text:
Fin whale
The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), also called the finback whale, razorback, or common rorqual, is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. It is the second longest animal in the world and second largest rorqual after the blue whale,[7] growing to 27.3 metres (89.5 ft) long[8] and weighing nearly 74 tonnes (73 long tons; 82 short tons).[9] The American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews called the fin whale "the greyhound of the sea... for its beautiful, slender body is built like a racing yacht and the animal can surpass the speed of the fastest ocean steamship."[10]
Long and slender, the fin whale's body is brownish-grey with a paler underside. At least two recognized subspecies exist: the North Atlantic and the Southern Hemisphere. It is found in all the major oceans, from polar to tropical waters. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at the poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters.[11] Its food consists of small schooling fish, squid, and crustaceans including copepods and krill.
Like all other large whales, the fin whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an endangered species. Over 725,000 fin whales were reported taken from the Southern Hemisphere between 1905 and 1976, as of 1997 survived by only 38,000.[2]
The International Whaling Commission (IWC) issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale,[12] although Iceland and Japan have resumed hunting: in 2009 and 2010, Iceland took 125 and 148 fin whales, while Japan took eighteen in seven seasons (2005–12) of Antarctic whaling.[13][14][15] Iceland exported 500–600 tons of fin whale meat to Japan in 2011,[16] worth 486,189,000 ISK ($3.8 million).[17] The species is also hunted by Greenlanders under the IWC's Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling provisions. Global population estimates range from less than 100,000 to roughly 119,000.[2][18]
- 1 Taxonomy
- 2 Anatomy
- 3 Life history
- 4 Ecology
- 5 Human interaction
- 6 Conservation
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The fin whale was first described by Friderich Martens in 1675 and then again by Paul Dudley in 1725. The former description was used as the primary basis of the species Balaena physalus by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[19] In 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède reclassified the species as Balaenoptera rorqual, based on a specimen that had stranded on Île Sainte-Marguerite (Cannes, France) in 1798. In 1830, Louis Companyo described a specimen that had stranded near Saint-Cyprien, southern France, in 1828 as Balaena musculus. Most later authors followed him in using the specific name musculus, until Frederick W. True (1898) showed that it referred to the blue whale. In 1846, the British taxonomist John Edward Gray described a 16.7 m (55 ft) specimen from the Falkland Islands as Balaenoptera australis. In 18645 the German naturalist Hermann Burmeister described a c. 15 m (50 ft) specimen found near Buenos Aires about thirty years earlier as Balaenoptera patachonicus. In 1903, the Romanian scientist Emil Racoviță placed all these designations into Balaenoptera physalus.[20][21] The word "physalus" comes from the Greek word physa, meaning "blows", referring to the prominent blow of the species (as described by Martens [1675, p. 132]: "They know the finn-fish by the... vehement blowing and spouting up of the water...").
Fin whales are rorquals, members of the family Balaenopteridae, which also includes the humpback whale, the blue whale, the Bryde's whale, the sei whale and the minke whale. The family diverged from the other baleen whales in the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene,[22] although it is not known when the members of these families further evolved into their own species.
As of 2006, there were two named subspecies, each with distinct physical features and vocalizations. The Northern fin whale, B. p. physalus (Linnaeus 1758) inhabits the North Atlantic and the Southern fin whale, B. p. quoyi (Fischer 1829) occupies the Southern Ocean.[23] Most experts consider the fin whales of the North Pacific to be a third, as yet unnamed subspecies – this was supported by a 2013 study, which found that the Northern Hemisphere B. p. physalus was not composed of a single subspecies. The three groups mix at most rarely.[24]
Clarke (2004) proposed a "pygmy" subspecies (B. p. patachonica, Burmeister, 1865) that is purportedly darker in color and has black baleen. He based this on a single physically mature 19.8 m (65 ft) female caught in the Antarctic in 1947-48, the smaller average size (a few feet) of sexually and physically mature fin whales caught by the Japanese around 50° S, and smaller, darker sexually immature fin whales caught in the Antarctic which he believed were a "migratory phase" of his proposed subspecies. His proposal is not widely accepted and there is no genetic evidence for their existence.[2][25]
The genetic distance between blue and fin whales has been compared to that between a gorilla and human[26] (3.5 million years on the evolutionary tree.[27]) Nevertheless, hybrid individuals between blue and fin whales with characteristics of both are known to occur with relative frequency in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific.[28][29]
A pair of researchers who reported the DNA profile of a sampling of whale meat in the Japanese market found evidence of blue/fin hybrids.[30]
Recent DNA evidence indicates that the fin whale may be more closely related to the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and in at least one study the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), two whales in different genera, than it is to members of its own genus, such as the minke whales.[31][32] If further research confirms this theory, the taxonomy would need revision.
The fin whale is usually distinguished by its tall spout, long back, prominent dorsal fin, and asymmetrical coloration.
The animal's large size aids in identification, and it is usually only confused with the blue whale, the sei whale, or, in warmer waters, Bryde's whale.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the average size of adult males and females is about 18.5 metres (61 ft) and 20 metres (66 ft), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is 20.5 metres (67 ft) and 22 metres (72 ft).[33]
In the North Atlantic, the longest reported were a 24.4 metres (80 ft) male caught off the Shetland Islands in 1905 and a 25 metres (82 ft) female caught off Scotland sometime between 1908 and 1914,[34][35] while the longest reliably measured were three 20.7 metres (68 ft) males caught off Iceland in 1973-74 and a 22.5 metres (74 ft) female also caught off Iceland in 1975.[36][37]
In the North Pacific, the longest reported were three 22.9 metres (75 ft) males, two caught off California between 1919 and 1926 and the other caught off Alaska in 1925, and a 24.7 metres (81 ft) female also caught off California, while the longest reliably measured were a 21 metres (69 ft) male caught off British Columbia in 1959 and a 22.9 metres (75 ft) female caught off central California between 1959 and 1970.[38][39][40]
In the Southern Hemisphere, the longest reported for each sex were 25 metres (82 ft) and 27.3 m (89.5 ft), while the longest measured by Mackintosh and Wheeler (1929) were 22.65 metres (74.3 ft) and 24.53 metres (80.5 ft).[8] Major F. A. Spencer, while whaling inspector of the factory ship Southern Princess (1936–38), confirmed the length of a 25.9 metres (85 ft) female caught in the Antarctic south of the southern Indian Ocean;[41] the scientist David Edward Gaskin also measured a 25.9 metres (85 ft) female while whaling inspector of the British factory ship Southern Venturer in the Southern Ocean in the 1961-62 season.[42] Terence Wise, who worked as a winch operator aboard the British factory ship Balaena, claimed that "the biggest fin [he] ever saw" was a 25.6 metres (84 ft) specimen caught near Bouvet Island in January 1958.[43] The largest fin whale ever weighed (piecemeal) was a 22.7 metres (74 ft) pregnant female caught by Japanese whalers in the Antarctic in 1948 which weighed 69.5 tonnes (68.4 long tons; 76.6 short tons), minus 6% for loss of fluids during the flensing process.[9] It is estimated that an individual over 27 metres (89 ft) would weigh in excess of 120 tonnes (120 long tons; 130 short tons).
A newborn fin whale measures about 6–6.5 metres (20–21 ft) in length and weighs approximately1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb).[44]
Coloration and markings[edit]
The fin whale is brownish to dark or light gray dorsally and white ventrally. The left side of the head is dark gray, while the right side exhibits a complex pattern of contrasting light and dark markings. On the right lower jaw is a white or light gray "right mandible patch", which sometimes extends out as a light "blaze" laterally and dorsally unto the upper jaw and back to just behind the blowholes. Two narrow dark stripes originate from the eye and ear, the former widening into a large dark area on the shoulder — these are separated by a light area called the "interstripe wash". These markings are more prominent on individuals in the North Atlantic than in the North Pacific, where they can appear indistinct. The left side exhibits similar but much fainter markings. Dark, oval-shaped areas of pigment called "flipper shadows" extend below and posterior to the pectoral fins. This type of asymmetry is seen in Omura's whale and occasionally in minke whales. It was hypothesized to have evolved because the whale swims on its right side when surface lunging and it sometimes circles to the right while at the surface above a prey patch. However, the whales just as often circle to the left. There is no accepted hypothesis to explain the asymmetry.[45] It has paired blowholes on a prominent splashguard and a broad, flat V-shaped rostrum. A single median ridge stops well short of the rostrum tip. A light V-shaped marking, the chevron, begins behind the blowholes and extends back and then forward again. The whale has a series of 56–100 pleats or grooves along the bottom of the body that run from the tip of the chin to the navel that allow the throat area to expand greatly during feeding. It has a curved, prominent dorsal fin that ranges in height from 26–75 centimeters (10–30 in) (usually 45–60 centimeters (18–24 in)) and averages about 51 centimetres (20 in), lying about three-quarters of the way along the back.[8] Its flippers are small and tapered and its tail is wide, pointed at the tip and notched in the centre.[18]
When the whale surfaces, the dorsal fin is visible soon after the spout. The spout is vertical and narrow and can reach heights of 6 metres (20 ft) or more.[18]
Life history[edit]
Mating occurs in temperate, low-latitude seas during the winter, followed by an eleven month to one year gestation period. A newborn weans from its mother at 6 or 7 months of age when it is 11 metres (36 ft) to 12 metres (39 ft) in length, and the calf accompanies the mother to the summer feeding ground. Females reproduce every 2 to 3 years, with as many as 6 fetuses being reported, but single births are far more common. Females reach sexual maturity at between 6 and 12 years of age at lengths of 17.7–19 m (58-62.5 ft) in the Northern Hemisphere and 20 m (65 ft) in the Southern Hemisphere.[33]
Full physical maturity is attained between 25 and 30 years. Fin whales live to 94 years of age,[46] although specimens have been found aged at an estimated 135–140 years.[47]
The fin whale is one of the fastest cetaceans and can sustain speeds of between 37 kilometres per hour (23 mph)[44] and 41 kilometres per hour (25 mph) and bursts up to 46 kilometres per hour (29 mph) have been recorded, earning the fin whale the nickname "the greyhound of the sea".[48]
Fin whales are more gregarious than other rorquals, and often live in groups of 6–10, although feeding groups may reach up to 100 animals.[46]
|Multimedia relating to the fin whale
Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed.
Like other whales, males make long, loud, low-frequency sounds.[44] The vocalizations of blue and fin whales are the lowest-frequency sounds made by any animal.[49] Most sounds are frequency-modulated (FM) down-swept infrasonic pulses from 16 to 40 hertz frequency (the range of sounds that most humans can hear falls between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz). Each sound lasts one to two seconds, and various sound combinations occur in patterned sequences lasting 7 to 15 minutes each. The whale then repeats the sequences in bouts lasting up to many days.[50] The vocal sequences have source levels of up to 184–186 decibels relative to 1 micropascal at a reference distance of one metre and can be detected hundreds of miles from their source.[51]
When fin whale sounds were first recorded by US biologists, they did not realize that these unusually loud, long, pure and regular sounds were being made by whales. They first investigated the possibilities that the sounds were due to equipment malfunction, geophysical phenomena, or even part of a Soviet Union scheme for detecting enemy submarines. Eventually, biologists demonstrated that the sounds were the vocalizations of fin whales.[49]
Direct association of these vocalizations with the reproductive season for the species and that only males make the sounds point to these vocalizations as possible reproductive displays.[52][53] Over the past 100 years, the dramatic increase in ocean noise from shipping and naval activity may have slowed the recovery of the fin whale population, by impeding communications between males and receptive females.[54]
When feeding, they blow 5-7 times in quick succession, but while traveling or resting will blow once every minute or two. On their terminal (last) dive they arch their back high out of the water, but rarely raise their flukes out of the water. It then dives to depths of up to 470 metres (1,540 ft) when feeding or a few hundred feet when resting or traveling. The average feeding dive off California and Baja lasts 6 minutes, with a maximum of 17 minutes; when traveling or resting they usually dive for only a few minutes at a time.[55] Fin whales rarely breach.[18]
Range and habitat[edit]
Like many large rorquals, the fin whale is a cosmopolitan species. It is found in all the world's major oceans and in waters ranging from the polar to the tropical. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at both the north and south extremities and relatively small areas of water away from the large oceans, such as the Red Sea and the Baltic Sea. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. It is less densely populated in the warmest, equatorial regions. It prefers deep waters beyond the continental shelf to shallow waters.[citation needed]
The North Atlantic fin whale has an extensive distribution, occurring from the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea, northward to Baffin Bay and Spitsbergen. In general, fin whales are more common north of approximately 30°N latitude, but considerable confusion arises about their occurrence south of 30°N latitude because of the difficulty in distinguishing fin whales from Bryde's whales.[56] Extensive ship surveys have led researchers to conclude that the summer feeding range of fin whales in the western North Atlantic is mainly between 41°20'N and 51°00'N, from shore seaward to the 1,000 fathoms (1,800 m) contour.[57]
Summer distribution of fin whales in the North Pacific is the immediate offshore waters from central Baja California to Japan and as far north as the Chukchi Sea bordering the Arctic Ocean.[58] They occur in high densities in the northern Gulf of Alaska and southeastern Bering Sea between May and October, with some movement through the Aleutian passes into and out of the Bering Sea.[59] Several whales tagged between November and January off southern California were killed in the summer off central California, Oregon, British Columbia, and in the Gulf of Alaska.[58] Fin whales have been observed feeding 250 miles south of Hawaii in mid-May, and several winter sightings have been made there.[60] Some researchers have suggested that the whales migrate into Hawaiian waters primarily in the autumn and winter.[61]
Although fin whales are certainly migratory, moving seasonally in and out of high-latitude feeding areas, the overall migration pattern is not well understood. Acoustic readings from passive-listeninghydrophone arrays indicate a southward migration of the North Atlantic fin whale occurs in the autumn from the Labrador-Newfoundland region, south past Bermuda, and into the West Indies.[62]One or more populations of fin whales are thought to remain year-round in high latitudes, moving offshore, but not southward in late autumn.[62] In the Pacific, migration patterns are poorly characterized. Although some fin whales are apparently present year-round in the Gulf of California, there is a significant increase in their numbers in the winter and spring.[63] Southern fin whales migrate seasonally from relatively high-latitude Antarctic feeding grounds in the summer to low-latitude breeding and calving areas in the winter. The location of winter breeding areas is still unknown, since these whales tend to migrate in the open ocean.[11]
Population and trends[edit]
Poor understanding of migration patterns combined with contradictory population surveys makes estimating the historical and current population levels of the whale difficult and contentious. Due to a long history of hunting this whale, pre-exploitation population levels are difficult to determine.[citation needed]
North Atlantic[edit]
North Atlantic fin whales are defined by the International Whaling Commission to exist in one of seven discrete population zones: Nova Scotia-New England, Newfoundland-Labrador, western Greenland, eastern Greenland-Iceland, North Norway, West Norway-Faroe Islands, and Ireland-Spain-United Kingdom-Portugal. Results of mark-and-recapture surveys have indicated that some movement occurs across the boundaries of these zones, suggesting that they are not entirely discrete and that some immigration and emigration does occur.[57] Sigurjónsson estimated in 1995 that total pre-exploitation population size in the entireNorth Atlantic ranged between 50,000 and 100,000 animals,[64] but his research is criticized for lack of supporting data and an explanation of his reasoning.[11] In 1977, D.E. Sergeant suggested a "primeval" aggregate total of 30,000 to 50,000 throughout the North Atlantic.[65] Of that number, 8,000 to 9,000 would have resided in the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia areas, with whales summering in U.S. waters south of Nova Scotia presumably omitted.[11][66] J.M. Breiwick estimated that the "exploitable" (above the legal size limit of ft50) component of the Nova Scotia population was 1,500 to 1,600 animals in 1964, reduced to only about 325 in 1973.[67] Two aerial surveys in Canadian waters since the early 1970s gave numbers of 79 to 926 whales on the eastern Newfoundland-Labrador shelf in August 1980,[68] and a few hundred in the northern and central Gulf of Saint Lawrence in August 1995 – 1996.[69] Summer estimates in the waters off western Greenland range between 500 and 2,000,[70] and in 1974, Jonsgard considered the fin whales off Western Norway and the Faroe Islands to "have been considerably depleted in postwar years, probably by overexploitation".[71] The population around Iceland appears to have fared much better, and in 1981, the population appeared to have undergone only a minor decline since the early 1960s.[72] Surveys during the summers of 1987 and 1989 estimated of 10,000 to 11,000 between eastern Greenland and Norway.[73] This shows a substantial recovery when compared to a survey in 1976 showing an estimate of 6,900, which was considered to be a "slight" decline since 1948.[74] A Spanish NASS survey in 1989 of the France-Portugal-Spain sub-area estimated a summer population range at 17,355.[75] The aggregate population level is estimated to be between 40,000[76] and 56,000[28]individuals.
North Pacific[edit]
The total historical North Pacific population was estimated at 42,000 to 45,000 before the start of whaling. Of this, the population in the eastern portion of the North Pacific was estimated to be 25,000 to 27,000.[77] By 1975, the estimate had declined to between 8,000 and 16,000.[58][78] Surveys conducted in 1991, 1993, 1996 and 2001 produced estimates of between 1,600 and 3,200 off California and 280 to 380 off Oregon and Washington.[79] The miniumum estimate for the California-Oregon-Washington population, as defined in the U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005, is about 2,500.[80] Surveys in coastal waters of British Columbia in summers 2004 and 2005 produced abundance estimates of approximately 500 animals.[81]Surveys near the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea indicated a substantial increase in the local abundance of Fin Whales between 1975–1978 and 1987–1989.[82] In 1984, the entire population was estimated to be at less than 38% of its historic carrying capacity.[83]
Relatively little is known about the historical and current population levels of the Southern fin whale. The IWC officially estimates that the Southern Hemisphere pre-whaling population was 400,000 whales and that the population in 1979 (at the cessation of Antarctic large scale whaling) was 85,200.[84] Both the current and historical estimates should be considered as poor estimates because the methodology and data used in the study are known to be flawed.[11] Other estimates cite current size to be between 15,000 (1983) and 38,000 (1997).[2] As of 2006, there is no scientifically accepted estimate of current population or trends in abundance.[11]
The only known predator of the fin whale is the killer whale, with at least twenty eyewitness and second-hand accounts of attack or harassment. They usually flee and offer little resistance to attack. Only a couple confirmed fatalities have occurred. In October 2005, sixteen killer whales attacked and killed a fin whale in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, after chasing it for about an hour. They fed on its sinking carcass for about 15 minutes before leaving the area. In June 2012 a pod of killer whales was seen in La Paz Bay, in the Gulf of California, chasing a fin whale for over an hour before finally killing it and feeding on its carcass. The whale bore numerous tooth rakes over its back and dorsal fin; several killer whales flanked it on either side, with one individual visible underwater biting at its right lower jaw.[85] In July 1908, a whaler reportedly saw two killer whales attack and kill a fin whale off western Greenland. In January 1984 seven were seen from the air circling, holding the flippers, and ramming a fin whale in the Gulf of California, but the observation ended at nightfall.[86][87]
The fin whale is a filter-feeder, feeding on small schooling fish, squid and crustaceans including copepods and krill.
In the North Pacific, they feed on euphausiids in the genera Euphausia, Thysanoessa, and Nyctiphanes, large copepods in the genus Neocalanus, small schooling fish (e.g. the genera Engraulis, Mallotus, Clupea, and Theragra), and squid. Based on stomach content analysis of over 19,500 fin whales caught by the Japanese whaling fleet in the North Pacific from 1952 to 1971, 64.1% contained only krill, 25.5% copepods, 5.0% fish, 3.4% krill and copepods and 1.7% squid.[88] Nemoto (1959) analyzed the stomach contents of about 7,500 fin whales caught in the northern North Pacific and Bering Sea from 1952 to 1958, found that they mainly preyed on euphausiids around the Aleutian Islands and in the Gulf of Alaska and schooling fish in the northern Bering Sea and off Kamchatka. In the northern Bering Sea (north of 58° N), their main prey species were capelin (Mallotus villosus), Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii); they also consumed saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis). Arctic krill (Thysanoessa raschii) was the only species of euphausiid found in the stomachs of fin whales in the northern Bering Sea. Off Kamchatka, they appeared to primarily feed on herring. They also took large quantities of the copepod Neocalanus cristatus around the Aleutian Islands and in Olyutorsky Bay off northeast Kamchatka, areas where the species was abundant. Five species of euphausiid (Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa spinifera, T. inermis, T. raschii, and T. longipes) were the predominant prey around the Aleutian Islands and in the Gulf of Alaska. Prey varied by region in the Kuril Islands area, with euphausiids (T. longipes, T. inermis, and T. raschii) and copepods (Neocalanus plumchrus and N. cristatus) being the main prey in the northern area and Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus pacificus) and small schooling fish (e.g. Pacific saury, Cololabis saira; and Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus) dominating the diet in the southern area.[89]
Of the fin whale stomachs sampled off British Columbia between 1963 and 1967, euphausiids dominated the diet for four of the five years (82.3 to 100% of the diet), while copepods only formed a major portion of the diet in 1965 (35.7%). Miscellaneous fish, squid, and octopus played only a very minor part of the diet in two of the five years (3.6 to 4.8%).[90] Fin whales caught off California between 1959 and 1970 fed on the pelagic euphausiid Euphausia pacifica (86% of sampled individuals), the more neritic euphausiid Thysanoessa spinifera (9%), and the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) (7%); only trace amounts (<0.5% each) were found of Pacific saury (C. saira) and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes jordani).[91] In the Gulf of California, they have been observed feeding on swarms of the euphausiid Nyctiphanes simplex.
In the North Atlantic, they prey on euphausiids in the genera Meganyctiphanes, Thysanoessa and Nyctiphanes and small schooling fish (e.g. the genera Clupea, Mallotus, and Ammodytes). Of the 1,609 fin whale stomachs examined at the Hvalfjörður whaling station in southwestern Iceland from 1967 to 1989 (caught between June and September), 96% contained only krill, 2.5% krill and fish, 0.8% some fish remains, 0.7% capelin (M. villosus), and 0.1% sandeel (family Ammodytidae); a small proportion of (mainly juvenile) blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) were also found. Of the krill sampled between 1979 and 1989, the vast majority (over 99%) was northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica); only one stomach contained Thysanoessa longicaudata.[92] Off West Greenland, 75% of the fin whales caught between July and October had consumed krill (family Euphausiidae), 17% capelin (Mallotus) and 8% sand lance (Ammodytes sp.). Off eastern Newfoundland, they chiefly feed on capelin, but also take small quantities of euphausiids (mostly T. raschii and T. inermis).[65] In the Ligurian-Corsican-Provençal Basin in the Mediterranean Sea they make dives as deep as 470 metres (1,540 ft) to feed on the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica, while off the island of Lampedusa, between Tunisia and Sicily, they have been observed in mid-winter feeding on surface swarms of the small euphausiid Nyctiphanes couchi.[93]
In the Southern Hemisphere, they feed almost exclusively on euphausiids (mainly the genera Euphausia and Thysanoessa), as well as taking small amounts of amphipods (e.g. Themisto gaudichaudii) and various species of fish. Of the more than 16,000 fin whales caught by the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Hemisphere between 1961 and 1965 that contained food in their stomachs, 99.4% fed on euphausiids, 0.5% on fish, and 0.1% on amphipods.[88] In the Southern Ocean they mainly consume E. superba.[11][94][95]
The animal feeds by opening its jaws while swimming at some 11 kilometres per hour (6.8 mph) in one study,[96] which causes it to engulf up to 70 cubic metres (18,000 US gal; 15,000 imp gal) of water in one gulp. It then closes its jaws and pushes the water back out of its mouth through its baleen, which allows the water to leave while trapping the prey. An adult has between 262 and 473 baleen plates on each side of the mouth. Each plate is made of keratin that frays out into fine hairs on the ends inside the mouth near the tongue. Each plate can measure up to 76 centimetres (30 in) in length and 30 centimetres (12 in) in width.[7]
The whale routinely dives to depths of more than 200 metres (660 ft) where it executes an average of four "lunges", to accumulate krill. Each gulp provides the whale with approximately 10 kilograms (22 lb) of food.[96] One whale can consume up to 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of food a day,[7] leading scientists to conclude that the whale spends about three hours a day feeding to meet its energy requirements, roughly the same as humans. If prey patches are not sufficiently dense, or are located too deep in the water, the whale has to spend a larger portion of its day searching for food.[96] One hunting technique is to circle schools of fish at high speed, frightening the fish into a tight ball, then turning on its side before engulfing the massed prey.[7]
Fin whales suffer from a number of pathological conditions. The parasitic copepod Pennella balaenopterae — usually found on the flank of fin whales — burrows into their blubber to feed on their blood, while the pseudo-stalked barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis is generally found more often on the dorsal fin, pectoral fins and flukes.
Other barnacles found on fin whales include the acorn barnacle Coronula reginae and the stalked barnacle Conchoderma auritum, which attaches to Coronula or the baleen. The harpacticid copepod Balaenophilus unisetus (heavy infestations of which have been found in fin whales caught off northwestern Spain) and the ciliate Haematophagus also infest the baleen, the former feeding on the baleen itself and the latter on red blood cells.[41]
The remora Remora australis and occasionally the amphipod Cyamus balaenopterae can also be found on fin whales, both feeding on the skin. Infestations of the giant nematode Crassicauda boopis can cause inflammation of the renal arteries and potential kidney failure, while the smaller C. crassicauda infects the lower urinary tract.[83]
An emaciated 13 metres (43 ft) female fin whale, which stranded along the Belgian coast in 1997, was found to be infected with lesions of Morbillivirus.[97] In January 2011, a 16.7 m (54.8 ft) emaciated adult male fin whale stranded dead on the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy. It was found to be infected with both Morbillivirus and the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, as well as carrying heavy loads of organochlorine pollutants.[98]
Human interaction[edit]
In the 19th century, the fin whale was occasionally hunted by open-boat whalers, but it was relatively safe because of its speed and the fact that it often sank when killed. However, the later introduction of steam-powered boats and harpoons that exploded on impact made it possible to kill and secure them along with blue and sei whales on an industrial scale. As other whale species became over-hunted, the whaling industry turned to the still-abundant fin whale as a substitute.[99] It was primarily hunted for its blubber, oil, and baleen. Approximately 704,000 fin whales were caught in Antarctic whaling operations alone between 1904 and 1975.[100]
The introduction of factory ships with stern slipways in 1925 substantially increased the number of whales taken per year. In 1937-38 alone, over 29,000 fin whales were taken. From 1953-54 to 1961-62, the catch averaged over 30,000 per year. By 1962-63, sei whale catches began to increase as fin whales became scarce. By 1975-76, fewer than 1,000 fin whales were being caught each year. In the North Pacific, over 74,000 fin whales were caught between 1910 and 1975.[101] Between 1910 and 1989, over 55,000 were caught in the North Atlantic.[102]
The IWC prohibited hunting in the Southern Hemisphere in 1976.[100] The Soviet Union engaged in the illegal killing of protected whale species in the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere, over-reporting fin whale catches to cover up illegal takes of other species. In the North Pacific, they reported taking over 10,000 fin whales between 1961–79, while the true catch was less than 9,000. In the Southern Hemisphere, they reported taking nearly 53,000 between 1948–73, when the true total was a little over 41,000.[103][104][105] The fin whale was given full protection from commercial whaling by the IWC in the North Pacific in 1976, and in the North Atlantic in 1987, with small exceptions for aboriginal catches and catches for research purposes.[44] All populations worldwide remain listed as endangered species by the US National Marine Fisheries Service and the International Conservation Union Red List. The fin whale is on Appendix 1 of CITES.[2][106][107]
The IWC has set a quota of 19 fin whales per year for Greenland. Meat and other products from whales killed in these hunts are widely marketed within Greenland, but export is illegal. Iceland and Norway are not bound by the IWC's moratorium on commercial whaling because both countries filed objections to it.[11] In October 2006, Iceland's fisheries ministry authorized the hunting of nine fin whales through August 2007.[108] In 2009 and 2010, Iceland caught 125 and 148 fin whales, respectively.[109]
An Icelandic company, Hvalur, has announced that it plans to resume killing fin whales beginning in June 2013, mostly for sale to Japan.[110]
In the southern hemisphere, Japan permits annual takes of 10 fin whales under its Antarctic Special Permit whaling program for the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons.[111] The proposal for 2007–2008 and the subsequent 12 seasons allows taking 50 per year.[11] While ten fin whales were caught in the 2005-06 season and three in the 2006-07 season, none were caught in the 2007-2008 season. A single fin whale was caught in both the 2008-09 and 2009-10 seasons, two were taken in the 2010-11 season, and one was taken in the 2011-12 season.[112]
Collisions with ships are a major cause of mortality. In some areas, they cause a substantial portion of large whale strandings. Most serious injuries are caused by large, fast-moving ships over or near continental shelves.[113]
Several fin whale skeletons are exhibited in North America. The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles, California has an exhibit entitled the "Fin Whale Passage", which displays a 19.2 metres (63 ft) fin whale skeleton collected by former museum osteologist Eugene Fischer and field collector Howard Hill in 1926 from the Trinidad whaling station (1920–1926) in Humboldt County, northern California. A steel armature supports the skeleton, which is accompanied by sculpted flukes.[114] Science North, a science museum in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, has a 20 metres (66 ft) fin whale skeleton collected from Anticosti Island hanging from the fourth floor of their main building.[115] The Grand Rapids Public Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan contains a 76 ft long skeleton in the Galleria section hanging above from the ceiling.[116]
Several fin whale skeletons are also exhibited in Europe. The Natural History Museum of Slovenia in Ljubljana, Slovenia, houses a 13 metres (43 ft) female fin whale skeleton – the specimen had been found floating in the Gulf of Piran in the spring of 2003.[117] The Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest, Hungary, displays a fin whale skeleton hanging near its main entrance which had been caught in the Atlantic Ocean in 1896 and purchased from Vienna in 1900.[118] The Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, in Cambridge, United Kingdom, exhibits a nearly 21 metres (69 ft) male fin whale skeleton, which had stranded at Pevensey, East Sussex, in November 1865.[119]
The Otago Museum, in Dunedin, New Zealand, displays a 16.76 m (55 ft) fin whale skeleton, which had stranded on the beach at Nelson at the entrance of the Waimea River in 1882.[120]
Whale watching[edit]
Fin whales are regularly encountered on whale watching excursions worldwide. In the Southern California Bight, fin whales are encountered year-round, with the best sightings between November and March. They can even be seen from land (for example, from Point Vicente, Palos Verdes, where they can be seen lunge feeding at the surface only a half mile to a few miles offshore). They are regularly sighted in the summer and fall in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[121] the Gulf of Maine, the Bay of Fundy, the Bay of Biscay, and the western Mediterranean. In southern Ireland, they are seen from June to February, with peak sightings in November and December.[122] Cruise ships en route to and from the Antarctic Peninsula sometimes encounter fin whales in the Drake Passage.
The fin whale is listed on both Appendix I[123] and Appendix II[123] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I[123] as this species has been categorized as in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of its range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.
It is listed on Appendix II[123] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. In addition, the fin whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[124]
See also[edit]
- Mysticeti
- Cetacean Conservation Center
- Endangered species
- List of whale and dolphin species
- Marine Biology
- Ghen v. Rich
- Whaling in Iceland
- ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2008). Balaenoptera physalus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ Synopsis mammalium 1829, p.525
- ^ Hist. Nat. Gén. et Partie, des Mamm. et Oiseaux découverts depuis 1788
- ^ Nat. Hist. Cetacea
- ^ Bulletins de l'Académie (Belgique), 26me année, 2me série, T. 1er (1859), p.403
- ^ a b c d "Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale". MarineBio.org. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ a b c Mackintosh, N. A.; Wheeler, J. F. G. (1929). "Southern blue and fin whales". Discovery Reports I: 259–540.
- ^ a b Lockyer, C. (1976). "Body weights of some species of large whales". J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 36 (3); 259-273.
- ^ Andrews, Roy Chapman. 1916. Whale hunting with gun and camera; a naturalist's account of the modern shore-whaling industry, of whales and their habits, and of hunting experiences in various parts of the world. New York: D. Appleton and Co., p. 158.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i National Marine Fisheries Service (2006). Draft recovery plan for the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) (PDF). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Marine Fisheries Service.
- ^ "Revised Management Scheme". International Whaling Commission. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2009-09-08). "Iceland Defends Its Hunt of 94 (Now 125) Fin Whales". The New York Times.
- ^ Scientific Permit Whaling
- ^ ICR : Harassment to the 2011/2012 JARPA II research vessels b
- ^ The White House (February 11, 2010). "Icelandic Fin Whale Meat Exported to Japan" (preview). Iceland Review Online., "Hvalur has exported 500-600 tons of fin whale meat to Japan this year," citing Kyodo News; "According to information from the Japanese Ministry of Finance, 164.1 tons of fin whale meat has been delivered to markets but the remaining meat is still waiting to be handled by customs", citing Morgunbladid. "
- ^ Iceland. "Exports by HS-Classification, chapters 1-24, 2008-2010". Statistics Iceland. Retrieved May 2012.. Actually states 635 kilograms 486,189ISK for M09-2011 and 0 for other months, but assumption is made that kilo =1000kilos
- ^ a b c d Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 0-61-12757-2 Check
|isbn=value (help).
- ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824.
- ^ Allen, G. M. (1915). The Whalebone whales of New England. pp. 176–78.
- ^ Cousteau, Jacques (1988). Whales. p. 77.
- ^ Gingerich, P. (2004). "Whale Evolution". McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology. The McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-142784-8.
- ^ "Balaenoptera physalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
- ^ Archer FI, Morin PA, Hancock-Hanser BL, Robertson KM, Leslie MS, et al. (2013). "Mitogenomic Phylogenetics of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus spp.): Genetic Evidence for Revision of Subspecies". PLoS ONE 8(5): e63396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063396.
- ^ Clarke, R. 2004. "Pygmy fin whales". Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 329-334.
- ^ A. Arnason and A. Gullberg (1993). "Comparison between the complete mtDNA sequences of the blue and fin whale, two species that can hybridize in nature". Journal of Molecular Ecology 37 (4): 312–322. PMID 8308901.
- ^ Árnasson, Ú; Spilliaert, R; Árnasson, Ú (January 1998). "A new hybrid between a blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and a fin whale, B. physalus: frequency and implications of hybridization". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (1): 82–98.
- ^ a b Bérubé, Martine; Aguilar, Alex (1998). "A new hybrid between a blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and a fin whale, B. physalus: frequency and implications of hybridization". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (1): 82–98. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x.
- ^ Doroshenko, V.N. (1970). "A whale with features of the fin and blue whale (in Russian)". Izvestia TINRO 70: 225–257.
- ^ Palumbi, S.R.; Cipriano, F. (1998). "Species Identification Using Genetic Tools: The Value of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Sequences in Whale Conservation". Journal of Heredity. 89 (5): 459–.
- ^ Arnason, U., Gullberg A. & Widegren, B. (1 September 1993). "Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species". Molecular Biology and Evolution 10 (5): 960–970. PMID 8412655. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Sasaki, T. et al. (February 23, 2005). "Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales". Systematic Biology 54 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1080/10635150590905939. PMID 15805012. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ a b Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins. Facts on File.
- ^ Haldane, R.C. "Whaling in Scotland". Ann. Scot. Nat. His., No. 57 (January 1906), p. 131.
- ^ Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. "On whales landed at the Scottish whaling stations, especially during the years 1908-1914—Parts IV. to VI. The bottlenose, humpback, and finner whales". The Scottish Naturalist, Nos. 85-86 (Jan.-Feb. 1919), pp. 6-16.
- ^ Lockyer, C. and Brown, S. G. 1979. "A review of recent biological data for the fin whale population off Iceland". Rep. int. Whal. Commn 29: 185-9.
- ^ Lockyer, C., Gambell, R. and Brown, S. G. 1977. "Notes on age data of fin whales taken off Iceland, 1967-74". Rep. int. Whal. Commn 27: 427-50.
- ^ Clapham, et al. (1997). "Catches of Humpback and Other Whales from Shore Stations at Moss Landing and Trinidad, California, 1919-1926". Mar. Mam. Sci. 13 (3): 368–94.
- ^ Reeves, R.R., S. Leatherwood, S.A. Karl, and E.R. Yohe. 1985. "Whaling results at Akuktan (1912-39) and Port Hobron (1926-37), Alaska". Rep. int. Whal. Commn. 35: 441-457.
- ^ Nichol, L. and K. Heise. 1992. "The historical occurrence of large whales off the Queen Charlotte Islands". Prep. for South Moresby/Gwaii Haanas National Parks Reserve, Canadian Parks Service, Queen Charlotte City, B.C. 68 pp.
- ^ a b Mackintosh, N. A. (1943). "The southern stocks of whalebone whales". Discovery Reports XXII: 199–300.
- ^ Gaskin, D. E. (1968). "The New Zealand Cetacea".Fish. Res. Bull., N.Z. (n.s.) 1: 1-92.
- ^ Wise, Terence. 1970. To Catch a Whale. Geoffrey Bles.
- ^ a b c d Fox, David (2001). "Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- ^ Tershy, B. R.; D. Wiley (1992). "Asymmetrical pigmentation in the fin whale: a test of two feeding related hypotheses". Marine Mammal Science 8 (3): 315–318. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00416.x.
- ^ a b Martin, Anthony R. (1991). Whales and dolphins. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 0-8160-3922-4.
- ^ Ditte Haue. "Finhvalen var mindst 135 år gammel | Nyheder | DR". Dr.dk. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
- ^ "Fin Whale". nature.ca: Canadian Museum of Nature. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- ^ a b Payne, Roger (1995). Among Whales. New York: Scribner. p. 176. ISBN 0-684-80210-4.
- ^ "Finback Whales". Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, C. I. Malme and D. H. Thomson, Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).
- ^ Croll, D.A.; Clark, C.W., Acevedo, A., Flores, S., Gedamke, J., and Urban, J. (2002). "Only male fin whales sing loud songs" (PDF). Nature 417 (6891): 809. doi:10.1038/417809a.
- ^ Watkins, W.; Tyack, P., Moore, K., Bird, J. (1987). "The 20 Hz signals of finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82 (6): 1901–1902. doi:10.1121/1.395685.
- ^ Segelken, R. (2002-06-19). "Humanity's din in the oceans could be blocking whales' courtship songs and population recovery". Cornell University. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ Croll, D. A.; Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A.; Tershy, B.R.; Urbán-Ramírez, J. (2001). "The diving behavior of blue and fin whales: is dive duration shorter than expected based on oxygen stores?" (PDF). Comp Biochem Physiol A 129 (4): 797–809.
- ^ Mead, J.G. (1977). "Records of Sei and Bryde's whales from the Atlantic Coast of the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 1: 113–116. ISBN 0-906975-03-4.
- ^ a b Mitchell, E. (1974). "Present status of Northwest Atlantic fin and other whale stocks". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 108–169. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ a b c Rice, D.W. (1974). "Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 170–195. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ Reeves, R.R.; M.W. Brown (1985). "Whaling in the Bay of Fundy". Whalewatcher 19 (4): 14–18.
- ^ Mobley, J.R., Jr.; M. Smultea, T. Norris and D. Weller (1996). "Fin whale sighting north of Kaua'i, Hawai'i". Pacific Science 50 (2): 230–233.
- ^ Thompson, P.O.; W.A. Friedl (1982). "A long term study of low frequency sound from several species of whales off Oahu, Hawaii". Cetology 45: 1–19.
- ^ a b Clark, C.W. (1995). "Application of US Navy underwater hydrophone arrays for scientific research on whales". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 210–212.
- ^ Tershy, B.R.; D. Breese and C.S. Strong (1990). "Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 12: 369–375. ISBN 0-906975-23-9.
- ^ Sigurjónsson, J. (1995). "On the life history and autecology of North Atlantic rorquals". In A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang (ed.). Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Elsevier Science. pp. 425–441. ISBN 0-444-82070-1.
- ^ a b D.E. Sergeant (1977). "Stocks of fin whales Balaenoptera physalusL. in the North Atlantic Ocean". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 27: 460–473.
- ^ Allen, K.R. (1970). "A note on baleen whale stocks of the north west Atlantic". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 20: 112–113.
- ^ Breiwick, J.M. (1993). Population dymanics and analyses of the fisheries for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. (Ph.D. thesis) University of Washington, Seattle. 310 pp.
- ^ Hay, K. (1982). "Aerial line-transect estimates of abundance of humpback, fin, and long-finned pilot whales in the Newfoundland-Labrador area". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 31: 373–387.
- ^ Kingsley, M.C.S.; R.R. Reeves (1998). "Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996". Marine Mammal Science 17 (1): 35–75. doi:10.1139/cjz-76-8-1529.
- ^ Larsen, F. (1995). "Abundance of minke and fin whales off West Greenland". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 365–370.
- ^ Jonsgard, A. (1974). "On whale exploitation in the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 97–107. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ Rørvik, C.J.; J. Sigurjónsson (1981). "A note on the catch per unit effort in the Icelandic fin whale fishery". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 31: 379–383.
- ^ Buckland, S.T.; K.L. Cattanach and Th. Gunnlaugsson (1992). "Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic, estimated from Icelandic and Faroese NASS-87 and NASS-89 data". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 42: 645–651.
- ^ Rørvik, C.J.; J. Jónsson, O.A. Mathisen, and Å. Jonsgård (1976). "Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus (L.), Off the West Coast of Iceland. Distribution, Segregation by Length and Exploitation". Rit Fiskideildar 5: 1–30. ISSN 0484-9019.
- ^ Buckland, S.T.; K.L. Cattanach and S. Lens (1992). "Fin whale abundance in the eastern North Atlantic, estimated from Spanish NASS-89 data". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 42: 457–460.
- ^ Bérubé, M.; Aguilar, A., Dendanto, D., Larsen, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Sears, R., Sigurjónsson, J., Urbán-R, J. and Palsbøll, P.J. (1998). "Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear foci". Molecular Ecology 7 (5): 585–599. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00359.x. ISSN 1471-8278. PMID 9633102.
- ^ Ohsumi, S.; S. Wada (1974). "Status of whale stocks in the North Pacific, 1972". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 24: 114–126.
- ^ Chapman, D.G. (1976). "Estimates of stocks (original, current, MSY level and MSY)(in thousands) as revised at Scientific Committee meeting 1975". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 26: 44–47.
- ^ Barlow, J. (2003). Preliminary estimates of the Abundance of Cetaceans along the U.S. West Coast: 1991–2001. Administrative report LJ-03-03, available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla CA 92037.
- ^ Caretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, M.M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, B. Hanson, and M.S. Lowry (2006). U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005 (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce Technical Memorandum, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-388.
- ^ Williams, R. and Thomas, L. (2007). "Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of BC, Canada" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 9: 15–28.
- ^ Baretta, L.; G.L. Hunt, Jr. (1994). "Changes in the numbers of cetaceans near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, between 1975–78 and 1987–89" (PDF). Arctic 47: 321–326.
- ^ a b Mizroch, S.A.; D.W. Rice, and J.M. Breiwick (1984). "The fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus". Mar. Fish. Review 46: 20–24.
- ^ IWC (1979). "Report of the sub-committee on protected species. Annex G, Appendix I". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 29: 84–86.
- ^ Orcas attack, kill large fin whale off La Paz (rare footage)
- ^ Jefferson, T. A.,; Stacey, P. J.; Baird, R. W. (1991). "A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence" (PDF). Mammal Reviews 21 (4): 151–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00291.x.
- ^ Ford and Reeves (2008),Fight or flight: antipredator strategies of baleen whales, Mammal Review, Vol. 38, 50-86.
- ^ a b Nemoto, T.; and A. Kawamura (1977). "Characteristics of food habits and distribution of baleen whales with special reference to the abundance of North Pacific sei and Bryde's whales". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 1: 80–87.
- ^ Mizroch, S. A., Rice, D. W., Zwiefelhofer, D., Waite, J., and Perryman, W. L. (2009). "Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean". Mammal Rev. (39) 193-227.
- ^ Flinn, R.D., A.W. Trites, E. J. Gregr, R. I. Perry (2002). "Diets of fin, sei, and sperm whales in British Columbia: an analysis of commercial whaling records, 1963-1967". Mar. Mam. Sci., 18 (3): 663-679.
- ^ Rice, D.W. (1977). "Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde's whale in the eastern North Pacific". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 1: 92–97.
- ^ Sigurjónsson, J., & Víkingsson, G. A. (1997). "Seasonal abundance of and estimated food consumption by cetaceans in Icelandic and adjacent waters". J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 22, 271-287.
- ^ Canese S., Cardinali A., Fortuna C. M., Giusti M., Lauriano G., et al. (2006). "The first identified winter feeding ground of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Mediterranean Sea". J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 86: 903–907.
- ^ Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. 1999. Biology of Marine Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ S.L. Perry; D.P. DeMaster, and G.K. Silber (1999). "Special Issue: The Great Whales: History and Status of Six Species Listed as Endangered Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973". Marine Fisheries Review 61 (1): 52–58.
- ^ a b c Lin, Brian (2007-06-07). "Whale Has Super-sized Big Gulp". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ Jauniaux, T., G. Charlier, M. Desmecht, and F. Coignoui. Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast. Veterinary Record (1998), 143:15, pp. 423-424.
- ^ Mazzariol, Sandro, Federica Marcer, Walter Mignone, Laura Serracca, Mariella Goria, Letizia Marsili, Giovanni Di Guardo and Cristina Casalone. Dolphin Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). BMC Veterinary Research (2012), 8:20.
- ^ "American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet: Fin Whale, Balaenoptera physalus". American Cetacean Society. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ a b IWC (1995). "Report of the scientific committee". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 53–221.
- ^ Barlow, J., K. A. Forney, P.S. Hill, R.L. Brownell, Jr., J.V. Caretta, D.P. DeMaster, F. Julian, M.S. Lowry, T. Ragen, and R.R. Reeves (1997). U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 1996 (PDF). NOAA Technical Memo NMFD-SWFSC-248.
- ^ International Whaling Statistics.
- ^ Clapham, P. J. and C. Scott Baker. "Reported vs. Actual Catches by the U.S.S.R. in the Southern Hemisphere, 1948-73". Appendix II in Berzin, A. A.; trans. by Y. V. Ivashchenko (2008). "The Truth About Soviet Whaling". Marine Fisheries Review. 70 (2), pp. 4-59.
- ^ Clapham, P.J. and R. L. Brownell, Jr. "Soviet catches of large whales in the North Pacific", 1961-79. Appendix III in Berzin, A. A.; trans. by Y. V. Ivashchenko (2008). "The Truth About Soviet Whaling". Marine Fisheries Review. 70 (2), pp. 4-59.
- ^ Yablokov, A.V. (1994). "Validity of whaling data". Nature 367 (6459): 108. doi:10.1038/367108a0.
- ^ "UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species". UNEP-WCMC. 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Species Profile for Finback whale". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Iceland to Resume Whale Hunting, Defying Global Ban". Bloomberg.com. 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Catches under Objection". International Whaling Commission. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "U.S. Protests Japan's Announced Return to Whaling in Antarctic". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ "Catches under Permit". International Whaling Commission. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ Laist, D.W.; Knowlton, A.R., Mead, J.G., Collet A.S., and Podesta, M. (2001). "Collisions between ships and whales" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science 17: 35–75. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x.
- ^ The Fin Whale Passage, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- ^ Science North – Fourth Floor exhibits
- ^ http://www.grmuseum.org/vamc_building_features
- ^ Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Exhibitions – The mysterious death of young Leonora
- ^ Hungarian Natural History Museum – Permanent Exhibitions – Fin whale skeleton
- ^ Cambridge University Museum of Zoology – The Finback Whale
- ^ "Maritime". Otago Museum. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
- ^ Whales Online -- Fin whale
- ^ Irish Whale and Dolphin Group -- Fin Whale Species Profile
- ^ a b c d "Appendix I and Appendix II" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5th March 2009.
- ^ Official website of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area
General references[edit]
- Peter Saundry. 2011. Fin whale. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC. C.Michael Hogan Ed. Content partner: Encyclopedia of Life
- National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
- Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. ISBN 1-84037-043-2
- Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, ISBN 0-12-551340-2


text:
Elevator Rose, BACK Voice + Percussion Duo, Kites of Saturn @ Thalia Cafe: Thursday, July 21st, 7pmPosted by s21concerts in Concert Announcement, tags: BACK Duo, Elevator Rose, Eric Lyon, John Cage, July 21, Kites of Saturn, symphony space, Thalia Cafe
Get elevated at the Thalia Cafe for a free show on July 21st with some of New York's newest frontier chamber music, featuring the septet Elevator Rose, the BACK voice and percussion duo, and the avant-prog outfit Kites of Saturn. Repertoire will include: the world-premieres of pieces written for Elevator Rose by up-and-coming composers Daniel Liot Fine, Laurence Goldman, and Patrick Kelley; a delightfully bizarre rearrangement of John Dowland by articulated-noise wizard Eric Lyon for the BACK Duo; a collection of genre-defying original tunes by the guitar/bass/drums/violin quartet Kites of Saturn; and a teaming-up of Elevator Rose and BACK members for a rollicking rendition of John Cage's percussion + piano classic "Credo in US". Don't miss out on this great opportunity to hear fresh new music for free!
Comments Off on Elevator Rose, BACK Voice + Percussion Duo, Kites of Saturn @ Thalia Cafe: Thursday, July 21st, 7pm

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The following links will provide you with the forms you will need to complete your internship paperwork. This paperwork is due as stated within each form. It is your responsibility to pay attention to deadlines and to submit your paperwork on time.
Registering for an Internship:
Internship Add Form
General Information:
Internship Requirements Check List
Fall 2016 Internship Syllabus
Internship Forms:
Internship Introduction Form
Internship Timecard
Intern's Midterm Evaluation
Supervisor's Midterm Evaluation
Intern's Final Evaluation
Supervisor's Final Evaluation
Example of well-written Internship Final Papers:
Example Final Paper
Please note: These forms are in PDF format. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader on your computer to be able to open these forms.


text:
New Markdowns
view full screen
Divine Terry Hi-Low Hooded Tunic
Style: 570083308
Out of Stock
Scarf-hem hoodie takes you out of the house in a cocoon of softness. We love how this tunic's hi-low hem drapes over our Perfect Pant Legging.
- Live. Lounge. Wear. A collection of ultra-comfy separates you'll love spending the day in.
- Divine Terry has a cashmere-like softness that's smooth on the outside, micro-looped on the inside.
- Scoop neckline, drawstring hood and scarf hem.
- Length: appoximately 32.5" from shoulder.
- 95% Modal, 5% Spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
Read more… Read less…


text:
-T / T / +T | Comment(s)
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
US Air Force to Supply IFF Systems for F-16
BAE Systems was awarded a $34 million contract to provide its Mode 5 Advanced Identification Friend or Foe (AIFF) system for the U.S. Air Force fleet of F-16s.
(F-16. Photo, courtesy of BAE Systems.)
The system will replace older IFF technology on the F-16s, increasing the aircraft's identification capability with the use of secure message and data transmission formats. IFF is composed of electronic interrogators and transponders that provide a questions and answer system for identifying enemy aircraft.
Under the contract, BAE will provide its AN/APX-125 Mode 5 Combined Interrogator Transponders to the Air Force and the European Participating Air Force partners.
"The system allows the warfighter to rapidly differentiate between friendly and potentially hostile forces well beyond a pilot's visual range," said Sal Costa, product line director for identification and processing solutions at BAE Systems.
The upgrades are expected to be retrofitted on the F-16s by 2015.
Related: Military Avionics News


text: Social Media videos Womens Lax Sh*t Monmouth University Women's Lacrosse Players Say Bradley Ryder Owens / May 8, 2012 The Monmouth Women's team has made another cool video. This time it's a comical take on the "sh*t people say" videos. The ladies provide feedback from their daily routine of lifting weights, laxing, chugging Continue Reading Share


text:
One of the interesting topics that readers wondered about when I announced my pregnancy was WHEN to get pregnant. So let's talk about it today. This is kind of a long post, so I'll start with the questions: When is the best time to get pregnant? What considerations should you factor into the mix?
(Pictured: Pregnant, originally uploaded to Flickr by Phil Of Photos.)
Job Considerations:
- You need to build a bank of credibility before you get pregnant. I recently attended a panel discussion at the New York City Bar on when women should get pregnant, and I loved one of the phrases I heard: "the bank of credibility." Realistically, when you start a new job, you need to build up a bank of credibility so that people know who you are and what you're capable of. I think this is key — as I mentioned earlier, the first trimester can be very trying (particularly on your energy) and you may not want to tell your superiors or coworkers that you're pregnant until you're into the second trimester. Furthermore, your bosses will want to know what they can expect both when they send you into a maternity leave (will you get all of your projects off your desk that you need to? will you be responsive to occasional emails or questions during your maternity leave, or will you completely disappear for 12+ weeks?), as well as how responsive you'll be when you come back from maternity leave. The nightmare (if you haven't built up enough credibility) is that your job will basically be gone entirely by the time you come back because your bosses didn't think they could rely on you to juggle your job and your new role as a parent. On the flip side, the dream would be for your boss to say "Oh, I had this great project and I knew you were coming back to work so I held it for you." Personally, I think you need at least 2 years on a job to build up a bank of credibility. [Read more…]


text: Arm Pads Cascade D3 Gloves Helmets STX Uniforms Rosemont Practice Uniforms And Gear Lacrosse Playground / October 19, 2011 Rosemont will start it's first D3 year in '12. They get fall ball up and running and will step on the field for the firs time EVER this Wednesday October 19 at 600am. LPG takes a look at their gear. Continue Reading Share


text:
Professional Candle Making Supplies Since 1972
Red Stars
$5.95 per unit
Create a patriotic theme to your candles year round using these star inserts. Match them with the White (WI-20) and Blue (WI-21) stars. They're approximately 7/8" wide x 1/4" thick. Sold in packs of 50 pieces. Shapes cannot be combined for pricing.
Red Stars [WI-19]
1 - 3
4 - 9
10 - 20
21 - 100
Product Description
Wax inserts can be placed in gel candles to create a series of unique looks. We can create virtually any design you may desire, the only limitation is your imagination. Please call our Customer Service Department to ask about the possibilities.
People Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Shipping Information
To see shipping costs, proceed to checkout to get up-to-date rates. Orders are shipped by UPS or FedEx. View the Shipping Information page for more details.


text:
Wyoming State Office
|Release Date: 08/18/09
BLM Wyoming Posts List of Proposed Parcels for Upcoming Oil and Gas Lease Sale
The Bureau of Land Management's Wyoming State Office today posted its proposed list of parcels for the bimonthly competitive oil and gas lease sale scheduled for October 2, 2009, at the Holiday Inn in Cheyenne, Wyo. Doors open at 7 a.m. with the auction beginning at 8 a.m.
The posted list, which identifies 66 proposed parcels totaling 62,146.030 acres, initiates a 30-day public review/protest period.
The 66 parcels are located in areas under the management of nine BLM Wyoming Field Offices – Buffalo, Casper, Cody, Kemmerer, Lander, Newcastle, Rawlins, Rock Springs and Worland.
Copies of the complete October competitive oil and gas lease sale notice will be available at the sale and can be purchased in advance for $5 from the State Office at 5353 Yellowstone Road in Cheyenne, or by writing: BLM, Attn: Copy Work, P.O. Box 1828, Cheyenne, Wyo. 82003. Copies are also available for purchase from each BLM field office in Wyoming.
The complete October competitive oil and gas lease sale notice can be viewed and/or downloaded for free at: http://www.blm.gov/wy/st/en/programs/energy/Oil_and_Gas/Leasing.html. Interactive maps showing the locations of the upcoming lease sale parcels in Wyoming can be found at http://www.geocommunicator.gov/.
The BLM manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any Federal agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is primarily located in 12 Western states, including Alaska. The BLM also administers 700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation. The BLM's mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of Americas public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. In Fiscal Year 2015, the BLM generated $4.1 billion in receipts from activities occurring on public lands.
Wyoming State Office 5353 Yellowstone Cheyenne, WY 82009
|Last updated: 08-18-2009
|USA.GOV | No Fear Act | DOI | Disclaimer | About BLM | Notices | Social Media Policy
|Privacy Policy | FOIA | Kids Policy | Contact Us | Accessibility | Site Map | Home


text:
Bring back train
To the editor:
The return of the train will bring more tourists to all areas affected.
Check the results of other areas across the country, and see for yourself the result.
Removal of the rails will increase the possibility of four-wheel traffic through some of the most pristine land in the state.
I have been around long enough to know and see what happens when the henhouse is left unguarded. Check the Cedar River Dam sometime, and learn what is occurring since the loss of a ranger.
Bring back the train, and we will be the first customers to ride with our kayaks and bikes.
George Deangelo


text:
A new study reveals how the amygdala is involved in controlling predatory behavior in mice.
Cancer's First Step
February 8, 2012|
A single mutant cell breaks free of its neighbors in the early stages of cancer development.
February 8, 2012|
A single mutant cell breaks free of its neighbors in the early stages of cancer development.
February 8, 2012|
Deterioration of long-lived proteins on the surface of neuronal nuclei in the brain could lead to age-related defects in nervous function.
February 2, 2012|
Hormones in the brain control sex-specific behaviors by activating individual genetic programs.
February 2, 2012|
New research suggests that circular RNA transcripts are not as rare as previously thought.
February 1, 2012|
Editor's choice in cell biology
February 1, 2012|
There are five steps of autophagosome biogenesis: induction, expansion, vesicle completion, fusion, and cargo degradation.
February 1, 2012|
Japanese researchers unravel the mystery of miracle fruit.
February 1, 2012|
Despite years of research, the longstanding mystery of where the autophagosome gets its double lipid bilayers is not much clearer.
January 30, 2012|
Research in yeast shows that aneuploidy is both a consequence of and an adaptation to stress.
January 26, 2012|
Populations of organisms acquire beneficial traits repeatedly and rapidly through co-evolution with other species and through gene interaction.


text:
NMU men's basketball team survives Lake Erie pressure
MARQUETTE – He wasn't the star of the game, though he set several career marks Saturday.
But what sophomore Spencer Huss brought to the table epitomized what Northern Michigan University men's basketball coach Doug Lewis was looking for in a GLIAC game against Lake Erie College at the Berry Events Center.
"Coach said he wanted me for my defense and how well I can take care of the ball," Huss said in the aftermath of the Wildcats' 66-52 victory over the Storm.
NMU (5-6 overall, 2-5 in the GLIAC) mostly played a conventional, straight-up defense while Lake Erie tried to pressure at every available opportunity, whether it was inbounding the ball, in the backcourt or around the perimeter.
The game came down to a matter of which team could impose its will upon the other.
"Defensively, they're a very aggressive team," Lewis said, "and that's been one of our weaknesses, turning the ball over.
"But today, we were able to control the tempo. They wanted an up-tempo game, while we wanted to stay in a half-court game.
"Our guys played good defense and a solid offense. That's how we were able to get this win."
Huss, once named defensive player of the year in the Great Northern Conference while playing at Marquette Senior High School, equaled a career high with 19 minutes played and set career marks with seven rebounds and three free throws made.
Despite playing in a 6-foot, 180-pound guard's body, he was the game's top rebounder. He also finished with three points, two assists and no turnovers.
Leading NMU in scoring was sophomore point guard Quinten Calloway with 16 points while being guarded by Storm junior Tom Parker, who Lewis called "one of the best defenders in the GLIAC."
Calloway also had five rebounds, though he turned the ball over eight times, in part because of Parker's four steals.
The two were seen jostling for position on multiple occasions, with Parker literally hanging on Calloway when NMU tried to inbound the ball.
Just 95 seconds into a still-scoreless game, Calloway broke free of Parker during a scramble for an offensive rebound, ran nearly to midcourt before taking a pass and sinking a 3-pointer.
Lake Erie never caught up, pulling within 3-2 and 5-4 a few minutes later before the Wildcats extended the advantage to 13-4 on a basket and three free throws by junior Michael Smith and another 3 by Calloway.
The Storm made one more run before Northern finished the half on a 10-1 run to take a 28-16 advantage at the break.
While the Wildcats' lead stayed in double digits most of the second half, Lake Erie pulled as close as six points, 49-43, with 7:49 to play.
NMU also got 14 points from junior Matt Craggs, 12 points and four assists from senior TJ Cameron and 10 points from junior Scooter Johnson.
For Lake Erie (3-9, 2-6), junior Riley Thomas was the only player to score in double digits with 17 points.
"It's been a frustrating season up to this point with seven of 10 games on the road," Lewis said.
"But now we start to get to our stretch of home games."
Steve Brownlee can be reached at 906-228-2500, ext. 246. His email address is email@example.com


text:
Melania Trump Did Not Plagiarize Her RNC Speech by The Late Show With Stephen Colbert
Stephen invites his friend Melania Trump (Laura Benanti) to defend herself against charges that she stole parts of her RNC speech from Michelle Obama.
Tony! Tony! Tony! Shear Madness NYC moves to new theatre by Shear Madness
Starting July 15, 2016- Off- Broadway show Shear Madness in NYC moved theatres to their new home at the Davenport Theatre. See the moving shenanigans
Broadway.com/The Broadway Channel Presents THE TONY BEAT Episode 6: Room on the Mantel? by Broadway.com
The editors of Broadway.com are taking you behind the scenes for this season's Tony Award season. Episode six includes the Manhattan Theater Club gala, the Theatre World Awards, .the Drama League luncheon and the New York Dra…
Ask a Star: Marin Mazzie of THE KING AND I by Broadway.com
THE KING AND I's Marin Mazzie on returning to the stage after her battle with cancer, dream roles to play opposite her husband and why she's known as "Burperina."
2016 Tony Awards: Julie James Interviews Zachary Levi by Stage17.tv
Tony nominee Zachary Levi talks with Julie James about his experience in She Loves Me at Studio 54.
Tony Awards 2016: Julie James Interviews Daveed Diggs by Stage17.tv
Tony nominee Daveed Diggs talks with Julie James about his experience as an original cast member of Hamilton.
Tony Host James Corden Talks "Carpool Karaoke" and His Passion For Broadway by Playbill Video
At rehearsals, Playbill caught up with James Corden, the 2012 Tony winner for Best Actor in Play who will host the 70th Annual Tony Awards. Since "The Late Late Show with James Corden" debuted, Corden has consistently had Bro…
Get a First Look at Fiddler on the Roof's Life-Affirming Tony Awards Performance by Playbill Video
Playbill swung by the Beacon Theatre to take a peek at rehearsals for the 70th annual Tony Awards. Onstage, Danny Burstein (he's nominated for Best Actor in a Musical) and the cast of Fiddler on the Roof (nominated for Best…
The Color Purple's Cynthia Erivo on the Inspirational Quality of Celie by TheaterMania
In late 2015, the British actress Cynthia Erivo took Broadway by storm with her performance as Celie in John Doyle's new revival of The Color Purple. Her work in the show is so moving to viewers that each night she receives a…
One on One Interview with Tony Awards 2016 Host James Corden (THE LATE LATE SHOW, CARPOOL KARAOKE) by Broadway.com
Paul Wontorek interviews Tony Awards host James Corden during a break at rehearsals at the Beacon Theatre.
The Taming of the Shrew Montage - Shakespeare in the Park 2016 by The Public Theater
Featuring Candy Buckley, Donna Lynne Champlin, Morgan Everitt, Rosa Gilmore, Judy Gold, LaTanya Richardson Jackson, Cush Jumbo, Teresa Avia Lim, Janet McTeer, Adrienne C. Moore, Anne L. Nathan, Gayle Rankin, Pearl Rhein, Leen…
Show People with Paul Wontorek Full Interview: NOISES OFF Tony Nominee Andrea Martin by Broadway.com
Hilarious "faux Canadian" Andrea Martin on competing with Megan Hilty, her fabulously funny friends and prepping for Tony night.
Laura Benanti Explains: Broadway Plays of the 2015-2016 Season by TheaterMania
When it comes to explaining the plots of plays and musicals, there's no one better than Laura Benanti at getting to the heart of the matter. For instance, she picked up on what all the rest of us missed about Manhattan Theatr…
Broadway Bares 2016: Costume Design with Sam Brooks by Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS
Broadway Bares: On Demand costume designer Sam Brooks gives a behind the scenes look at the production 10 days before the curtain goes up.
The Broadway.com Show - 6/8/16: Lin-Manuel Miranda, Sean Hayes, Cate Blanchett & More by Broadway.com
In this week's episode, we look at HAMILTON mastermind Lin-Manuel Miranda's upcoming plans, starry classic dramas and a divine Star of the Week.
James Corden Reveals His Tony Awards Hosting Plans by Late Night With Seth Meyers
James Corden wants to incorporate karaoke into the show.
Reed Birney and Jayne Houdyshell on the Unexpected Life of Broadway's The Humans by TheaterMania
Reed Birney and Jayne Houdyshell have been involved with Stephen Karam's ''The Humans'' since its earliest stages. Both appeared in various readings over the course of its development and realized the show's potential for suc…
War LCT3 Montage by Lincoln Center Theater
Watch a montage of scenes from WAR by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins, directed by Lileana Blain-Cruz.
My Space: Adrienne Warren of SHUFFLE ALONG by Broadway.com
SHUFFLE ALONG Tony nominee Adrienne Warren takes us inside her dressing room at the Music Box Theatre—or is it her greenhouse? Watch as she shows off her half-hour glass and more!
Jessica Lange Talks Working Harder Than Ever Before on Long Day's Journey by TheaterMania
Stage and screen star Jessica Lange is nominated for a 2016 Tony Award for taking on the role of Mary Tyrone in Roundabout Theatre Company's Broadway revival of Long Day's Journey Into Night. TheaterMania sat down with Lange …
Style Guru George Brescia Breaks Down the Trends You'll See on the Tony Awards Red Carpet by Playbill Video
Playbill's style expert George Brescia is excited for the Tony Awards. He swung by the Eliza J showroom in New York City's fashion district to take a look at some of this season's trends that he will be looking for on t…
Watch "Fiddler," "Fun Home," "Phantom," "Matilda" and More Perform at Stars in the Alley by Playbill Video
The annual Stars in the Alley concert is held in Times Square's Shubert Alley and celebrates the end of the Broadway season. This year, cast members from "Fiddler on the Roof" (including Tony nominee Danny Burstein), "Disas…
Michael Crawford performs in The Go Between by Official London Theatre
Two-time Olivier Award-winner Michael Crawford returns to the West End in moving coming of age musical The Go-Between, based on the novel by L. P. Hartley.
Role Call with Renee Elise Goldsberry (HAMILTON, RENT, THE LION KING, ONE LIFE TO LIVE) by Broadway.com
HAMILTON Tony nominee Renée Elise Goldsberry on playing everything from a lioness cub to a sister to a murder victim.


text:
This scenario can be a nightmare for pet owners: You hear your cat or dog come running into the house, accompanied by an overwhelming stench - skunk. Canines and felines are naturally curious animals, which is what may cause them to investigate one of these striped creatures a bit too closely, and end up coated in a stinky odor that can be very difficult to get rid of. Planning ahead for this incident will make life a lot easier if and when a skunk does strike, so here are some tips from VCA Animal Hospitals.
Understanding skunk spray
Skunks spray their odorous liquid when they feel threatened. Their white stripe makes them easy to distinguish, and most animals in the wild will know to avoid them. But dogs and cats who haven't encountered one before may not be able to interpret this warning sign, and get too close. Skunks can shoot their spray several feet, so it may be that your pet didn't even get all that near to a skunk. The spray itself is an oil that clings well to surfaces, proteins and skin, making it difficult to get rid of.
Will it harm my pet?
While it's likely an unpleasant experience for both you and your pet, the spray itself shouldn't cause any pain in dogs or cats. However, it can be dangerous if it gets in the eyes and mouth. If it does seem that your animal companion is having a negative reaction to the spray, then you should bring him to one of the nearby veterinarians for a professional opinion.
How can I prevent a skunk incident?
Skunks become less active in winter, which means chances of your pet having a run in with one of these creatures are higher during warm weather months. They are most active in the early mornings or just before sunset, but they have been known to appear during other times of the day and night.
Leaving your dog or cat's food outside can often draw these creatures, so if possible, keep food bowls inside. They can also be attracted to insects or grubs in your lawn, compost heaps or even easy-to-access trash bins, so be wary of these issues.
My pet has been sprayed. What can I do?
If your cat or dog has been sprayed, your first order of business should be to find a way to break down the oils in the spray, thus neutralizing the odor. You may have heard that tomato juice or vinegar works effectively, but VCA says this is an old wive's tale, and only makes a big mess.
Instead, look for products on the market that have been developed by scientists to neutralize skunk spray. If your pet was sprayed in the early morning or late at night, this may not be an option, in which case you may have to resort to a homemade recipe. These usually involve a combination of hydrogen peroxide, baking soda, and dish washing detergent.


text:
Here's how RW members rated this race (476 votes).
Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: Easier for the runners than the Marshals...In full: Well done to everyone from Marlow Striders who stood out in the lashing rain all morning.Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: Running uphill, upstream and into the wind... FANTASTIC!Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: Blimey that was hard!In full: Gale force wind, howling rain flooding my eyes and deep water to paddle through - this was the hardest half marathon ever (my third marlow)! Despite this it was brilliant and the marshalls fantastic, especially the one at about 10 miles who told me I WAS doing well and inspired me to keep going - thank u!Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: High proportion of club entrants, novices welcome d though.In full: Challenging course for a first timer like me, but enjoyable despite torrential rain! Two of the hills were tough, but beautiful area to run through..Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: Very supportive marshalls in trying conditionsIn full: This is a great race , very well organised and given the weather the marshalls were fantastic. The only issue I had was that we could not get into the shower block which was not much fun post race in rain . Apart from that great. Will be back .Date of review: November 2, 2009
In short: Very tough conditions which made it strangely enjoyable at the time and even more so upon completion with pint in handDate of review: November 2, 2009
In short: The only way is up!In full: I knew this was going to be tough and that there were a lot of hills but I'd still underestimated them. Long climbs up and then some very steep dips down which were almost as hard on the legs. Add to this some flooding, lashing rain and gusty wind and you've got a tough morning on your hands. But I loved it - great atmosphere, very friendly, the last mile is a lovely gentle decline, a nice t-shirt to remember the morning by. The tea tent might have been expensive but that was an enormous Danish Pastry and a good cup of tea and I deserved them both! Thank you Marlow Striders - you did a great job.Date of review: November 1, 2009
In short: I might be sadistic but the rain made this tough race even more funIn full: Great race. Flooded lanes, steep uphills and downhills made the sense of achievement at completing this race enourmous. Great organisation from the marlow striders considering the weather and postal strike. Great marshalls. Fantastic support from them. All in all a great race. Date of review: November 1, 2009
In short: Great encouragement from the marshalls who were almost as wet as I was ...Date of review: November 1, 2009
Visit the official Runner's World page
Follow Runner's World on Twitter
Click here
Other Natmag-Rodale Sites
Run For Charity
Injury Clinics
About Runner's World


text:
Nope, it's the 60cm one in the picture. Now cracked. RIPthe crazyest vegan wrote:is the bike your on about the one in your picture? i think the seatpost look's good
bob_summers wrote:a smaller frame for positional advantages? Smaller frames just give me backache!
Try a frame in the right size, horizontal top tube, no more than a fistful of seatpin showing. Look for a pic of Merckx for a good illustration!
the crazyest vegan wrote:but then again as it will be a racing bike shouldnt your position be more compact??
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


text:
The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.
- Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P. P., J. Iverson, A. Rhodin, H. Shaffer, and R. Bour]. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with maps, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs, no. 5, v. 7. 329-479
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!


text:
Business & Government
Fleet Tracking
Retail Loss Prevention
Law Enforcement
Employee Monitoring
Local Partners
Dealers & Integrators
Private GPS License
0 items
Your shopping cart is empty.
My Account
Order Status
GPS Tracking
MORzA Video
MORzA Home Security
Tech Support
Customer Service
Order Tracking
Activate GPS Device
Update Subscription Billing
Knowledge Base
How to Videos
Email Support
Shipping Policy
(800) 654-7966
GPS Trackers
Hidden Cameras
Security Cameras
Counter Surveillance
Alarm Systems
New Arrivals
Business & Government
Home Automation
Employee Monitoring
Spy Gear
Electronic Locks
Child Safety
Audio Surveillance
Elder Care/Special Needs
Emergency Survival Gear
Scopes & Optics
Self Defense
GPS Trackers
Shop by Need
Best GPS Trackers
Personal Tracking
Vehicle Tracking
Vehicle Tracking for Business
Asset Tracking
Fleet Tracking
GPS for Business
Shop by Type
Real Time GPS Trackers
GPS Data Loggers
Accessories - GPS
How to Choose a GPS Tracker
How Does GPS Tracking Work?
GPS Tracking Laws Explained
Your GPS Tracker and Cellular Service
Benefits of Asset Tracking
GPS Trackers & Teen Driving
GPS Tracking Apps vs GPS Trackers
GPS Trackers For Kids
Hidden Cameras
Most Popular
Best Hidden Cameras
Custom Covert Cameras for Business
Nanny Cams
Internet Hidden Cameras
Camscura Hidden Cams
WiFi Hidden Cams by SleuthGear
Zone Shield WiFi Hidden Cameras
Xtreme Life WiFi Hidden Cameras
Shop For:
Indoor Cameras
Outdoor Cameras
Bodyworn Cameras
Hidden Camera Loss Prevention Kits
Accessories - Hidden Cameras
Top Learning
How to Choose a Hidden Camera
How to Make a Hidden Camera
Hidden Camera Reviews
How Smoke Detector Cameras Work
Wireless Connection Types
Security Cameras
Most Popular
Best Security Cameras
MORzA Video Monitoring
Multi-Camera Kits
Pro CCTV
IP Cameras
Shop For:
Home Security Cameras
Business Surveillance
Car Cameras
Accessories - Video Surveillance
How to Choose a Video Camera
Internet Cameras Explained
CCTV Systems Primer
CCTV vs. IP Cameras
Counter Surveillance
Best Counter Surveillance
Camera Detectors
Bug Detectors
Cell Phone Detectors
GPS Detectors
Audio Jammers
Home Counter Surveillance
Business Counter Surveillance
Government Counter Surveillance
About Wiretaps and Bugs
Counter Surveillance Explained
Choosing Counter Surveillance
Alarm Systems
Most Popular
Home Security Systems
Home Automation
Business Alarms
Alarms for Apartments
Choosing Home Security Systems
How Wireless Alarms Work
What If Your Alarm Sounds?
DIY v. Monitored Home Security Systems
New Arrivals
The Latest and Greatest in Security & Surveillance
Our Best Deals of the Season on Customer Favorites
Counter Surveillance
Home Counter Surveillance
Frequency Scanner Bug Detector
Frequency Scanner Bug Detector
Sweep Your Home or Business for Bugs in Minutes and Isolate Unauthorized Transmissions
This handheld RF detector can pinpoint and display transmission frequencies for wireless devices in the area.
Read Reviews
Write Review
Handheld Design
On-screen Frequency Display
Signal Strength Meter
Frequency Scanner Bug Detector
Item: 153-AVD-110
Out of Stock
Discontinued - Call for Alternative
Detect Bugs and Hidden Cameras Quickly and Easily
Know for sure if someone is transmitting in an area they shouldn't be. Detect the presence of wireless cameras and listening devices in your home or business in seconds. This frequency counter can pinpoint the exact frequency on which devices in the area are transmitting, allowing you to disregard common items of your own, such as wireless internet routers and cordless phones.
Why this Bug Detector?
Extremely long battery life -- lasts up to 500 hours in standby mode
Features an easy-to-read LCD frequency display
Lightweight and small enough to fit in your pocket
Frequency selector helps you avoid false positives like cell phones
Scanning for Wireless Bugs or Cameras
Frequency Range: 1MHz - 3 GHz
Battery: 4 x AA 600m/ah NiCd
Battery Life: 6 Hours in Use / 500 Standby
Ant. Impedance: 50 Ohms
Frequency Display: 10-digit Liquid Crystal
Silent Alert Mode: Yes
Beeper: Yes
Low Battery Indicator: Yes
Barograph: Ultra Sensitive, 16 Sections
Dimensions: 3.3" (L) x 2.7" (W) x 1.2" (H)
1 High End Frequency Finder Bug Detector
1 Antenna
In the Box
You May Also Like...
MCD-22H All-in-One RF Bug Detector
Protect Your Privacy at Home or On the Go With This Easy-to-Use Wireless RF Bug Detector
Sign-up now for exclusive discounts and news
Connect with us:
About Us
Our Mission
Our Guarantee
Media Relations
NYC Showroom
Terms & Conditions
Privacy Policy
Customer Service
Customer Service
Order Status
Contact Us
En Espanol
Shipping Info
Site Map
Product Support
Tech Support
Knowledge Base
How to Videos
GPS Login
Fleet Tracking
BrickHouse Blog
BrickHouse Security Reviews
Like Us on Facebook
Follow Us on Twitter
Affiliate Programs
Call us to inquire about volume pricing discounts 800-654-7966


text:
Sign In or New Customer
Get insider deals first, exclusive promotions
and more delivered to your inbox each week!
We respect your privacy and take
it very seriously. View our privacy policy.
Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter.
Be sure to check your email for exclusive
offers and discounts.
Select at least 2 products. Add up to 3 items.
Unexpected error encountered. Please try again later.
A price quote has been sent to this email address:
Fiber Optic for Network Device, 1.25 GB/s, Patch Cable, Multi-mode, 49.21ft - 2 x LC Male Network to 2 x LC Male Network, 50/125 µm - Aqua.
Use the Mini DisplayPort to VGA Adapter to connect your Mac to a standard analog monitor, projector, or LCD that uses a VGA connector or cable.
Every Mac with a Mini DisplayPort allows you to connect an external display or projector using an adapter.
The Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter lets you easily connect to a high-performance Gigabit Ethernet network.
Cisco SFP+ Copper Twinax Cable - Direct attach cable - SFP+ to SFP+ - 10 ft - twinaxial - SFF-8436/IEEE 802.3ae - for Catalyst 2960, 2960-24, 2960-48, 2960G-24, 2960G-48, 2960S-24, 2960S-48; UCS 6140
Ships For Only $9!
C2G HDMI to VGA Adapter Converter Dongle - Video converter - HDMI - black
Free Expedited Shipping
StarTech.com Right Angle DB9 to DB9 Serial Cable Adapter Type 2 - M/F - Serial adapter - DB-9 (M) to DB-9 (F) - 90° connector - gray - for P/N: ICUSB232DB25, ICUSB232INT1
C2G 5ft Cat6 Non-Booted Unshielded (UTP) Ethernet Network Patch Cable - Yellow - Patch cable - RJ-45 (M) to RJ-45 (M) - 5 ft - UTP - CAT 6 - yellow
C2G 5ft Cat6 Non-Booted Unshielded (UTP) Ethernet Network Patch Cable - Green - Patch cable - RJ-45 (M) to RJ-45 (M) - 5 ft - UTP - CAT 6 - green
C2G 3ft Cat6 Non-Booted Unshielded (UTP) Ethernet Network Patch Cable - White - Patch cable - RJ-45 (M) to RJ-45 (M) - 3 ft - UTP - CAT 6 - white
Thunderbolt technology supports blazing-fast data transfer with two independent channels of 10 Gbps each. Use the Apple Thunderbolt Cable to connect your Thunderbolt-equipped peripherals to your iMac, Mac mini, MacBook Pro, or MacBook Air.


text:
Whatever happened to…. Investigating Lost MMOs
The following is a guest post by Guaka. If you'd like to write a guest post for We Fly Spitfires, please feel free to contact me about it.
Warcraft makes a lot of money. Like, a LOT. So it occurred to several game developing studios that they might like a piece of that action. This has led to a whole host of MMOs currently in development. I thought I'd have a little look at just some of the games that are lost, cancelled or have had their chance and were killed off.
I'll start with MMOs that are, or were, (1950's sci-fi movie voice) LOST IN THE MISTS OF DEVELOPMENT PURGATORY!!!!
Originally developed by Flagship Studios Seattle now at HanbitSoft.
Mythos was developed by a group of ex-Blizzard employees and it was intended for the game to feel like a massively multi-player Diablo, with randomized dungeons and aimed squarely at the casual market.
The game was supposed to be free to download and free to play and would be a kind of a bigger equivalent of Hellgate: London.
Well… Hellgate came out but Mythos didn't. What happened? It seems as though Flagship Seattle weren't doing too well financially (Hellgate had been called '"a major failure" by Flagship CEO Bill Roper) and had to lay off most of its staff. So, even though Mythos was actually in closed beta, the developers went out of business and Mythos was put on indefinite hiatus.
The story doesn't end there though, HanbitSoft (a South Korean publisher), acquired the game and intellectual property rights. HanbitSoft have gone on record saying that Mythos is being "reconstructed" and they are aiming to release it in Korea and North America.
Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment and Metro Goldwyn Mayer
The Stargate franchise started with the 1994 film and is still going strong today (Stargate: Universe looks pretty damn good). The MMO was announced back in February of 2006 and there were lots of updates and concept art keeping gamers informed and all seemed well.
The game would see you taking on one of at least seven 'archetypes' and explore the expanded universe established by Stargate: SG1 and Stargate: Atlantis. The archetypes included Asgard (a kind of caster/pet-user hybrid), Commando (a stealth based rogue type) and Soldier works as a Jack(O'Neill) of all trades.
Then the world economy hit some trouble and one of the casualties was Stargate: Worlds. There were fewer updates and, as time went on, it was assumed that the game had died poor and alone.
Things are looking up for Stargate: Worlds as it now has its own YouTube channel and series creator Brad Wright quoted as saying the game is "just around the corner"… in May 2008. The new screens on the website look great and I have high hopes for a good sci-fi action based MMO.
Frontier Developments
Elite 4 is the third sequel to the space trading game that a lot of us grew up with. David Braben the designer of the original Elite has gone on record (see Gamespot for these interviews) with some new information about a game that was considered myth by some and legend by others…
Apparently, development started on Elite 4 in 2000 as an MMORPG and stopped very soon after. The reason given was "at the time [Internet] connectivity was rubbish". Braben didn't want to make a game beyond the capabilities of the Internet of the time.
The indications are that when Frontier's work on their current project 'The Outsider' is finished work will begin on two versions of Elite; one a single player game and the other a MMORPG.
The Outsider is due out this Christmas so we should see an Elite MMO by… 2012? EVE Online may soon have some competition.
ummm, Blizzard
Nope, I have no new information for this one. There was a post on the World of Warcraft forums from Zarhym that said "it'll be a brand new franchise" and "it's a shell of a game thus far".
It could really be anything, but I'm hoping for something sci-fi. Actually, I'm hoping for World of Starcraft but it doesn't look like I'll get it.
Yikes, I'll take a break here and come back with a selection of cancelled MMOs. See you then!


text:
In a bid to further differentiate itself from other suppliers of Nvidia GeForce-based graphics cards by providing its customers with service not available from other companies, EVGA Corp. has started to offer the so-called EVGA SLI Enhancement Patch which forces multi-GPU SLI technology activation even if the mode is not supported by Nvidia itself.
New video game titles are released pretty often, but both ATI, graphics products group of Advanced Micro Devices, and Nvidia spend quite some time verifying that the particular title works correctly while being rendered by two or more graphics processing units (GPUs). As a result, owners of multi-chip graphics cards or multi-GPU graphics sub-systems need to wait till chip developers enable their respective CrossFireX or SLI technology in order to realize benefits of their expensive graphics accelerators.
EVGA SLI Enhancement Patch overrides driver settings and enables SLI mode on the newest titles for Nvidia GeForce multi-chip setups. The patch simply forces AFR mode by making the driver to recognize an "unknown" game as a "known" one and work in accordance to appropriate profile setting. Obviously, the company does not guarantee rock-solid stability of operating, but for hardcore gamers this may not be important.
The first version of EVGA SLI Enhancement Pack supports Nvidia Forceware 182.05 drivers and enables multi-GPU mode in Burnout Paradise as well as Necrovision demo version. The company said it would update the utility in 24 hours upon the release of "a new game". How the company intends to determine titles that need to be supported is unknown.
Tags: EVGA, SLI, Nvidia, Geforce