text:
Skip to comments.White Smoke at the Vatican!
Posted on 03/13/2013 11:09:30 AM PDT by Obama_Is_Sabotaging_America
White smoke at the Vatican. A new Pope has been selected!
It's a happy day indeed!!!
There are many out there, you can check amazon.
1 God 3 Persons = 13
Good numbers yes?
Kirchner is a scumbag
Thank you for posting that. Some very inaccurate information is being spread regarding our new Pope.
"YES! I hope hes honoring St Francis of Asissi!"
Possibly as he is the patron saint of Italy, but probably for St Francis Xavier who was one of the first Jesuits.
What's interesting in doing a search about this man everyone seems to be using the same sentence about him distancing himself from the liberation theology.
As if that is a current PR campaign.
Maybe he did distance himself from it.
I completely understand why a preacher, or minister or priest or cardinal or pope would say the following:
""We live in the most unequal part of the world, which has grown the most yet reduced misery the least," Bergoglio said during a gathering of Latin American bishops in 2007. "The unjust distribution of goods persists, creating a situation of social sin that cries out to Heaven and limits the possibilities of a fuller life for so many of our brothers.""
But it still sounds like some kind of Marxist thought.
I personally know of a pries who receives large investment income checks from assets donated to him. He does NOT distribute that money to the poor. He can not be the only one who has had investment income like that donated to him. This is only the tip of the iceberg. However, lightning awaits those who reveal details...
Over the years, Bergoglio became close to the Comunione e Liberazione movement founded by Italian Fr. Luigi Giussani, sometimes speaking at its massive annual gathering in Rimini, Italy. He's also presented Giussani's books at literary fairs in Argentina. This occasionally generated consternation within the Jesuits, since the ciellini once upon a time were seen as the main opposition to Bergoglio's fellow Jesuit in Milan, Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini.
Which certainly is a symptom of socialist centrally-planned economies.
His choice of the name Francis is very interesting. Of Italian ancestry, perhaps he has had a devotion to St Francis of Assisi, or is he 'reaching out' from the Jesuit order to all of the Franciscans who are devoted Catholics in this 21st Century.
Waiting to learn more about this choice...
I suspected I may have missed it.
Just saw the new Pope come out... got chills - on both sides! You can see the emotion in his face, and I like his apparent warmness. He's got a kind voice as well, imo. Pope Benedict seemed to rub me the wrong way - just in personality, but that might have been because he followed JPII whom I was quite fond of, and perhaps I was biased in that way...
I Have been listening and praying along... wish I knew more Latin! lol
Thanks for the welcome back and everything! I've searched and nothing feels quite the same to me. It's not official, and I've yet to make confession and have communion, but I am getting closer, I believe...
About 1 1/2 years ago I felt led to learn how to make rosaries (wire and various types of crystal and glass beads) - even though I wasn't even attending mass. That was a big sign to me, as I had lost the rosary my grandmother had given to me. And, it has been an incredible blessing to me... The time to contemplate on what I'm making, is very spiritual, and doesn't really feel like "work". And, I've made what has to be my favorite rosary ever - for myself, and it's helped me a great deal.
Anyway, enough about me and this long road I'm on... I'm about to get really sappy about how much I'm grateful for despite the hardships in life I face at the moment! *blush*
Hooray for the new Pope, and may God Bless him with plenty of strength and wisdom! It's a difficult time to be Catholic these days...
I do to. I also understand why some would wish to paint the pope as a marxist.
The church has a different calling than government. Problem arises when either confuses itself with the other.
"I think the trick is figuring out how do we structure government systems that pool resources and hence facilitate some redistribution because I actually believe in redistribution, at least at a certain level to make sure that everybody's got a shot." - Big Brother O
Yes, the first thought would be - ah St. Francis of Assisi... But maybe not. Be interested to hear more.
Yes, I was reading somewhere recently that he was the alternate candidate in 2005.
He withdrew from consideration, I believe.
Reminds me of the Cardinal during King Henry VIII reign.
At least you can say that the current Pope didn't amass great fortune or get caught up in the wealthy trappings of the Church.
Thank you for posting!!!
Thank you. :)
Yes, the Church does have the Latin/English missals, but I seem to get lost too easily with how quickly the Latin goes. lol
There are several other parishes in town that I have yet to visit that have the English masses, but the Oratory is one I can walk to whenever I fell like I want to attend without worrying about transportation.
Thanks for the advice about the bookstore though. I will definitely look into it.
He may be a secular priest (not in an order), they have to pay for their own retirement. Without more information your point is, um, pointless.
Thank you, D-fendr. I appreciate that.
There were scandals going on at the time concerning the kidnapping of some priests.
Someone filed a lawsuit against him just days before the conclave.
FYI, the Guardian is an anti-Catholic rag.
Pope Benedict XVI is my all time favorite and most beloved, even though I truly and totally loved John Paul II. We have most, if not all of B-16's books. I know he has to be the greatest theologian to ever be our Holy Father and one of the most humble too, right along with John Paul II.
I think it's wonderful you made Rosaries. I've never entertained the thought but you've given me a good idea. I have Rosaries blessed by JPII and B16.
Our new Pope needs our prayers and like you witnessed, I also saw his humility and warmth. I'm hopeful he will have widespread support and the strength to meet the challenges of the secular press!
God bless and keep you.
God bless Pope Francis and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI!
"Looking beyond the common description of him as a cardinal who tends to the ecclesiastical left, in reality Bergoglio is a cardinal who has always had in his DNA the defense of the true principles of the Church, that orthodoxy that the so-called conservative Church believes should never be up for discussion. In that South American cradle of liberation theology and, often, of worldly interpretations of Catholic doctrine, Bergoglio has long been launching his offensive against more or less secular governments when it comes to subjects intimately involved with life and the family. This offensive has its origins, in fact, in the idea that the continent cannot forget its Christian roots. In 2009, Bergoglio took to heart the judgment of Judge Gabriela Seijas, who on the 13th of November ordered the civil registrar to marry two men. Cardinal Bergoglio called the bishops together and issued a joint communication which called this act absolutely illegal. Not only this, but the cardinal said that the government has seriously failed in its duty by not opposing the decision.
He's a very humble man. I'm glad that he accepted this time around.
Reportedly, he got 26 votes on the ballot when Ratzinger was elected.
Thank you for posting that. As a child in Catholic school, we sang that and we chanted all of the replies to the Latin Mass each day before school began. I had forgotten all of the words but had the melody in my heart.
I think that it's worked out very nicely.
Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen.
Definitely no offense intended! I haven't read any of his writings, although I've been reading back through one of JPII's books right now. I will definitely have to seek some of B16's books, and give them a read. I admit that I didn't have the exposure to him that I had to JPII - and that's my own fault, and no doubt influenced by our horrid media as well...
I thank you for sharing with me your opinion, onyx - I value it greatly.
God Bless you, as well.
And I definitely still agree...
God Bless Pope Francis I, and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI!
I agree with you, but I'm "hoping" because he lives his life more like a Franciscan: small apartment, instead of the bishop's residence and cooks his own meals.
We have a new Pope, my dear friend ntnychik. Pope Francis. I know you will share our love for him.
Here is what Fr. John Neuhaus had to say about Card. Bergoglio before the last conclave: "Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Buenos Aires is high on every list. Known as an incisive thinker and intensely holy man living an austere life, it is held against him that he is a Jesuit, although he has suffered the slings and arrows of fellow Jesuits of a more progressive bent. No member of a religious order has been elected pope since 1831."
*fell should obviously be feel in the post I'm responding to, but perhaps that's a freudian slip, or another little "sign"... lol
Thank you. I still have my old Latin Mass Missal and have a love for the Latin Mass.
Ad majorem Dei Gloriam. The intellect of a Jesuit and the compassion of a Franciscan. (A conflation of Saints Francis of Assisi and Francis Xavier) The first pope from the Americas. An Argentinian of Italian descent and a chemist by training! Splendid!!!
God bless Pope Francis I
Oh, NO offense take at all! Benedict's trilogy on Jesus is beyond wonderful. Pope John Paul II was unmatched in his own way. He was a saint, in fact, he was beatified on 1 May 2011 under the Papacy of Pope Benedict XVI. (Most fitting on Commie Day = take that!..lol.)
We have a most blessed and wonderful Church!
JOY to ALL!
Unequal distribution could also be speaking to the virtue of Charity. That many people are doing very well now, but the poor are still being forgotten by those who are tasked to give willingly... Not that the government should be the one doing the distributing, mind you.
I keep in mind that translation - I assume he was either speaking in Spanish, or Latin - can lead to the translator picking a word that isn't necessarily the intent the speaker wished to convey.
Yes indeed.
His election goes to show all just how wrong the secular media almost always are....
He's not young, December 17, 1936.
God wanted a Pope from Latin American but not a young one.
Aha! I see what you were referring to now... Excellent observation. :)
These things are completely biblical.
We run into trouble when we try to use Caesar as an equalization agent.
I notice conservatives do tend to become uncomfortable talking about the poor with respect to Scripture just as liberal do when confronted with abortion. As a Christian, though, I must keep the Word of God, and not political ideology, as my primary beacon even if that upsets some.
I saw your response about the missals, and wanted to say thank you... I will definitely check out amazon as well. :)
Would that come before or after everyone is forced to take a mark in their hands or forehead to be able to buy or sell?
Been to any of the large banks recently? BofA is now running interference on their own small-time clients/customers who wish to approach a bank teller. They want to run the bank issued card through a scanner first to determine if one is paying the $12 monthly fee, or the lesser few which allows only ATM and online banking.
They've been trying to do away with bank tellers for more than 20 years now.
When it's decided that folding money itself will be done away with, and they are working on that ---- that's when we will all have real problems. It's coming...can't you feel it?
Somehow I doubt that sort of evil-doing will have it's center in the Vatican, pope-after this last here elected (or even later). I can hardly see the papacy involved with it much at all, at least not as primary drivers of it. It's not like interests there and those of central bankers are one-and-the-same. Quite the opposite?
If those whom wish to control all monetary interest can't get the Vatican to roll over and play along...then if they couldn't simply marginalize them (along with Christianity and individual Christians in a wider sense) then it's concievable they would try to flatten the place (along with Christianity and individuals in the wider sense).
Yet it would be more useful for those whom seek to ultimately control everyone to simply corrupt what there is, in effort to turn what energies can be found in locations such as the Latin church and others, against the need of people for freedom, and towards the interests of those of whom with vieled hands work to enslave the world with monetary debts...so they can then write new rules, etc. That many or most of the "workers" are quite blind to the overall result which is being inevitably approached, is quite beside the point...but a part of the overall methodology. Useful idiots. Was has 'dem.
Without being able to buy fuel, many might find themselves needing turn Amish in a hurry? Or team individuals up like horses to plow the land, if one has any land, and any seed. Then again doing that sort of thing takes perseverance which relies upon some faith which itself relies upon hope...take those things away from man, and he becomes an animal that must either be herded around, or deservedly shot for making trouble for all the rest.
I'm thinking I'd prefer the easier way out, and simply not live to see the day. What worries me is that I will live to see it, but as a decrepit old man not fit to plow.
Love LOVE that Hymn!!
The Church has its own 'redistribution' issues, too much 'wealth' at the top?
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"High achiever" is defined as scoring in the 90th percentile or above in reading and math. It is possible to have a decent life with less exalted performance.
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AttackOffense wrote:e0y2e3 wrote:Well, Urban has to stop telling TEs and H-Backs they can "be the next Hernandez" if they come play for him. He's only told about 10 kids that in three years already.
I live in Florida and for those who think that OSU is going to get clean cut athletes over the next few years, you are in for a surprise. Except bad stuff surrounding some players.
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text:
by John MacArthur
It can be easy to forget how destructive sin is—not just in terms of eternity, but in our everyday lives. We've seen plenty of examples of how unaddressed sin routinely destroys families, friendships, and careers. But it also has devastating internal results, like robbing you of your joy and assurance, stifling your spiritual growth, and distancing you from the fellowship of God's people.
It also pollutes and ruins your conscience.
It is possible to virtually nullify the conscience through repeated abuse. Paul spoke of people whose consciences were so convoluted and corrupted that their "glory is in their shame" (Philippians 3:19; cf. Romans 1:32). Both the mind and the conscience can become so defiled that they cease making distinctions between what is pure and what is impure (cf. Titus 1:15).
After so much violation, the conscience finally falls silent. Morally, those with defiled consciences are left flying blind. The warning signals may be gone, but the danger certainly is not; in fact, the danger is greater than ever.
Furthermore, even the most defiled conscience will not remain silent forever. When we stand in judgment, every person's conscience will side with God, the righteous Judge. The worst sin‑hardened evildoer will discover before the throne of God that he has a conscience which testifies against him.
It is the Christian's high and holy duty to guard the purity of his regenerated conscience. Paul had much to say about this. Note how he spoke of the conscience in the following verses (emphasis added):
"Paul, looking intently at the Council, said, 'Brethren, I have lived my life with a perfectly good conscience before God up to this day'" (Acts 23:1).
"In view of this, I also do my best to maintain always a blameless conscience both before God and before men" (Acts 24:16).
"The goal of our instruction is love from a pure heart and a good conscience and a sincere faith" (1 Timothy 1:5).
"Fight the good fight, keeping faith and a good conscience" (1 Timothy 1:18-19).
"I serve [God] with a clear conscience the way my forefathers did" (2 Timothy 1:3).
One of the basic qualifications for deacons, Paul told Timothy, is "holding to the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience" (1 Timothy 3:9).
A pure conscience is essential not only for what it does for oneself, but for what it says to others. A sound conscience is the heart of a strong testimony for Christ. Paul frequently pointed to his conscience as a witness: "For our proud confidence is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in holiness and godly sincerity, not in fleshly wisdom but in the grace of God, we have conducted ourselves in the world, and especially toward you" (2 Corinthians 1:12). "We have renounced the things hidden because of shame, not walking in craftiness or adulterating the word of God, but by the manifestation of truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God" (2 Corinthians 4:2).
Peter also wrote about the value of a pure conscience. "Keep a good conscience so that in the thing in which you are slandered, those who revile your good behavior in Christ may be put to shame" (1 Peter 3:16).
A clear, potent conscience is a vital part of your spiritual growth and your witness to others. To work properly, it cannot be hindered or corrupted by unchecked sin and unaddressed guilt.
Tomorrow we'll look at how to clear your conscience—and how to keep it clear.
(Adapted from The Vanishing Conscience.)
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With grandkids ages 5, 7, and 10 often they are caught lying or committing some other offense but they are not quick to confess it and my wife and I and the parents in fact have to work hard to get the truth finally out of them through a lengthy verbal condemnation and crying kind of ordeal. They "confess" after being threatened by dire consequences such as having swimming priviledges or Nitendo taken away. As family spiritual leader I am thinking that we are not getting true confessions just a forced "apology" with no real change in the heart. What advise to you have to parents and grandparents for fostering true confession in kids? Are we simply too quick to judicate the events?
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As a parent of 5 children, all under 10, I can understand your struggle. My wife and I have experienced (still do experience at times) similar reaction to confrontation.
It seems from your comment you are attempting to do what is right. I wouldn't be discouraged about a long, verbal conversation with the child because any genuine parental discipline may take some time.
Additionally, and speaking from what my wife and I do as parents, we make sure we address heart attitudes. For instance, lying is more than just "lying." Lying is an expression of a deeper heart issue of personal selfishness. They intentionally deceive in order to have an advantage over their siblings, or what ever it may be.
We also want to draw them to scripture and explain why what they did is not only disobedience toward the parents, but disobedience against God. Take lying again. Lying is a sin because God is a God of truth. God doesn't lie, so we as His creations don't lie. He is our standard of morality. We then try to remind our kids of the significance of God's character in light of their sin.
Plus, in any instance of them "sinning" we do want to remind them that we are all sinners. Daddy, for example, has lied about things. But God is gracious in that He can forgive that sin because of Christ. So take the opportunity to direct them to understanding their ultimate need for salvation.
One final suggestion I would do is not just threaten the removal of those privileges, but remove them in spite of their "apology." Our children are getting to where they are too old to "swat" as it were, and consequences of taking away things they enjoy is a motivator for them dealing with the seriousness of their disobedience and sin. If all I did was "threaten" and never actually follow through with it, they'd catch on quickly that I'm not necessarily serious about confronting them on these issues.
I can't guarantee that will get them to make a true confession, but I hope it is helpful food for thought.
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Fred Butler had a good reply showing wisdom. As grandparents we let mom and dad do most of the discipline and they do a good job actually taking action and they do talk to the kids about how they are sinning, etc. (Papa and grandma have to do more threatening and the kids know that.) The kids have get very good AWANA and church teaching and from parents and grandparents talking about how bad sin is and what God says about it in scripture. Maybe that is what is frustrating - despite all the correction instruction they get - our grandkids and most kids these days do not seem to feel as guilty as kids did when I was a kid in the 60s. It could be my perception though - we were probably were the same way back then. I guess young and old people have a hard time admitting to sin or not realizing the just how bad our sins are. I think we tend to minimize the severity of our sin - Is our consciences being dulled by the world we live in? Is it because we are not separated enough by the world even if we truly are born again? Something to think about.
I was so encouraged and blessed to hear these two replys to Pastor John MacArthur's sermons. I found both replys refreshing to prepare me concerning marriage & kids and dealing with children in babysitting.
Concerning Pastor MacArthur's blog, I pray that I truly make my career, home, and church life all be in harmony with cutting out sin because I know God is a God who judges and lovingly, though drastically sometimes, will always correct those who are the elect/His children. What a great blog, I thank God for the Grace to You Ministry and even the bloggers/supporters as well. Amen.
Wow! As Martin Luther put it... "my conscience is held captive to the Word of God". Our Adult Sunday School class is working through 1 John a verse at a time and have become amazed at the correlation between sincere confession and genuine christian love. I am convinced until believers live authentic/transparent lives of dependence upon God we lack any real sense of fellowship. Thank you for your encouragment and personal commitment to holiness.
What an accurate description of the blessings of a clear conscience. Thank God who gives us the grace to have a clear conscience.
To Fred on his parenting advice. Excellent. Teach and admonish and correct with love the Word of God with your kids. And most of all live it. We speak what we know, but we reproduce who we are.
Blessings to all,
Jean Selden
#2 Fred, you are gold.
I sometimes tell my children how I stumbled and fell, and paints the shame of it, but also the full joy of forgiveness. They must know love never comes easy. Pride is a mighty foe to fight.
Fred, you hit such key points! Having two adult children now, I have learned how true it is that our two greatest allies are the Scriptures and the Holy Spirit. Our children asked me so many times why I would confront their actions with Scripture, and they would tell me how much they hated it. Years later, the older of our children is surrendering to God and thanking us for continually confronting their actions with the Word of God. The key is to lovingly confront the sin and let the Holy Spirit use the Word to convict and change. The greatest encouragement to me as a parent came when I finally realized that it wasn't up to me to change our children - only to lovingly and firmly direct them to God. The repentance that I produced in our children's lives was temporary and superficial at best, and it produced bitterness, guilt, and resentment. Conversely, the repentance that God is producing in their lives is genuine and lasting. That repentance is giving them lasting peace, joy, and a clear conscience. Thank you to everyone for sharing, and especially to Pastor for sharing God's wisdom with us.
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Topic: Loop through form(Dynamic amount)
Hi there,
I'm very new to rails, so please keep that in mind a little :-p
Now; the question: I've got a form which dynamically adds more fields to the form whenever i click the "Add another field" button. I'm creating a POST array that way by naming the field titles[]. I think most of you know that HTML trick.
Anywho, i want all those titles to be saved to my DB(In one go, not through AJAX or something). But how do i loop through those titles?
Thanks in advance!
Last edited by CaptainCarl (2012-09-25 03:26:47)


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Latest update : 2011-06-15
We explore the digital revolution and check out the latest technological trends. Every Saturday at 2.15 pm Paris time. And you can watch it online as early as Friday.
2017-01-13 technology
The internet's carbon footprint
In this edition, we take a look at the carbon footprint of the internet. How much do you pollute when you send an email or a tweet and what are big tech firms doing to reduce...
2017-01-06 technology
CES tech show marks 50 years of innovation
The CES, the world's biggest technology showcase, has kicked off in Las Vegas and this year marks its 50th anniversary. Our in-house expert Dhananjay Khadilkar tells us about...
2016-12-16 technology
Are diamonds really forever?
We all know the movie "Diamonds are forever", but are they really? In this edition, we tell you everything you need to know about lab-grown diamonds and how technology is trying...
2016-11-25 technology
Escape from reality with the Hypersuit!
Can Big Data and powerful algorithms solve the growing problem of unemployment worldwide? We put that question to the VP of Predictive Analytics at Monster, a job search platform...
2016-11-18 technology
Predictive medicine
In this week's special health edition of Tech 24, we take a look at predictive medicine, a promising new healthcare field that combines genetics and digital technology to...


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A Different Spin On the max_allowed_packet Problem
Back in November, I filed MySQL bug 67448, talking about a different type of max_allowed_packet problem. See, an application had put data into the database, but could not retrieve it without getting max_allowed_packet. With the help of some really smart … Continue reading


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Skip to comments.Something Different: Beauty Beneath the Dirt: Thru-Hiking 101
Posted on 06/22/2013 9:33:52 AM PDT by Yosemitest
Watch the 7 minute 17 second video Beauty Beneath the Dirt: Thru-Hiking 101.
Everything you need to know about thru-hiking the Appalachian Trail in 7 minutes.
For the story beneath the surface... check out: http://beautybeneaththedirt.com.
My partner has been 'section hiking' the AT here in Maine the last couple summers.
I refer to it as the green tunnel.
We all need a break.
Thanks for posting this! My dream is to do a thru hike when I retire from the Navy in seven years.
Saturday is a good day to take a break.
..... I thought this was a Mark Sanford thread.
Watch it. It's one of the better videos I've seen on the AT.
My son's friends are walking the Pacific Crest this summer from Canada to Mexico.
Pray for America to Wake Up
Thanks. Thru Hiking the AT has always been dream of mine.
This sounds like a fascinating thing to do. I love hiking. But not with these kids.
After three hours, I went about 300 meters. Lol!
Got a LOT of great birds, though...
My brand of choice is the Nikon Monarch. It's a mid-level pair of binoculars with good clarity and not too expensive.
I prefer 10 x 42, even though they can get a bit heavy.
After 30 years of Air Traffic Control, I learned that shock-proof and water-proof and fog-proof are worth the extra cost.
I'll probably have to settle for section hikes when the time comes.
It was a dream of mine back in the 70s. I ordered all the guide manuals for the whole trail (still have 'em). But all I ever did was several 3 day hikes. I am still using the Kelty backpack I bought back then.
Ya' dun' good.
I'm currently attempting a thru hike to Canada, by way of the Pacific Crest Trail (2,650 miles).
I incurred a somewhat serious injury needing attention... that being said, I'm on the mends and will be back on the trail within a week.
I bagged 210 miles since leaving the US-Mexico border. Last year I managed to hike 776.4 miles, reaching the high sierras with a side trip up to the top of Mt. Whitney (14,505'). I'm way behind the herd and will likely bounce forward enough to give myself a fighting chance to reach the border sometime in October, hopefully before the snow flies. Lastly I'll flip flop south and snag the southern located sections of the trail that I've bypassed.
It's easily one of the most difficult things I've ever done, yet one that is also profoundly gratifying.
Rainbows, unicorns and butterflies aside, I'll sum up the experience in five words: work, work, work, work, work.
Did the same thing. Had all the AT guides and maps plus the complete backpacking gear on hand to launch. "Life" kept getting in the way.
You'll be coming by here this summer. When you get to the Trinity Alps say high. I'll be listening.
The trail does indeed go up and over Mt. San Jacinto. I believe it's the greatest elevation gain in the shortest distance of the entire trail. It weeds out the feint of heart. I told my friend "that was one mean mountain". The trail follows the Angeles Crest westward from the Big Bear area to Agua Dulce, then turns north again. I saw the skyscrapers of LA, punching upward through the smog and/or marine layer from atop the crest. It was surreal.
On my hike last year, I stopped about 100 miles short of Yosemite. I hiked a bit in the southeastern corner of Sequoia NP, altogether missing Kings Canyon.
My pleasure, and looking forward to it. ;o)
Thanks for the bump.
No problemo.
I want to do that hike.
My location won't allow me view the vid .
I'll catch later
Okay, thanks.
Oh, my kids are wonderful. My kids are grown now. I meant, I'd have no desire to go hiking anywhere with the young people in that video.
I'm probably not even semi-aware of how awesome Yosemite is going to be... especially considering the fact that I will have walked to the park, in order to experience it's majesty and splendor. I better shut up before I jinx myself. Freep on Yosemitest, freep on.
I know, and I'm one of 'em!
I hope to be one, also, depending on the needs of my aging parents.
I'd hike the AT if there was a guest house at the end of each day serving dinner and craft beer.
I'm fairly active. It just strikes me that hiking the AT is masochistic, not recreational or pleasurable.
It's not a timed marathon, unless you make it one - but, it's not to everyone's liking either. You do need to be prepared to get wet, hot/cold and uncomfortable at times (which can be mitigated with good equipment and some common sense), but the payoff in scenery and serenity more than makes up for those.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Passion for Art
After living in a Tudor home for 35 years, the clients moved to a newly constructed home located in a historical neighborhood. The careful architecture is a tribute to the longstanding homes on this tree-lined street.
The clients and designer started work on the project several years prior to construction. The goal was to customize as much as possible including careful placement of lighting, electrical needs, cabinet design, stone and wood floor selection. They were also interested in easy maintenance for their dwelling.


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I set up a fantasy baseball on Yahoo for this season. Full season, autopick draft, head-to-head, all baseball, trade deadline, and playoffs. 2 day waiver after the draft.
Start: C, 1B, 2B, 3B, SS, 3 any OF, 1 Util (DH), 4 starters, 3 relievers, 3 any P, 6 Bench, 2 DL (25 man roster)
Batters Stat Categories: Runs (R), Hits (H), Home Runs (HR), Runs Batted In (RBI), Stolen Bases (SB), Walks (BB), Extra Base Hits (XBH)
Pitchers Stat Categories: Wins (W), Shutouts (SHO), Saves (SV), Strikeouts (K), Earned Run Average (ERA), (Walks + Hits)/ Innings Pitched (WHIP), No Hitters (NH)
If the majority of owners want a change, I'll make it. If you're new, we'll help you out. If I get enough participation from each I'll set up divisions between forums. If not they will be random.
League ID: 194847
League name: NorthCoastLeague
Password: playball
League home: http://baseball.fantasysports.yahoo.com/league/thencl
Let's play ball


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FYI, we will be cleaning PM house once a month.
During the month you have unlimited PMs in each of your PM folders. However beginning September 1st, and every 1st day of the month thereafter, PM storage will be pared back to 100 PMs per folder.
So anything you want to keep in excess of 100 PMs, be sure to move it elsewhere before the 1st of each month or you may lose PMs.
Immoderate TeaDrinker who happens to Moderate


text: Business AstraZeneca CEO quits as sales slump Add to ... Reuters Video Published Thursday, Apr. 26, 2012 9:46AM EDT Last updated Thursday, Apr. 26, 2012 9:46AM EDT AstraZeneca chief executive David Brennan will step down on June 1 in an abrupt exit after six years in the top job, following rising investor discontent at the company's performance. Watch More Video: Synaptive needed to decide whether to acquire a company or just license its technology Sales slow at General Electric Markets pause to ponder a Trump future Using TFSAs for more than cash savings China growth beats forecasts, but debt risks loom Globe Talks: The Canadian economy under Trump ECB maintains stimulus, tells critics 'Be patient' Alibaba becomes Olympics sponsor South Korean judge refuses arrest of Samsung boss China turns up the heat on Trump over trade and Taiwan Money for nothing? Finland trials basic income scheme Poloz says any changes to U.S. trade would have 'complicated' effects for Canada Video: HSBC plans Paris move after Brexit Deutsche Bank looks ahead after U.S. settlement Samsung boss awaits judge's call on his arrest U.S. companies find China less welcoming: survey 2017: Credit ratings outlook never worse Video: Wal-Mart to add 10,000 U.S. jobs in 2017 Brexit hit pushes up UK inflation BAT-Reynolds: Big Tobacco living up to its name Comments Share via email Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on LinkedIn Print More Related to this Story EU Video: Europe crisis hits the 'real economy' Investing AstraZeneca poised to buy biotech Ardea for $1.3-billion


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LINGUIST List 20.3440
Tue Oct 13 2009
Confs: Maltese, Morphology, Phonology, Socioling, General Ling/Malta
Editor for this issue: Amy Brunett <brunett
LINGUIST is pleased to announce the launch of an exciting new feature: Easy Abstracts! Easy Abs is a free abstract submission and review facility designed to help conference organizers and reviewers accept and process abstracts online. Just go to: http://www.linguistlist.org/confcustom, and begin your conference customization process today! With Easy Abstracts, submission and review will be as easy as 1-2-3!
1. Alexandra Vella,
International Programme in Maltese Linguistics
Message 1: International Programme in Maltese Linguistics
Alexandra Vella <alexandra.vella
International Programme in Maltese Linguistics
E-mail this message to a friend
International Programme in Maltese Linguistics
Date: 22-Mar-2010 - 31-Mar-2010
Location: Valletta, Malta
Contact: Alexandra Vella
Contact Email:
< click here to access email >
Meeting URL:
Linguistic Field(s): General Linguistics; Morphology; Phonology; Sociolinguistics
Subject Language(s): Maltese
Meeting Description:
The Institute of Linguistics in collaboration with the Department of Maltese of the University of Malta is pleased to announce a call for participation in the International Programme in Maltese Linguistics to be held in Malta from 22-31 March 2010. The programme was offered for the first time in the summer of 2009, and, like the Summer School in Maltese Linguistics that ran in June 2009, it is being organised through the Foundation for International Studies ltd at the Old University in Valletta. The programme comprises lectures and seminars, as well as a number of visits to historical sites, some with linguistic interest, around Malta and Gozo. It will provide participants with a unique opportunity to become acquainted with different aspects of the linguistic structure of Maltese. It is aimed primarily at linguists and students of linguistics but should also appeal to practitioners working with Maltese, such as translators and language teachers, particularly teachers of Maltese to adults/foreigners. A parallel course in Maltese involving input from lecturers of the University of Malta's Skola tal-Malti will also be offered if enough interest is expressed.
Comments from June 2009 participants:
'As an Arabist and a historical linguist, I found the programme extremely interesting, stimulating and beneficial. I think it would be useful to students and researchers in Arabic dialectology, historical linguistics, contact linguistics, varieties of English and linguistic typology.' --C.L., Cambridge.
'It was an excellent experience. The very thorough programme on Maltese Linguistics is suitable even for students who only have limited knowledge about Maltese. For me as a student who has been dealing with Maltese for some time, this programme was the ideal place not only to revise and deepen my knowledge of the language structure but also to get an update on current issues in Maltese linguistics.' --J.J., Osnabrück.
Topics to be discussed will include:
-The segmental phonetics and phonology of Maltese
-Maltese prosody
-The historical phonology and morphology of Maltese
-Word formation processes in Maltese: derivation, inflection, compounding
-Verbless sentences
-Tense and aspect in Maltese
-Reflections on aspects of Maltese vocabulary
-Maltese and other languages: A linguistic history of Malta
-Language use in the Maltese context
-Computer technologies and Maltese
-Maltese in the media
-Language planning in the Maltese context
-Literature in Maltese
-Maltese in the EU context
-Maltese Sign Language
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text:
Jump Start Advanced: 4th-6th Grade
About this itemThis 5-CD set comes filled with engaging learning games that reinforce over 50 skills.
JumpStart® Advanced 4th-6th Grade School Essentials is a 5-CD set filled with engaging learning games that reinforce over 50 skills based on current curriculum standards. Exciting mysteries and adventures encourage kids to play the games over and over again. Before you know it, they've mastered the skills they need to succeed in school!
Disc One - 4th Grade Fundamentals
Use math, geography and grammar skills to unearth the secrets of the lost treasure map!
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Reinforce 5th Grade skills as you collect clues and unlock secret codes to expose the villain's menacing plan and track down Dr. X!
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Test your knowledge of math and science in this mind-bending quiz game.
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Test your knowledge of history and language arts in this zany quiz game.
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Computer and video game software must be returned in the original and unopened packaging with a receipt to receive a refund. Defective software must be returned within 90 days of the original purchase with a receipt to receive an exchange of merchandise.


text:
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
Doris M. Vazquez
A timely reason for preparing this unit is that in 1993, Puerto Rico will celebrate the 500th anniversary of its discovery by Christopher Columbus. This unit will therefore serve as cultural and historical enrichment for students in Spanish, Social Studies, and Bilingual classes in the junior and high school levels. Regular Spanish and Social Studies class students will learn about the culture and history of Puerto Rico and students in the Bilingual Program will be able to relate and reaffirm to their historical and cultural roots.
Life on the island of Boriquén, as the Taino Indians called Puerto Rico, was never the same after the arrival of the Spaniards in 1493. The fate of the Indians and their lifestyle was to disappear. They struggled valiantly but in vain to resist the domination by the conquerors.
The Spaniards' quest to discover, colonize, and Christianize was unstoppable. The Indians were forced to give up many things: their direct communication with nature, their religion, and their homeland. Time proved that they would be extinct by midsixteenth century. They were forced to build homes, roads, and forts for the intruders and spend hours on end panning for gold. The Indians died because of exhaustion, starvation, desperation with their unexplainable situation, and illnesses unknown to them brought by the colonizers.
The process of colonizing, of building forts and towns, and Christianizing was slow at first and often discouraging. The Spaniards were prepared for dealing with the initial stages of discovering and conquering new lands and people. It was the difficulty in dealing with the magnitude of their enterprise in the New World which proved to be the key to the downfall of the Spanish Empire.
The earliest inhabitants, arcaicos or the Archaic Indians, were nomadic fishermen and did not know anything about farming, pottery making, stone carving, boat building, or making bows and arrows. The araucos or Arawaks, on the other hand, were farmers, boat builders, pottery makers, stone, wood, and bone carvers, and had bows and arrows. The Arawaks were better prepared on all counts over the Archaic Indians and either eliminated the Archaic Indians altogether or fused them into their culture.
The Arawaks were described by González Fernández de Oviedo, the first historian of the Indies, as being: "of copper colored skin, with straight but thick hair, high cheek bones, black colored eyes slightly oblique in shape."1 Because of the climate, they wore little or no clothing and painted their bodies with red and black resins. Only the married woman wore a sliplike skirt called a nagua.
There were two phases of development of the Arawak Indian culture, the igneri and taino. The older of the two, the igneri, excelled in pottery making. The taino phase excelled in stone carving, especially in the elaboration of arrow heads and religious artifacts. The igneri phase has been dated from the year 120 A.D. to around the year 1000 A.D. The taino phase lasted from the year 1000 A.D. until their extinction in the sixteenth century.
The Taino Indians lived in villages called yucayeques. There were two kinds of living quarters, the bohio, which was circular in shape, and the caney, which was larger and rectangular in shape. In this larger structure lived the cacique or the chief and the religious leaders. They had a caste system made of the military noblemen or tainos, the priests and doctors or boitis, and the common folk or naboris. They were very religious and worshipped gods that represented the forces of nature. Yukiyu represented the positive forces and Huracan represented the negative ones. The Indians idolized the cemi, a stone or clay figure that embodied the good and evil forces.
There were twenty or more villages or yucayeques on the island of Boriquén when the Spaniards arrived. These yucayeques were self-sufficient and selfgoverning, but when an emergency or attack arose they united under the command of Agueybana, the Elder, of Guainia, the principal headquarters on the southwestern end of the island. The Tainos were peace loving but were valiant warriors when they needed to defend themselves. When the Spaniards discovered Puerto Rico, the Tainos were at war with another group of Indians, the maneating Caribs, attacking from the Leeward Islands. These were the general conditions on the island at the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquerors toward the end of the fifteenth century.
The term Plateresque is used in architectural decoration to refer to its connection with plateria or silverwork. In Spanish architecture, the Plateresque style first consisted of Gothic motifs applied to Gothic constructions, but later these were applied to Renaissance structures or the Renaissance motifs applied to Gothic structures. The Renaissance Plateresque differed from the Isabelline style in that the ornamentation was more controlled and unified, and it also introduced massive effects which displaced Gothic lightness and articulation. The Isabelline Plateresque was the style of the fifteenth century and the Renaissance Plateresque was in vogue in the sixteenth century. Midway in the six-teenth century, the Italianate style, which was very classical and purist in its statement, was imported into Spain from Italy. Its designs were unadorned, symmetrical, but yet elegant. The emphasis was placed on the building itself and not in the decoration as was the emphasis of the Plateresque styles.
The Isabelline and Renaissance Plateresque styles and to some extent the Italianate, were transplanted from Spain to the colonies. On the islands, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico, the architecture was not influenced by any Indian or native element. The buildings were designed and built by Spaniards. The tendency, however, was to simplify the Plateresque style rather than add to it, partly due to the materials available and to economic restraints.
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the islands became strategic watchpoints in the Atlantic as Spain obtained more riches from its colonies. The new cities were under attack constantly. Massive fortifications were needed to protect the shipments from the Mexican silver and Peruvian gold mines. While the building of the forts went on, little attention was paid to the construction of churches, public buildings, and private homes. The structures within the forts were usually wooden houses and huts.
In 1516, Franciscan friars built their monastery in Espinar, a sector of Aguada. This monastery was destroyed in 1528 and the five friars living there were killed by the Indians. The friars rebuilt the monastery in 1590, and in 1639 they built a Chapel on the very spot where the five friars were killed.
Aguada was a stopover for ships on their way to Spain from South America. Here they would rest and get new supplies of food and water for the remainder of their trip. Like other coastal towns, Aguada was attacked by English, French, and Dutch enemies.
Agueybaná agreed to let Ponce de León select any spot on the island to build a Spanish stronghold in exchange for assistance in fighting against the Carib Indians. Ponce de León selected Caparra, on the northern coast of the island near to what is now San Juan. The bay that was close to Caparra was one of the best that Ponce de León had seen and he named it Puerto Rico, which means rich port. In time, however, the island came to be called Puerto Rico and the city, San Juan.
Caparra turned out to be a bad choice not only its location, as it was difficult to reach from the bay, but also because of the mosquitoes that abounded there. Ponce de León remained in Caparra for about twelve years after which the city was moved to a place closer to the bay and with a more advantageous location in case of an attack from the sea.
The Bishop Alonso Manso chose the location for the Cathedral of San Juan and work on it began immediately. After his death in 1539, a hurricane destroyed it completely. In 1540, reconstruction of the building was begun but this time with stronger construction materials. It was a grand undertaking and one of the few examples of medieval architecture in America. The reconstruction was interrupted when Bishop Bastidas, the director of the task, left for Santo Domingo. The next bishop, Diego de Salamanca, ordered further work but changed the style to Gothic Plateresque. It was not until halfway into the nineteenth century that the Cathedral was finally completed.
In 1523, the Church and Monastery of Saint Thomas Aquinas was begun. Ponce de León gave the friars the land where they were to build their monastery. The actual building of the church now called San Jose began in 1532, even though it took many years to complete. The section erected in 1532, The Main Chapel or Sanctuary, is an example of Isabelline Gothic style, especially in its stelliform dome of stone blocks. The Sancturay was finished in 1539. This church was destined to be the burial place for Juan Ponce de León and all of his descendants. Ponce de León remained buried in the crypt at San José from 1559 to 1836, when his remains were exhumed and later transferred to the Cathedral.
Because of the increasing interest on the part of Spain's enemies, England and Holland, Puerto Rico became a target of attacks of these two countries. The Mexican Situado, which was the shipment of great treasures from Mexico, was brought to San Juan periodically. The city was subsequently attacked in 1595 by Francis Drake and in 1598 by George Clifford; both attacks were unsuccessful. Things were different when Boudoin Hendricks bombarded the city in 1625, with seventeen ships. This was the worst attack the city had ever experienced and it was followed by others on a smaller scale.
The attacks on the city prompted the building of huge walls that connected the two main forts, El Morro and La Fortaleza, and also enclosed what was the city of San Juan in 1630. The city at the beginning of the seventeenth century was composed of three hundred houses, one hundred and twenty huts or bohios, sixteen hundred Spaniards and two thousand mulattoes. The walls were finished in 1639, and with the completion of the walls, the city became a fortress and a Spanish watchpoint in the Atlantic, even if Spanish supremacy on land or sea was on the decline. The walls were made of limestone, mortar, and sand. The thickness of the walls varied from twenty feet at the base and twelve feet at the top. Engineers and architects were brought from Spain to design and direct the huge undertaking.
San Felipe del Morro, named in honor of King Phillip II, provided little protection to the city in 1540 when construction began. In 1591, major defense work was undertaken to protect the fort from inland attack. It proved unpenetrable to the attack by Sir Francis Drake in 1595. It fell to Earl of Cumberland in 1598, who approached the fort by land but was driven out by an epidemic of dysentery. In 1625, the Dutch under the command of Boudoin Hendricks took over, ransacked, and burned the city but could not enter the fort and consequently left.
The other fortress, La Fortaleza, was authorized to be built by Charles I as a defense against raids by Carib Indians. It was completed in 1540. The fortress proved to be of little value as a defense post, and it became the official residence of the governors and their families. It was twice occupied by invaders, the Earl of Cumberland in 1598 and the Dutch General Boudoin Hendricks in 1625. La Fortaleza is the oldest executive mansion still in use in the New World.
Just to the north of La Fortaleza is the San Juan gate. This gate opened to La Caleta de San Juan, a narrow street which led up to the Cathedral from the harbor. Travelers of the sixteenth would walk up La Caleta to the Cathedral to give thanks for a safe journey. There were a total of six gates originally but only two remain today after the walls were torn down allowing for the city to grow.
Facing the Plaza de Armas, one of many in the city, the alcaldia or city hall, was constructed in stages beginning in 1604 and ending in 1789. The city hall resembles Madrid's city hall with its double arcade. The Plaza de Armas was planned as the city's main square. Here the soldiers would practice defense drills. The plaza fulfilled the Spanish sixteenth century requirements in size and purpose.
The town of San Germán was founded officially after several attempts in 1573. This town was not built on the coast as were the other original settlements. Rather, it was built twenty kilometers inland, but the attacks from pirates persisted. Drake attacked in 1595 and in 1625 the Dutch attacked. Both enemies were driven away.
The Church of Porta Coeli was begun under the direction of the Priest Antonio Mej'a in 1606. It was built high on a hill overlooking the town of San Germán. The building itself is small and simple in structure and native woods mark a deep contrast with its white walls. The church now serves as a museum of religious art. There is another church in San Germán, which is larger and more elaborate in construction and style. Each church has a plaza facing it and both are within walking distance of each other. The two plazas are separated by the cabildo or police headquarters. Records state that there was a hospital in San Germán in 1531, and in 1606 it was housed in the alcaldia or town hall.
The town was built on a penninsula and in 1616 had eighty families living there. The church and the plaza were in place with two main streets on either side of the plaza, as was the typical format of the newly built towns of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
In the last decades of the sixteenth century, Lo'za became a sugar cane center. To provide hand labor, many black slaves were brought to work at the mills and plantations. There were repeated attacks from the Carib Indians, English, and French but the sugar plantations kept growing and so did the negro population. Lo'za was proclaimed a town officially in 1692, among the first on the island. Descendants of the slaves still live in Lo'za and the town is famous for its blend of African and Christian heritage and traditions. The town is of humble origins and its church, plaza, and alcald'a are simple, unadorned pieces of architectural design.
Friar Diego de Salamanca founded the hermitage of San Blas and lived there until 1618 aided by the economical support of the families of the town. The church in 1616 was made of brick and thatch, and its architecture had the simple characteristic lines of the construction done on the island.
Coamo is famous for its thermal springs. They are noted for their healing and therapeutic waters. Long before the Spaniards arrived on the island, the Indians bathed in these waters, and according to legend, this was the fountain of youth that the Indians spoke to Ponce de León about which he mistakenly went to search for in Florida, and unfortunately for him the search would end in his death.
In 1670, a small chapel was built in the area where the actual plaza is now located. Ponce de León y Loaiza was the town's most enthusiastic colonizer; it was his main interest to have this area settled and unified into a town. These were the humble beginnings of what would become a very important and aristocratic city. The spacious plaza is the home of the Cathedral of Lady of Guadalupe which is located on the plaza instead of facing it. The alcaldia or town hall faces the plaza as do fine homes, commercial buildings, and banks.
To the north of the city are the grounds of the Tibes Indian Ceremonial Center. It is the oldest Indian cemetery uncovered up to date. According to Juan Gonzalez Colon in his thesis : " . . . we have proven that the plazas and bateyes in Tibes were made between 700 and 1200 A.D., a time when preTaino groups were in full development, and which were the origin of the wellknown Taino Indian group . . . "3
This archeological discovery affirms that the Igneri Indians (pre-Taino) did not completely disappear without leaving traces of their existence other than samples of ceramic pottery. At Tibes, there is proof that the Igneris were farmers, fishermen, and hunters of birds and small animals. The plazas and bateyes vary in size and shape, with one being circular and bordered by triangular stone forms. This dance ground resembles a rising sun; its stone triangle points line up with the sun during equinoxes and solstices, making Tibes a possible astronomical observatory from preColumbian times. Further studies and investigations are being done presently on Tibes.
At this point I would like to thank everyone who, in one way or another, went out of their way to give me information on this topic. The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, which is housed in the Dominican Convent in Old San Juan, provided much of the information about the old city. The library at E1 Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, housed in the Casa Blanca, proved to be a wonderful reference center. In San Germán, I spoke to a man who has taken it upon himself to build a historical park behind the Porta Coeli Church. Everywhere I went on the island, the sights and history were fantastic. This is one unit that I have truly enjoyed preparing for the Teachers' Institute. I hope it proves useful to those who use it in their classrooms.
Two other units that I have written, La Nueva Canción de Puerto Rico and The Art of the Puerto Rican People may also prove very useful and interesting when teaching about the Indians and Spaniards in Puerto Rico. The first unit deals with a musical movement of the late seventies and early eighties which exhalted the legacy left to the Puerto Ricans by the Tainos. The second unit, accompanied by slides and art reproductions, covers the artistic contributions starting with the Igneri phase of the Arawak Indians and concluding with some contemporary artists. Both units complement this unit and provide a more complete picture of Puerto Rico and its culture.
The lesson plans for this unit will divide the information presented into three separate sequels, each of which may last from one to several days. The first lesson will deal with the Indians and Boriquén. The second lesson will be on the discovery and conquerors and the city of San Juan. Lesson three will cover the rest of the towns presented; each lesson will have slides to accompany it.
Objective This lesson will provide a historical background on the Pre-Columbian conditions on the island of Puerto Rico.
- yucayeque—Taino word for town or village
- cacique—Tribe chief
- Aqueybana—The most powerful of the Indian caciques, his yucayeque was Guainia
- Yuisa—Woman cacique of the yucayeque Haymanio
- bohio—Circular hut made of palm trees and twig
- caney—Rectangular hut, home of the cacique or religious leaders
- Ta'no—Military noblemen
- Boit's—Religious priests and doctors
- Naboris—Commonfolk
- Hamaca—Indian hanging bed made of cotton strings or fibers from the Maguey plant; a hammock
- Dujos—Short legged seats used by the caciques, made of wood or stone
- Casabe—A type of bread made of yucca
- nagua—An apronlike skirt used by married Indian women
- Guan'n—A round gold amulet worn by the cacique
- Cemi—Idols or amulets, triangular in shape; with a face of a man or an animal on one point, the extremities on another end, and a cone-shape on the third point. It was worshipped by the Tainos.
- Caribes—Maneating Indians from the Leeward Islands.
1. Introduce the vocabulary. 2. List the yucayeques on Boriquén with their caciques. a. How many yucayeques were on the island of Boriquén when the Spaniards arrived? b. What is the name of the yucayeque where Agueybana lived? c. Compare the two maps. (They may be reproduced) Which of the towns established by the Spaniards coincide in location with Taino yucayeques? The first town built was Caparra, which yucayeque was located near it? 3. According to the definitions of vocabulary identify the following illustrations.
4. Fill in the blanks. a. The Ta'no Indians called the Indians from the Leeward Islands b. _____ was the home of the cacique. c. _____ was a woman cacique. d. _____ was an Indian town or village. e. A bread made of yucca was called _____. f. A married Indian woman wore a _____. g. The military noblemen were called _____. h. The most powerful of the Indian caciques of Boriquén was _____. i. The _____ were the religious priests and doctors. j. The word _____ comes from the Indian word hamaca. 5. Independent projects: a. Make a scale model of a Ta'no yucayeque. b. Write a report on the caste system of the Ta'no Indians. c. Write a report on the religious beliefs of the Ta'no Indians.
Objective This lesson will describe the establishments of Caparra and the city of San Juan, and the important Spanish architectural contributions.
Isabelline Gothic
Renaissance Plateresque
E1 Morro
Iglesia San José—El Convento
La Catedral de San Juan
La Casa Blanca
La Fortaleza
La Alcaldia-Plaza de Armas
1. Define the vocabulary. 2. Using the map of Old San Juan, trace a route of the places described on the slide presentation. Color the map. a. walls-brown b. San Jose Church-yellow c. all plazas-green d. Catedral de San Juan-pink e. La Fortaleza-gray f. La Alcaldia-orange g. La Casa Blanca-blue h. E1 Convento-beige 4. Using another map of San Juan, fill in the names of the streets without names. 5. Write a report on one of the landmarks in San Juan.
- Océano Atlántico
- El Viejo San Juan
Objective The lesson will describe the six towns established on the island of Puerto Rico in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
- Aguada-On the Northwest coast of Puerto Rico, claims to be the landing place of Columbus on his second voyage.
- San Germán-About twenty kilometers inland on the Southwestern end of Puerto Rico; home of Porta Coeli; town with two plazas; second town founded by the Spaniards.
- Arecibo-On the Northern coast, west of San Juan, known as the Villa of Captain Correa, a local hero; built on a penninsula; famous for its radar/radio telescope, the largest in the world.
- Lo'za-On the Northern coast, east of San Juan; has one of the highest percentages of African descendants on the island; famous for its festival and coconut crafts.
- Coamo-Located northeast of Ponce; considered the third town on the island; famous for its thermal springs, Los Banos de Coamo.
- Ponce-Located in the southern part of Puerto Rico; also known as La Perla del Sur.
- parroquia—parrish
- iglesia—church
- catedral—cathedral
- plaza—town square
- alcaldia—town hall
1. Using a detailed map of roads and highways of Puerto Rico, trace the routes to each town with San Juan as a starting point. 2. Imagine a threeday visit to Puerto Rico, and you wanted to see all of six towns; how could you group these towns to be able to visit all of them? 3. Select one of the six towns, and write a detailed report on its founding. 4. Research the names of each town, and state whether its origin is Indian or Spanish. 5. After viewing the slide presentation, what do all the towns have in common?
Slides to be used with Lesson One.
- 1A—Tibes Indian Ceremonial Center in Ponce. Igneri burial grounds and museum.
- 1B—Tibes River
- 1C—Bohio Taino
- 1D—Yucayeque Taino
- 1E—Path to dance or game grounds
- 1F—Indian batey or plaza
- 1G—Petroglyph or stone carving
- 1H—Circular dance grounds, resembling a rising sun, it is possibly an astronomical observatory
- 1I—Paths to grounds
- 1J—Rectangular batey, probably used to play ball, a game similar to soccer where the players could not use their hands. Teams of men and/or women played against each other.
Slides to be used with Lesson Two
- 2A—Plaque on site of remains of Ponce de León's house in Caparra, first settlement in Puerto Rico
- 2B—Part of the ruins; the house was made of wood with a stone base
- 2C—Plaque on site of first chapel in Puerto Rico
- 2D—Site of first chapel, no ruins, it was made of wood and thatch
- 2E—Museum at Caparra which has collection of items found at the ruins
- 2F—El Morro, fort on the northern tip of San Juan
- 2G—Grounds within El Morro, the walls which surrounded the city are visible
- 2H—Sentry box or garita—El Morro
- 2I—Ramp on second level of El Morro, the fort has a total of four levels
- 2J—View from the second level
- 2K—Entrance to Casa Blanca, second home for Ponce de León and his descendants, Ponce de León never lived there.
- 2L—Storerooms at Casa Blanca
- 2M—Casa Blanca, two story home for the governor
- 2N—San Jose Church, formerly Saint Thomas Aquinas. It is the oldest church in the Americas
- 2O—El Convento, adjoining San Jose Church, now the home of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena
- 2P—Calle del Cristo in Old San Juan, Cathedral of San Juan in the distance
- 2Q—The Cathedral of San Juan
- 2R—Side view of Cathedral and the lanterns on top of domes
- 2S—La Caleta de San Juan, narrow street from the San Juan gate which leads to the Cathedral
- 2T—La Fortaleza, the oldest executive mansion in the New World. Main Entrance.
- 2U—Interior patio of La Fortaleza
- 2V—La Torre del Norte—Watchtower
- 2W—Fountain—Arabic style
- 2X—One of many sentry boxes at La Fortaleza
- 2Y—Narrow street in the city, street paved with adoquines
- 2Z—Tanca Street South, Spanish style two-story homes
- 2AA—Spanish balcony
- 2BB—Step Street
- 2CC—La alcaldia or town hall, still in use, Plaza de Armas is in front
- 2DD—Towers on either side of the alcaldia, Spanish coat of arms in the center
- 2EE—Arched walkway at the alcaldia
- 2FF—Statue in honor of Christopher Columbus—Plaza de Colon
Slides to be used with Lesson Three
- 3A—Monument, Cruz de Colon, in Aguada, on spot where Columbus landed
- 3B— View of the Atlantic Ocean from Aguada
- 3C—Sunset in Aguada
- 3D—Church, Parroquia de San Francisco de Asis, and plaza in Aguada
- 3E—Alcaldia or town hall of Aguada
- 3F—Porta Coeli Church, San Germán, built in 1606
- 3G—Detail of building materials of Porta Coeli
- 3H—Plaza in front of Porta Coeli
- 3I—Alcaldia of San Germán
- 3J—Church of San Germán
- 3K—Plaza and church of San Germán
- Arecibo
- 3L—Iglesia de Felipe Apostol
- 3M—Alcaldia
- 3N—Spanish architecture
- 3O—Street off plaza
- 3P—Street off plaza
- Lo'za
- 3Q—Catholic church—Iglesia de San Patricio
- 3R—Plaza
- 3S—Alcaldia
- 3T—Another view of the plaza
- Coamo
- 3U—Plaque of Coamo
- 3V—Catholic church—Iglesia de San Blas
- 3W—Alcaldia
- 3X—Parador Banos de Coamo
- 3Y—Thermal springs
- 3Z—Chemical analysis of thermal waters
- Ponce
- 3AA—Towers of Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe
- 3BB—Parque de Bombas—found in back of the Cathedral
- 3CC—View of plaza and buildings
- 3DD—Spanish gas light
- 3EE—Main fountain on plaza and alcaldia
- 3FF—Interior patio in alcaldia
- 3GG—Street facing alcaldia
- 3HH—Banks and other commercial buildings facing plaza
1. Figueroa, Breve Historia de Puerto Rico, p. 31. 2. Caro Costas, Antologia de Lecturas de Historia de Puerto Rico, pp.2324.
- 3. González Colón, "Tibes, Un Centro Ceremonial Indigena", p.7.
1. Bevan, Bernard, History of Spanish Architecture, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1938. 2. Brau, Salvador, Historia de Puerto Rico, Editorial Edil, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1978. 3. Buschiazzo, Mario J., La Arquitectura Colonial en Hispano America, Buenos Aires, 1940. 4. Caro Costas, Aida R., Antolog'a de Lecturas de Historia de Puerto Rico (Siglos XVXVIII), Editorial Universitaria, Rio Piedras, 1977. 5. Castro Pereda, Rafael, Espańa en América, cinco siglos en perspectiva, Centro Grafico del Caribe, Capparra Heights, Puerto Rico, 1985. 6. Damaz, Paul F., Art in Latin American Architecture, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1963. 7. Fernández Méndez, Eugenio, Crónicas de Puerto Rico (1493-1955), Editorial UPR, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1969. 8. Figueroa, Loida, Breve Historia de Puerto Rico, Volumen I, Nueva Edicion Revisada, Editorial Edil, Rio piedras, Puerto Rico, 1979. 9. González Colón, Juan, "Tibes, Un Centro Ceremonial Indigena", Editorial Kinder Printing, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 1985.
- 10. Kubler, George; Soria Martin, Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal and Their American Dominions, 1500 to 1800, Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1959.
- 11. Reynal, Vicente, Diccionario de Hombres y Mujeres Ilustres de Puerto Rico y de Hechos Historicos, Editorial Edil, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1985.
- 12. Toro Sugrańes, Jose A., Almanaque Puertorriqueńo, Editorial Edil, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1985.
- 1. Alegria, Ricardo E. , Discovery , Conquest, and Colonization of Puerto Rico 14931599, Barcelona, Spain, 1974.
- In English and Spanish. This is a wellillustrated and informative book on the fifteenth and sixteenth century.
- 2. ___, History of the Indians of Puerto Rico, Barcelona, Spain. 1970.
- In English and Spanish. This is detailed book on the Indians of Puerto Rico.
- 3. Masters, Robert V. , Puerto Rico in Pictures, Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. , New York, 1979.
- This book brings the history of Puerto Rico through pictures and chapter explanations, from its discovery to the present day.
- 4. Perl, Lila, Puerto Rico, Island Between Two Worlds, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1979.
- This book would be a terrific textbook for junior or high school students. It is very well illustrated and the information is well researched and attractively presented.
Contents of 1986 Volume II | Directory of Volumes | Index | Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute


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Topic: help with one-to-one relationship
Hi, please could someone help me with this basic problem:
I have 2 tables, weddings, and continents. Continents is a lookup table that contains 7 continents.
I basically want to return a list of all weddings in a particular continent, by continent name.
@wedding = Wedding.continents.find(:all, :conditions => "continent = 'Africa'")
But i get the error:
undefined method `continents' for Wedding:Class
Why is this?
I have:
class Wedding < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :continent
class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :wedding
many thanks


text:
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text:
Senior Bowl Dish: Game on for Willis, Meriweather
Jan. 28, 2007 Print it
By War Room scouts
MOBILE, Ala. -- Saturday's game day finally arrived at the Senior Bowl, but it wasn't the prettiest sight with cold and rainy conditions in Ladd-Peebles Stadium, which was only half full for the prospects.
The North, led by Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith (completed 5-of-15 passes in the bad weather for 52 yards and a TD) and Penn State running back Tony Hunt (named the game's MVP with 8 carries for 38 yards and a TD), was able to handle the elements much better in shutting out the South, 27-0.
Smith and Hunt got the headline attention in an ugly, lopsided affair, but there were several other players on both squads who stood out in the game to put the stamp on a long week of practice and playing. Here are eight players we put on the spot for the Senior Bowl game, and how they fared in their Mobile finale:
1. Patrick Willis, ILB, Ole Miss. Willis had a solid but unspectacular week in practice, but he raised his game several notches in the game and made plays all over the field. He showed an uncanny ability to find the ball quickly and then move toward it quickly. He also showed the range to make tackles from sideline-to-sideline -- something he didn't show in practice. Once Willis got moving, he had the speed to both make plays against the run and stay with backs and tight ends in tight man-to-man coverage. On the strength of his game-high 11 tackles, he earned South defensive player of the game honors.
2. Brandon Meriweather, S, Miami (Fla.) Meriweather proved himself worthy of high rating and first-round draft status. He read and then reacted well to skinny post routes coming at him by coming up quickly and making violent hits/tackles after balls arrived. He showed how athletic he is by covering a receiver very well in tight man-to-man in the red zone and forcing an incomplete pass. For a safety (6-0, 190) who lacks the ideal height and weight combination for the position, he also was willing to come up and make physical tackles in run support.
3. Amobi Okoye, DT, Louisville. Okoye finished up an impressive week of practice with another strong performance in the game. He was consistently quick off the ball and showed his natural athleticism when chasing down plays. He showed he definitely has the quick feet and hands to consistently beat offensive linemen one-on-one. Okoye still is raw in some areas, but he is very talented overall with tremendous upside.
4. Levi Brown, T, Penn State. Brown continued what has been a frustrating week for both him and the scouts evaluating him. He showed he clearly had the athleticism, size (6-3 1/2, 315) and strength necessary to pass-protect against all the defensive ends who saw in Mobile. However, all too often Brown did not use his hands aggressively enough and allowed ends to dictate the pass rush and beat him. Texas end Tim Crowder did the most damage, beating Brown for a number of hits on the quarterback.
5. Aundrae Allison, WR, East Carolina. Although no receiver dominated the game in terms of catches and stats, Allison (2 catches for 22 yards) impressed exactly as he did all week. He ran sharp and precise routes and consistently got a bit of separation from defensive backs. He also showed the ability to twist and adjust when making a nice catch for one of the North's three touchdowns.
6. Jay Moore, DE, Nebraska. After struggling through a tough week of practice, Moore delivered a great game. He consistently pressured the quarterback from wherever he lined up, showing a good closing burst to finish sacks and delivering hard blows. He needed a good game after being outperformed by college teammate Adam Carriker during the week.
7. James Marten, T, Boston College. Marten was one of the week's most pleasant surprises and continued to impress with a great performance in the game. He was not dominant, but he did a good job of pass blocking against two top defensive linemen, Florida's Ray McDonald and Georgia's Quentin Moses. Marten excelled at getting out of his stance and sliding to the corner to cut off the initial edge rush, and then he could tie up his man to keep that man from pressuring the quarterback.
8. Thomas Clayton, RB, Kansas State. There were few running back stats to go around in the game after Hunt and Washington State wide receiver Jason Hill (who went 35 yards on a nice reverse), but despite turning 8 carries into only 17 yards for the North, Clayton showed some good quickness, agility, athleticism and elusiveness. Clayton was added to the North roster on Tuesday after Northern Illinois running back Garrett Wolfe (hamstring) was hurt on the first day of practice, and certainly took advantage of the extra chance to boost his stock.
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LGA reform advances
ST. PAUL The bill reforming the formula for Local Government Aid funding for Minnesota cities advanced to the Tax committee in the Minnesota House on Wednesday as part of the Property Tax omnibus bill.
The legislation, which was drawn up by cooperation between the Greater Minnesota cities organization and metro cities, seeks to simplify LGA distribution into three city size categories with a maximum of three factors for each to determine the funds received by a city. The new formula also includes factors that adjust the total LGA appropriations with inflation and calculate the funds based on the need of a city.
The omnibus bill also includes items like a $157 million boost in funding for the Homestead Credit refund, $15 million for renters credit and a state tax on silica sand mining tax.
Representatives from cities in Greater Minnesota and in the metro area expressed strong support for the bill. Their only objection was the current form of the bill planned a $60 million increase in total LGA allocation for next year, which is less than the $80 million increase proposed by Gov. Mark Dayton.
The bill passed despite votes against it by Republican members of the committee, including Rep. Paul Torkelson (R-Rural Hanska) who had supported LGA reform in previous hearings. He echoed the Republican objections to the omnibus bill over the silica sand tax along with general spending and tax increases. Torkelson also mentioned his concern with including the clause that increased LGA total funding with inflation, stating that it seemed to lock in automatic spending increases that are not always needed.


text: LANSING COMMUNITY COLLEGE CURRICULUM GUIDE Geographic Information Systems Certificate of Achievement Curriculum Code: 0834 (Effective Fall 2003 - Summer 2008) This certificate program will emphasize development of components for GIS and project design based on application areas. The certificate allows beginners to become familiar with basic principles and those with some application background to become computer proficient in GIS. Certificate courses can all be applied to the associate degree. PREREQUISITES Students should see Course Descriptions or Course Offerings for course prerequisite information. See the Assessment and Placement Testing section for skills assessment and advising information. INFORMATION Contact the Manufacturing and Land Technologies Department, Gannon Vocational- Technical Center, Room 1380, telephone number (517) 483-1336. REQUIREMENTS TOTAL: 33 CREDITS CODE TITLE CREDIT HOURS GRET 205 Principles Geographic Info Sys 3 GRET 210 Global Positioning Systems 3 GRET 240 Cartography in GIS 3 GRET 241 Remote Sens/AirPhoto Interpret 3 GRET 243 ORACLE/Geographic Info Sys 3 GRET 253 Basics of ARC/View 3 GRET 255 Beginning ARC/Info 3 GRET 256 Advanced ARC/Info 3 GRET 258 ARC/View Extensions G.I.S. 3 GRET 266 Project Design in GIS 3 LAND 282 Computer Draft/Dsgn Land Arch 3 MINIMUM TOTAL 33 SUGGESTED COURSE SEQUENCE Students should see course descriptions to find out when departments plan to offer courses. Students who for any reason are unable to follow the course sequence suggested below (for example, those who are part-time, have transferred in courses from another school, or have prerequisites to fulfill) should contact an academic advisor or counselor for help with adjustments. I II III GRET 205 GRET 240 GRET 243 GRET 210 GRET 241 GRET 256 GRET 253 GRET 255 GRET 266 LAND 282 GRET 258


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quote Crusad3rThe hyper 212 runs circles around stock cooler. Do you know what you are talking about?Your mobo link links to your PSU
Other things:
- your case and psu are very expensive. You can save at least $100 on them
- any particular reason you went for an aftermarket cooler? The stock cooler you get with your CPU works better than the one you linked
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