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Lindsay, Nathan K., Scott L. Howell and R. Dwight Laws. "Completion Rates and Distance Learners."
Encyclopedia of Distance Learning.
IGI Global, 2005. 310-316. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-555-9.ch047
Lindsay, N. K., Howell, S. L., & Laws, R. D. (2005). Completion Rates and Distance Learners. In C. Howard, J. Boettcher, L. Justice, K. Schenk, P. Rogers, & G. Berg (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of Distance Learning
(pp. 310-316). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-555-9.ch047
Lindsay, Nathan K., Scott L. Howell and R. Dwight Laws. "Completion Rates and Distance Learners." In
Encyclopedia of Distance Learning,
ed. Caroline Howard, Judith V. Boettcher, Lorraine Justice, Karen D. Schenk, Patricia L. Rogers and Gary A. Berg, 310-316 (2005), accessed January 24, 2017. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-555-9.ch047
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InfoSci-Educational Science and Technology
Completion Rates and Distance Learners
Nathan K. Lindsay (University of Michigan, USA), Scott L. Howell (Brigham Young University, USA) and R. Dwight Laws (Brigham Young University, USA)
Source Title:
Encyclopedia of Distance Learning
© 2005
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Critics of distance education frequently assert that completion rates are lower in distance education courses than in traditional courses. Such criticism comes despite sparse and inconclusive research on completion rates for distance and traditional education courses. This article reviews some of the existing research and then describes some of the caveats and complexities in comparing completion rates in traditional and distance education. Analysis reveals that numerous factors make comparison between these two formats difficult, if not impossible. Problems include limitations in the research design itself, differences in student demographics, and inconsistent methods of calculating and reporting completion. After exploring these issues, the article presents best practices for improving completion rates while emphasizing that distance education completion rates may be acceptable after considering distance learners' characteristics.
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Chapter 1
Academic Workload in Online Courses
(pages 1-6)
Geoffrey N. Dick
While distance education has been available in many forms for a long time, the technologies associated with the Internet are opening up new ways of...
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Academic Workload in Online Courses
Chapter 2
Academic, Economic, and Technological Trends Affecting Distance Education
(pages 7-15)
Nathan K. Lindsay, Peter B. Williams, Scott L. Howell
A number of prominent distance learning journals have established the need for administrators to be informed and prepared with strategic plans equal...
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Academic, Economic, and Technological Trends Affecting Distance Education
Chapter 3
Accessibility of Technology in Higher Education
(pages 16-28)
Deborah W. Proctor
In systems thinking divisions apparent in science specializations are seen "as arbitrary and man made" (Checkland, 1981, p. 4). A key idea embedded...
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Accessibility of Technology in Higher Education
Chapter 4
Accreditation and Recognition in Distance Learning
(pages 29-33)
George K. Kostopoulos
Distance learning is the fastest growing sector in academia. Consequently, it is experiencing growing pains. Such pains come from various...
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Accreditation and Recognition in Distance Learning
Chapter 5
Achievement in Online vs. Traditional Classes
(pages 34-37)
E. Lea Witta
Universities and colleges constantly attempt to address student needs by offering courses in various time frames. Because it is difficult for...
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Achievement in Online vs. Traditional Classes
Chapter 6
Adaptive Knowledge Exosomatics for E-Learning
(pages 38-43)
Xiaoqiang Liu, Henk Koppelaar
In this article, e-learning is considered as "learning activities enabled by computer and networks (Internet and Intranet)." The distributed...
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Adaptive Knowledge Exosomatics for E-Learning
Chapter 7
Adaptive Web-Based Learning Framework
(pages 44-52)
Man-Hua Wu, Herng-Yow Chen
With the rapid growth of the Internet and the increasing popularity of the World Wide Web, web-based learning systems have become more and more...
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Adaptive Web-Based Learning Framework
Chapter 8
Administrative Concerns for Distance Learning
(pages 53-55)
Henryk Marcinkiewicz, Jennifer McLean
The establishment of a distance learning program is a significant effort. The prepossessing condition for such an undertaking is that distance...
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Administrative Concerns for Distance Learning
Chapter 9
Administrative Controls in Internet Courses
(pages 56-63)
Gary Saunders
Distance learning is a term used to describe a learning experience in which the instructor is in a location remote from that of the student. For...
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Administrative Controls in Internet Courses
Chapter 10
Adult Illiteracy
(pages 64-71)
Ann-Marie Trammell
The issue of illiteracy is a serious one, especially for adults. Worldwide, 880 million adults have been labeled as illiterate, and in the United...
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Adult Illiteracy
Chapter 11
Adult Learners in Higher Education
(pages 72-78)
Ana Maria R. Correia, Anabela Sarmento
The development and promotion of the strategic goal of the European Union (EU) to become a competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy and...
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Adult Learners in Higher Education
Chapter 12
Advancing the Effective Use of Technology in Higher Education
(pages 79-82)
Sally M. Johnstone
In 1989 the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) located in Boulder, Colorado, founded the Western Cooperative for Educational...
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Advancing the Effective Use of Technology in Higher Education
Chapter 13
Analyzing Collaboration in Online Communications
(pages 83-89)
Abert L. Ingram, Lesley G. Hathorn
Elsewhere (Hathorn & Ingram, 2002b; Ingram & Hathorn, 2004; Ingram & Hathorn, 2005), the authors have argued that collaboration in a small group can...
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Analyzing Collaboration in Online Communications
Chapter 14
(pages 90-96)
Camille Whitfield
Distance education has been on the rise for quite some time now, and it has widened the target audience of traditional younger college students to a...
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Chapter 15
Anonymity-Featured Group Support Systems and Creativity
(pages 97-103)
Esther E. Klein
Until recently, creativity has been a neglected research topic (Steinberg & Lubart, 1999), although it is a central concern for schools and...
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Anonymity-Featured Group Support Systems and Creativity
Chapter 16
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Interaction
(pages 104-113)
Tiong Kung-Ming, Sim Khoon-Seng
The rapid development of technology greatly influences computer-based learning in distance education. One of the most important aspects is...
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Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Interaction
Chapter 17
Automobile Traffic Impact of Distance Learning
(pages 114-119)
Norbert Mundorf, Nikhilesh Dholakia, Ruby Roy Dholakia, Jing J. Xiao
In industrial societies, and also in developing countries, automobile travel is increasingly associated with pollution, congestion and urban sprawl...
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Automobile Traffic Impact of Distance Learning
Chapter 18
The Beam Analysis Tool (BAT)
(pages 120-126)
Peter Burrage, Leslee Francis Pelton
In Houghton's (1989) review of educational paradigms, he highlights the gaining importance of chaos theory. Chaos theory is often characterized by...
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The Beam Analysis Tool (BAT)
Chapter 19
(pages 127-147)
Irene Chen
The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). In general, the...
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Chapter 20
Benefits of a Content Multi-Purposing Model
(pages 148-151)
Evan T. Robinson
The intent of action is the achievement of something decisive. Within any business, decisiveness is hopefully linked to the successful generation of...
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Benefits of a Content Multi-Purposing Model
Chapter 21
Better Use of Digital Images in Teaching and Learning
(pages 152-158)
Y. J. Zhang
Digital images are convenient and important media for describing and storing spatial, temporal, spectral, and physical components of information...
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Better Use of Digital Images in Teaching and Learning
Chapter 22
Between Tradition and Innovation in ICT and Teaching
(pages 159-165)
Antonio Cartelli
During the past few decades, the expanded use of PCs and the Internet introduced many changes in human activities and cooperated in the...
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Between Tradition and Innovation in ICT and Teaching
Chapter 23
The Birth of Virtual Libraries
(pages 166-171)
Edward D. Garten
The phenomenal growth of distance learning programs in higher education worldwide has had immense implications for the provision of library services...
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The Birth of Virtual Libraries
Chapter 24
Blended Learning Environments
(pages 172-179)
Charles R. Graham, Stephanie Allen
The term "blended learning" is being used with increased frequency in academic publications and conferences as well as in industry trade magazines...
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Blended Learning Environments
Chapter 25
Bringing Out the Best in Virtual Teams
(pages 180-186)
Janet Schoenfeld, Zane Berge
The use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) is more popular than ever in both educational and corporate settings. Schools and corporations are...
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Bringing Out the Best in Virtual Teams
Chapter 26
Building a System to Deliver Programs at a Distance
(pages 187-191)
Lynette Olson, Gary R Langer
Learners in the 21st century are increasingly using online delivery methods to achieve their academic goals. Through online learning, students are...
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Building a System to Deliver Programs at a Distance
Chapter 27
Building Trust for Interactive E-Learning
(pages 192-195)
Yuefei Xu, Larry Korba
Learners, tutors and service providers are the basic players in an e-learning system. Similar to the situation in traditional campus education...
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Building Trust for Interactive E-Learning
Chapter 28
Calling on Constructivist Theory to Support Internet-Based, Information-Rich Learning
(pages 196-203)
Alan Pritchard
As a society we are turning increasingly to the Internet as a source of information concerning a very wide range of topics. There is, at the very...
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Calling on Constructivist Theory to Support Internet-Based, Information-Rich Learning
Chapter 29
Challenges and Opportunities of Computer-Based Learning for Senior Citizens
(pages 204-210)
Panayiotis Zaphiris, Sri Kurniawan
This entry starts with an argument on how computer-based learning (CBL) can benefit senior citizens, then reviews the effects of aging on CBL. It...
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Challenges and Opportunities of Computer-Based Learning for Senior Citizens
Chapter 30
Change Creation for Online Learning and Technology
(pages 211-217)
Dale W. Lick, Roger Kaufman
Online learning and technology offer tremendous opportunities for increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of education. They have been...
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Change Creation for Online Learning and Technology
Chapter 31
Change Management and Distance Education
(pages 218-223)
Parviz Partow-Navid, Ludwig Slusky
E-learning is defined as the transmission of knowledge whereby the instructor and/or the student participate in the learning process from different...
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Change Management and Distance Education
Chapter 32
The Changing Role of Faculty
(pages 224-230)
Graham Shaw
The role of faculty within traditional teaching institutions worldwide has always been multidimensional, involving administrative duties, research...
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The Changing Role of Faculty
Chapter 33
A Checklist for a New Millennium School Science Department
(pages 231-232)
Ed Hessler
My focus is both narrow and incomplete, for it is limited to a single area of learning: science, and it is in the form of a working list, a...
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A Checklist for a New Millennium School Science Department
Chapter 34
Classroom Critical Incidents
(pages 233-239)
John M. Carroll, Dennis C. Neale, Philip L. Isenhour
Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of user interaction in networked collaborative systems is difficult. There is more than one user, and often...
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Classroom Critical Incidents
Chapter 35
Cognitive Approaches to Understanding the Challenge of Computer-Based Learning
(pages 240-244)
Jocelyn M. Wishart
Increased motivation amongst pupils has been readily observed in schools when they are allowed to use computers and other forms of information and...
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Cognitive Approaches to Understanding the Challenge of Computer-Based Learning
Chapter 36
Cognitive Profiling in Life-Long Learning
(pages 245-255)
Taiyu Lin, Kinshuk, Kinshuk
Statistics indicate that the information stored in the world doubles every 2.8 years (Keegan, 2000). The problem every country faces now is not how...
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Cognitive Profiling in Life-Long Learning
Chapter 37
Collaboration Among Multicultural Virtual Teams
(pages 256-263)
Kursat Cagiltay, Barbara A. Bichelmeyer, Michael A. Evans, Trena M. Paulus, Jae Soon An
Due to the increasingly widespread use of various information and communication technologies (ICT), individuals from different countries and...
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Collaboration Among Multicultural Virtual Teams
Chapter 38
Collaboration in Online Communications
(pages 264-268)
Albert L. Ingram, Lesley G. Hathorn
Collaboration and cooperation have become firmly established as teaching methods in face-to-face classes (e.g., Johnson, Johnson, & Smith, 1998)....
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Collaboration in Online Communications
Chapter 39
Collaborative and Cooperative Learning
(pages 269-276)
J. M. McInnerney, T. S. Roberts
The increasingly rapid movement of undergraduate and postgraduate courses to online Web-based forms of delivery would seem to provide the ideal...
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Collaborative and Cooperative Learning
Chapter 40
Collaborative Learning in a Contribution-Oriented Pedagogy
(pages 277-283)
Betty Collis, Jef Moonen
Collaborative learning is a specific approach within the broader context of pedagogy. Collaborative learning encourages student participation via...
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Collaborative Learning in a Contribution-Oriented Pedagogy
Chapter 41
Collaborative Learning Technologies
(pages 284-289)
Maryam Alavi, Donna Dufner, Caroline Howard
Three basic categories of technologies are effective for extending collaborative learning beyond traditional face-to-face interactions to online...
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Collaborative Learning Technologies
Chapter 42
Collaborative Tele-Learning Issues and Observations
(pages 290-296)
Rosemary H. Wild
Teamwork is a fact of modern organizational life. College graduates are expected to be able to work productively in teams. The ubiquity of...
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Collaborative Tele-Learning Issues and Observations
Chapter 43
Communicating Across Boundaries
(pages 297-298)
Dennis Harper
Directing a Technology Innovation Challenge Grant as well as a Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) Project, plus 35 years of...
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Communicating Across Boundaries
Chapter 44
Communication and Media Theory
(pages 299-301)
Gary A. Berg
Communications theory dates to the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but became a recognized academic field in the 1940s during World War II...
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Communication and Media Theory
Chapter 45
Community Colleges in America and Distance Learning
(pages 302-303)
Gary A. Berg
Community colleges in the United States have played an important role in the development and implementation of various forms of computer- and...
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Community Colleges in America and Distance Learning
Chapter 46
Community in Virtual Learning Environments
(pages 304-309)
Holly McCracken
The development of dynamic learning communities is generally believed to be critical to providing engaging and multi-dimensional instructional...
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Community in Virtual Learning Environments
Chapter 47
Completion Rates and Distance Learners
(pages 310-316)
Nathan K. Lindsay, Scott L. Howell, R. Dwight Laws
Critics of distance education frequently assert that completion rates are lower in distance education courses than in traditional courses. Such...
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Completion Rates and Distance Learners
Chapter 48
Compressed Video for the Global Village
(pages 317-322)
Al P. Mizell
Marshall McLuhan (1964) introduced the concept of the global village that helped us see what was happening with worldwide, inexpensive communication...
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Compressed Video for the Global Village
Chapter 49
Computer Animation
(pages 323-330)
Su-Ting Yong, Yun-Huoy Choo
The use of computer animation in educational software like a computer-based learning (CBL) program is becoming a common practice. Animation is used...
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Computer Animation
Chapter 50
Computer Assisted/Aided Language Learning
(pages 331-336)
Andrew Laghos, Panayiotis Zaphiris
This entry provides a thorough introduction to computer-assisted and -aided language learning (CALL). It starts by providing the definition and...
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Computer Assisted/Aided Language Learning
Chapter 51
Computer-Aided Language Learning
(pages 337-340)
Andrew Laghos, Panayiotis Zaphiris
Gamper and Knapp (2002) define Computer-Aided Language Learning (CALL) as "a research field which explores the use of computational methods and...
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Computer-Aided Language Learning
Chapter 52
Computer-Assisted Language Learning in East Asia
(pages 341-352)
Hsien-Chin Liou
Recently, there has been an obvious blooming of the manufacturing of computer hardware and peripherals in Asian countries: to illustrate, Korea...
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Computer-Assisted Language Learning in East Asia
Chapter 53
Computer-Mediated Communication
(pages 353-364)
Zippy Erlich
The development of new communication technologies has opened a broad range of options for promoting learning, of which a significant one is...
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Computer-Mediated Communication
Chapter 54
A Computer's Teacher Power
(pages 365-366)
Donald N. Bigleow
Just as steam displaced sails on ships; and the automobile, the horse; and just as TV has, to an unknown degree, replaced wholesale dependence on...
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A Computer's Teacher Power
Chapter 55
Conceiving a Learning Organization Model for Online Education
(pages 367-373)
Kam Hou Vat
As online technologies and information resources rise in salience, experience has shown (Vat, 2000, 2001, 2002a, 2002b) that online education must...
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Conceiving a Learning Organization Model for Online Education
Chapter 56
Connecting K-12 Schools in Higher Education
(pages 374-378)
Laura A.B. Dell
Videoconferencing is the latest distance learning technology to hit K-12 (elementary and secondary) education. Distance learning in all of its...
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Connecting K-12 Schools in Higher Education
Chapter 57
Consensus Building Using E-Research
(pages 379-385)
Diane P. Janes
Research is a quest driven by a specific question that needs an answer. Leedy (1993) in his book, Practical Research: Planning and Design, lists...
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Consensus Building Using E-Research
Chapter 58
Constructing Knowledge through Online Bulletin Board Discussions
(pages 386-393)
Adams Bodomo
Within the field of education, and in particular educational technology, dominant paradigms of instruction include active, interactive...
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Constructing Knowledge through Online Bulletin Board Discussions
Chapter 59
Constructivist Teaching and Learning in a Web-Based Environment
(pages 394-399)
Valerie N. Morphew
Web-based teaching and learning is on the rise in education and industry, challenging teachers and trainers to deliver instruction in new ways with...
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Constructivist Teaching and Learning in a Web-Based Environment
Chapter 60
Contextual Design of Online Learning Technologies
(pages 400-407)
Mark Notess
Contextual design is a human-centered methodology for designing information systems from a rich understanding of customer work practice (Beyer &...
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Contextual Design of Online Learning Technologies
Chapter 61
Continuing Science Education of the Global Public
(pages 408-414)
Leo Tan Wee Hin, R. Subramaniam
Continuing education constitutes an important aspect of furthering the process of learning beyond the formal years of schooling. Leveraging mainly...
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Continuing Science Education of the Global Public
Chapter 62
Contribution-Oriented Pedagogy
(pages 415-422)
Betty Collis, Jef Moonen
Pedagogy can be described as the art or science of teaching. The question of appropriate pedagogies for distance and computer-based learning when a...
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Contribution-Oriented Pedagogy
Chapter 63
The Cooperation Solution for Universities
(pages 423-429)
Michaela Knust, Svenja Hagenhoff
E-learning gained a significant foothold in the field of higher education in the US and Europe during the last decade of the 20th Century. For the...
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The Cooperation Solution for Universities
Chapter 64
Cooperative Agents in Web-Based Distance Learning
(pages 430-439)
Leonard Barolli, Akio Koyama
In the last few years, we have observed an explosive growth of multimedia computing, communications, and applications. This revolution is...
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Cooperative Agents in Web-Based Distance Learning
Chapter 65
Copyright with an International Perspective for Academics
(pages 440-454)
Stephen Marshall
He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without...
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Copyright with an International Perspective for Academics
Chapter 66
(pages 455-461)
Saul Fisher
Online education offers strong intrinsic potential for advancing and augmenting teaching and learning through broadening and deepening access....
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Chapter 67
Creating an Electronic Student Teaching Portfolio
(pages 462-468)
Patricia A. Shaw, Susan Slick
Over time, student and teacher portfolios have taken several forms for a variety of purposes. Initially portfolios were created in many educational...
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Creating an Electronic Student Teaching Portfolio
Chapter 68
Creating and Sustaining Online Learning Communities
(pages 469-474)
Jo B. Paoletti
What is an online community? Is any Web-based course, e-mail list, or membership-based discussion forum an online community? What is the...
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Creating and Sustaining Online Learning Communities
Chapter 69
Creating Opportunities and Barriers in Distance Learning Courses
(pages 475-480)
Sheryl Burgstahler
nternet-based distance learning courses have the potential to make learning opportunities available to anyone. People in rural areas, from poor...
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Creating Opportunities and Barriers in Distance Learning Courses
Chapter 70
Critical Barriers to Technolgy in K-12 Education
(pages 481-482)
Christine Sweeney
Those who are fortunate enough to be associated with K-12 education during this first decade of the 21st century will witness tremendous...
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Critical Barriers to Technolgy in K-12 Education
Chapter 71
Critical Elements in Effective Teaching in the New Millennium
(pages 483-484)
Gretchen Irvine
These are my views derived from a long career teaching in the P-12, system as well as a decade spent preparing teachers at Augsburg College. The...
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Critical Elements in Effective Teaching in the New Millennium
Chapter 72
Culture, Interaction, and Online Learning
(pages 485-491)
Janet Toland, Jonathan Frank, Karen D. Schenk
Technological innovation and the development of global knowledge-based economies are presenting higher education institutions throughout the...
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Culture, Interaction, and Online Learning
Chapter 73
Curriculum Development in Technology-Enhanced Environments
(pages 492-504)
Mike Keppell, Eliza Au, Ada Ma, Christine Chan
As teacher-educators, we are acutely aware of our responsibilities in nurturing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of pre-service teachers. As...
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Curriculum Development in Technology-Enhanced Environments
Chapter 74
Delivering Management Education via Tutored-Video Instruction
(pages 505-509)
L. W. Murray, Alev M. Efendioglu
The University of San Francisco (USF) initially contracted with a Hong Kong-based, Chinese multinational firm, China Resources Holding Company...
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Delivering Management Education via Tutored-Video Instruction
Chapter 75
Design Research in the Elementary School Classroom
(pages 510-517)
Earl Woodruff, Latika Nirula
Over the last 15 years, the study of technology in classroom settings has highlighted the need for a new research paradigm. Past research on...
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Design Research in the Elementary School Classroom
Chapter 76
Designing a Distributed Learning Experience
(pages 518-524)
Diane Jass Ketelhut, Pamela Whitehouse, Chris Dede
With the availability of Internet and digital technologies, many universities are integrating new interactive media into course curricula, both to...
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Designing a Distributed Learning Experience
Chapter 77
Designing Effective Computer-Based Learning Materials
(pages 525-533)
Mohamed Ally
This entry begins by discussing the history of computer-based learning (CBL), followed by a description of learning theories and instructional...
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Designing Effective Computer-Based Learning Materials
Chapter 78
Designing Instruction for Successful Online Learning
(pages 534-539)
Mohamed Ally
Teaching and training has been going on for decades; however, the design methods and delivery technology have changed over the years. The invention...
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Designing Instruction for Successful Online Learning
Chapter 79
Developing an Online Learning Style Instrument
(pages 540-546)
E. Lea Witta, Chen-Yuan "Corey" Lee
Distance learning was begun in the 19th Century with correspondence education (Klesius, Homan, & Thompson, 1997). It has evolved from the...
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Developing an Online Learning Style Instrument
Chapter 80
Developing Online Faculty Competencies
(pages 547-553)
Gregory C. Sales
The use of technology in education and the associated professional development are relatively new phenomena. Even so, they have gone through several...
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Developing Online Faculty Competencies
Chapter 81
Developing Prescriptive Taxonomies for Distance Learning Instructional Design
(pages 554-567)
Vincent E. Lasnik
There are simple answers to all complex problems—and they are uniformly wrong. —H.L. Mencken One of the central problems and corresponding...
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Developing Prescriptive Taxonomies for Distance Learning Instructional Design
Chapter 82
Diffusion of Computers in Schools
(pages 568-572)
Petek Askar, Yasemin Kocak-Usluel
Every system is shaped by the prevailing paradigm. As society innovates itself, it also adjusts its mechanisms to new situations. The phrase...
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Diffusion of Computers in Schools
Chapter 83
Diffusion of Web-Based Education in Singapore and Australia
(pages 573-580)
Jessie Y.Y. Wong, R. Gerber, K. A. Toh
The Internet has transformed the way education is delivered in the 21st Century. Web-based education has been developed on the basis of the...
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Diffusion of Web-Based Education in Singapore and Australia
Chapter 84
Digital Divide
(pages 581-584)
Christiane Reilly
Distance education (DE) is a reality. Pop-up advertisements of online master's degree programs appear with regularity on the Internet, and distance...
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Digital Divide
Chapter 85
Dimensions of Student Satisfaction on Online Programs
(pages 585-590)
Petek Askar, Oktay Dönmez, Gonca Kizilkaya, Volkan Çevik, Kerem Gültekin
This research studies on the evaluation of online courses are usually conducted for investigating the differences between face-to-face and Web-based...
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Dimensions of Student Satisfaction on Online Programs
Chapter 86
Disability, Chronic Illness and Distance Education
(pages 591-598)
Christopher Newell, Margaret Debenham
Distance education may be seen as both enabling and disabling in its application to, and relationship with, people with disability and chronic...
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Disability, Chronic Illness and Distance Education
Chapter 87
Distance Education Associations
(pages 599-612)
Irene Chen
Most of the distance learning professional associations were founded in the 1990s, at a time when most Internet backbone speeds were T1 or slower....
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Distance Education Associations
Chapter 88
Distance Education from Religions of the World
(pages 613-617)
Clint P. Rogers, Scott L. Howell
nternationally, religious institutions are developing distance learning for a variety of reasons and purposes. The religious applications of...
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Distance Education from Religions of the World
Chapter 89
Distance Education in Small Island Nations
(pages 618-627)
Ali Fawaz Shareef, Kinshuk, Kinshuk
Small island nations, especially Maldives, encounter a number of limitations in providing services to their people due to their size. These services...
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Distance Education in Small Island Nations
Chapter 90
Distance Education in South America
(pages 628-634)
Luis Barrera
This article reviews the history, state of the art, and future trends in distance education in South American countries through an overview of the...
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Distance Education in South America
Chapter 91
Distance Education in Turkey
(pages 635-640)
Petek Askar
Distance education is the educational process in which the instructor and learner are physically separated, and interaction between them is...
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Distance Education in Turkey
Chapter 92
Distance Learning and Educational Technology in Malaysia
(pages 641-653)
Habibah Lateh, Arumugam Raman
Malaysia, in comparison to some of the other countries in South East Asia, is relatively small, with a size of 329,750 km2 and a population of 25.45...
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Distance Learning and Educational Technology in Malaysia
Chapter 93
Distance Learning as Commercializing Higher Education
(pages 654-655)
Gary A. Berg
Since computer-based learning can involve partnerships with for-profit organizations, be viewed as a route to increased revenue, and potentially be...
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Distance Learning as Commercializing Higher Education
Chapter 94
Distance Learning for Incarcerated Populations
(pages 656-661)
Christine Bagwell
While many educators focus on bridging the digital divide for rural and disadvantaged students, a few focus on a much more isolated population—...
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Distance Learning for Incarcerated Populations
Chapter 95
Distance Learning Rehabilitation of Autistic Reasoning
(pages 662-668)
Boris Galitsky
Recent psychological studies have revealed that autistic children can neither reason properly about mental states of themselves and others, nor...
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Distance Learning Rehabilitation of Autistic Reasoning
Chapter 96
Distributed Learning Sequences for the Future Generation
(pages 669-673)
Hakikur Rahman
Distributed learning can be conceived as a means of providing learning opportunities beyond the boundaries of the traditional education system...
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Distributed Learning Sequences for the Future Generation
Chapter 97
Diverse Models of Distance Teaching Universities
(pages 674-680)
Sarah Guri-Rosenblit
Universities offering studies through distance teaching methods vary enormously in how they were initiated, the clienteles they aim to serve, how...
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Diverse Models of Distance Teaching Universities
Chapter 98
Document Delivery
(pages 681-682)
Robin L. Ewing
Document delivery is a service offered by academic libraries that allows distance education students to access or obtain the research materials...
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Document Delivery
Chapter 99
Download Delay and its Effects on Online Learning
(pages 683-686)
Donald A. Hantula
Download delay is the amount of time needed for instructional materials to appear on a Web page on the client computer after the page is accessed...
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Download Delay and its Effects on Online Learning
Chapter 100
Driving Systemic Change with E-Learning
(pages 687-695)
Donald M. Norris
It is time for plain talk about the potential for information and communications technology (ICT) and online learning to enable systemic change in...
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Driving Systemic Change with E-Learning
Chapter 101
Economic Models for Distance Learning
(pages 696-698)
Gary A. Berg
An understanding of the economic models for the use of computer-based learning is important for educators worldwide. Particularly in America, there...
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Economic Models for Distance Learning
Chapter 102
Educational Software Evaluation
(pages 699-711)
Michael Shaughnessy
From 1980 to 2000, there were many articles written on the subject of software review and evaluation. Upon initial investigation of educational...
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Educational Software Evaluation
Chapter 103
Educational Technology and Learning Theory
(pages 712-716)
Gary A. Berg
This overview briefly reviews the history of educational technology and surveys relevant learning theory. In order to understand fully...
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Educational Technology and Learning Theory
Chapter 104
Educational Technology in the Middle East
(pages 717-723)
Adrienne A. Reynolds
The countries of the Middle East are undergoing rapid change in many areas, and the field of education is illustrative. This is particularly the...
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Educational Technology in the Middle East
Chapter 105
Effective Technology-Mediated Education for Adult Chinese Learners
(pages 724-731)
Hsianghoo Steve Ching, Carmel McNaught, Paul W.T. Poon
This article will address several areas relating to online learning and technology. We will report on work done in the development of four models...
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Effective Technology-Mediated Education for Adult Chinese Learners
Chapter 106
Effects of Computer-Mediated Communication
(pages 732-736)
Stuart S. Gold
The purpose of this study was to answer the question: Is the level of achievement of working adult students in an online class directly related to...
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Effects of Computer-Mediated Communication
Chapter 107
E-Learning and K-12
(pages 737-742)
Lynne Schrum
Distance education has been around since a reliable postal service, and has long been viewed as a way in which to offer lifelong learning to those...
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E-Learning and K-12
Chapter 108
E-Learning and M-Learning Problems
(pages 743-749)
Graeme Salter
The use of online teaching in education is expanding at a rapid rate. Some may be tempted to view technology as an educational panacea (Herrington &...
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E-Learning and M-Learning Problems
Chapter 109
E-Learning as Organizational Strategy
(pages 750-762)
Rosemary Du Mont
The global knowledge-driven economy is characterized by both structural and personnel changes that are driving new models of teaching and learning....
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E-Learning as Organizational Strategy
Chapter 110
E-Learning Design Quality
(pages 763-771)
Panagiotis Zaharias
A critical review of the literature was conducted which resulted in the formulation of an e-learning research agenda with a focus on quality and...
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E-Learning Design Quality
Chapter 111
E-Learning in India
(pages 772-778)
Ramesh C. Sharma
Education is an essential tool for the economical and social development of a nation. Proper development of human resources is crucial to that. To...
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E-Learning in India
Chapter 112
E-Learning in the Network Marketing Industry
(pages 779-785)
David Wright
The network marketing industry with its need to train home-based workers is in a unique position to benefit from e-learning. The large numbers of...
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E-Learning in the Network Marketing Industry
Chapter 113
E-Learning Industry
(pages 786-793)
John Gordon, Zhangxi Lin
E-learning is the process of teaching and learning using electronic media, generally distributed over a network. For a thorough coverage of...
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E-Learning Industry
Chapter 114
E-Learning Study Skills for Online Students
(pages 794-800)
Ryan Watkins
For instructors and administrators of traditional classroom and distance learning courses alike, the leading indicators of success for college...
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E-Learning Study Skills for Online Students
Chapter 115
Electronic Performance Support, E-Learning and Knowledge Management
(pages 801-806)
Ashok Banerji, Glenda Rose Scales
The key outcome of the current transition from the "old economy" to the "new economy" is the dramatic shift from investments in physical capital to...
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Electronic Performance Support, E-Learning and Knowledge Management
Chapter 116
Electronic Portfolios
(pages 807-813)
Katherine C. Wieseman
A view in teacher preparation increasingly reported in the literature is that electronic portfolios can present an educator's achievement...
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Electronic Portfolios
Chapter 117
(pages 814-820)
Gilly Salmon
In this article, the term "e-moderating" is used to capture the wide variety of roles and skills that the online teacher, lecturer, or trainer needs...
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Chapter 118
Encouraging Participation in Voluntary, Online Staff Development
(pages 821-827)
Graeme Salter
In order to determine what factors might lead to increased participation and effectiveness in voluntary online staff development, a case study was...
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Encouraging Participation in Voluntary, Online Staff Development
Chapter 119
Enhanced Instructional Presentation Model
(pages 828-834)
Leslee Francis Pelton, Timothy W. Pelton
Linear presentations, such as lectures, expositions, demonstrations and activity sequences, are efficient from the perspective of the instructor and...
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Enhanced Instructional Presentation Model
Chapter 120
Enhancing Learning and Teaching Wireless LAN Design
(pages 835-844)
Nurul I. Sarkar
Wireless communication and networking courses are becoming increasingly popular in universities, polytechnics, postsecondary colleges, and private...
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Enhancing Learning and Teaching Wireless LAN Design
Chapter 121
Ensuring Quality in Technology-Focused Professional Development
(pages 845-852)
Marcie J. Bober
Few would argue that teachers exposed to technology-focused professional development are better prepared to effectively and systematically integrate...
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Ensuring Quality in Technology-Focused Professional Development
Chapter 122
Environments for Mobile Learning
(pages 853-856)
Han-Chieh Chao, Tin-Yu Wu, Michelle T.C. Kao
As we enter the electronic age, technologies enabling e-learning have increased flexibility of learning location. Wireless communication...
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Environments for Mobile Learning
Chapter 123
Evaluating Distance Education and E-Learning
(pages 857-864)
Som Naidu
The number of distance education and e-learning programs has been on the rise for some time now (Hannan & Silver, 2000). In the United States, the...
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Evaluating Distance Education and E-Learning
Chapter 124
Evaluating Distributed Cooperative Learning
(pages 865-871)
Dennis C. Neale, John M. Carroll, Mary B. Rosson
Evaluating outcomes associated with computer-supported cooperative learning (CSCL) is difficult for a variety of reasons. One must consider...
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Evaluating Distributed Cooperative Learning
Chapter 125
Evaluating Online Programs
(pages 872-874)
Kathleen D. Kelsey, James R. Lindner, Kim E. Dooley
Systematic formative and summative evaluation of distance education programs is necessary for program improvement and accountability. The most...
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Evaluating Online Programs
Chapter 126
Evaluating Online Programs Using a BSC Approach
(pages 875-881)
Barbara J. Keinath
Accountability pressures on higher education have increased in recent decades (Dill, 1999; Garvin, 2000; Jacob & Hellström, 2003). Pressure for...
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Evaluating Online Programs Using a BSC Approach
Chapter 127
Evaluating Quality in the Online Classroom
(pages 882-890)
Leslie Blicker
The notion of measuring the effectiveness of online learning in higher education began at least a half-decade ago when Web-based distance education...
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Evaluating Quality in the Online Classroom
Chapter 128
Evaluating Student Learning in Distance Education
(pages 891-898)
Efstratios T. Diamadis, George C. Polyzos
Evaluating students is critical to education. Evaluation results give students feedback about their performance so that they can learn from their...
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Evaluating Student Learning in Distance Education
Chapter 129
Evaluation Strategy for Online Courses
(pages 899-905)
Tad Waddington, Bruce Aaron, Rachael Sheldrick
Any program that includes online learning, or indeed any type of training, benefits from a strong evaluation strategy. Collecting evaluation metrics...
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Evaluation Strategy for Online Courses
Chapter 130
Exploring the Virtual Learning Environment
(pages 906-911)
Teresa Torres-Coronas
Education has traditionally been conducted face-to-face, with professors performing outstanding magisterial classes in front of the learners. During...
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Exploring the Virtual Learning Environment
Chapter 131
Facilitating Asynchronous Discussions
(pages 912-917)
Alice Bedard-Voorhees
Successful online instructors demonstrate technological and content expertise, time management, and instructional and communication skills. While...
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Facilitating Asynchronous Discussions
Chapter 132
Facilitation of Web-Based Courses Designed for Adult Learners
(pages 918-921)
Bonnie McCall Ordonez
Web-based courses have currently surpassed all other forms of distance education in the higher education field. One of the main reasons in growth is...
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Facilitation of Web-Based Courses Designed for Adult Learners
Chapter 133
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Educational Technology
(pages 922-929)
Graeme Salter
There are many in education who appear to think that it is sufficient to purchase and install technology for it to be successfully used (Boddy...
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Factors Affecting the Adoption of Educational Technology
Chapter 134
Faculty Participation in Distance Education Programs
(pages 930-935)
Catherine C. Schifter
Distance education is not new to higher education. Correspondence courses have served students since the 19th century. What is different today is...
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Faculty Participation in Distance Education Programs
Chapter 135
Faculty Support Systems
(pages 936-940)
Jason D. Baker, Robert J. Schihl
One factor that has led institutions to develop online learning programs is the perception that they have lower production costs than campus-based...
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Faculty Support Systems
Chapter 136
Film Narrative and Computer-Interface Design
(pages 941-943)
Gary A. Berg
Some scholars have noted the link between film narrative and computer-interface design (Berg, 2003; Plowman, 1994). Similarities between early film...
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Film Narrative and Computer-Interface Design
Chapter 137
From R&D Project to Virtual Universities
(pages 944-951)
Harald Haugen, Bodil Ask
Four Norwegian higher educational institutions—the University Colleges at Agder, Stord/Haugesund, and Sør-Trøndelag, and the University in Trondheim...
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From R&D Project to Virtual Universities
Chapter 138
Future Learning Devices
(pages 952-953)
Gary A. Berg
Over the years, many around the world have thought about the design of devices (often involving computers or microprocessors) that might be most...
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Future Learning Devices
Chapter 139
The Future of Teaching and Learning Technologies
(pages 954-959)
Howard Strauss
The evolution of a few critical technologies has the potential to change the way teaching and learning is done is the near future. Among those...
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The Future of Teaching and Learning Technologies
Chapter 140
The Future of University and Organizational Learning
(pages 960-968)
Colla J. MacDonald, Emma J. Stodel, Laura G. Farres
In this article, we examine some of the issues surrounding the use of technology and how it may impact the future of university teaching and...
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The Future of University and Organizational Learning
Chapter 141
Going Online: Challenges and Issues
(pages 969-974)
Danilo M. Baylen, Erping Zhu
Teaching and learning in the 21st century not only utilize various technologies, but they also take place anytime and anyplace. During the last...
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Going Online: Challenges and Issues
Chapter 142
Group Leadership in Online Collaborative Learning
(pages 975-983)
Agnes Kukulska-Hulme
Online collaborative learning emphasizes student activity and is associated with changes in perceptions of who is responsible for leading groups of...
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Group Leadership in Online Collaborative Learning
Chapter 143
Growth of Online Schooling in Canada
(pages 984-989)
M. Haughey
In Canada, a country of vast landscapes, northern climates and relatively few people, the formal provision of education has always involved...
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Growth of Online Schooling in Canada
Chapter 144
Help Me Understand How to Resolve These Mysteries
(pages 990-991)
Allen Schmieder
Make no mistake, unless the nation's schools achieve a world-class technology infrastructure within the first several years of the new millennium...
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Help Me Understand How to Resolve These Mysteries
Chapter 145
Heuristically Evaluating Web-Based ODL
(pages 992-997)
Athanasis Karoulis, Andreas Pombortsis
The rapid establishment of third-generation distance learning environments, the so-called Web-based or tele-teaching environments, is nowadays a...
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Heuristically Evaluating Web-Based ODL
Chapter 146
High School Online Learning
(pages 998-1005)
Renee Jesness
The question is not whether high school students should be taking online courses. It is whether they should get out of high school without taking...
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High School Online Learning
Chapter 147
History of Correspondence Instruction
(pages 1006-1011)
Gary A. Berg
In a general sense, the origin of computer-based learning methods as they have developed internationally derived from correspondence instruction. In...
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History of Correspondence Instruction
Chapter 148
Hybrid and Traditional Course Formats
(pages 1012-1018)
Dan Baugher, Andrew Varanelli, Ellen Weisbord
The use of technology as a teaching tool, for example, self-paced programmed instruction, has a long history. However, developments in "high tech"...
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Hybrid and Traditional Course Formats
Chapter 149
Hypermedia Modules for Distance Education
(pages 1019-1024)
Nicoletta Sala
The rapid development of digital, networked multimedia technology such as the Internet, e-mail and computer-based and video conferencing can open...
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Hypermedia Modules for Distance Education
Chapter 150
Implementing a Statewide Electronic Portfolio Infrastructure
(pages 1025-1032)
Paul Wasko
On August 1, 2002, after over a year of discussion, design, and development, the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MnSCU) launched eFolio...
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Implementing a Statewide Electronic Portfolio Infrastructure
Chapter 151
Implementing Learning Support Systems
(pages 1033-1041)
J. Bernardes, J. O'Donoghue
Kearsley (1998) writes that "technology is often seen as a quick fix, a siren song," and warns that "educational technology is a distraction … from...
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Implementing Learning Support Systems
Chapter 152
Important Design Considerations for Online Web Courses
(pages 1042-1047)
Y. J. Zhang
The progress of computer and communication technology as well as multimedia equipment and network infrastructures have greatly enhanced the quality...
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Important Design Considerations for Online Web Courses
Chapter 153
Improving Evaluations in Computer-Supported Learning Projects
(pages 1048-1053)
John B. Nash, Christoph Richter, Heidrun Allert
The call for the integration of program evaluation into the development of computer-supported learning environments is ever-increasing. Pushed not...
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Improving Evaluations in Computer-Supported Learning Projects
Chapter 154
Improving Learning and Reducing Costs for Online Learning
(pages 1054-1060)
Carol A. Twigg
Every college and university in the United States (US) is discovering exciting new ways of using information technology to enhance the process of...
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Improving Learning and Reducing Costs for Online Learning
Chapter 155
Inadequate Infrastructure and the Infusion of Technology into K-12 Education
(pages 1061-1063)
Gregg Asher
Although the lack of adequate funding is probably the most significant barrier to the effective infusion of technology (since bundles of money could...
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Inadequate Infrastructure and the Infusion of Technology into K-12 Education
Chapter 156
Increased Benefits from Using Online Class Components
(pages 1064-1068)
Richard C. Ryan
The Internet is maturing as a delivery medium for university education. It now provides new ways to do things that typically are not done in the...
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Increased Benefits from Using Online Class Components
Chapter 157
Increasing Web Accessibility and Usability in Higher Education
(pages 1069-1075)
Barbara A. Frey, Ashli Molinero, Ellen Cohn
Just as wheelchair ramps and elevators provide access to wheelchair users, good Web design provides "electronic curb ramps" to the Internet for...
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Increasing Web Accessibility and Usability in Higher Education
Chapter 158
Informal Communication in Virtual Learning Environments
(pages 1076-1081)
Werner Beuschel, Birgit Gaiser, Susanne Draheim
Learning environments increasingly become more diverse by the use of information technology. Thereby, the share of face-to-face situations between...
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Informal Communication in Virtual Learning Environments
Chapter 159
Informal Learning Projects and World Wide Voluntary Co-Mentoring
(pages 1082-1090)
Nicholas Bowskill
This article seeks to explore the potential of online communities to support and develop new professional-development practices around collaborative...
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Informal Learning Projects and World Wide Voluntary Co-Mentoring
Chapter 160
Information Literacy
(pages 1091-1092)
Elaine Magusin
Information literacy is essential in the creation of lifelong learners. As educators struggle continually to ensure that students are able to...
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Information Literacy
Chapter 161
Information-Rich Learning Contexts
(pages 1093-1098)
Alan Pritchard
Williams (2001) points out that plagiarism in pupils' school work is widespread and, perhaps more importantly, that it has been made significantly...
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Information-Rich Learning Contexts
Chapter 162
Infusion of Technology into the P-16 Environment
(pages 1099-1100)
Vivian Johnson
The infusion of technology into the P-16 environment requires a commitment to changing school culture. I see two major barriers to creating cultures...
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Infusion of Technology into the P-16 Environment
Chapter 163
Innovation and Technology for 21st Century Education
(pages 1101-1109)
Murray Turoff, Caroline Howard, Richard Discenza
What is happening to higher education? There is a search for increasing the effectiveness of learning and expanding educational opportunities by...
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Innovation and Technology for 21st Century Education
Chapter 164
Innovation in Web-Enhanced Learning
(pages 1110-1116)
Jane E. Klobas, Stefano Renzi
While virtual universities and remote classrooms have captured the headlines, there has been a quiet revolution in university education. Around the...
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Innovation in Web-Enhanced Learning
Chapter 165
Instructional Delivery and Learning Outcomes in Distance Learning
(pages 1117-1122)
Bosede Aworuwa, Robert Owen
Distance learning describes a wide range of instructional-learning activities, instructional delivery modalities, and learner interactions...
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Instructional Delivery and Learning Outcomes in Distance Learning
Chapter 166
The Intangibles
(pages 1123-1123)
Robert Downs
In today's world, any discussion about the requirements of a millennium teacher should naturally focus around technology and training. Millennium...
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The Intangibles
Chapter 167
Integrating Library Services into the Web-Based Learning Curriculum
(pages 1124-1129)
Mahesh S. Raisinghani, Cherie Hohertz
According to the U.S. Department of Education (1998-1999), 78% of all four-year public institutions offer distance education courses. According to...
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Integrating Library Services into the Web-Based Learning Curriculum
Chapter 168
Interaction in Web-Based Learning
(pages 1130-1139)
Adams Bodomo
At the beginning of the 21st century, we are faced with an age of rapid technological development in information and communication. Issues of...
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Interaction in Web-Based Learning
Chapter 169
Interactive E-Lab Systems
(pages 1140-1144)
Kin Cheong Chu
Most distance learning development programs are focused on online lectures, tutorials, and assessment. A practical training system that allows...
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Interactive E-Lab Systems
Chapter 170
Interactivity as the Key to Online Learning
(pages 1145-1148)
Patricia L. Rogers
What does it really take to "go online?" Fortunately, more instructors at all levels have realized it is a great deal more than simply uploading a...
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Interactivity as the Key to Online Learning
Chapter 171
Introduction to Learning Management Systems
(pages 1149-1155)
Diane Chapman
Formal university-based distance education has been around for over 100 years. For example, Cornell University established the Correspondence...
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Introduction to Learning Management Systems
Chapter 172
IT to Facilitate Distance Education
(pages 1156-1161)
M. Gordon Hunter, Peter Carr
The essence of distance education is the physical separation of teacher and learner (Sauve, 1993). In many countries, universities are increasingly...
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IT to Facilitate Distance Education
Chapter 173
Just-in-Time Learning
(pages 1162-1166)
Tina Stavredes
As the educational landscape is changing, more individuals are embracing the concept of lifelong learning. They are also looking for flexibility in...
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Just-in-Time Learning
Chapter 174
Just-in-Time Training
(pages 1167-1174)
Barbara Iannarelli
Did you ever read an article on some current issues in some distant part of the world and wish you had paid closer attention in your high school...
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Just-in-Time Training
Chapter 175
K-12 Online Learning Policy
(pages 1175-1181)
David B. Glick
We cannot contort the character of the Internet to suit our familiar notions of regulation; do not dumb down the genius of the Net to match the...
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K-12 Online Learning Policy
Chapter 176
K-12 Schools and Online Learning
(pages 1182-1188)
Anita Dorniden
Alternative options to the traditional school setting abound and threaten the survival of some school districts. These alternatives include, but are...
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K-12 Schools and Online Learning
Chapter 177
Knowledge Management as the Future of E-Learning
(pages 1189-1194)
Nieves Pedreira, Julián Dorado, Juan Rabuñal, Alejandro Pazos
Since technological changes are touching many aspects of today's society, education cannot stay behind; in a world where information is the key to...
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Knowledge Management as the Future of E-Learning
Chapter 178
Leadership Competency in Virtual Teams
(pages 1195-1202)
Deborah Petska, Zane Berge
As organizations race to increase their global market share, traditional face-to-face teams are evolving into virtual teams. Aided by swift advances...
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Leadership Competency in Virtual Teams
Chapter 179
Leadership in Technology Integration
(pages 1203-1204)
Sue Burke
We have all heard the saying, "Follow the Leader," but what if there is none? When humans learn a new skill or idea, the tendency is to look to...
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Leadership in Technology Integration
Chapter 180
Learning-by-Doing Strategy Using ITC
(pages 1205-1216)
Nicoletta Sala
The use of the information and communication technologies (ICT) in the learning process can help the constructivist theory because it is possible to...
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Learning-by-Doing Strategy Using ITC
Chapter 181
Learning Communities in Virtual Environments
(pages 1217-1222)
Johanna Pöysä, Joost Lowyck
Recent research on collaborative learning and computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) holds an integrated and holistic perspective on...
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Learning Communities in Virtual Environments
Chapter 182
Learning Management Systems
(pages 1223-1230)
Diane Chapman
Formal university-based distance education has been around for over 100 years. For example, Cornell University established the Correspondence...
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Learning Management Systems
Chapter 183
Learning Orientation and Stress in an Online Experience
(pages 1231-1236)
Deana L. Molinari, Ellie Anderberg, Alice E. Dupler, Naomi Lungstrom
Stress impacts both quality and length of life according to several researchers (McEwen & Seeman, 2003). More studies need to discuss the...
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Learning Orientation and Stress in an Online Experience
Chapter 184
Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences
(pages 1237-1247)
Teresa Chambel, Nuno Guimarães
A learning style, or cognitive preference, is a consistent way of responding to and using stimuli in the context of learning. We can learn in many...
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Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences
Chapter 185
Learning Technologies and Learning Theories
(pages 1248-1256)
Vivien Sieber, David Andrew
This article explores the relationship between traditional learning theories and technology mediated learning. Appropriate use of learning...
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Learning Technologies and Learning Theories
Chapter 186
Learning Theory and Computer Environments
(pages 1257-1260)
Gary A. Berg
This entry is a brief survey of the learning-theory field as it relates to educational technology, primarily focused on behavioral and...
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Learning Theory and Computer Environments
Chapter 187
Library Services for Distance Education Students in Higher Education
(pages 1261-1264)
Elizabeth Buchanan
Contemporary distance education has its roots in early forms of postal correspondence study but has evolved to sophisticated, technologically...
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Library Services for Distance Education Students in Higher Education
Chapter 188
Lower Perceived Performance in Testing
(pages 1265-1271)
Wm. Benjamin Martz Jr., Morgan M. Shepherd
Distance education is big business; more than 1.6 million students enroll in distance education classes annually. The Institute of Higher Education...
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Lower Perceived Performance in Testing
Chapter 189
Market vs. Academic Models
(pages 1272-1274)
Gary A. Berg
In recent years much has been written on the link between distance learning and the commercialization of higher education (Berg, 2002). Particularly...
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Market vs. Academic Models
Chapter 190
Mega-Planning for Online Learning and Technology Change
(pages 1275-1282)
Roger Kaufman, Dale W. Lick
If online learning and technology are going to add value to learners, institutions and our shared society, we should first ask "if these are the...
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Mega-Planning for Online Learning and Technology Change
Chapter 191
Mentoring at a Distance
(pages 1283-1287)
Jamie S. Switzer
Colleges and universities are adept at teaching students in the academic sense. Often what is lacking in a student's education is a thorough grasp...
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Mentoring at a Distance
Chapter 192
Millennium Teachers in a Global Context
(pages 1288-1288)
Craig Kissock
When preparing for a race, the coach will advise, "Do not look back at your competition; look forward to your goal." Educators integrating...
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Millennium Teachers in a Global Context
Chapter 193
Mobile Educational Technology
(pages 1289-1296)
Chris Houser, Patricia Thornton
Mobile devices such as laptop computers, PDAs (personal digital assistants), and cell phones offer many features useful for learning both inside and...
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Mobile Educational Technology
Chapter 194
A Model for Evaluating Online Programs
(pages 1297-1306)
Amy J. Nelson
According to the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation (1994), "Program evaluation is a systematic investigation of the worth of...
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A Model for Evaluating Online Programs
Chapter 195
The Most Dramatic Changes in Education Since Socrates
(pages 1307-1309)
Allen Schmieder
This is an urgently needed topic. It is the author's conviction that, currently, there are no 21st century schools and, even worse, there is no...
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The Most Dramatic Changes in Education Since Socrates
Chapter 196
Multimedia as a Cross-Channel for Cultures and Languages
(pages 1310-1316)
Ramesh C. Sharma, Sanjaya Mishra
Around the world many communities have been constantly struggling to maintain their customs, traditions and language. Many communities have been on...
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Multimedia as a Cross-Channel for Cultures and Languages
Chapter 197
Multimedia Instruction
(pages 1317-1324)
Lorna Uden
Multimedia technology is increasingly being used as a vehicle to deliver instruction. The terms "hypermedia" and "multimedia" are often used...
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Multimedia Instruction
Chapter 198
Necessities for Effective Asynchronous Learning
(pages 1325-1331)
James E. Novitzki
Distance education programs/courses in some format have been available to students since the 1840s. Throughout most of this time there has been...
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Necessities for Effective Asynchronous Learning
Chapter 199
The Need for a Well-Managed Technology Infrastructure
(pages 1332-1333)
Thomas Lapping
As commonly defined, the "digital divide" means inadequate access to the Internet in urban or rural areas where telecommunications resources are...
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The Need for a Well-Managed Technology Infrastructure
Chapter 200
The New "Space" of the University in the Digital Age
(pages 1334-1338)
Carl A. Raschke
While critics of the new computer-mediated learning styles utter jeremiads about the impending apocalypse of higher education in general...
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The New "Space" of the University in the Digital Age
Chapter 201
Online Collaborative Learning and Learning Styles
(pages 1339-1347)
Tony Day
The need for the development of an online learning community for professional development and support for new and experienced educators is growing...
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Online Collaborative Learning and Learning Styles
Chapter 202
Online Critical Thinking in Problem-Solving Groups
(pages 1348-1356)
Deana L. Molinari, Alice E. Dupler
There are many different definitions of critical thinking (CT). Some type of the concept is taught in all higher education disciplines. Academia...
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Online Critical Thinking in Problem-Solving Groups
Chapter 203
Online Education and Manufacturing Mode
(pages 1357-1360)
Roy Rada
Online educational programs are changing the university profession. Two of the prominent organizational forms in modern society are professional and...
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Online Education and Manufacturing Mode
Chapter 204
Online Instruction as a Caring Endeavor
(pages 1361-1364)
Jeanine E. Gangeness
Online instruction in a nursing program strikes fear into the most dedicated and compassionate nursing instructor. Concerns range from unfamiliarity...
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Online Instruction as a Caring Endeavor
Chapter 205
Online Learner Expectations
(pages 1365-1369)
Gary W. Hawkins, Jason D. Baker
The rapid growth of online courses presents new opportunities and challenges for educational institutions. Thanks to online learning, increasing...
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Online Learner Expectations
Chapter 206
Online Learning Experiences of University Students
(pages 1370-1374)
Johanna Lammintakanen, Sari Rissanen
Online education has become widespread in many countries during recent years, and the paradigmatic shift from traditional to online education (e.g....
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Online Learning Experiences of University Students
Chapter 207
Online Learning in the School Reform Movement
(pages 1375-1381)
David B. Glick
Since the early 1980s a school reform movement has been underway that has led to new standards, new choices for students, and new forms of...
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Online Learning in the School Reform Movement
Chapter 208
Online Learning Programs
(pages 1382-1389)
Judith V. Boettcher
The importance of design for online instructional programs increases with the potential combinations of students, student goals, content, skills to...
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Online Learning Programs
Chapter 209
Online Mental Training Using WebExcellence
(pages 1390-1397)
Emma J. Stodel, Laura G. Farres, Colla J. MacDonald
The idea of providing mental training1 (MT) and sport psychology services online is becoming more prevalent as technology continues to shape...
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Online Mental Training Using WebExcellence
Chapter 210
Online Mentoring
(pages 1398-1401)
Elizabeth Buchanan
The practice of mentoring has existed as long as civilization. Mentoring as a practice was noted in Homer's The Odyssey, and a mentor, a word from...
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Online Mentoring
Chapter 211
Online Problem-Based Learning Approach in Higher Education
(pages 1402-1411)
Roisin Donnelly
This paper begins with a brief review of the history of problem-based learning (PBL) integrated with online learning, and surveys relevant learning...
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Online Problem-Based Learning Approach in Higher Education
Chapter 212
Online Support for Collaborative Authentic Activities
(pages 1412-1416)
Sue Bennett
Collaborative learning has long been part of university study; for example, through group discussion, laboratory work in pairs and group projects...
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Online Support for Collaborative Authentic Activities
Chapter 213
Open Student Models
(pages 1417-1420)
Eshaa M. Alkhalifa
When a student makes an error, the instructor wonders what possible misconception caused that error (Self, 1990) and attempts to correct it through...
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Open Student Models
Chapter 214
The Open University of Israel
(pages 1421-1429)
Zippy Erlich, Judith Gal-Ezer
The Open University of Israel (OUI) is a distance education institution with open admissions that offers academic studies to students throughout...
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The Open University of Israel
Chapter 215
The Open University, United Kingdom
(pages 1430-1432)
Gary A. Berg
The British Open University has been a leader in nontraditional higher education for years and has influenced the development of distance learning...
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The Open University, United Kingdom
Chapter 216
Openness Dimensions of Distance Teaching Universities
(pages 1433-1439)
Sarah Guri-Rosenblit
Distance teaching universities are often referred to as open universities, even if they are not called an open university. The use of the term open...
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Openness Dimensions of Distance Teaching Universities
Chapter 217
Operational Success in Distance Education
(pages 1440-1445)
Wm. Benjamin Martz, Venkateshwar K. Reddy
The education industry is being transformed by the ever-growing presence of distance education. Distance education has several market drivers that...
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Operational Success in Distance Education
Chapter 218
Opportunities and Opportunity Cost in Preparing Millennium Teachers
(pages 1446-1447)
Michael Hartoonian, Vivian Johnson
The millennium teacher is presented with two powerful conceptions. One is expressed in Pogo's observation that "…we always seem to be confronted...
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Opportunities and Opportunity Cost in Preparing Millennium Teachers
Chapter 219
Organizing Faculty for Distance Learning
(pages 1448-1452)
Henryk Marcinkiewicz, Jennifer McLean
The process of organizing faculty for distance learning shares characteristics with planning for classroom instruction. It is necessary to...
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Organizing Faculty for Distance Learning
Chapter 220
Overcoming the Digital Divide
(pages 1453-1459)
Al P. Mizell, Cecil Sugarman
We all know that technology has become a dominant force in today's society for people of all ages. However, certain elements of society have less...
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Overcoming the Digital Divide
Chapter 221
Participatory Design of Interactive Computer-Based Learning Systems
(pages 1460-1466)
Panayiotis Zaphiris, Giorgos Zacharia
We present an iterative evaluation methodology (as part of a participatory design methodology) employed in an online course for learning Modern...
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Participatory Design of Interactive Computer-Based Learning Systems
Chapter 222
Participatory Learning Approach
(pages 1467-1472)
Michael Bieber, Jia Shen, Dezhi Wu, Starr Roxanne Hiltz
The Participatory Learning Approach (PLA, pronounced "play") engages students as active participants in the full life cycle of homework, projects...
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Participatory Learning Approach
Chapter 223
(pages 1473-1479)
Linda L. Baer, Ann Hill Duin
The rapidly changing environment in society is cause for higher education to reassess approaches to meeting educational needs. Many key factors are...
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Chapter 224
The Pedagogy of Social Development in Online Learning
(pages 1480-1487)
Robert H. Woods, Jason D. Baker
Optimal learning outcomes, whether in face-to-face or online settings, are inextricably intertwined with the establishment of social networks among...
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The Pedagogy of Social Development in Online Learning
Chapter 225
Perspectives on E-Learning
(pages 1488-1493)
Curtis J. Bonk, Robert A. Wisher, Ji-Yeon Lee
For students, teachers, and administrators, e-learning is a relatively new and sometimes uncertain event. With popular technologies and...
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Perspectives on E-Learning
Chapter 226
Postgraduate Degree by Distance Learning
(pages 1494-1502)
Tiong Kung-Ming
Distance learning provides a wide opportunity for learners to access postgraduate qualifications. With the establishment of such open and distance...
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Postgraduate Degree by Distance Learning
Chapter 227
Preparing Faculty for Distance Learning Teaching
(pages 1503-1507)
Mohamed Ally
Due to the recent development of delivery and communication technology and the success of distance learning, educational organizations are starting...
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Preparing Faculty for Distance Learning Teaching
Chapter 228
Preservice Teachers Creating Electronic Portfolios
(pages 1508-1515)
Katherine C. Wieseman
The use of portfolios stored and published in electronic formats is based on at least two assumptions. First, as performance-based assessments, they...
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Preservice Teachers Creating Electronic Portfolios
Chapter 229
Problems and Possibilities of Virtual Schools
(pages 1516-1521)
Glen Russell
Virtual schools are an alternative to the "bricks-and-mortar" schools that have been synonymous with school education for hundreds of years....
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Problems and Possibilities of Virtual Schools
Chapter 230
Programmed Instruction Overview
(pages 1522-1528)
Belinda Davis Lazarus
The history, efficacy, and impact of programmed instruction (PI) range from the rudimentary teaching machines of the 1920s to present-day computer...
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Programmed Instruction Overview
Chapter 231
Quality Assurance and Online Higher Education
(pages 1529-1537)
Edward D. Garten, Tedi Thompson
For higher education, the assurance of quality to others in what it does is a deeply held value. Yet, marks surrounding quality are not easily...
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Quality Assurance and Online Higher Education
Chapter 232
Quality Distance Learning Programs and Processes
(pages 1538-1542)
William H. Riffee, Christopher Sessums
With today's advances and capabilities in electronic communications, distance learning is a natural extension to any quality educational program...
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Quality Distance Learning Programs and Processes
Chapter 233
Quality Function Deployment in Training Design
(pages 1543-1551)
Arthur B. Jeffery, Mary F. Bratton-Jeffery
Since the 1950s, the designers of training systems have embraced the logical and deliberate methodology of the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement...
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Quality Function Deployment in Training Design
Chapter 234
Re-Enacted Affiliative Meanings and "Branding" in Open and Distance Education
(pages 1552-1556)
Gary McI. Boyd, Dai Zhang
Entwistle (1981) found it was possible and useful to categorize students in three categories: surface learners who want to acquire and use specific...
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Re-Enacted Affiliative Meanings and "Branding" in Open and Distance Education
Chapter 235
Republic of Ireland
(pages 1557-1557)
Brian Mulligan
There is a major contrast in the Republic of Ireland between e-learning content production and the actual use of e-learning technologies. Per head...
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Republic of Ireland
Chapter 236
Research-Based Distance Learning Services in the Northern Pacific
(pages 1558-1563)
Steve Baxendale
The remoteness of the northern Pacific region presents significant challenges to providing high-quality, interactive, distance education. These...
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Research-Based Distance Learning Services in the Northern Pacific
Chapter 237
Researching Distance Education and E-Learning
(pages 1564-1572)
Som Naidu
An overview of the distance learning (DE) literature from the past few decades shows a great deal of attention being focused on "descriptive"...
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Researching Distance Education and E-Learning
Chapter 238
Respecting Diverse Talents and Ways for Learning
(pages 1573-1580)
Valentina Plekhanova
Information technology is used to help learners gain the knowledge, confidence, and credentials they need to succeed. Contemporary approaches to...
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Respecting Diverse Talents and Ways for Learning
Chapter 239
Riding the School Bus Called Technology
(pages 1581-1582)
Augusta Droste, Bruce Droste
In the constantly growing and changing realm of teaching, learning, and technology, teachers are expected to embrace strange new technological...
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Riding the School Bus Called Technology
Chapter 240
Rubrics as an Assessment Tool in Distance Education
(pages 1583-1588)
Bonnie L. MacGregor
Effective communication of the grading process to students is a concern that many online instructors face. The purpose of this entry is to show how...
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Rubrics as an Assessment Tool in Distance Education
Chapter 241
A Scenario-Based Instructional Design Model
(pages 1589-1595)
Neal Shambaugh
Instructional design models address important issues of learning, content, and context during the development of instruction. The prescriptive...
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A Scenario-Based Instructional Design Model
Chapter 242
School-Wide Factors Facilitating Technology Integration and Implementation
(pages 1596-1598)
Ronald E. Anderson, Sara Dexter
We focus our remarks about recommendations for overcoming barriers to technology integration and implementation at the school level, that is...
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School-Wide Factors Facilitating Technology Integration and Implementation
Chapter 243
Security and Privacy in Distance Education
(pages 1599-1606)
George Yee
Many applications and tools have been developed to support the design and delivery of distance learning courses. Unfortunately, many of these...
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Security and Privacy in Distance Education
Chapter 244
Shareable Learning Objects
(pages 1607-1613)
Tina Stavredes
As we look to the future, we are poised at the edge of an ever-expanding universe of opportunities to learn. The Internet has opened the door for...
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Shareable Learning Objects
Chapter 245
The Sloan Consortium
(pages 1614-1622)
Janet C. Moore, John R. Bourne, A. Frank Mayadas
The purpose of the Sloan Consortium (Sloan-C) is to help learning organizations continually improve quality, scale, and breadth according to their...
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The Sloan Consortium
Chapter 246
Social Comments and Online Problem-Solving Groups
(pages 1623-1629)
Deana L. Molinari
The study of face-to-face (F2F) group problem solving began during World War II. Scholars in business, psychology, education, and psychiatry have...
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Social Comments and Online Problem-Solving Groups
Chapter 247
Social or Group Learning Theories
(pages 1630-1633)
Gary A. Berg
In both computer-based and traditional educational environments, there has been a growing organization of learning in groups with an increased use...
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Social or Group Learning Theories
Chapter 248
Social Presence in Distance Learning
(pages 1634-1640)
Brian Newberry
Online learning can be seen as a form of distance education. Though online education is relatively new, distance education is not. According to...
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Social Presence in Distance Learning
Chapter 249
Soft Technology Skills and the Teacher of the 21st Century
(pages 1641-1642)
David Paulson
For many years, we have attempted to teach teachers technology for their own personal use and to help them use technology effectively with their...
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Soft Technology Skills and the Teacher of the 21st Century
Chapter 250
Speech/Text Alignment in Web-Based Language Learning
(pages 1643-1649)
Sheng-Wei Lee, Hao-Tung Lin, Herng-Yow Chen
After the extensive development of network technology and explosive progress of computing, it is now possible that instructors and students need not...
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Speech/Text Alignment in Web-Based Language Learning
Chapter 251
SSM-Based IS Support for Online Learning
(pages 1650-1659)
Kam Hou Vat
Imagine attending a class where the instructor, after giving an introduction of what the course is entailed, invites you to visit the Web-based...
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SSM-Based IS Support for Online Learning
Chapter 252
Stakeholders in Web-Based Education
(pages 1660-1665)
A. K. Aggarwal
As we move from a focus on data acquisition to a knowledge-based society, just-in-time and just-in-place education is becoming a necessity....
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Stakeholders in Web-Based Education
Chapter 253
Stress of Nursing Students Studying Online
(pages 1666-1673)
Deana L. Molinari, Alice E. Dupler, Naomi Lungstrom
Stress impacts both the quality and length of life (Sapolsky, 1998), but the stress of learning is yet to be understood. Few studies exist in the...
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Stress of Nursing Students Studying Online
Chapter 254
The Stress of Online Learning
(pages 1674-1679)
Deana L. Molinari, Alice E. Dupler, Naomi Lungstrom
Stress is recognized today as impacting both quality and length of life (Kiecolt-Glaser, McGuire, Robles, & Glaser, 2002). Stress was defined by...
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The Stress of Online Learning
Chapter 255
Student Retention in Online Education
(pages 1680-1686)
Mac Adkins, Wanda B. Nitsch
Successful program completion in an online education context is a combination of learner attributes, the university's focus on meeting the needs of...
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Student Retention in Online Education
Chapter 256
Student Support Services
(pages 1687-1692)
Scott L. Howell, Wendi Wilcken
Success secret number one for a successful online learning program, according to Jeffrey Feldberg, chairman and CEO of Embanet Corp. and who has...
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Student Support Services
Chapter 257
Student-Generated Multimedia
(pages 1693-1702)
Mathew Mitchell
This entry looks at the role of student-generated multimedia (SGM) in helping students more effectively achieve meaningful outcomes. The entry first...
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Student-Generated Multimedia
Chapter 258
Successful Self-Funding E-Learning Programs
(pages 1703-1709)
Yair Levy, Michelle M. Ramim
The Greek philosopher Aristotle indicated that learning is the outcome of both teaching and practice. Clearly, learning is not confined to classroom...
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Successful Self-Funding E-Learning Programs
Chapter 259
Successful Strategies in Online Courses
(pages 1710-1715)
Linda W. Cooper
Working adults are becoming an increasingly large percentage of the college population; with their busy schedules, they are insisting on "more...
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Successful Strategies in Online Courses
Chapter 260
Support of Online Learning through Intelligent Programs
(pages 1716-1724)
Mohamed Salah Hamdi
Distance learning through the Internet is changing educational paradigms. Learning approaches, teaching methods, students' expectations with...
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Support of Online Learning through Intelligent Programs
Chapter 261
Supporting Online Collaborative Learning in Mathematics
(pages 1725-1731)
Rod Nason, Eearl Woodruff
One of the most promising pedagogical advances for online collaborative learning that has emerged in recent years is Scardamalia and Bereiter's...
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Supporting Online Collaborative Learning in Mathematics
Chapter 262
Systems Model of Educational Processes
(pages 1732-1739)
Charles E. Beck, Gary R. Schornack
Distance education involves a wide range of elements, including students, instructors, institutions, classroom technology, state agencies and...
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Systems Model of Educational Processes
Chapter 263
Tablet PCs as Online Learning Tools
(pages 1740-1745)
Malu Roldan
Tablet PCs are recent additions to the range of portable, connected devices that comprise mobile computing. Although the devices are just now...
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Tablet PCs as Online Learning Tools
Chapter 264
Teacher Electronic Portfolios
(pages 1746-1753)
Susan Slick, Patricia A. Shaw
Over time, student and teacher portfolios have taken several forms for a variety of purposes. Initially, portfolios were created in many educational...
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Teacher Electronic Portfolios
Chapter 265
Teacher Preparation in the New Millennium
(pages 1754-1756)
Sonja Schmieder
A millennium teacher preparation program should be the foundation that: 1) provides future teachers with knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are...
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Teacher Preparation in the New Millennium
Chapter 266
Teachers for the New Millennium
(pages 1757-1760)
James Lerman
They say if you drop a live frog into a pot of boiling water, it will jump right out. But, if you place the same frog into a pot of water at room...
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Teachers for the New Millennium
Chapter 267
Teaching Culture and Communication with Online Media
(pages 1761-1769)
Kirk St. Amant
As international online access grows, students are increasingly participating in a global community. Cultural groups, however, can have different...
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Teaching Culture and Communication with Online Media
Chapter 268
Teaching Medical Statistics over the Internet
(pages 1770-1776)
Rachael Knight, Kate Whittington, W. Chris L. Ford, Julian M. Jenkins
The potential for computers to assist learning has been recognised for many years (Jenkins, 1997), with reproductive medicine benefiting greatly...
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Teaching Medical Statistics over the Internet
Chapter 269
Teaching Online Courses
(pages 1777-1786)
Riad S. Aisami
Online courses intend to present a non-traditional learning approach that accommodates non-traditional students. Working adults can achieve success...
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Teaching Online Courses
Chapter 270
Teaching Style in the Online Classroom
(pages 1787-1797)
Debra Campbell, Zane Berge
As with the long line of learning technologies that preceded it, the integration of online classrooms has progressed beyond the experimental stage...
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Teaching Style in the Online Classroom
Chapter 271
Technology and Disabilities in the Century Ahead
(pages 1798-1802)
Ray Kurzweil
I have been involved in inventing since I was five, and I quickly realized that for an invention to succeed, you have to target the world of the...
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Technology and Disabilities in the Century Ahead
Chapter 272
Technology Barriers and Opportunities
(pages 1803-1805)
John C. Wilkinson
It is comforting to know that some things are timeless. The sound of the ocean surf. And now, the gulf between the highly trained networking and...
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Technology Barriers and Opportunities
Chapter 273
Technology Diffusion
(pages 1806-1808)
Pete Nelson
American education is facing a growing crisis. Confidence in public education is decreasing, as many schools appear unable to deliver quality...
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Technology Diffusion
Chapter 274
Technology Integrated Activities in the Elementary Curriculum
(pages 1809-1814)
Diane L. Judd
This chapter presents four technology-integrated activities for use in elementary curriculum. These educational activities were designed to be...
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Technology Integrated Activities in the Elementary Curriculum
Chapter 275
Technology-Based Learning in Open Universities in India
(pages 1815-1824)
Ramesh C. Sharma
In this paper, technology-based learning has been described as adopted in the open-university system in India. Since open and distance education...
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Technology-Based Learning in Open Universities in India
Chapter 276
Ten Scalability Factors in Distance Education
(pages 1825-1832)
R. Dwight Laws, Scott L. Howell, Nathan K. Lindsay
The institutional decision about how much technology should be used to scale distance education enrollments, reduce costs, maximize profits, and...
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Ten Scalability Factors in Distance Education
Chapter 277
Text-Only Web Techniques
(pages 1833-1837)
Jody Condit Fagan
Text-only Web techniques are an important set of tools in every Web developer's repertoire. When fully utilized, they allow developers to render...
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Text-Only Web Techniques
Chapter 278
There are So Many More Than Three Barriers
(pages 1838-1839)
Rick Krueger
One major barrier is that educators often view themselves as "people persons" and not "technology persons," which ends up being an excuse for not...
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There are So Many More Than Three Barriers
Chapter 279
Thinking Skills in the Digital Era
(pages 1840-1845)
Yoram Eshet
The fast development in digital technologies during the digital era confronts individuals with situations that require the utilization of an...
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Thinking Skills in the Digital Era
Chapter 280
Threaded Discussion
(pages 1846-1855)
Karen Swan
Threaded discussion is a kind of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Specifically, it is an online dialog or conversation that takes the form of...
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Threaded Discussion
Chapter 281
Total Online vs. Hybrid
(pages 1856-1862)
Shiang-Kwei Wang
Cutting-edge computer technology has been advancing the implementation of distance learning in higher education, and facilitating the preparation of...
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Total Online vs. Hybrid
Chapter 282
Total Quality Management in Higher Education
(pages 1863-1868)
Gary A. Berg
In considering various management approaches internationally for the delivery of computer-based learning, there is an interest in total quality...
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Total Quality Management in Higher Education
Chapter 283
Towards a Personalized E-Learning System
(pages 1869-1879)
Elvis Wai Chung Leung, Qing Li
To cope with the increasing trend of learning demand and limited resources, most universities are taking advantage of Web-based technology for their...
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Towards a Personalized E-Learning System
Chapter 284
Traditional Education and Distance Learning
(pages 1880-1886)
Athanasis Karoulis, Andreas Pombortsis
The main concern of this article is the comparison of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) with the traditional, face-to-face educational approach. It...
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Traditional Education and Distance Learning
Chapter 285
Transformative Income Generation
(pages 1887-1891)
Evan T. Robinson
When a business introduces a new product, it does so with the intent of being successful and profitable, capitalizing on the research and...
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Transformative Income Generation
Chapter 286
Transforming Universities in the Online World
(pages 1892-1897)
Stewart Marshall, Shirley Gregor
As the world moves online, various pressures drive changes in the way industries and organizations do business: market pressures, for example...
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Transforming Universities in the Online World
Chapter 287
Trends and Issues of Virtual K-12 Schools
(pages 1898-1901)
Belinda Davis Lazarus
Increasingly, K-12 schools are delivering instruction via Internet courses that allow students to access course content and complete assignments...
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Trends and Issues of Virtual K-12 Schools
Chapter 288
Tropical Medicine Open Learning Environment
(pages 1902-1906)
Geraldine Clarebout, Jan Elen, Joost Lowyck, Jef Van den Ende, Erwin Van den Enden
Educational goals have generally shifted from knowing everything in a specific domain to knowing how to deal with complex problems. Reasoning and...
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Tropical Medicine Open Learning Environment
Chapter 289
21st Century E-Student Services
(pages 1907-1913)
Gary R. Langer
Developments in information technology and distance learning are revolutionizing the way postsecondary education is organized and delivered in the...
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21st Century E-Student Services
Chapter 290
The Two Most Important Competencies for Millennium Teachers
(pages 1914-1916)
Thomas Lapping
Of all of the levers for educational reform and improvement in this new technologically rich millennium, clearly the two most powerful are students...
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The Two Most Important Competencies for Millennium Teachers
Chapter 291
Understanding Different Categories of Attrition in Distance Education Program
(pages 1917-1925)
Seung Youn (Yonnie) Chung
Distance learning is often referred to as taking training or education courses that are either synchronously or asynchronously delivered via various...
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Understanding Different Categories of Attrition in Distance Education Program
Chapter 292
Universal Design for Learning
(pages 1926-1928)
Frances G. Smith, Pamela LeConte
Buckminster Fuller, a multi-talented innovator of the 20th century, contributed to society as a scientist, engineer, and inventor (left...
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Universal Design for Learning
Chapter 293
University History of the Fielding Graduate Institute
(pages 1929-1930)
Bernard J. Luskin
Fielding Graduate Institute was founded in 1974 in Santa Barbara, California by educators who envisioned a graduate school serving mid-career...
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University History of the Fielding Graduate Institute
Chapter 294
(pages 1931-1937)
Su-Ting Yong
This is a brief review of the history of usability and a discussion of usability in developing a computer-based learning program (CBLP). According...
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Chapter 295
Using Assistive Technologies in Millennium Teaching
(pages 1938-1939)
Carol Knicker
What are assistive technologies (ATs) and how will millennium teachers use ATs to assist all learners? Assistive technologies can be defined as...
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Using Assistive Technologies in Millennium Teaching
Chapter 296
Using Course Maps for Easy Classroom to Computer Transition
(pages 1940-1944)
Stephanie J. Etter, Lisa T. Byrnes
Online learning is the fastest growing segment in the educational marketplace (Conhaim, 2003). As the number of online courses increases and...
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Using Course Maps for Easy Classroom to Computer Transition
Chapter 297
Using Heutagogy to Address the Needs of Online Learners
(pages 1945-1951)
Jane Eberle, Marcus Childress
In 2002, approximately 1,680 institutions offered over 54,000 online courses (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright & Zvacek, 2003). While there has been a...
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Using Heutagogy to Address the Needs of Online Learners
Chapter 298
Using ICT to Enable Emancipatory Learning
(pages 1952-1957)
Wal Taylor, John Dekkers, Stewart Marshall
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) has had an important role in enhancing the nature and quality of student learning...
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Using ICT to Enable Emancipatory Learning
Chapter 299
Vicarious Learning
(pages 1958-1964)
John Lee
In computer-based learning, we often find ourselves addressing our technology to an unexpectedly complex Web of issues in learning and instruction....
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Vicarious Learning
Chapter 300
Videoconferencing for Supervision of Graduate Students
(pages 1965-1971)
Carol C. Dudding
This article describes the use of two-way videoconferencing for providing live clinical supervision of graduate students. It includes the rationale...
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Videoconferencing for Supervision of Graduate Students
Chapter 301
Virtual Networking as an Essence of the Future Learners
(pages 1972-1976)
Hakikur Rahman
Distance education may be defined as a set of practices to plan and implement educational activities where there is a separation between teaching...
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Virtual Networking as an Essence of the Future Learners
Chapter 302
Virtual Organizations in Post-Graduate Education in Egypt
(pages 1977-1983)
Sherif Kamel
New online learning techniques lead to improved ways to investing in larger numbers of people and optimizing the use of resources. Respectively...
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Virtual Organizations in Post-Graduate Education in Egypt
Chapter 303
Virtual School Administration
(pages 1984-1989)
Gaye Lang
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the largest district in Texas and has often served as a model in the implementation of new...
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Virtual School Administration
Chapter 304
Web Accessibility Laws and Issues
(pages 1990-1996)
Holly Yu
The concept of access to information has changed in the past three decades to reflect the changes in the methods of receiving and conveying...
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Web Accessibility Laws and Issues
Chapter 305
Web Conferencing in Distance Education
(pages 1997-2003)
M. Michelle Panton
Web conferencing is a technology that allows groups of individuals in a variety of diverse locations to communicate and share information without...
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Web Conferencing in Distance Education
Chapter 306
Web-Based Multimedia Children's Art Cultivation
(pages 2004-2008)
Hao-Tung Lin, Herng-Yow Chen
With the rapid advance in Web and multimedia technologies, authoring various types of multimedia content and distributing them on the Web has been...
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Web-Based Multimedia Children's Art Cultivation
Chapter 307
Web-Based Remote Laboratory
(pages 2009-2018)
C. C. Ko, Ben M. Chen, C. D. Cheng
From the angle of computer-based education, the Internet extends the power of the personal computer (PC) from being a standalone machine to one that...
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Web-Based Remote Laboratory
Chapter 308
Web-Based Synchronized Multimedia Lecturing
(pages 2019-2028)
Kuo-Yu Liu, Herng-Yow Chen
Over the last decade, the emerging Web technologies have opened a new era for distance education, where online courses can be created and accessed...
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Web-Based Synchronized Multimedia Lecturing
Chapter 309
Western Governors University and Competency-Based Education
(pages 2029-2035)
Douglas B. Johnstone
Western Governors University (WGU) was formally established in 1996 by the governors of 19 western states. From its inception it was committed to...
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Western Governors University and Competency-Based Education
Chapter 310
What the Millennium Teacher Must Know and Be Able to Do
(pages 2036-2037)
Pamela Solvie
Pedagogical tools for the millennium teacher will look very different from those in place in most classrooms today. Video, sound, and text will all...
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What the Millennium Teacher Must Know and Be Able to Do
Chapter 311
Where Does Work End and Home Life Begin?
(pages 2038-2043)
Zane L. Berge, Cathy Bichy, Candice Grayson, Anthony Johnson, Stephen Macadoff, Kathryn Nee
Many years ago, it was a commonly held belief that technology would improve industries and service professions, which means that people could work...
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Where Does Work End and Home Life Begin?
Chapter 312
Winning an E-Learning Proposal or Grant
(pages 2044-2050)
Karl M. Kapp
Winning an e-learning proposal or grant has become more difficult over the past few years because of the initially high expectations of e-learning...
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Winning an E-Learning Proposal or Grant
Chapter 313
Wireless Technologies in Education
(pages 2051-2055)
Chia-chi Yang
The development and change in computer technologies today is so incredibly fast, and the lifecycle of technologies has been so shortened, that new...
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Wireless Technologies in Education
Chapter 314
Workplace Computer-Supported Network-Based Learning
(pages 2056-2063)
Joze Rugelj
In the new economy, companies require employees who are willing and able to continue learning. Workplace learning is the key factor and an essential...
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Workplace Computer-Supported Network-Based Learning
Chapter 315
Workplace Learning on the Internet
(pages 2064-2066)
Gary A. Berg
In most white-collar workplaces today, it is common for employees to have their own computer at their desk. Employees complete much of their work on...
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Workplace Learning on the Internet
Chapter 316
Young People's Net Cultures
(pages 2067-2074)
Elza Dunkels
Sweden has a large number of Internet users, and on a global scale only Iceland had more Internet users in 2002 (ITU, 2003). The European...
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Young People's Net Cultures
Chapter 317
Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Online
(pages 2075-2081)
Carol M. Lerch, Aandrea R. Bilics, Binta Colley
While developing our courses, we realized the importance of the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978) in supporting our students. Learners'...
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Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Online
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