a chopstick or a wood fire or a newspaper; then CO2; then rinse and repeat. More trees!
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Let's Play Hockey Expo
January 26-28, 2009
A Report from Keith Noll, Member FIRS Inline Hockey Committee;
Member USARS Inline Hockey Committee
Chairman of AAU National Hockey Committee
Each winter the hockey world, encompassing ice and inline, focus attention on Las Vegas for the gala Let's Play Hockey Exposition in late January. This year the host organizer, Doug Johnson, publisher of the hockey industry's leading newspaper of the same title, produced yet another exceptional event in terms of exhibitor and buyer turnout, and continued the event's high degree of hospitality toward all participants and visitors.
Like the old pioneer western fur trappers, the AAU again made use of this premier hockey event to meet and interface with hockey friends both old and new on behalf of its membership, tournaments and insurance programs. There were considerable innovative inline hockey ideas advanced during the two days of the expo in meetings set up in rooms immediately outside the exhibit hall and hosted by top officials from USARS and AAU. The central theme was renewal of emphasis on facility support and development of rink hockey programs to build the ranks of grassroots and elite players. The open dialog that was present between organization officials and members surprised many new- comers and was reaffirmation for the initiated that a strong sport entity must listen as well as speak to its members. The message conveyed was that only through our mutual effort can the inline hockey industry advance its own destiny. New tournament ideas were discussed as means of building greater participation under the aegis of the USA Olympic Committee's recognized National Governing Body for Inline Hockey, USA Roller Sports; and in turn this status is supported by its International parent FIRS, which has for the past 14 years sanctioned World inline hockey championships for men, women and juniors.
For USARS/AAU the show was awesome. There were 24 AAU district directors present, numerous facility owners, operators, league managers, scholastic directors, and USARS executives also in attendance, making all our meetings not only authoritative, but also worthwhile in terms of getting information straight from the horse's mouth. AAU's spectacular menu of hockey facility and injury insurance protection was described as a means to protect assets as well as give needed aid to injured athletes. AAU's superior competition program, as well as the industry's best and most affordable insurances for facility owners, attracted several new facilities to the Let's Play Hockey Expo, who then switched over to AAU. They discovered the AAU membership and inline hockey programs are unbeatable and unmatched by competing events.
These meetings produced a free exchange of ideas, with the AAU responding with pledges to explore implementation of several new suggestions. It was really great to see such a representative turnout: 12 state scholastic directors, 18 AIHL organizations, 24 facility and league owners, 24 AAU district directors, and 4 USARS/AAU officials including USARS President George Kolibaba and USARS Inline Hockey Committee Chair George Pickard, who before his retirement was USARS Executive Director for 35 years. Pickard has also served the past eight years as president of CIRILH, the International Inline Hockey Organization.
The Let's Play Hockey Expo was great because we heard from a lot of people in attendance, that they felt for the first time in more than a decade, under AAU and USARS there is finally the appearance of the needed structure to put progress back into the sport of inline hockey. We're pretty excited about the new spirit of excitement and cooperation that is appearing within the inline hockey sport which is coming from the facility owners and league operators and owners. If the hockey facilities that house and support our clubs and games do not remain profitable and viable, there is no sport. Inline hockey is not going to be sustained or endure on the strength of event operators alone. Available venues are essential to the success of tournament promoters as well as clubs. Growth for this sport must come from the grassroots, house leagues and scholastic play. Tournaments are fun to go to for players, and there's nothing wrong with tournaments, but in this sport, you won't survive long or realize your ambitions by having too many putting the cart before the horse.
The American Inline Hockey League (AIHL), newly organized under USARS/AAU, has its leaders really excited with its participating 31 organizations and 60-plus teams. Originated in joint cooperation with facility owners and internal league managers, it has in its first year demonstrated that it will probably grow to over 50 organizations next year at the elite level and expand even more with the addition of junior and age group levels. First season feedback is all positive from the participating organizations. They find that are able to get hold of a league official when needed, who are both accountable as well as accessible. The AIHL is registered under the AAU as one of its non-profit clubs. Everyone connected with AIHL, AAU, USARS and the independent organizational members are concentrating on what we can do collectively to make this sport better, and that is exactly what is happening.
The AIHL will expand by adding more zones next year. Several new organizations at the Let's Play Hockey Expo are developing out of current zones and looking to be added to this program. The AIHL will be the official National Championships for league play of USARS, and the league certification should be approved at the USARS Board of Directors meeting this spring. That means that every player will become a member of both USARS and the AAU. This course of action was approved enthusiastically by AIHL organization representatives at the Expo meeting. It was well received by USARS representatives who attended the meetings, which included President George Kolibaba, USARS Inline Hockey Chair, George Pickard, and USARS Executive Committee member, Mark Vittese. We had the majority of the current AIHL organizations in attendance and they voted unanimously for the league to pursue this recommendation.
We are also looking at structuring youth programs as developmental subbases for the elite AIHL structure of the organization, thereby leading to a USA National Championship. Like the elite program, the youth teams will have to be formed from within the same district as the facility which they will represent in AIHL competition. In other words, we will not have six different states represented on a team. In this way, when a team competes for a championship, it will be in competition against the best of the best from within their districts, and not all star teams assembled from the entire country. This is a restriction on team composition that the AAU already has in use among the other 40 sports under its jurisdiction and only inline hockey is the current exception. When you really get down to it, there are not that many travel teams out there that have kids from multiple states and when this happens it hurts the sport more than it helps it, by discouraging teams from participation.
The scholastic meetings at Let's Play Hockey went very well. We had 12 of our 16 states enrolled in AAU scholastic inline hockey represented at this meeting. That's where the fastest growth of inline hockey is coming from. We're excited about the growth potential. More scholastic leagues are coming on board AAU every year and we have been working very hard to encourage two AAU national scholastic championships on both east and west coasts to help parents cope with travel costs associated with only a single event. It will provide more student-athletes the opportunity to compete and encourage further program development. In the past, when all had to travel either to the east coast or west coast, we lost many teams that simply could not afford the cost of travel. An East Coast and West Coast Scholastic Championship was created to overcome this hurdle. Within two years, we hope that the economy will improve and this decision may then be reconsidered. Given continued development, we then hope that the AAU's special relationship with the Disney Wide World of Sports Complex will enable us to get our AAU Inline Hockey High School National Championships on ESPNU. That's what we're striving for. AAU conducts over 70 national championships at the Disney Wide World of Sports Complex in a given year. It's been great that ESPNU has broadcasted some of these AAU National Championships at the Wide World of Sports Complex. Given the natural excitement of a great hockey competition, we believe that obtaining television for the scholastic high school championships is an achievable goal, one that we are well on our way to getting done. The wheels are already turning toward an effort to make this happen.
We see a movement toward greater community acceptance and support for inline hockey. Popularity among young people has not waivered, only their opportunities which are limited by facility availability and the organization of affordable grassroots inline hockey programs. At Let's Play Hockey, I talked to three men at the show who are building new facilities, an experience that I have not encountered for several years. So, here is yet another event that has us excited.
The National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks are getting behind inline hockey by investing in major inline hockey facilities in Corona and Huntington Beach, Calif. and are now associated with AAU. They are contemplating other locations and are interested in conveying their enthusiasms among their fellow NHL owners as they have found that inline hockey families buy season tickets to NHL games. I think that we have the beginning of a relationship with the NHL that will be very positive for the development of inline hockey throughout the country, one that can perhaps provide the needed facility investment and support needed for player development. There will be additional conversations with other NHL programs around the country.
Richard Graham of Inline Hockey Central told me at the Expo that he felt that FIRS, the International Roller Sports Federation has dropped the ball in many ways over the years; he said that it's almost impossible to get information from them, and they're not very accessible. I explained to Richard that he has misjudged the structure of FIRS. It is true that FIRS headquarters in Rome has done little for inline hockey in recent years, for that matter for any of its disciplines other than inline speed skating for which it seeks program entry into the Olympic Games. That does not mean that inline hockey has been floating pilotless. Each discipline of FIRS, of which inline hockey is the newest, elects its own officers, seeks its own funding, manages its own World Championship events and promotes its own expansion into nations around the world. This is a most difficult task without gobs of money to cover promotion expenses, and recently made worse by the accelerating cost of airline transportation and the plunge in value of the USA dollar. But, there has indeed been progress, pushed forwarded by CIRILH President George Pickard and now by its new president, Frenchman Gilbert Portier. I have been elected to the Inline Hockey Committee to represent the United States in place of George Pickard.
In 1995 the United States hosted the first ever World Inline Hockey Championship for men in Chicago, organized by USARS under FIRS and CIRILH has done so every year since, using national venues around the world. FIRS Women's World Championships were begun in 2002 in Rochester, N.Y. and this year CIRILH has finally involved female participants at our World Championships from all five of the Olympic continents, symbolized by the IOC five-ring logo representing Africa, Americas, Europe, Asia and Oceania.
CIRILH has conducted a Junior Men World Cup nearly every year, beginning from the second year of our international organization as a sport. Last year, for the first time out of USA, CIRILH established the first official FIRS Junior Men World Inline Hockey Championship, with Germany acting as host. Last summer in Philadelphia, ten teams vied in the second such Junior World Championship, with USA being runner-up as Great Britain won its first World Championship gold medal. There are 43 different countries that competed in FIRS World Inline Hockey Championships over the past 14 years. This is an enviable record for what is essentially a new sport, except we all have regrets that because of money considerations, never more than 20 countries at any one time appeared at a specific World Championship.
The CIRILH inline program under FIRS is recognized by every major international multisport agency associated with the International Olympic Committee as the unique world patron for inline hockey, and the only such organization contributing significantly to inline hockey's world wide development. There is significant growth in the number of countries in Asia that play inline hockey and the Asia Olympic Committee has agreed to consider inline hockey as one of the roller sports to be added to the Asian Games. Should this happen, it will encourage more Asian nations to take interest in our sport. We still aspire for greater growth in Africa and in Northern and Eastern Europe, areas that contain substantial related ice hockey interest. All should try to help us with this achievement. In so doing, we greatly add to the respect and support for our sport within the Olympic community. This is our sport, yours and mine, and we must do all we can to make it even greater.

subset: commoncrawl


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In this short video clip from Devsbuildit, David Kim of Animoca discusses his company and how developers can stand out from the rest of the crowd. Some of his tips include:
- Even though we operate in a global marketplace, your global needs a local focus.
- The best indicator of success is to know your audience.
- The industry has seen an attitude switch from just 'getting eyeballs on your game' to 'how do I make money.'
- He has seen a tendency for companies to rely on their brands' popularity rather than the quality of the product being developed.
What do you think is the most important thing you can do to make sure your intended audience finds your game?


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Tim Berners-Lee (right) and the author
I have to admit I've always been a fan of Tim Berners-Lee for inventing the Web, hence the embarrassing fan boy picture above. But I'm even more of a fan now. Let me explain why.
This week, we're celebrating the 25th anniversary of the World Wide Web.
Tim Berners-Lee, its inventor, wrote:
By design, the underlying Internet and the WWW are non-hierarchical, decentralized and radically open. The web can be made to work with any type of information, on any device, with any software, in any language. You can link to any piece of information. You don't need to ask for permission. What you create is limited only by your imagination.
This is exactly the vision that has made so many people contribute to Mozilla since its early days, when we wanted to bring back choice and innovation to the Web browser market (our motto at the time). But Firefox is going to turn 10 years old by the end of the year, and new challenges have appeared. Tim Berners-Lee is once again describing these issues beautifully:
Will we allow others to package and restrict our online experience, or will we protect the magic of the open web and the power it gives us to say, discover, and create anything? How can we build systems of checks and balances to hold the groups that can spy on the net accountable to the public?
On the anniversary Web site, he added:
We have much to do for the Web to reach its full potential. We must continue to defend its core principles and tackle some key challenges. To name just three:
- How do we connect the nearly two-thirds of the planet who can't yet access the Web?
- Who has the right to collect and use our personal data, for what purpose and under what rules?
- How do we create a high-performance open architecture that will run on any device, rather than fall back into proprietary alternatives?
What stroke me here is how Tim Berners-Lee's questions are aligned with what Mozilla's working on:
- Building a high performance open architecture to avoid proprietary alternatives? That's what we're doing with Firefox OS, an Open Source operating system for smartphones that runs HTML5 applications (aka Web apps).
- Connecting the two-thirds of the planet who can't access the Web? This is exactly what we're trying to do with with entry level smartphones, including some of them that could be made available for only USD25 (that's less than EUR20!).
- Addressing the collection of personal data? That's what Mozilla is working on with its privacy initiatives, including cool projects such as Lightbeam for Firefox.
It's fantastic to see how Mozilla and the Web's inventor still share so much in terms of vision after all these years. To learn more, I encourage you to read Mitchell Baker's blog post on 25 years of Web, Brendan Eich's thinking on the next 25 years and Mark Surman's love letter to the Web.


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Pesado & Intocable
Friends Ricky Muñoz (lead vocals, accordion) and René Martínez (drums) formed Intocable in Zapata, TX, in the early '90s. The group also includes Dany Sánchez (bajo sexto, second vocals), Sergio Serna (percussion), Félix Salinas (electric bass), Johnny Lee Rosas (bajo sexto, choruses), and José Juan Hernández (group animation, rhythms). Group members Silvestre Rodríguez (electric bass) and José Ángel Farías (group animation, rhythms) sadly were lost in an auto accident in 1999, along with José Ángel González (road manager). Intocable began their recording career with Freddie Records, an independent label based in Corpus Christi, TX. Following the release of Simplemente... (1993), the band signed a contract with EMI Latin, for which the guys recorded their major-label debut, Fuego Eterno (1994).
The follow-up, Otro Mundo (1995), was Intocable's first album to chart, eventually breaking into the Top Five of the Regional Mexican album chart, thanks in part to a trio of hits: "La Mentira," "Coqueta," and "Parece Que No." Llévame Contigo (1996) picked up where its predecessor left off, spinning off more hits: "No Te Vayas," "Ya Ves," "Llévame Contigo," and "¿Y Todo Para Qué?" One of these, "No Te Vayas," became the group's first to top the regional airplay chart, even breaking into the Top Five of the Hot Latin Tracks chart -- impressive for a regional Mexican single. Moreover, Llévame Contigo also hit number one on the regional Mexican chart and broke into the Top Latin Albums Top Five. Intocable IV (1997) couldn't match the heights of Llévame Contigo, but it still proved mighty popular, spawning two number one hits ("Eres Mi Droga," "Vivir sin Ellas") and a Top Five ("Dónde Estás?"). Lo Mejor de Intocable: 12 Super Exitos (1997) capped off the band's opening run of breakthrough success.
The success continued unabated for Intocable -- mostly, that is, with the exception of one tragic episode. In March 1998, the group performed for a crowd of over 65,000 at the Houston Astrodome -- the first of numerous arena shows over the years for which Intocable would become renowned -- and Intocable (1998) followed shortly afterward, as did its hit singles ("Amor Maldito," "Perdedor," "Huracán"). Tragedy then struck. On January 31, 1999, Intocable suffered an auto accident that claimed two bandmembers (José Ángel Farías, Silvestre Rodríguez) and seriously injured the others, Muñoz included. The surviving bandmembers were hospitalized for weeks in Monterrey, Mexico, where they had been headed for a concert. After some time off to heal, physically as well as emotionally, Intocable staged a grand return with Contigo (1999). The album was preceded by a lead single, "El Amigo Que Se Fue," that paid tribute to the departed bandmembers. Contigo boasted three further singles ("Fuerte No Soy," "Soñador Eterno," "Ya Estoy Cansado"), hit number one on the regional chart, broke into the Top Latin Albums Top Five, and was the group's first to crack the Billboard 200.
Intocable's triumphant return from the 1999 tragedy that befell them inspired a legion of new fans, and the band's popularity peaked to new heights. The successive years brought more successful studio albums (Es Para Ti [2000], Sueños [2002], Nuestro Destino Estaba Escrito [2003], et al.) and greatest-hits collections (14 Grandes Exitos [2001], La Historia [2003], Original Masters [2004], et al.), not to mention a laundry list of hits, several of which hit number one ("Enséñame a Olvidarte," "Sueña," "El Poder de Tus Manos," "Eso Duele," "¿A Dónde Estabas?," et al.). A couple latter-day albums are worth noting: Intimamente (2004) showcases Intocable in an "unplugged" setting, performing many of their hits in a low-key fashion, while Diez (2005), their tenth album release for EMI, is a fantastic album complemented by a second disc that is essentially a tribute album comprised of covers by cutting-edge Latin alternative artists such as Kinky, Tego Calderón, and Natalia Lafourcade. ~ Jason Birchmeier, Rovi
Selected Discography
Track List: Frente A Frente
Similar Artists
12334567890 Sergio hernandez On May have the
These guys really bring the best in our culture and bring enlightenmen t , enjoyment, great feelings that our life has a lot to offer.
Vuelve mi amor
Es mejor decir adios
Respiro amor
Te amo para Siempre
Contra Viento y marea
Si tu fueras Mia
Fuerte no soy
Cada vez que estas conmigo
Voy a tener que olvidarla
Por que no le dije
Por un beso
Mas que amigos
Duda y Soledad
Algiuen te va hacer llorar y la ultima sera
Te deso lo mejor
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**** Special Deal for this week only!!! ****
For this week only, if we can get 40-50 people out on Friday April 1st, we will give each one of those people a special deal for the next time they come out! Who ever comes out this Friday will pay the usual $30 for entry and all that jazz, but the next time you come back you will only have to pay $15 for that day!!! That's half price!!! We have Nationals coming up in 3 weeks in Florida and need money fast, so help us and yourselves out!! This deal will only happen if we get the 40-50 people, so get your friends to sign up!!!
We will have a 5man layout set up, music, and it will all be reffed and run by the Mason team. All funds generated will be used to pay for the cost of the equipment, fee to rent out the building, and a small portion goes to help us out with our season so it is all for a good cause.
Comments from some of our last events:
"this was crazy fun!"
"For sure, awesome event. I'd definitely sign up for another one without hesitation."
"Was a great time congrats matt and the mason guy for putting on a great time"
"Good night tonight guys "
Time: 10pm to 1am
Place: Freedom Center
9100 Freedom Center Blvd
Manassas, VA 20110
PM me if you have any questions or would like to rent out the Freedom center on a Sunday from 6:30pm to 9:30pm and have us ref your team.
Price for entry, air (compressed we don't have C02), and rental of the reballs = $30
Sign up is on a pbn page since thats where our captain put it
GMU Reball April 1st
Started by Oakley9, Mar 30 2011 10:34 PM
2 replies to this topic
Posted 30 March 2011 - 10:34 PM
George Mason Paintball
Clone VX F/S/T
Clone VX F/S/T
Posted 30 March 2011 - 10:40 PM
George Mason Paintball
Clone VX F/S/T
Clone VX F/S/T
Posted 21 September 2013 - 03:59 PM
will you guys do this again sometime?
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A free (open source) log monitor / log viewer
- Files and folders
- Incomming UDP traffic
- EventLogs
- SQL- Server tables
- Atom and RSS feeds
- StdOut and StdErr
- Multiple actions, such as highlight, ignore and sound, based on event content.
- Supports multiple simultaneous listeners in each session.
- Supports several simultaneous sessions (MDI).
DOWNLOAD (Requires the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0)
Here is the PAD-file: http://logview4net.com/dlfolder/logview4net.pad.xml
logview4net is released under the Perl Artistic License 2.0


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Objective look needed
The irony of a Detroit News reporter, (in a lengthy front page article on June 25, 2013) describing (and demeaning) our beloved Escanaba, as a seedy, depressed, dying little town is both infuriating and mind boggling. He might better first have taken a more objective look around at his own environment (which is reputed to have become the most distressed area in the whole USA). Thus his Escanaba critique becomes proof positive of the old adage that, "People in glass houses should never throw stones." Therein also rests yet another very obvious fact, that this reporter still has much to learn about life, human nature and hidden truths. Hopefully, with "tincture of time," his thinking, reporting (and writing) will more honestly improve.
Pat Lewis


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password, please call:
(800) 770-3387 Submit Cancel Forgot Password Close /TravelSmith/US/Global/Popups/forgot_password Enter your email address
false pdp {"scheme":"product1_cr"}
false pdp {"scheme":"product2_cr"}
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Montagu whaler – a boat type that inspires a deep affection among some of those who have known them well
There's a song about everything in my experience, and I'm not shy about reminding folks of this important cultural fact. I find they nod and smile, and pull expressions that show they think I'm being silly.
But this is an important matter, and I know I'm right, and that the evidence is there for those who look for it. So I was delighted this week a thread on the astoundingly bonkers Mudcat forum that led me to a song that pays tribute to a famous boat used by the British Navy – the Montagu whaler. Made and sung by a chap called Bernie Bruen, it's available from the British Library sound archives website.
Bernie has a nice way with words, I'm sure you'll agree. Listen to it here.
For more Intheboatshed.net posts about whalers, click here.


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As never before in human history, we take for granted the ability to communicate across borders, oceans, and continents. Mobile technology and Internet connectivity are woven into the daily life of most Americans, and have created new avenues for connection, interaction, sharing, and understanding. Meanwhile, the pace of evolution and innovation in mobile and Internet technology ensures an ever-changing, ever-expanding communications landscape.
That landscape extends across the globe, and while not all corners of the world have come to enjoy the full benefits of the Internet age yet, the global expansion of those benefits is gaining speed. The number of Internet users in Africa, for example, is growing by more than 30 percent per year, and mobile broadband services in developing countries grew by nearly 80 percent in 2011 alone.
Consider for just a moment the distance we have traveled since the early days of international communications. In 1865, the United States was a signatory to the very first International Telegraph Convention. This convention established a cooperative approach to the development and expansion of new communication tools. As the telegraph gave way to telephone and radio communication, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was born to coordinate international standards of electronic communication, including management of the radio spectrum. This means that ITU plays a central role in minimizing conflict on the international airwaves, and that, in turn, means that communicating with friends and family around the world is increasingly routine.
Of course, a great deal has changed since world leaders first met to discuss the potential impact of the telegraph. When members of the ITU meet this December at the World Conference on International Telecommunications, there will be discussion of how best to update and improve the International Telecommunications Regulations.
As the world leader in telecommunications technologies, the United States goes to the conference committed to a goal of maintaining an open, consumer-driven and multi-stakeholder approach to telecommunications, which holds the best promise of maximizing social and economic benefits to consumers, citizens, and societies. Click here to learn more about the World Conference on International Telecommunications.
Editor's Note: The World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, December 3-14, 2012. Read Ambassador Kramer's preview of the conference here.
Gary W. in the United Kingdom writes:
I still marvel at how far we have come in technology, for me the greatest measurement is looking at how far the mobile phone has come. Even in the 90's we were walking around with phones that wouldn't fit in our pocket, and look at them now. We take them for granted to manage our daily lives but boy have they come on in leaps and bounds.
There's a rather amusing article on the 'new mobile phone' from 2001 which makes me chuckle.
Donald M. in Virginia writes:
Fairwell to Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton -
I think when we look at the past 4 years the biggest success from the State Department and the President was serving Justice on Osama bin laden. The Special Force Unit Seals and the FBI who maintained a constant vigilance working with the cia. Once the intelligence actually worked.
More countries today have Democratic Leadership and even with Syria still have a chance for freedom to vote and live without oppression from its leaders as dictators.
The country of Libya has become a black-eye to the current administration. We all know that two navy seals cannot protect an embassy or consulant offices overseas. There should of been more secuirty posted, (a marine unit)and when an embassy or consulant office requests secuirty they should get it to protect our Americans abroad. If the State Department does not have the funds to support the Americans in these hostile locations, they should have never been placed there.
Justice on Osama bin laden high marks the loss of four americans low marks.
What our United States Senators should all agree is how Muammar al-Gaddafi - date and place of death October 20, 2011 · Sirte by its own people. When I look back at the two french airliners and the Pam Am flight that killed Americans and Scottish people on the ground, Justice was served on Mr. Gaddafi. How he spend most of his life dictacting and destroying human lives. One of his own comments made how he would use computer virus to attack the west and cause problems.
So in closing I say, "Not bad for a Secretary of State Honorable Hillary Clinton" We got Osama bin laden, we got Qaddafi in the 4 years and it put the Bin laden's terror group on notice. None of the previous Administrations can brag about this accomplishment.
Fairwell and smooth sailing, Fair winds and following seas for the Secretary of State when departing the office. In the end lessons have been learned about Libya and intelligence backed up with a secuirty force would of been better. God Bless....Peace Out and Good Luck if a plan to run for President in 2016!
Death of Muammar Gaddafi
W.W. writes:
must lower prices for telecommunications devices


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My link isn't working again. Anybody know what I'm doing wrong?
What I really liked about this find, was that it confirms that scrap dough is expected as part of the formula/procedure for the thin crust. http://pizzablends.com/pdf/dry-mix.pdf
Does not work for me.--Jet
It's not working for me, now, too. I wonder what happened?-ME
Theres a huge difference in rising 17 pounds of dough in one bus tub versus 7 pounds in one bus tub.Im trying to back into the batch weights we used and this is stumping me. Anyone have any additional recollections that would resolve this difference?
The Shakey's dough recipe for thin crust was:42 lbs of flour2 bags of dough blend1 3/4 lbs of shortening1 lb block of yeast7 1/2 - 8 qts of watermix for 8 - 10 minutesput the water in first, it mixed better from the bottom up and there was no unmixed flour left at the bottom of the bowl. place mixed dough into a 35 gal nsf approved container and cover and allow to rise several times, then refrigerate for use later. ( and don't breathe in the fumes when you punch it down :-)
I went to Shakey's University ( and yes, there really was one) back in the 70's in Lakewood, Colorado, there were no variances offered for regional taste differences.
That's a dead ringer for Round Table pizza. I wonder if these guys all ripped each other off? The histories on Round Table and Straw Hat pizza both date their existence to 1959. Shakeys however goes back to 1954. I think it's clear that Shakeys was making this style before the other two. They just didn't have as much brand recognition as Round Table. Straw Hat is probably the least known among the three. Dang Zing, now I have to go make some dough for tomorrow. Comparable shots of the same pie from Round Table can be seen towards the bottom on Page 3 of the RT thread here: http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,1911.40.html The first few shots are pictures of their deep dish, which is a completely different animal.


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Greetings TeaFriends, welcome to a new TeaDay, hopefully filled with great tea.
Yesterday we discussed whether we collected more tea, teapotsw, or teacups. Please continue to discuss yesterday's topic.
Today's TeaPoll and discussion topic. FocusFactor, do you FOCUS on a single general type of tea. Please share details.
We are looking forward to sharing this TeaDay with ... everyone. Bottoms up.


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Breaking News:
Maharashtra govt mulling 'Smart City' project at state level- 3:01pm on Wednesday 19th August 2015
Oxfam India says time to review policy on permission for working overseas- 9:45am on Thursday 7th May 2015
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Fatal crash in Watford City area
School board sets date for bond issue election
The Minot Public School Board has set Dec. 10 as the date for an upcoming $125 million bond issue election.
The board is asking voters to approve the bond issue, which would pay for construction of a new elementary school on land the district already owns in southeast Minot; the purchase of land and construction of a second 9-12 high school somewhere in north Minot; classroom additions and renovations at various existing elementaries; conversion of Minot High School-Central Campus into a fourth middle school for the district; and purchase of new security cameras and relocation of administrative offices to the front of various schools in Minot. If approved, the bond issue would raise the mill levy 51 mills. The owner of a $200,000 home in Minot could expect to pay an additional $456 per year.
School officials say the bond issue is necessary to address continued growth in the district.
During the special election Dec. 10, voters would also be asked whether they want to increase the district's debt limit by 5 percent on the assessed value of taxable property of the school district beyond the 5 percent limit that is set by the state constitution. According to district business manager Scott Moum, the assessed valuation of all taxable property in the school district has been assessed at $2,042,537,150 for the year 2013. The school district's total bonded indebtedness, all of which was issued for school buildings, is $18,226,280.
The taxable valuation of property in the district is estimated at $193,397,341 for 2013, up from $151,663,327 in 2012, according to Moum. The total mills levied in 2012 were 141.02; the total mills that will be levied in 2013 are an estimated 81.76, thanks to changes during the last legislative session that were geared towards property tax relief as well as to the increase in property valuations, which meant the district doesn't need to levy as many mills to raise needed funds.
During a school board meeting Thursday, Supt. Mark Vollmer said enrollment has continued to increase in the school district. There are currently nearly 7,400 students enrolled in the district, up from 7, 152 students at the end of May. There are well over 700 students enrolled in kindergarten. Even without further growth, Vollmer said the district will be short about 500 seats at the middle school level when this year's group of kindergarteners through third-graders reach middle school.
Enrollment reports also showed the ethnicity of students in the district. According to the breakdown, there are 6,065 white students, 445 black students, 136 Asian students, 350 Hispanic students, 341 American Indian students, 42 Pacific Islander students, and 17 students who were classified as "other" in preschool through grade 12.
Vollmer said the district took its last portable classroom out of storage and installed it at Sunnyside Elementary, which now has three portable classrooms set up outside. There are 23 portables in use at schools around the district: three at Bel Air Elementary; two at Perkett Elementary; two at Edison Elementary; three at Sunnyside; nine at Washington Elementary and four at Jim Hill Middle School.
The board also approved the balanced $86.25 million 2013-2014 budget on second reading. Moum said he will present a revised budget for the board's consideration at the October board meeting.


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Burton, Robert
Robert Burton 1577-1640
(Also wrote under the pseudonym Democritus Junior) English essayist, poet, and playwright.
Burton is remembered primarily for The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), a voluminous treatise which examines the various causes of, and treatments for, melancholy. The work was immensely popular with seventeenth-century readers: Burton personally revised five editions, and a sixth was published posthumously. Drawing upon some 1300 sources from the Classical to the Renaissance periods to elucidate his subject, Burton's encyclopedic observations on the affliction of melancholy range from the absurdly humorous to the sublime. In the process, he created an enduring monument to Renaissance learning as well as a wellspring of inspiration for future literary figures. "Never was there such a pawn-shop for poets to borrow from as the Anatomy of Melancholy," declared Oliver Wendell Holmes. Indeed, authors pious as John Milton, crude as Tobias Smollett, and satirical as Jonathan Swift did Burton the honor of "plundering" his Anatomy of Melancholy.
Biographical Information
Burton was born on February 8, 1577, in Leicestershire, England, the fourth of Ralph and Dorothy Faunt Burton's nine children. Anthony à Wood, in his biographies of Oxford attendees, describes the Burtons as "an ancient and genteel family." Burton attended grammar school in Warwickshire, and at sixteen went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he studied philosophy and logic as a commoner (one who paid his own board). In 1599 he was elected to be a student of Christ Church, Oxford, where he would live for the rest of his life. Burton was slow to finish his bachelor's degree, taking nine years after starting at Brasenose, and some scholars attribute this delay to his own affliction with melancholy. He went on to pursue his Master of Arts, finishing in June 1605, and his Bachelor of Divinity, which he earned in 1614. After finishing his B. D., Burton was appointed the Clerk of the Market of Oxford, a post which involved checking the freshness of food to be sold in Oxford markets. By 1616, he had earned the vicarage of St. Thomas the Martyr, Oxford. During this time, Burton wrote a Latin play entitled Philosophaster (1617), which was performed during Shrovetide. Burton's celebrity was established with the publication of The Anatomy of Melancholy in 1621, and he devoted much of his intellectual acumen to guiding the work through several substantial revisions throughout the remainder of his life. In his later years, Burton continued to receive lucrative preferments. In 1624 he received the living of Walesby in Lincolnshire from the Dowager Countess of Exeter; two years later, he was named librarian of Christ Church library. Around 1631, Burton resigned his living in Walesby and accepted the post of rector of Seagrave, Leicestershire, from George, Lord Berkeley, who may have been Burton's student at Christ Church. In a life devoted to erudition, Burton was accounted by many as studious, serious, and widely read, which supports his claim in The Anatomy of Melancholy that he "liv'd a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life." As his magnum opus also indicates, he was well educated in religion and the sciences, taking special interest in mathematics, philology, geography, astronomy, and astrology. Burton died in his chamber at Christ Church on January 25, 1640.
Major Work
The enduring reputation of The Anatomy of Melancholy occurs not only from its wide readership in Burton's lifetime, but also from the select elite who claimed it as an important influence, including Samuel Johnson, Lawrence Sterne, Charles Lamb, Lord Byron, and John Keats. Burton's avowed subject is melancholy, what might now be considered depression, but his extensive reading and devotion to scholarship expand the work to cover science, religion, philosophy and history as well. The work is preceded by a satiric preface entitled "Democritus Junior to the Reader" which is perhaps the most widely read section of the treatise in modern times. The preface includes Burton's utopia, the first originally written in English, in which he addresses marriage, primogeniture, war, and the essential imperfections of human nature. Overall, The Anatomy of Melancholy is comprised of three sections, or "Partitions": causes and symptoms of melancholy; cures for melancholy; and "love-melancholy," which also includes a substantial discussion of religious melancholy. The partitions are divided further into "Sections," "Members," and "Sub-Sections," and each begins with a "Synopsis." Despite the apparent attention to order, the structure of the treatise is marked by Burton's frequent digressions, a stylistic device considered by many scholars to reflect either the chaos of melancholy itself or, less often, Burton's lack of control as an author. The text is also comprised of thousands of quotations from authors both acknowledged and unacknowledged. Burton's task as the author of an anatomy was not to present his own findings but to present a thorough compilation of information on his subject, not unlike the chronicle historians of the late sixteenth century. Similarly, The Anatomy of Melancholy offers no coherent description of the disorder it seeks to analyze—that was not the role of the anatomist. As the earliest work of English psychology, the The Anatomy of Melancholy dissects the subject of melancholy and leaves it to the reader to draw conclusions. Moreover, many critics have suggested, the process of anatomizing itself—the cataloguing, the displays of erudition, the extremity of detail—was likely at least as important to both author and reader as a neat summation of the topic of melancholy.
Critical Reception
One of the most popular English books of the seventeenth century, The Anatomy of Melancholy has become the object of academic interest in modern times due to its influence on several prominent men of letters in the centuries following its publication. Johnson, who recommended the The Anatomy of Melancholy to many of his friends, including his famous biographer James Boswell, also relied on Burton as a resource for his Dictionary of the English Language (1755). Many authors, including Sterne, Keats, and Byron, best demonstrated their admiration for the work by borrowing from it for their own writings; Wood reports that "gentlemen who have lost their time and are put to a push for invention may furnish themselves with matter for common or scholastical discourse and writing. Several authors have unmercifully stolen matter from the said book without any acknowledgement." Modern literary scholars were slow to develop an interest in Burton, focusing more often on either his own sources or his function as a source for other writers. As critics took a more serious interest in the application psychology and psychiatry to the study of literature, The Anatomy of Melancholy gained ascendancy. The late 1960s and early 1970s ushered in a new era in Burton scholarship when Joan Webber and Stanley E. Fish published landmark studies on Burton's use of prose and persona, inspiring further questions about the genre of the work, the function of the digressions, and the reliability of the narrator. Expanding on these influential analyses, later critics have suggested that the work is best read as, variously, a sermon, an attack on religious dissenters, and the basis of a new theory of knowledge. The breadth and variety of the work appears to support several positions: E. Patricia Vicari suggests that the style of the work derives from an oral tradition, while James S. Tillman, who views the work as a satire, emphasizes the work's neoclassicism. Both Devon L. Hodges and Jonathan Sawday depict Burton as uneasily straddling a divide between the humanist science of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and the physical, experimental science ushered in by The Royal Society in the late seventeenth century. The scope of The Anatomy of Melancholy has also permitted a variety of studies attempting to articulate Renaissance views on topics other than psychology such as cartography, morality, and homosexuality.
Principal Works
Philosophaster, Comoedia, nunc primum, in lucem producta. Poemata, antehac sparsim edita, nunc in unum collecta (play) 1617
The Anatomy Of Melancholy, What It Is. With All The Kinds, Cavses, Symptomes, Prognostickes, And Seuerall Cvres Of It. In Three Maine Partitions with their seuerall Sections, Members, and Svbsections. Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, Opened and Cvt Vp. With a Satyricall Preface, conducing to the following Discourse [as Democritus Junior] (nonfiction) 1621; revised editions 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651
The Anatomy of Melancholy, by Robert Burton, Now for the First Time with the Latin completely Given in Translation and Embodied in an All-English Text. 2 vols. (nonfiction) 1927
Robert Burton's Philosophaster: With an English translation of the Same, Together with His Other Minor Writings in Prose and Verse (play, poetry, and prose) 1931
The Anatomy of Melancholy. 3 vols. (nonfiction) 1932
The Anatomy of Melancholy. 5 vols. (nonfiction) 1989-2000
Philosophaster (play) 1993
James Boswell (essay date 1776)
SOURCE: Boswell, James. In Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774-1776, edited by Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle, pp. 276-77. 1931. Reprint. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
[In this excerpt originally recorded in his journal in 1776, Boswell relates an anecdote which demonstrates the value that Samuel Johnson placed upon The Anatomy of Melancholy.]
Either this night or the one after he spoke to me of the melancholy to which I am subject, said that I had a very ticklish mind, and that I must divert distressing thoughts, and not combat with them. "Remember always," said he, "———."1 I said I sometimes tried to think them down. He said I was...
(The entire section is 270 words.)
Hester Lynch Thrale (essay date 1782)
SOURCE: Thrale, Hester Lynch. In Thraliana: The Diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (Later Mrs. Piozzi), 1776-1809, edited by Katharine C. Balderston, Vol. 1, pp. 536-37. 1942. Reprint. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.
[In the following excerpt, Thrale acknowledges the widespread influence of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy on English literature.]
What a strange Book is Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy! & how it has been plunder'd! Milton took his Allegro and Penseroso from the Verses at the beginning,1 Savage his Speech of Suicide in the Wanderer2 from Page 216. Swift his Tale of the Woman that held water in her Mouth to regain her...
(The entire section is 365 words.)
George Gordon, Lord Byron (essay date 1807)
SOURCE: Gordon, George, Lord Byron. The Life, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, edited by Thomas Moore, p. 48. 1920. Reprint. Detroit: Scholarly Press, 1972.
[In the excerpt below from a list of his lifetime of reading, Byron recommends Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy as a seminal English-language work.]
I have also read (to my regret at present) above four thousand novels, including the works of Cervantes, Fielding, Smollet, Richardson, Mackenzie, Sterne, Rabelais, and Rousseau, & c. & c. The book, in my opinion, most useful to a man who wishes to acquire the reputation of being well read, with the least trouble, is Burton's Anatomy of...
(The entire section is 169 words.)
Oliver Wendell Holmes (essay date 1883)
SOURCE: Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "Pillow-Smoothing Authors, With a Prelude on Night-Caps, and Comments on an Old Writer." The Atlantic Monthly LI, No. cccvi (April 1883): 457-64.
[In the following essay, Holmes discusses the influence of The Anatomy of Melancholy on English literature and comments on the massive breadth of the treatise.]
Cotton Mather says of our famous and excellent John Cotton, "the Father and Glory of Boston," as he calls him, that, "being asked why in his Latter Days he indulged Nocturnal Studies more than formerly, he pleasantly replied, Because I love to sweeten my mouth with a piece of Calvin before I go to...
(The entire section is 4725 words.)
Rosalie L. Colie (essay date 1966)
SOURCE: Colie, Rosalie L. "Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy and the Structure of Paradox." In Paradoxica Epidemica: The Renaissance Tradition of Paradox, pp. 430-60. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.
[In the essay below, Colie argues that The Anatomy of Melancholy is deliberately paradoxical in many ways, including its contradictory subject matter, its conflicting genres, and its juxtaposition of opposites. Burton's "fragmenting of the categories of phenomena" in this manner, and his "identification of cause, symptom, and cure," she maintains, universalizes melancholy "into the whole condition of humanity."]
(The entire section is 9829 words.)
Joan Webber (essay date 1968)
SOURCE: Webber, Joan. "Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Democritus, Jr." In The Eloquent "I": Style and Self in Seventeenth-Century Prose, pp. 80-114. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
[In the essay below, Webber discusses how the "I" persona of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy combines the two distinct modes of life and art by manipulating the reader through an anecdotal and gossip-oriented analysis of sources rather than through a methodical investigation of the facts.]
We have seen in Donne the Anglican's persistent effort to turn life into art and to find in art among other things a means to anticipate one's own death and look back upon...
(The entire section is 17309 words.)
Bridget Gellert Lyons (essay date 1971)
Lyons, Bridget Gellert. "The Anatomy of Melancholy as Literature." In Voices of Melancholy: Studies in literary treatments of melancholy in Renaissance England, pp. 113-48. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971.
[In the excerpt below, Lyons examines the relations of Burton's work to other literary and expository works on melancholy and asserts that "one of the main achievements of the Anatomy as a work of literature is to portray the melancholy mind in action, even while it is occupied with melancholy as a formal subject."]
The most ambitious literary treatment of melancholy in the seventeenth...
(The entire section is 14898 words.)
Stanley E. Fish (essay date 1972)
SOURCE: Fish, Stanley E. "Thou Thyself Art the Subject of My Discourse: Democritus Jr. to the Reader." In Self-Consuming Artifacts: The Experience of Seventeenth-Century Literature, pp. 322-52. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
[In the following essay, Fish detects a unity of style and substance in Burton's frequent digressions and shifts of subject in The Anatomy of Melancholy.]
The reader who manages to make his way through the preface to Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy may be excused if he is unable to take its concluding sentences at face value:
but I presume of...
(The entire section is 18812 words.)
Ruth A. Fox (essay date 1976)
SOURCE: Fox, Ruth A. "This New Science." In The Tangled Chain: The Structure of Disorder in the Anatomy of Melancholy, pp. 45-53. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
[In the essay below, Fox examines the digressions from the conventional structure of the medical treatise in The Anatomy of Melancholy, proposing that the tension between the digressions and the more straightforward sections reflects an ambivalence about the reliability of knowledge.]
For out of olde feldes, as men seyth, Cometh al this newe corn from yer to yere, And out of olde bokes, in good feyth, Cometh al this newe science that men lere.
—Chaucer, The...
(The entire section is 2490 words.)
Judith Kegan Gardiner (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: Gardiner, Judith Kegan. "Elizabethan Psychology and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy." Journal of the History of Ideas 38, No. 3 (July-September 1977): 373-88.
[In the essay below, Gardiner explores the dimensions of Burton's psychological method in The Anatomy of Melancholy, concluding that "Burton digests his medieval and Renaissance science and other material available to him to create a humanistic psychology that is both comprehensive and reasonably coherent."]
In 1946 Louise C. Turner Forest wrote "A Caveat …" to warn against the dangers of applying Elizabethan psychology to literary characters. The psychological tracts of the...
(The entire section is 7071 words.)
James S. Tillman (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: Tillman, James S. "The Satirist Satirized: Burton's Democritus Jr." Studies in the Literary Imagination 10, No. 2 (1977): 89-96.
[In the following essay, Tillman compares Burton's satiric style in his preface to The Anatomy of Melancholy to Horatian and Juvenalian satire, emphasizing the classical origins of the work's rhetorical personae rather than seventeenth-century concerns about the self and the stability of the authorial voice.]
Although most critics of seventeenth-century literature are familiar with the rhetorical personae typical of various genres, such as the self-deprecating speaker of orations or the piping shepherd of pastorals, generic...
(The entire section is 3823 words.)
Devon L. Hodges (essay date 1985)
SOURCE: Hodges, Devon L. "Anatomy as Reason and Madness." In Renaissance Fictions of Anatomy, pp. 107-23. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.
[In the following excerpt, Hodges considers The Anatomy of Melancholy to be a treatise poised between humanism and rationalism, focusing on how the work countenances the coexistence of madness and reason in seventeenth-century thought—a condition rejected by the eighteenth-century quest for "objective knowledge."]
Compared with Bacon's dynamic, scientific project to inaugurate a new order of things, Burton's great lumpy Anatomy of Melancholy looks particularly hesitant and unfocused. And...
(The entire section is 7868 words.)
E. Patricia Vicari (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: Vicari, E. Patricia. "Applied Divinity: The Anatomy as Priestly Counsel." In The View From Minerva's Tower: Learning and Imagination in 'The Anatomy of Melancholy,' pp. 121-48. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.
[In the excerpt below, Vicari argues that the The Anatomy of Melancholy is best understood not as a medical treatise, but as a sermon. Vicari links the style of the work to the oral tradition and notes Burton's progressive treatment of melancholy as not merely a malady but a sin.]
Three related questions about The Anatomy of...
(The entire section is 14289 words.)
Anne S. Chapple (essay date 1993)
SOURCE: Chapple, Anne S. "Robert Burton's Geography of Melancholy." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 33, No. 1 (1993): 99-130.
[In the following essay, Chapple examines how Burton's interest in the burgeoning field of cartography influenced The Anatomy of Melancholy, primarily focusing on the "foolscap" world map described in the preface.]
Observing map collectors in 1570, Dr. John Dee wrote, "Some, to beautify their Halls, Parlors, Chambers, Galeries, Studies, or Libraries … liketh, loveth, getteth, and useth, Maps, Charts, and Geographicall Globes."1 Dee was writing at a time when only the wealthy could afford to own maps,...
(The entire section is 13393 words.)
Winfried Schleiner (essay date 1993)
SOURCE: Schleiner, Winfried. "Burton's Use of praeteritio in Discussing Same-Sex Relationships." In Renaissance Discourses of Desire, edited by Claude J. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth, pp. 159-78. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993.
[In the essay below, Schleiner addresses Burton's treatment of same-sex relationships in The Anatomy of Melancholy, examining how Burton's use of the rhetorical device praeteritio might distinguish his own perspective from among his many sources.]
Discourse of same-sex desire is forbidden discourse in early seventeenth-century England; in some sense it could not and, therefore, does not exist. In another...
(The entire section is 8082 words.)
Jonathan Sawday (essay date 1997)
SOURCE: Sawday, Jonathan. "Shapeless Elegance: Robert Burton's Anatomy of Knowledge." In English Renaissance Prose: History, Language, and Politics, edited by Neil Rhodes, pp. 173-202. Tempe: Arizona State University Press, 1997.
[In the following essay, Sawday describes The Anatomy of Melancholy as the foundation of a theory of knowledge that never fully developed, particularly after the formation of The Royal Society in 1660 with its markedly different approach to scientific investigation.]
Has Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy always been a historical and critical puzzle? In 1945, when Douglas Bush...
(The entire section is 12442 words.)
Samuel G. Wong (essay date 1998)
SOURCE: Wong, Samuel G. "Encyclopedism in Anatomy of Melancholy." Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Réforme 22, No.1 (1998): 5-22.
[In the essay below, Wong considers The Anatomy of Melancholy in the context of the encyclopedic tradition, suggesting that Burton's self-deprecating portrait of the scholar is more subversive and more modern than has generally been assumed.]
This essay reconsiders the encyclopedism that is the most profound feature of Anatomy of Melancholy. As used here, encyclopedism suggests not only the vast display of learning that constitutes Anatomy but also the condition of a work...
(The entire section is 7525 words.)
Further Reading
Conn, Joey. Robert Burton and The Anatomy of Melancholy: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. 105 p.
Lists editions of Burton's works and focuses on criticism from the twentieth century, organized alphabetically by author.
Donovan, Dennis G., Magaretha G. Hartley Herman, and Ann E. Imbrie. Sir Thomas Browne and Robert Burton: A Reference Guide. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981. 530 p.
Bibliographic record of criticism and commentary on Burton and his peer Sir Thomas Browne, arranged by publication date and beginning in the seventeenth century....
(The entire section is 818 words.)