text:
Recovery Act: How GSA Can Help Federal Agencies
For government agencies receiving funds as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, GSA offers an array of innovative products, services, and buildings and real estate solutions so agencies can use Recovery funds more effectively.
Here agencies can learn more about complete customer options in Energy and Environmental; Engineering, Professional, Technical, and Business Consulting; Facilities, Modernization, and Management; and Technology and Telecommunications.
By using GSA, government agencies will promote the transparency and accountability mandated by the economic recovery plan.
Please return to this page for regular updates on GSA Recovery solutions.
GSA's contracting options provide customers with the flexibility to structure orders in many different ways, while meeting specific reporting requirements.
The GSA Schedules Program can help federal agencies meet their economic recovery goals.
How GSA schedules can help:
- Ordering vehicles covers many projects funded by the Plan
- Schedules contractors are leaders in their field
- Customer requirements can be customized
- Awards under schedules reduce upfront acquisition planning times and cost
- Online tools make it fast and easy to perform market research and get quotes
Customers can also turn to GSA's Assisted Acquisition Services for complete contracting support. AAS has proven expertise in formulating and executing Information Technology and Professional Services acquisitions and projects.
Purchase Recovery items using GSA SmartPay® 2 charge card >>
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Federal agencies in transition that need to quickly acquire IT services and solutions can rely on GSA to provide streamlined solutions that adhere to the federal acquisition regulations.
Facilities, Modernization, and Management
Agencies that are improving and modernizing their facilities can leverage GSA schedules and specific programs provided by GSA's Public Buildings Service.


text:
Topic: Payment gateways?
I'm about to launch a commercial app, but haven't figured out yet how I want to get paid after the beta. Any suggestions on a good payment gateway?
This is an archive from Rails Forum. Check out the new community here!
A forum for Ruby on Rails users
Rails Forum - Ruby on Rails Help and Discussion Forum » Application Theory & Strategy » Payment gateways?
Pages 1
I'm about to launch a commercial app, but haven't figured out yet how I want to get paid after the beta. Any suggestions on a good payment gateway?
They're all the same, generic, it's like asking for recommendation for paper towels. The biggest issue I faced was supplying the underwriting information they required, in which case using the same credit card processing house my bank used helped.
What about merchant accts and all that jazz? Im dismissing what i thought i knew about this stuff. Trying to figure out how to go from zero to tAking cards online...
have you thought about using something like google check out or pay pal's version?
Well, you should really start by looking at Active Merchant.
This will give you a consistent interface to many many payment gateways.
Have a play with PayPal or Google checkout using Acitve Merchant and then expand a bit to others that you might be intersted in using.
There are some good Railscasts on this
#141 - #143 http://railscasts.com/episodes/141-paypal-basics deals with implementing PayPal yourself
#144 - #145 http://railscasts.com/episodes/144-acti ant-basics deals with ?Using Active Merchant and then #146 deals with PayPal express
Paypal's a good starting point as they offer merchant account and processing rolled into one. The online Paypal Manager is quite good too.
Braintree specialise in Rails projects and their tech support guys will help you out (to a certain extent) with integrating. I think they had a minimum transaction limit at one time but it might have been removed now.
Good idea!
I personally love wepay.com
Here is why I don't usually want to store user credit card info on my server for liability issues. However unless you sign up for their highest level membership and write a-lot of back end code paypal and many of the others is nothing more than a publicly view-able form that posts to pay palls server. This gives the user insights into the variable names and also allows them to change them. They can use inspect element or curl but the point is they can literally change any of the variable they send pay pal. Wepay is super bad ass in your controller you just tell them the amount and some other data and their server sends back a url to redirect the user to. The user then pays through them and gets redirected to a place of your choosing. A response is also sent from wepay to your server which you can handle as you please. In my onion this the best solution out there. Oh and all of this can be done with about 12 lines of ruby code I was happy when I found this gem.
Last edited by tyger86 (2012-12-09 03:27:55)
Pages 1
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Oh, Deer: Archers Should Be Allowed In City
To the Readers' Forum:
I live on Linwood Avenue in Celoron. I have 43 rose bushes in back of my garage and along the sides. Last year the deer ate all of the buds and blossoms. Then I fenced in the area behind the garage and the deer tore that down and continued to destroy my roses! They also eat other plants around my house. One even came up on my back porch!
I am sure the neighbors around my area would not object to a deer harvest as they are also victims.
Why not have archers eliminate the deer? I have a large wooded area behind my house and they could even stand on my back porch and shoot. The arrows would not travel a long distance. I am sure the neighbors in my area would have no objection, nor would the residents on the other side of the wooded area. Beverly Lindstrom, who lives in that area, is also troubled by the deer.
Also, another area that archers could hunt from is the Greek Club on the corner of Jackson and Linwood Avenues. There are always deer in that large fenced in area. Contact Andrew Laurey – he is the caretaker there.
Carisse G. Bush


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back in the 60s the beatles 8 track usually had an extra song on it that the album did not.or maybe that was the 70s.that was due to the capitol butchers.i only noticed this about 10 years ago.it never plagued me but was interesting none the less.you ever notice that?
if you do not know what an 8 track is leave now.[:p][:D]


text:
>Runner's World - My Event Ratings>
In short: excellent race well organised and very challenging would recommend to.put it your race dairy for next yearDate of review: June 10, 2012
In short: Great race will defianatley be back next yearIn full: Would recce the course first if you can some parts are quite tricky and you can easily take a wrong path in the wrong direction. There were quite few places where runners were coming from all directions including the finish. It was a brilliant day with great people and Liam if your on here I forgot to get your number after running with for over 12 hours thanks for sharing your water after my bladder burst :-) M. FoxDate of review: September 13, 2011
In short: excellent race third time of running and gets better every year nice that the organisers listen to runner and implement ideas to improve the race :-) Date of review: July 18, 2011
Date of review: October 26, 2009
In short: Every race i do in bexhill is a joy. excellent organisation can't wait for poppy 1/2 marathonDate of review: October 6, 2009
In short: hard race manliy due to lack of training and glasto the week before would recommend and look forward to next year.Date of review: July 6, 2009
In short: A hard race but very enjoyableDate of review: May 11, 2009
In short: Windy but worth it good P.B courseIn full: Very windy on the day but still got a PB as it is very flat. Would definelty recommend freindlt astomosphere and nice cakes and medal. Hopefully see ya next year.Date of review: November 10, 2008
Visit the official Runner's World page
Follow Runner's World on Twitter
Click here
Other Natmag-Rodale Sites
Run For Charity
Injury Clinics
About Runner's World


text: The Younger Gods (The Dreamers, Book 4) : As the time approaches for the Younger Gods to take their rightful places in the world . . . The attacks of the dreadful insect queen known as the Vlagh have been repelled in three of the Elder Gods' realms. Now, only the land ruled by the Goddess Aracia remains for the Vlagh to attack. The Creatures of the Vlagh have become too canny for the old tricks and pose an even bigger threat. and the Goddess Aracia herself is out of control - she craves worship and hates the idea of being replaced by a younger God when her times comes to an end. The Land of Dhrall has never before seen in such peril.


text:
Holmes Rib Injury - Cromartie #1 on WR Depth Chart
Discussion in 'NFL Football Forum' started by goheels22002, Aug 4, 2012.
- Thread Status:
- Not open for further replies.
- Thread Status:
- Not open for further replies.
For the AM Crowd https://t.co/BqLbHJGPxb
ICYMI - https://t.co/zdZKzKfWnU The roster turnover since then on the Patriots illustrates why NFL can be short for Not For Long.
Patriots have achieved tough task of earning Bill Belichick's respect, as coach tips his cap to players. https://t.co/VCG47CCvP9 #Patriots
That's a first. https://t.co/Vy235dEpLc
My Dream Velfie. @CSNNE #TanguayTakesAmerica . https://t.co/MkDbTWJl0T
@ryjacques U watch stupid. they pay nfl because you watch. so stop watching. do us both a favor.
@rtmcnamara @ryjacques Then why you writing to me? I didn't write u.
RT @Athletes4Him: God changes lives.
@ricked82 Not that I've heard of. I doubt it.
👀👀👀👀 this was my show back in the day lol https://t.co/PRT0rWrFqm
@PeterIBreen it's weird because he knows football. Just a strange blind spot
@Murphy71342 Word. Appreciate you
@ricked82 By every statistical measure, any analytic, Ryan and Brady were 1-2 this season.
RT @HamillHimself: The wait for VIII begins... https://t.co/2X6AXnz9yx
RT @Patriots: This was awesome. @BonJovi + #PatriotsNation https://t.co/CsiWp5Yn5u
RT @MiamiHEAT: #HEATwin ! Your @MiamiHEAT defeat the Golden State Warriors 105-102 for their 4th consecutive victory! #HEATwin https://t.c…
RT @SportsCenter: Ice in his veins! ❄ https://t.co/osgOKwmIS0
RT @PlayersTribune: "Pats fans y'all are spoiled. Yeah, I said it. Spoiled. Winning will do that." https://t.co/PFxrazZJfH
@MarcusPapas he whiffed on at least back-to-back plays, but I haven't gotten there yet
Did you know that Mike was asked to coach? 92. ... 93. ... https://t.co/F4wsYrzaS0
Patriots knew exactly how Steelers would react, to the point that Edelman never stopped moving, started walking to new spot.
RT @SportsCenter: Tom Brady is on the cover for ESPN The Magazine's Super Bowl Preview Issue. https://t.co/u5NKMkgtbw
That was the Patriots toying with, out-coaching the Steelers. One team was playing chess, other checkers.
RT @MasterGuns1313: Here's The Real Women's March ... https://t.co/KqK5wAD5bC
Discussion in 'NFL Football Forum' started by goheels22002, Aug 4, 2012.


text:
You limited your search to:
Partner: UNT Libraries
Country: New Zealand
Country: Uganda
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 4, Number 3, 2007
Date: 2007
Creator: Lean, Geoffrey
Description: Tunza is a UNEP magazine for and by young people. This issue is devoted to the value of forest ecosystems.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Women and the Environment
Date: 2004
Creator: United Nations Environment Programme
Description: This publication focuses on the gender-related aspects of land, water, and biodiversity conservation and management.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


text:
Ok I know this is porn but what the fuck was Digital Playground thinking? They sent me a press release about Kaydens appearance on Stossel at 8PM, two hours before the event happened, even though they had known about it for days.
WTF If your only goal is to get it mentioned in AVN then I guess it makes sense but any news outlet, specially mainstream has a much longer lead time than that. Even I have a longer lead time, if not for me nobody at all would have known to watch it. Hell may as well not even have sent it, people didn't even have enough time to program the TIVO to record it?
And they have the fucking gall to bitch at me for breaking the story TWELVE FUCKING HOURS AFTER THEY SHOULD HAVE BROKEN IT….What they should have done is thanked me….I am awaiting an apology…LOL NOT.
Adell would never have been that slack….
One word comes to mind….Idiots


text:
Good day everyone!
So, my guitar is EPIPHONE EJ160E JOHN LENNON SERIES, which use a nickel string (to produce that beatles sound) instead the bronze one. By the way, just for additional information, not so important though, my guitar already has a pick up that John Lennon used to use it for ELECTRIC SOUND. Then I looking for a M80 to take the Acoustic Sound.
Well, can anyone tell me how the M80 works and sounds with the nickel string, please? (compared with the original sound of an acoustic guitar with nickel string, don't compare it with the original sound of the bronze acoustic guitar)
Okay, I'm waiting for anyone responses, this is my last consideration to buy it after watching a lot of review videos. Thank you in advance!


text:
Myles Porter visited Chicago as an ambassador for USA Judo
Myles Porter watching randori at the Menomonee Judo Club
2012 Paralympic Games silver medalist Myles Porter has completed his four day visit to Chicago as an ambassador for USA Judo. During his stay, Myles participated in a variety of events at Judo clubs throughout the city. The trip was an opportunity for Chicago's up and coming Paralympic Judo players to meet and train with Porter.Menomonee Judo Club was named a Paralympic National Training Site by USA Judo back in May, 2012.
On Friday evening ( November 10th ), the Menomonee Judo Club hosted a reception for Myles. They celebrated not only him winning the Silver Medal in the men's 100kg division at the London 2012 Paralympic Games, but also becoming the first U.S. judo player to be ranked number one in both the Olympic (sighted) and Paralympic (non-sighted) categories in his weight class. Myles achieved that
feat ten days ago by winning the Dallas Invitational.
More than 75 members of Menomonee Judo attended the reception at Stanley's Kitchen and Tap. Menomonee Judo Club was named
a Paralympic National Training Site by USA Judo back in May, 2012.
Porter made a total of 13 appearances during his time in Chicago. The programs he visited included, Blair Early Childhood Center ( Blair Stars Judo Club ) and three Chicago Park District locations ( Norwood Park Judo Club, Chase Park Judo Club and Davis Square Park Judo Club ). All of these clubs are part of Menomonee Judo and run by Brett Wolf and his staff. A huge part of the success of Paralympic Judo in Chicago has been the commitment of World Sport Chicago. World Sport Chicago is the legacy of Chicago's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. They have used countless resources to build grassroots programs in neighborhoods throughout Chicago. "
I want to thank USA Judo, World Sport Chicago and the Chicago Park District for making this visit possible. Myles did a fantastic job of connecting with our participants.I can't say enough about his commitment to moving Paralympic Judo here in the United States forward." said Brett Wolf, the head instructor of the Menomonee Judo Club.
Plans are already in motion for Myles to visit Chicago again in Spring 2013. " At this point of my career, I realize that it's about more than just winning matches and medals. I cherish being a role model for the next generation of players. I want to show them that through hard work and dedication, anything is possible." explained Porter.
For more information about the Paralympic Judo programs in Chicago, please visit www.brettwolfjudo.com


text:
Today, Secretary Clinton met with Irish Foreign Minister Michael Martin. Secretary Clinton said, "I am delighted to be standing here with the foreign minister. Because of our personal relationship and because of the close relationship between our two countries, we always look forward to these visits. And I'm also going to be meeting later with other friends and particularly looking forward to seeing the Taoiseach tonight at the American-Ireland Fund gala. It may go without saying, but I'll say it anyway, that the United States and Ireland have a close historic, cultural, familial relationship. Millions of Americans trace their ancestry back to Ireland and are very proud to do so, not just on St. Patrick's Day but all year long."
The Secretary continued, "On March 9th, the Northern Ireland Assembly voted to complete the process of devolution, an important step toward realizing the promise of the Good Friday Agreement and the St. Andrews Agreement, and achieving a full and lasting peace for the people of Northern Ireland. Foreign Minister Martin and his government played a vital role in helping the parties come together to take this step. I know for a fact that he was there for long days and sleepless nights during the Hillsborough negotiations because I spoke to him during the two-to-three-hour a.m. period during one of those nights.
"And I know that he and the Taoiseach and not only the government but the people of Ireland will continue to support the leaders of Northern Ireland as they shoulder these new responsibilities. So I thank you, Minister, for your leadership and persistence, and we will be discussing the way forward, as we just have in our meeting, during today and tomorrow, as well as a range of other issues of common concern.
"I am particularly looking forward to the upcoming Millennium Development Goals summit in September around the time of the United Nations General Assembly. The United States and Ireland have agreed to co-host a sidelines event highlighting global hunger, food security, and nutrition. I want to commend Ireland for its commitment to devoting 20 percent of its assistance budget to meet the urgent challenge of global hunger. This is a priority for both of our governments, but it's a historical passion and cause for Ireland.
"Ireland is already helping to increase food security in Malawi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and other places. They are targeting maternal and infant malnutrition. Ireland's great famine looms large in the history of both of our countries, and we understand what a destabilizing and destructive force hunger still is in too many places around our globe. And I appreciate, particularly during these very difficult economic times, the commitment and generosity of the Irish people. On this and so many other fronts, Ireland is a valued partner."
Read the Secretary's full remarks here.


text:
Modern Curled Back Bangs with Very Slick Locks
In this black and white picture this woman has long straight hair. The fringe is brushed back and curled very high on top. She also has a part on both sides near the top.Her hair is cut long.She appears to have a dark shade of color.
Sanrizz International Salon Hair: Sanrizz Artistic Team Mua: Lee Pearson Photography: David Goldman Styling: Rachel Bakewell


text:
This Fourth of July, thousands of Foreign Service officers will spend the holiday overseas, representing the United States in countries all over the world. We sometimes forget, however, that these diplomats are not the only ones celebrating Independence Day far away from home -- their families are right there with them.
There are thousands of school-aged dependents of Department of State employees currently living overseas, and the Fourth of July holiday is a day that these children take a break from learning daily life lessons about a foreign culture to celebrate their own country's history and what it means to be American. Embassies and consulates throw Independence Day parties for the mission families, giving the American kids a chance to eat hot dogs, participate in fun runs and even watch fireworks -- all like they would do in a small town in the United States.
As the daughter of a Foreign Service officer, I loved celebrating the Fourth of July overseas with the embassy community. When I once complained to my mother that I didn't have a hometown in the United States where I knew everyone and felt perfectly at ease, my mother, herself from a small town in Michigan, made the excellent point that I was from a small American hometown: our embassy. In many ways, running around the Independence Day picnic for embassy families was a yearly visit to small town America.
Secretary of State John Kerry was a Foreign Service kid himself, so he knows firsthand what it is like to grow up in a country and culture not your own. As he visits our embassies around the world, the Secretary meets with the staff and families at our missions and has made a point to bring the children of staff up to the stage with him, so that they can be thanked for the sacrifices they make so their parents can work for our country.
To all those little patriots who support their parents' service: happy Fourth of July, wherever your hometown may be.


text:
ITEM DESCRIPTION: This short, dark and epic trailer intro teaser contains huge drums, digital sound effects, scary risers and fast percussion. This is one of my most intense tracks ever made and is perfect for any trailer intro that needs to get your crowd on the verge of insanity
MAIN INSTRUMENTS: Deep, huge digital manipulated Taiko drums, screaming synthesizer horns, fast digital percussion ryhtms and epic full orchestra risers.
ADDITIONAL INFO: This items contains the main file and a seperate cut of the sting sounds (0:08)
Browse our portfolio faster by using our most popular collections:
VideoHive Items Using This Track:


text:
Re: Best Rails Text editor
Created by Allan Odgaard for Mac OS X TextMate a universal GUI text editor. The notable feature includes a declarative definition, open the tab for the document, record macros, folding sections and preview, and bundle system shell integration and expansion.
Last edited by danielcraig (2012-12-12 06:09:41)


text:
13406 E. Philadelphia St. Whittier, CA 90608
Uptown Whittier
Whittier's small-town feel largely stems from this historic shopping district, with its number of funky boutiques, upscale antiques shops, and cafés that line the main drag, Greenleaf Avenue. Here, you'll find places like Whittier Cinema (8 screens), the Little Old Bookshop (used books), and Penny Lane (music), Melrose Vintage (apparel) to name a few. For a listing of businesses in Uptown Whittier, click here.
Whittwood Town Center
Located at Whittier Boulevard and Santa Gertrudes Avenue (about 3.5 miles from campus), this revitalized, outdoor shopping plaza offers restaurants, retail and specialty shops, including Target, Vons Market, J.C. Penney, as well as an L.A. Fitness Club. For a complete listing of the Whittwood businesses, click here.
The Quad At Whittier
Located at the intersection of Painter Avenue and Whittier Boulevard (about 1.5 miles from campus), The Quad offers a number of shopping and dining choices, including anchor establishments Ralph's Grocery Store, Rite-Aid Pharmacy, Old Navy, Anna's Linens, Burlington Coat Factory, Staples (office supply), and Michael's (art supplies). For a listing of businesses at The Quad, click here.
La Habra Marketplace
Located at Beach Boulevard and Imperial Highway in Orange County (about 8.5 miles from campus), the La Habra Marketplace is an outdoor shopping center, which includes a number of chain retail stores and dining, such as Border's (bookstore), Regal Cinemas (16 screens), Sportmart, and Aaron Brothers' Art Mart. For a listing of businesses at La Habra Marketplace, click here.
Puente Hills Mall
Only 7.5 miles from campus stands the Puente Hills Mall, a more traditional, indoor facility, with several hundred specialty shops, retail, and restaurant options, including Macy's, Circuit City, Sears, and the AMC Movie Theaters (20 screens). For a listing of businesses at the Puente Hills Mall, click here.


text:
Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
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Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
versión On-line ISSN 2411-9717
versión impresa ISSN 0038-223X
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.112 no.8 Johannesburg ene. 2012
Numerical simulation of shear fracture evolution in laboratory-scale samples
D.P. Roberts
AngloGold Ashanti, South Africa
This investigation aimed to simulate the experiments performed by Nic Gay (Gay, N.C. 1976. Fracture growth around openings in large blocks of rock subjected to uniaxial and biaxial compression. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Minining Sciences and Geomechical Abstracts, vol. 13. pp. 231-243) on fracture growth around openings in blocks of rock subjected to uniaxial and biaxial compression, using the Elfen discrete element code. The results of the physical experiments indicated a number of trends that were successfully replicated in the numerical simulations, including crushing ahead of the face, the formation of a sub-vertical tensile fracture at centre-span, the formation of groups of fractures originating from the crushed face zone, the formation of large corner-to-corner fractures which precede sample failure, and linking of slot corner and sample corner fractures leading to sample failure.
In addition, other features were apparent that were not reported by Gay. It is believed that these took the form of conjugate shear fractures (as reported by Gay in a previous paper) and other features that may have been altered or inhibited by the presence of pre-existing structure in the physical samples. It was found that the samples, though nominally made up of the same rock type, must have had significantly differing properties. The presence of preexisting structures may have contributed to this discrepancy. Strain measurements from the physical experiments were reasonably well matched, except where the gauge lay directly in the path of advancing fractures.
Keywords: shear fracture, modelling, Mohr-Coulomb criterion.
Nic Gay conducted a series of tests on rock blocks subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading (Gay, 1976). Each block contained a slot, which in some tests was extended while under load to simulate mining. The resulting fracture patterns around these slots were examined in detail and trends were suggested for the influence of stress ratio, material type, and pre-existing planes of weakness.
The aim of this exercise is to replicate the results obtained by Gay using numerical modelling. Gay reported the appearance of shear fractures that are analogous to those that occur at the edges of deep-level gold mining excavations. The formation of these fractures is often associated with damaging seismicity (Lenhardt and Hagan, 1990) Ultimately, we wish to predict the occurrence and severity of such events using non-linear numerical modelling. This work aims to demonstrate that such modelling is capable of replicating the fracturing obtained in the controlled setting provided by Gay's experiments.
Results are compared in terms of the features and trends observed by Gay. Strain gauges placed around the slots also provide data for comparison.
Gay's experiments
Experimental setup
A series of tests were conducted on specimens of sandstone and quartzite. These specimens were machined to dimensions of 100 mm χ 100 mm x 75 mm. Each contained a slot machined all the way through the sample (parallel to the short axis). These slots were 2-5 mm wide and of various lengths, with a reported average length of 25 mm.
In some of the samples, designated 'mining tests', the size of the slot was extended by filing away the faces incrementally. In these tests, the initial opening was either a 5 mm diameter hole or a 5 mm x 10 mm slot. These samples were tested under constant load.
The 'static tests' were performed on samples with slots of approximately the same size. The samples were loaded in a steel frame. An initial confinement was supplied by tightening a series of cap screws against steel plates adjacent to the sample. The full lateral load was applied by pressurizing flat-jacks placed between the frame and the plates. Vertical loads were applied by the piston of a compressive testing machine.
Most of the tests were performed on sandstone samples. Three samples of quartzite were tested at different confining stresses:
C13 Unconfined (static test)
C17 33 MPa confinement (static test)
C18 27 MPa confinement (mining test).
Gay's paper mentions the presence of bedding planes and pyrite bands within the quartzite samples, but he describes them only in terms of their influence on results.
Experimental results
A typical cross-section through a static-tested unconfined quartzite sample (C13) is presented in Figure 1. Crushing is observed adjacent to both 'faces' of the slot. A roughly vertical fracture extends downwards from the centre of the slot. Families of fractures extend from the slot corners sub-vertically over the solid, some of which curve back over the slot. The bedding plane above the slot clearly affects the fracture pattern, providing a channel for the formation of a sub-horizontal fracture, and initiating another crack which curves over the slot, possibly terminating on another bedding plane above.
Similar features were observed in the result from sample C17 (Figure 2). In this test the bedding planes had an even more profound influence on the fracturing pattern. A major fracture extending from the right corner over the slot runs adjacent to a bedding plane, interrupting and altering the fracture 'family' originating in the left corner.
Face crushing and the central tensile fracture are observed. Curving of the fractures over the slot is evident, but may also be associated with unidentified bedding planes in the bottom portion of the sample.
Fracture maps for the biaxial mining test (C18) are presented in Figure 3. Gay states that the orientation of fracturing in the quartzite samples is 'controlled mainly by the bedding planes'. Comparison of the results was therefore difficult. The sandstone samples were not as strongly affected by pre-existing features and could therefore be interpreted more readily. Figure 4 shows the influence of horizontal stress on the fracture pattern for various mining models, curving over the slot at high confinement (a) and, at low confinement, forming fractures which ultimately extend all the way to the model corners (c).
The fracture evolution for a sandstone sample mined out from a central drill hole is shown in Figure 5. This sample was slightly smaller than mentioned above (75 mm χ 75 mm χ 75 mm) and was loaded in uniaxial compression. The vertical load was 400 kN (71.1 MPa). The major features observed were spalling of the faces and sub-vertical fracturing, which appears to dip over the slot at first, and then over the solid at much larger spans.
Common features of the fracture patterns
Figure 6 shows the locations and orientations of the fractures expected in the numerical results. These features can be summarized as follows:
Central sub-vertical crack
- This feature is a tensile fracture which tends to occur either above or below the slot. In the mining models, the crack appears above and below the slot.
Face crushing
- Spalling occurs in the face area, resulting in a zone of crushed material in this region.
The sub-vertical family
- Groups of fractures oriented sub-parallel to the major applied stress appear around the slot corner or crushed face zone. These cracks tend to curve over the slot at high confinement, and remain vertical or dip over the solid at low confinement. In the mining models they tended to appear singly at low spans and then appear in families at larger spans.
Domical and sub-horizontal fractures
- At high confinements, fracture zones from the slot corners coalesce, forming sub-horizontal or domical fracture zones over or under the slot.
Corner-to-corner shear fractures
- At low or no confinement and large spans, shear fractures extend from the slot corners to the corners of the sample, effectively failing the sample and ending the test.
Previous simulation of Gay's experiments and similar modelling
Sellers (1994) and Sellers and Scheele (1996) simulated the appearance of tensile and shear damage zones in Gay's experiments using an anisotropic damage model within the ABAQUS finite element code. Modelled principal strains were also well-matched with those measured in the experiments. Computer limitations at the time necessitated the analysis of coarse, simple models by today's standards, and it was not possible to model the strain softening processes associated with macro-fracturing. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that the main features of Gay's experiments could be replicated using numerical modelling techniques.
Napier and Hildyard (1992) conducted a similar exercise using the boundary element code DIGS, where displacement discontinuities (DDs) are introduced to simulate fractures. Crack growth (extension of the DDs) is executed based on the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shear stress ahead of the crack tip.
The central tensile fracture was allowed to develop initially, in conjunction with the first of a series of three shear fractures growing from the excavation corner. The innermost (closest to the centre of the model) fracture was permitted to grow first, followed by the middle fracture, then by the outermost fracture. At each stage, fracture growth progressed until various criteria were satisfied, or until they were naturally inhibited by changes in the stress field.
Their results showed the progressive development of shear fractures from the excavation corners. Fractures were oriented as observed in Gay's experiments: over the slot at high confinement, trending towards vertical as the confinement was reduced, eventually dipping entirely over the solid. The effect of bedding planes was also studied, and it was shown that the beds altered the orientation and extent of the developing fractures.
Numerical modelling
The Elfen finite/discrete element code was used to simulate these tests. Elfen uses an explicit integration scheme similar to that employed by FLAC and UDEC. Elfen is inherently dynamic, and requires that damping is used to obtain quasi-static solutions. Damage is modelled using a combined Mohr-Coulomb/rotating crack strain-softening criterion. The material yields in tension or shear, according to the MohrCoulomb criterion. When sufficient plastic strain has accumulated to exhaust the specified fracture energy, a discrete fracture is generated within the mesh. The faces of the fracture then interact via penalty-based contact laws (Klerck, 2000). Crushed material effectively becomes an assemblage of discrete bodies interacting naturally, though the resistance to further deformation offered by these bodies is determined by the response at the end of the strain-softening curve.
The introduced fractures can take any orientation, but for these models are restricted to element boundaries only. This reduces run times and improves the stability of the analysis, but forces the fracture orientation to conform to the mesh. In Napier and Hildyard (1992), the authors note that the
'process of shear growth comprises a complex sub-structure of linked fractures to form a shear zone of finite thickness' and noted that they assumed that the 'macro-zone can be modelled as a displacement discontinuity "cut" in the medium'. In this paper the shear zone is represented by a series of arbitrarily oriented inter-element fractures, though these fractures occur at a very different scale to the real 'substructure of linked fractures'. The question here, then, is whether the shear fracturing process is adequately simulated given the forcing of individual fracture orientations and the resulting scale discrepancy.
Parameters for the strain-softening model were obtained by simulating laboratory tests performed on representative materials. The 'static' and 'mining' experiments were then simulated in detail and the numerical results compared with the experimental.
Material calibration
It is important when using strain-softening material models to ensure that the element size is appropriately selected, is of constant size in the softening region, and remains constant in all models (Vermeer and de Borst, 1984; and Cundall, 1989). The controlling dimension in these models is the face length (2 mm). Previous experience with Elfen has shown that 5 to 10 elements along the controlling dimension is sufficient to capture failure processes. The mesh edge length was chosen as 0.2 mm, which gives 10 elements along the length of the face. Models contained around half a million elements and run times were of the order of 20 to 35 hours for the largest models.
A material representative of typical quartzite was created based on a series of compressive and Brazilian tests (Chen, 2008). Maraisburg quartzite was chosen as representative of quartzite as it showed the most typical and consistent behaviour. The average linear elastic properties and density are:
Young's modulus: 70 GPa
Poisson's ratio: 0.23
Density: 2700 kg/m3
The results from the UCS and triaxial tests performed on the material are presented in Table I.
The UCS determined from a best fit to a Mohr-Coulomb approximation is 224 MPa (average: 227.5 MPa, standard deviation: 38.35 MPa) and the slope of the σ1-σ3 relationship (β0) is 6.05. The values from the best fit indicate a maximum cohesion of 45.5 MPa and a friction angle of 45.75°.
UCS, triaxialand Brazilian tests were simulated numerically. The material parameters were fine-tuned until a good match was obtained between numerical and laboratory results. The strain-softening material curves were generated using the guidance of Ryder and Jager (2002). Stress-strain curves for the uniaxial tests and simulation are compared in Figure 7.
The σ1-σ3 relationships, obtained from triaxial tests and numerical simulations, are shown in Figure 8. The strain-softening material model used to obtain these results is shown in Figure 9. From the Brazilian test results, the tensile strength was determined as 14 MPa, with a fracture energy ( Gf ) of 500 J/m2.
Limited information was supplied on the sandstone used in Gay's experiments. A 'speculative' sandstone material was generated with properties obtained from Klerck et al. (2004).
The sandstone modelled in that paper had similar properties to those quoted by Gay (E = 35 GPa, υ = 0.19 and UCS « 100 MPa). Klerck's properties gave a slightly lower UCS, so the cohesion was increased accordingly. Modelled sandstone properties are provided in Table II. Strain-softening curves as a function of plastic strain are presented in Figure 10.
Model description
The model geometry, loading, and boundary conditions for the static tests are illustrated in Figure 11. Lateral loads were applied as pressure loads to stiff platens along the sides of the model (white arrows). Velocities were applied to the platens at the top of the model (black arrows) with the opposite side constrained in the vertical direction (circles).
Constant velocities were applied to the platen boundaries. Analyses were run at decreasing loading rates until consistent results (in terms of displacement, reaction, and energy histories; and in terms of the resulting fracture pattern and simulated strain measurements) were obtained. Staged analyses (applying load, keeping the load constant, and allowing the model to achieve steady state) were also run and it was found that the results were very similar to the models analysed with constant velocity.
Where mining steps were modelled, blocks were removed from the model over a single timestep and the model then run to steady state (determined by maximum permissible values of velocity and energy histories), as is common practice.
Gay tested quartzite samples uniaxially (C13) and with a lateral stress of 33 MPa (C17). To better investigate the effects of confinement, models with lateral loads of 10 MPa and 100 MPa were also analysed.
Gay conducted 'mining' experiments on one quartzite specimen (C18), and on a number of sandstone models. In addition to C18, one of the better-documented sandstone results is also simulated in this work (C9 - Figure 5).
Experiment C18 was performed on a quartzite sample with a pre-cut slot of 25 mm χ 10 mm. The slot was extended simultaneously at both faces, parallel to its long axis. The lateral stress (parallel to the direction of mining) was 27 MPa and the axial stress was 5 times greater (135 MPa). The rate of mining imposed by Gay was variable, and self-mining was reported.
Sample C9 was slightly smaller than the others (75 mm χ 75 mm). The original excavation was a drill-hole of 5 mm diameter. The width of the slot was measured from Gay's Figure 7, and is estimated at 2 mm. Mining was simulated in 1 mm increments. The sample was tested uniaxially with an imposed axial load of 400 kN (71.1 MPa).
Simulation results
Confinement tests
Simple slot models were analysed with varying levels of lateral confinement. The axial load was linearly increased in each case. Models were also analysed with no lateral confinement and with lateral displacement constraints along the boundaries (confined). The resulting fracture patterns are shown in Figure 12. These pictures were taken at different stages of loading.
These results show a trend towards an increased number of distinct fractures at higher confinement, and a tendency for the cracks to curve over the slot. In the 'confined' case this even leads to the formation of sub-horizontal (subparallel to the slot) features. The length of the central tensile fracture is reduced with increased confinement, except for the confined case where the central fracture appears to be associated with the sub-horizontal features.
Test C13Slot in quartzite subjected to increasing axial load
Test C13 was simulated uniaxially with platens as described above. Results for the analysis with platens are presented in Figure 13.
Certain features of the laboratory test are captured in this result:
Appearance of a central tensile fracture
Face crushing
Fractures at various orientations at the slot corners
Large shear fractures extending from the sample corners at high load.
Other notable features:
Sub-horizontal fractures extending from the central tensile crack
Formation of conjugate shears where the sample corner shear fractures intersect
Extension and bifurcation of the slot-corner associated extension fractures.
The sub-horizontal fractures were observed in the laboratory results only when bedding planes were present. It is not known whether these features would appear if the bedding planes were absent, though this model result certainly suggests that failure would occur preferentially along any horizontally oriented features intersected by the central fracture.
The appearance of the fracturing at the end of the analysis shows features that were not observed in test C13. However, the absence of corner-to-corner shear fractures in
Figure 1 suggests that the sample was not loaded to the same level as the Elfen model. The final fracture pattern is surprisingly similar to the result for sample C17 (Figure 2), where the fracturing to the left of the slot resulted in final failure of the sample. The laboratory result for C17 and the modelled C13 result are compared in Figure 14. The intact diamond shape formed between the slot corner fractures and the intersection of the sample corner fractures is captured in the model result, though in the C17 result the slot corner is effectively shifted upwards by the presence of the bedding-plane-associated sub-horizontal fracturing. Fractures 'inside' (boundary-side) the corner shears are also replicated.
Test C17 - slot in quartzite subjected to constant 33 MPa lateral load and increasing axial load
Fracture maps from various stages of the analysis are presented in Figure 15. The same features seen in the C13 model result are replicated here:
Appearance of a central tensile fracture
Face crushing
Fractures at various orientations at the slot corners
Large shear fractures extending from the sample corners at high load.
The central tensile fracture forms first, but does not grow as much as in the uniaxial simulation. The fracture does not form exactly at the centre of the span and immediately curves towards the centre. Slot corner fractures then appear, which also curve inwards over the slot. Sub-vertical fractures and a family of fractures, some inclined over the solid, then appear. These fractures grow and bifurcate as the sample corner fractures appear. Ultimately the sample and slot corner fractures intersect in a manner similar to that seen in the uniaxial simulation.
The slot corner fracture zones show a greater variety of orientation than in the uniaxial case. The fractures which curve over the slot are similar to those seen in the laboratory test results (Figure 2 and Figure 3a).
In addition, fracturing is present which was not described by Gay. These are highlighted in Figure 16. The fractures are curved with foci at the nearest slot corners. They initially form 'outside' - solid side - of the corner fractures, but are subsequently intersected by the slot corner 'shear' fractures. The appearance of these fractures in Gay's experiments may have been inhibited by the presence of pre-existing weaknesses in the quartzite. These features more closely resemble the sets of conjugate fractures described in an earlier paper by Gay (1973), which he characterizes as 'sub-parallel to the perimeter of the excavated slot' (Figure 17).
Modelling was undertaken to replicate this result. A cylindrical sample containing a slot was subjected to the same loading conditions as in the experiment. The resulting modelled fracture pattern is shown in Figure 18. Both 'perimeter-parallel' and shear fractures are evident in the result, indicating that the curved fractures observed in the simulation of test C17 are part of the conjugate system of shears that naturally occur around biaxially stressed openings. These features are obviously inhibited in Gay's uniaxial and biaxial experiments, possibly by preferential shear cracking sub-parallel to the major stress, or by the presence of bedding planes in the samples. In the models, these features occur only in the confined samples, which are closer to the hydrostatic loading in Gay's former experiments.
A separate simulation of test C17 was run with load applied in discrete stages, just as reported by Gay. During each stage, load is increased and the model allowed to return to steady state. The strain measurements by Gay are compared with strain measurements at the same positions in the simulation. The measured and modelled strains are compared in Figure 19.
With the exception of gauge A, all the modelled gauges reflect the trends observed in the experiment - a decrease in ε2 (i.e. increasingly compressive) and an increase in ε1 (i.e. increasingly tensile). In most cases, the rate of increase is similar, but the initial values are quite different. Since the monitored regions are undamaged at this loading stage, it seems that either the modelled Young's modulus is higher than that of the sample, or that some non-linear material behaviour was evident in the sample at low strain.
The readings from gauge A did not agree well with the model results. Crucial to interpreting this particular reading is knowledge of the degree of damage present during loading stages I-VI (see Gay's Figure 3). This measurement point is directly in the path of the central tensile fracture. The measured strains attain a maximum at an applied stress of 65 MPa, suggesting that the tensile crack reaches the measurement point at this stress level. In the model, the crack appears only at 75 MPa, and does not reach the measurement position for the 98 MPa applied load. This implies that the tensile strength or fracture energy capacity of the material are lower than that modelled. This is of course inferred from the readings only - it was not possible to track the development of the crack in the physical test. It is also possible that the measurements reflect the initial portion of the response, prior to the appearance of the central tensile fracture; however, the high initial tensile strains in both principal directions argue against this.
All indications are that the C17 sample was weaker and possibly less stiff than quoted. It may be possible to match the inferred sequence of failure in the experiment by adjusting the material parameters; however, the bedding planes should also be included in the model. Since the locations and properties of these planes are not certain, there are simply too many unknowns to allow such a match to be obtained in a reasonable time frame.
Test C18 - mining test on a slot in quartzite subjected to constant 27 MPa lateral load and 135 MPa axial load
During initial testing, it was found that the sample showed significant damage in the loading-up phase. A central tensile crack and extensive face crushing occurred before the slot was extended from its initial span of 25 mm. Closer examination of stress and strain histories revealed that a dynamic overshoot caused most of this damage. The model was run elastically in the loading-up phase to eliminate damage caused by the overshoot. Some damage was still evident, though this damage now took the form of slot corner fractures, dipping over the slot.
The actual state of the physical model after the application of initial stresses is not known. It may be possible that Gay loaded the specimen until some damage was perceived, perhaps by audible cracking, and then began the mining simulation. It is also possible that no damage occurred, and that the material was stronger than the model employed in the numerical simulations. The strain measurements provide some insight into the progression of damage (below).
The progression of fracture in the simulation is presented in Figure 20. The main features of the physical fracture maps (Figure 3) are replicated, including face crushing, fractures which generally curve over the slot, and domical features extending all the way over the slot. Interestingly, the central tensile fracture does not appear in these simulations, suggesting that the initial formation of the slot corner fractures may inhibit the formation of this feature.
Comparisons of strain readings from the laboratory test and simulation are presented in Figure 21. The result for gauge A (above and right of the slot) shows very similar trends: ε1 increasing to 40-45 mm span and then decreasing; and ε2 showing the opposite trend with a transition at 3341 mm. Elastic analyses showed very similar trends, however the transition occurs at 45-49 mm for ε1 and at 41-45 mm for E2.
In the elastic result, this transition occurs for ε2 when the slot is undermined, and shortly thereafter for ε1. It seems that fracturing causes this transition to occur earlier in the simulated and measured cases, possibly due to damage in the face area which effectively increases the span of the slot. This indicates that the effects of fracturing are well captured by the simulation. The modelled strain values are uniformly greater than the measured strains, but by less than 0.75 millistrain. This may indicate that, for this model, the simulated stiffness was less than that of the sample.
The simulation of gauge B also shows similar trends to the experiment, but there are some notable differences. The first two points of the response (at 25 mm span) reflect the change in strain due to the appearance of a slot corner fracture. Both ε1 and ε2 are significantly increased (i.e. become less compressive) when this occurs: simulated ε1 approaches the measured strain, while simulated ε2 becomes less compressive than measured. The strain changes at the initial span show that the onset of fracturing at the slot corners decreases the deviatoric strain at centre-span, but increases the magnitude of the tensile strain.
Subsequent trends are similar, but ε2 shows a measured increase and a modelled decrease from 37-42 mm span. The measurements correlate well with the elastic model result. In the fracture simulation, a central tensile crack did not appear; however, a growing zone of plastic damage was present, which may account for the decrease in the strain history. According to the interpretation of strains above, the central tensile fracture did not occur in the sample test for the monitored span range. A central sub-vertical fracture can be seen in the fracture map (Figure 3); however, this fracture was slightly off-centre and hence out-of-line with the measurement point.
It seems likely that the C18 material was stronger than estimated by Gay.
Test C9 - mining test on a slot in sandstone subjected to constant 71.1 MPa axial load
A significant amount of microfracture-associated damage occurred in the first stage of the analysis, where the sample was in fact a solid block without the drill-hole. Fracturing occurred immediately when the drill hole was excavated. As this was not observed in the laboratory results, it is possible that the material was stronger than indicated in Gay's paper.
It may also be that some lateral confinement was applied.
A number of analyses were therefore performed with various material strengths and loading conditions. Analyses were conducted with applied lateral stresses of zero (uniaxial), 10 MPa (7.1:1) and 20 MPa (3.6:1). Due to fracturing in the first excavation stage (creating the drill hole) the material UCS was increased to 135 MPa and the tensile strength increased to 13.5 MPa (10 per cent of UCS).
The main features of the laboratory experiment (Figure 5) were:
A sub-vertical central fracture of limited length (<9 mm long)
Multiple short (< 7 mm) fractures dipping over the slot
Longer sub-vertical fractures dipping in both directions at spans greater than 40-50 mm.
The latter stages of the analysis, where presumably the sample failed, are not reported on.
A reasonable correlation with observed fractures was obtained for an applied lateral load of 20 MPa (Figure 22). In this case, obvious fracturing is inhibited up to a span of 31 mm, which is similar to the span at which major fractures appeared in the laboratory test. Subsequent development of slot corner fractures matches the expected trend, though the modelled fractures at lower spans curve over the slot more readily. Sub-horizontal fracturing also occurs between the innermost extension fractures.
Features that were successfully simulated include:
A central tensile fracture
Face crushing
Extension fracturing around the face which dips over the slot at low spans and over the solid at greater spans.
Common features of the numerical results which were not seen in physical experiment include:
Sub-horizontal fracturing generally occurring over the centre of the span
Sample corner fractures linking with slot corner fractures.
These features were not observed in the laboratory up to a span of 62 mm. Either the material was significantly stronger than quoted in Gay's report, or the loading conditions were altered in such a way that significant lateral confinement was applied to the sample.
Conclusions and recommendations
Many of the characteristic features of the experimental results were replicated in the numerical models. The following trends were observed, which were consistent with theoretical models and with the experimental results.
Crushing ahead of the face
The formation of a sub-vertical tensile fracture at centre-span
The formation of groups or families of fractures originating from the crushed face zone and oriented sub-parallel to the major principal stress direction. These fractures:
Curve over the slot at high lateral loads, and at low extraction ratios
- Dip over the solid at low lateral loads, and at high extraction ratios.
- The formation of large corner-to-corner fractures which precede sample failure
Linking of slot corner and sample corner fractures leading to sample failure.
Other features were also observed that were not reported by Gay, including:
The appearance of curved fractures, concentrically oriented around the crushed zone (Figure 16)
Fracturing oriented perpendicular (i.e. sub-horizontal) to the major applied stress direction.
In the case of the 'sub-horizontal' fracturing, Gay did observe such fractures, but they were associated with the presence of bedding or pyrite bands within the material. The presence of similarly oriented fracturing in the simulations implies that fracturing will be directed along such features where they are present. Domical features were reported by Gay, and replicated in these results, though in the models these features appeared at lower confinements than expected.
The curved fractures were not reported in the experiments. These cracks appear to be conjugates to the expected shear fractures that occur sub-parallel to the major stress. It was found that these features were present in earlier experiments by Gay (1973) and that they naturally occur around hydrostatically (and possibly biaxially) stressed openings. The experiments where these fractures were observed were simulated and replicated.
Gay noted that his quartzite samples contained preexisting planes of weakness which influenced the fracture patterns and may have altered the material properties and failure mode. It was apparent that the physical samples were quite different from each other and that the tests could not be simulated using a single material for all the models. For example, C17 appeared to be weaker than the modelled Maraisburg quartzite, while C18 was probably stronger than the simulated material. C9 (the sandstone sample) was also probably much stronger than quoted by Gay, though it is possible that this strengthening may have been due to the application of some confinement to the sample.
The presence of these pre-existing features may also have contributed to the differences between the experimental and simulated strain measurements. Trends observed in the strain measurements were, nevertheless, reasonably well matched, with the exception being gauges that were located very close to the path of the central tensile fracture, as explained above. It was evident that the evolution of the central tensile fracture was not captured precisely in the simulation; however, this could have been better matched by adjusting the material properties, particularly the relative values of the tensile and shear strength.
The question remains as to whether the simulated fractures, made up of many single-element discontinuities at various orientations, adequately represent the real macro fractures, which are built up of these features at a much smaller scale than in the models. Investigations are currently under way to compare the characteristics of fracture planes that occur in the models (as above), to 'natural', cracks that are predefined during model construction.
Chen, J.F. 2008. Results of rock properties tests. Report2008. AngloGold Ashanti -01. 10 December 2008. Rocklab. [ Links ]
Cundall, P.A. 1989. Numerical experiments on localization in frictional materials. Archive of Applied Mechanics (IngenieurArchiv). [ Links ]
Gay, N.C. 1973. Fracture growth around openings in thick-walled cylinders of rock subjected to hydrostatic compression. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanical Abstracts, vol. 10. pp. 209-233. [ Links ]
Gay, N.C. 1976. Fracture growth around openings in large blocks of rock subjected to uniaxial and biaxial compression. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechical Abstracts, vol. 13. pp. 231-243. [ Links ]
Klerck, P.A. 2000. The finite element modelling of discrete fracture in quasi-brittle materials. PhD thesis, University of Wales, Swansea. [ Links ]
Klerck, P.A., Sellers, E.J., and Owen, D.R.J. 2004. Discrete fracture in quasi-brittle materials under compressive and tensile stress states. Computer Methods in Applied. Mechanics and. Engineering, vol. 193. pp. 3035-3056. [ Links ]
Lenhardt, W.A. and Hagan, T.O. 1990. Observations and possible mechanisms of pillar-associated seismicity at great depth. International Deep Mining Conference, vol. 2: Technical Challenges in Deep Level Mining.Ross-Watt, D.A.J. and Robinson, P.D.K. (eds). The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Johannesburg, 1990. pp. 1193-1194. [ Links ]
Napier, J.A.L and Hildyard, M.W. 1992. Simulation of fracture growth around openings in highly stressed, brittle rock. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 92, no. 6. pp. 159-168. [ Links ]
Ryder, J.A. and Jager, A.J. 2002. A Textbook On Rock Mechanics For Tabular Hard Rock Mines. Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee. The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg. [ Links ]
Sellers, E.J. 1994. An anisotropic damage model for rock. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town. [ Links ]
Sellers, E.J. and Scheele, F. 1996. Prediction of anisotropic damage in experiments simulating mining in Witwatersrand Quartz blocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechical Abstracts, vol. 33, no. 7. [ Links ]
Vermeer, P.A. and de Borst, R. 1984. Non-associative Plasticity for Soils, Concrete and Rock. Heron, Rotterdam. [ Links ]
© The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2012. ISSN2225-6253. This paper was first presented at the, Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium (SHIRMS) 2012, 15-17 May 2012, Sun City, South Africa.


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Join us as we celebrate Randi Bull's artistic works on Sunday, August 11, 2013 at 3:00 pm in the Curtis Gallery.
Randi Bull likes everything about making a woodcut. It is Bull's decision to print only by hand without the help of a mechanical press that provides the strong impressions of her finished product. Randi's use of tools in the form of knives and gouges are simple. Her reuse of blocks shows Randi's resourceful inventiveness and adventurous use of the woodblock medium. By reconfiguring existing blocks, she can create multiple images in an infinite variety within an edition. Her love of wood comes from a childhood spent visiting family surrounded by acres of trees in her native Norwalk. Bull states, "It is the feel of cutting the wood, the white of the paper, the wonderful colors, and the luminosity that the white paper and the black key block produce. I like the shapes that materialize when you cut freely, both the shape that you cut out and the shape that remains. The logical or sometimes topsy-turvy solutions at times are quite different from the initial plan of colors. I love the mystery that arises when a print suddenly seems to work."


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Erkki-Sven Tüür's Strata on ECMPosted by Christian Carey in CD Review, Symphony, tags: ECM Records, Erkki-Sven Tüür, Strata, Widmann
Erkki-Sven Tüür
ECM Records New Series 2040 CD
In his recent music, Estonian composer Erkki-Sven Tüür has dispensed with some of the polystylistic juxtapositions of his earlier works in favor of a methodical, mathematically devised approach he calls "vectorial writing." While this approach does seem to create a more unified sensibility to his harmonic language, the results never seem mechanical. Rather, Tüür's recent music is capable of a passionate immediacy that's often quite refreshing. Yet at the same time, he's unafraid of employing swaths of dissonance and creating intricate formal designs.
Strata, Tüür's Sixth Symphony, is an intense work, brimming with dynamic power. Emerging from icy verticals and bustling counterpoint are myriad swells of knotty cluster chords and fierce, angular melodies, which gradually build to explosive orchestral climaxes. Strict constructionists may quibble with calling a single-movement work a symphony; but then again, they'd have to argue with Lutoslawski on that score too! Strata certainly tends to favor the heft and developmental formal trajectory of a large-scale symphonic work rather than the episodic/programmatic elements of a tone poem. In a confident and detailed performance, the Nordic Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Anu Tali, makes a strong impression here in their debut for the ECM imprint.
Strata is paired with Noesis, a double concerto for the sibling duo of violinist Carolin Widmann and clarinetist Jörg Widmann. Their solo lines emerge from a slowly evolving, prevailingly ominous orchestral backdrop, which is only occasionally brightened by shimmering chords from pitched percussion. The Widmanns are given numerous dovetailing duets and ebullient solo turns which contrast with their stark accompaniment. Eventually, the orchestra gives chase, adding propulsive countermelodies, jagged repeated string chords, sustained dissonant wind clusters, and eruptive brass and drums to the proceedings. Once again, Tüür has fashioned a labyrinthine journey in a single formidable and fascinating movement. Recommended.


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I do not remember where I was going this day. Probably to the grocery store. That's where I usually go when I ride in regular clothes. All I'll say is, I love my Chacos, but wow do they make my feet look short and stubby! Also, I have learned how to roll my pants up high enough so I don't collect any grease. Progress!
#30DaysofBiking: Day 23|Pretty in Pink
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Emma Stone took to the red carpet at the 2015 Golden Globe Awards on Sunday (January 11) at The Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California.
I was completely enamoured with the 'Birdman' star and Best Supporting Actress nominee's ensemble, not the least because it was one of the more unexpected looks of the evening.
Her Lanvin jumpsuit was nothing if not impossibly cool, what with its sparkling silver, embellished bodice and mannish trousers, complete with a statement bow and train in the back—the perfect fusion between feminine and masculine styling.
She smartly kept her jewelry confined to a smattering of midi rings, as this Lanvin design was a jewel in and of itself.
Her flame-red, wavy bob and magenta lip are merely the icing on the cake of a delicious look.
Credit: Getty


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Original Mouseketeer Don Grady Passes Away
We just received a phone call at Drfunkenberry.com advising us that Don Grady of The Original Mickey Mouse Club's Mouseketeer's and "My Three Son's" star Don Grady has died of bone cancer.
The actor/musician was 68 years old. Don is most famous for playing the middle son Robbie Douglas on "My Three Sons" in the 1960's. After his early success on Television, Don pursued his love of music, releasing an album of his own material through Electra music.
Our thoughts and prayers are with Grady's family at this time.-DocFB


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Topic: Rails3 + paperclip / redirect after save driving me crazy!!!
Need some help please (urgent).
I have basic Rails3 scaffolding => Post + paperclip.
Nothing fancy, on dev machine everything works as expected, but on production box after upload/save 'something' changes redirect route.
I havent touched controller, route is ok (resources :posts), view is ok (<%= form_for @post, :html => {:multipart => true} do |f| %>), Gemfile ok. Well, everything seems to be ok, but something doesnt work. After paperclip save redirect should be /posts/18 not /posts/posts/18 !!!???
****This is production log:
Started POST "/posts/posts" for IPxxx at Sun Dec 12 20:48:38 +0100 2010
Processing by PostsController#create as HTML
Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create Post", "post"=>{"photo"=>#<File:/tmp/RackMultipart20101212-26934-apbosx-0>}, "authenticity_token"=>"64aovTQGXJb8znc9747DoC2PDzkBuhLAWcQjTYu9nzQ=", "utf8"=>"✓"}
[paperclip] Saving attachments.
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_thumb_contact.jpg
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_small_contact.jpg
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_medium_contact.jpg
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_col6_contact.jpg
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_col3_contact.jpg
[paperclip] saving /home/policlin/rails_apps/papercliptest/public/assets/photos/18_original_contact.jpg
Redirected to http://www.000000000.com/posts/posts/18
Completed 302 Found in 952ms
Started GET "/posts/posts/18" for IP at Sun Dec 12 20:48:39 +0100 2010
ActionController::RoutingError (No route matches "/posts/posts/18"): ????????
**** This is controller's create action:
def create
@post = Post.new(params[:post])
respond_to do |format|
if @post.save
format.html { redirect_to(@post, :notice => 'Post was successfully created.') }
format.xml { render :xml => @post, :status => :created, :location => @post }
format.html { render :action => "new" }
format.xml { render :xml => @post.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity }
Hosted on Linux / Ruby 1.8.7 / Rails 3.0.0 / Passenger
Tnx in advance,
Last edited by dean (2010-12-12 18:10:16)


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Kamo Shizuoka Hotels > Dougashima New Ginsui > Overview
Dougashima New Ginsui
The coastline of Dogashima in Western Izu is famous for its dramatic stone formations - cliffs and caves - formed by the lava flow of past volcanic eruptions and the erosion by the sea. Not far from the boat pier is the Sawada Koen Rotemburo - Sawada Park Open Air Bath - - a cliff side hot spring bath with beautiful views over the ocean.
2977-1Nishina Nishiizucho
Kamo Shizuoka, 410 3514 JP
Check In Time: 14:00:00
Check Out Time: 10:00:00
Hotel Amenities
- Banquet facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Parking
- Pool
- Safe deposit box
- Spa
- Meeting facilities
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning


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Ras Vaughan's Unsupported, Sextuple-Rim-to-Rim
UltraPedestrian sets OKT (Only Known Time) for epic Grand Canyon route
Jason Vaughan, 41, widely known as Ras, and who performs music under the name Jahson Ites, has become somewhat of a living folk hero in the Pacific-Northwest running community, and the only races he'll likely ever win are the ones in which no one else participates.
A tall, lanky, Rastafarian family man with waist-length dreadlocks who runs in red, yellow and green and lives in a cabin in the middle of sparsely populated, north-central Washington, he's perhaps the best-known (and most-loved) "back of the packer" in the area. His motto is "An ultramarathon is like a mullet: business up front and party in the back," and he has been making a compelling case the last few years that slower running is better running.
He's also at the front end of a project that is likely to intrigue ultrarunners and, well, just about everyone—establishing "Only Known Times" (OKTs) on almost incomprehensible solo endurance outings. Last summer, that meant running around Washington's Mount Rainier semi-unsupported twice in one push (he picked up a food cache at the end of the first loop, and did have pacers for much of the second), and, recently, in early May, he ran Rim-to-Rim in the Grand Canyon six times, carrying all of his own supplies and finishing in 68 hours 10 minutes.
I sat down to talk with him because the world needs to know about this man.


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Club Insurance Update
February 10, 2011
TO: USA Table Tennis Affiliated Clubs
FROM: Michael D. Cavanaugh
CEO – USA Table Tennis
SUBJECT: Insurance Update
As risk managers for our individual affiliated clubs it is important to conduct our events in a safe environment that ensures competitors and spectators will enjoy the competition to the fullest. However, there is always the possibility for an accident or injury to occur and to that end USATT provides coverage in the form of general liability and secondary medical coverage. General liability is third party coverage; meaning that we cause either bodily injury or property damage to someone else. In the case of a leased facility that a club occupies and is responsible to care for on a full time basis this coverage does not apply as it relates to property damage so the club should purchase property coverage on their own. The existing policy would afford coverage for bodily injury that might occur to a participant or spectator.
As a USATT affiliated club, you can request a certificate of insurance for property owners, facility managers or public entities that own the property you use for your events and to name them additional insureds. Members that are conducting the training or competition will be covered under the general liability policy. The athletes are covered under both the general liability and the secondary medical coverage.
Clubs pay a $75 affiliation fee to cover their sanctioned activities. This coverage is not meant to be inclusive of every exposure that a club may have. For example if the club owns their own tables they should consider purchasing property coverage, especially if it would be a financial hardship for the club if the tables were damaged by a fire, vandalism or if they were stolen. Also, clubs should consider Directors and Officers coverage if they have a board that oversees the club. Board members, even when they have very little in terms of financial resources, still have liability for the decisions they make on behalf of the club and can be held accountable for those decisions.
Our broker at Loomis & LaPann, Inc. is available to assist you in answering questions and to help guide you through your insurance questions. You may contact him at 800-566-6479 at any time. Ask for Kevin Joyce.
Please remember that we have a variety of online courses available to your club through the American Red Cross. The Sports First Aid course is very popular. We recommend everyone in club leadership take this course. If you have questions about any of these programs, you may direct them to me at 719-866-4260 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Thanks for all you do to strengthen Table Tennis in the USA.
cc: Kevin Joyce
Attila Malek
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Dev Gill In Lingaa
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Dev Gill In Lingaa
With Three Days Left in Office, Obama Commutes Chelsea Manning's Prison Sentence
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Dev Gill In Lingaa
The Superstar starrer Lingaa is in the news again. The movie is currently being shot in and around Mysore. The latest to join the cast is Dev Gill who is famous for playing the role of the antagonist in the Telugu blockbuster Magadheera.
3:27Now watching Up next
With Three Days Left in Office, Obama Commutes Chelsea Manning's Prison Sentence
Formerly known as Bradley Manning, the soldier leaked hundreds of thousands of sensitive documents to WikiLeaks.
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General Motors says the plans have been in the works for years, while Trump's transition approval remains low.
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Kelly and Kimberly Yates were found living nearly 2,000 miles from their home in Rhode Island where they were abducted; their mother faces kidnapping charges.
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ABC News' David Muir reports the stories people have been buzzing about.
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Happy 95th Birthday to an American Treasure, Betty White
America's spunky, sassy and spry funny lady turns 95 and expresses she's up for a Golden Girls remake.
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President Barack Obama commuted the prison sentence of Chelsea Manning on Tuesday, allowing the Army intelligence officer who leaked scores of classified documents to go free nearly three decades early. (Jan. 17)
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ABC News' Maggie Rulli caught up with the NEA's director of government relations outside DeVos' confirmation hearing.


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The movie's 30th anniversary was celebrated at Robert De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival.
The Tribeca Film Festival has ended on a royal note with Jerry Lewis showing up at the 30th-anniversary screening of The King of Comedy.
The comedian-actor, 87, walked out to thunderous applause after the screening Saturday, joining co-star Robert De Niro and director Martin Scorsese.
Lewis answered questions about the making of the film and he brought the audience to laughter with a tale about a guy he met on a subway train.
In the movie, Lewis plays a talk show host kidnapped by a deranged comedian played by De Niro.
De Niro founded the festival with producers Jane Rosenthal and Craig Hatkoff as a way to rebuild the neighborhood where the World Trade Center fell in the 9-11 attacks.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Ron Gabbert
Sept. 13, 1946-Jan. 23, 2013
WOOD LAKE – Services for Ron Gabbert, 66, of Wood Lake will be at 11 a.m. Saturday at St. John's Lutheran Church in Wood Lake, with burial at a later date. Visitation will be from 4-7 p.m. today with a parish prayer service at 6:45 p.m. at St. John's Lutheran Church. Visitation will continue one hour prior to the service on Saturday at the church. The Sunset Funeral and Cremation Association of Echo and Wabasso is in charge of the arrangements.
He died Jan. 23, 2013, at his home in Wood Lake.
He was born Sept. 13, 1946, to Albert and Irene (Bommersbach) Gabbert in Redwood Falls.
Survivors include his wife, Laurie of Wood Lake; sons, Mike of Atlanta, Ga,, Matt of Hartford, S.D., and Mitch of Wood Lake; six grandchildren; mother, Irene of Hackensack; and sister, Marilyn of Hackensack.


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|JS Bullseye 6'1 Surfboard - BE-120248 in Poly/Sand/Color
Style: BE-120248
"OCCY thought he was back on tour this year and after results in WA and trestles riding MONSTA he was looking like he might get there too! He headed back after trestles looking for a new step down. He has always loved his round tails and round pin tails so with his favorite KINGPIN and PRODIGY I set about making Occ his new small wave model. Taking a little bit from each of these he now has the BULLSEYE. I straightened the outline by making the nose and tail slightly wider, then by using his favorite MONSTA rocker, a volume in between his favorite KINGPIN and PRODIGY we ended up with a really good easy to ride small wave board. The BULLSEYE has everything you would expect from an Occy favorite, built for those guys looking for a forgiving board that has glide and turns when you need it to." - JS
Inside you will find a helpful sizing guide. Use it to find out your true size in different articles of clothing. It will help you determine what size boardshorts or bikini to buy this summer!
You will also find a bundle of new fashion terms that you may have heard before but never quite understood. So, if you're not sure what whiskers, pleats, viscose or the likes of many other terms are, head on over to our glossary section.
Feed your brain, it will enlighten your online shopping experience.
Doesn't fit? No problem! Send it back to us for an exchange. We'll cover the shipping costs to send the exchanged merchandise back to you.
We pride ourselves on integrity and service, and are dedicated to delivering the best customer service to all of our customers. If for any reason you are unsatisfied with any purchase made at SurfRide.com, we will gladly refund or exchange it.
* Returns are not accepted for certain items such as surfboards, bikinis (tops and/or bottoms) and sale items. Please view our return policy for complete details.
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That's right boys and girls... spend over $79 and we'll throw in free Ground Shipping!
This offer applies to orders shipped within the contiguous United States and excludes some larger items, such as surfboards. Excludes sale items. May not be combined with other offers.
Doesnt fit? No problem! Send it back to us for an exchange. Well cover the shipping costs to send the exchanged merchandise back to you. It's really that easy!
View our Return Policy for details.
If you see it on our website, we have it in stock. Since everything online is stocked in our 2 large retail stores, occasionally an item will sell in the store before we can pull it for your order. We will do our best to help you find a replacement item if this happens. Don't see it online? There's a good chance that we have it one of our stores. Give them a call.
No sales tax to customers residing outside of CA. All you kids buying wetsuits to surf Lake Erie get a tax break for manning up and surfing mega cold water.


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Topic: ways to sort data
Does anybody know how to sort data just from the controller, something like code below? I just don't know what the values can be for order. I want it alphabetical, but it would be nice to have a list of different ways to do it.
def index
@sites = Site.find(:all, :order => 'something')


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iHerb Commentaires des clients
Économie de: €3.38 (30 % de remise)
NOT as sweet anymore!! what happened to my fav stevia??
Publié par Reviewer1315573 le Nov 04, 2013
Agree with the two most recent posters. I thought I was actually going mad )) But i needed to double the amount of drops in order to get my sweet taste. I don't think my taste palette is changing as other stevia blends work as effectively for me. SHAME ON YOU NuNaturals!!
changed recipe
Publié par Reviewer1267590 le Dec 26, 2013
I've been using NuNaturals Clear Stevia on a daily basis for the past four years and just received my latest batch. Prior to this batch, I've newver had any complaints on the taste, it was always perfect for my morning coffee with no after tastes or bitterness. Apparently, NuNaturals has changed their recipe because the taste is now bitter with a horrible after taste. I have read other loyal customer's of NuNaturals having equal experiences with their new recipe. I usually don't write reviews but because I buy 4-bottles in one order it looks like I am stuck until they're done and used up, especially since each bottle cost $8 plus dollars.
Publié par Reviewer2234685 le May 13, 2012
I have had stevia in the powder/ crystal form and it was quite delicious, unfortunately this liquid form was not. Tasted kinda chemically to me, maybe it was just the brand but I was not satisfied.
can't judge
Publié par Reviewer2520911 le Jan 24, 2008
came all squished out of bottle into the bag. unusable
articles 1-4 sur 4


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AT&T Builds a Sonic Identity Program
June 21, 2012
Gregg Heard, vice president, brand identity and design, AT&T, and Joel Beckerman, founder, Man Made Music, discussed how AT&T developed a sonic identity program to be a key pillar of brand expression.
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