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The Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers
Collection of essays advocating the ratification of the U. S. Constitution, published 1787-88.
The Federalist Papers are considered by many to be among the founding classics of American political thought, along with the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. The Federalist Papers were part of the national debate over the ratification of the Constitution. Opponents of the Constitution thought the document gave the national government too much power at the expense of the states—especially the power to tax and make war—privileged landholding aristocrats, and created a virtual monarch in the presidency. The Federalist Papers attempted to alleviate these fears, explaining the necessity of the Constitution and a strong central government to provide "political prosperity."
The Federalist Papers contain eighty-five essays that were published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the name of "Publius." The essays flooded the New York newspapers between October 27, 1787 and May 1788. The essays were published in book form as The Federalist Papers in May 1788, and included seventy-eight published essays along with seven new essays. The term Federalist was a loaded one, and Hamilton chose it carefully. Federalism had previously connoted support for strong state government and a weak central government—a federation of states—while support for a strong central government was termed nationalism. By naming the proponents of the Constitution Federalists, Hamilton effectively redefined the term, suggesting that while they advocated a strong national government they also supported states' rights. He also classified his opponents as Anti-Federalists, thus preventing a debate in terms of state versus national power. The Federalist Papers were not explicitly concerned with taking power away from states, but from factions—minority or majority groups whose zeal on a particular issue, left unchecked, could work against the public good. This is the theme of Federalist No. 10, sometimes considered the most important of the essays. A strong national government, the Federalists argued, would prevent factions from taking control by forcing debate and compromise. The Federalist Papers also advocated for representative government, instead of pure democracy, as the structure best able to insure stability and prevent temporary passions from setting the course for the nation. Anti-Federalists, however, saw representative government as an effective means for the "transfer of power from the many to the few," according to Anti-Federalist Richard Henry Lee. The Federalists won the day, but barely: the Constitution was ratified by all the states in May 1790, though the vote of many states was determined by a very small majority—the role of The Federalist Papers in gaining the victory is a matter of debate among scholars. Most Anti-Federalists accepted the defeat with grace, but declared that they would seek to improve the government through the means allowed by the new Constitution. Patrick Henry and other Anti-Federalists began by proposing a Bill of Rights to safeguard individuals and states, ten of which were ratified as constitutional amendments in December 1791.
The authors of The Federalist Papers linked the essays to classical traditions through their pseudonym—the name "Publius" refers to the founder of the Roman republic. The pseudonym served several purposes. In addition to placing the essays squarely in a classical tradition—a contrast to the bombastic letters that had appeared earlier—it placed the focus on the arguments rather than the specific writers. In addition, many later scholars have argued that the figure of Publius pulled the distinct ideas of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay into a coherent voice greater than the sum of its parts. The voice of Publius has become a focus of modern studies of The Federalist Papers, as critics disagree about just how coherent the collection of essays is. Albert Furtwangler suggests that Publius works successfully as a unifying speaker, making a strong spokesperson for the Federalist cause. Others, however, have found that the essays are composed of a multiplicity of voices, and not merely those of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. James Jasinski describes the many languages and rhetorical positions assumed by Publius as an example of the heteroglossia theorized by the literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin, reflective of the many voices straining to be heard during the formation of the American nation.
Because the issues of The Federalist Papers address the foundation of the American political system, scholarship on them is also often political, sometimes even polemical. The debates surrounding the Constitution in the 1780s did not disappear when the work was ratified. Scholars on the right and left have accused the authors of The Federalist Papers of elitism. Christopher M. Duncan contends that "the Federalists sought to insert an aristocratic political order" that was contrary to the spirit of true republicanism. Critics including Duncan and John Burt find in The Federalist Papers a cynical, materialist view of human nature that has a negative effect on the form of government they propose. Others, however, have countered these charges. In his study of Publius, Furtwangler concludes that a close examination of The Federalist Papers does not sustain a cynical or elitist interpretation. Kathleen M. Sullivan more directly confronts those she calls the new Anti-Federalists, suggesting that more than two hundred years of Constitutional success have proven wrong the Anti-Federalist objections.
Criticism: Overviews And General Studies
SOURCE: Carey, George W. Introduction to The Federalist: Design for a Constitutional Republic, pp. xi-xxiii. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
[In the following excerpt, Carey provides an overview of The Federalist Papers, examining their inconsistencies and exploring modern critiques, interpretations, and misunderstandings of the text.]
The Federalist comprises eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay between October, 1787, and May, 1788, under the pseudonym "Publius" to help secure ratification of the proposed Constitution in New York state.1
But its status today as one of the three or four basic documents of our founding period—the others by common consent being the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights—derives from considerations that far transcend the immediate purpose of its authors.2 Indeed, some have gone so far as to rank it among the great classics of political thought because of its realistic analysis of and approach to the perennial problems associated with popular self-government.3 What is beyond question, however, is its place in the American political tradition as the single most authoritative source for understanding the character of our constitutional system.
The reasons for its lofty status in our political tradition are multiple and interrelated. Clearly the prestige of its authors, their prominence during the founding era, and especially the fact that one of them, James Madison, has come to be regarded as the father of the Constitution, have lent both respectability and authenticity to this work. Quite apart from the stature of its authors, however, its prominent position among our founding documents would still be secure. It is, to begin with, the most systematic and comprehensive treatment of this era that we have concerning the proposed Constitution. To be sure, it is an avowedly sympathetic treatment, one that puts the best possible light on the Framers' handiwork. But for this reason it is all the more invaluable. Precisely because Publius is obliged to acknowledge and refute the principal objections posed by the critics of the new system, he must go well beyond simply explaining the provisions of the proposed Constitution and their interrelationship. He is also obliged to delve into the whys and wherefores of its main features; to articulate and defend in the strongest terms possible the principles upon which they rest. What is more, in this enterprise he cannot avoid presenting us with a hierarchy of values and sense of priorities relative to its goals and operations which are not readily comprehended, if at all, from reading the Constitution with an innocent eye.
The Federalist, we may go so far as to say, provides us with what can appropriately be termed a "constitutional morality" which, of course, represents another reason for its centrality in our political tradition. That is, concomitant with its effort to render the proposed Constitution a coherent whole, it urges upon the rulers and ruled alike standards of behavior conducive to maintaining and perpetuating this coherence—e.g., the public's tranquility ought not be disturbed and its confidence in the regime undermined by unnecessarily submitting constitutional questions to it for resolution; the people should not tolerate representatives who exempt themselves from the operations of the laws they pass; the courts should exercise "judgment," not "will," which is the prerogative of the legislature. Sometimes this morality is presented more obliquely in the form of assumptions or presumptions central to key aspects of Publius's argument—e.g., that given the opportunity, the people's votes will center on "fit" characters; that sympathetic bonds between representatives and their constituents will serve to deter the representatives from betraying the public trust.
Because it does provide us with a constitutional morality, we have come to look upon The Federalist, with exceptions here or there, as revealing the intentions and motives of the Founding Fathers. It is not uncommon to find justices of the Supreme Court appealing to its authority in disputes over constitutional questions ranging from the prerogatives and responsibilities of the respective departments of government to the proper relationship between national and state authorities.4 Such is clearly the case, too, among students of the American political tradition, who have, since the turn of the twentieth century, increasingly come to look upon it as the most authoritative source for understanding the theory and "spirit" behind our constitutional order—a theory and spirit which many, if not most, would contend still prevails in the operations of the system.
While there is no gainsaying the central role of The Federalist for an understanding of the American political tradition, serious differences do arise over the character and substance of its teachings—differences so basic and substantial as to raise the question of whether we can ever understand our political tradition, much less the nature of the regime that the Founders sought to establish. This concern may be put as follows: In recent decades, The Federalist has come to be viewed by students of the American political tradition as embracing mutually inconsistent positions and values. These inconsistencies, it is further contended, not only reveal a good deal about Publius's real motives and ends, but those of the Founding Fathers as well. From their perspective, more concretely, The Federalist represents an ambitious but futile effort to wrap the mantle of republicanism around a regime designed to protect minorities of various descriptions of wealth and status from the leveling demands of popular majorities.5
In their earliest and crudest form, the essential outlines of the picture most frequently drawn by these critics ran roughly as follows: contrary to what he writes at various places in The Federalist, Publius shared the Framers' conviction that the democratic and egalitarian impulses fed by the rhetoric of the Declaration and unleashed by the Revolution had to be restrained.6 His positions reveal that he shared the Founders' distrust of the people and their low estimate of man's inherent nature. So much, it is contended, is evident from his defense of the separation of powers, which would allow the Senate and president, both elected through processes designed to insure their allegiance to the privileged classes, to block the democratic impulses of the House of Representatives. What is more, so this line of attack runs, if these institutions should fail, or if, perchance, they were to join the House in common cause, the Supreme Court, whose members are selected through a process that virtually insures a "conservative" outlook and loyalty to entrenched interests, with its power of judicial review would pose the final and impassable barricade to truly popular government.
The more modern and sophisticated versions of this theme take the form of arguing that Publius, more clearly than even the Framers, could see that the government of an extended union such as that envisioned under the proposed system would be relatively inert and largely immune to majority pressures. At the very least, the extensiveness of the union, coupled with the multiplicity and variety of interests it embraces, would render the formation of ruling majority coalitions very difficult. Moreover, even if such coalitions were to form, the separation of powers would afford opposing interests or coalitions ample opportunity to block the will of the majority. By this account, then, Publius's legacy is a system which, to a great extent, incorporates Calhoun's "concurrent majority" or "concurrent consent" principle,7 wherein, on any given measure, powerful groups can exercise a veto over laws affecting their interests or, short of this, can secure important modifications and changes in such laws to make them more palatable. As a consequence, so this critique runs, our national government is not only most attentive to the better organized and more affluent interests (which belies its presumably republican character), it is also frequently paralyzed by these interests. This paralysis, in turn, renders it incapable of comprehensively meeting and dealing with the long-term and deep-seated social and economic problems confronting the nation8—a deplorable and dangerous state of affairs exacerbated by the federal character of the system which further disperses authority and power.9
This, in brief, constitutes the essentials of the modern liberal critique of The Federalist, which, since the turn of the twentieth century, has gained currency in academic circles. But, astonishingly enough, many conservative commentators have come to accept Publius's legacy in similar terms, albeit with one highly significant difference: they look upon these presumed undemocratic features with an approving eye.10The Federalist, in their view, articulates the Framers' belief in the sanctity of the rights of private property, rights which constitute the foundation for securing and perpetuating a truly free society. They see the separation of powers as designed to curb the democratic excesses, particularly the insatiable demand for greater equality, which would adversely affect these rights. Thus, in their view, one of the chief functions of the Senate and the president is to temporize or thwart these destructive and egalitarian impulses that might find expression in the popularly elected House. But if these institutions should prove unequal to the task, the conservatives conceive the Supreme Court as specially designed or constructed to thwart infringements on inviolable property rights.11
Nor, unlike their liberal counterparts, are modern conservatives particularly concerned about the dispersion of authority inherent in the constitutional design. On the whole they consider federalism a vital principle, not only for preventing a dangerous concentration of powers in the hands of the national government, but also for reinforcing and perpetuating the traditions of self-government by allowing for meaningful grass roots political participation at the state and local levels. Consequently, of special concern to conservatives in recent decades has been the nationalization of the Bill of Rights by the Supreme Court—a process wherein, they hold, the Court has abandoned its intended role as an impartial arbiter between the state and national governments by intruding upon the sovereign prerogatives of the states.
Leaving to one side the normative dimensions of the conservative-liberal perspectives and their views concerning the changes that have occurred, we see that both share very similar views relative to the nature of the Constitution and its intended functions. Moreover, as we have said, in no small measure their views are derived from their readings of The Federalist. Yet what cannot help but strike even a casual reader of The Federalist is that it conveys an almost entirely different picture of the character of the Constitution and its place in our tradition. For instance, the clear message of the appeal in the last paragraph of Federalist 14 is that the movement toward the new system represents a progression quite in keeping with the spirit and principles of the Revolution, as well as with the political developments that followed in its wake. "They [the American people] accomplished a revolution, which has no parallel in the annals of human society. They reared the fabrics of governments which have no model on the face of the globe. They formed the design of a great Confederacy, which it is incumbent on their successors to improve and perpetuate" (104-5).12 And, in this regard, as Publius makes clear at various junctures in The Federalist, the proposed system is designed to correct the potentially fatal defects of the Articles. From his perspective, at least, the proposed Constitution is an effort to improve and perpetuate the union that grew out of the Revolution.
Indeed, the very first paragraph of The Federalist poses the question of whether the abiding principles of the Declaration of Independence can be realized in practice. That is, in raising the concern of whether "societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force" (33), Publius is also asking, in effect, whether the people are really capable of exercising in practice that fundamental right proclaimed in the Declaration, namely, "to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Moreover, like the Declaration, Publius's enterprise is predicated on the proposition that there is an obligation to show the reasons and need for change: that fundamental changes in the constitutional order are not to be undertaken for "light and transient causes." In other words, there is no incompatibility between Publius's overriding purpose and the basic values of the Declaration. On the contrary, his goal and mode of procedure are precisely those we should expect from one who has accepted the fundamental principles of the Declaration.
But it is not only with regard to the relationship of the Constitution to the Declaration that we find a discrepancy between what Publius writes and the conservative-liberal interpretation. Publius, as we shall see, has no doubts that the deliberate sense of the community will prevail under the forms of the proposed Constitution (e.g., 63:384). While he is concerned about rule by unjust majorities (majority factions), he sees the futility of providing against "this evil … by creating a will in the community independent of the majority" (51:323). The solution to this problem provided by the proposed system he regards as faithful to "the spirit and the form of popular government" (10:80). In fact, he boldly asserts that "a republican remedy for the diseases [majority factions] most incident to republican government" is to be found "in the extent and proper structure of the Union" (10:84).
Equally important, he seems to pride himself on the fact that the proposed system is an "unmixed" republic, i.e., one whose foundations are "wholly popular" (14:100-101). There are, he writes, "no qualifications of wealth, of birth, of religious faith, or of civil profession" for elective office under the proposed system. The path to elective office, as he puts it, is open to "every citizen whose merit may recommend him to the esteem and confidence of his country." Likewise, the electorate for members of the House, as he sees it, is to be "the great body of the people of the United States" comprised of those who are eligible to vote for members of the lower chambers in the states—"not the rich, more than the poor; not the learned more than the ignorant; not the haughty heirs of distinguished names, more than the humble sons of obscure and unpropitious fortune" (57:351).
Nor is it fair to say that Publius rationalizes a system built upon the Calhounian "concurrent majority" principle. On the contrary, he is critical of the rules governing the voting in the Congress of the Articles for reasons that go beyond the equal suffrage of the states—a provision which, we cannot help but note in passing, he regarded as contrary to "that fundamental maxim of republican government, which requires that the sense of the majority should prevail." What seemed to bother him more, however, was the requirement of an extra-majority—two-thirds of the states—for passing laws, a requirement which, due to the "non-attendance of a few States," he remarks, has "frequently" put the Congress "in the situation of a Polish diet, where a single veto has been sufficient to put a stop to all their movements." And his comments that follow in this context are most revealing in...
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Criticism: Influences And Origins
George Mace (essay date 1979)
SOURCE: Mace, George. "The Federalist: From the Truth of Speculation to the Utility of Practice." In Locke, Hobbes, and the Federalist Papers: An Essay on the Genesis of the American Political Heritage, pp. 98-122. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.
[In the following essay, Mace examines the influence of Locke and Hobbes on Publius's ideas in The Federalist Papers, noting that Publius improves upon their political theory by adding a way to ensure liberty and stability.]
"In a way beset with those that contend, on one side for too great Liberty, and on the other side for too much Authority, 'tis hard to passe between...
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Thomas L. Pangle (essay date 1986)
SOURCE: Pangle, Thomas L. "The Federalist Papers' Vision of Civic Health and the Tradition Out of Which That Vision Emerges." Western Political Quarterly 39, no. 4 (December 1986): 577-602.
[In the following essay, Pangle explores The Federalist Papers's use of and deviation from the classical tradition of Republicanism, suggesting that Publius developed a new definition of civic virtue. Citing influences such as Machiavelli, Hume, and Montesquieu, Pangle highlights the path of Publius in creating a new idea of civic health and of liberty itself.]
The bicentennial of the American Constitution invites us to reconsider not only the legal and...
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Criticism: Political Themes
Patrick J. Garrity (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: Garrity, Patrick J. "Foreign Policy and The Federalist." In Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, edited by Charles R. Kesler, pp. 83-99. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
[In the following essay, Garrity looks at the formation of early American foreign policy as revealed in The Federalist Papers.]
In the first volume of his memoirs, Henry Kissinger reflects upon those traditions of American foreign policy that stand in the way of a more realistic approach to the preservation of U.S. national interests. Because of our geographic remoteness and the shield provided by British sea power during the nineteenth...
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George W. Carey (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: Carey, George W. "Republicanism." In The Federalist: Design for a Constitutional Republic, pp. 3-27. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
[In the following excerpt, Carey discusses Publius's conception of republicanism, focusing on the problem of factions and Publius's "cure" for overcoming their potential evils.]
To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of [majority factions], and at the same time to preserve the spirit and form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed.
Any number of places in The...
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Edward Milligan (essay date 1990)
SOURCE: Milligan, Edward. "Publius the Nationalist." In One United People: The Federalist Papers and the National Idea, pp. 209-29. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1990.
[In the following essay, Milligan argues that the authors of The Federalist Papers—collectively and individually—are better thought of as nationalists than federalists, suggesting that they very clearly favored a strong centralized national government, but disputing the notion that they primarily defended the property rights of the wealthy.]
The exposition of the argument of Publius is now complete, and it is time to stand back from the canvas to take an overall look. The...
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John Burt (essay date 1993)
SOURCE: Burt, John. "Tyranny and Faction in the Federalist Papers." Raritan 13, no. 2 (Fall 1993): 56-84.
[In the following essay, Burt finds that the The Federalist Papers's solutions to the problems of tyranny and factions are a "species of hypocrisy," based on mistaken assumptions.]
In his 1878 essay "Kin Beyond Sea," Gladstone distinguishes between the English and American Constitutions, noting that "the one is a thing grown, the other is a thing made." He was at least partly wrong, but he did capture the founders' exhilarating sense of making new discoveries in political theory prompted by their experiences as English colonists and as...
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Criticism: Publius And The Narrative Voice
Albert Furtwangler (essay date 1984)
SOURCE: Furtwangler, Albert. "The Form of the Federalist." In The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers, pp. 45-79. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.
[In the following excerpt, Furtwangler discusses the figure of Publius as a coherent voice, distinct from the individual opinions or arguments of Madison, Hamilton, or Jay, and examines the theme of candor—a polite, deferential generosity—found throughout The Federalist Papers.]
From these beginnings, a new figure emerged before the eyes of readers in 1787. A public figure who might seem to represent a single, thoughtful author, he was in...
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Philip Abbott (essay date 1996)
SOURCE: Abbott, Philip. "What's New in the Federalist Papers?" Political Research Quarterly 49, no. 3 (September 1996): 525-45.
[In the following essay, Abbott focuses on Publius as a storyteller, using narrative as a central means for advancing his argument in The Federalist Papers.]
The centrality of the Federalist Papers in American political thought is indisputable. Even the most severe critics of Publius grant its monumental importance as a "new explanation of politics, of whose beauty and summetry the Federalists themselves only gradually became aware" and as a "masterly statement" in support of a literal or at least ideological coup...
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James Jasinski (essay date 1997)
SOURCE: Jasinski, James. "Heteroglossia, Polyphony, and The Federalist Papers." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 27, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 23-46.
[In the following essay, Jasinski uses the literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin's notions of heteroglossia and polyphony to examine the rhetoric of The Federalist Papers.]
In the last few decades historians have devoted significant attention to the language used by political actors during the American revolution and founding. The ground-breaking work of Bailyn, Pocock, and Wood established the importance of language as a motivating force, conceptual...
(The entire section is 10956 words.)
Criticism: Anti-Federalists, Then And Now
Murray Dry (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: Dry, Murray. "Anti-Federalism in The Federalist: A Founding Dialogue on the Constitution, Republican Government, and Federalism." In Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, edited by Charles R. Kesler, pp. 40-60. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
[In the following essay, Dry analyzes The Federalist Papers as a response to particular Anti-Federalist arguments. Quoting from the Anti-Federalist tracts "Letters of Brutus" and "Letters of the Federal Farmer," Dry highlights passages in The Federalist Papers that respond to them directly, focusing on issues of the definition of federalism, and limitations on...
(The entire section is 10981 words.)
Christopher M. Duncan (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: Duncan, Christopher M. "The Faith of the Federalists." In The Anti-Federalists and Early American Political Thought, pp. 99-122. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995.
[In the following excerpt, Duncan offers a highly critical view of The Federalist Papers, maintaining that its politics are underwritten with a cynical, Hobbesian view of human nature and a strong tendency toward elitism.]
… we were under a necessity of either returning to the house, and by our presence enabling them to call a convention before our constituents could have the means of information, or time to deliberate on the subject, or by absenting...
(The entire section is 9791 words.)
Kathleen M. Sullivan (essay date 1997)
SOURCE: Sullivan, Kathleen M. "The Contemporary Relevance of The Federalist." In New Federalist Papers: Essays in Defense of the Constitution, edited by Alan Brinkley, Nelson W. Polsby, and Kathleen M. Sullivan, pp. 7-14. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.
[In the following essay, Sullivan defends the principles of The Federalist Papers from what she calls the new Anti-Federalists: proponents of states' rights and a weaker federal government. Sullivan acknowledges the differences in technology and society that affect some of Publius's basic assumptions about factions and centralized government, but nonetheless concludes that founders' advocation of Federalism remains the best...
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Further Reading
Allen, W. B., and Gordon Lloyd. "Interpretive Essay." In The Essential Antifederalist, pp. viii-xiv. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.
Examines the importance of Anti-Federalist thought to American government, particularly the Bill of Rights.
Draper, Theodore. "Hume and Madison: The Secrets of Federalist Paper No. 10." Encounter 58, no. 2 (Fall 1982): 34-47.
Explores the theory that Madison's ideas for the "extended republic" were influenced by Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume.
Niegorski, Walter. "The Anti-Federalists: Collected and...
(The entire section is 253 words.)


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I think you will find that most neapolitan pizzerias do very little take out, and almost never do delivery.
scott r, I remember several years ago raising the matter of delivery of Neapolitan style pizzas with Charlie Restivo, then the chief pizza maker at Naples 45 in NYC (and now with the parent company's Orlando operation), when I saw that Naples 45 delivered pizzas. At the time, Naples 45 was using a blend of the Caputo 00 Pizzeria flour and the Caputo Rosso (Red) 00 flour and using Earthstone ovens (if I recall correctly). I couldn't imagine how a cooled down Neapolitan style pizza could taste any good but Charlie told me that many of his customers actually liked the delivery pizzas better than the ones baked in the restaurant. I did a check today at the Naples 45 website at http://naples45nyc.com/food-delivery/Naples-45-New-York-City.309.r?QueryStringValue=2mQFl3oySeE+OjgFOZ6StQ==, and it appears that they are still delivering pizza. Peter
cranky,What I neglected to mention is that Naples 45 is located in the MetLife building in Mid-town Manhattan, right near Grand Central Station. There are a ton of office buildings and professional offices nearby. I woudn't be surprised if the pizzas are delivered mainly to offices rather than homes. The pizzas might hold up better under such conditions. Peter

subset: commoncrawl


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Local seniors plan busy week
MACA Building
Monday, Wednesday, Thursday: cards, games; lunch, noon; bingo.
Township Building
Monday, Tuesday, Friday: cards, games; lunch, noon.
25 First St.
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday: cards, games; lunch, noon.
Main at Pickering
Monday: pool and games 9 a.m.; lunch at noon; pool, games, 1 p.m.; exercise, 3 p.m.
Tuesday: Rotary at noon; senior night out.
Wednesday: shop in Warren, 8:30 a.m.
Thursday: pool, games, 9 a.m.; lunch, noon; pool, bingo, 1 p.m.; exercise, 3 p.m.
Friday: pool and games 9 a.m.; lunch at noon; pool and games 1 p.m., bridge 1 p.m.
August is here already and the gardens are full of goodies. A few wonderful people are supplying the senior center with vegetables on a daily basis which are very much appreciated THANK YOU!
A luau luncheon will be served Aug. 19 so dust off your mumu's and Hawaiian shirts and join the fun. Ham will be provided and seniors are asked to bring a dish to pass.
August brings our last picnic of the year at Rod & Gun Club on Bull Hill on Aug. 29. Corn, hot dogs and watermelon top off the menu along with a game of rip off after lunch. Don't forget your wrapped gift you never know what you will end up with!
8/19: luau lunch
8/20: senior night out
8/26: blood pressure check
8/27: mystery lunch
8/28: shop in Erie
8/29: picnic at Rod & Gun
September 15-21: Branson
2014: New York city(tentative), New Orleans, Oct. 4-12, Hawaii Nov. 1-8
Allegheny Community Center, TAWC Building, 2nd floor, at 42 Clark St.,
Monday: Lose to Win weigh-in (all day) – National Lemonade Day – Coffee, pool, 9 a.m.; Hand & foot tournament, 9:30 a.m.; blood pressure testing, 10 a.m.; fresh squeezed lemonade available, noon; bingo, stamping with Becky, 1 p.m.; Yoga with Sherry, 5 p.m.; Tai Chi, 5:30 p.m. Center is open until 7 p.m.
Tuesday: Coffee, pool, 9 a.m.; bean bag toss, Zonk, 10 a.m.; Bistro lunch, 10-1 p.m.; Bible study, 10:30 a.m.; exercise, 11 a.m.; bridge, 12:30 p.m.; Allegheny Belles line dancing practice at ACC, 12:45 p.m.; Pinochle, Open hand and foot Canasta, 1 p.m.; bocce at Warren Mall, 2 p.m.
Wednesday: Coffee, pool, 9 a.m.; cards, walk at Betts Park, 10 a.m.; Scrabble, Allegheny Belles line dancing practice at ACC, Hand Reflexology with Denny, 12:45 p.m.; Mah Jongg, 1 p.m.; Yoga class, 5 p.m. Center is open until 7 p.m.
Thursday: Coffee, pool, 9 a.m.; stamping class, 9:30 a.m.; Bistro lunch, 10-1 p.m.; Cribbage class, 10 a.m.; exercise, 11 a.m.; TOPS, bingo, 12:45 p.m.; advanced Brazilian embroidery, 1 p.m.; bocce at Warren Mall, 2 p.m.; Old Fashioned Pic-Nic at Betts Park, 6 p.m.
Friday: Coffee, pool, 9 a.m.; Chautauqua Lake trip, 9:30 a.m.; Jammers, 10 a.m.; cards, Open Hand & Foot Canasta, 12:30 p.m.; Sarah Mesmer and Yoga, 1 p.m.
There's still time to make your reservation for our old-fashioned Allegheny Community Center picnic held on Thursday, August 22 at 6 p.m. at Betts Park by the tennis courts. A fine picnic menu of hamburgers, hot dogs, potato salad, baked beans, chips and 2 kinds of punch bowl cakes will be served. Live entertainment by Ron Carrington & Bob Lawson. Please call your reservations to 723-3237. You might want to bring a chair!
Tai Chi classes are offered on Mondays at 5:30 p.m. at ACC. Instructor Dan Otterbein guides us thru this low impact Ancient Chinese health form focusing on mind, body and spirit. Register for a 4-class session by calling 723-3237.
Exciting day trips: Trip around Lake Chautauqua, Aug. 23; TAWC bus to Erie, Salamanca Casino, Aug. 28; Tall ships return to Erie Harbor, Sept. 6; Pirates vs. Padres baseball game, Sept. 19; Amish Harvest tour, Oct. 11; Medieval Feast at Riverside Inn, Oct. 26; Hamburg Craft Show, Nov. 8; Amish Christmas in Ohio, Nov. 15; A Nostalgic Christmas at Riverside Inn, Dec. 17.
Great overnight and extended trips: Baltic heritage trip, Aug. 16-Sept. 2; Boston & Salem, MA, trip,
Oct. 15-19; New York City at Christmas, Dec. 10-13. For all trip questions, please call Margaret Sleeman, trip coordinator, at 723-7143 or 730-9364. For costs and sign-up, please call 723-3237. ACC membership is required for these trips. This is a special reminder to all trippers that the ACC Trip Policy is available at the Center.
ACC is open from 8:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. M-F with extended hours until 7 p.m. on Mon. & Wed. ACC is closed for all activities and meals on legal holidays and on those days when Warren County schools are closed unexpectedly due to bad weather. Hot lunches or light alternative lunches are available Mondays-Fridays at noon. You can call your reservation to 723-3237. Bistro lunch is available on Tuesdays & Thursdays from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. with no reservation required. Take-outs available.
The Warren-Forest Area Agency on Aging will serve the following menu at Allegheny Community Center and other Warren-Forest centers Aug. 19-23: chicken tenders Monday; chef salad Tuesday; meatloaf Wednesday; macaroni and tuna salad Thursday; chef's buffet Friday. Locations at Marienville, Sheffield, Tidioute and Endeavor will serve menus from Monday, Tuesday and Friday for the three-day sites. Eligible participation is 60 years and older with a suggested donation of $3. Call 723-3763 for information regarding congregate meal sites or center locations. Menu is subject to change based on availability.


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Every now and again here at BrickHouse we get to use our products to support charities and other good causes. Last year, we helped sponsor a cross-country motorcycle
ridefor child abuse prevention. And now, for the next 45 days, we'll be providing live tracking of filmmaker Ryan Davy cycling the entire 1300-mile perimeter of Michigan for family peace. Click here to follow the trip, which begins Sunday, in real time. To zoom in, double-click your left mouse button; to zoom out, double-click the right button. Learn more about the cause here.


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Beads measure 1.375" in diameter with a .5" thick with hole for lacing.
(based on 7 reviews)
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Great for pre-school
By Gma
from SD
About Me Education Oriented, Grandparent
Comments about Learning Resources Smart Snacks® ABC Lacing Sweets™:
Upper and lower case alphabet
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
Great Product
By Ashtuosh
from CA
About Me Parent
Loved it... loved this product
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Wish we could use it to spell more!
By ObjectiveMommaKC
from Kansas City, KS
We like...it's okay for the letters learning stage, BUT I'd love to be able to build words with this. I plan to get wooden beads, and paint more letters on them, so that my oldest daughter can continue to use this to practice building more words! It would be awesome if this came with an expansion set option because we love the feel of the original product.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great Fun/Educational Toy for ALL Ages!
By M_Oachs
from Burnsville, MN
About Me Parent Of Two Or More Children
It is always hard to find toys that are great for BOTH my 4 year old and my 18 month old. But I finally found one they can work on together and both learn from: the Smart Snacks® ABC Lacing Sweets™! They help children not only learn fine motor skills as they lace the string through the holes, but it can also help work on the alphabet, reading, spelling, upper and lower case letters, colors, and so much more!It comes with a cute little "treat jar" for carrying the alphabet treats and a little scoop. So not only do my children love to lace with these treats but they like to pretend play with them too!My four year old son had a blast spelling out all kinds of different words and putting all the letters into alphabetical order. My daughter got to experience lacing for the first time with this set and I love that there are two different holes for the laces to go into. She really caught on fast and was able to do it on her own!
Images shared by M_Oachs
My Kids Lovin' the Smart Snacks Lacing Sweets!
Great toy
By Chris
from Milwaukee, WI
Our daughter loves this set. The letters are durable. I also like that there are both upper and lower case letters.
Best gift ever!
By Mommyx3
from Ontario, Canada
About Me Education Oriented, Parent Of Two Or More Children, Working Parent
Our 2 year old daughter received this gift at Christmas- and it's the best gift ever! She plays with these almost every day. It enables her to know her A B C's, increases fine hand-eye coordination by stringing the smarties onto the laces and also by using the scoop to pick them up to put them into the container her gross motor skills are challenged too! In future years, I can see us building words with these. They are so colourful and just the right size for little hands to hand on to them. Don't think twice, get some for your child!
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
ABC Lacing Sweets
By Twopink13
from Elizabeth twp, PA
We bought this today, my daughter is 3.5, and in preschool. She knows her ABC's if she sings them and can locate about 20 letters of the alphabet. We put these on the table uppercase side up, and randomly let her select a letter, for every letter she knew she got to lace it onto the necklace, for every letter she didn't know we did a workbook page to practice with, then we go back and see if she can find the ones she didn't know. I wish the game came with some suggestions, but she really enjoys it and it's great practice, she loves scooping them up and putting them back into the container, which is also great for keeping it all together.


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Black Bean Soup
Recipe courtesy of Dave Lieberman
- Good Deal with Dave Lieberman
Back in college, a great local cafe stayed opened into the wee hours ladling up their version of this stuff. The first time I slurped some[ of it down after midnight, I decided to make black bean soup my own tradition. Mine is hearty and smoky, and if it's lying around, I'll also throw in a can of beer for good taste and in keeping with the spirit of a good night on the town. Like the onion soup, you'll want to make this ahead of time so you're not faced with the prep-work when you and your friends just want to kick back and chow down after a long night. Using smoked bacon makes all the difference in the world because those beans are just begging for that rich, smoky flavor.]
- 10 slices bacon, finely chopped
- 2 medium onions, chopped (about 2 1/2 cups)
- 6 garlic cloves, pressed
- 1 (14 1/2-ounce) can reduced-sodium chicken broth
- 1 1/2 cups canned chopped tomatoes
- 2 tablespoons ketchup
- 2 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce
- 1 tablespoon chili powder
- 4 (15 1/2-ounce) cans black beans, drained but not rinsed
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 1 bunch cilantro
- juice of 1/2 lime
- Thinly sliced scallions, for garnish
- Sour cream, for garnish
- Grated cheddar, for garnish
DirectionsWatch how to make this recipe.
Put the bacon into a large heavy pot and place it over medium heat. Cook until it starts to give up its fat, about 4 minutes. Stir in the onions and cook, stirring, until they start to turn translucent, about 4 minutes. Stir in the garlic and cook until you can smell it, about 1 minute. Add the broth, tomatoes, ketchup, Worcestershire, and chili powder. Stir in the beans, turn the heat to high and bring to a boil. Adjust the heat so the soup is bubbling gently and cook 10 minutes. Season with salt and pepper.
Meanwhile, pick off all the thick stems from the cilantro. Wash it and shake dry. Chop the cilantro coarsely and stir it into the soup when it has been simmering 10 minutes. cook until the soup is thickened, about 5 minutes. Stir in the lime juice. Serve with the garnishes.
Recipe courtesy of Dave Lieberman
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Crisp, refreshing light beer
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Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen
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Black Bean Soup
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen


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Tuesday, July 9, 2013
EAA Requests Federal Court Review of FAA Air Traffic Fees
The Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) isn't giving up its fight regarding the FAA-imposed air traffic controller (ATC) fees for its annual AirVenture show, as the organization is now asking a federal appeals court to review the payments.
Last week, EAA filed a petition with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Court of Chicago. The petition is the result of FAA's notification to EAA officials in May that they would have to pay $447,000 to cover the cost of 87 air traffic controllers at the AirVenture show later this month.
In the past, FAA has included the cost of staffing the ATC tower at Wittman Regional Airport for the duration of the show into its annual budget. However, as the agency faces a $637 million reduction to its 2013 operating budget due to sequestration, it has billed EAA for the cost.
"While we understand the FAA's position and the temptation to augment its congressional appropriation, we naturally don't agree since we believe this approach unlawfully circumvents congressional approval and standard due process," said EAA Chairman Jack J. Pelton. "This affects AirVenture and numerous other aviation events throughout the nation in an unauthorized and unjustified manner. That is why we are seeking review, relief, and clarification from the court."
EAA's petition is asking the appeals court to reverse FAA's decision and return the money that has already been paid to cover the cost of the controllers.
Related: EAA Agrees to Pay for Air Traffic Controllers at AirVenture


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Skip to Main Navigation. Each navigation link will open a list of sub navigation links.
Campus Recreation
Half Acre Recreation and Wellness Center
Dept. 3604
1000 E. University Ave.
Laramie, WY 82071
Phone: (307) 766-5586
Fax: (307) 766-6720
Email: email@example.com
Family recreation at Half Acre is limited to Fridays after 3 p.m. and Saturdays and Sundays during building hours. In addition, eligible dependents with eligible adult sponsors can access Half Acre building hours during university breaks and summer session.
Please read the following important information about dependent use of the facilities.
Dependents are allowed in the facility with adult supervision Fridays after 3 pm and Saturday and Sunday during regular building hours.
Dependents, with adult sponsors, may swim in the Half Acre shallow pool on Tuesdays and Fridays from 4-7pm and Saturdays and Sundays from 1-4pm.
During university breaks and the summer session, dependents can access Half Acre (when accompanied by an adult) during all building hours.
Corbett pool is open to dependents during all regularly scheduled pool hours.
Please read our facility policies, paying special attention to our dependent policy in regard to usage of the facilities and supervision of dependents.
Please see dependent membership fees and use our online registration or come to the Half Acre campus recreation office during regular hours to pay the fees.
Dependents 5 years through 19 years of age (who have not yet graduated from high school) are required to have a WyoOne card. This card can be obtained at the WyoOne ID Office located in room 28, in the basement of Knight Hall, $7.50 for dependents of faculty, staff of students and $10 for dependents of cooperating agency employees.


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Dual credit may be an option for high school students who want to begin taking college courses while they are still in high school. Dual credit courses at Ashland Community and Technical College are offered during the regular school day at all of the high schools in our area. Dual Credit is a college level course of study where a high school student earns both high school and college credit upon successful completion of the course. Dual credit courses are transferrable to other public post-secondary institutions in Kentucky. Students interested in taking dual credit courses must meet the following criteria before they are allowed to participate in this opportunity:
There is a cost associated with dual credit courses through ACTC, but it is much lower than regular tuition costs. Students can not only gain college credit, but can gain that credit with less of a financial obligation. Currently, the tuition/fees for dual credit offerings at ACTC are:
If you would like more information concerning our dual credit offerings at ACTC, or what your high school can do to offer dual credit opportunities for the students, please contact:
Ms. Cris McDavid, Associate Dean, Academic Affairs at ACTC.
Phone: 606-326-2003
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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From the manufacturer:
Supports energy metabolism**
Whole food based multi
Probiotics and enzymes
Coenzyme B-Vitamins
Whole fruit Cranberry and ActiveAloe® Aloe Vera (100% inner fillet)
Gluten Free
Introducing Core Daily™-1 for Women 50+. Every woman 50+ needs daily support, and Core Daily™-1 for Women 50+ supports the basic nutritional needs that women 50+ require, and provides B vitamins that support energy metabolism.**
Country Life
Core Daily Women 50+ Multivitamin
60 Tablets / Item #024232


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (34 votes).
In short: A chance of a last pb of the year.In full: My first NVH10. The course was nothing special. Fast but you had to keep you whits about you. Loads of bollards/posts to bump into and curbs to trip over. The two laps were fine as I like to have it clear what's left.The results came out on the Tuesday which is acceptable without chip timing.Race HQ was very busy with so many entering on the day. But at £11 on the day I can't be too critical. I'll be back next year, which says it all really.Date of review: December 5, 2013
In short: Nice and simpleIn full: Pleased with my PB, luckily weather was good too. Classic old school race, cheap to enter, just some water at the end, nothing else needed. Did fall over at 2.5 miles going through the gate (sorry for the swearing!). No results yet though, shame.Date of review: December 2, 2013
In short: Don't stay in bed, go and do it!In full: N.V.H 10 is a well-organised race. I had no difficulties entering on the day. The location is easy enough to find (when someone else is driving!)There was a large turnout of club runners, which I expected and never deters me from entering club races. I really enjoyed the course: bridges, underpasses, woodland trail, roads and paths. I do prefer point to point routes; however this two lap mixed terrain course was pleasant enough and added a bit of variety. Flat road races bore the pants off me.I am 'chuffed' that I got a PB and I am equally pleased with the nice conversations I had with three lovely ladies during my time at the event... Carol,from Yaxley Runners and Joggers,thank you for pacing with me and our lovely chat. Didn't the time just race by?! Hope to see you again sometime and well done you on reaching your target. Date of review: December 1, 2013
In short: Knocked almost 10 minutes off my PBIn full: The event was advertised as having changing facilities unfortunately they were not apparent and due to no fault of the Harriers the toilets were frozen. That said I ran with a club mate and we had hoped to knock 6 minutes off our PB on this two lap course. In the end she managed 11 minutes off her time and I was just under 10 minutes. Many of the marshalls were supportive and kept our spirits up. I will certainly be running this one again.Date of review: December 5, 2012
In short: Good PB potentialIn full: Enjoyable race on outskirts of Peterborough. Rather winding route with small section along woodland footpath and several underpasses & bridges but still very quick pace possible. Well marshalled although start not clear and heard no announcements. No chip timing but soon over the line and most of my club managed PBs so smiles all round. Agree that a choccy bar or healthy bar at the end would have been welcomed. All in all a good morning and thanks to the Harriers for braving the arctic temperatures to ensure smooth running of this race. Will be back! Date of review: December 4, 2012
In short: Lovely course to set a PB!In full: A very fast course with friendly marshalls. There are quite a lot of bollards en-route though, so watch where you run! Marshalls did shout out warnings at bollard-areas. Excellent value for money, although could have done with a nice choccy bar or some sort of food at the finish!Date of review: December 3, 2012
In short: Unusual course, taking in housing estates, roads, paths, tracks and underpasses...all surprisingly distracting, in a good way. Quick flat course so PB territory. Medal would've been nicer than water bottle next time please.Date of review: December 6, 2011
In short: Job done but nothing specialIn full: The goody bad was just a bag, no tshirt or momento, so no frilly extras this time. The rugby club hosting the HQ was friendly, though there was no sign of the showers advertised on the RW event page.The race itself was "okay", no sign of a starting gun, or "GO", just alot of suprised people starting over an unseen start line; marshalls were friendly and helpful, the course was playful and the off-road woody part fine.Date of review: February 28, 2011
In short: An honest race, fast, good value and unpretentiousIn full: This course manages to replicate the type of weekday training route most of us have to do during the winter evenings under streetlamps. It requires a lot of marshalls to make it work so well done NVH, a good race for club runnersDate of review: February 28, 2011
In short: could be improved in a few areasIn full: start not really called all of a sudden we were off without warning. course ok but some posts could have been removed.fairly quick course but definitly quicker out there.marshalling pretty good although saw and heard of a few managing to go wrong.poor goody bag? energy bar &water and gym bag but cant expect much for £8 these days. room for improvment!Date of review: February 27, 2011
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Case Study: Mergermarket Group
Mergermarket Group leverages SugarCRM for Real Enterprise ROI
- Rapid growth among its global sales force and the opening of regional offices across the world required the company to seek a new solution CRM solution.
- Mergermarket required a new solution to replace a deficient Goldmine CRM system.
- Mergermarket installed Sugar Enterprise Edition to allow management to establish a global database of clients and give them real-time reporting capabilities and to measure client profitability.
- The marketing team now leverages Enterprise Edition for outbound campaigns, accounts uses it to scan contracts and handle customer payments and finances, and customer service has integrated Enterprise Edition with a surveying solution to capture product and service feedback.


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The 10 Best Beards In Sports
In recent years, the beard has become a staple amongst all types of people, whether it be rappers, hipsters or anyone just trying to stand out. However, it's never been so prevalent in the sports world, as it is today, with some athletes making it their trademark.
NBA superstar James Harden is just one example of something who's been synonymous with his extravagant beard. In fact, immediately after joining the Houston Rockets during the 2012-13, the fans launched a campaign to support their new addition, dubbed "Fear The Beard." He's so dedicated to it, he's even said he wouldn't shave for $1 million.
BallerStatus.com teamed up with Champs Sports' new daily blog, The Drop, to break down a Top 10 list of the Best Beards in the sports world. While Harden definitely makes the list, see who else makes the cut at Champs Sports' THE DROP.


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Photograph by Columbus W. Motes, c1886 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Insitution
William Burr Howell, son of New Jersey governor Richard Howell, was the father of Varina Howell Davis. He married Margaret Kempe Howell in Natchez in 1823, and they had settled at The Briars by the end of the decade. For more information, see The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 2, pages 124-25. (Painting from Randall, I, Varina; A Biography of the Girl Who Married Jefferson Davis and Became the First Lady of the South, p9.)
The Papers of Jefferson Davis
Rice University--MS 215
P.O. Box 1892
Houston, Texas 77251-1892
Phone: (713) 348-2586
Fax: (713) 348-6172
E-mail: email@example.com


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I had the good fortune of receiving the remastered "Yellow Submarine" CD for Christmas, and thanks to the clarity of the remasters I was blown away by the bass playing on Hey Bulldog (with headphones especially). It's long been said that Paul is/was the greatest bass player in rock, playing a melody within a melody, and this song sure makes that case. The video is fun to watch because the guys are having a good time, probably one of their last really good times in the studio (witness the depressing let it be sessions a few months later).
Anyway, enjoy.


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If the bustle of some of the larger Caribbean islands doesn't appeal, then consider the small but perfectly formed gems that are St Kitts and Nevis. These modest neighbours offer an unspoilt paradise of traditional charm, natural splendour and beach bliss.
Escape the throng and step into the Caribbean of the past on beautiful St Kitts. Explore sleepy villages and take in rolling sugar cane fields dotted with ramshackle former plantation buildings or magnificent historic great houses. Stretch out on the soft sands of a secluded bay or soak up the atmosphere at one of the buzzing beach bars in lively Frigate Bay. Or visit the neighbouring island of Nevis, where once again time has all but stood still to preserve the unique beauty and tranquillity of this verdant oasis. From majestic Nevis Peak to the pristine shores lapped by clear turquoise waters – scenic glory abounds in Nevis. Little wonder it is known as the 'Queen of the Caribees'.
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Take to the crystal-clear Caribbean waters and discover the beauty of St Kitts during this exhilarating kayaking and snorkelling adventure. You'll meet your tour guide for a kayak lesson and safety briefing before enjoying a 45-minute ride, taking in dramatic cliffs and beautiful remote bays. See fascinating local wildlife including turtles and vervet monkeys. You'll then explore the amazing underwater world of the Caribbean, filled with exotic fish and marine creatures, on a thrilling snorkelling expedition.
Take in the essential sights of beautiful St Kitts and explore its rich cultural heritage on this island tour. Your first stop is the capital of Basseterre, for some shopping in this historic city. Then enjoy wonderful scenery on the drive to magnificent Romney Manor, formerly home of the Caribelle Batik sugar plantation and set in stunning gardens. From there it's on to the spectacular Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, before your tour concludes at the dramatic Black Rocks.
Experience the eco-adventure of a lifetime on this 3.5 hour guided walking tour through the rain forest of St Kitts. You'll be amazed at the exotic flora and fauna that this stunning island has to offer – including tropical birds and playful green vervet monkeys. After a scenic drive through the rain forest outskirts, you'll continue on foot to experience its amazing scenery first-hand while learning about this fascinating habitat from your knowledgeable guide. Your walk concludes with some light refreshments.
Experience the beauty and tranquillity of Nevis, known as the 'Queen of the Caribees' on this comprehensive tour. Your expedition begins with a 45-minute ferry ride around the island, accompanied by a professional guide. Next, explore the history and heritage of Nevis during visits to important attractions including the Museum of Nevis, as well as the sites of former sugar plantations. Take in the awe-inspiring 3,232ft extinct volcano and beautiful Botanical Gardens before your tour concludes with a little shopping.
Experience the spectacular scenery of St Kitts on this unforgettable hiking adventure to the top of Mt. Liamuiga, an extinct volcano. Your 8-hour round trip begins with a drive by Land Rover to the base of the 3,792ft volcano. During the vigorous 2.5 hour hike to the crater, admire and learn about the exotic surrounding flora and fauna from your guide. Be sure to bring a camera to capture the breathtaking vistas that await you at the top.


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If you are accessing your Baron account online for the first time, you will need
to create a User ID.
Please call 1-800-99-BARON, option 5 with a valid account number to receive a complimentary T-shirt.
You should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of any of the Baron Funds carefully before investing. The prospectus contains this and other information about Baron Funds. You may obtain one from its distributor, Baron Capital, Inc., by calling 1-800-99BARON or click here. Please read it carefully before investing.
Copyright © 2013 - Baron Capital, Inc.


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Justice Committee on Nov. 27th, 2012
Evidence of meeting #53 for Justice and Human Rights in the 41st Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The winning word was tribunal.
A recording is available from Parliament.
On the agenda
MPs speaking
Also speaking
- Ian Fine Acting Secretary General, Secretary General's Office, Canadian Human Rights Commission
- Susheel Gupta Acting Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer, Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
- Diane Watts Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
3:30 p.m.
The Chair Dave MacKenzie
Seeing that the clock is at 3:30, this is meeting number 53 of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights. Pursuant to the order of reference of Wednesday, June 6, 2012, we are studying Bill C-279, An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code (gender identity and gender expression).
I would like to thank the panel for coming back. The last meeting was a bit of a problem, in that we never got started, although everyone was here. Our apologies to you for the inconvenience. Sometimes those things happen here. There's really no real explaining, other than that the bells were ringing and we had to leave for votes.
Today we have a panel with the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, and REAL Women of Canada.
If you have an opening address, we'll begin with the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
3:30 p.m.
Ian Fine Acting Secretary General, Secretary General's Office, Canadian Human Rights Commission
Dear honourable members, thank you for inviting the Canadian Human Rights Commission to contribute to your study of Bill C-279, a bill to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act to include gender identity and gender expression as grounds of discrimination.
I would like to introduce my colleagues. On my right is Philippe Dufresne, the Acting Director General of Dispute Resolution and Senior General Counsel of the Canadian Human Rights Commission. On my left is Tracey Donaldson, Acting Director of Policy and International Relations.
I have three main points. First, the discrimination or harassment experienced by people who are transgender is often hostile and sometimes hateful and violent. Second, the commission, the tribunal, and the courts view gender identity and gender expression as protected by the Canadian Human Rights Act. Finally, adding the grounds of gender identity and gender expression to the Canadian Human Rights Act would make this human rights protection explicit.
It is difficult to know how many transgendered people there are in Canada. What we do know is that many transgendered individuals are reluctant to identify themselves or seek assistance. Often they fear being shunned by society, or they fear being harassed or treated unfairly, or they may fear for their safety. Even accessing health care or obtaining identification documents can be difficult. Some feel that doing so threatens their privacy and in turn their security.
In a country where we take pride in being diverse and inclusive, nobody should have to live in fear because of who they are. Parliament designed the Canadian Human Rights Acts to promote equality and acceptance.
This act was created to protect all of us, including vulnerable members of our society, from harassment and discrimination. The Canadian Human Rights Commission is responsible for administering the act and promoting equality.
We receive discrimination complaints regarding employment and services provided by organizations under federal jurisdiction. This includes the federal public sector, as well as private sector companies involved in industries such as transportation, telecommunications and banking. The commission screens all the discrimination complaints it receives. Many are settled through mediation or resolved through a dispute resolution process. In some instances, we refer complaints to the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal for adjudication. The tribunal operates independently of the commission.
As I mentioned, if someone experiences discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression, they are currently protected under the Canadian Human Rights Act. In the past five years, the commission has received 19 discrimination complaints that raise transgender issues. Eight of these cases are still open.
We at the commission believe that the complaints that come forward do not provide a full picture of discrimination involving gender identity or gender expression. For many, filing a complaint is a last resort. It takes courage. The fear of stigma can be overwhelming for some. It's often easier to remain silent.
This brings me to my last point. In the past, Parliament has amended the Canadian Human Rights Act to ensure that the most vulnerable members of our society are protected from harassment and discrimination. Adding the ground of sexual orientation is one example. Adding the grounds of gender identity and gender expression to the act would make protection of the transgender community explicit. This would promote acceptance and send a message that everyone in Canada has the right to be treated with equality, dignity, and respect.
Thank you for your attention, and we look forward to taking your questions.
3:35 p.m.
The Chair Dave MacKenzie
Thank you, Mr. Fine.
Mr. Gupta, did you have an opening address?
3:35 p.m.
Susheel Gupta Acting Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer, Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
I do. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Good afternoon, and thank you very much, Mr. Chair and honourable members, for the invitation to appear before your committee today as you deliberate Bill C-279.
I thought I would begin by taking a few moments to discuss the mandate of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, as it will inform the scope of my presentation. I will then provide an overview of the legal principles that govern us when dealing with discrimination complaints, and in closing, I will provide the committee with some information on cases decided by the tribunal that raised issues of gender identity or gender expression.
The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal is one of the two administrative agencies created by the Canadian Human Rights Act, or the CHRA. The other one is the Canadian Human Rights Commission. While the commission's mandate is multi-faceted and includes a wide range of powers, duties, and functions, the statute has only assigned one main function to the tribunal, and that is the adjudication of complaints.
In the context of the CHRA, this adjudication process is referred to as an inquiry. An individual who believes that discrimination has occurred, within the meaning of the CHRA, can file a complaint with the commission. If the commission believes that an inquiry is warranted, it triggers the adjudicative process by making a request of the tribunal to inquire into the complaint.
The inquiry mandated under the CHRA has been described as quasi-judicial, which essentially means court-like. Hence, the tribunal has many of the powers and attributes of a court. It is empowered to find facts, to interpret and apply the law to those facts before it, and to award appropriate remedies.
The tribunal hearings have much the same structure as a formal trial before a court. The parties before the tribunal lead evidence, call and cross-examine witnesses, and make submissions on how the law should be applied to the facts.
This Parliament only assigned to the tribunal the role of adjudication. The tribunal cannot be involved in crafting policy. It has no regulatory role vis-à-vis discriminatory practices in the federal workplace, nor does it have a public advocacy role. These roles are assigned to other bodies.
A number of consequences flow from the court-like structure and focused mandate of the tribunal. First, its members are required to maintain a high degree of independence from the executive branch of government, in particular from our portfolio department, the Department of Justice.
Furthermore, to conserve their impartiality, it is important for the adjudicator of our tribunal to adopt and retain a position of neutrality in respect of issues that can and will be debated in cases they may be called upon to decide.
In the context of your current study, these principles prevent tribunal members, including me, from issuing opinions on many of the matters that will be discussed as you review Bill C-279, which is not to say that tribunal members never make findings on issues of gender identity or gender expression. On the contrary, they have been required to do so previously and will likely be called upon to do so in the future. However, they must make these findings in the context of their adjudicative mandate, based on the submissions of the parties in a particular case, along with the evidence led and the applicable legal principles.
This leads me to my next topic. What are the legal principles that the tribunal applies to discrimination complaints? How do we define discrimination?
The answer to these questions originates in our enabling legislation, the CHRA. A useful starting point is section 4, which succinctly sets out the basic liability scheme. Essentially, in this statute Parliament has identified a number of discriminatory practices. Anyone found by the tribunal to be engaging in or to have engaged in a discriminatory practice may be made the subject of a remedial order.
What does the CHRA consider a discriminatory practice?
There are a number of acts and courses of conduct so designated, including denying access to services facilities or accommodation; refusing to employ or continue to employ an individual; establishing a policy or practice that deprives an individual or class of individuals of employment opportunities; and harassment and adverse differentiation, both in matters related to employment as well as in the provision of services, facilities, or accommodation.
However, almost every discriminatory practice in the CHRA, by definition, must be based on a prohibited ground of discrimination. Here is where we arrive at some of the issues raised by Bill C-279.
The CHRA designates 11 prohibited grounds of discrimination, namely, race, national ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability, or conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted or in respect of which a record of suspension has been ordered.
As has been alluded to in the House of Commons debates, to the extent that the tribunal has dealt with transgender issues thus far, it has done so within this statutory framework of prohibited grounds, in particular, under the grounds of sex and disability. However, the tribunal has never had to decide a case where the parties put forward sharply opposed arguments on the question of whether or not gender identity or gender expression is protected by the act.
If you will allow me to elaborate, the tribunal has had four cases dealing with gender identity or gender expression that it has been required to adjudicate.
In the first case, the tribunal has found, on the point that's most relevant to this current discussion, and I quote:
There is no dispute that discrimination on the basis of Transsexualism constitutes sex discrimination as well as discrimination on the basis of a disability.
There have been three subsequent cases that raise gender identity and gender expression issues. In all of them, the tribunal found that discrimination on these grounds fell within the prohibited grounds protected by the CHRA. However, in each of the cases, the key issue relevant to this committee's deliberation does not appear to be a point of contention between the parties.
As you can see, we haven't dealt with a large number of these kinds of cases. That said, in considering the number of cases heard by the tribunal on the given subject matter, there are several important considerations that should be taken into account.
First, not all federal discrimination matters become complaints filed with the commission. Other agencies and boards have concurrent jurisdiction over CHRA matters.
Second, of the discrimination complaints filed with the commission, only a small subset were referred to the tribunal for inquiry. As my friends from the commission have already indicated, some of those complaints end up being resolved through ADR practices or mediation under their process.
Third, of those complaints that are referred to the tribunal, a significant number are resolved by tribunal members mediating the complaints to facilitate settlements by the parties, thus never resulting in a hearing or an inquiry ever being conducted.
In closing, I would simply like to say that I hope this presentation has been of assistance to the committee.
Thank you.
3:40 p.m.
The Chair Dave MacKenzie
Thank you.
Ms. Watts, do you have a presentation?
3:40 p.m.
Diane Watts Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
Yes, thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Thank you for inviting us before this committee.
REAL Women of Canada was federally incorporated in 1983 and is a non-denominational, non-partisan organization of women from all walks of life. We respond to the evidence that the family, consisting of mother, father, and children, is the foundation of society.
Bill C-279 is not just a simple bill merely extending human rights protection to another category of individuals. It has far-reaching ramifications for Canadian society, and based on credible medical studies, the consequences of the bill will be harmful to transgendered individuals themselves.
It may be politically correct, but it will not be helpful to persons with gender dysphoria, that is, gender dissatisfaction. The United Nations rejected the terms "gender expression" and "gender identity". The Geneva-based United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights' controversial recommendation that gender identity and gender expression be protected rights was overwhelmingly rejected by the United Nations Human Rights Council in March 2012. Similarly, the non-binding UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity was never voted on by the UN General Assembly. In fact, it was directly contradicted by another UN declaration presented by other UN member states.
The United Nations has never accepted gender identity as a legitimate human right, although the term was included in a recent draft resolution condemning extrajudicial executions on the basis of the principles of right to life and the fight against impunity. Even the one country that voted against this recommendation was in favour of the general prohibition of extrajudicial executions, and the party states that did not vote had difficulty with other sections of the resolution presented.
I will describe the scientific evidence on morbidity and morality related to transsexual persons. This concerns us. A study was conducted in Sweden by various departments of Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm of post-operative transsexual persons, which was unique in that it included the results of a nationwide longitudinal study of 30 years with minimal loss of follow-up. Published in 2011, this Swedish study found substantially higher rates of overall mortality, death from cardiovascular disease and suicide attempts, and psychiatric hospitalizations in sex-reassigned transsexual individuals compared to a healthy control population.
Even though surgery and hormonal therapy may alleviate gender dysphoria, they are apparently not sufficient to remedy the higher rates of morbidity, diseases and disorders, and mortality found among transsexual persons, so the furthering of a declaration of acceptance of this type of medical transformation as a result of Bill C-279, we believe, would not be helpful to transsexual and transgendered individuals.
The Yogyakarta Principles, the source of a gender identity definition, are vague. They can be interpreted to interfere with parental rights to counsel that gender-confused children be helped to continue in the gender consistent with their genetic make-up. By interfering with parental authority, the Yogyakarta Principles contradict the provisions of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which declare that "the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State"—article 16(3).
On March 31, 2010, the American College of Pediatricians distributed a letter to school officials citing various research studies, which affirmed:
Even children with Gender Identity Disorder (when a child desires to be the opposite sex) will typically lose this desire by puberty, if the behaviour is not reinforced. ... ...that when parents or others allow or encourage a child to behave and be treated as the opposite sex, the confusion is reinforced and the child is conditioned for a life of unnecessary pain and suffering.
The Yogyakarta Principles would object to parents discouraging their child to identify in this way, and they would discourage counselling to prevent young people from identifying in this manner.
We're concerned about the troubling effects of Bill C-279 if it's passed into law: male access to women's public washrooms and health clubs. There's a situation in Washington where a man who thinks he's a female has been allowed entrance into a health club where children change. A women's pool is there, apparently, and there are young children and adolescents. This presents a problem, and we believe this could present a problem in the future.
Since the terms "gender identity" and "gender expression" are undefined, they apply to anyone who thinks he or she is another sex, whether or not he/she has had hormonal treatment or surgery. In our appendix, we mention a case, Sheridan v. Sanctuary Investments, wherein a male thought he/she was a female, was prevented from entering the women's washroom, and went to the human rights commission. The discrimination was recognized and the nightclub was fined $2,000.
There can be a tremendous permutation of these types of situations, and we believe these are socially disruptive. This allows such individuals to use the washrooms of the opposite sex with impunity. This places females and children at a strong disadvantage and at possible risk, since child predators will be able to use cross-dressing as a pretense to gain access to children in public washrooms.
Second, taxpayers would be required to cover extensive surgery, hormone treatments, and cosmetic follow-up for a lifetime. If transsexualism and transgenderism are protected rights in federal jurisdictions, such as the federal public service, and federally regulated industries, such as banks and airlines, these industries will be required to pay the medical premiums on behalf of the employees to cover extensive surgery and hormone treatment and to accept these employees after such hormone treatment. Assimilating them back into the workplace will inevitably create difficulties.
In Canadian penitentiaries, this issue will also create problems. If Bill C-279 is passed into law, prison officials, at taxpayers' expense, will be required to provide treatment for those inmates claiming they were born the wrong gender. This will lead to difficulties for the transgendered themselves, creating exposure to risks for him or her. This already has occurred in Massachusetts in 2012, when a prisoner given a life sentence for the murder of his wife in 1980 was approved by the court to undergo sex reassignment surgery. The individual now resides in an all-male prison and will face security risks daily as a target of sexual assault by other inmates. Alternatively, if the inmate is transferred to an all-female prison, he/she will also be a target for assault and harassment by other inmates. We're concerned about the consequences of this.
Our conclusion is that transsexual and transgendered individuals must have the same rights as all other Canadians, but should not be given special rights. We're very much opposed to any violence or undue discrimination and assaults. This is part of our Criminal Code. We're very much in favour of the defence of anyone to lead a free life in Canada. Persons with gender identity disorders should receive compassionate counselling rather than be encouraged in their dissatisfaction with their genetically ingrained gender. The DNA does not change after these treatments.
REAL Women of Canada therefore urgently request that this bill not be passed into law.
Thank you, Mr. Chair.
3:50 p.m.
The Chair Dave MacKenzie
Thank you, Ms. Watts.
We'll begin the rounds with Mr. Garrison.
3:50 p.m.
Randall Garrison Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, BC
Thank you very much, Mr. Chair.
Thank you again to all the witnesses for agreeing to return today, despite the rudeness that sometimes appears in our parliamentary procedures.
Before I ask you some questions, Ms. Watts, I have some remarks on your brief, because it's been presented to a House of Commons committee, and I believe that some of it cannot go unchallenged. I have to say to you, without any personal rancour, that some of what you say in your brief is, frankly, offensive. The connection that you attempt to draw to pedophilia—anyone who's taken the time to inform themselves on the issues before us would know and should know that there is no connection between the issues we have before us of gender identity, gender expression, and pedophilia.
Much of the rest of what you presented is simply inaccurate. This includes your references to medical and scientific evidence, which is either outdated or often given a very distorted interpretation. This includes your reference to the rejection of the terms "gender identity" and "gender expression" at the United Nations. In fact, you mentioned in your brief just two weeks ago that the UN resolution on extrajudicial summary or arbitrary executions was adopted, which contains the reference to the rights for protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
This also includes your reference to the use of gender identity protections in attempts to use bathrooms for unlawful activities, such as assault or voyeurism. In fact, on this point, just today—unfortunately, the letters I received from the United States were not able to be translated in time, but I've tabled them with the chair. These are letters from human rights organizations in four states that have protection against discrimination on the basis of gender identity in their legislation. These are Iowa, Colorado, Washington, and California. In each letter, the officials confirm that there have been no complaints and no incidents regarding attempts to take advantage of protections afforded against discrimination based on gender identity in order to use a bathroom or locker room to engage in inappropriate behaviour, such as voyeurism or assault; there have been no incidents in those states that have this protection.
I have in front of me details of 10 requests to meet with your organization from transgender organizations. My question to you first is, if you're appearing here as a witness, why did you ignore these requests or refuse to meet with transgender organizations, who tried their best to get a meeting with you before this meeting today?
3:50 p.m.
Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
I'd like to respond to some of the other statements you made.
About the pedophilia, unfortunately, the definitions put forward in the Yogyakarta Principles,which are being brought forward consistently and globally, are often so open that they could apply to anyone having any sexual orientation towards anything. So any definition adopted by the committee should include the term "adult", so that we're dealing with adult choice and not someone influencing a child and labelling a child because the child has decided they want to be close to someone who has an orientation towards children.
You may object to many of the things in our brief, but I think it's important that we include the term "adult" in any definition, because many of the terms put forward with gender identity are open to just about anything. It's very, very clear in regard to principles—it's open to any type of identity that anyone chooses to have.
In terms of gender identity and gender expression, the approval of resolutions at the United Nations is very limited—limited to extra-judicial executions; not even judicial executions, but extra-judicial executions, which we would normally call lynchings. So every country objected to that, and defended people, with whatever gender identity or gender expression, from being executed. It's the same with the other resolutions passed. They're very limited, and there have been objections across the board to a wide-open acceptance of these two terms because of the confusion it would cause domestically and to families.
In terms of not meeting with gender identity groups, we had people phoning our office asking to meet with us and we referred them to our literature. We have extensive literature on this issue, and they can learn everything they can from consulting our material. We'll meet before the committee. We'll meet before anyone who's interested in hearing all sides of the situation, but in terms of meeting individually, we don't usually do that before we appear before a committee.
Also, in terms of pedophilia, we have an article in our September-October 2011 newsletter that described pedophile activists forming an organization, B4U-ACT, in Baltimore, Maryland, and holding a conference August 17, 2011, with speakers from several prominent universities. The conference themes were that pedophiles are unfairly stigmatized and demonized by society. Children are not—
3:55 p.m.
Randall Garrison Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, BC
Mr. Chair, with respect, this has nothing to do with the bill—
3:55 p.m.
Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
It has everything to do with—
3:55 p.m.
Randall Garrison Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, BC
It has nothing to do with the bill.
3:55 p.m.
Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
—our concerns about pedophilia.
3:55 p.m.
The Chair Dave MacKenzie
Ms. Watts, we're out of time.
The problem is that we're out of time—
3:55 p.m.
Researcher, REAL Women of Canada
Thank you.
I can continue, and you can consult our newsletter, if you're interested in—


text:
I've reorganised the Save The Forest content on the website. It was a real mess, hopefully this clarifies things better.
I've collected information from three blog posts (that were buried and unfindable under all the other blog posts) and the press pack and put it together into two static pages about the Save The Forest campaign: Info & Donations (which includes the PayPal button and Bank Transfers info) and How You Can Help. There are links to these pages in the sidebar. Also, there is a link to the press pack and links to three tags:
Campaign Latest Updates: This is all the posts tagged "savetheforest". We use this tag when we want to post an update on the campaign, e.g. how much we have raised so far, Eidyn Architects have withdrawn their application, etc. Scrolling down this tag will give the reader an outline history of the campaign.
Fundraising Events: This is all the posts tagged "fundraising". We use this for events posters for fundraising events, ultrachip CD sale, etc.
Latest Press for Forest: This is all the posts tagged "press". We use this tag for links to news and blog articles about the forest that we'v posted to our blog. Since a lot of the recent press has been about the save the forest campaign and some of it is very good, I put a link to the press page in the Save The Forest bit in the sidebar.
Help Needed!
We could use a nice save the forest graphic to go in the sidebar instead of the text header. I've seen posters about the cafe with save the forest graphics but I don't know who made them/I don't have the files. Send me! Or make something new and send me! Email images files to email@example.com or PM them to me or post them to this thread.
I could do with some help improving these pages. Post your edits and images to this thread and I'll put them on the site:
Edit the Info & Donations page, make it shorter and snappier, it needs a good image too.
Send me any more ideas to add to the How You Can Help page, and send me lots of images for this page! We could have a different image or photo for each suggested way of helping, or at least for a few of them. Also edit the text for me and post here.


text:
- Leatherette.
- Adjustable and removable strap.
- Metal handles.
- Fabric lined.
- Media compartments.
- Three compartments.
- Zipper closure.
- Imported.
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Sorry, we are unable to log you in. Please contact Client Services at 877-bebe-777 or 877-232-3777 for further assistance.


text:
Caroline Fienga
Media Specialist
440-612-1812 (pager)
Middleburg Heights, OH (May 30, 2012) – Each year, 795,000 people across the U.S. experience a stroke. Approximately 5.7 million people suffer from heart failure.
At Southwest General, stroke and heart failure patients can count on getting the right treatment and getting it fast. Achieving and sustaining excellent care and treatment of stroke and heart failure patients has earned Southwest General the prestigious American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Get With The Guidelines, Stroke Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award and the Heart Failure Gold Quality Achievement Award.
Maureen Moore, RN, BSN, stroke coordinator for Southwest General's Primary Stroke Center, part of the hospital's Heart & Vascular Institute, said this means the hospital has consistently met a high standard of care over a prolonged period of time.
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Receiving recognition for the hospital's treatment of heart failure and stroke patients is a resounding endorsement of the quality of care being delivered at Southwest General.
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Southwest General's Heart & Vascular Institute was created in 2008, combining heart, vascular and stroke treatments under one umbrella.
In recognition of its excellent care of patients, Southwest General also was re-accredited as a Primary Stroke Center and Heart Failure Center by The Joint Commission earlier this year.
Timing is key when treating a stroke or heart disease. The faster a patient can get to the hospital, the faster medical personnel can determine the correct course of treatment. Calling 9-1-1 and being transported by an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) speeds up treatment. EMS crews alert the hospital and a team is in place when the patient arrives.
"We have very good outcomes for stroke and heart failure patients," said Thomas A. Selden, president and CEO of Southwest General. "Our recent awards and recognition highlight Southwest General as a hospital where patients can expect excellent care, less chance of complications and less chance of readmission. We are very proud of the patient care provided in our Heart & Vascular Institute."
About Southwest General
Recognized as one of Thomson Reuters 100 Top Hospitals®, Southwest General is a private, not-for-profit, 358-bed acute care facility located in Middleburg Heights, Ohio. Founded in 1920, Southwest General is home to nationally recognized physicians with full access to state-of-the-art technology. Southwest General has a deep commitment to providing personalized care and building a healthy future for the patients, families and communities it serves. For news highlights, events and additional information, visit www.swgeneral.com or www.facebook.com/SWGeneral.


text:
Bose Companion 2 Series II Multimedia Speaker System
About this item
The Bose® Companion® 2 Series II multimedia speaker system represents an upgrade in sound and style over original-equipment computer speakers. Enjoy sharp, expansive sound for music, movies and games. Dual inputs allow the speakers to be used with your desktop or laptop computer, or tablet, as well as a second audio source, such as a portable MP3 player.
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- Right Speaker
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Assembled Size
Right Speaker
Left Speaker