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Fin whale
The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), also called the finback whale, razorback, or common rorqual, is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. It is the second longest animal in the world and second largest rorqual after the blue whale,[7] growing to over 27 metres (89 ft) long[8] and weighing nearly 74 tonnes (73 long tons; 82 short tons).[9] The American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews called the fin whale "the greyhound of the sea... for its beautiful, slender body is built like a racing yacht and the animal can surpass the speed of the fastest ocean steamship."[10]
Long and slender, the fin whale's body is brownish-grey with a paler underside. There are at least two recognized subspecies: the fin whale of the North Atlantic, and the fin whale of the Southern Hemisphere. It is found in all the world's major oceans, from polar to tropical waters. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at both the north and south poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters.[11] Its food consists of small schooling fish, squid, and crustaceans including copepods and krill.
Like all other large whales, the fin whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an endangered species. Over 725,000 fin whales were reported taken from the Southern Hemisphere alone between 1905 and 1976 and there are now thought to be only 38,000 in that region (ref. to 1997).[2] The International Whaling Commission (IWC) has issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale,[12] although Iceland and Japan have resumed hunting: in 2009 and 2010, Iceland took 125 and 148 fin whales, while Japan has taken five fin whales in four seasons (2008-12) of whaling in the Antarctic.[13][14][15] Iceland exported 500- 600 tons of fin whale meat to Japan in 2011[16], worth 486,189,000 ISK ($3.8 million).[17] The species is also hunted by Greenlanders under the Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling provisions of the IWC. Estimates suggest that the population of the remaining fin whales in the world's seas range from less than 100,000 to roughly 119,000.[2][18] Collisions with ships and noise from human activity also significantly threaten recovery.
The fin whale has long been known to taxonomists. It was first described by Friderich Martens in 1675 and then again by Paul Dudley in 1725. The former description was used as the primary basis of the species Balaena physalus by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[19] In 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède reclassified the species as Balaenoptera rorqual, based on a specimen that had stranded on Île Sainte-Marguerite (Cannes, France) in 1798. In 1830, Louis Companyo described a specimen that had stranded near Saint-Cyprien, southern France, in 1828 as Balaena musculus. Most later authors followed him in using the specific name musculus, until Frederick W. True (1898) showed that it referred to the blue whale. In 1846, the British taxonomist John Edward Gray described a 16.7 m (55 ft) specimen from the Falkland Islands as Balaenoptera australis, while the German naturalist Hermann Burmeister in 1865 described a c. 15 m (50 ft) specimen found near Buenos Aires about thirty years earlier as Balaenoptera patachonicus. In 1903, the Romanian scientist Emil Racoviță placed all these designations into Balaenoptera physalus.[20][21] The word "physalus" comes from the Greek word physa, meaning "blows", referring to the prominent blow of the species (as described by Martens [1675, p. 132]: "They know the finn-fish by the... vehement blowing and spouting up of the water...").
Fin whales are rorquals, members of the family Balaenopteridae, which also includes the humpback whale, the blue whale, the Bryde's whale, the sei whale and the minke whale. The family diverged from the other baleen whales in the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene,[22] although it is not known when the members of these families further evolved into their own species.
As of 2006, there are two named subspecies, each with distinct physical features and vocalizations. The Northern fin whale, B. p. physalus (Linnaeus 1758), inhabits the North Atlantic, and the Antarctic fin whale, B. p. quoyi (Fischer 1829), occupies the Southern Ocean.[23] Most experts consider the fin whales of the North Pacific to be a third, as yet unnamed subspecies.[11] The three groups mix at most rarely.[citation needed]
The blue and fin whale have been described as genetically distant as a gorilla and human [24] (or 3.5 million years on the evolutionary tree[25]). Nevertheless, hybrid individuals between blue and fin whales with characteristics of both is known to occur with relative frequency in the North Atlantic[26] and in the North Pacific.[27]
A pair of researchers who reported the DNA profile of sampling of whale meat in the Japanese market found evidence of blue/fin hybrid meat.[28]
Recent DNA evidence indicates that the fin whale may be more closely related to the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and in at least one study the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), two whales in different genera, than it is to members of its own genus, such as the minke whales.[29][30] If further research confirms this theory, this taxonomy would need revision.
Description and behavior
The fin whale is usually distinguished by its tall spout, long back, prominent dorsal fin, and asymmetrical coloration. In the Northern Hemisphere, the average size of adult males and females is about 18.5 m (60 ft) and 20 m (65 ft), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is 20.5 m (67 ft) and 22 m (72 ft).[31] In the North Atlantic, the longest reported was 24.5 m (80' 6" ft) (albeit what whalers' called a "bastard", a possible blue/fin hybrid), while the longest measured by True (1904) was 21.5 m (70' 8" ft), both females. In the North Pacific, the longest reported were 22.9 m (75 ft) for males and 24.7 m (81 ft) for females, while the longest reliably measured were 20.8 m (68 ft) and 22.9 m (75 ft), respectively.[32] In the Southern Hemisphere, the longest reported for each sex were 25 m (82 ft) and 27.3 m (89' 6" ft), while the longest measured by Mackintosh and Wheeler (1929) were 22.4 m (73' 7" ft) and 24.5 m (80' 5" ft);[8] although Major F. A. Spencer, while whaling inspector of the factory ship Southern Princess (1936-38), confirmed the length of a 25.9 m (85 ft) female caught in the Antarctic south of the southern Indian Ocean.[33] The largest fin whale ever weighed (piecemeal) was a 22.7 m (74.5 ft) pregnant female caught by Japanese whalers in the Antarctic in 1948 which weighed 69.5 tonnes (68.4 long tons; 76.6 short tons), minus 6% for loss of fluids during the flensing process.[9] Full physical maturity is attained between 25 and 30 years. Fin whales live to 94 years of age,[34] although specimens have been found aged at an estimated 135–140 years.[35] A newborn fin whale measures about 6.5 metres (21 ft) in length and weighs approximately 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb).[36] The animal's large size aids in identification, and it is usually only confused with the blue whale, the sei whale, or, in warmer waters, Bryde's whale.
The fin whale is brownish to dark or light gray dorsally and white ventrally. It has paired blowholes on a prominent splashguard, and a broad, flat V-shaped rostrum. Two lighter-colored chevrons radiate from the eyes and curve forward, joining to form a V-shape oriented towards the head.[18] Its lower jaw (and occasionally upper jaw) is white, while the left side of the jaw is gray or black.[18] This type of asymmetry is seen in Omura's whale and occasionally in minke whales. It was hypothesized to have evolved because the whale swims on its right side when surface lunging and it often circles to the right while at the surface above a prey patch. However, the whales just as often circle to the left. There is no accepted hypothesis to explain the asymmetry.[37]
The whale has a series of 56–100 pleats or grooves along the bottom of the body that run from the tip of the chin to the navel that allow the throat area to expand greatly during feeding. It has a curved, prominent 60 centimetres (24 in) dorsal fin about three-quarters of the way along the back. Its flippers are small and tapered, and its tail is wide, pointed at the tip, and notched in the centre.[18]
When the whale surfaces, the dorsal fin is visible soon after the spout. The spout is vertical and narrow and can reach heights of 6 metres (20 ft) or more.[18] When feeding, they will blow 5-7 times in quick succession, but while traveling or resting will blow a single time every minute or two. On their terminal (last) dive they arch their back high out of the water, but rarely raise their flukes out of the water. It then dives to depths of up to 470 metres (1,540 ft) when feeding or only a few hundred feet when resting or traveling. The average feeding dive off California and Baja lasts 6 minutes, with a maximum of 17 minutes; when traveling or resting they usually dive for only a few minutes at a time.[38] Fin whales rarely breach.[18]
The fin whale is one of the fastest cetaceans and can sustain speeds of 37 kilometres per hour (23 mph)[36] and bursts in excess of 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) have been recorded, earning the fin whale the nickname "the greyhound of the sea".[39] Fin whales are more gregarious than other rorquals, and often live in groups of 6–10, although feeding groups may reach up to 100 animals.[34]
Life history
Mating occurs in temperate, low-latitude seas during the winter, followed by an eleven months to one year gestation period. A newborn weans from its mother at 6 or 7 months of age when it is 11 metres (36 ft) to 12 metres (39 ft) in length, and the calf accompanies the mother to the summer feeding ground. Females reproduce every 2 to 3 years, with as many as 6 fetuses being reported, but single births are far more common. Females reach sexual maturity at between 6 and 12 years of age at lengths of 17.7-19 m (58-62.5 ft) in the Northern Hemisphere and 20 m (65 ft) in the Southern Hemisphere.[31]
Fin whales suffer from a number of pathological conditions. The parasitic copepod Pennella balaenopterae — usually found on the flank of fin whales — burrows into their blubber to feed on their blood, while the pseudo-stalked barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis is generally found more often on the dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and flukes. Other barnacles found on fin whales include the acorn barnacle Coronula reginae and the stalked barnacle Conchoderma auritum, which attaches to Coronula or the baleen. The harpacticid copepod Balaenophilus unisetus (heavy infestations of which have been found in fin whales caught off northwestern Spain) and the ciliate Haematophagus also infest the baleen, the former feeding on the baleen itself and the latter on red blood cells.[33] The remora Remora australis and occasionally the amphipod Cyamus balaenopterae can also be found on fin whales, both feeding on the skin. Infestations of the giant nematode Crassicauda boopis can cause inflammation of the renal arteries and potential kidney failure, while the smaller C. crassicauda infects the lower urinary tract.[40] An emaciated 13 m (42.5 ft) female fin whale, which stranded along the Belgian coast in 1997, was found to be infected with lesions of Morbillivirus.[41] In January 2011, a 16.7 m (54.75 ft) emaciated adult male fin whale stranded dead on the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy. It was found to be infected with both Morbillivirus and the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, as well as carrying heavy loads of organochlorine pollutants.[42]
The only known predator of the fin whale is the killer whale, with at least twenty eyewitness and second-hand accounts of attack or harassment. They usually flee and offer little resistance to attack. Only a single confirmed fatality has occurred: in October 2005, sixteen killer whales attacked and killed a fin whale in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, after chasing it for about an hour. They fed on its sinking carcass for about 15 minutes before leaving the area. In July 1908, a whaler reportedly saw two killer whales attack and kill a fin whale off western Greenland. In January 1984 seven were seen from the air circling, holding the flippers, and ramming a fin whale in the Gulf of California, but the observation ended when darkness set in.[43][44]
The fin whale is a filter-feeder, feeding on small schooling fish, squid, and crustaceans including copepods and krill. In the North Pacific, they feed on the krill species Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa inermis, T. longipes, T. spinifera, and Nyctiphanes simplex; large copepods (mainly Neocalanus cristatus); squid (Ommastrephes sloani pacificus); and schooling fish such as herring, Japanese sardine (Sardinella melanosticta), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), capelin, and anchovies (Engraulis mordax). In the North Atlantic, they prey on krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica and T. inermis) and small schooling fish (e.g. capelin, Mallotus villosus; herring, Clupea harengus; and sand lance, Ammodytes spp.). In the Southern Ocean they mainly consume E. superba.[11][45][46]
It feeds by opening its jaws while swimming at a relatively high speed, 11 kilometres per hour (6.8 mph) in one study,[47] which causes it to engulf up to 70 cubic metres (18,000 US gal; 15,000 imp gal) of water in one gulp. It then closes its jaws and pushes the water back out of its mouth through its baleen, which allows the water to leave while trapping the prey. An adult has between 262 and 473 baleen plates on each side of the mouth. Each plate is made of keratin that frays out into fine hairs on the ends inside the mouth near the tongue. Each plate can measure up to 76 centimetres (30 in) in length and 30 centimetres (12 in) in width.[7] The whale routinely dives to depths of more than 200 metres (660 ft) where it executes an average of four "lunges", where it feeds on aggregations of krill. Each gulp provides the whale with approximately 10 kilograms (22 lb) of krill.[47] One whale can consume up to 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of food a day,[7] leading scientists to conclude that the whale spends about three hours a day feeding to meet its energy requirements, roughly the same as humans. If prey patches are not sufficiently dense, or are located too deep in the water, the whale has to spend a larger portion of its day searching for food.[47] One hunting technique is to circle schools of fish at high speed, frightening the fish into a tight ball, then turning on its side before engulfing the massed prey.[7]
|Multimedia relating to the fin whale
Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed.
Like other whales, the male fin whale makes long, loud, low-frequency sounds.[36] The vocalizations of blue and fin whales are the lowest-frequency sounds made by any animal.[48] Most sounds are frequency-modulated (FM) down-swept infrasonic pulses from 16 to 40 hertz frequency (the range of sounds that most humans can hear falls between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz). Each sound lasts one to two seconds, and various sound combinations occur in patterned sequences lasting 7 to 15 minutes each. The whale then repeats the sequences in bouts lasting up to many days.[49] The vocal sequences have source levels of up to 184–186 decibels relative to 1 micropascal at a reference distance of one metre, and can be detected hundreds of miles from their source.[50]
When fin whale sounds were first recorded by US biologists, they did not realize that these unusually loud, long, pure and regular sounds were being made by whales. They first investigated the possibilities that the sounds were due to equipment malfunction, geophysical phenomena, or even part of a Soviet Union scheme for detecting enemy submarines. Eventually, biologists demonstrated that the sounds were the vocalizations of fin whales.[48]
Direct association of these vocalizations with the reproductive season for the species and that only males make the sounds point to these vocalizations as possible reproductive displays.[51][52] Over the past 100 years, the dramatic increase in ocean noise from shipping and naval activity may have slowed the recovery of the fin whale population, by impeding communications between males and sexually receptive females.[53]
Range and habitat
Like many large rorquals, the fin whale is a cosmopolitan species. It is found in all the world's major oceans, and in waters ranging from the polar to the tropical. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at both the north and south extremities and relatively small areas of water away from the large oceans, such as the Red Sea and the Baltic Sea. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. It is less densely populated in the warmest, equatorial regions. It prefers deep waters beyond the continental shelf to shallow waters.[citation needed]
The North Atlantic fin whale has an extensive distribution, occurring from the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea, northward to the edges of the Arctic ice pack. In general, fin whales are more common north of approximately 30°N latitude, but considerable confusion arises about their occurrence south of 30°N latitude because of the difficulty in distinguishing fin whales from Bryde's whales.[54] Extensive ship surveys have led researchers to conclude that the summer feeding range of fin whales in the western North Atlantic was mainly between 41°20'N and 51°00'N, from shore seaward to the 1,000 fathoms (1,800 m) contour.[55]
Summer distribution of fin whales in the North Pacific is the immediate offshore waters from central Baja California to Japan, and as far north as the Chukchi Sea bordering the Arctic Ocean.[56] They occur in high densities in the northern Gulf of Alaska and southeastern Bering Sea between May and October, with some movement through the Aleutian passes into and out of the Bering Sea.[57] Several whales tagged between November and January off southern California were killed in the summer off central California, Oregon, British Columbia, and in the Gulf of Alaska.[56] Fin whales have been observed feeding 250 miles south of Hawaii in mid-May, and several winter sightings have been made there.[58] Some researchers have suggested that the whales migrate into Hawaiian waters primarily in the autumn and winter.[59]
Although fin whales are certainly migratory, moving seasonally in and out of high-latitude feeding areas, the overall migration pattern is not well understood. Acoustic readings from passive-listening hydrophone arrays indicate a southward migration of the North Atlantic fin whale occurs in the autumn from the Labrador-Newfoundland region, south past Bermuda, and into the West Indies.[60] One or more populations of fin whales are thought to remain year-round in high latitudes, moving offshore, but not southward in late autumn.[60] In the Pacific, migration patterns are poorly characterized. Although some fin whales are apparently present year-round in the Gulf of California, there is a significant increase in their numbers in the winter and spring.[61] Antarctic fin whales migrate seasonally from relatively high-latitude Antarctic feeding grounds in the summer to low-latitude breeding and calving areas in the winter. The location of winter breeding areas is still unknown, since these whales tend to migrate in the open ocean.[11]
Population and trends
Poor understanding of migration patterns combined with contradictory population surveys makes estimating the historical and current population levels of the whale difficult and contentious. Due to a long history of hunting this whale, pre-exploitation population levels are difficult to determine.[citation needed]
North Atlantic
North Atlantic fin whales are defined by the International Whaling Commission to exist in one of seven discrete population zones: Nova Scotia-New England, Newfoundland-Labrador, western Greenland, eastern Greenland-Iceland, North Norway, West Norway-Faroe Islands, and Ireland-Spain-United Kingdom-Portugal. Results of mark-and-recapture surveys have indicated that some movement occurs across the boundaries of these population zones, suggesting that each zone is not entirely discrete and that some immigration and emigration does occur.[55] J. Sigurjónsson estimated in 1995 that total pre-exploitation population size in the entire North Atlantic ranged between 50,000 and 100,000 animals,[62] but his research is criticized for not providing supporting data and an explanation of his reasoning.[11] In 1977, D.E. Sergeant suggested a "primeval" aggregate total of 30,000 to 50,000 throughout the North Atlantic.[63] Of that number, about 8,000 to 9,000 would have resided in the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia areas, with whales summering in U.S. waters south of Nova Scotia presumably omitted.[11][64] J.M. Breiwick estimated that the "exploitable" (above the legal size limit of ft50) component of the Nova Scotia population was 1,500 to 1,600 animals in 1964, reduced to only about 325 in 1973.[65] Two aerial surveys in Canadian waters since the early 1970s gave numbers of 79 to 926 whales on the eastern Newfoundland-Labrador shelf in August 1980,[66] and a few hundred in the northern and central Gulf of Saint Lawrence in August 1995–1996.[67] Summer estimates in the waters off western Greenland range between 500 and 2,000,[68] and in 1974, Jonsgard considered the fin whales off Western Norway and the Faroe Islands to "have been considerably depleted in postwar years, probably by overexploitation".[69] The population around Iceland appears to have fared much better, and in 1981, the population appeared to have undergone only a minor decline since the early 1960s.[70] Surveys during the summers of 1987 and 1989 estimated of 10,000 to 11,000 between eastern Greenland and Norway.[71] This shows a substantial recovery when compared to a survey in 1976 showing an estimate of 6,900, which was considered to be a "slight" decline since 1948.[72] A Spanish NASS survey in 1989 of the France-Portugal-Spain sub-area estimated a summer population range at 17,355.[73] The aggregate population level is estimated to be between 40,000[74] and 56,000[26] individuals.
North Pacific
The total historical North Pacific population was estimated at 42,000 to 45,000 before the start of whaling. Of this, the population in the eastern portion of the North Pacific was estimated to be 25,000 to 27,000.[75] By 1975, the estimate had declined to between 8,000 and 16,000.[76][77] Surveys conducted in 1991, 1993, 1996, and 2001 produced estimates of between 1,600 and 3,200 off California and 280 to 380 off Oregon and Washington.[78] The miniumum estimate for the California-Oregon-Washington population, as defined in the U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005, is about 2,500.[79] Surveys in coastal waters of British Columbia in summers 2004 and 2005 produced abundance estimates of approximately 500 animals (95% confidence intervals: 201-1,220).[80] Surveys near the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea indicated a substantial increase in the local abundance of Fin Whales between 1975–1978 and 1987–1989.[81] In 1984, the entire population was estimated to be at less than 38% of its historic carrying capacity.[40]
Relatively little is known about the historical and current population levels of the Antarctic fin whale. The IWC officially estimates that the Southern Hemisphere pre-whaling population was 400,000 whales, and that the population in 1979 (at the cessation of Antarctic large scale whaling) was 85,200.[82] Both the current and historical estimates should be considered as poor estimates because the methodology and data used in the study are known to be flawed.[11] Other estimates cite current size to be between 15,000 (1983) and 38,000 (1997).[2] As of 2006, there is no scientifically accepted estimate of current population or trends in abundance.[11]
Human interaction
In the 19th century, the fin whale was occasionally hunted by open-boat whalers, but it was relatively safe because of its speed and the fact that it often sank when killed. However, the later introduction of steam-powered boats and harpoons that exploded on impact made it possible to kill and secure them along with blue whales and sei whales on an industrial scale. As other whale species became over-hunted, the whaling industry turned to the still-abundant fin whale as a substitute.[83] It was primarily hunted for its blubber, oil, and baleen. Approximately 704,000 fin whales were caught in Antarctic whaling operations alone between 1904 and 1975.[84]
The introduction of factory ships with stern slipways in 1925 substantially increased the number of whales taken per year. In 1937-38 alone, over 29,000 fin whales were taken. From 1953-54 to 1961-62, the catch averaged over 30,000 per year. By 1962-63, sei whale catches began to increase as fin whales became scarce. By 1975-76, fewer than 1,000 fin whales were being caught each year. In the North Pacific, over 74,000 fin whales were caught between 1910 and 1975.[85] Between 1910 and 1989, over 55,000 were caught in the North Atlantic.[86]
The IWC prohibited hunting in the Southern Hemisphere in 1976.[84] The Soviet Union engaged in the illegal killing of protected whale species in the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere, over-reporting fin whale catches to cover up illegal takes of other species. In the North Pacific, they reported taking over 10,000 fin whales between 1961-79, while the true catch was less than 9,000. In the Southern Hemisphere, they reported taking nearly 53,000 between 1948-73, when the true total was a little over 41,000.[87][88][89] The fin whale was given full protection from commercial whaling by the IWC in the North Pacific in 1976, and in the North Atlantic in 1987, with small exceptions for aboriginal catches and catches for research purposes.[36] All populations worldwide remain listed as endangered species by the US National Marine Fisheries Service and the International Conservation Union Red List, and the fin whale is on Appendix 1 of CITES.[2][90][91]
The IWC has set a quota of 19 fin whales per year for Greenland. Meat and other products from whales killed in these hunts are widely marketed within Greenland, but export is illegal. Iceland and Norway are not bound by the IWC's moratorium on commercial whaling because both countries filed objections to the moratorium.[11] In October 2006, Iceland's fisheries ministry authorized the hunting of nine fin whales through August 2007.[92] In 2009 and 2010, Iceland caught 125 and 148 fin whales, respectively.[93]
In the southern hemisphere, Japan permits annual takes of 10 fin whales under its Antarctic Special Permit whaling program for the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons.[94] The proposal for 2007–2008 and the subsequent 12 seasons allows taking 50 per year,[11] but no fin whales had been caught in the 2007-2008 season. A single fin whale was caught in both the 2008-09 and 2009-10 seasons, two were taken in the 2010-11 season, and one was taken in the 2011-12 season.[95]
Collisions with ships are a major cause of mortality. In some areas, they cause a substantial portion of large whale strandings. Most serious injuries are caused by large, fast-moving ships over or near the continental shelf.[96]
Several fin whale skeletons are exhibited in North America. The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles, California has an exhibit entitled the "Fin Whale Passage", which displays a 19.2 m (63 ft) fin whale skeleton collected by former museum osteologist Eugene Fischer and field collector Howard Hill in 1926 from the Trinidad whaling station (1920-1926) in Humboldt County, northern California. A steel armature supports the skeleton, which is accompanied by sculpted flukes.[97] Science North, a science museum in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, has a 20 m (65.6 ft) fin whale skeleton collected from Anticosti Island hanging from the fourth floor of their main building.[98]
Several fin whale skeletons are also exhibited in Europe. The Natural History Museum of Slovenia in Ljubljana, Slovenia, houses a 13 m (42.5 ft) female fin whale skeleton – the specimen had been found floating in the Gulf of Piran in the spring of 2003.[99] The Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest, Hungary, displays a fin whale skeleton hanging near its main entrance which had been caught in the Atlantic Ocean in 1896 and purchased from Vienna in 1900.[100] The Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, in Cambridge, United Kingdom, exhibits a nearly 70 ft (21 m) male fin whale skeleton, which had stranded at Pevensey, East Sussex, in November 1865.[101]
The Otago Museum, in Dunedin, New Zealand, displays a 16.76 m (55 ft) fin whale skeleton, which had stranded on the beach at Nelson at the entrance of the Waimea River in 1882.[102]
Whale watching
Fin whales are regularly encountered on whale watching excursions worldwide. In the Southern California Bight, fin whales are encountered year-round, with a peak in the summer and fall. They can even be seen from land (for example, from Point Vicente, Palos Verdes, where they can be seen lunge feeding at the surface only a half mile to a few miles offshore). They are regularly sighted in the summer and fall in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[103] the Gulf of Maine, the Bay of Fundy, the Bay of Biscay, and the western Mediterranean. In southern Ireland, they are seen from June to February, with peak sightings in November and December.[104] Cruise ships en route to and from the Antarctic Peninsula sometimes encounter fin whales in the Drake Passage.
The Fin whale is listed on both Appendix I[105] and Appendix II[105] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I[105] as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them and also on Appendix II[105] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. In addition, Fin whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).
See also
- ^ Mead, James G.; Brownell, Robert L., Jr. (16 November 2005). "Order Cetacea (pp. 723–743)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). p. 725. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300023.
- ^ a b c d e Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2008). Balaenoptera physalus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 October 2008.
- ^ Synopsis mammalium 1829, p.525
- ^ Hist. Nat. Gén. et Partie, des Mamm. et Oiseaux découverts depuis 1788
- ^ Nat. Hist. Cetacea
- ^ Bulletins de l'Académie (Belgique), 26me année, 2me série, T. 1er (1859), p.403
- ^ a b c d "Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale". MarineBio.org. http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=40. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ a b Mackintosh, N. A.; Wheeler, J. F. G. (1929). "Southern blue and fin whales". Discovery Reports I: 259–540.
- ^ a b Lockyer, C. (1976). Body weights of some species of large whales. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 36 (3); 259-273.
- ^ Andrews, Roy Chapman. 1916. Whale hunting with gun and camera; a naturalist's account of the modern shore-whaling industry, of whales and their habits, and of hunting experiences in various parts of the world. New York: D. Appleton and Co., p. 158.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j National Marine Fisheries Service (2006) (pdf). Draft recovery plan for the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Marine Fisheries Service. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/draft_finwhale.pdf.
- ^ "Revised Management Scheme". International Whaling Commission. http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/rms.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2009-09-08). "Iceland Defends Its Hunt of 94 (Now 125) Fin Whales". The New York Times. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/us-rebukes-iceland-for-killing-94-fin-whales.
- ^ Scientific Permit Whaling
- ^ ICR : Harassment to the 2011/2012 JARPA II research vessels b
- ^ The White House (February 11, 2010). "Icelandic Fin Whale Meat Exported to Japan" (preview). Iceland Review Online. http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=75139&ew_0_a_id=369670. , "Hvalur has exported 500-600 tons of fin whale meat to Japan this year," citing Kyodo News; "According to information from the Japanese Ministry of Finance, 164.1 tons of fin whale meat has been delivered to markets but the remaining meat is still waiting to be handled by customs", citing Morgunbladid. "
- ^ Iceland. "Exports by HS-Classification, chapters 1-24, 2008-2010". Statistics Iceland. http://www.statice.is/temp_en/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=UTA02801&path=../Database/utanrikisverslun/uttollskra/&lang=1. Retrieved May 2012. . Actually states 635 kilograms 486,189ISK for M09-2011 and 0 for other months, but assumption is made that kilo =1000kilos
- ^ a b c d e f Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 0-61-12757-2.
- ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).. pp. 824. http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100.
- ^ Allen, G. M. (1915). The Whalebone whales of New England, pp. 176-78.
- ^ Cousteau, J. (1988). Whales, p. 77.
- ^ Gingerich, P. (2004). "Whale Evolution". McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology. The McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-142784-8.
- ^ "Balaenoptera physalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180527. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
- ^ A. Arnason and A. Gullberg (1993). "Comparison between the complete mtDNA sequences of the blue and fin whale, two species that can hybridize in nature". Journal of Molecular Ecology 37 (4): 312–322. PMID 8308901.
- ^ Árnasson, Ú; Spilliaert, R; Árnasson, Ú (January 1998). "A new hybrid between a blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and a fin whale, B. physalus: frequency and implications of hybridization". Marine Mammal Science 14 (1): 82–98.
- ^ a b Bérubé, Martine; Aguilar, Alex (1998). "A new hybrid between a blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and a fin whale, B. physalus: frequency and implications of hybridization". Marine Mammal Science 14 (1): 82–98. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=mms.
- ^ Doroshenko, V.N. (1970). "A whale with features of the fin and blue whale (in Russian)". Izvestia TINRO 70: 225–257.
- ^ Palumbi, S.R.; Cipriano, F. (1998). "Species Identification Using Genetic Tools: The Value of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Sequences in Whale Conservation". Journal of Heredity 89 (5): 459-. http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/5/459.full.pdf.
- ^ Arnason, U., Gullberg A. & Widegren, B. (1 September 1993). "Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species". Molecular Biology and Evolution 10 (5): 960–970. PMID 8412655. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/960. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Sasaki, T. et al. (February 23, 2005). "Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales". Systematic Biology 54 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1080/10635150590905939. PMID 15805012. http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/1/77.full. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ a b Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins. Facts on File.
- ^ Clapham, et al. (1997). "Catches of Humpback and Other Whales from Shore Stations at Moss Landing and Trinidad, California, 1919-1926". Mar. Mam. Sci. 13 (3): 368–94.
- ^ a b Mackintosh, N. A. (1943). "The southern stocks of whalebone whales". Discovery Reports XXII: 199–300.
- ^ a b Martin, Anthony R. (1991). Whales and dolphins. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 0-8160-3922-4.
- ^ Danmarks Radio, 2010-10-28.
- ^ a b c d Fox, David (2001). "Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale)". Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balaenoptera_physalus.html. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- ^ Tershy, B. R.; D. Wiley (1992). "Asymmetrical pigmentation in the fin whale: a test of two feeding related hypotheses". Marine Mammal Science 8 (3): 315–318. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00416.x.
- ^ Croll D. A., Acevedo-Gutiérrez A., Tershy B. R., Urbán-Ramírez J. (2001). The diving behavior of blue and fin whales: is dive duration shorter than expected based on oxygen stores? Comp Biochem Physiol A 129:797–809
- ^ "Fin Whale". nature.ca: Canadian Museum of Nature. http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/finwale.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- ^ a b Mizroch, S.A.; D.W. Rice, and J.M. Breiwick (1984). "The fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus". Mar. Fish. Review 46: 20–24.
- ^ Jauniaux, T., G. Charlier, M. Desmecht, and F. Coignoui. Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast. Veterinary Record (1998), 143:15, pp. 423-424.
- ^ Mazzariol, Sandro, Federica Marcer, Walter Mignone, Laura Serracca, Mariella Goria, Letizia Marsili, Giovanni Di Guardo and Cristina Casalone. Dolphin Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). BMC Veterinary Research (2012), 8:20.
- ^ Jefferson, T. A.,; Stacey, P. J.; Baird, R. W. (1991). "A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence" (PDF). Mammal Reviews 21 (4): 151–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00291.x. http://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal.1991(8).pdf.
- ^ Ford and Reeves (2008),Fight or flight: antipredator strategies of baleen whales, Mammal Review, Vol. 38, 50-86.
- ^ Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. 1999. Biology of Marine Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ S.L. Perry; D.P. DeMaster, and G.K. Silber (1999). "Special Issue: The Great Whales: History and Status of Six Species Listed as Endangered Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973". Marine Fisheries Review 61 (1): 52–58. http://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/mfr611/mfr611.htm.
- ^ a b c Lin, Brian (2007-06-07). "Whale Has Super-sized Big Gulp". University of British Columbia. http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/ubcreports/2007/07jun07/whale.html. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ a b Payne, Roger (1995). Among Whales. New York: Scribner. pp. 176. ISBN 0-684-80210-4.
- ^ "Finback Whales". Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/fin-whales. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, C. I. Malme and D. H. Thomson, Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).
- ^ Croll, D.A.; Clark, C.W., Acevedo, A., Flores, S., Gedamke, J., and Urban, J. (2002). "Only male fin whales sing loud songs" (pdf). Nature 417 (6891): 809. doi:10.1038/417809a. http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/aabmsss02.pdf.
- ^ Watkins, W.; Tyack, P., Moore, K., Bird, J. (1987). "The 20 Hz signals of finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82 (6): 1901–1902. doi:10.1121/1.395685. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000082000006001901000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes.
- ^ Segelken, R. (2002-06-19). "Humanity's din in the oceans could be blocking whales' courtship songs and population recovery". Cornell University. http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/June02/ocean_noise.hrs.html. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ Mead, J.G. (1977). "Records of Sei and Bryde's whales from the Atlantic Coast of the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Spec. Iss. 1: 113–116. ISBN 0-906975-03-4.
- ^ a b Mitchell, E. (1974). "Present status of Northwest Atlantic fin and other whale stocks". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 108–169. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ a b Rice, D.W. (1974). "Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 170–195. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ Reeves, R.R.; M.W. Brown (1985). "Whaling in the Bay of Fundy". Whalewatcher 19 (4): 14–18.
- ^ Mobley, J.R., Jr.; M. Smultea, T. Norris and D. Weller (1996). "Fin whale sighting north of Kaua'i, Hawai'i". Pacific Science 50 (2): 230–233.
- ^ Thompson, P.O.; W.A. Friedl (1982). "A long term study of low frequency sound from several species of whales off Oahu, Hawaii". Cetology 45: 1–19.
- ^ a b Clark, C.W. (1995). "Application of US Navy underwater hydrophone arrays for scientific research on whales". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 210–212.
- ^ Tershy, B.R.; D. Breese and C.S. Strong (1990). "Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Spec. Iss. 12: 369–375. ISBN 0-906975-23-9.
- ^ Sigurjónsson, J. (1995). "On the life history and autecology of North Atlantic rorquals". In A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang (ed.). Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Elsevier Science. pp. 425–441. ISBN 0-444-82070-1.
- ^ D.E. Sergeant (1977). "Stocks of fin whales Balaenoptera physalus L. in the North Atlantic Ocean". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 27: 460–473.
- ^ Allen, K.R. (1970). "A note on baleen whale stocks of the north west Atlantic". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 20: 112–113.
- ^ Breiwick, J.M. (1993). Population dymanics and analyses of the fisheries for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. (Ph.D. thesis) University of Washington, Seattle. 310 pp..
- ^ Hay, K. (1982). "Aerial line-transect estimates of abundance of humpback, fin, and long-finned pilot whales in the Newfoundland-Labrador area". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 31: 373–387.
- ^ Kingsley, M.C.S.; R.R. Reeves (1998). "Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996". Marine Mammal Science 17 (1): 35–75. doi:10.1139/cjz-76-8-1529. http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=76&year=&issue=&msno=z98-054&calyLang=eng.
- ^ Larsen, F. (1995). "Abundance of minke and fin whales off West Greenland". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 365–370.
- ^ Jonsgard, A. (1974). "On whale exploitation in the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 97–107. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ Rørvik, C.J.; J. Sigurjónsson (1981). "A note on the catch per unit effort in the Icelandic fin whale fishery". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 31: 379–383.
- ^ Buckland, S.T.; K.L. Cattanach and Th. Gunnlaugsson (1992). "Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic, estimated from Icelandic and Faroese NASS-87 and NASS-89 data". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 42: 645–651.
- ^ Rørvik, C.J.; J. Jónsson, O.A. Mathisen, and Å. Jonsgård (1976). "Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus (L.), Off the West Coast of Iceland. Distribution, Segregation by Length and Exploitation". Rit Fiskideildar 5: 1–30. ISSN 0484-9019.
- ^ Buckland, S.T.; K.L. Cattanach and S. Lens (1992). "Fin whale abundance in the eastern North Atlantic, estimated from Spanish NASS-89 data". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 42: 457–460.
- ^ Bérubé, M.; Aguilar, A., Dendanto, D., Larsen, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Sears, R., Sigurjónsson, J., Urbán-R, J. and Palsbøll, P.J. (1998). "Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear foci". Molecular Ecology 7 (5): 585–599. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00359.x. ISSN 1471-8278. PMID 9633102. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/mecol/1998/00000007/00000005/art00004.
- ^ Ohsumi, S.; S. Wada (1974). "Status of whale stocks in the North Pacific, 1972". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 24: 114–126.
- ^ Rice, D.W. (1974). "Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific". In W.E. Schevill (ed.). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 170–195. ISBN 0-674-95075-5.
- ^ Chapman, D.G. (1976). "Estimates of stocks (original, current, MSY level and MSY)(in thousands) as revised at Scientific Committee meeting 1975". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 26: 44–47.
- ^ Barlow, J. (2003). Preliminary estimates of the Abundance of Cetaceans along the U.S. West Coast: 1991–2001. Administrative report LJ-03-03, available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla CA 92037.
- ^ Caretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, M.M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, B. Hanson, and M.S. Lowry (2006) (PDF). U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005. U.S. Department of Commerce Technical Memorandum, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-388. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/po2005.pdf.
- ^ Williams, R. and Thomas, L. (2007). "Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of BC, Canada" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 9: 15–28. http://www.marinemammal.org/MMRU/williams/williams%20thomas%20jcrm%202007%20015-028.pdf.
- ^ Baretta, L.; G.L. Hunt, Jr. (1994). "Changes in the numbers of cetaceans near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, between 1975–78 and 1987–89" (PDF). Arctic 47: 321–326. http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic47-4-321.pdf.
- ^ IWC (1979). "Report of the sub-committee on protected species. Annex G, Appendix I". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 29: 84–86.
- ^ "American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet: Fin Whale, Balaenoptera physalus". American Cetacean Society. http://acsonline.org/fact-sheets/fin-whale/. Retrieved 2012-3-12.
- ^ a b IWC (1995). "Report of the scientific committee". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 45: 53–221.
- ^ Barlow, J., K. A. Forney, P.S. Hill, R.L. Brownell, Jr., J.V. Caretta, D.P. DeMaster, F. Julian, M.S. Lowry, T. Ragen, and R.R. Reeves (1997) (PDF). U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 1996. NOAA Technical Memo NMFD-SWFSC-248. http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-248.PDF.
- ^ International Whaling Statistics.
- ^ Clapham, P. J. and C. Scott Baker. "Reported vs. Actual Catches by the U.S.S.R. in the Southern Hemisphere, 1948-73". Appendix II in Berzin, A. A.; trans. by Y. V. Ivashchenko (2008). "The Truth About Soviet Whaling". Marine Fisheries Review. 70 (2), pp. 4-59.
- ^ Clapham, P.J. and R. L. Brownell, Jr. "Soviet catches of large whales in the North Pacific", 1961-79. Appendix III in Berzin, A. A.; trans. by Y. V. Ivashchenko (2008). "The Truth About Soviet Whaling". Marine Fisheries Review. 70 (2), pp. 4-59.
- ^ Yablokov, A.V. (1994). "Validity of whaling data". Nature 367 (6459): 108. doi:10.1038/367108a0.
- ^ "UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species". UNEP-WCMC. 2006-10-23. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Balaenoptera&Species=physalus&source=animals&Country=&tabname=status. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Species Profile for Finback whale". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A02O. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Iceland to Resume Whale Hunting, Defying Global Ban". Bloomberg.com. 2006-10-18. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a4fs59pxIqXI&refer=europe. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Catches under Objection". International Whaling Commission. http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/table_objection.htm. Retrieved 2012-2-6.
- ^ "U.S. Protests Japan's Announced Return to Whaling in Antarctic". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 20 November 2006. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/November/20061120171913lcnirellep0.9033319.html. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ "Catches under Permit". International Whaling Commission. http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/table_permit.htm. Retrieved 2012-2-6.
- ^ Laist, D.W.; Knowlton, A.R., Mead, J.G., Collet A.S., and Podesta, M. (2001). "Collisions between ships and whales" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science 17: 35–75. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x. http://www.nero.noaa.gov/shipstrike/whatsnew/Laist%20et%20al_2001.pdf.
- ^ The Fin Whale Passage, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- ^ Science North – Fourth Floor exhibits
- ^ Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Exhibitions – The mysterious death of young Leonora
- ^ Hungarian Natural History Museum – Permanent Exhibitions – Fin whale skeleton
- ^ Cambridge University Museum of Zoology – The Finback Whale
- ^ Otago Museum, Exhibitions – Fin whale skeleton
- ^ Whales Online -- Fin whale
- ^ Irish Whale and Dolphin Group -- Fin Whale Species Profile
- ^ a b c d "Appendix I and Appendix II" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5th March 2009.
General references
- Peter Saundry. 2011. Fin whale. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC. C.Michael Hogan Ed. Content partner: Encyclopedia of Life
- National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
- Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. ISBN 1-84037-043-2
- Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, ISBN 0-12-551340-2


text:
Owner Mutu Light Circle Hooks
Serious saltwater anglers find Owner's® Mutu Light™ Circle Hooks ideal for rigging both live and chunk baits. These premium Mutu Light Circle Hooks are designed with a unique offset, ''hangnail'' point so fish are jaw-hooked, not gut-hooked, approximately 90% of the time. Super-sharp forged point with a corrosion-resistant finish. Plus, the lighter wire used on these hooks allows for a livelier bait action. Models 5114 and 5314
- For rigging live and chunk baits
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Outdoor Answers
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text:
Sir Paul McCartney has said he will never perform in China after watching a secret video of dogs and cats being killed for fur.
The ex-Beatle was given a preview screening of undercover footage taken in a fur market in Guangzhou, southern China.
Dogs and cats are shown being thrown from the top deck of a converted bus onto concrete pavements.
In another piece of footage, cats are seen squirming inside a sack before being thrown into a vat of boiling water.
Smiling, laughing workers are also filmed senselessly beating the animals to death.
The report, which was filmed by an investigator linked to the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta) campaign group, will be shown on Monday night on the BBC's Six O'clock News.
Sir Paul and wife Heather were close to tears as they watched the undercover report.
Sir Paul told the BBC: "This is barbaric. Horrific. It's like something out of the dark ages. And they seem to get a kick out of it. They're just sick, sick people.
"I wouldn't even dream of going over there to play, in the same way that I wouldn't go to a country that supported apartheid.
"This is just disgusting. It's just against every rule of humanity. I couldn't go there. If they want to consider themselves a civilised nation they're going to have to stop this."


text:
Second Chance - Page 2
Certain smells, like lavender, repulsed her, and she suffered from severe motion sickness. "Since I couldn't ride elevators, my `hill training' began with regular trips up four flights of stairs to the oncology unit," she says. "After my chemotherapy ended, I needed a goal, so decided to run a marathon because I had never done one," says Wilcox, who, in her pre-cancer life, had never run more than six miles. She finished the Vermont City Marathon in a respectable 4:27:19. "I hated every step."
She abandoned running until 2007 when Chris Wilkins, Wilcox's coworker at Ben & Jerry's (where she was the assistant gift-shop manager), dared her to better him in a marathon, a challenge he mistakenly assumed she'd shy away from. Instead, she beat him handily at the Disney and Marine Corp marathons.
Her interest in running renewed, Wilcox began attending Williston's Tuesday Night Trail Running Series at the Catamount Outdoor Family Center. "I enjoy running on roots and rocks and on trails am less concerned about screwing up my knees and feet."
Wilcox's outgoing personality quickly earned her a reputation as one of the weekly trail-running gatherings' more colorful characters. "I was overwhelmed when I first met her," says Vermont ultrarunner Aliza LaPierre of the woman many call "feisty and intense." "But she's a wonderful individual and has become a valuable asset to the trail-running community."
To call her "social" is an understatement. Conversations during long runs bounce from topic to topic. The subject of ex-boyfriends gets her particularly amped up, and she'll drop the hammer and inadvertently leave her training partners behind.
"On her 31st birthday we ran 31 miles, during which she described her criteria for the ideal man," says Jack Pilla, 52, and winner of the 2009 Vermont 100. "But she'll have a tough time finding a guy to keep up with her on the trails, which is one of her criteria!"
The Climb High/Mammut Thursday night trail runs at Climb High outdoor store drew perhaps five or six runners until Wilcox, then working as a customer service rep for Isis women's outdoor clothing, spread the word to the larger running community. Nowadays, The Climb High Mammut runs attract 20 to 25 runners.
In 2008, Wilcox placed sixth at her first ultra, the Jay Peak Mountain Marathon 50K, and the following year, ticked off 10 events, scoring wins at the Wapack and Back 50-Miler in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, Great Adirondack 11.5-mile Trail Race in Keene Valley, New York, and Mont Tremblant Ultimate XC 56K in Quebec, Canada. This year, Wilcox bettered her time at the Vermont 100 by almost an hour and the Ultimate XC by 30 minutes.
"Serena has an uncanny ability to suffer and recover," says fellow trail runner Nick Yardley. "She is not afraid to give it her all and get a little bruised in the process."
Now cancer free for six years, working as a sales rep for Peregrine Outfitters and preparing for a full race roster next year, Wilcox has not wavered from her priorities. "Sharing my love and passion for the outdoors and paying attention to my physical well-being are paramount," she says.


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as a Last Name
- 89,875
- people in the U.S. have this name View Li on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Chinese 李: from a character meaning 'minister'. This was part of the title of Gao Yao, a great-grandson of the legendary emperor Zhuan Xu, who became famous as a minister under the model emperors Yao and Shun in the 23rd century BC; he was the first to introduce laws for the repression of crime. His descendants adopted this part of his title as their surname. The use of this name continued for over a millennium to the twelfth century BC, down to the rule of the last king of the Shang dynasty, the despotic Zhou Xin. Li Zhi, the head of the Li clan at that time, displeased Zhou Xin and was executed, leaving the rest of the clan facing imminent disaster. They fled, and nearly starved to death, surviving only by eating a fruit called mu zi. When the characters for mu and zi are combined, they form the character for plum, pronounced Li. In token of this salvation, the clan changed their name to the current character for li 'plum'. Li is now the most common surname in China. Among the many famous bearers are Lee Kwan Yew, prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990; Lee Teng-hui, president of Taiwan from 1988; Li Peng, prime minister of China from 1988; and Bruce Lee (1941–73), movie actor.
|376th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Quick facts
- Tens of Thousands
- of people in the U.S have this name
- 89,875
- to be exact
- California
- has the most people named Li per capita


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Green Tea Lover's Oishi Ichibancha
4.5g in 5 oz kyusu, 160°, 35 seconds
sweet, light, vegetal but also toasted, perhaps a little too light.
2nd infusion 160°, 30 seconds, much greener, stronger flavor, with astringency and some bitterness; did not finish this infusion
3rd infusion same temp, same time, same color, mellower taste, bitterness basically gone, sweet, mellow, warm, but also almost none of the toasty flavor of the first infusion either. Much better. 4th is similar--sweet, a little light, no bitterness, lovely.
Clearly need to decrease that 2nd infusion a lot, to spread that bitterness out over several infusions. Other than the 2nd infusion, this is just wonderfully to my taste, light and sweet and delicately vegetal.
Got a nice 5th infusion too, but the kettle is empty now. Sigh.


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What to do with that holiday meat
I was generously given some preserved meat and cheese from a friend. The cheese was great, but I kept wondering what to do with the meat. It was actually a pre-cooked sausage, and at 200 calories per 2oz serving I knew it was going to be a healthy one. You know what it is, from those meat and cheese gift baskets, it's about a foot long, and 2 inches thick. Reminds me of salami. Something like
It's rather scarey and in the past I've thrown it out, just out of pure fear. I refused to throw it away now. So I did a few things with it which turned out quite yummy.
First, I sliced it up, diced and sauteed some onions, and threw the meat in with the onions for about 5 minutes. Then put it on bread, added brown mustard and had an amazingly delicious sandwich.
I sampled some to my 5 year old daughter and she liked it, so I sliced and chopped up the meat into a nice small portion for her, sauteed it in its own juices and then smothered it in cheese. She loved it.
Next morning I made a hash of sorts out of it. Chopped it into small pieces and sauteed it with olive oil and diced onions. Added basil and parsley and we had some yummy "hash".
Now I still have about 3/4 of the thing left. What to do next…


text:
by Anton Shilov
It was a matter of time before NEC Electronics and Toshiba Corp. join a large semiconductor alliance to cut manufacturing technologies development cost. On Thursday the companies said that they would join IBM's bulk process alliance to develop 28nm fabrication process with high-k metal gate (HKMG) dielectrics.
"This alliance brings together industry leaders in advanced process technology. "The program supports our efforts to maximize R&D efficiency," said Mr. Masakazu Kakumu, corporate vice president of Toshiba Corporation and vice president of Toshiba semiconductor company's system LSI Division.
The 28nm alliance builds on the success of earlier joint development work in 32nm HKMG technology. Clients can transition to 28nm technology without the need for a major redesign, with lower risk, reduced cost and faster time-to-market. Internal test results have shown the power-efficient advantages of HKMG and device performance that meets or exceeds competitive targets.
"The advanced 28nm low-power process technology will dramatically enhance the product's density, performance, as well as power consumption compared to the former 40nm node, providing highly competitive solutions, especially in the fields of consumer electronics and automotive. Utilizing this process technology with NEC Electronics' proprietary eDRAM, high-reliability, and low-power consumption technologies, we will focus on being the first to market with the SoC products that can meet our customers' expectations with added value," said Masao Fukuma, senior vice president of NEC Electronics.
Toshiba and NEC jointly developed their 32nm and 45nm process technologies. In early 2006, IBM, Sony and Toshiba agreed to develop 32nm process technology. However, in 2007 Sony decided to withdraw from further development of fabrication processes as well as manufacturing of advanced chips. As a result, NEC Electronics and Toshiba had to develop 32nm fabrication process without the third partner, which might prove to be economically inefficiently.
The alliance, based at IBM's facility in East Fishkill, New York, now includes Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Globalfoundries, Infineon Technologies, NEC Electronics, Samsung Electronics, STMicroelectronics, and Toshiba. Toshiba joined the IBM bulk semiconductor process technology development alliance in December 2007 and NEC Electronics joined in September 2008.
Earlier this year NEC Electronics and Renesas, a joint venture between Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric, agreed to enter into negotiations to integrate business operations at NEC Electronics and Renesas. The deal is set to be completed by the end of July. Moreover, in January '09 rumours emerged that Toshiba and NEC Electronics may also create a semiconductor joint-venture.
"NEC Electronics and Toshiba bring significant skills and resources that will help ensure development of an industry-leading 28nm technology offering. Together, the alliance partners will deliver a high-performance, energy efficient technology to enable a full range of multifunction, power-sensitive mobile and consumer electronics," said Gary Patton, vice president for IBM's semiconductor research and development center.


text:
LINGUIST List 22.4220
Wed Oct 26 2011
Calls: Portuguese, Computational Ling, Ling Theories/Portugal
Editor for this issue: Alison Zaharee <alison
LL's Multitree project
for over 1000 trees dynamically generated from scholarly hypotheses about language relationships:
LINGUIST is pleased to announce the launch of an exciting new feature: Easy Abstracts! Easy Abs is a free abstract submission and review facility designed to help conference organizers and reviewers accept and process abstracts online. Just go to: http://www.linguistlist.org/confcustom, and begin your conference customization process today! With Easy Abstracts, submission and review will be as easy as 1-2-3!
1. Aline Villavicencio ,
10th International Conference on the Computational Processing of Portuguese
Message 1: 10th International Conference on the Computational Processing of Portuguese
Aline Villavicencio <alinev
10th International Conference on the Computational Processing of Portuguese
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Full Title: 10th International Conference on the Computational Processing of Portuguese
Short Title: PROPOR 2012
Date: 17-Apr-2012 - 20-Apr-2012
Location: Coimbra, Portugal
Contact Person: Aline Villavicencio
Meeting Email:
< click here to access email >
Web Site:
Linguistic Field(s): Computational Linguistics; General Linguistics; Linguistic Theories
Subject Language(s): Portuguese
Call Deadline: 06-Nov-2011
Meeting Description:
10th International Conference on the Computational Processing of Portuguese
Coimbra, Portugal April 17-20, 2012
Keynote Speakers:
Robert Berwick (MIT)
Paul Boersma (University of Amsterdam)
The International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR) is the main event in the area of Human Language Processing that is focused on theoretical and technological issues of written and spoken Portuguese. The meeting has been a very rich forum for the exchange of ideas and partnerships for the research communities dedicated to the automated processing of Portuguese, promoting the development of methodologies, resources and projects that can be shared among researchers and practitioners in the field. The conference will consist of 3 days of paper presentations, special tracks and workshops.
PROPOR is in its 10th edition and it has been hosted in Brazil and in Portugal: Lisbon/PT (1993), Curitiba/BR (1996), Porto Alegre/BR (1998), Evora/PT (1999), Atibaia/BR (2000), Faro/PT (2003), Itatiaia/BR (2006), Aveiro/PT (2008) and Porto Alegre/BR (2010).
Contact Information:
Final Call for Papers:
We invite submissions of papers describing work on any topic of language and speech processing of Portuguese from the industry or academia, including but not limited to:
1. Human speech production, perception and communication, including: Linguistic, mathematical and psychological models of language; phonetics, phonology and morphology; paralinguistic and nonlinguistic cues (e.g. emotion and expression);
2. Linguistic Description and Theories: syntactic, semantic, prosodic and anaphoric phenomena, in (computational) linguistic formalisms like HPSG, LFG, Categorial Grammars, etc.;
3. Natural Language Processing Tasks, including parsing, tagging, chunking and segmentation, annotation, evaluation, semantic role labeling, grammar induction, subcategorization acquisition, sentiment analysis and opinion mining, using symbolic or statistical methods, etc.;
4. Natural Language Processing Applications, such as word sense disambiguation dialect identification, machine translation, information retrieval, plagiarism detection, dialogue systems, question answering, subtitling, e-learning, etc.;
5. Speech Technologies, such as spoken language generation and synthesis; speech and speaker recognition; spoken language understanding;
6. Speech Applications: Spoken language interfaces and dialogue systems; systems for information retrieval and information extraction from speech; systems for speech-speech translation; applications for aged and handicapped persons; applications for learning and education;
7. Resources, standardization and evaluation: Spoken language resources, annotation and tools; Spoken language evaluation and standardization; NLP resources (raw and annotated corpora, dictionaries, grammars, ontologies, etc), annotation, tools; NLP evaluation and standardization;
8. Language and Speech processing in academic disciplines, such as Speech and Hearing sciences, Psychology, Health, Biology, Linguistics, Cognitive Sciences, Engineering, Education.
Important Dates:
November 6, 2011 - Deadline for short and full paper submission
December 16, 2011 - Notification of acceptance
January 15, 2012 - Camera-ready papers due
April 17-20, 2012 - Conference
Submissions should describe original, unpublished work. Authors are invited to submit two kinds of papers:
Full papers: reporting substantial and completed work, especially those that may contribute in a significant way to the advancement of the area - wherever appropriate, concrete evaluation results should be included.
Short papers: reporting ongoing work, position papers and potential ideas to be discussed.
Authors will be able to express their preference for full/short papers but the final decision is on the program chairs. Short papers may be selected for oral or poster presentation and should be up to five (5) pages of content and one (1) additional page of references in length. Full papers will be presented in an oral session and should be up to ten (10) pages of content and two (2) additional pages of references.
Submissions should be written in English. As in previous PROPOR editions, full papers will be published by Springer in the Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI), the LNCS subseries. Selected short papers will be taken under consideration for LNAI publication. Papers must be submitted in PDF, following the LNAI format (
), using Springer Conference Service of PROPOR2012.
Submissions will be evaluated by at least three reviewers. As reviewing will be blind, the submission should not include the authors' names and affiliations, neither contain self-references that reveal identity, like, 'We previously showed (Smith, 1991) ...'. Instead, use citations such as 'Smith (1991) previously showed ...'. Submissions that do not conform to these requirements will be rejected without review. Separate author identification information is required as part of the submission process.
Organizers and Contact:
General Chair
Fernando Perdigao (Universidade de Coimbra / IT - Portugal)
Technical Program Chairs
Aline Villavicencio (UFRGS, Brazil)
Antonio Teixeira (Universidade de Aveiro/IEETA, Portugal)
Editorial Chair
Helena Caseli (UFSCar, Brazil)
Demos Chair
Alberto Abad (L2F INESC-ID, Portugal)
Local Organizing Committee:
Luis Sa (Universidade de Coimbra/Instituto de Telecomunicacoes)
Sara Candeias (Instituto de Telecomunicacoes)
Ana R. Luis (Universidade de Coimbra/CELGA)
Carla Lopes (IPLEI/Instituto de Telecomunicacoes)
Hugo Goncalo Oliveira (UC/CISUC)
Contact Information:
Program Committee:
Alberto Simoes (UM, Portugal)
Aldebaro Klautau (UFPA, Brazil)
Alexandre Agustini (PUC-RS, Brazil)
Amalia Andrade (UL, Portugal)
Amalia Mendes (UL, Portugal)
Andre Adami (UCS, Brazil)
Andrea Rauber (UCPEL, Brazil)
Antonio Bonafonte (UPC, Spain)
Antonio Branco (UL, Portugal)
Antonio Rubio (UG, Spain)
Antonio Serralheiro (INESC-ID, Portugal)
Ariadne Carvalho (Unicamp, Brazil)
Ariani Di Felippo (UFSCAR, Brazil)
Belinda Maia (UP, Portugal)
Bento da Silva (UNESP, Brazil)
Berthold Crysmann (University of Bonn, Germany)
Carlos Prolo (PUC-RS, Brazil)
Carlos Teixeira (UL, Portugal)
Carmen Garcia Mateo (UV, Spain)
Caroline Gasperin (TouchType, UK)
Caroline Hagege (Xerox Research Centre, France)
Daniela Braga (Microsoft, China)
Dante Barone (UFRGS, Brazil)
Diana Santos (University of Oslo, Norway)
Doroteo Toledano (UAM, Spain)
Eduardo Lleida Solano (UZ, Spain)
Eric Laporte (Universite Paris Est, France)
Eva Navas (UBC, Spain)
Fabio Kepler (USP, Brazil)
Fabio Violaro (Unicamp, Brazil)
Fernando Resende (UFRJ, Brazil)
Gael Harry Dias (UBI, Portugal)
Gladis Barcellos (UFSCAR, Brazil)
Irene Rodrigues (UE, Portugal)
Isabel Fale (UAb, Portugal)
Isabel Trancoso (INESC-ID/IST, Portugal)
Ivandre Paraboni (USP, Brazil)
Jean-Luc Minel (Universite de Paris X, France)
Joao Balsa (UL, Portugal)
Joao Luis Garcia Rosa (USP-SC, Brazil)
Joao Paulo Neto (INESC-ID/IST, Portugal)
Joao Veloso (UP, Portugal)
Joaquim F. da Silva (UNL, Portugal)
Joaquim Llisterri Boix (UAB, Spain)
Jorge Baptista (U Alg., Portugal)
Jose Gabriel Lopes (UNL, Portugal)
Jose Joao Almeida (UM, Portugal)
Julia Hirschberg (Columbia University, USA)
Laura Alonso Alemany (University National of Cordoba, Argentina)
Leandro Oliveira (Embrapa, Brazil)
Lucia Rino (UFSCAR, Brazil)
Luis Oliveira (INESC-ID, Portugal)
Luis Sa (UC, Portugal)
Luisa Coheur (INESC-ID/IST, Portugal)
Luiz Pizzato (University of Sydney, Australia)
Marcelo Finger (USP, Brazil)
Marco Gonzalez (PUC-RS, Brazil)
Maria das Gracas Volpe Nunes (USP-SC, Brazil)
Maria Helena Mira Mateus (ILTEC, Portugal)
Mario Silva (IST/INESC-ID, Portugal)
Michel Gagnon (Ecole Polytechnique , Canada)
Miguel Sales Dias (Microsoft, Portugal)
Nuno Cavalheiro Marques (UNL, Portugal)
Nuno Mamede (INESC-ID/IST, Portugal)
Pablo Gamallo (University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain)
Palmira Marrafa (UL, Portugal)
Paulo Gomes (UC, Portugal)
Paulo Quaresma (UE, Portugal)
Plinio Barbosa (Unicamp, Brazil)
Ranniery Maia (Toshiba, Japan)
Renata Vieira (PUC-RS, Brazil)
Robert Dale (Macquarie University, Australia)
Ronado Teixeira Martins (Univas, Brazil)
Rove Chishman (Unisinos, Brazil)
Ruben San Segundo Hernandez (UPM, Spain)
Ruy Luiz Milidiu (PUC-Rio, Brazil)
Sandra Aluisio (USP-SC, Brazil)
Stanley Loh (UCPEL, Brazil)
Steven Bird (University of Melbourne, Australia)
Thiago Pardo (USP-SC, Brazil)
Tracy Holloway King (Microsoft, USA)
Valeria D. Feltrim (UEM, Brazil)
Vera Lucia Strube de Lima (PUC-RS, Brazil)
Violeta Quental (PUC-Rio, Brazil)
Vitor Rocio (UAb, Portugal)
Viviane Moreira (UFRGS, Brazil)
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text:
|Graphite pencil
Graphite pencil on bristol board is a very versatile technique. Pencil leads used are generally 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, H, 2H, 3H and 4H. B leads are softer and H leads are harder. The harder the lead, the lighter in tone the line or shading will be. Smooth gradations of tone can be achieved by applying graphite dust to the paper using a large, soft paint brush, or a paper stomp. Detail is added using a well sharpened pencil after tones are in place. Graphite can be removed with careful application of a kneaded eraser or finely ground soap eraser crumbs applied with a soft paint brush over the area to be lightened. The drawing should be lightly sprayed with fixative to keep the image from smearing.
Graphite pencil drawings of the Miocene fossil sand dollar, Abertella, and Triceratops skull by Mary Parrish.


text:
Celebrate the red, white, and blue with patriotic party supplies where the American flag is the star. From flag-themed tableware to patriotic decorations, favors, serving platters, and even costumes, everything's patriotically primed for a standout welcome home party, Memorial Day, or 4th of July. Set the scene with American flag bunting draped from the porch and lawn flags planted along the walkway; serve flag-themed cupcakes and cookies on treat stands topped by Old Glory. For parades, plays, and patriotic shows, we run the gamut of costumes – colonial, founding father, Uncle Sam, and even flag-striped partysuits. And for the kids, what better way to spend the day than racing about the yard with a spinning flag pinwheel in your hand?
Are you planning a big patriotic party this year?
Looking forward to the event, but not to all the work that goes into it?
With our themed patriotic decorations and party supplies, your all-American gathering doesn't have to be a hassle.
We've done the hard work for you, matching patriotic tableware, plates, cups, and napkins, party favors, patriotic party invitations, and flag decorations in themed party kits.
So focus on the grilled corn, the potato salad, and the background music to entertain your guests.
Leave the rest to us!
At Party City, the patriotic party is always affordable, unabashedly red white and blue, and fun!


text:
Now, I have returned to Bangkok as it seems the worst is over.
I have posted some photos on the dropbox site of some sold Puerh cake jars. These can be special ordered either in Onggi clay or porcelain. Glazing is shino with either ash, soda, or, carbon trap. Prices vary from $100 to $150 and can hold from 2 to 4 cakes. Special sizes can also be made.
http://www.dropbox.com/gallery/458415/1 ... e?h=8ab0ad


text:
by Anton Shilov
MicroStar International, a leading maker of mainboards and other electronics, has unveiled a new series of motherboards with voice control feature, Bluetooth 3.0, Wi-Fi 802.11n and other improvements. The new platforms from MSI will be based on Intel Corp.'s chipsets and will thus be compatible with the company's latest microprocessors.
A new family of mainboards with Voice Genie and MultiConnect panel is powered by Intel P67, Z68 and X79 chipsets and will become available shortly.
The MultiConnect Panel is equipped with a Bluetooth 3.0 module for quick connection via smartphones and tablets, and synchronization with notebooks. It also supports Wi-Fi 802.11n with a transfer rate of up to 150Mb/s, equipping desktop systems with true wireless networking capability. The OC Genie button on the panel allows users to boost system performance with one simple push. The USB ports connecting with the Super Charger on the mainboard supply power with voltage 3 times higher than conventional USB ports, allowing users to quickly charge their smartphones or tablets. The MultiConnect Panel has a standard 5.25" bezel design to fit in any 5.25" bay on a computer case.
MSI has been devoted to providing consumers with more intelligent technology for human-machine interaction. Voice Genie, a convenient-to-use voice control system, is the world's first voice control system with system startup control. Users can command the system to power on/off, open the browser, run MSI's exclusive control center, set the system to sleep mode, wake up the system, and run other functions via voice control. In addition, Voice Genie comes equipped with two sets of voice recognition and supports up to 8 customized voice commands.


text:
Friday, May 19, 2006
Two Kinds of Mathematics
It seems to me that mathematical theorems are either structural theorems or content. By structural I mean that they set up some machinery and show that the machinery does what we expected it to do, and content refers to 'surprising' facts about the mathematical universe. (I think 'structural' is a good choice of word here. 'Content' doesn't feel quite right but the best I could come up with.)
For example, think about a subject like algebraic topology. We start by learning about point set topology. We might define the product topology and then from that show that the projections from the product space to the original space are continuous. These are structural results. They simply tell us that we've defined the product topology in the right way, and the reason why they are the right way is that someone wanted to do topology on the cartesian product of sets and thought hard until they found a way to make this work. They (probably) didn't make a discovery like - hey, there's this amazing topology on the cartesian product that gives continuous projections. They set out to make the product topology in order to prove other stuff, like the way a silversmith or a computer scientist might make tools for themselves for a particular application.
On the other hand, people later started discovering bizarre properties of homotopy groups of spheres. Consider the Hopf fibration which is a beautiful way of building the 3-sphere out of 1-spheres. This was a genuine discovery. It's not just a trivial consequence of the topological machinery but a new result that wasn't plugged in from the beginning. That's what I mean by content.
You invent mathematical machinery, prove structural theorems about it which shows that it does what you want, and then you start discovering interesting results with the machinery. Most branches of mathematics have a mixture of both types of result. In group theory you might prove structural results like the isomorphism theorems which really just show that quotients are what you think they should be. And then you start discovering content like the fact that An is simple for n≥5.
Structural theorems tend to be more universal and feel more 'invented'. Content theorems are more specific and feel more 'discovered'. And I'm really talking about a spectrum rather than a binary classification.
Most branches of mathematics have a mixture of the two types of theorem. Typically the structure theorems are used as a tool to discover content. In some sense the content is the end and the structure is the means. But category theory seems different in this regard - it seems to be mainly about structure. Every time I read category theory I see ever more ingenious and abstract tools but I don't really see what I think of as content. What's hard in category theory is getting your head around the definitions and often the theorems are trivial consequences of these. For example consider the Yoneda lemma as described here. This is a pretty challenging result for beginning category theorists. And yet these notes say: "once you have thoroughly understood the statement, you should find the proof straightforward". This exactly fits with what I'm getting at: the theorem is an immediate consequence of the definitions and the proof essentially shows that the machinery does what you'd expect it to do.
Computer science (at least the more formal parts) is a lot like structural mathemtics. It's about inventing machinery (lambdas, coalgebras, state machines) and then proving that machinery does what you expect (diamond property of reductions in lambda calculus etc.). If we compare with group theory the differences become apparent. A mathematician might consider groups in general (general machinery), specialisations of groups such as rings and fields (more machinery) and then specific groups like the Monster or the alternating groups (content). A computer scientist will look at things like untyped lambda calculus, untyped lambda calculus, lambda calculus with this or that extension, but they tend not to look at specific instances in the way that there are specific groups.
Very rarely there is a content theorem that follows from the structural theorems about the tools of computer science. Here's one. 7 binary trees are isomorphic to one. This is a really neat bit of content. This isn't a direct consequence of the definition of trees. When trees were invented nobody thought "what structure can I invent that captures the notion that 7 of them is isomorphic to just one?". This is a discovery, a new result that wasn't plugged in from the beginning.
I guess there is another way to view category theory. As it is the mathematics of structure then in a sense the structure of other branches of mathematics is the content of category theory. It's probably fair to say that one person's content may be another person's content. But it's not unusual for a lecturer to say of their course "the first few weeks will be spent setting up the definitions and machinery and then we'll get onto the real content..."
And now I can reply to augustss. "Real mathematics" is mathematics where from time to time you prove content. And the reason why I said "it's time to get back to some real mathematics" is that much as I've been enjoying computer science lately, I need to see some non-structural content from time to time.
10 comments:
- david said...
One way of injecting some specificity into a topic treated by category theory is by looking at initial or free things. For example, the free monoidal category with duals on one object is the category of tangles. Then any monoidal functor to a category of this type will give you an invariant of tangles (and so knots). This is beginning to feel contentful. Even your Hopf fibration will be found nestled fairly low in amongst the n-categories (see p. 29 of
- Friday, 19 May, 2006
- sigfpe said...
Another vaguely 'specific' thing that pops out of category theory that I came across recently is this formulation of the Thompson F group.
There's also a curious 'contentful' fact that I wrote in this Wikipedia entry. It's so unusual for a statement in categorical language (plus a mention of Set Theory) to pin down something as specific as a number like 6 that I felt it warranted a mention on that page. Curiously one of the authors you cite, John Baez, wrote an article about this odd feature of 6 (see references in that Wikipedia entry), though he didn't mention the categorical formulation of the statement. (And JB wrote about the 7-trees in 1 example. There's a pattern here...)
Hmmm...I think that the most curious mathematics is often at the meeting point of the specific and the general. In particular, general definitions that still manage to single out specific objects.
- Friday, 19 May, 2006
- augustss said...
OK, I understand what you're saying.
And in some sense CS is about structural content. You want to make an artefact (a program) that you know does something (fulfills its specification), so there's no content there.
Still, there's some content now and then, like Reynold's parametricity theorem.
- Saturday, 20 May, 2006
- Suresh said...
Your comment about the lack of "content" theorems arising out of structure in computer science seems a bit misplaced, or at least ignores much of algorithms and computational complexity research.
To a large degree, algorithms is "all content"; structures are minimal, and most theorems are just surprising results. In complexity theory, there is more structure, but even there, there are many many surprising results, dating back to NP-Completeness itself, all the results about space and time and randomness, and many many more.
- Saturday, 20 May, 2006
- sigfpe said...
I don't know the Reynolds parametricity theorem but now you've mentioned it it's inevitable that I'll try to read up on it now.
Actually, this is great. Now people are going to post all kinds of interesting examples of computer science for me to read. Contentious statements are great for prompting people to say interesting things :-)
- Saturday, 20 May, 2006
- augustss said...
You can read Phil Wadler's paper "Theorems for free!".
(Sorry about the multiple posts, my browser and I were having a disagreement. :) )
- Saturday, 20 May, 2006
- Zorbid said...
Could "theorems about emerging properties" be a better word for the "content" theorems?
- Tuesday, 23 May, 2006
- sigfpe said...
zorbid: your phrase captures some of what I want to say - but it's a bit of a mouthful!
- Tuesday, 23 May, 2006
- Sina said...
I can see and agree with what you're saying, sorta. But I'm not convinced that a theorem is either 'structural' or 'content'. Many theorems I have seen were beautiful in 'content', but then found later on to see how useful they were in 'structure' (think Euler's formula for example). What I'm saying is that many theorems are both structural and content. Moreover, many theoroms are neither structural nor content. These are usually the trivial corollaries, sometimes not worth mentioning.
Maybe we should just grade each theorem out of 10, twice...once for 'structure' and once for 'content'.
Just kidding.
- Monday, 29 May, 2006
- silly girl said...
I am no mathematician, but when I was in high school I remember thinking that the two kinds of math were descriptive and prescriptive. So calculations that described natural phenomena like geometry, motion over time etc. were descriptive. However things like compound interest prescribe something like what you are willing to pay in order to have the use of someone's money.
- Thursday, 19 November, 2009
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text:
|Thread Tools
Anthrax -- Charlotte, NC -- November 5th, 2011
After arriving at The Fillmore and chatting a bit about the unfortunate passing of Cory Smoot, Death Angel hit the stage. These guys did one HELL of a job warming the crowd up for what was to come. Unlike the other two bands, DA mostly stuck to newer material, not playing a whole lot of their 80's stuff, but HOLY SHIT did these guys sound violent as hell. It was also quite funny hearing Mark get the name of the city wrong, calling it Raleigh instead of Charlotte . One of the best opening acts i've seen in a while, and i'd love to see them with a longer set.
Death Angel:
I Chose the Sky
Evil Priest
Claws in so Deep
Relentless Retribution
Seemingly Endless Time
The Ultra-Violence
Thrown to the Wolves
Testament were up next, and these guys DID NOT miss a fucking beat. They definitely lived up to their reputation as an incredible live act. From Gene's jackhammer drumming, to Alex's legendary guitar shredding, to Chuck's legendary air guitar shredding , they were in their element. The band played a good mixture of old-school classics, such as "Over the Wall" and the obligatory "Into the Pit", along with material from their two latest albums. This is where the show really started getting violent, as almost the entire floor had turned into an insane frenzy of moshing and crowdsurfing. Fucking amazing, plus they were the only band who got the name of the city right .
The Preacher
The New Order
The Persecuted Won't Forget
Envy Life
Over the Wall
Souls of Black
Into the Pit
Electric Crown
Henchmen Ride
More Than Meets the Eye
3 Days in Darkness
Disciples of the Watch
After what seemed like an eternity, the lights dimmed and the big guys themselves were finally onstage. To say they exceeded my expectations is an understatement. Joey sounded spot fucking on and his voice has aged well. Him and Scott worked the crowd all too well, even though Joey thought he was in South Carolina instead of North Carolina >_<. The crowd was INSANE. Some of the most insane and brutal moshpits i've ever seen; hell, you were getting the shit kicked out of you even if you were OUTSIDE the pit. I was up front and must have been punched and kicked by about ten different crowd surfers. One thing I really loved about their performance was how much of their stuff you could sing along to. There was no way you could just stand there and watch when everyone, and I mean EVERYONE, was yelling "AN-TI-SO-CIAL" and "IT'S A MADHOUSE" at the top of their lungs. The war dance during "Indians" was another highlight, including Scott pausing the song completely because he thought there weren't enough people participating. The Sepultura cover was pretty cool too, with Scott doing lead vocals and Joey playing drums with Charlie, even going so far as to throw out picks to the crowd, with Joey prompting everyone to try and hit Charlie in the head with the picks . An absolutely incredible way to crown off an epic show.
Earth on Hell
Fight 'Em Till You Can't
Caught in a Mosh
I'm Alive
The Devil You Know
Got the Time
In the End
Efilnikufesin (N.F.L.)
Among the Living
Metal Thrashing Mad
I Am The Law
Unless you absolutely despise thrash metal for some reason, there is no excuse for you not to miss this tour if it comes near you.
Last edited by AnataFan4Life; 11-07-2011 at 10:13 AM.
Yeah, great show, all 3 bands sounded and looked excellent. I was surprised at how good Anthrax was-- I was a little skeptical going in, but that was crushed quite quickly.
All the set lists I've seen from Death Angel always indicate "The Ultra Violence", but hell they only play about 1 minute or so of it...
I understood when they did Refuse/Resist over the summer when the guy from Sepultura was filling in for Scott on some shows but I don't understand what sense it makes now?
Very good review though. I know that Among had to go over really well with the crowd. They NEED to do that song at every show.
Funny that 2/3 bands got the city wrong
This tour indeed has turned out to be unmissable
A Broken Plane
A Broken Dream
A Broken Heart
A Broken Team
No Word Said
A Silent Vow
We Loved You Then
We Love You Now
...and what is up with getting the city/state wrong man??? If you are going to say "hey --city/state--" you better damn well check before you go on stage where you are....supposed to be 30 year +/- veterans for goodness sakes!
I was there - all in all a great night of thrash. The Fillmore is an excellent venue; old guys like me can hang on the 2nd level and get a good view of the stage and avoid flying boots.
Death Angel was great - too bad only a handful of songs.
Testament simply tore through their set - no BS, everyone completely comfortable, awesome set list. Eric's custom Dean guitar is sweet - I know Alex gets all the hype but Eric is the driving force behind their sound.
I haven't seen Anthrax in over 18 years, so I had no idea what to expect. Following that Testament set has to be daunting. They started out strong, but I thought they faded a bit in the middle. Too many lame extended song finishes. They did have a strong end to their set though, mostly thanks to Among The Living.
I believe they played 2 verses of Refuse/Resist - that was cool.
Like most, I think they could have added 2 more tunes for us. Pretty much anything would have done...
And to the guy I was chatting with who said I was crazy that I saw the Sound of White Noise tour in 1993 ("Nahhh, that album came out in like 2001!"), please go check the date on your CD case and suck it.
Last edited by Force10; 11-07-2011 at 12:44 PM. Reason: Clearing up some points
It just makes the band come off as fuckin lazy that in a 14 song set they need to waste time with something like that. Because people are there to hear Anthrax play Anthrax songs not Sepultura's. I know it's a strange concept for Scott and Charlie to understand that.
I get keeping Antisocial and GTT though. Much like Judas Priest with Diamonds & Rust and The Green Manilishi or Metallica with Am I Evil, the band has made the cover their song. Them doing Refuse/Resist is just one of those cases where I feel doing a cover isn't necessary.
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Fifteen-year-old Alexis Martinez (Pembroke Pines, Fla.) won the silver medal in the female finweight division on the opening day of the Pan American Taekwondo Championships in Caguas, Puerto Rico, on Friday.
Martinez opened the day with a victory of Columbia's Jessica Ramirez after the referee stopped the contest in the second round. She then went on to score a 5-3 win over 2007 Junior Pan Am Champion Yvette Yong of Canada, and then a 5-3 victory over Puerto Rico's Zoraida Santiago to reach the final. In the gold medal match, Martinez lost a tight 2-1 decision to Mexico's Laura Rojo.
The Pan Am Championships are using the LaJust electronic scoring system during the weekend's competition.
The other three American fighters in action on Friday all lost in their first-round matches. Male finweight Charles Smith (Fort Washington, Md.) dropped a 5-4 decision to Luis Casado of the Dominican Republic, male heavyweight Brett Schuschereba (Derry, N.H.) lost to Haiti's Jimmy Chery, 5-1, and female heavyweight Lauren Cahoon (Jacksonville, Fla.) lost 1-0 to Puerto Rico's Lydia Nieves.


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Congratulations to all the winners of Fun.'s Some Nights Preorder Contest! There's still a chance for you to win the final week's prize: Jack's personal "Big Muff" pedal that was used to create the guitar distortion sounds on the album, signed by the band.
Click HERE to see all the Some Nights preorder options and place your order by midnight EST and you'll be entered to win it!


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Ford Has A Sense of Humor
December 13, 2007 By
I wrote my first ad for a political candidate when I was 17 years old. She won her race and I felt the seductive power of advertising for the first time. Today—after working for seven agencies in five states—I am head of brand strategy and creative direction at Bonehook in Portland, Oregon.
AdPulp.com offers an inside look at topical issues in brand communications, plus an eclectic sampling of creative output from around the world.
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Fresh and Wispy Blonde Bob
This hairstyle is simple enough, as it covers the ears and has been styled in the front with the longs bangs coming down far past the eye level. The hair texture is thin and also pin straight.A short haircut is really nice especially with the summer heat. The hair has been rounded around the edges.The blonde hair colour is a very fresh colour.
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