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Africanized bee
Africanized honey bees (also spelled Africanised honey bees), known colloquially as "killer bees", are some hybrid varieties of the Western honey bee species, (Apis mellifera), produced originally by cross-breeding of the African honey bee A. m. scutellata, with various European honey bees such as the Italian bee A. m. ligustica and the Iberian bee A. m. iberiensis. The hybrid bees are far more defensive than any of the various European subspecies. Small swarms of Africanized bees are capable of taking over European honey bee hives by invading the hive and establishing their own queen after killing the European queen bee.[1]
- 1 History
- 2 Geographic spread
- 3 Foraging behavior
- 4 Morphology and genetics
- 5 Consequences of selection
- 6 Impact on existing apiculture
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
There are currently 28 recognized subspecies of Apis mellifera based largely on geographic variations. All subspecies are cross fertile. Geographic isolation led to numerous local adaptations. These adaptations include brood cycles synchronized with the bloom period of local flora, forming a winter cluster in colder climates, migratory swarming in Africa, enhanced foraging behavior in desert areas, and numerous other inherited traits.
The first Africanized bees in the US were discovered in 1985 in the San Joaquin Valley of California hatched onto a Venezuelan oil tanker.[2] By 1990 they spread to Texas from Mexico. In the Tucson region of Arizona, the study of trapped swarms in 1994 found that only 15 percent had been Africanized; this number had grown to 90 percent by 1997.[3]
The Africanized honey bees in the Western Hemisphere are of mixed descent from 26 Tanganyikan queen bees of A. m. scutellata, accidentally released by a replacement bee-keeper in 1957 near Rio Claro, São Paulo, in the southeast of Brazil, from hives operated by biologist Warwick E. Kerr, who had interbred honey bees from Europe and southern Africa. Hives containing these particular queens were noted to be especially defensive. Kerr was attempting to breed a strain of bees that would produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions (i.e., more productive) than the European subspecies of honey bee used in South America and southern North America. The hives the bees were released from had special excluder grates to prevent the larger queen bees and drones from getting out and mating with local queens and drones of European descent. However, following the accidental release, the African queens and drones mated with domesticated local non-African queens and drones, and their descendants have since spread throughout the Americas.
The Africanized bees have become the dominant type of honey bee for beekeeping in Central America and in tropical areas of South America due to them outcompeting the European subspecies, and there are claims that they have improved productivity. Unfortunately, the extreme tendency of Africanized bees to swarm has had a significant impact of honey production in managed colonies and in most areas the Africanized bees tend to have certain behavioral traits that make them less desirable for managed beekeeping. Specifically, as compared with the European bee types, the Africanized bee:
- Tends to swarm more frequently and go farther than other types of honey bees.
- Is more likely to migrate as part of a seasonal response to lowered food supply.
- Is more likely to "abscond"—the entire colony leaves the hive and relocates—in response to stress.
- Has greater defensiveness when in a resting swarm, compared to other honey bee types.
- Lives more often in ground cavities than the European types.
- Guards the hive aggressively, with a larger alarm zone around the hive.
- Has a higher proportion of "guard" bees within the hive.
- Deploys in greater numbers for defense and pursues perceived threats over much longer distances from the hive.
- Cannot survive extended periods of forage deprivation, preventing introduction into areas with harsh winters or extremely dry late summers.
Geographic spread[edit]
As of 2002, the Africanized honeybees had spread from Brazil south to northern Argentina and north to Central America, Trinidad (West Indies), Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Florida, and southern California. Their expansion stopped for a time at eastern Texas, possibly due to the large population of honey bee hives in the area. However, discoveries of the Africanized bees in southern Louisiana indicate this subspecies has penetrated this barrier,[4] or has come as a swarm aboard a ship. In June 2005, it was discovered that the bees had penetrated the border of Texas and had spread into southwest Arkansas. On September 11, 2007, Commissioner Bob Odom of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry said that Africanized honey bees established themselves in the New Orleans area.[5] In February 2009, Africanized honeybees were found in southern Utah.[6][7] In October 2010, a 73-year-old man was killed by a swarm of Africanized honey bees while clearing brush on his south Georgia property, as determined by Georgia's Department of Agriculture. In 2012 state officials reported that a colony was found for the first time in a bee keepers colony in Monroe County, eastern Tennessee.[8] In June 2013, 62-year old Larry Goodwin of Moody, TX was killed by a swarm of bees.[9]
In tropical climates they compete effectively against European bees and, at their peak rate of expansion, they spread north at a rate of almost two kilometers (about one mile) a day. There were discussions about slowing the spread by placing large numbers of docile European-strain hives in strategic locations, particularly at the Isthmus of Panama, but various national and international agricultural departments were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful.[10]
As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies are interbreeding with European honeybees. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African and European bees is present, or only non-African bees are found, as in southern South America or northern North America.
African honeybees abscond, abandon the hive and any food store to start over in a new location, more readily than European honeybees. This is not necessarily a severe loss in tropical climates where plants bloom all year but in more temperate climates it can leave the colony with insufficient stores to survive the winter. Thus Africanized bees are expected to be a hazard mostly in the Southern States of the United States, reaching as far north as the Chesapeake Bay in the east. The cold-weather limits of the African bee have driven some professional bee breeders from Southern California into the harsher wintering locales of the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range. This is a more difficult area to prepare bees for early pollination placement in, such as is required for the production of almonds. The reduced available winter forage in northern California means that bees must be fed for early spring buildup.
The arrival of honeybees in Central America is a threat to the ancient art of keeping stingless bees in log gums even though they do not interbreed or directly compete with the stingless bees. The honey productivity of the honey bees exceeds the productivity of the native stingless bees so much that economic pressures force beekeepers to switch.
African honeybees are considered an invasive species in many regions.
Foraging behavior[edit]
Africanized honey bees have a set of characteristics with respect to foraging behavior. Africanized honey bees begin foraging at young ages and harvest a greater quantity of pollen with respect to their European counterparts (Apis mellifera.) This may be linked to the high reproductive rate of the Africanized honey bee which requires pollen to feed the greater number of larvae.[11] Africanized honey bees are also sensitive to sucrose at lower concentrations. This adaptation causes foragers to harvest resources with low concentrations of sucrose that include water, pollen, and unconcentrated nectar. A study comparing A. m. scutellata and A. m. ligustica published by Fewell and Bertram in 2002 suggests that the differential evolution of this suite of behaviors is due to the different environmental pressures experienced by African and European subspecies.[12]
Variation in honey bee proboscis extension response[edit]
Honey bee sensitivity to different concentrations of sucrose is determined by a reflex known as the proboscis extension response or PER. Different species of honey bees that employ different foraging behaviors will vary in the concentration of sucrose that elicits their proboscis extension response.[13]
For example, European honey bees (Apis mellifera) forage at older ages and harvest less pollen and more concentrated nectar. The differences in resources emphasized during harvesting are a result of the fact that the European honey bee is sensitive to sucrose at higher concentrations.[14]
Evolution of foraging behavior in honey bees[edit]
The differences in a variety of behaviors between different species of honey bee are the result of a directional selection that acts upon several foraging behavior traits as a common entity.[14] Selection in natural populations of honey bee show that positive selection of sensitivity to low concentrations of sucrose are linked to foraging at younger ages and collecting resources low in sucrose. Positive selection of sensitivity to high concentrations of sucrose were linked to foraging at older ages and collecting resources higher in sucrose.[14] Additionally of interest, "change in one component of a suite of behaviors appear[s] to direct change in the entire suite."[14]
Proximate causes[edit]
There are multiple ways of considering the cause of directional selection on this set of foraging behaviors in honey bees. A proximate factor is one that is developmental and influential on behavior within the lifetime of an organism.[15] Neurological and developmental differences lead to directional selection and changes in the set of foraging behaviors between generations of honey bees. Levels of stress as measured by levels of octopamine is one such contributing developmental factor.[14]
Ultimate causes[edit]
An ultimate factor is one that explains long term evolutionary advantages of behavior in an organism.[15] Proboscis extension response to different concentrations of sucrose is a genotypic trait; the genes vary with respect to the sucrose concentration level at which proboscis extension response is manifested. Natural selection is able to directly shift the set of foraging behaviors by operating on the distribution of these genes in the honey bee population.[14]
When resource density is low in Africanized honey bee habitats, it is necessary for the bees to harvest a greater variety of resources because they cannot afford to be selective. Honey bees that are genetically inclined towards resources high in sucrose like concentrated nectar will not be able to sustain themselves in harsher environments. The noted PER to low sucrose concentration in Africanized honey bees may be a result of selective pressure in times of scarcity when their survival depends on their attraction to low quality resources.[16]
Morphology and genetics[edit]
The popular term 'Killer bee' has only limited scientific meaning today because there is no generally accepted fraction of genetic contribution used to establish a cut-off. While the native African scutellata are smaller, and build smaller comb cells than the European bees, their hybrids are not smaller. Africanized bees have slightly shorter wings, which can only be recognized reliably by performing a statistical analysis on micro-measurements of a substantial sample. One problem with this test is that there are also other subspecies, such as Apis mellifera iberiensis, which have shorter wings. This trait is thought to derive from ancient hybrid haplotypes thought to have links to evolutionary lineages from Africa. Some belong to Apis mellifera intermissa but others have an indeterminate origin; the Egyptian honeybee (Apis mellifera lamarckii), present in small numbers in the southeastern United States, has the same morphology. Currently testing techniques have moved away from external measurements to DNA analysis, but this means the test can only be done by a sophisticated laboratory. Molecular diagnostics using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene can differentiate A. m. scutellata from other A. mellifera lineages, though mtDNA only allows one to detect an Africanized colony that has an Africanized queen, and not colonies where a European queen has mated with Africanized drones.[17]
The Western honey bee is native to the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. As of the early 1600s, the insect was introduced to North America, with subsequent introductions of other European subspecies two centuries later.[18] Since then, they have spread throughout the Americas. The 28 subspecies can be assigned to one of four major branches based on work by Ruttner and subsequently confirmed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. African subspecies are assigned to branch A, northwest European subspecies to branch M, southwest European subspecies to branch C, and Mideast subspecies to branch O. The subspecies are grouped and listed. There are still regions with localized variations that may become identified subspecies in the near future, such as A. m. pomonella from the Tian Shan mountains, which would be included in the Mideast subspecies branch.
The Western honey bee is the third insect to have its genome mapped, and is unusual in having very few transposons. According to the scientists who analyzed its genetic code, the western honey bee originated in Africa and spread to Eurasia in two ancient migrations.[19] They have also discovered that the number of genes in the honey bees related to smell outnumber those for taste.[20] The genome sequence revealed several groups of genes, particularly the genes related to circadian rhythms, were closer to vertebrates than other insects. Genes related to enzymes that control other genes were also vertebrate-like.[21]
Besides, A. m. iberica haplotype is present in the honey bees of the western United States,[22] Mexico and South America, where the honey bees are not native and they were introduced from Spain during the conquest of America, from populations with African haplotypes, whose origin is indeterminate. Apis mellifera iberica is having hybridization between the north of African and European bees, Apis mellifera mellifera, and Apis mellifera intermissa.[23] Presents six haplotypes different, five of them correspond to an evolutionary lineage from Africa and one from Western Europe. From this, infer the hybrid nature of this subspecies, is similar to that of African populations in the number of alleles detected and the values of genetic diversity. Additionally A.m.intermissa genoma, present in A.m.iberica belongs to a group shown by experiment to have similar mtDNA, this including A. m. monticola, A. m. scutellata, A. m. adansonii and A. m. capensis.[24][25][26]
Several researchers and beekeepers describe a general trait of the African subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata, classified by Lepeletier, 1836 - (African honey bee) Central and West Africa, which is absconding, where the Africanized honeybee colonies abscond the hive in times when food-stores are low, unlike the European colonies which tend to die in the hive.
There are two lineages of African subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata in the Americas: actual matrilinial descendants of the original escaped queens and a much smaller number that are African through hybridization. The matrilinial descendants carry African mtDNA, but partially European nuclear DNA, while the bees that are African through hybridization carry European mtDNA, and partially African nuclear DNA. The matrilinial descendants are in the vast majority. This is supported by DNA analyses performed on the bees as they spread northwards; those that were at the "vanguard" were over 90% African mtDNA, indicating an unbroken matriline (Smith et al., 1989), but after several years in residence in an area interbreeding with the local European strains, as in Brazil, the overall representation of African mtDNA drops to some degree. However, these latter hybrid lines (with European mtDNA) do not appear to propagate themselves well or persist.[27] Population genetics analysis of Africanized honey bees in the United States, using a materially inherited genetic marker, found 12 distinct mitotypes, and the amount of genetic variation observed supports the idea that there have been multiple introductions of AHB into the United States.[28]
Consequences of selection[edit]
The chief difference between the European races or subspecies of bees kept by beekeepers and the African stock is attributable to selective breeding. The Africanized honey bee varieties produced a reversion of behavior similar to non-domesticated species. The most common race used in the United States today is the Italian bee, Apis mellifera ligustica, which has been used for several thousand years in some parts of the world and in the Americas since the arrival of the European colonists. Beekeepers have tended to eliminate the fierce strains, and the entire race of bees has thus been gentled by selective breeding, from bee species naturally selected by the environment.
In central and southern Africa, the bees had to adapt to the environment of sub-saharan Africa—surviving prolonged droughts and having to defend themselves against other aggressive insects, as well as animals like the honey badger, that also will destroy hives if the bees are not sufficiently defensive. In addition, there was formerly no tradition of beekeeping, only bee robbing.
African bees are characterized by greater defensiveness in established hives than European honey bees. They are more likely to attack a perceived threat and, when they do so, attack relentlessly in larger numbers. Also, they have been known to pursue their threat for a distance of over 50 yards. This aggressively protective behavior has been termed by scientists as hyper-defensive behavior. This defensiveness has earned them the nickname "killer bees", the aptness of which is debated. Over the decades, several deaths in the Americas have been attributed to African bees. The venom of an African bee is same as that of a European honey bee, but since the former tends to sting in greater numbers, the number of deaths from them are greater than from the European honey bee.[citation needed] However, allergic reaction to bee venom from any bee can kill a person, and it is difficult to estimate how many more people have died due to the presence of African bees.
Most human incidents with African bees occur within two or three years of the bees' arrival and then subside. Beekeepers can greatly reduce this problem by killing the queens of aggressive strains to breed gentler stock. Beekeepers in South Africa keep A. m. scutellata using common beekeeping practices without excessive problems.
Fear factor[edit]
The African bee is widely feared by the public, a reaction that has been amplified by sensationalist movies (such as The Swarm) and some of the media reports. Stings from African bees kill one or two people per year in the United States.[29]
As the bee spreads through Florida, a densely populated state, officials worry that public fear may force misguided efforts to combat them.
|News reports of mass stinging attacks will promote concern and in some cases panic and anxiety, and cause citizens to demand responsible agencies and organizations to take action to help ensure their safety. We anticipate increased pressure from the public to ban beekeeping in urban and suburban areas. This action would be counter-productive. Beekeepers maintaining managed colonies of domestic European bees are our best defense against an area becoming saturated with AHB. These managed bees are filling an ecological niche that would soon be occupied by less desirable colonies if it were vacant.
— Florida African Bee Action Plan[30]
The sting of the Africanized honey bee is no more potent than another variety of honey bee, and they have a similar appearance. Africanized honey bees are more dangerous because they are more easily provoked, quicker to swarm, attack in greater numbers, and pursue their victims for greater distances. An Africanized bee colony can remain agitated longer and may attack up to a quarter of a mile away from the hive. Also African honey bees farm more honey than their European cousins, a likely cause of their high metabolism.[citation needed]
Queen management in Africanized bee areas[edit]
In Mexico, where Africanized bees are well established, pollination beekeepers have found that a purchased and pre-bred non-Africanized queen may be used to locally create a first generation of virgin queens that are then bred in an uncontrolled fashion with the local wild Africanized drones. These first generation non-Africanized queens produce worker bees that are manageable, not exhibiting the intense and massive defense reactions in subsequent generations.
Impact on existing apiculture[edit]
In areas of suitable temperate climate, the survival traits of Africanized queens and colonies outperform western honey bee colonies. This competitive edge leads to the dominance of African traits. In Brazil, the Africanized hybrids are known as Assassin Bees, for their habit of taking over an existing hive of European bees; this habit is most evident when the hive being attacked has a weakened queen, so not all hives are equally vulnerable, and overall rates of hive usurpation can reach 20%.[1]
Gentle Africanized bees[edit]
Not all Africanized hives show overly defensive behavior; some colonies are quiet, which gives a beginning point for beekeepers to breed a gentler stock.[31] This has been done in Brazil, where bee incidents are much less common than they were during the first wave of the Africanized bees' colonization. Now that the Africanized bee has been "re-domesticated", it is considered the bee of choice for beekeeping in Brazil.[citation needed]
- ^ a b S. S. Schneider, T. Deeby, D. C. Gilley and G. DeGrandi-Hoffman, 2004. Seasonal nest usurpation of European colonies by African swarms in Arizona, USA. Insectes Sociaux 51: 356–364.
- ^ LePage, Andrew (May 10, 1989). "San Diego Officials Setting Traps for Expected Arrival of 'Killer Bees'". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "The Africanized Honey Bee in the Americas: A Biological Revolution with Human Cultural Implications". American Bee Journal. 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2003.
- ^ "United States Department of Agriculture, 'African Honey Bees'". Ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ "'Killer bees' descend on New Orleans". Digitaljournal.com. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ 'African bees found in Utah for the first time'[dead link]
- ^ "Utah Department of Agriculture and Food". Ag.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ "Africanized bees found in East Tennessee". Bloomsburg. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
- ^ "'Killer bees' leave Texas man dead, woman in serious condition". nbcnews.com. 2 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2–13.
- ^ "University of Florida IFAS Extension, 'African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know'". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Winston ML, Taylor O, Otis GW (1983) Some differences between temperate European and tropical African and South American honeybees. Bee World 64:12-21
- ^ Fewell, Jennifer H.; Susan M. Bertram (2002). "Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honeybees". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52: 318–25. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0501-3.
- ^ Pankiw T., Page RE (2000) Response thresholds to sucrose predict foraging division of labor in honey bees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 47: 265-267
- ^ a b c d e f Pankiw, Tanya (2003). "Directional change in a suite of foraging behaviors in tropical and temperate evolved honey bees (Apis mellifera L)". Behav Ecol Sociobiol (54): 458–464.
- ^ a b Davies, Nicholas B. (2012). "1". An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2. ISBN 9781405114165.
- ^ Schneider SS, McNally LC (1993) Spatial foraging patterns and colony energy status in the African bee, Apis mellifera scutellata. J Insect Behav 6:195-210
- ^ Szalanski, A.L., and J.A. McKern. 2007. Multiplex PCR-RFLP diagnostics of the African honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Sociobiology 50: 939–945.[1]
- ^ "Research upsetting some notions about honey bees". ScienceDaily. December 29, 2006.
- ^ Charles W. Whitfield, Susanta K. Behura , Stewart H. Berlocher, Andrew G. Clark, J. Spencer Johnston, Walter S. Sheppard, Deborah R. Smith, Andrew V. Suarez, Daniel Weaver & Neil D. Tsutsui (2006). "Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera" (PDF). Science 314 (5799): 642–645. doi:10.1126/science.1132772. PMID 17068261.
- ^ Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium (2006). "Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera". Nature 443 (7114): 931–949. doi:10.1038/nature05260. PMC 2048586. PMID 17073008.
- ^ Ying Wang, Mireia Jorda, Peter L. Jones, Ryszard Maleszka, Xu Ling, Hugh M. Robertson, Craig A. Mizzen, Miguel A. Peinado & Gene E. Robinson (2006). "Functional CpG methylation system in a social insect". Science 314 (5799): 645–647. doi:10.1126/science.1135213. PMID 17068262.
- ^ Carcaterització genètica de les abelles
- ^ http://www.uco.es/dptos/zoologia/Apicultura/Conservacion_abejas.html
- ^ Garnery L, Cornuet JM, Solignac M (October 1992). "Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mtDNA analysis". Mol. Ecol. 1 (3): 145–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.1992.tb00170.x. PMID 1364272.
- ^ John E. Dews, Eric Milner books.google.co.uk Breeding Better Bees (80 pages) WritersPrintShop, 2004 ISBN 1-904623-18-2 [Retrieved 2011-12-19]
- ^ M.Chouchene, N. Barbouche, M.Garnery, L.Baylac openstarts.units.it Nimis P.L. Vignes Lebbe R (eds.) Tools for Identifying Biodiversity: Progress and Problems p.343 Molecular and ecophysiological characterisation of the Tunisian bee : Apis mellifera intermissa ISBN 978-88-8303-295-0 EUT,2010[Retrieved 2011-12-20]
- ^ "ENY-114/MG113: African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Szalanski, A.L., and R. Magnus. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA characterization of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World 49(2): 177-185.[2]
- ^ Warner, Amanda (April 21, 2009). "Beekeepers warn of summer threat". Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. Accessed May 17, 2010.
- ^ "Florida African bee Action Plan". Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ "Beesource Beekeeping » Preparing for the "Africanized" Honey Bee: A Program for Arizona". Beesource.com. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
- Collet T., Ferreira K.M., Arias M.C., Soares A.E.E., Del Lama M.A. (2006). "Genetic structure of African honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) from Brazil and Uruguay viewed through mitochondrial DNA COI–COII patterns". Heredity 97: 329–335. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800875.
- Smith D.R., Taylor O.R., Brown W.M. (1989). "Neotropical African honey bees have African mitochondrial DNA". Nature 339: 213–215. doi:10.1038/339213a0.


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On Wednesday Nvidia Corp. said that among others "leading add-in-card partners" Hong Kong Sapphire Technology as a provider of GeForce 7900 GS and GeForce 7950 GT-based graphics cards.
The spokesperson for Sapphire told X-bit labs in an unofficial conversation that the information was not correct and the company is still a dedicated partner of ATI Technologies. Typically officials receive information about new product introductions some time before the data is released, which means that either Sapphire employees are unaware of the alliance with Nvidia, or there is no such a partnership.
An industry source, however, said that PC Partner, a company affiliated with Sapphire Technology which is not very widely known, makes Nvidia-based graphics boards, which is why there could be a mistake in listing.
Sapphire Technologies' monthly video board production capacity can reach a lofty 1.8 million units and often topples this landmark figure. So far the company has only produced ATI-based boards, however, its chief executive said in an interview that possibility to produce Nvidia-based graphics cards remains.
Nvidia officials did not comment on the news-story.


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Oracle Powers High Tech Archeological Research
By marchamilton on Jul 15, 2010
While InscriptiFact includes artifact images dating to the early 1900's (the artifacts themselves are often 1000's of years old), some of the most amazing images are relatively new RTI images. Understanding how RTI images are created is best done by showing the Melzian Dome used to capture the images.
The dome has 32 computer-controlled LED lights and multiple exposures are taken of the same artifact using different lighting combinations and then merged into a single image file. Using the InscriptiFact viewer, a Java application that can run on any PC or laptop, a user can dynamically change the lighting on the image being viewed. Seeing is believing, so lets take a look at an example.
InscriptiFact provides the ability to compare conventional images along-side RTI images. Illustrated above is an Aramaic tablet from Persepolis, ancient Persia, with a seal impression. The images on the left are visible light and infrared images taken with high-end digital scanning back. The images on the right are versions of an RTI image, one showing the natural color of the object, the other using specular enhancement. Even to the untrained eye, one can clearly understand the power of RTI to bring often better than lifelike detail to ancient artifacts.
While the RTI images are visually the most powerful aspect of InscriptiFact, the real value of the system goes much farther based on the power of the InscriptiFact user interface and underlying Oracle Database. Take for instance the spacial search feature. This feature allows researchers to drag a box on a reference image and retrieve all images that intersect the box.
InscriptiFact is designed to incorporate, integrate and index all existing image data in a quick and intuitive fashion regardless of what repository or collection the artifact (or fragments, thereof) exist in. In the example below, the original table on which an ancient myth was written was broken, and pieces ended up in two different museums. Using InscriptiFact, a researcher can easily retrieve images of all the images for viewing on a single screen.
Not only is InscriptiFact a powerful tool in its own right for anyone from post-grad archeologists to grade school students, its a wonderful example of what is possible through the integration of advanced imaging, advanced database and Java technology, and the Internet to span both space and time. Visit the InscriptiFact web site to learn more.


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About the Authors: Kris Balderston serves as Special Representative for the Secretary of State's Global Partnerships Initiative, and Jacob Moss serves as U.S. Coordinator for the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.
On Wednesday, the world's leading general medical journal The Lancet released a major new report which estimates that household air pollution attributed to cooking over open fires or basic cookstoves causes the premature deaths of approximately four million people annually -- many of them women and young children. This number -- which includes 3.5 million deaths associated with indoor exposures and another 500,000 deaths from cookstoves' contribution to outdoor air pollution -- is more than double previous estimates and underscores the need to renew efforts to prevent these deaths.
Three billion people globally rely on solid fuels like wood, charcoal, agricultural waste, animal dung, and coal for household energy needs, often burning them inside their homes in inefficient and poorly ventilated stoves or open fires. Polluting stoves and fuels used indoors expose women and their families to air pollution levels as much as 50 times greater than World Health Organization guidelines for clean air. Household air pollution exposure can cause heart and lung diseases in adults, pneumonia in children, and low birth weight among infants.
Women and children are affected most as they are exposed to high levels of pollution inside the home and often spend several hours every day collecting fuel -- time that could be much better spent on schooling or income generating activities such as farming or starting a microenterprise. Even households that purchase (rather than collect) solid fuels can save money by switching to cleaner stoves that are also more fuel-efficient.
The new estimate of the premature deaths due to household air pollution represents a significant increase from previous estimates of two million annual premature deaths. The study in The Lancet cited household air pollution as the fourth worst health risk factor globally, second worst among women and girls, and fifth worst among men and boys. It is the worst of the environmental risk factors affecting health (such as outdoor air pollution and unimproved water sources and sanitation), both globally and in poor regions. It is also the single worst health risk factor in South Asia and second worst in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa.
This increase in estimated premature deaths from cookstove pollution is largely attributable to new evidence that allows for the inclusion of additional health impacts from exposure to cookstove smoke. For example, the new estimate includes effects of smoke inhalation on adult cardiovascular mortality and lung cancer associated with burning biomass, neither of which was previously considered. The new estimate also includes the contribution of cookstove smoke to the burden of disease associated with outdoor air pollution, a major problem in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Globally, the health impacts of household air pollution exceeds those of some of the most burdensome diseases in developing countries, including malaria, tuberculosis, or HIV/AIDS -- all of which are expected to decline substantially over the next two decades as a direct result of well-funded public health intervention campaigns in recent years. The success of these campaigns tells us that reducing the burden of household air pollution on global public health is also possible -- if the necessary resources and strategic vision are brought to bear.
In September 2010, Secretary Clinton helped launch the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and protect the environment. Led by the United Nations Foundation, the Alliance has grown to nearly 500 partners, including 38 countries. The U.S. commitment alone has reached up to $114 million.
The groundbreaking approach taken by the Alliance involves bringing together a diverse group of partners -- including governments, the private sector, multilateral institutions, microenterprises, foundations, local women's groups, and others -- to help overcome the market barriers that currently impede the production, deployment, and use of clean cookstoves in the developing world. A single actor can only do so much, but a truly cross-sectoral partnership such as the Alliance can solve this global problem at the scale it demands.
Together with its partners, the Alliance is making incredible progress towards its ambitious interim goal of 100 million clean cookstoves adopted by 2020. But our work is just beginning.
This new study makes more urgent than ever the absolute necessity of our efforts to lead the globe towards universal adoption of clean and efficient cooking solutions.
We invite you to join us as we seek to solve this critical issue and save lives.
Mari in the U.S.A. writes:
As usual, you look for a solution that is compatible with keeping the Third World at stone-age levels of technology. The painfully obvious solution to this problem is to build the necessary energy infrastructure so that people in poor nations can have access to efficient electricity and natural gas grids. Of course, that would tend to make them increasingly self-sufficient, and no longer a repository of cheap labor and cheap raw materials.
When the Department of State returns to the anti-colonialist perspective of the Franklin Roosevelt administration, or Eisenhower's Atoms For Peace program, my faith in the USA will be restored. But right now, it looks like the policy is vintage Victorian colonialism.
Deborah in the U.S.A. writes:
@ Mari of USA...Ditto...however heating processed foods is not healthy. They shouldn't be given boxes of processed foods that need water and heat and stir till thickend. But rather fresh vegtables and fruits oh yeah raw meat is not a good idea or eggs , gotta watch out for salmonella and ecoli. geeze I don't know , how do they keep thier slave force alive these days? besides the Bill and Linda Gates innoculations program?


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ROUND ROCK, Texas--(BUSINESS WIRE)--As customers face the increasing deluge of big data driven by business demands for greater analytics, Dell is introducing a new Big Data Retention solution that can significantly reduce the costs of retaining big data while helping to improve management for easy retrieval and analysis.
Dell's new Big Data retention solution is designed for organizations that leverage big data analytics to derive business value from their data. The solution integrates with existing analytics platforms as a frontend big data repository for large datasets or a backend archive. It can also serve as a standalone repository or as an analytics platform with Hadoop.
With this latest offering, Dell expands its portfolio of Big Data capabilities across the spectrum of ingest, storage, management, warehousing, and analytics. Customers can scale from efficient storage and retention, into more complex analytics like the Dell Cloudera management platform, Apache Hadoop Solutions based on Dell PowerEdge C- and R-series servers, Force 10 networks, and Dell Crowbar deployment toolkit.
Dell's Big Data retention solution combines Dell storage, including the DX Object Storage Platform, and RainStor® database technology, to help reduce the cost of retaining big data through data reduction, simplified data management and near-perfect scalability, which can provide easy access to the data by standard SQL BI/analytics tools. The solution also includes Dell professional services to help customers enhance their current big data environment or create a new one that can scale to company demands and data growth.
Much of the anticipated massive data growth is tied to automated systems that continuously create structured or semi-structured data that can be mined by data analytic programs to drive new discoveries and save money. The further adoption of big data analytics will ultimately place enormous demands on IT to change the way data is stored and managed.
"Not only are the volumes of data growing – so is its value to the organization," said Darren Thomas, vice president and general manager, Dell Enterprise Storage. "Being able to cost-effectively capture and store all of the relevant data makes it possible to gain insights that support innovation and business value. The key is having the right data management solution to fluidly move data, tier it, dedupe it, protect it and archive it. To us, that means your data is fluid."
Dell's Big Data retention solution can provide an average data compression ratio of up to 40:1,(1) freeing up disk space approximately 97 percent. This greatly-reduced footprint can accelerate query access for analytics. The solution leverages the capabilities of the Dell Fluid Data architecture, which enables these extreme data volumes to be efficiently accessed, moved and leveraged when and where needed.
The RainStor database provides online data retention at a massive scale, with unlimited scalability and zero administration. It can be deployed on any combination of Dell servers and storage, on premise or in a cloud configuration. When paired with the Dell DX Object Storage platform, the solution provides a single system for retaining structured, semi-structured and unstructured data across an unlimited number of data sources, formats and types, providing cost savings that can change the economics of big data retention.
While available on other Dell storage platforms, when a Big Data retention solution is added to the DX Object Storage Platform customers can add capacity in amounts as small as 2TB, scaling up to petabytes and to billions of objects without the set-up and management complexity and costs of traditional file and block storage. Dell's Big Data retention solution is currently available in the U.S.
"Dell's best-in-class servers and storage are a perfect complement to RainStor's Big Data database," said Ramon Chen, vice president of product management at RainStor. "With RainStor's ability to run on any storage platform, customers can choose the combined solution that will meet their business needs at the lowest total operating cost."
About Dell
Dell Inc. (NASDAQ: DELL) listens to customers and delivers innovative technology and services that give them the power to do more. For more information, visit www.dell.com.
Dell is a trademark of Dell Inc. Dell disclaims any proprietary interest in the marks and names of others.
(1) Figure based on findings through RainStor internal testing.


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Johannes Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, ca. 1665. Oil on canvas. Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague. Bequest of Arnoldus des Tombe, 1903 (inv. no. 670). Image courtesy of the Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague
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Artist-teacher Susan Hyde Greene will lead participants in hands-on experiences that explore Girl with a Pearl Earring. Adaptable to all skill levels, the activities can enhance individual appreciation and can be used in classrooms. The workshop is $25 ($10 for museum members) and includes materials and a docent-led tour.


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Reyno, AR Senior Living Communities and Continuing Care CommunitiesSave This Search
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Arkansas is a land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains.
Arkansas shares it's southern border with Louisiana, it's northern border with Missouri, it's eastern border with Tennessee and Mississippi, and it's western border with Texas and Oklahoma. Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Boston Mountains, and Southern Arkansas hosts the Ouachita Mountains. The southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands, sharing most of it's eastern border with the Mississippi River. Arkansas is also home to 52 state park and seven national parks.
Between it's generally mild climate, inexpensive cost of living and natural attractions, Arkansas is a beautiful place to retire.
News from the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette -RSS
Chinese eatery in Little Rock's Riverdale neighborhood burglarized, police say
Jan 18, 2017 5:55 pm
More than $1,000 was stolen in an overnight burglary earlier this week at a Chinese eatery in Little Rock?s Riverdale neighborhood, authorities say.
Woman chases after robber who snatched $200 from her hand, Little Rock police say
Jan 18, 2017 5:46 pm
A Mabelvale woman chased after a robber who entered her vehicle Tuesday morning and snatched money out of her hand, according to police.
Arkansas legislators advance bill designating state dinosaur after teen testifies
Jan 18, 2017 5:38 pm
A group of lawmakers voted Wednesday to back a proposal dreamt up by an Arkansas high school student who wants the state to recognize the only dinosaur ever discovered within its borders.
Police: Gunman robs Little Rock Church's Chicken as worker takes customer's order
Jan 18, 2017 5:13 pm
An armed gunman demanded money from two cash registers, a safe and a lock box during a robbery inside a Little Rock Church?s Chicken, police say.
In letter, former Arkansas attorney general praises Trump's nominee for EPA administrator
Jan 18, 2017 4:01 pm
Former Arkansas Attorney General Dustin McDaniel is praising President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for head of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Little Rock patrolman hits, critically injures pedestrian
Jan 18, 2017 11:45 am
A Little Rock police officer driving a patrol vehicle hit a pedestrian in southwest Little Rock on Tuesday evening, a Police Department spokesman said.
Arkansas panel backs junk-food cutoff for food-stamp recipients
Jan 18, 2017 11:45 am
A proposal to prevent food-stamp recipients from making unhealthful choices at the grocery store gained support from a House panel Tuesday over the objections of food banks and retail grocers.
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The fall season means many different reasons to celebrate. Besides the diminishing humidity that summer carries, and the incorporation of sweaters and boots into your wardrobe, there also are holidays and events galore that may need you to extend an invite. That's why here at Polka Dot Design we have everything covered for all fall party invitations.
Halloween is a great way to invite friends and family and celebrate with a costume party or a fun, festive gathering. We have an abundance of Halloween fall party invitations that run the gamut of design. From spooky and scary invites, to more playful party picks, our Halloween invitation selection is by far the most extensive around. Browse our Halloween fall party invitations and choose one that represents your holiday spirit perfectly.
Another holiday that may need an invitation for fall, is Thanksgiving. Perhaps you have an annual gala that requires invites, or you want to make each year special for your family. Regardless of the reason, Polka Dot Design has you covered. Our Thanksgiving invitations run from formal to to more organically festive no matter the occasion. We want to make sure your dinner party is perfectly planned which is why we handle all fall party invitations.


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United Airlines recently changed its policy regarding traveling with pets as part of a merger with Continental Airlines. Under this switch, the airline will use Continental's program called PetSafe, in which pets will travel as cargo rather than checked luggage. According to company spokeswoman Mary Ryan, this change means "pets will now have a dedicated staff and temperature-controlled vans instead of the inhospitable baggage compartment". Additionally, the program provides detailed tracking of animals with features that ensure their happiness and safety, allowing owners to fly knowing their canine companion is also comfortable. The downside of this program is the cost—it will cost significantly more to travel with your pet if it is shipped as cargo. When possible, if you have a small pet and the airline allows for it to travel inside the airplane, this is still likely the best option.
According to VCA Animal Hospitals, it is important for owners to prepare for air travel with a dog. You should always have your dog examined by a veterinarian before taking a trip that involves flying. In addition to making sure your pet has all necessary dog vaccinations for your trip, the vet can determine whether dogs have a condition that may pose risks during travel.
Canines with heart or kidney disease, or short-nosed breeds like Pugs and English bulldogs can be at risk during airline travel, the news source reports. Even if your dog is perfectly healthy, VCA recommends trying to book direct flights so as to avoid connections and layovers - this is where many pets get lost with baggage, or have to sit out in extreme weather or temperatures. You can also improve your pet's treatment on the plane by booking at a time that is not extremely busy - that way, airline personnel will have extra time to handle your dog.


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This January a new camera developed by two OHL players, Shea Kewin and Tim Priamo, who were looking for a better more sports oriented camera for training and recreational use. The UHWK camera they developed is a Continue Reading
NEW YORK, April 1, 2014 — America's oldest sport is rooted in tradition and is also slow to adapt to new advancements in technology both on and off the field. The Guardian National Championship is proud to announce Continue Reading
Usually, these Orwellian gadgets scare the living daylights out of me. We've got enough cameras following us on a daily basis. However, this GoPro Drone really gets me excited! The GoPro helmet cams have really Continue Reading
For those who train hard in the Winter months you know how cold it can be at 6am. You really feel the cold conditions across your face, hands and feet. ThermaCell has a solutiuon for cold feet. Rechargeable foot Continue Reading
Because one Gift Guide is never enough, we've made a second one for you and your loved ones. This Gift Guide has a little for everyone. From books to flasks, this Gift Guide will give you ideas for the crunch time Continue Reading
3-stick capacity LaXtube for carrying up to 3 lacrosse sticks or poles at a time. Slides quickly and easily into your 2" hitch. Forget folding down seats and trying to maneuver muddy wet sticks into your clean Lax Continue Reading
Ross Technology Corp. needed a better way to reduce corrosion on the steel products. When they couldn't find a suitable one, they worked on creating something on their own. And eventually they hit upon a slick Continue Reading
The iP4 is a re-imagining of the classic stereo boombox (Radio Raheem anyone?) with intriguing updates for your iPhone and iPod. The iP4 features SRS TruBass digital signal processing technology and 5 band EQ Continue Reading
Pour the perfect pint every time with the Beer Hour dispenser from Takaratomy. This home beer dispenser allows you to get a great pour from canned beer. Simply open the can and attach the Beer Hour. It takes the Continue Reading
You'll look forward to the next blizzard when you're armed with the Crossbow Snowball Launcher. Load a snowball into the front of the Launcher, pull back the lever, aim and fire at the target (provided) or your next Continue Reading


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Oracle is speeding up the payment of three dividend payments scheduled for 2013, the latest move by a company to avoid potentially higher taxes on dividends starting next year.
The database and business software company will be making its upcoming three dividends, worth 18 cents a share in total, by the end of the calendar year. That's a significant acceleration given that the payments were due to be paid in January, April and July 2013.
Oracle joins several big companies, including Costco and Wal-Mart, making either extra dividend payments in 2012 or pushing 2013 payments into this year. The move could save investors from paying higher tax rates on tens of millions of dollars in dividends if tax rates rise next year, as some expect. Taxes will return to 2000 levels if Congress doesn't come to an agreement by Dec. 31, which means dividends would be taxed at an individual's regular income tax rate.
During November, 228 companies announced plans to pay special one-time dividends by the end of the year, says S&P Capital IQ. That's up 217% from November 2011. "We're seeing an enormous number of them," says Howard Silverblatt of S&P Capital IQ.
The early payment is a big score for Oracle founder Larry Ellison, who is the company's largest shareholder with 1.1 billion shares. The next three dividend payments are worth $198.9 million for Ellison. The company said Ellison had no say in the decision to move up the dividend payment. But by moving up the payment, Ellison and all current Oracle shareholders stand to benefit.
While the move may have saved investors in taxes, the announcement was also a bit of a letdown, because it means Oracle isn't planning to pay a special one-time dividend, says Drake Johnstone of Davenport & Co.
Because the company has $31.6 billion in cash and short-term investments, and its 0.7% dividend yield is below what other large companies are paying, some might have liked to see a special payout. "It's not like they're paying you any more," he says. "They're just accelerating what's to be paid next year."
Many investors are busily prospecting for other companies that might pay dividends early or make special payments. But while there might be a one-time tax benefit from this, there's no real long-term benefit for stock prices, says Jack Ablin of Harris Private Bank.
"It's a smart tax idea," he says. "But how this is better for the valuation of a stock, that's not adding up to me."


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Jodi Picoult's The Storyteller
We discussed this book at our June 6 meeting. Please watch this site for information on our next book selection.
The Generations Book Club
The reading selection for the last meeting of the Generations Book Club was The Storyteller, by Jodi Picoult
Thursday, June 6, 2013, 7:00 PM
Chhange Center
Brookdale Campus, Bankier Library Building, Lot #5
Sage is a baker, a loner, until she befriends an old man who's particularly beloved in her community... One day he asks Sage for a favor: to kill him…. then he confesses his darkest secret--he deserves to die because he had been a Nazi SS guard….Sage's grandmother is a Holocaust survivor. How do you react to evil living next door?.... (excerpted from the author's website)
The book is available at the Monmouth Country Library, Amazon, and Barnes & Noble.


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Grace World Outreach - the name spells out the church's mission.
By GAIL HOLLENBECK
Published May 29, 2007
BROOKSVILLE - It's come a long way from its humble beginnings on Russell Street in 1932.
Familiar to passers-by as the large white-domed church on Cortez Boulevard, Grace World Outreach Church has grown rapidly in recent years, with a vision that has it on a course to become Hernando County's first evangelical "mega church."
The 30, 000-square-foot Grace Dome sanctuary was completed on the 12-acre campus in 2003 to accommodate the large multiracial, multicultural congregation, bringing the total size of church facilities to 60, 000 square feet.
"There are probably 1, 600 people now who call our church home, " said the Rev. David Garcia, senior pastor.
About 1, 000 people attend the 11 a.m. service on Sunday mornings. A smaller crowd of about 200 attends the earlier service at 8.
"I preach the same message at both services, " Garcia said, "but the first service is a little bit more conservative - just a little bit more. It's quieter. The second service will target more of your 25- to 45-year-olds. The music is much livelier."
With "world outreach" as its middle name, it's no surprise that that's an emphasis of the church.
Although the church remains strongly affiliated with the Assemblies of God, a new vision statement that was written after the completion of the dome dictated a change in name. Prior to last year, the church was named Brooksville Assembly of God.
"We just feel like we want to take the church outside the walls of the church, " said Garcia, 56, who has been pastor there since 1988.
"We're a very strong missions church. Also, we're drawing people from Orlando, from Tampa, from Homosassa, from Inverness. The name Brooksville really isn't apropos to what we're doing. We're not a Brooksville church. We're a regional church."
Anthony and Michelle Prisciandaro are evidence of the church's draw. The couple have driven from Orlando to attend the church for the past two years.
"I was basically beginning as a Christian and beginning my walk with the Lord, and so was my wife, " Anthony Prisciandaro said. "Pastor Garcia's an awesome teacher and tells it like it is. He doesn't sugarcoat anything; he doesn't do a feel-good message. It's about the truth. He just preaches the word of God, and he knows what he's talking about and he puts it in a way that you can understand."
A local church member, Vonda Pendlebury has been at the church for 19 years "because there is good sound doctrine that's life changing."
Her husband, mother, sister and aunt also attend.
A display of flags and posters from various countries inside the 2, 300-seat domed sanctuary, plus numerous community programs facilitated by the church, are testimony to its vision to reach out with a Christian message.
So are the continuing building programs to keep up with the church's rapid growth and the numerous opportunities for ministry offered to members.
Last month, the church broke ground on a 7, 000-square-foot nursery. Once completed, it will accommodate children from birth through age 4. Like the $3.8-million Grace Dome, it will be debt free.
"Our church is a great, giving church, " Garcia said. "We've been able to build debt free because of that."
Elder John Thornton has been attending the church with his wife, Judy, since 1974, the year the church moved from its second location, on U.S. 98, to its current site.
"It's a giving church, and always has been, " Thornton said. "I remember when there were just 35 of us. God, I guess, has always had his hand on this piece of property. He's blessed us."
Currently, a baptismal is being installed at the front of the sanctuary, as are prayer rooms.
Two additional large media screens will soon be installed. There is talk about a fellowship hall with a complete kitchen to complement the existing Family Life Center, which is in the old sanctuary.
And there's likely to be more.
"I've already built buildings in my spirit that I've not told you about, " Garcia told his congregation at a recent service.
Another change with the new vision statement was an increased emphasis on "servant evangelism." A former missionary, Garcia says he has a heart for missions and preaching to the unchurched.
"We're hitting the streets more. That's our emphasis right now, along with sending more missions teams out to other countries, " he said. "We decided to go out in the streets and do a lot of things we would normally do in the church outside the church. We just had Passion in the Park at Hernando Park. We always do a massive Easter play. But we did it outside, and we led people to the Lord.
"We give out free water bottles, free newspapers, we go to hospitals and bless the nurses, we do free car washes. People say, 'Why are you doing this?' We basically tell them, 'To show you the practical love of God.' "
Garcia said he hopes the church will grow even larger. "Five years from now, I will be the lead pastor of this church, and the church will probably, God willing, have about 2, 500, maybe 3, 000 people."
In his long-range vision for Grace World, Garcia says he will have a live streaming program on the Internet and a multisite church with broadcasts originating in Brooksville.
"I'll have a Grace World Outreach meeting in Homosassa, a meeting in Inverness, a meeting in Tampa, and we'll use multiscreens for that, " Garcia said. "They'll have their own pastor there, but they'll see me on the screen, probably on 10 different sites."
Garcia is quick to point out that the visions are not his alone. While spending 20 to 30 hours per message in Bible study, he relies heavily on the six other pastors on his staff to accomplish the work of the church.
"I've got great leaders over here, " he said. "Each of them is much more qualified than I am. Trust me, I had very little to do with building the dome, very little. I delegate everything."
The glory for all the church's accomplishments, he said, belongs to God.
"I do want to share with you that I'm here by the grace of God. I really would be hard pressed to tell you why God has done all that he has here, " Garcia said.
"Trust me, you will notice an unusual presence of God when you come here. People pull in here and say, 'I don't know why I'm here, don't even want to be here.' And then they find themselves at the altar getting born again and giving their lives to God. To God be all the glory."
Fast Facts:
1,000 People who attend the 11 a.m. service on Sundays.
12 Acres of church campus.
60,000 Square footage of church facilities.
1932 Year the church was founded.
[Last modified May 28, 2007, 22:26:17]
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Last updated August 15, 2016
For all products regulated by the CPSC, the Commission issues a Letter of Advice (LOA) when there is a violation of a mandatory standard. It advises the company of the violation and of the nature of the necessary corrective action (to correct future production (CFP); to stop sale and CFP; or to recall, stop sale, and CFP). This section lists the LOAs sent to importers and manufacturers beginning in Fiscal Year 2013, where the Commission received a response from the company confirming the violation and the Commission decided that the company voluntarily completed corrective action to remedy the hazard.
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Pandora and Paul Williams: Lots of Bark, but How Much Bite?
Do the discussants draw a distinction between performance royalties and songwriter/publisher royalties?
All else equal (particularly, forgetting the fact that AM/FM radio does not pay a performance royalty), entities that license music pay two royalties: A performance royalty and songwriter/publisher royalty. Michael DeGusta's blog post and attendant pie chart provide a sound illustration, using the 1,000,000-plus spins Cracker's Low received on Pandora
Pandora pays its performance royalty to SoundExchange and its songwriting/publishing royalty to groups such as ASCAP and BMI. These groups keep some cash and distribute the rest to the performers, songwriters and such.
Earlier this month, I met with hall of fame singer/songwriter and ASCAP President and Board Chairman Paul Williams at the landmark Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills. Williams has been particularly critical of Pandora's stance and attendant moves in in the royalty dustup:
Pandora is trying every trick in the book to brazenly and unconscionably underpay and take advantage of the creative labor that produces the core offering of their business -- music written by individual songwriters and composers. ASCAP has an ethical obligation to serve and protect the hundreds of thousands of small and independent songwriters, composers and music publishers we represent to ensure that they receive fair compensation when their songs are performed on any technology platforms.
Strong rhetoric. But, and I mean this is in the most positive and glowing way possible, Paul Williams' bark is bigger than his bite.
This is a genuine guy with a genuine argument against a company he genuinely wants to see succeed. Either he duped me with his charm or I am as good as I think I am at assessing first impressions.
Because there's no question, Williams is a charming guy, grateful for his success.
As Williams riffed, he wrote a song for Elvis Presley in the early '70s and, here he is today, with two credits on Daft Punk's smash Random Access Memories.
How do you not come across as charming when you humbly relay the story of how you met Elvis in Liza Minnelli's Las Vegas Riviera Hotel and Casino dressing room?
Elvis walked in. His reason for not knowing which one of his records Paul Williams wrote: "I don't keep track of that sort of thing." When Williams informed Presley it was indeed Where Do I Go From Here?, Elvis said he liked performing that one and asked Williams which album it is on. Williams reply: "I don't keep track of that sort of thing."


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'We wanted to prove that his is an area of value and that it can transcend the horrors of the past,' said one official.and species along the Green Belt. "We had teams of ornithologists, botanists, entomologists, people for many different taxa, walking for hundreds of kilometers along the former border and recording what they came across," he recalls. Observations from local birders and plant aficionados were fed into the database as well. In the end, more than 1,000 species from Germany's Red List of endangered species were identified.
'There were fears that ecologists would turn this thing into a new border,' said a scientist.of conservatives and social democrats formally supported the Green Belt. Last year, Chancellor Merkel transferred all areas owned by the federal government to the states, which are in charge of conservation in Germany. "What separated us in the past now unites us as a Green Belt," Merkel said. Today, politicians from all parties celebrate the Green Belt as a major conservation success.
MORE FROM YALE e360
New Hope for Pavlovsk Station
And Russia's Rare Plant Reserve


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92nd Street Y is where inspiration lives and exploration begins—with a diverse range of classes and programs that let everyone pursue what they love. With innovative, top-notch programs, events and concerts, plus over 4,000 classes taught by today's most talented professionals, 92Y has it all—for all ages and interests.
Events range from literary readings, concerts, lectures, single mixers, events, films, and many more.
From people who inspire a world of ideas to entertainers known the world over, find the best minds, brightest stars and most compelling issues at 92Y!
Where the written word comes to life, giving New Yorkers a literary forum unlike any other.
Learn more about the Unterberg Poetry Center
Music that puts you on the edge of your seat.
Celebrate dance through electrifying performances featuring today's masters as well as emerging new talent.
Take your passion for the performing arts even further.
Learn about the
Ceramics Program
Jewelry Center
Fine Art & Design Program
Learn about the School of Music
Learn about the Harkness Dance Center
Our state-of-the-art complex is where New Yorkers find healthy inspiration. With our 25-yard lap pool, 100 weekly classes, plus expert training and services, we make fitness fun, flexible and fresh.
Learn More
Join the Health, Fitness & Sport eNews
One of the most widely acclaimed Jewish programs in the nation. You'll find a wealth of programs designed to inform and inspire a meaningful connection to Jewish beliefs, teachings, traditions and celebrations.
Learn more about the Bronfman Center for Jewish Life
A welcoming and well-rounded resource, providing Jewish education and shared family experiences that engage children of all ages.
92Y is a special place to celebrate Jewish holidays and days of remembrance.
Where parents and children come to learn, explore, discover and celebrate through programs and shared experiences that embrace every age, and every life stage.
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text: LANSING COMMUNITY COLLEGE CURRICULUM GUIDE Tool and Die Maker Certificate of Achievement Curriculum Code: 0141 (Effective Fall 2003 - Summer 2008) This program provides technical knowledge and skills to operate machine tools used in the forming of metal components, as well as the fabrication of special tools, dies, jigs, and fixtures used in cutting, working and finishing metal components. It prepares an individual for an entry-level position. PREREQUISITES Students should see Course Descriptions or Course Offerings for course prerequisite information. See the Assessment and Placement Testing section for skills assessment and advising information. INFORMATION Contact the Manufacturing and Land Technologies Department, Gannon Vocational- Technical Center, Room 1380, telephone number (517) 483-1336. REQUIREMENTS TOTAL: 36 CREDITS CODE TITLE CREDIT HOURS CADD 110 Industrial Blueprint Reading 3 EMSA 100 First Aid and CPR 2 MACH 105 Machine Tool Survey 3 MACH 110 Machine Tool Technology I 4 MACH 111 Machine Tool Technology II 4 MACH 112 Machine Tool Technology III 4 MACH 120 Effect Use Machinery Handbook 4 MACH 135 Metallurgy and Heat Treat 4 MACH 140 Tooling Theory and Practices 4 MATH 114 Technical Math I 4 MINIMUM TOTAL 36 SUGGESTED COURSE SEQUENCE Students should see course descriptions to find out when departments plan to offer courses. Students who for any reason are unable to follow the course sequence suggested below (for example, those who are part-time, have transferred in courses from another school, or have prerequisites to fulfill) should contact an academic advisor or counselor for help with adjustments. I II III CADD 110 EMSA 100 MACH 112 MACH 105 MACH 110 MACH 140 MACH 120 MACH 111 MATH 114 MACH 135


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I forgot my DB password. How can I reset it?
The previoud employee used auto-saveed DB's password in the client tool. Unfortunately he didn't tell me what it is.
I cannot access a DB. On the console, is it possible to reset DB password? I know DBA is a username.
It happened all the time. :D
Unfortunately there is no way to reset DBA's password. Instead, you need to re-build another DB by using the current DB. It is quite nasty so I encourage you not to forget DBA's password never again.
1. If you don't know the current password,
1) Log in to the host that CUBRID is running.
2) Run a command cubrid unloaddb current_database_name to unload schema, data and indexes from the current DB. You will have 4 types of files in schema, objects, indexes, triggers.
3) Create a new DB with cubrid createdb new_database_name . You will import unloaded data and schema into a new DB.
4) open a file named "current_database_name.schema" and delete a following line.
call [find_user]('DBA') on class [db_user] to [auser];
call [set_password_encoded_sha1]('C53255317BB11707D0F614696B3CE6F221D0E2F2') on [auser]; -> DELETE!!
5) Now import schema, data, index, and triggers which were unloaded in 2) into a new DB by followin commands:
cubrid loaddb -s currnet_database_name_schema new_database_name
cubrid loaddb -d currnet_database_name_objects new_database_name
cubrid loaddb -i currnet_database_name_indexes new_database_name
cubrid loaddb -s currnet_database_name_trigger new_database_name
6) You can rename a new database name by cubrid renamedb from_db_name to_db_name if you want.
2. If you forgot CUBRID Manager admin password to log-in CM server, please refer to
3. If you want to change DB user password with ALTER USER, please refer to


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Mahi Mahi Tacos
- Rub:
- 1 tablespoon paprika
- 1 tablespoon ground cumin
- 1 tablespoon garlic powder
- 1 tablespoon onion powder
- 1 tablespoon kosher salt
- 1/4 tablespoon ground cinnamon
- 1/4 tablespoon red pepper flakes
- 1/4 tablespoon cayenne pepper
- 1/2 tablespoon dill seed
- 1/2 tablespoon ground black pepper
- 1/2 cup soy sauce
- 2 pounds fillet mahi mahi with skin
- 1/4 cup peanut oil
- Mini taco shells
- Pico de Gallo, store bought
- Chopped fresh cilantro leaves
Combine all of the dry ingredients for the rub and mix well. Set aside. Brush the soy sauce over the flesh side of the fillet. Let set in the refrigerator for 1 hour. Remove from refrigerator and brush with the oil. Sprinkle with desired amount of dry rub. Let stand for 15 minutes before grilling.
Cook the fillet with the flesh side facing the heat source. Cook until fork tender or 8 to 10 minutes or until just opaque. Cooking time will depend on how hot the heat source is. Let stand for about 5 minutes after removing from the heat. Flake the fish with a fork into a taco shell and top with Pico de Gallo. Add cilantro for garnish.
Professional Recipe: This recipe was provided by a chef, restaurant or culinary professional and makes a large quantity. The Food Network Kitchens chefs have not tested this recipe in the proportions indicated and therefore cannot make any representation as to the results.
Recipe courtesy of Epcot Catering
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Citrus Mahi Mahi Tacos
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen
Mahi Sliders
Recipe courtesy of Robert Irvine
Mahi Mahi Banh Mi (Vietnamese Sandwiches)
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen


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Sugar shacks
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Cabane à sucre HandfieldSaint-Marc-sur-Richelieu 450 584-2226 | 1 855 576-2226 aubergehandfield.com
Quality and authenticity without compromise. In maple syrup season a traditional menu is served. La Cabane opens its door from September to May for private events in unique surrounding - a rustic setting that will charm you. Four rooms with fireplaces can host up to 350 people.
Cabane à sucre l'HermineHavelock 450 826-3358 hermine.ca
Five-star family sugar shack and reception hall in the heart of a century-old maple grove. In March and April, it serves a traditional sugar season meal, with reservation. Maple products on sale year-round at the boutique. Reception service for groups of 50 or more, as well as a turnkey country-style wedding service.
Domaine LABRANCHESaint-Isidore 450 454-2045 labranche.ca
During the fall, Domaine Labranche offers a unique concept in Montérégie: The Apple Shack! Fridays nights, Saturdays and Sundays, from September 16 to October 23, come indulge your palate! A 100 % gourmet terroir menu showcasing the estate's fruit and vegetable harvests as well as other local products.
Érablière au Pain de SucreSaint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 450 346-3442 erablieredugolf.com
traditional maple grove that offers all you can eat meals with full table service. Come enjoy succulent meals during the sugar season from February to April. Our reputation has long since been established with regards to the quality of our cuisine which is prepared on site by our chef and our team.
Érablière au Sous-BoisMont-Saint-Grégoire 450 460-4069 cabaneasucre.com
Traditional all-you-can-eat menu served to your table and buffet with 14 dessert choices. Visit the animal farm, the La Sucrerie boutique and the amusement park. Catering service available.


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|Beige - the colour of cardboard boxes.
Getting home just that half hour later (after finishing Report Number 9 of 10) is enough to throw me out of kilter.
Too busy to knit. Too busy to sew.
On Monday I got home, cooked dinner and baked a cake... and then had to go out looking for FL and the dog. Instead of "walking" the dog, these days FL drives the car across the fields with the dog in hot pursuit. He parks for a little while with the radio on, to let the dog catch his breath and explore the woods, and then drives back home. Except... sometimes he falls asleep! That's what happened last night. Luckily he had kept the car lights on so I was able to find him in the dark. It's not so easy if he switches the engine off.
P.S. FL is doing really well, jaw-wise, with no pain or trouble now he is on antibiotics.
So after that little adventure there was just time for a herbal tea and some quiet reading before bed. I finished Jane Shilling's book, The Stranger in the Mirror. It was really worthwhile. So much to think about.
In the Land of Knit, I am working on my second Finnish sock. I thought about reversing the colourwork and having navy
But then I remembered my resolution about slowing down, and decided to take the opportunity to practice sewing them properly and well. So even though I know I don't want a pair of beige twill cotton shorts (soooo not glamourous!) I am doing the whole topstitching / nicely-finished thing with them.
An odd decision, which is not in the least bit photogenic.
What a shame I don't have any knit fabrics in the stash, or I would be rushing to get on to this project. I am pretty sure this is the "staple t shirt" pattern I have been looking for, after seeing Ali's and Karen's and Jane's versions.
I have 26 garments'-worth of fabric and nothing suitable for this pattern - there is something wrong somewhere!


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Political drama will be worth it if lives saved in next school shooting.
MCLEAN, Va. – History might show that Wednesday was the peak of the post-Newtown gun furor in America.
As President Obama began to introduce his proposals to boost gun control at a noontime press conference at the White House on Wednesday, gun stocks surged on Wall Street. Shares of both Smith & Wesson and Sturm Ruger leaped, a harbinger of increased sales. As the White House slammed a new NRA ad that lowered itself to bringing Obama's kids into the argument, children were trotted out on to the stage to help the president make his point about the importance of new laws to protect our country's future. And as the families of Newtown concluded the one-month anniversary of the shooting that changed their lives forever and added their little New England town to the lexicon of mass violence in America, both sides of the gun debate dug in for what will now be a classic Congressional stage grab.
That the nation's demands for action in the hours and days after Sandy Hook would soon sink into the Capitol Hill mire was inevitable. The only question was how soon. Obama crafted his speech for maximum rhetoric, but his proposals were prepared to get as many achieved as possible, thanks to executive orders. He's done his part. Congress will now do its part, with the ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines the biggest prize. The debate will go on, though soon the pressing issues of fiscal control and immigration will begin to take up some of the headlines. Even as the Obama press conference was ending, attention in news rooms was turning to the hostage situation in Algeria.
The divide over guns in America is one of the great modern social and political fissures that our country has never been able to close, like the gaps over abortion or the size of government. For every major event such as Newtown, which temporarily brings us together, there are scores of smaller cracks along the political landscape breaking out over debt, class, education and lifestyle, among others. Sometimes we're able to solve the smaller ones or society evolves in one direction. The larger ones remain at the core of our divide, a badge of honor or dishonor, depending how you view it, but ultimately the price we pay for our cherished and hard-fought freedom.
It will be interesting to see when we look back on this year come December, whether the gun debate maintained its momentum. Or whether if faded as so many big news events do in a 24-hour news cycle and mobile/tablet world. Remember the Arab Spring? The media shares in the blame for this phenomenon, though we are simply reflecting a shortening of attention spans everywhere.
My own sense is that the period of shock and mourning has now given way to a period of anger and political battle, and that we should have a pretty good idea within a month how successful Obama and Vice President Biden were in the first real social test of their second term. The delivery of the proposals was calculated so that progress in ways we can all measure, in terms of mental health, school security and improved record keeping and background checks, will be achieved. But the big push for restoration and improvement of an assault weapons ban is by no means certain.
And the ultimate proof will come the next time there is a mass shooting incident at a school. If any of these efforts can help limit it, prevent it, or even delay the inevitable, the drama of the political battle will have been worth it.
David Callaway is Editor-in-Chief of USA TODAY. His opinions are his own and do not reflect the views of the editorial page of USA TODAY.
In addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including our Board of Contributors.


text: Our pool Basketball game set will provide your family with hours of family fun. The support legs come standard in stainless steel and can be upgraded to one of 5 designer powder coat colors. Pair this game set with a diving board or water slide for the ultimate sport pool experience!


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Xerox Printer Supplies, Laser Toner Cartridges for Xerox Phaser 6500
The Xerox Phaser 6500 laser toner cartridges from LD Products are professionally manufactured compatible laser cartridges that are guaranteed to meet or exceed the print quality of the OEM Xerox Phaser 6500 laser toner cartridges. Purchasing our Xerox Phaser 6500 cartridges is an excellent way to save money without sacrificing quality. Our Xerox Phaser 6500 laser toner cartridges have a 'Two Year 100% Quality Satisfaction' Guarantee. The use of our compatible laser toner cartridges for the Xerox Phaser 6500 does not void your printer's warranty. OEM Laser Toner Cartridges are also available for your Xerox Phaser 6500 printer. More


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DKM, did you bake the thin crust on the middle shelf or the lowest shelf in the oven?Randy
Well I tried the Pizza Inn Style Thincrust! My first attempt looked way way way to dry to ever even get rolled out so I made a second batch with a few modifications to the recipe(I will include the recipe after I test it a time or two). The first batch was just as I suspected very dryalmost exactly the thincrust that I was looking for.
Is there a practical limit of how much you can put on the thin crust in the way of toppings?


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Gown: Zoe
Date of wedding: January 15, 2011
Hot tip: Be really organised and delegate. That way you'll minimise stress on the day. Also, take a couple of minutes with your husband to sit back and just look at everyone enjoying themselves at the reception. It's an amazing sight!
What they loved: It was really unique and just perfect for my personality!
Husband: Stephen


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LONDON – With two strong wins already under their belt versus Great Britain and Japan, the U.S. Paralympic Wheelchair Rugby Team took another step forward Friday evening in their quest to defend their gold medal from the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. The team moves to a 3-0 record with a masterful 70-44 win over France.
The American starting line-up featured all first-time Paralympians, though the squad is rich in experience. Rookies Joe Delagrave (Chandler, Ariz.), Chad Cohn (Tucson, Ariz.), Chuck Aoki (Minneapolis, Minn.) and Derrick Helton (Tucson, Ariz.) jumped out to a quick 5-1 lead. While the French scored steadily, the gap opened to 12-5 with 4:17 in the first.
Illustrating the depth of this team, U.S. coach James Gumbert made a complete line change at 3:53 in the first bringing in Nick Springer (Phoenix, Ariz.), captain Will Groulx (Clarksville, Tenn.), Seth McBride (Juneau, Alaska) and Andy Cohn (San Diego, Calif.).
"People ask us all the time who our dominant player is," said Coach Gumbert. "We don't have a dominant player, we have 12 dominant players."
With a score of 21-9, the first period ended with the French looking for a way to halt the progress of the tough American squad.
An energetic fan base ushered in the second period as the U.S. continued to force multiple turnovers with a balanced offensive and defensive strategy. At 1:49 left in the second, the French came within 11 after Helton's trip to the penalty box. But the French could not close the wide margin any further as the first half of play came to a close. The U.S. confidently left the floor with a comfortable 34-21 lead.
Aoki once again led the scoring in the first half with 10.
The beginning of the third period was once again dominated by the Americans, who were up by 16 at 5:37 and continued to dictate the tempo of the game throughout the period. Outscoring the French 21-12 in the third, the score at the end of the period was 55-33.
Much of the same marked the fourth period of play as the French continued to struggle with the ever-widening score. With every American player contributing to this win, the 70-44 final score is the widest margin of victory thus far at these Games for Team USA. Top scorers for Team USA were Chance Sumner (Colorado Springs, Colo.) with 11, and Aoki and Groulx contributing 10 each.
Tonight's win advances the U.S. to the semi-finals where they will face rival Canada who advanced after narrowly beating Sweden 53-52 earlier on Friday. When asked if the U.S. is ready for their storied opponent, Coach Gumbert simply replied "This is not a game that will require a pep talk."
Semi-finals for wheelchair rugby will take place on Saturday with the medal rounds on Sunday afternoon in London.


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CHICAGO – The issue of gender identity, especially for those who are born with a vagueness as to what to call themselves between/beyond boy and girl, has come front and center in the U.S., both with the legalization of gay marriage and the callous repudiation of identity by trying to pass laws dismissing it (the North Carolina "bathroom" laws). The performance companies of The Living Canvas and Nothing Without a Company is currently staging "[Trans]formation," which presents gender identity art by six performers, who perform most of the play in the nude.
Ringo Starr
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School lunch recipes using nonfat dry milk.
Date: April 1948
Creator: United States. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics.
Description: A collection of quantity recipes for school lunches using nonfat dry milk. Includes general directions for handling dried milk during the preparation stages.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


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Looks like you're going to have a summer of fun! Nice looking pies. How have you cooked at once, so far? I know that is one thing that can be challenging, is juggling multiple pies in the oven at once. I know was a definite learning curve for me when I worked at WFO place.
I would like to get down to about 90 seconds. Currently I'm looking at 2-3 minuttes, which is OK, since I'm used to 5-6 minuttes in my ceramic grill.But it would be really interesting to do 2 at a time with 90 seconds bake time, I bet that would be a challenge for me right now
What kind of ceramic grill do you have? Is it an egg or kamoda style?


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Hi Bellas,
I'm back with another post. Recently, I did makeup for a client's engagement pictures. She wanted something neutral and great for a city shoot.
Click here for more!
My client actually found me after searching the web and found that I had done makeup for Asian Clients before. She wanted someone who could work with her features and I was happy to oblige. We decided to stick with a metallic color palette because we knew it would go with her two different outfits.
Here's What We Used:
Temptu SB #6 Airbrush Foundation
MAC Invisible Set Pro Powder
MAC Shadester Sculpting Powder
Pinky Brown blush from MAC
MAC Bare Canvas Paint
MAC Woodwinked, Shroom, Soft Brown, and Brown Down Shadows
#747s lashes
Covergirl Lashblast Mascara
Revlon Colorstay liquid liner in blackest black
Beurre lip pencil
MAC Clear lipglass
The look ended up being super natural and polished but with a pop to her eyes. Till next time, Ciao Bellas!
FTC Disclosure: Post not sponsored.
Atlanta Makeup Artist
Atlanta Photographer
Friday, April 29, 2011
Natural Makeup for Engagement Pictures
Posted by MakeupByRenRen at 9:38 AM
5 comments:
- Trina J Makeup said...
Great natural look!
- April 29, 2011 at 3:34 PM
- Delyteful Speaks said...
I really wanna get my hands on woodwinked.. It's such a pretty colour!
Lovely blog hun.. I'm following ;)
- April 30, 2011 at 2:24 AM
- Kulchicbeauty said...
Really gorgeaus natural look Ren i love this
- April 30, 2011 at 2:57 AM
- Miss Katatny said...
gorgeous blog! keep up the good work!
would love your support for mine!
- May 1, 2011 at 5:18 AM
- JennyNiemann said...
Very pretty look! Woodwinked has to be my all time go to shadow, love it!
- May 2, 2011 at 1:02 PM
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LOS ANGELES — Sometimes, the smallest notion creates magic.
The 1973 animated special A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving was based on a "very simple idea," said the producer, Lee Mendelson.
Charles M. Schulz, the creator of the beloved Peanuts comic strip, said: "I wonder what it would be like if kids did Thanksgiving dinner and the chaos that would ensue. That is what it is all about."
A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving premiered Nov. 20, 1973, on CBS and has been a staple on television ever since. (The animated specials moved to ABC in 2001.)
Last year, the special drew its largest audience in four years.
The Charlie Brown specials, which began with A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965, endure because they "resonate with viewers," said Mark Bracco, vice president of alternative series and specials for ABC.
In an email interview, he noted: "The kids who watched them a generation ago are now watching them with their own kids. Today's parents have made the Charlie Brown specials a part of their own holiday traditions."
A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving is back for Turkey Day paired with a bonus cartoon from the 1988 special This Is America, Charlie Brown: The Mayflower Voyagers, which finds Charlie Brown, Snoopy and the gang experiencing the first Thanksgiving.
Warner Home Video has also released a 40th-anniversary DVD of the restored special, for which Schulz won an Emmy for outstanding individual achievement in writing.
One of the high points of the special occurs when Snoopy battles a pesky lawn chair while setting up the Thanksgiving table in the backyard. That scene, Mendelson said, offers a Schulz tribute to the frenetic slapstick gags in Walt Disney's early animated shorts.
"Bill Littlejohn was an amazing animator," said animation historian Charles Solomon, author of The Art and Making of Peanuts Animation.
"By this time, they realized that the show should include some adventures with Snoopy — he had become the most popular character in the strip," Solomon said.
Lucy appears only in the opening, when she persuades Charlie Brown against his better judgment to kick the football.
"It's a Thanksgiving tradition," she tells him.
Of course, in typical Lucy style, she gets the last laugh.
Peppermint Patty, the outspoken tomboy Schulz introduced in the strip in 1966, takes front and center in the special as a delectable comic foil for Charlie Brown. Schulz, said Mendelson, "would bring in different characters at different times so there was some freshness to it."
"He kind of fell in love with her," Mendelson noted. "She wore sandals and was against normal conventions. She was always one of my favorite characters because you never know what she is going to say."