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Smilodon (pron.: /ˈsmaɪlədɒn/), often called a saber-toothed cat or incorrectly a saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct genus of machairodonts.[1] This saber-toothed cat was endemic to North and South America, living during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya—10,000 years ago).
The nickname "saber-tooth" refers to the extreme length of their maxillary canines. Despite the colloquial name "saber-toothed tiger", Smilodon is not closely related to the tiger (or any other living felid); the latter belongs to subfamily Pantherinae, whereas Smilodon belongs to subfamily Machairodontinae. The name Smilodon comes from Greek: σμίλη, (smilē), "carving knife"[2] + ὀδoύς (odoús), "tooth", or in the genitive: ὀδoύς, ὀδόντος, odóntos.[3]
Classification and species
The genus Smilodon was described by the Danish naturalist and palaeontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund in 1841. He found the fossils of Smilodon populator in caves near the small town of Lagoa Santa, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A number of Smilodon species have been described, but today usually only three are recognized.[4] Genetic evidence suggests the members of the genus diverged from the main lineage of modern cats (subfamily Felinae) around 14-18 million years ago.[5][6]
- Smilodon gracilis, 2.5 million-500,000 years ago; the smallest and earliest species, estimated at 55 to 100 kg (120 to 220 lb) in weight[7] was the successor of Megantereon in North America, from which it probably evolved. The other Smilodon species probably derived from this species.
- Smilodon fatalis, 1.6 million-10,000 years ago, replaced Smilodon gracilis in North America and invaded western South America as part of the Great American Interchange. Matching the largest living cat, the Siberian tiger, in size, it ranged from 160 to 280 kg (350 to 620 lb).[7] Sometimes two additional species are recognized, Smilodon californicus and Smilodon floridanus, but usually they are considered to be subspecies of Smilodon fatalis.
- Smilodon populator, 1 million-10,000 years ago; occurred in the eastern parts of South America and was larger than the North American species.[8] It is perhaps the largest known felid with a body mass range of 220 to 360 kg (490 to 790 lb)[7][9] possessing a massive chest and front legs, It was more than 1.40 m (55 in) high at the shoulder, 2.6 m (100 in) long on average and had a 30 cm (12 in) tail. Its upper canines reached 30 cm (12 in) and protruded up to 17 cm (6.7 in) out of the upper jaw.[citation needed]
The species of Smilodon were among the largest felids ever to live; the heaviest specimens of the massively built carnivore S. populator may have exceeded 400 kg (880 lb).[7]
A fully-grown Smilodon weighed approximately 55 to 360 kg (120 to 790 lb), depending on species. It had a short tail, powerful legs, muscular neck and long canines. Smilodon was more robustly built than any modern cat, comparable to a bear. The lumbar region of the back was proportionally short, and the lower limbs were shortened relative to the upper limbs in comparison with modern pantherine cats, suggesting that Smilodon was not built for speed.
The largest species, the South American S. populator, had higher shoulders than hips and a back that sloped downwards, superficially recalling the shape of a hyena, in contrast to the level-backed appearance of S. fatalis, which was more like that of modern cats. However, while its front limbs were relatively long, their proportions were extremely robust and the forearm was shorter relative to the upper arm bone than in modern big cats, and proportionally even shorter than in S. fatalis. This indicates these front limbs were designed for power rather than fast running, and that S. populator would have had immense strength in its forequarters.
Smilodon had relatively shorter and more massive limbs than other felines. It had well developed flexors and extensors in its forepaws,[citation needed] which enabled it to pull down large prey.[10] The back limbs had powerfully built adductor muscles which might have helped the cat's stability when wrestling with prey. Like most cats, its claws were retractable.
Teeth and jaws
Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canines, which are the longest found in the saber-toothed cats, at about 28 cm (11 in) long in the largest species Smilodon populator.
These canine teeth were fragile and could not have bitten into bone; thus, these cats did not use their long teeth while taking down prey, due to the risk of breaking them. Only when their prey was totally subdued did they use their teeth to simultaneously sever the blood supply and strangle the windpipe, quickly killing the prey.[11]
Despite being more powerfully built than other large cats, Smilodon actually had a weaker bite. Modern big cats have more pronounced zygomatic arches, while Smilodon had smaller zygomatic arches which restricted the thickness and therefore power of the temporalis muscles, and thus reduced Smilodon's bite force. Analysis of its narrow jaws indicates it could produce a bite only a third as strong as that of a lion.[12] There seems to a be a general rule that the saber-toothed cats with the largest canines had proportionally weaker bites. However, analyses of canine bending strength (the ability of the canine teeth to resist bending forces without breaking) and bite forces indicate the saber-toothed cats' teeth were stronger relative to the bite force than those of modern "big cats".[13] In addition, Smilodon could open its jaws 120 degrees, whereas the lion's gape is limited to 60 degrees.[14][15]
It has been suggested that Smilodon's smaller temporalis muscles (controlling much of the bite force) were not used in the killing of prey; rather, Smilodon stretched its jaws around the throat and pressed its canines into the prey with the use of its immense neck and forelimb muscles. The penetration was the result of the neck flexors instead of the jaw muscles, according to this hypothesis.
Diet and hunting
Smilodon probably preyed on a wide variety of large game including bison, tapirs, deer, American camels, horses and ground sloths. As it is known for the saber-toothed cat Homotherium, Smilodon might have also killed juvenile mastodons and mammoths. Smilodon may also have attacked prehistoric humans, although this is not known for certain. The La Brea tar pits in California trapped hundreds of Smilodon in the tar, possibly as they tried to feed on mammoths already trapped. The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County has many of their complete skeletons.
Modern big cats kill mainly by crushing the windpipe of their victims, which may take a few minutes. Smilodon's jaw muscles were probably too weak for this and its long canines and fragile skull would have been vulnerable to snapping in a prolonged struggle or when biting a running prey. Research in 2007 concluded that Smilodon most likely used its great upper-body strength to wrestle prey to the ground, where its long canines could deliver a deep stabbing bite to the throat which would generally cut through the jugular vein and/or the trachea and thus kill the prey very quickly.[16] The leaders of this study also commented to scientific journalists that this technique may have made Smilodon a more efficient killer of large prey than modern lions or tigers, but also made it more dependent on the supply of large animals. This highly specialized hunting style may have contributed to its extinction, as Smilodon's cumbersome build and over-sized canines would have made it less efficient at killing smaller, faster prey if the ecosystem changed for any reason.[12] A later study concurred, finding that the forelimbs of Smilodon, more than those of any modern felid, were capable of minimizing the struggles of prey and positioning them for a quick kill with the predator's canines without them fracturing.[10]
It had long been assumed that machairodonts were solitary, but the idea had no foundation or factual basis, though without any suggestion otherwise, it was widely regarded as true for over 150 years. Recently, research upon which African carnivores respond to playback of animals in distress has been used to analyse the finds of animal species and their numbers at the La Brea tar pits. Such playbacks find animal distress calls such as would come from an animal trapped in the tar pit would attract pack hunters such as lions and spotted hyenas, not lone hunters. Given the carnivores found at tar pits were predominately Smilodon and the social dire wolf, this suggests that the former like the latter was also a social animal.[17] One expert, who found the study convincing, further speculated that if that was the case, then Smilodon's exaggerated canine teeth might have been used more for social or sexual signaling than hunting.[18] However, the lack of sexual dimorphism in the canine teeth makes this unlikely.
The La Brea tar pits ecological argument
One of the most abundant sources of machairodont fossils in one locality is the La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. This rich fossil bed was at one time a pool of thick tar, or asphalt, covered by water to form a small lake. When animals took a drink, they occasionally wandered into the lake, as seen in modern species to soothe skin or sometimes to relieve themselves of parasites, but their feet were caught in the tar, and with each step to try to free themselves, with one foot pulled up out of the tar, the other three sank deeper. The pits did not kill an animal immediately. They could remain there for days before they died of starvation or shock. In the meantime, vocalizations and struggling attracted predators to the pits, which got themselves stuck as well. The La Brea tar pits are known as a predator trap for this reason. One stuck bison could attract a multitude of predators before expiring. In the pits, predators outnumber prey nine to one.
The machairodont Smilodon, with 13,000 specimens from some 2,000 individuals recovered, is one of the most abundant fossils in the La Brea tar pits, second to the dire wolf which is represented by 200,000 fossils representing 4,000 individuals.[19] Smilodon was always regarded as a solitary species. The depictions of animals were like vultures to recent carcasses, with lone animals congregating on a kill and fighting over the remains with a gaping show of teeth. The idea that Smilodon lived a solitary life and found a dying animal caught in a tar pit and congregated, one by one, would suggest a very high number of predators in relation to prey.
Ecology and numbers
Robert Bakker, author of the Dinosaur Heresies, was one of the first to use the ecological laws of sizes of trophic levels in an ecosystem to support a hypothesis.[20] If his argument that dinosaurs were warm-blooded like their avian relatives, he explains that "warm bloodedness is wasteful – so much energy is spent keeping the body warm. A one hundred pound guard dog (plus puppies) demands one thousand pounds of wet dog food per year for an active outdoor existence. But cold bloodedness is far cheaper. A one hundred pound guard lizard (plus hatchlings) is happy with only one hundred pounds of wet lizard chow per year".[21] So, theoretically, for one thousand pounds of food, you can have one family of warm-blooded predators, or ten families of cold-blooded predators, and by measuring the ratio of dinosaurian predators to prey, it suggest warm-blooded ratios. This sort of ratio, whether for high or low metabolisms, is what inhibits there being more numbers in a higher trophic level (predators) than a lower one (prey). In an accurate sample of an ecosystem, nine predators to every prey animal (view La Brea Tar Pits above) is not a possibility.[22] Something must account for the artificial numbers of nine to one.
Then, of course, there is the sound factor. An animal who is panicked and dying, such as those trapped in the tar pits, will begin to emit calls, whether calling for members of its own species to aid it or out of frustration without a real purpose. These vocalizations can be heard over a large distance and any neighboring predators will hear the calls of animals in distress and be attracted to the potential easy meal.
A curious factor with this explanation is that species who are attracted to noise tend to be social.[23] In east Africa, the sounds of the African painted dog, Lycaon pictus, usually indicate excitement, and often this excitement is over a kill. Lions, Panthera leo, are not the daring hunters most people imagine them to be but instead opportunists who steal at least as many kills from hyenas as they hunt for themselves, and hearing these calls that might mean food, they move towards the sounds to investigate the source of excitement. The solitary Panthera pardus, the leopard, is never seen approaching these sources of sound. Other solitary species, including cats such as the serval and cheetah, do not approach these sounds either. The canids in the region, namely jackals, are semi-social with breeding pairs, but they stay away until only the bare scraps are left.
Research on carnivore responses to sound
A study concerning the attraction to sound displayed by social predators in Africa suggests that the abundance of Smilodon in the La Brea tar pits was due to their sociability.[24] The animals attracted to the playbacks of dying herbivores combined with the sounds of lions and hyenas were recorded. Carnivore species in the area were grouped into four main groups based on size and social status: large (greater than or equal to 21 kilograms) and social, large and solitary, small (less than 21 kilograms) and social, or small and solitary. Ages of the individuals investigating the sounds were compared with those of the Smilodon individuals located in the pits (assessed by presence of deciduous teeth in juveniles). Their mean results for Kruger National Park in South Africa and the Serengeti National Park and surrounding reserves in Tanzania, were as follows in table columns A and B:
Individual abundance
in African ecosystem
Individuals attending
African playbacks
North American individuals
in tar pits assuming
Smilodon solitary
North American individuals
in tar pits assuming
Smilodon social
Large and social
Large and solitary
Small and social
Small and solitary
The rationale for this attraction is that a species in distress can be heard by all the predators in the area. If every predator that heard the sounds were to come to the source, there would be intense competition between the species. Jackals (small and social) and leopards (large and solitary) would be killed but might come around to investigate, being careful and keeping a distance. Jackals are known to hang around, pushing their luck but inching closer as larger predators eat, waiting to grab a bite from under the larger animals' noses or until they leave to gnaw on the remains. The small, solitary group including badgers, servals, civets, African palm civets, aardwolves, genets, and caracals would not only be killed, they'd become part of the menu and so they, as suggested by the numbers, do not ignore the calls but use them as a warning to leave the area immediately because larger, dangerous predators are coming in large numbers. Lions (large and social), aided by numbers and strength, would be the most powerful in the congregation and other predators who would come would be killed or injured. The only other predator that might match the lions' strength and numbers would be the hyenid Crocuta, the spotted hyena. Hyenas challenge lions on a regular basis at kills and are often attracted to the same calls of distressed animals. The two social species shoulder their way around with lions usually on top, and all other predators who know they don't have a shot abandon the area to avoid getting caught up in the struggle.
To further the explanation, the remains from the La Brea tar pits were sorted into same categories as for the African ecosystems. The individuals in the La Brea tar pits are not a good sample of the ecosystem, but are equivalent to the playback tests, so the numbers in each situation were compared (carnivore numbers in the pits, African carnivore numbers attending playbacks). Assuming that Smilodon was solitary gives the results in column C above. Assuming Smilodon was social alters the results to those of column D above. These last two columns, when compared to column B displaying African carnivore ratios, help to support the social hypothesis: the percentages of the North American ecosystem (small social, small solitary, large social, large solitary) is much closer to the same relative percentages in the African ecosystems when assuming that Smilodon was social, not solitary.
Living in groups might also allow more effective competition with social lions and wolves. Though many social species are sexually dimorphic, Smilodon was not. The canines of males and females were the same length and there seemed to be no size differences, which suggests a social structure more like that of the modern grey wolf than the modern lion. This is also a slight hint at a form of monogamy, as seen in modern jackals, as opposed to the polygamy seen in lions.
Damaged bones and paleopathology
Evidence of sociability also be seen in the fossils themselves. Injuries that an animal has suffered during its lifetime, and the extent to which those injuries were able to heal, can frequently be inferred from fossil bones. Smilodon bones often show fractures and deformities. Muscles tearing from bones are not particularly unusual in this predator. Hunting large prey can easily lead to such injuries. What is interesting about these wounds is that they commonly heal. A muscle torn from a bone heals and tears again and heals and tears again, leaving the body to struggle to stop the cycle by laying down thick deposits of calcium, warping the bone into having large lumps of bone jutting from the norm; similarly, broken bones heal badly, but re-fuse, and the animal lives on.[25] In solitary animals, such as the modern cheetah, Acinonyx, a simple sprain is enough to inhibit the predator's hunting to the point that it will starve to death. Hunting with an able body is hard enough. A broken bone would never heal because the animal would die before the body could repair the damage. Smilodon seemed to have suffered great injuries and survived the healing stage to recover and hunt again. In addition to Smilodon, the large genus Machairodus also often displays broken canines that are worn due to extensive usage after the break.[26][27]
One specific case of fossil deformity is the observed large pelvic fractures that healed in the fossils of a subadult Smilodon.[28] This injury led to extensive myositis ossificans traumatica, immobilizing the juvenile completely until healed months later, and even then the individual would have still have been crippled. The muscle damage was severe and blood would have pooled beneath the skin at the injury site. During the several month period of recovery, it could not have run and walking would have been very tiring and painful; It would have needed to have food brought directly to it, carried from a kill site to where it lay. Such nursing behavior has been observed in lionesses (Schaller, 1972) for up to nine months.
A modern study of bones has used paleopathology to evaluate the lives of the living animals using 5,000 deformed fossils.[29] Paleopathology is the study of diseased and injured animals in the fossil record and is studied through bones distorted from breaks, strains, chips, swelling, calcium buildup, marks from bites, etc. These bones suggest injuries that would debilitate an individual through the presence of broken and worn canines, chipped incisors and premolars, arthritis, infection with a fungus that causes valley fever, a severely infected hip, and a half-broken neck.[30] Muscles that are repeatedly damaged leave knobby growths on the bone when the body struggles to heal and strengthen the bone. By noticing specifically where the repeated injuries occur, it is possible to tell what muscles were being strained the most and learn about hunting techniques (Main article: Hunting Strategies: Injured Muscles, Machairodontinae).
Smilodon became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BC, a time which saw the extinction of many other large herbivorous and carnivorous mammals.
Prehistoric humans, who reached North America at the same time and are known to have hunted many of the species that disappeared, are often viewed as responsible for this extinction wave. Others have suggested that the end of the ice age caused the extinction. As the ice sheets retreated there would have been changing vegetation patterns. Grasslands expanded. The summers became more extreme and parts of North America began to dry out. However, this hypothesis does not explain why Smilodon and its ancestors as well as other megafaunal species successfully survived many previous interglacials, and then fairly suddenly died out over the entire contiguous land area of North and South America.
- ^ PaleoBiology Database: Smilodon, basic info
- ^ σμίλη, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ ὀδoύς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Turner, A.; Antón, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231102292. OCLC 34283113. http://google.com/books?id=lUB9I01-v04C&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ Barnett, Ross; Ian Barnes, Matthew J. Phillips1, Larry D. Martin, C. Richard Harington, Jennifer A. Leonard, and Alan Cooper (9 August 2005). "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat". Current Biology 15 (15): R589–R590. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052. PMID 16085477. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982205008365. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- ^ Janczewski, D. N.; Yuhki, N.; Gilbert, D. A.; Jefferson, G. T.; O'Brien, S. J. (1992). "Molecular phylogenetic inference from saber-toothed cat fossils of Rancho La Brea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 (20): 9769. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.20.9769.
- ^ a b c d Christiansen, P.; Harris, J. M. (2005-12). "Body Size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae)". Journal of Morphology 266 (3): 369–384. doi:10.1002/jmor.10384. PMID 16235255. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112126332. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ Mariela Cordeiro de Castro & Max Cardoso Langer, 2008. New postcranial remains of Smilodon populator Lund, 1842 from South-Central Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 11(3):199-206, Setembro/Dezembro.
- ^ Sorkin, B. (2008-04-10). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". Lethaia 41 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b Meachen-Samuels JA, Van Valkenburgh B. (2010) "Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis." PLoS One 2;5(7):e11412.
- ^ Savage, RJG (1986). Mammal evolution an illustrated guide. U.K.: RJG Savage & MR Long. pp. 83. ISBN 8160-1194-X.
- ^ a b Jeff Hecht (1 October 2007). "Sabre-tooth cat had a surprisingly delicate bite". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12712-sabretooth-cat-had-a-surprisingly-delicate-bite.html. The study used finite element analysis, a computerized technique common in engineering.
- ^ Christiansen, P. (October 2007). "Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 423–437. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00321.x. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zoj/2007/00000151/00000002/art00007;jsessionid=3fer3dm7dsjm.alexandra.
- ^ For the lion's gape, see Martin LD. "Nimravidae". In Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 1998-2008. p. 234. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-521-25519-2|0-521-25519-2]].
- ^ ' Smilodon online article that illustrates jaw opening angles
- ^ McHenry, C.R., Wroe S., Clausen, P.D., Moreno, K. and Cunningham, E. (October 2007). "Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in Smilodon fatalis revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation". PNAS 104 (41): 16010–16015. Bibcode 2007PNAS..10416010M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706086104. PMC 2042153. PMID 17911253. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0706086104v1.
- ^ Carbone C, Maddox T, Funston PJ, Mills MG, Grether GF, Van Valkenburgh B (February 2009). "Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon". Biol. Lett. 5 (1): 81–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526. PMC 2657756. PMID 18957359. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657756/.
- ^ Cade, O. (2008-11-11). "Sabre-tooth tiger was pack hunter". Cosmos Magazine web site. Cosmos Magazine. http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2301/sabre-tooth-tiger-was-pack-hunter. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
- ^ "Mammals at Rancho La Brea". http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-rlb-mammals.
- ^ "The Flow of Energy: Higher Trophic Levels". http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/energyflow/highertrophic/trophic2.html.
- ^ Bakker, Robert (1986). The Dinosaur Heresies. Kensington Publishing Corp.. ISBN 0-827-5608-7.
- ^ "Food Chains". http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/FoodChains.html.
- ^ "Category Archives: lions". http://zimbabwewilddogs.wildlifedirect.org/category/lions/.
- ^ "Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabertooth cat, Smilodon". http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/1/81.full?sid=728c29db-7d2a-4635-9e0b-c07f74600086.
- ^ "Sabre-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis". http://www.tarpits.org/education/guide/flora/sabert.html.
- ^ Switek, Brian (2010-02-15). "Broken teeth tell of tough times for Smilodon". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/broken-teeth-tell-of-tough-times-for-smilodon/.
- ^ Binder, W. J.; Van Valkenburgh, V. (2010-01). "A Comparison of Tooth Wear and Breakage in Rancho La Brea Sabertooth Cats and Dire Wolves Across Time". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (1): 255–261. doi:10.1080/02724630903413016. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1080/02724630903413016. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
- ^ "Healed Massive Pelvic Fracture in a Smilodon from Ranco La Brea, California". http://anthropologie-et-paleopathologie.univ-lyon1.fr/HTML/HTML/Paleobios%201983%20Vol%201%20%20Healed%20massive%20pelvic%20fracture%20in%20a%20smilodon%20from%20Rancho%20la%20Brea%20California.pdf.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (1989-09-26). "Saber-Tooth Social Life: Primeval Compassion". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/26/science/saber-tooth-social-life-primeval-compassion.html.
- ^ Biederman, Patricia (1989-06-11). "Tar-Pit Bones Show Ailments of Extinct Cats". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-11/news/we-2965_1_saber-toothed-cat-tar-pits-george-c-page-museum.


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Best natural roll-on so far
Publié par sweetheart le Jun 27, 2012
This is the best natural roll-on I've tried. However it doesn't work perfect: i still get smelly after couple hours :( The best natural deodorant substitute is the one I make myself: put some baking soda in a small jar. Add a few drops of your favorite essential oil. Apply with wet hands. My favorite is one drop of tea tree oil combined wit two drops of lemongrass oil. This "deodorant" keeps the smell away better than any other fully natural solution.
Great roll on deodarant
Publié par GoodLife le Jun 29, 2013
Great quality . Natural ingridients. Without obtrusive odour.**** If my review was helpful for You, please click "YES", thank You. Also You can visit my page to read my other reviews*****************
Publié par 5719440760214590466 le Jul 23, 2014
Very liquidy, as most roll-ons, very soft smell (which I like), and most importantly: I didn't smell at the end of the day :)
Deals with BO
Publié par ShokoFlomel le Jul 31, 2014
It is not a bad one. It certainly deals with body odour as you feel fresh and not smelly even if it is boiling. But it doesn't deal with sweating. If it is about +30 degrees Celsius your armpits are damp. If it is +23C for instance you may be OK, still I understand it depends on your individual sweating predisposition.
Lafe's roll on deodorant
Publié par Reviewer3090003 le Jul 26, 2012
This is the best roll on deodorant I have found in iherb. No more unbearable smell. However, as this is not a anti-perspiratant, so the armpits still get wet, minus the smell!
Lafe's Natural Body Care Natural and Organic Roll On Deodorant
Publié par Reviewer1348388 le Apr 22, 2010
Great family deodorant for all seasons.
excellent deodorant
Publié par Reviewer2524037 le Jan 31, 2012
This deodorant works very well, I never have to reapply. My only complaint is that the mineral salts make my under arms itchy in the wintertime when my skin is drier, works just fine in the summer. Goes on clear, never white.
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Browsing Library Faculty Works by Author "Medeiros, Norm"
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Hixson, Carol G., 1955-; Canaan, Judith P.; Darling, Karen; Johanson, Cinder; Kimberly, Laura; Letarte, Karen; Medeiros, Norm; Wendler, Robin (American Library Association, ALCTS and the University of Oregon Libraries, August 8, 2003)[more][less]Hixson, Carol G., 1955- Canaan, Judith P. Darling, Karen Johanson, Cinder Kimberly, Laura Letarte, Karen Medeiros, Norm Wendler, Robin 2005-06-24T16:07:35Z 2005-06-24T16:07:35Z 2003-08-08 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/986 Final report: 40 p. The task force web site and accompanying survey data were harvested on November 9, 2005 and archived along with the final report. This proposal was prepared by the Continuing Education Task Force (CETF) in response to a charge to "prepare a model curriculum for continuing education in cataloging of e-resources and metadata" which should "address a variety of metadata types, interoperability issues; and general principles, practices and workflows for metadata projects" and "recommend specific changes and additions to continuing education programs," and "cover the period through 2005." The task force considered the proposal of the LIS Education Task Force (Action Item 5.1) for a revised LIS curriculum to educate new professionals in preparing this report. 403231 bytes application/pdf en_US American Library Association, ALCTS and the University of Oregon Libraries Cataloging for the 21st century: a proposal for continuing education for cataloging professionals Article
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Community Notebook
Parks Commission to meet Thursday
The Chautauqua County Parks Commission will hold its monthly meeting Thurs-day at 6 p.m. at Chautau-qua Suites in Mayville in conjunction with a Green-way Plan and Economic Initiative Development discussion. The public is welcome to attend.
Brocton library book sale to start Saturday
The Ahira Hall Memorial Library at 37 W. Main St., Brocton will hold its annual Spring Book Sale starting Saturday from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. A bake sale will run for the first day of the book sale on Saturday.
There is a large assortment of paperbacks, hardcover, DVDs, VHS and children books available at reasonable prices. The sale runs through May 11 along with regular library hours. All proceeds will help support the library's annual budget.
For more information, contact Ahira Hall Memorial Library at 792-9418.
Concerts in the Park sponsors needed
The Westfield Recreation Department is looking for sponsors for its Concerts in Park series. They would like to continue this traditional and enjoyable family entertainment for summer evenings. If you are interested in sponsoring one of the concerts, contact the village of Westfield Recreation Department at 326-4243.
Portland bicentennial event to appear on Access Channel 5
Portland town board members re-enacted the first board meeting at a recent bicentennial dinner held in Brocton. Access Channel 5 will televise the event at 3 p.m. and 9 p.m. each day beginning Saturday with the final airing on May 3.
Playing the role of supervisor Thomas Prendergast was the current supervisor Dan Schrantz. Other participants were clerk Roxanne Sobecki as Asa Hall with the remaining board portrayed as follows: Rick Manzella as James Montgomery, Jerry Boltz as John Brewer, Gary Miller as Oliver Stetson and Al Valentin as William Bell.
Access Channel 5 is available to cable viewers in the Mayville, Chautauqua, North Harmony, Sherman, Westfield and Portland areas.
Jamestown Family YMCA's Healthy Kids Day Saturday
On Saturday, the James-town Area YMCA is celebrating YMCA's Healthy Kids Day with a free community event that encourages kids in Jamestown and the surrounding areas to get moving and help families live healthier.
The Jamestown Area YMCA's Healthy Kids Day takes place at the Jamestown YMCA branch at 101 E. Fourth St. from 1-3 p.m. and features fun, active play and educational activities, such as the Big Challenge inflatable obstacle course, basketball shoot-out, jump rope and math contest, nutrition games, giveaways, prizes, Zumba and more. For more information, call the YMCA at 664-2802 or visit www.jamestownymca.org or ymca.net.
Pet Adoption Day/
Open House Saturday
The Lakeshore Humane Society will hold a Pet Adoption Day/Open House at its Adoption Center on Saturday from noon to 4 p.m. The center is located at 431 E. Chestnut Street, Dunkirk. Potential adopters are invited to come and meet some of the dogs and cats who need caring homes. Call 672-1991 or see www.lakeshorehumanesociety.org for more information.
Gowanda yard waste pickup on Monday
The village of Gowanda will have the first yard waste pickup on Monday.
Grass, leaves, hedge and tree trimmings and limbs shorter than three feet must be tied in bundles. All must be in an open container such as bushel basket or garbage cans, etc.
Debris will not be picked up in plastic bags. Leaves are not to be raked to the curb for loose pickup.
Other pickups for the year will be on July 29 and Oct. 28.
Senior Citizens Day Dinner set for today
Today has been chosen for the annual Westfield Senior Citizen's Day Dinner sponsored by the Westfield Recreation Department. This event will be held at the United Methodist Church on Main Street. Serving will begin at 6 p.m. The menu is chicken and biscuits. Entertainment will be provided by the Mountain Railroad Band.
Reservations are requested but not required. Call 326-4243 for more information or to make a reservation. A nominal donation of $7 per person is asked at the door to help defray the cost. Several community groups contribute to the operation of this annual event.
Beef-on-weck and pulled pork dinner on Saturday
The Mayville United Methodist Church Camp Scholarship Committee will be hosting a beef-on-weck & pulled pork dinner of Saturday from 4:30-6:30 p.m. The menu will include your choice of sandwich (choice of salted or unsalted roll), tossed salad, parsley red potatoes, glazed baby carrots, cupcake and beverage. Take-out dinners will be available. We are offering local deliveries within the village limits call 753-7532 for delivery. The church is located at 81 S. Erie St. and is handicapped accessible. The camp scholarships provide financial assistance to children who attend Christian-related camps throughout the summer.
SUNY students
organize event to
help fight R word
The Council for Excep-tional Children group at SUNY Fredonia announces their special community event, "Spread the Word to End the Word," to be held Thursday from 6 to 9 p.m. in the Williams Center MPR.
This event brings together many campus clubs to spread awareness that the words "retard," "retarded" and others like them are offensive derogatory slurs.
The organizers' hopes are that participants will stop using these words and encourage others not to use them.
The event is free and open to the public, and will include music, food, interactive drum circles, cookie decorating, auditory feedback, coloring and more.
Everyone is invited to attend this event and pledge to show respect to everyone.
MaryAnn Spanos to appear on Senior Report
Senior Report with Reed Powers will have MaryAnn Spanos as the guest on Saturday's television program. Spanos is director of the Chautauqua County Office for the Aging. The live, call-in program airs from 9 to 10 a.m. Saturdays. Individuals may call 753-5225 during that time with questions, comments or a shout-out. The program is rebroadcast each day at 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. for some communities. Reed Powers, host of Senior Report, has been producing the television program since 1995. The series highlights senior citizen club news for 15 minutes with the remainder of the hour-long program devoted to the featured guest. The guest is subject to change.
Senior Report is shown live on Saturday mornings on Time Warner cable systems covering the following communities: Brocton, Cassadaga, Chautauqua, Fredonia, Mayville, North Harmony, Portland, Ripley, Sherman, Stockton and Westfield on Channel 5. In Dunkirk, Falconer, Forestville, Hanover, Irving, Jamestown, Lakewood and Silver Creek the program is on channel 19. The show originates at the Access Channel 5 studio in Mayville.
Average retail gasoline prices in Rochester have fallen 3.1 cents per gallon in the past week, averaging $3.73/g Sunday, according to GasBuddy's daily survey of 319 gas outlets in Rochester. This compares with the national average that has fallen 1.6 cents per gallon in the last week to $3.50/g, according to gasoline price website GasBuddy.com.
Including the change in gas prices in Rochester during the past week, prices Sunday were 32.9 cents per gallon lower than the same day one year ago and are 15.7 cents per gallon lower than a month ago. The national average has decreased 14.5 cents per gallon during the last month and stands 34.7 cents per gallon lower than this day one year ago.


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Michael Brown
1. Why do you want to be mayor?
I would like to be major in order to apply the skills that I have learned in nearly 30 years of being a small business owner. I believe this real-world experience will aid in solving La Crosse's problems.
2. What experience do you have that makes you qualified to be mayor?
The time I have spent managing myself and others as a small business owner has taught me many technical skills such as maintaining a budget and handling finances. On the other hand, I also developed interpersonal skills to help effectively manage people. Among these are a natural sense of problem solving and active listening.
3. What are your top 3 priorities for the city of La Crosse if elected mayor?
My first priority is working to build stronger living wages by encouraging an attractive business environment to help grow La Crosse's manufacturing job base. Secondly, I would like to develop the old Mobile Oil site. For example, I envision a park along the La Crosse River connecting to Riverside Park. My final top priority is to work closely with the La Crosse Police Department to fight drug and gang activity.18424258
4. What are your long term goals for the city of La Crosse?
Currently in the city of La Crosse only 47% of property is taxable. As mayor, I would like to increase this percentage to help ease the property tax burden. I'd also like to increase tourism by marketing our convention center and promoting the great natural beauty of the Coulee Region. Additionally, I'd like to create and sustain a more business-friendly environment.
5. The current major and City Council have had disagreements about city issues- what will you do to work with City Council?
As the La Crosse City/Country Tavern League President I have collaborated with our 170 members, many of whom are strong-willed, in order to build consensus for a safer La Crosse. I will continue this management style as mayor of La Crosse.
6. How will you balance the city budget?
I will cut waste, stop duplications of services, and build the property tax base.
7. Are you in favor of raising property taxes?
No. As referenced in my previous responses, I believe that increasing the tax base instead of raising taxes is a fairer and more efficient means by which to achieve the same result of increased tax revenue.
8. How long have you lived in La Crosse?
I have lived in La Crosse for 48 years and currently reside in my childhood home in La Crosse's north side.
9. What do you like most and least about living in La Crosse?
Living my entire life in La Crosse I have grown to appreciate the natural beauty of the Coulee Region. The changing seasons offer many opportunities for recreation and sport my favorite being fishing. I feel fortunate to live in a city full of friendly neighbors where it is possible to feel a true sense of community.
My least favorite part of living in La Crosse is the high tax rate.
10. Tell us about your family.
I am the second youngest of nine and continue to be close to my extended family. My girlfriend Jean and I love spending time with her two grandchildren Brookie, 3 and Ellie, 2.
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Per Rotoworld:
The Rams intend to hire Jon Gruden as their next head coach, sources tell the San Diego Union-Tribune.
Chargers beat writer Kevin Acee says that if GM A.J. Smith is fired, he'll replace Billy Devaney in the same capacity with the Rams. And Smith would bring his long-time friend Gruden to St. Louis with him. The Rams have Sam Bradford, possibly the top pick in the 2012 draft, and the most cap room of any team in 2013. It's also possible the Chargers will retain Smith, fire Norv Turner and attempt to lure Gruden to San Diego.


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Ear Force PX5 Headset for the PS3 or Xbox 360
About this itemProgrammable Wireless Headset and Dolby® 7.1 Surround Sound
The PX5 is the most technologically-advanced headset ever designed for PS3 and Xbox 360 gaming, incorporating a programmable digital signal processor to allow independent customization of the chat, game and microphone signals. Custom presets stored in the headset can be selected during specific parts of the game to emphasize sounds like footsteps or reloads that might otherwise be difficult to hear. It can even be programmed to disguise your voice or to enhance the voices of online players so you can hear them more clearly during intense parts of the game.
The PX5 is also the first headset to incorporate dual radios—one for immersive, Dolby Digital surround sound game audio and another for chat on the PlayStation Network via Bluetooth. The Bluetooth feature also supports stereo audio streaming for listening to music while playing a game and can also be used to accept phone calls while playing the game.
Although optimized for PS3 and Xbox 360 gaming, the PX5 is also perfect for watching movies and listening to music, with its impeccable audio performance, large, deep fabric cushions, soft headband, and twist cup designed for resting the headset on your shoulders. The PX5 marks the beginning of a new breed of wireless gaming headset that serves as the ultimate "secret weapon" in the arsenal of serious gamers seeking unmatched audio quality, sonic control and a competitive advantage.
- Customizable Presets - Configure up to 18 personalized presets to optimize game, chat and mic audio for different gaming situations
- Microphone Monitoring - Hear your voice in the headset, so you won't have to shout to hear what you're saying
- Dolby 5.1/7.1 Surround Sound - Immersive 360 degree audio lets you hear the direction of every sound, as if you were playing with speakers all around you
- Sonic Silencers - Enjoy total silence by eliminating ambient noise pickup on your mic and cutting background noise from PSN or XBOX LIVE® chat sound
- Digital RF Wireless Game Sound - Uncompressed wireless digital audio signal achieves CD-quality game sound that rivals professional-grade wired headphones
- Sonic Lens™ + Sound Field Expander - Widen or narrow the sound field to focus on audio cues that are difficult to hear like footsteps sneaking up on you or the click of someone reloading in the distance
- Voice Morphing - Disguise your voice by changing the sound from deep lows to screeching highs
- Interactive Voice Prompts - A voice announces critical headphone status conditions, such as battery low, preset numbers and more
- Dual-Pairing Bluetooth Wireless Chat - Chat wirelessly on the PlayStation® Network, answer mobile phone calls or listen to streaming music from a Bluetooth enabled digital music player while you're gaming
- Ear Guard™ with Blast Limiter - Limit the intensity of deafening game sounds such as explosions and gunfire to reduce ear fatigue during long gaming sessions
- Dynamic Chat Boost™ - Chat level increases automatically as the game volume gets louder, so you can always hear the voices of other players
- PS3 and XBOX 360® Compatible - Delivers the ultimate gaming experience with XBOX 360 and PS3 consoles
- 50mm diameter speakers with neodymium magnets
- Digital Wireless RF carrier reception (2.404-2.476GHz)
- Bluetooth radio with dual-pairing mode and A2DP compatibility
- Frequency Response: 20Hz - 20kHz, >120dB SPL @ 1kHz
- Condenser Microphone Frequency Response: 50Hz - 15kHz
- Headphone Amplifier: Stereo 27mW/ch, THD <1%
- Digital Signal Processor for independently controlled chat, game and mic signals
- USB port for programming the DSP via a Windows XP/Vista/7 computer
- Operates on two (2) AA batteries or two (2) AA rechargeable NiMH batteries
- Automatic shut down after approx 5 minutes of carrier loss or silence to conserve battery power
- Battery booster circuit extends battery life for up to 15 hours
- Weight: 7.9 oz. (233g)
Digital RF Wireless Transmitter
- Digital Wireless RF wireless carrier reception (2.404-2.476GHz)
- Digital RF wireless transmission range up to 30 feet
- Stereo headphone output with volume control for external wired headphones
- Frequency response: 20Hz - 20kHz
- Optical TOSLINK digital audio input compatible with 48kHz digital audio stream
- Optical TOSLINK digital audio output pass-through of digital input stream
- 150MIPS Digital Signal Processor for Dolby processing
- Maximum analog input level with volume control on maximum setting: 2Vpp (700mV rms); input sensitivity may be adjusted to accept higher level signals by lowering the volume control
- Dimensions: 8.875"H x 4.375"W x 4.375"D
- Weight: 8.4 oz.
- Power requirements: 5VDC @180mA max
What's in the box?
- PX5 Headset with Removable Microphone
- USB Programming cable
- Xbox LIVE Talkback Cable
- AA batteries (2)
- Transmitter
- USB power cable
- Digital optical cable
- User's Guide
- Sticker
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Computer and video game software must be returned in the original and unopened packaging with a receipt to receive a refund. Defective software must be returned within 90 days of the original purchase with a receipt to receive an exchange of merchandise.


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This promotion is for Rewards members only. To take advantage of exclusive offers like these, join Office Depot® OfficeMax® Rewards now!
Brother Ink & Toner Cartridges
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Are you an entrepreneur working from home that needs just a few Brother printer ink cartridges? Or maybe you're stocking up on ink to keep your office inkjet printer running smoothly? Whatever the size of the business and volume of printing, you'll find options for every budget.
If you use laser printers, choose the Brother toner cartridges developed specifically to help keep your office machines operating trouble-free. Brother toner cartridges provide the particle size and pigment characteristics needed to produce high-quality images ready for framing. From gray-scale and solid black to a rainbow of colors in matte or glossy finish, your images will look their sharpest if Brother ink and toner are in your machines.


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Polyurethane is a much more resilient material than fiberglass. Urethane has a much more pliable consistancy which is an important factor in the installation of the kit. The rigitity of fiberglass almost certainly requires adjustments and alterations to the material when fitting the kit, while urethane tends to be able to flex into place. Urethane can also withstand much more of an impact than fiberglass.
Copyright © 2012 AIT Racing, All Rights Reserved.
All trademarks are the sole property of their respective companies. All prices and specifications are subject to change without notice.
AITRacing.com is not responsible for typographical errors. All typographical errors are subject to correction.


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Intended Audience:
If you are an experienced WESTLAW.COM user, this course will advance your online legal research skills to the highest level.
Location: 3rd Floor - Library
Course ID: L04111301
Number of Sessions: 1
Credits: 11 MCLE Credit: 1 Skills; Transitional
Course Description:
Discover a variety of Westlaw search techniques that can help you become a power researcher. Learn how Westlaw makes it easy to uncover the cases cited most often for a particular point of law. We'll also show you how to automatically track the status of a research issue, case, or statute. Learn to uncover critical information about hot issues, people, and companies—with the rich array of news and public records content available on Westlaw. And quickly find expert analysis on your legal issue using West's unmatched secondary sources, like American Law Reports, American Jurisprudence, and a host of specialty practice texts. Note: CLE certificates will be issued to participants from the Westlaw offices.


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You limited your search to:
Country: Italy
Country: Poland
Country: South Korea
Collection: Congressional Research Service Reports
- The EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement and Its Implications for the United States
- This report is designed to shed some light on the KOREU FTA for Congress.4 It briefly reviews EU-South Korean economic ties and the respective EU and South Korean objectives regarding the KOREU FTA. It then discusses the KOREU FTA in general and examines some of its major provisions in more detail, with special focus on autos and some other manufacturing sectors, agriculture, services, and labor-areas of particular interest to U.S. policymakers and the U.S. business community. The report does not attempt to determine if one FTA is better than the other. Finally, the report analyzes the prospects for the KOREU FTA and the agreement's potential implications for the United States. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40113/


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here's a little anecdote:
A friend of mine (a "techno-beats" kind of guy who knows nothing about rock music) came over to my house while I was playing my guitar. He started asking me if I could play this really sick rock song, so he downloaded some song by coldplay. I forget which one it was.
I go "...Coldplay?!?!?" I almost started laughing. Annoyed that he thought Coldplay was rock music, I told him "umm...I'll play it to you later".
That is what I think of the mellow, smart, sounds of Coldplay.


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"I escaped physically, I haven't escaped psychologically," says Shin Dong-hyuk. His remarkable journey out of a deadly North Korean prison to freedom is chronicled in Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden. Shin didn't escape for freedom. He had little knowledge of such a concept. He had heard that outside the prison, and especially outside North Korea, meat was available to eat.
Shin was born at Camp 14 in 1982 and was strictly forbidden to leave because of the sins of his family line against the state. His crime? Long before his birth, some of his relatives defected to South Korea. He was constantly told he could repent of his sins for hard labor and hunger. "Enemies of class, whoever they are, their seed must be eliminated through three generations," declared Supreme Leader Kim Il Sung in 1972. Before his escape, Hardin summed up Shin's prison experience:


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We are being sold the lie that Alberta tar sands oil is conflict-free oil.head down, studying the sand grains and listening to the waves, which sorted the different sizes of sand and whispered — or shouted — of their ability to one day hold oil. Old swamps, and sheer cliffs, ridges, and ravines: I covered thousands of miles, and always, far below — hunting oil, trailing natural gas, with the intensity of the wolf that happens across the first speck of blood in the snow, the wolf that is drawn to that speck.
How can we not protest Keystone's attempts to bring the tar sands' artery through America's heart?that Alberta tar sands oil is conflict-free oil, gotten by scraping away the boreal forest of Canada — the great lungs of North America, one of our last hopes for temperance against rising CO2 levels — and are steam-cleaning, with huge amounts of fossil fuel, thick tar from the sandstones buried beneath that forest. An open pit 50 sprawling years in the digging, before it's done, and the Athabasca River running sheeny with fracture fluids and other toxins, to feed the world market. They boil the tarry sand — as if making the last of stone soup — but what malicious residue remains, from getting to that last cup?
I'm in Washington because I have consumed legion amounts of fossil fuels and want better choices.proposed Utah tar sands extraction will have in our own country. A single spill from this pipeline could affect the drinking water of two million Americans.


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The full Glastonbury line-up has been revealed.
Following weeks of speculation and various clues from the Eavis family, it's been announced that Metallica will top the Saturday night Pyramid Stage bill joining fellow headliners Arcade Fire and Kasabian.
Metallica wrote on Twitter last night: "Worst kept secret in rock and roll is now confirmed... see you at @GlastoFest on June 28th! #MetOnTour"
Glastonbury also posted this hilarious clip on Instagram of Michael Eavis dancing to Metallica in his kitchen with his grandson.
Also newly confirmed are Disclosure, Bombay Bicycle Club, HAIM, The Horrors and M.I.A.
Other acts taking to Worthy Farm from 25th to 29th June include Dolly Parton, Lily Allen, Ed Sheeran, Lana Del Rey, Rudimental, Paolo Nutini, Ellie Goulding, John Newman and Sam Smith.
All tickets are completely and utterly sold out.


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The CIM Meter Outage Nominal Interoperability Test Procedure is one in a series of EPRI CIM Interoperability Test Procedures (ETIPs) created by EPRI whose purpose is to thoroughly document the actors, interfaces, and test steps for the interoperability testing of specific parts of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Common Information Model (CIM) standard. The Test Procedures are initially being used for EPRI demonstration tests and are intended, over time, to form the basis of a set of CIM test procedures to be used for:
- Testing labs set up under a formal organizational framework for Smart Grid testing and certification, such as that called for by the Smart Grid Testing & Certification Committee (SGTCC) in its Interoperability Process Reference Manual (IPRM) whose goal is the formalized validation of interoperability of combinations of vendor products
- Organizations sponsoring routine standards-validation CIM interoperability testing
The initial series of Test Procedures covers several message sets related to the IEC 61868-9 (Meter Reading & Control) standard. This document covers meter outage nominal test procedures.


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SCSU Now
Strong economic growth
Tuesday, September 18, 2012
Survey research and employment statistics suggest the Central Minnesota economy has experienced strong growth, according to St. Cloud State economics professors King Banaian and Rich MacDonald.
Local employment grew 3.5 percent in the year ending July 2012 and local private-sector hiring grew 4.2 percent in the same period, according to the St. Cloud Area Quarterly Business Report (QBR) published this week.
Central Minnesota's definitive, survey-based analysis of economic activity is published by Times Media, Greater St. Cloud Development Corp., and these St. Cloud State entitities: Center for Economic Education, Department of Economics and the School of Public Affairs.
St. Cloud's private-sector employment is nearly at the level observed in July 2007, prior to the Great Recession.
"Indeed, the index on current employment is the highest ever recorded in the 14 years we have been administering the survey," write MacDonald and Banaian. Read a feature story about the QBR economists.
Some findings from a survey of 76 area businesses and government economic statistics:
View a few of the QBR's tables and charts, in PDF format:
<< Previous | Archive | Next >>


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More:Trip Page | Interactive Travel Map
In Beijing September 4-5, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton met with senior Chinese leaders. During remarks with Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, Secretary Clinton said:
"...I am pleased to return to China for my fifth visit, I think, although I've lost track, as U.S. Secretary of State. I came on my very first trip in early 2009, and this has been part of our overarching engagement in Asia. And as Minister Yang just said, we have institutionalized a number of mechanisms for ongoing dialogue. Our Strategic and Economic Dialogue, our consultation on People-to-People Exchange, our Strategic Security Dialogue, our Asia Pacific Consultation, our new Middle East Dialogue, and all the rest of our engagement really exemplifies how hard we are working at every level of our government to build habits of cooperation and to open channels of communication. We literally consult with each other almost on a daily basis about every consequential issue facing our nations and the world today.
"As I have said before, our two nations are trying to do something that has never been done in history, which is to write a new answer to the question of what happens when an established power and a rising power meet. Both President Obama and I have said frequently that the United States welcomes the rise of a strong, prosperous, and peaceful China. We want China to continue to succeed in delivering economic opportunity to the Chinese people. That will, in turn, have a positive impact on the global economy. We want China to play a greater role in world affairs. That strengthens global stability, helps solve urgent challenges. And we are convinced that our two countries gain far more when we cooperate with one another than when we descend into an unhealthy competition. So we are committed to managing our differences effectively and expanding our cooperation wherever and whenever possible.
"We see this moment as a historic opportunity for our two countries, and indeed, for others as well. To make the most of it, the United States and China must strive to achieve practical outcomes that benefit each of us as well as the broader region and world."
You can read Secretary Clinton's full remarks here. You can follow the Secretary's travel to the Pacific, East Asia, and Russia August 30-September 9 on www.state.gov.
Palgye in South Korea writes:
China Vice President Xi is friend of U.S President?
i want to real and who are selcted?
Just stragedy?
Find a new supporter?
Mari in the U.S.A. writes:
Hillary richly deserved the sour reception she got in China. She has completely lost her dignity by refusing to oppose Obama's drive for war.
Peter H. in Maryland writes:
Has it ever occurred to anyone that maybe, re the Taiwan issue, it's time to politely remind Beijing that our making a mutually respectful peace with those Reactionary Counter-revolutionaries and Running Dogs of English Imperialism north of the Great Lakes back in 1815 did no harm to us in our rise to great power status?


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I'm 26 years old, from Hong Kong. I'm a international student in here and at the same working as a casual. I'm really clean and tidy person.
Hi, I'm Ashley. I am looking to move out of home but not wanting to break the bank. I'm a very clean, tidy and reliable person. Please contact me with any accomodation you might have!
i'm looking for room.
I am clean, caring , understand person space and good to talk to
Hi my name is Chloe I'm 30 have you ever thought the world doesn't have enough people left in it that just wanna help people because they can not just because they can gain something out of it. Well I'm part of that small group of people who will. I am clean tidy respectfull I have the loving mother attitude I love taking care of people love to make people smile. I've been called a gippy which is a cross between a hippy and a gypsy.
Easy going and would like the house to be clean
Hi, we are friendly couple who come from Taiwan and Malaysia. We love to keep our living environment clean. We work full time that means we just be not at home for about 10 hours on weekdays. We hope to hear from you guys. Thanks!
Hi I'm Brenton, I'm a 43 year old local. I'm a positive fit person who has been involved at local sports club level for over 25 years. Junior and Senior. I'm great company, love a joke & like to be active around the house. I work as a cabinet maker and own my own business. I'm a bit of a fitness nut and exercise every day. Look forward to meeting you


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This course provides participants with the knowledge and skills needed to critically assess the quality of Crash Modification Factors (CMFs). The course covers concepts underlying the measurement of safety and the development of CMFs, key statistical issues
that affect the development of quality CMFs, key methodological issues that affect the development of quality CMFs, and the general and methodological issues and statistical thresholds used to recognize quality CMFs.
This course combines self-paced material that will orient you to CMFs and what constitutes a quality CMF followed by a web-conference that will help you evaluate CMFs found in the CMF Clearinghouse. You will need access to both a telephone and internet connection
to participate in the live web session.


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Tag Archives: UCLA Anderson
Go Global with an MBA Exchange Program
By Betsy Massar, Master Admissions
AIGAC is a truly international organization; not only are our members from places like Spain, Brazil, Russia and China, our clients are from even more exotic places. I recently worked with someone from Inner Mongolia! For those who have not had too much cross-border experience, many MBA programs allow for, if not encourage or require, study abroad. Students who leave, as well as those who host, are amazed at how much they learn.
International exchange programs were brought home to me at a Forté Foundation where I met Katie Cannon, a London Business School student currently on exchange at UCLA Anderson. Katie's infectious enthusiasm for LBS and international study—and her passion for the arts and her interest in media management— make a semester in LA perfect for her. There's no question that the Anderson students will be learning from Katie as much as she will be learning from them.
Katie is hardly the only one studying abroad during business school. More than half of the top MBA programs offer full-term international exchange programs. London Business School is a good example. It's a particularly international school; about 35% of its students spend a semester in a foreign country, and a typical class may have people from over 60 different countries. To facilitate exchange, LBS partners with over 30 schools worldwide, and students at those schools can also study in London.
UCLA Anderson, located in southern California, is an ideal exchange choice for students like Katie who want to pursue careers in film, television, or talent management—or even financial services and venture capital. It's also a great home-base business school for students who want to study abroad— 20% participate in an international exchange. UCLA—along with Cornell Johnson, Duke Fuqua, NYU Stern, Chicago Booth, and Michigan Ross—is a member of the Partnership in International Management network , an international consortium of business schools, and it also has exchange agreements with schools outside that network.
UC Berkeley Haas offers exchange programs established with several leading b-schools, "if," says the website, "you can bear to be away from Berkeley." (Click on the Haas link for useful descriptions of each of the exchange schools.) In addition to international offerings, Haas also has an exchange with Columbia Business School, giving students the chance to spend a semester in New York City.
Most other top schools require some form of international experience during their MBA years. For example, Yale School of Management mandates that students take a short-term trip abroad in the second semester of the first year. Professors lead the trips in countries they specialize in, from Brazil to Estonia to Israel to Japan. Yale also offers a more traditional fall term international exchange for second year students. Stanford GSB also mandates a "Global Experience Requirement" which can be fulfilled by study trips or a summer immersion program.


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"We aren't mortgaging the farm," said Williams, regarding possible trades. "In the same breath, if there's something, and I'm not speaking about Halladay, in general, if there's something that makes sense and makes us better, we do what we always do: Look at it."
July 21, 2009
Kenny Williams talks trades
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Migrant health
There are an estimated 1 billion migrants in the world today of whom 214 million international migrants and 740 million internal migrants. The collective health needs and implications of this sizeable population are considerable. Migration flows comprise a wide range of populations, such as workers, refugees, students, undocumented migrants and others, with each different health determinants, needs and levels of vulnerability.
In a globalized world defined by profound disparities, skill shortages, demographic imbalances, climate change as well as economic and political crises, natural as well as man-made disasters, migration is omnipresent. Migration is also essential for some societies to compensate for demographic trends and skill shortages and to assist home communities with remittances.
The health of migrants and health matters associated with migration are crucial public health challenges faced by governments and societies. This notion formed the basis for the Resolution on the "health of migrants" which was endorsed by the Sixty-first WHA in May 2008. WHO's work in the domain of migrant health is guided by the action points of this Resolution.


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Root-knot nematode
Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 plants are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss.[1] Root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield.
Economic impact
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the three most economically damaging genera of plant-parasitic nematodes on horticultural and field crops. Root knot nematodes are distributed worldwide, and are obligate parasites of the roots of thousands of plant species, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous herbaceous and woody plants. The genus includes more than 60 species, with some species having several races. Four Meloidogyne species (M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. hapla) are major pests worldwide with another seven important on a local basis.[2] Meloidogyne occurs in 23 of 43 crops listed as having plant-parasitic nematodes of major importance, ranging from field crops, through pasture and grasses, to horticultural, ornamental and vegetable crops.[3] If root-knot nematodes become established in deep-rooted perennial crops, control is difficult and options are limited. Meloidogyne spp. were first reported in cassava by Neal in 1889[4] Damage on cassava is variable depending on cultivar planted and ranges from negligible to seriously damaging [5]. Early season infection leads to worse damage.[6]. In most crops, nematode damage reduces plant health and growth, however in cassava, nematode damage sometimes leads to increased aerial growth as cassava plant tries to compensate. This possibly enables the plant to maintain a reasonable level of production. Therefore aerial correlations to nematode density can be positive, negative or non at all.[7] [Vegetable]] crops grown in warm climates can experience severe losses from root-knot nematodes, and are often routinely treated with a chemical nematicide. Root-knot nematode damage results in poor growth, a decline in quality and yield of the crop and reduced resistance to other stresses (e.g. drought, other diseases). A high level of root-knot nematode damage can lead to total crop loss. Nematode-damaged roots do not use water and fertilisers as effectively, leading to additional losses for the grower. In cassava it has been suggested that Meloidogyne spp. that are sufficient to cause injury to cassava rarely occur naturally.[8] However with changing farming systems, in a disease complex or weakened by other factors, nematode damage is likely to be associated with other problems.[9].
Life cycle
All nematodes pass through an embryonic stage, four juvenile stages (J1–J4) and an adult stage. Juvenile Meloidogynes hatch from eggs as vermiform second stage juveniles (J2), the first moult having occurred within the egg. Newly-hatched juveniles have a short free-living stage in the soil, in the rhizosphere of the host plant. They may reinvade the host plant of their parent or migrate through the soil to find a new host root. J2 larvae do not feed during the free living stage, but use lipids stored in the gut.[2]
An excellent model system for the study of the parasitic behaviour of plant-parasitic nematodes has been developed using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host.[10] The Arabidopsis roots are initially small and transparent, enabling every detail to be seen. Invasion and migration in the root was studied using M. incognita.[11] Briefly, second stage juveniles invade in the root elongation region and migrate in the root until they became sedentary. Signals from the J2 promote parenchyma cells near the head of the J2 to become multi-nucleate[12] to form feeding cells, generally known as giant cells, from which the J2 and later the adults feed.[13] Concomitant with giant cell formation, the surrounding root tissue gives rise to a gall in which the developing juvenile is embedded. Juveniles first feed from the giant cells about 24 hours after becoming sedentary.
After further feeding, the J2 undergo morphological changes and become saccate. Without further feeding, they moult three times and eventually become adults. In females, which are close to spherical, feeding resumes and the reproductive system develops.[2] The life span of an adult female may extend to three months and many hundreds of eggs can be produced. Females can continue egg laying after harvest of aerial parts of the plant and the survival stage between crops is generally within the egg.
The length of the life cycle is temperature dependent.[14][15] The relationship between rate of development and temperature is linear over much of the root-knot nematode life cycle, though it is possible that component stages of the life cycle, e.g. egg development, host root invasion or growth, have slightly different optima. Species within the Meloidogyne genus also have different temperature optima. In M. javanica, development occurs between 13 and 34 C, with optimal development at about 29 C.
Gelatinous matrix
Root-knot nematode females lay eggs into a gelatinous matrix (GM), which is produced by six rectal glands and secreted before and during egg laying.[16] The matrix initially forms a canal through the outer layers of root tissue and later surrounds the eggs, providing a barrier to water loss by maintaining a high moisture level around the eggs.[17] As the gelatinous matrix ages, it becomes tanned, turning from a sticky colourless jelly to an orange-brown substance which appears layered.[18]
Egg formation and development
Egg formation in M. javanica has been studied in detail,[19] and is similar to egg formation in the well studied free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.[20] Embryogenesis has also been studied, and the stages of development are easily identifiable with a phase contrast microscope following preparation of an egg mass squash. The egg is formed as one cell, with two-cell, four cell and eight cell stages recognisable. Further cell division leads to the tadpole stage, with further elongation resulting in the first stage juvenile, which is roughly four times as long as the egg. The J1 stage of C. elegans has 558 cells, and it is likely that the J1 of M. javanica has a similar number, since all nematodes are morphologically and anatomically similar.[20] The egg shell has three layers, with the vitelline layer outermost, then a chitinous layer and a lipid layer innermost.
Egg hatching
Preceded by induced changes in eggshell permeability, hatching may involve physical and/or enzymatic processes in plant-parasitic nematodes.[21] Cyst nematodes such as Globodera rostochiensis may require a specific signal from the root exudates of the host to trigger hatching. Root-knot nematodes are generally unaffected by the presence of a host but hatch freely at the appropriate temperature when water is available. However, in an egg mass or cyst, not all eggs will hatch when the conditions are optimal for their particular species, leaving some eggs to hatch at a later date. Ammonium ions have been shown to inhibit hatching and to reduce plant-penetration ability of M. incognita juveniles that do hatch.[22]
The genus root-knot nematodes exhibit a range of reproductive modes including sexuality (amphimixis), facultative sexuality, meiotic parthenogenesis (automixis) and mitotic parthenogenesis (apomixis).
- Meloidogyne acronea
- Meloidogyne arenaria
- Meloidogyne artiellia
- Meloidogyne brevicauda
- Meloidogyne chitwoodi
- Meloidogyne coffeicola
- Meloidogine exigua
- Meloidogyne fruglia
- Meloidogyne gajuscus
- Meloidogyne hapla
- Meloidogyne incognita
- Meloidogyne javanica
- Meloidogyne enterolobii (= Meloidogyne mayaguensis)
- Meloidogyne naasi
- Meloidogyne partityla
- Meloidogyne thamesi
- ^ Sasser JN, Carter CC: Overview of the International Meloidogyne Project 1975–1984. In An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Edited by: Sasser JN, Carter CC. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics; 1985:19-24.
- ^ a b c Eisenback, J. D. & Triantaphyllou, H. H. 1991 Root-knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne species and races. In: Manual of Agricultural Nematology, W. R. Nickle. (Ed). Marcel Dekker, New York. pp 281 – 286.
- ^ Stirling, G. R., Stanton, J. M. & Marshall, J. W. 1992 The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes to Australian and New Zealand agriculture. Australasian Plant Pathology, 21, 104 - 115.
- ^ Neal, J. C. 1889. The root-knot disease of the peach, orange and other plants in Florida due to the work of Anguillula Bull. I.S. Bur. Ent.20.31pp.
- ^ Jatala, P., bridge, J. 1990. Nematode parasites of root and tuber crops. In Plant parasitic nematodes in sub-tropical and tropical agriculture., pp 137-180. Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., Bridge, J., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
- ^ Makumbi-kidza, N. N., Speijer and Sikora R. A. 2000. Effects of Meloidogyne incognita on Growth and Storage-Root Formation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta). J Nematol.; 32(4S): 475–477.
- ^ Gapasin, R.M. 1980. Reaction of golden yellow cassava to Meloidogyne spp. Inoculation. Annals of Tropical Research 2:49-53. .
- ^ Gapasin, R.M. 1980. Reaction of golden yellow cassava to Meloidogyne spp. Inoculation. Annals of Tropical Research 2:49-53. .
- ^ Theberge, R. L. (eds). 1985. Common African Pests and Diseases of cassava, Yam, Sweet Potato and Cocoyam. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Ibadan, Nigeria 107 p.
- ^ Sijmons, P. C., Grundler, F. M. W., vonMende, N., Burrows, P. R. & Wyss, U. 1991 Arabidopsis thalliana as a new model host for plant-parasitic nematodes. The Plant Journal, 1, 245 - 254.
- ^ Wyss, U., Grundler, F.M.W. & Munch, A. 1992 The parasitic behaviour of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Nematologica, 38, 98 - 111.
- ^ Hussey, R. S. & Grundler, F. M. W. 1998 Nematode parasitism of plants. In: The Physiology and Biochemistry of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. Perry, R. N. & Wright, D. J. (Eds), CABI Publishing, UK. pp 213 – 243.
- ^ Sijmons, P. C., Atkinson, H. J. & Wyss, U. 1994 Parasitic strategies of root nematodes and associated host cell responses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 32, 235 - 259.
- ^ Madulu, J. & Trudgill, D. L. 1994 Influence of temperature on Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica, 40, 230 - 243.
- ^ Trudgill, D. L. 1995 An assessment of the relevance of thermal time relationships to nematology. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 18, 407 - 417.
- ^ Maggenti, A. R. & Allen, M. W. 1960 The origin of the gelatinous matrix in Meloidogyne. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 27, 4 - 10.
- ^ Wallace, H. R. 1968 The influence of soil moisture on survival and hatch of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica, 14, 231-242.
- ^ Bird, A. F. 1958 The adult female cuticle and egg sac of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887. Nematologica, 3, 205 - 212.
- ^ McClure M. A. & Bird A. F. 1976 The tylenchid (Nematoda) egg shell: formation of the egg shell in Meloidogyne javanica. Parasitology, 72, 29 - 39.
- ^ a b Wood, W. B. 1988 Introduction to C.elegans. In::The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, W. B. Wood (Ed), Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York. pp 1 – 16.
- ^ Norton, D. C. & Niblack, T. L. 1991 Biology and ecology of nematodes. In: Manual of Agricultural Nematology, Nickle, W. R. (Ed), Marcel Dekker, New York. pp 47 – 68.
- ^ Surdiman & Webster, J. M. 1995 Effect of ammonium ions on egg hatching and second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in axenic tomato root culture. Journal of Nematology, 27, 346 - 352.


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I spoke at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston last night, and – because I finished late – went out to a nondescript restaurant that had a kitchen that, in theory at least, stayed open until 10. I could complain nonstop about this entire experience but that's not the point; I'm going to complain about something else. I will say that the best part of the meal were some semi-fried Brussels sprouts, so I took the leftovers back to my hotel, where there's a fridge.
Stir-Fried Bok Choy, Daikon, Crisp Tofu
By Freya Bellin
February is a time when one must get creative with seasonal produce, much of which is some form of root vegetable. I'd been seeing daikon radish a lot lately, so I figured it would be worth checking out. Turns out that it's pretty versatile: when raw it has the texture of jicama and the flavor of a mild radish. When cooked, as in this recipe, it becomes tender and a little sweeter. It was a really nice addition to this stir-fry and an ingredient that will definitely remain in my winter veggie arsenal.
If you cook a lot of tofu, you'll know that it really does need to be patted dry, as the recipe instructs. The more water you can squeeze out of it, the crispier it will become when fried. That crispy tofu is a great contrast to the bok choy stems, which get soft and creamy. There's no need for anything more complicated than the super simple sauce used in this recipe—just a bit of soy sauce to bring everything together. I served it with brown rice for some heft, but it could stand on its own too as a light tofu dinner. Recipe from The Food Matters Cookbook.
Snack Time? Try Marinated Celery and Carrots, Chinese Style
Makes: 4 appetizer or side-dish servings
Time: 10 minutes, plus time to marinate
An easy and surprising little nibble, crunchy and ultra-savory. Substitute any vegetable you can eat raw or try this marinade with parboiled and shocked vegetables like broccoli or snow peas. Recipe from How to Cook Everything.
My First New York Times Opinion Column
I couldn't be more thrilled with the opportunity to write an opinion column about food. Here's my very first, a food manifesto of sorts, which hits on a number of topics that I will return to in weeks and months (and hopefully years) to come.
Every Minimalist Column in History!
Want to read every single Minimalist column of all-time? Of course you do. September 17, 1997 to January 26, 2011. Have at it.
Brown Rice Pilaf, Smoky and Sweet
By Freya Bellin
This pilaf proves that a simple grain like rice can be transformed into something pretty complex, without too much work on your part. The Spanish flavors of this dish come through strongly—especially the smoky pimentón, which is a great contrast to the overall sweetness of the dish. I personally found myself digging through the bowl for even more apricots, so you may want to chop up and toss in a few more than the recipe suggests. You could experiment with other dried fruits here as well, like golden raisins.
While most of the cook-time in this recipe is hands-off, brown rice can require some attention. I added more water a few times throughout the simmering process, as the pot was starting to dry out, but the rice was still crunchy. The couscous variation would certainly be useful if you're in a time-bind or if you want to multi-task. The wonderful thing about a recipe like this is that, thanks to the protein from almonds and chickpeas, it can be a meal in and of itself. I served it with beets to squeeze in some vegetables, but it's completely filling and satisfying on its own. Plus, any recipe that calls for ½ cup of wine leaves you with most of a bottle left for drinking, which is never a bad thing. Recipe from The Food Matters Cookbook.
Very Flavorful Vegetable Stock in 1 Hour
One-Hour Vegetable Stock
Makes: about 1 quart
Time: 1 hour, somewhat unattended
For this stock, you cut the vegetables into small pieces, which extracts greater flavor; you pan-cook them first, which browns them at least a bit and makes the flavor more complex; and you add a couple more flavorful ingredients (the mushrooms make a difference, as you'll quickly see, as does the soy sauce). If you have more time for simmering, use it.
Double the quantities here if you want to make enough stock to freeze. Recipe from How to Cook Everything Vegetarian.
Need More Minimalism? Try The Today Show
As if I haven't posted enough Minimalist links today, here's me cooking three of my all-time favorites on the Today Show.
A Toast to the Minimalist
Thank you to everyone who has read the Minimalist column. It has been thirteen wonderful years of cooking and thinking about food. Here's to many, many more (and some champagne for the road.)
The Best Minimalist Video of All Time?
My friend and colleague Gabe Johnson has shot and produced every single Minimalist video (more than 200.) Here he describes his favorite one to shoot (and more importantly to eat.)


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Hi all,
I'm new to the forum. I have a BC Rich acoustic with an older Barcus Berry passive pickup running through a Para DI. I'm getting what sounds like a ground loop. I've read on the forums that the Para doesn't have a ground lift. Any suggestions for getting rid of the hum? (The feed is perfectly quiet running my electric guitar through the box). Is my pickup just bad? Thanks for the help.


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Are we still a Christian nation?
To the editor:
It seems that the truths of the Bible, written in ancient times, used to anchor our country in a moral society, has been downgraded to where they have become almost meaningless.
The Ten Commandment plaques being forced off of State government property. The word "marriage" from ancient times being a man and woman now has been scrapped to include something different. Prayer and religious activity has been removed from schools to satisfy a minority of people. Gays can now be preachers in our churches. Now a minority of people strive to allow gays to be leaders of our youth by letting them be Boy Scout leaders.
I hate to think it, but Obama is probably right when he said, "We are no longer a Christian nation." He was bragging, but I disagree and feel very sad about it.
Eugene Faulds


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The United States and the Pacific Islands have enjoyed an enduring partnership and a steadfast friendship for over a century. Community engagement and the strengthening of people to people ties is an important component of my travels this week. I am accompanying Assistant Secretary Kurt Campbell and other U.S. government officials from the Department of Defense and USAID to the region, and this trip has only reinforced my belief in the profound possibilities for deeper engagement with the peoples of the Pacific Islands.
Earlier during the trip, while staying in the Marshall Islands, I was able to meet with a fantastic group of community leaders and students at a town hall event on Ebeye on Kwajalein Atoll. Upon arrival in the Federated States of Micronesia, we continued our dialogue with civil society actors with whom we can partner to tackle issues such as climate change. Our roundtable with environmental NGOs and luncheon with young leaders were filled with lively conversations on the important issues of mutual interest, such as the environment, food security, and the role of young people in our bilateral relationships. To promote healthy living, address problems of non-communicable diseases in the region, and encourage local food production and consumption, we will present a grant to the Island Food Community of Pohnpei.
We are also working with our Pacific partners to prepare for future challenges. Climate change adaptation funding from USAID of U.S. $8 million over three years, will strengthen Pacific partners' food security, promote healthy mangrove ecosystems, and help communities cope with inconsistencies in water supplies. USAID is also working across the South Pacific to build institutional and individual capacity to access additional international funding for climate change adaptation.
We look forward to continuing our dialogue with government, young leaders, and civil society partners on these important issues. You can learn more about our engagement with the Pacific here.


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>Runner's World - My Event Ratings>
In short: Hello old friend!In full: Not run this one for 5 years after a spell behind the scenes. Thought I should remind myself what it's like as an actual runner. Great race, really well done. Fills a gap in the calendar when there's not much on. Bit of weather - blusters and drizzle - but only what you'd expect in January. Well done Helsby RC!Date of review: January 17, 2017
In short: Lovely spring eveningIn full: Another successful outing for this popular early season run. Newer course is improved. Well organised.Date of review: April 4, 2013
In short: Another great outing, more headwind than tailwind!In full: The race that finally got me to join a running club!Date of review: January 23, 2012
In short: Another great runIn full: My favourite road race. Maybe I'm biased because it's my local race, but this is a calendar highlight.Date of review: January 26, 2011
In short: Really nice, friendly event. Great scenery.In full: A big event from a small club! Smoothly run and friendly. Well done for organising the weather. And beer too. Just need to work out how to run a bit faster now...Date of review: January 19, 2010
In short: Splendid raceIn full: Good outing, with a mix of terrain. Everyone seemed to enjoy themselves. I was going to mark down the PB potential, but I guess I now have a best for the classic 6.75 mile distance. Beautiful crisp cool day, that road climb was nothing but a nuisance though!Date of review: February 16, 2008
In short: Good eventIn full: Smooth organisation. Well done for a debut event. More singletrack, twisty bits and mud next time please! Good foresight booking the weather.Date of review: January 6, 2008
In short: SplendidIn full: Good work Staffs Moorlands!Date of review: December 17, 2007
In short: You'll probably already know if you want to do thisIn full: It's in Yorkshire! It's a marathon! It's offroad! The title tells you a lot of what you need to know. Strangely enough, they haven't gone out of their way to make it crazyhard. Lots of welcome contouring making up the distance and a real variety of terrain - moorland, rocks, roots, grassland, hardpack trails, cowfields, and a (very little) road. Nice course. A recce/study of the map/knowledgeable person to follow would all help. I don't know what people are complaining about - I've got a new PB for the distance :)Date of review: September 13, 2007
In short: Good eventIn full: Nice course, decent entry spread. Lovely Spring evening this year.Date of review: April 5, 2007
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My newspaper colleagues and I used to joke that there was always a local angle to national � and even international � stories. So, I shouldn�t have been surprised that one of the authors we�re featuring in the Simply Faithful book club has Rochester, NY, ties.
Jill Williamson, author of �Replication [The Jason Experiment],� used to visit the area when her sister lived here. During one of those fall visits they went to pick apples and as Williamson looked out the window at the passing orchards she wondered what it would be like if there was a farm that grew people, a farm that created clones.
She answers that question in her teen book �Replication� ($15.99, Zondervan), where she takes her readers inside a hidden human cloning facility. As the adventure unfolds, she delves into questions about the value of life and about forgiveness, even of ruthless captors.
Even though the idea for the book came from Western New York, it is set in Alaska where Williamson grew up. It features characters who are working to find their purpose in life and struggling to live a life of faith that�s really examined, that�s more than black and white.
�Being legalistic can become a habit,� Williamson said from her home in eastern Oregon. �It can get us in rut.�
And that�s not where Williamson wants her characters to be.
You can hear more about her characters, her passion for helping other writers and her upcoming books during a Facebook chat with her at 7 p.m. Nov. 16. Join us at the Simply Faithful Facebook page and feel free to jump in with questions of your own. This is your time with the author.�
I hope you give the book a try, even if it isn�t your go-to genre, and I�d love it if you would discuss it with friends and make an effort to include younger readers in the conversation. Soon I�ll be sharing more about the other three books I�ve selected:
Who Built the Stable?� by Ashley Bryan ($16.99, Simon and Schuster). �Jackson Jones: The Tale of a Boy, an Elf, and a Very Stinky Fish� by Jenn Kelly ($12.99, Zondervan). �Graceful: Letting Go of your Try-Hard Life� by Emily P. Freeman ($12.99, Revell).
Even though we�re focusing on younger readers, I think you�ll find there are lessons in these books for every age.


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Registration only takes a minute and it's completely FREE! Sellers and buyers alike enjoy many great benefits including:
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The Internet Still Seeks a Pulitzer
It was the Atlanta Press Club Christmas party. The guest was the CEO of Cox Enterprises , James Cox Kennedy, so (for once) everyone at the local fishwrap, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, showed up.
They were scared. They were worried about this "Internet" thing, a medium I had already been covering for a decade by that time. But Kennedy reassured them, insisting they would prosper by "repurposing" existing content on new sites like Yall.com. (I still have the t-shirt.)
I had to go behind a pillar, I was laughing so hard. The whole idea was stupid, ludicrous, a guaranteed failure. But Kennedy was a big-time CEO, I was just a dumb reporter, I didn't even work for him, so why should he listen to me?
Nearly two decades later, the local news opportunity still hasn't been addressed. Cox is throwing another $250 million at the Internet, TechCrunch reports , and talking up a national conservative Web site, as the local Creative Loafing writes . But the newspaper is practically gone and nothing has replaced it.
AOL (AOL) has a bunch of local news sites called Patch. Their stock is rising thanks to higher ad revenue, as Marketwatch reports. But that money isn't coming from Patch. Analysts who have looked at the results told Reuters the big gains came from third-party ad sales -- selling ads for other publishers -- and the remaining dial-up customers.
A better view of what's happening on the ground comes from Everyblock, a hyper-local site owned by Comcast's (CMCSA) NBC and backed by the Knight Foundation. As TechCrunch notes, it's closed. ( TechCrunch is owned by AOL.) An executive told Poynter.org they were "struggling with the business model."
There remains a lot of data to be aggregated. Companies like NeighborhoodScout sell reports based on data from courthouses and police agencies, the raw material of local news. Sites like Trulia and Zillow (Z) are transforming local real estate, a big local advertiser, using data.
While data are moving from the top down, journalism is moving from the bottom up. I get great service on local news from sites like DecaturMetro and Tomorrow's News Today . But these sites are run by writers, not publishers. They're not bringing in revenue, they're not run like businesses. Localized verticals such as Eater do good work but run on national ads, not local ones.
Sites like Yelp (YELP) organize local food markets but don't seem able to bring in cash from restaurants without risking scandal, described here by Epicurous. Sites such as Angieslist organize local services, then charge people to read what is written about these services.


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Sale opponents driven by 'fear'
By DAN GEORGE
The legislators who voted not to sell the County Home appear sincere in their convictions, but their inability to be intellectually honest is on display.
Timothy Hoyer (Jamestown) states "(There are) no benefits to the county if the County Home is sold, and no recognizable tax savings."
I can think of over 16 million reasons. Our county will be $16.5 million richer. In addition our county should experience lower taxes after this item is removed.
Hoyer continues, "History shows that when you have one person that owns it and another to run it, you can't hold anyone accountable." May I ask who is currently and effectively holding the County Home accountable for substantial, annual losses?
May I ask who is currently and effectively holding the County Home accountable for its below average performance? History shows that when the government tries to run something, there is unnecessary overhead, a pattern of inefficiency and little effective accountability.
Thomas DeJoe of Brocton of is quoted as saying "If the County Home were sold, the county would be losing a substantial amount of money."
What kind of math is Mr. DeJoe using? The county would be $16.5 million richer. The county would no longer be losing money each year on the Home. If the $560,000 that was spent last year by the County Home within Chautauqua County for services are competitive and essential, then Mr. DeJoe has nothing to worry about.
Robert Whitney of Jamestown has the wrong priorities when he concludes, "(My) decision boils down to the benefits that will be offered to employees." Shouldn't the deciding factor be who can best achieve a five-star rating while at the same time decreasing the tax burden?
It seems to me the primary reason why many well-meaning people are opposed to selling the County Home is a fear of change. We do not need leaders in our Legislature who base decisions on fear.
We need leaders in our Legislature who are intellectually honest with themselves and challenge their constituents to not give place to fear.
I cannot hold Mr. DeJoe, Mr. Hoyer, or Mr. Whitney accountable for their intellectual dishonesty. However, I can do my part to hold my Legislator, Bob Scudder, from Fredonia, accountable. Our county needs leaders who are intellectually honest.
Dan George is a Fredonia resident.


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