text: The principle of pre‐cooling for demand shifting and shedding is to pre‐cool buildings during off‐peak hours (at night or in the morning), cooling the building thermal mass and thereby reducing cooling loads during the peak hours. Savings are achieved by reducing on‐peak energy and demand charges. The potential for utilizing building thermal mass for load shifting and peak demand reduction has been demonstrated in a number of simulation, laboratory, and field studies.


text:
Identifying the top defensive centers in the NHL
Offensive players generally get all of the attention but defensive players are often just as valuable to a team. Ask any NHL fan who the top offensive centers in the league are and they will quickly ramble off a few names from Crosby to Stamkos to Getzlaf to Malkin, etc. Ask a fan to list the top defensive centers and the task becomes a little more difficult. So, I decided to look into defensive centers a little further. What makes a valuable defensive center? Well, they should play against tough competition, they should give up fewer goals than expected, and» Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Qualifying for these six spots was a multi-step process that started with the VISA Championships in Boston, June 5-7, where 13 athletes were named to the U.S. national team. These 13 qualified for 2008 Olympic Trials, June 19-22 in Philadelphia, while six others were invited to participate. Shawn Johnson and Nastia Liukin finished 1-2 at Trials, earning them automatic berths to the Olympic team.
The remaining four athletes were chosen at the Olympic Team Final Selection Camp in Houston, July 16-20.
On a team so rich with talent, just trying to make the Olympic team could have seemed harder than winning gold in Beijing.
"Our biggest competition is ourselves," said reigning all-around world champion Shawn Johnson, 16, who defended her U.S. all-around title at the VISA Championships in Boston on June 7, then finished first at Trials later in June. "The USA team is going to be the strongest out there. Knowing that your biggest competition is your best friend, it's going to make qualifying so exciting."
"Exciting" might be putting it politely. Close behind Johnson and Liukin were veterans Alicia Sacramone, 20, with her collection of seven world championship medals — three of those medals from the vault and two from her floor routine — and Chellsie Memmel, 19, a clutch performer at 2003 Worlds where she was the third alternate, but stepped in after illness and injuries side-lined three of her teammates. She was key in the U.S. team winning gold that year by scoring the highest all-around marks for any U.S. woman during team finals. She also tied for gold in the uneven bars.
At the 2005 World Championships, Memmel became the third U.S. woman in history to win the all-around title, and the first since Shannon Miller won it in 1994. Hounded by injuries since 2006 — to her shoulder, ankle, and foot — Memmel has fought back with the one goal of making the Olympic team (she was an alternate in 2004 and was never even allowed to set foot in the athlete village). She achieved her goal on Saturday, July 19.
"I could have easily been done after 2005 Worlds," she said at the VISA Championships. "That was a great year for me. But I still want to be on an Olympic team."
She took the silver in uneven bars and finished third in the all-around at the VISA Championships, and was third in the all-around at Trials.
Of note, these are the first Olympic Games (and qualifiers) to use the new scoring system, which the International Gymnastics Federation first implemented in 2006. The new system incorporates credit for a routine's difficulty and execution, and a gymnast's score is no longer limited to a maximum of 10 points. Gymnasts, like Liukin, credit the new system with pushing them to develop more difficult routines. Liukin's uneven bar routine has one of the highest difficulty scores (7.7) of any performed by the women.
With such talent and such high stakes — as defending world champions, the U.S. team is highly favored to win team gold in Beijing — it would seem that the VISA Championships, Olympic Trials, and Olympic Selection Camp could have gotten ugly. Surprisingly, most of the athletes don't see it this way.
Memmel said qualifying and competing at the Olympics are "two different kinds of competition." To make the team was an individual endeavor; they were "competing against each other and fighting against each other to make the Olympic team," she said.
"When we go [to Beijing], we'll be competing as the team to beat," she added.
Is it a hard mindset to change? "No," she replied. Even though they were competing against each other during selection, they were still a team.
"We know each other, we're friends," she said. "We've been together at camps. It's not a hard transition because we're friends."
Liukin and Johnson agree that they can put their rivalry behind them off the competition floor. But while she's competing, Liukin said she focuses on performing her routines flawlessly, not on what's going on around her.
En route to her overall silver medal at the VISA Championships, she put a fall in the floor exercise behind her and scored over 17 points in uneven bars — a score that was one of her primary goals — in both the preliminaries on June 5 and the finals on June 7 and earned gold in the discipline. "I just go out there and do my job and do my routines the best way that I can and strive for perfection," Liukin said.
Liukin will compete in Beijing two decades after her father, Valery, competed in the Seoul Olympics. In 1988, he won two gold and two silver medals competing for the Soviet Union in gymnastics.
"[The 2008 Olympics] are going to be special to me and my dad," said Liukin, who is coached by her father. "It's been 20 years since he competed. To go back there together will be really cool."
Valery says it will be "100 times more difficult" to watch his daughter at the Olympics than it was to compete himself. "It's very difficult for the coaches to stand there and not be able to do anything," he says. "You're just helpless. We just say, 'It's OK, honey, move on."
Although more than 20 women have competed in the Olympic qualifying events leading up to the Final Selection Camp, all sharing a goal that only six can meet, Samantha Peszek pointed out that the qualifying process wasn't as pressure-filled as it might have appeared.
"They gave us a couple opportunities to see how we do," she said, referring to the VISA Championships, Trials, and the Final Selection Camp. "So they gave us more chances to shine."
Peszek finished fourth overall at the VISA Championships and at Trials.
"Every girl here could do a good job at the Olympics for us," Peszek said in June. "I'm sure the selection committee will make the right decision. I'm really confident that they'll choose the team that will bring us home gold."
On Saturday, July 19, the selection committee did make its decision. The six women going to Beijing are Johnson, Liukin, Memmel, Peszek, Sacramone, and Bridget Sloan.
Peggy Shinn is a freelance contributor for teamusa.org. This story was not subject to the approval of the United States Olympic Committee or any National Governing Bodies.


text: LANSING COMMUNITY COLLEGE CURRICULAR GUIDE Airbrush Illustration Certificate of Achievement Curriculum Code: 0858 (Effective Fall 2000 - Summer 2005) This certificate program consists of practical hands-on courses that provide students with the technical knowledge and skills needed to create airbrush artwork on a variety of surfaces and materials. Students are prepared for an entry-level position in fields such as automotive customization, sign painting, photo retouching, nail design, and the fashion industry. PREREQUISITES Students should see the "Course Descriptions" section of this catalog or the Class Schedule for course prerequisite information. Basic skills assessment and advising information may be found on page 8 of this catalog. INFORMATION Contact the Art, Design and Multimedia Program, Academic and Office Facility, Room 314, telephone number (517) 483-1476. REQUIREMENTS TOTAL: 24 CREDITS CODE TITLE CREDIT HOURS ARTS 102 2-Dimensional Design 3 ARTS 131 Drawing I 3 ARTS 132 Life Drawing 3 ARTS 137 Perspective Drawing 2 ARTS 195 Employ/Busn Issues for Artists 1 ARTS 221 Airbrush Techniques I 4 ARTS 222 Airbrush Techniques II 4 ARTS 224 Automotive Airbrush Techniques 4 LIMITED CHOICE REQUIREMENTS TOTAL: 9-10 CREDITS Complete the indicated number of credits from each CHOICE listed below. CHOICE 1: Related Art Courses ARTS 162 Typography 3 ARTS 200 Painting I 4 ARTS 213 Illustration Fundamentals 3 ARTS 216 Humorous Illustration I 3 MINIMUM TOTAL 33 SUGGESTED COURSE SEQUENCE Students should see course descriptions to find out when departments plan to offer courses. Students who for any reason are unable to follow the course sequence suggested below (for example, those who are part-time, have transferred in courses from another school, or have prerequisites to fulfill) should contact an academic advisor or counselor for help with adjustments. I II III ARTS 102 ARTS 132 ARTS 195 ARTS 131 ARTS 137 ARTS 224 ARTS 221 ARTS 222 Lim.Ch. Lim.Ch. Lim.Ch.


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Money offered
To the Journal editor:
At some time in February or early March, someone decided to add some lettering to the side of my bright red semi-trailer parked at a customer's location in west Ishpeming.
Now I could go on and on about the mindless doings of modern youth, or how there is less and less respect for others private property. I might even ramble about how personal responsibility seems to be getting irradiated from society. But, I won't.
Instead I offer a challenge to the person(s)responsible.
Self expression is to be encouraged when presented in a meaningful, non-degrading way. Graphic artists and sign painters get paid large royalties for their designs. Noticing that you did not totally wipe-out the expensive paint job on my trailer shows self-control. The style of your work shows great potential.
My challenge to you is this: Design a logo for my company. Apply your logo/graphic to the sides of my trailer. I will compensate you for your efforts. This is a one-time offer and will not be repeated. Let me know. I'm easy to find.
Justin Yelle


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Size50 m²
Floor No.1
- Family/child friendly
- Kitchen
- Air conditioning
- Washer/dryer
- Towels
- Internet/WiFi
Accommodation summary
|W 21st Street, 10011 New York, United States
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|< 50%
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This apartment is in the heart of Chelsea!
USAsuite residences are not hotels. USAsuite does not supply daily housekeeping services and other amenities commonly expected during a hotel stay. The USAsuite residences do not comply with the same fire safety and building code requirements as a hotel. Contact membership services for any customer service or maintenance issues - there is not a front desk or membership staff at any of the residences
House rules-Security deposit due at check-in time. This is a credit card authorization, which is a hold , not an actual charge.
-The keys are picked up at the office near the apartment.
Cleaning service fee included in the total nightly price.
|Monthly rate for up to 4 guests
|3952 €
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews for this host's other properties
We found the apartment small, yet cozy and clean but unfortunately something dark and cold. The apartment has been very thin but for a week it was ok.
Wir fanden die Wohnung klein, trotzdem gemütlich und sauber aber leider etwas dunkel und kalt. Die Wohnung ist sehr hellhörig gewesen aber für eine Woche war es ok.
The apartment as described on the Wimdu site looked the same as the advertised picture on arrival in terms of decor, however you would not describe it as either "stunning" or 'newly renovated". There was plenty of clean linen however the cleaning was fairly basic, two of the main living area's light fittings were held together with gaffer tape and paper, 2 light globes were out [these were replaced at our request and the toilet cistern constantly played up. The main bedroom had no hanging space, the cupboard had 4 narrow shelves. Our suitcases had to be kept in the living area as there wasnt enough floor space in the bedroom. The location was described as" Brand new Midtown 3Bed 2Bath" onWest30th and 9th -this was the rental I had selected and put a deposit on I assumed, however the apartment was located onWest29th and 9th. I had emailed the host to query the different address and to check on the beds/baths but as it had the same 8253 on the Wimdu site ,I assumed it would be ok. I had communicated to the host that we were staying there for my daughter's wedding. So, it was on the top floor of 3, situated over a noisy bar and opposite the US mail sorting building which went all night, the trucks ran all night as well as trucks running to the Lincoln Tunnel so we all bought earplugs to block out the noise in order to sleep at night. The airconditioners thankfully worked and their noise helped blockout the traffic noise and heat . The apartment's entrance had a double door which helped with security as the ground floor bar was a regula rgathering place for drunks and the homeless At ground level inside the apartment block the garbage was piled high for the first week and really stank. The apartment was described as having "elevator and laundry on premises" This wasnt the case it was a 3 floor walkup. This was especially annoying as I had booked this apartment over others because of this feature. When we arrived on Sunday night after a very long flight from Australia the booking office closed soon after we collected the keys and then we still had to make our way to the apartment..There was no welcoming letter or message from the host in the apartment, no instructions re working of TV etc. The place needs work the windows need cleaning as does under the beds . The light on the outside landing didnt work so the steep stairs werent lit either. Also more to the point no one was there to go over the state of the flat as we took possession. These guys had my $500 holding deposit -what if there was a dispute over the state of the apartment? At the end of our stay I waited for the inspector to show up, she was very nice. We wanted to make sure there would be no issues with the apartment. We found out that the previous tenants had trashed the place, obviously the flat had been given a quick fix ie taped up light fittings! Wimdu needs to do a more thorough "quality check" Lastly the host Reuven emailed "if you have a late flight you are welcome to leave your luggage in our office and pick it up later" He does not mention that it will cost $5 per bag to do so
I was also quite surprised to find that the ENTIRE amount $6878 was deducted from my credit card on the day I made the booking in April even though we were not arriving until September. We travel overseas regularly and have never had a bad experience until now. We will not be using Wimdu ever again and will advise everyone else against it. Our business friend who books with Wimdu for airline staff recommended the site to us was equally disappointed.
It seems the only recourse to poor service is a bad review
The transaction took place so perfect and very professional. Answer all questions. Good organization to recover and leave the keys. The apartment has kept its promises. Small but well located, well equipped and clean.
La transaction s'est déroulée de façon parfaite et très professionnelle. Réponse à toutes les questions. Bonne organisation pour récupérer et laisser les clefs.
L'appartement a tenu ses promesses. Tout petit, mais bien situé, très bien équipé et propre.
All are well. Good location.
Soweit alles in Ordnung. Gute Lage.
The appartment is simple but ok.
But sleeping is a nightmare. Or better, you won't have a nightmare since you do not sleep. The windows of the sleeping rooms (street side) are so badly isolated that you experience the very noisy street as if yr bed was on the street !
I cannot recommend this place.
HI DAVID yOU APARTMENT WAS OKAY BUT NOT SUITABLE FOR 7 PEOPLE. Too tight. WE ALSO HAD TO 3 TIMES TO CALL FOR ADDITIONAL SHEETS. BUT WE HAD FOR 6 PERSONS.
jE APPARTEMENT WAS OKE MAAR NIET GESCHIKT VOOR 7 PERSONEN.
This was our first time using Wimdu and it was a good experience. The apartment was as described and was in an excellent location for our first visit to NYC. There are lots of great wine bars and restaurants close by, as well as a convenient location for seeing the sights. Our only comments would be that it is noisy at night as 53rd is a busy street and the bedrooms are on street side. Also it is quite dark, so maybe some stronger or extra lighting would be good. We also felt a slight inconvenience having to collect the key from Grand Central.
I've rented this apartment for my mom, three aunts and me. They needed a place with an elevator and two bathrooms! We found this property perfect for us and it really did fit us very well.
I stayed in the lving room and slept in a sofa bed tha t was OK. For someone with back problems, maybe it woudn't be nice.
The mais bedroom is great! It has a great king bed, plenty of space, Tv, lots of places to put our luggage and clothes.
But the second bedroom is really for a couple or someone alone. The bed is small, and it doen't have much space for two people that are not a couple.
Besides that, bathrooms are OK, kitchen is great but lacks somethings like frying pan or a board to cut things. We had to buy that because we wanted to cook.
It was a nice apt, in a nice building in a great street, close to everything, but really quiet!
I'd definetely recommend to my friends!
My experience with this host was perfect. Everything happened as agreed. The accommodation matched the photos on the site, were clean and with everything we needed for our stay. We have no complaints.
Minha experiência com este anfitrião foi perfeita. Tudo ocorreu conforme o combinado. As acomodações condiziam com as fotos do site, encontravam-se limpas e com tudo o que precisávamos para a estadia. Não temos do que reclamar.
We were happy to share this appartment well-located in Manhattan. We can visit most of touristic place by walk. The metro station is 2 minutes walk from the place. Only we couldn't put the air conditionning on during the night because the system was too noisy. There were 2 bedrooms confortable with all the necessary and the appartment was clean.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
The Best of Kass
Among his posts this past week, Kass discussed how to trade what has become a random and inconsistent market.
Please click here for information about subscribing to RealMoney Pro.
Learning to Live With Volatility and Disorder
Originally published on Friday, April 19 at 8:18 a.m. EDT.
One day, the sardines disappear from their traditional habitat off the Monterey, Calif., shores, the commodity traders bid the price of sardines up, and prices soar. Then, along comes a buyer who decides that he wants to treat himself to an expensive meal and actually opens up a can and starts eating. He immediately gets ill and tells the seller that the sardines were no good. The seller quickly responds, "You don't understand. These are not eating sardines; they are trading sardines!"
-- Seth Klarman, Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor
The market that has no memory from day to day has demonstrated an inconsistent and almost random pattern over the past few weeks, and I suspect this will continue to be the investment backdrop over the next several months.
Maybe longer.
Yesterday I mentioned the role of time frames in my trading -- as an example, one can cover short hedges (as I did recently) while maintaining a negative market view (as I do). In essence, this is not inconsistent with my view, and it is not necessarily a contradiction, as I am gaming the volatility. ( Time frames will be the subject of my opener on Monday. I hope it will clarify my tactical approach to trading.)
Last spring I was speaking to the legendary Ira Harris (one of the most influential Wall Streeters over the last 40 years; back in the day, he ran Salomon Brothers' Chicago office), who mentioned that he could not remember a time during his investment career when there was so much uncertainty as there is now.
Ira's fears of uncertainty represent the reality of the times today. Human beings fear that which they do not know -- be it economic, social, political, geopolitical or even environmental (especially of a climate kind).
The market's wild swings over the past two weeks are the most recent reminder of the world's fragility and the general lack of certainty -- it is a world far different than when my Grandma Koufax was investing years ago.
As I tweeted and wrote in my diary yesterday, the only thing I am certain of is the lack of certainty these days!
An important contributing factor to the market's volatility and disorder is the more frequent emergence of black swans.


text:
The Real Role of Social Media
March 21, 2013
Author Joseph Jaffe outlined what he believes to be the real role of social media and how it fits with the physical, virtual, and digital worlds.
Members Only Content
This content is available to ANA Members only. Please login below or create an account.
You may already be a member. Find out if your company is already an ANA member.


text:
Contact Us Today
Forty nine years after we started Oakwood Game Farm, we're still a family-owned business, and we are proud and grateful to be one of the largest game bird propagation facilities in the United States. Read about a typical hatch day or if interested in raising pheasants, see Raising Tips.
Oakwood Game Farm is located on 100 acres of land in Central Minnesota. We maintain a large breeding stock to ensure a plentiful, continuous supply of game birds including pheasant and chukar partridge. You'll enjoy the birds as much as we enjoyed raising them.
After 49 years of hatching and raising game birds, we have gone through some ups and downs, some great successes and some not so great. However, through all these times we have learned a lot about game birds and consider ourselves experts in the fields of raising and shipping our birds. Let us share this expertise with you when you buy birds from us and feel confident that you will raise quality birds with our support.
Make sure to visit our Tips-for-Raising page for helpful information on how to start and maintain your birds and learn more about predator protection for your birds with Nite Guard Solar. If you do not find your answer there, call us at 1-800-328-6647 and speak with one of our experts.


text:
Without Immigration Reform, a Poorer, Stupider America
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- You may be wondering why Republicans and Democrats are coming together on immigration policy at a time when the U.S. economy is in flux and the labor situation shows little sign of meaningful improvement.
A bipartisan group of U.S. senators and President Barack Obama emerged earlier this week with plans to expedite the path to citizenship for the 11.5 million undocumented immigrants who have been living in the country.
"Remember that this is not just a debate about policy. It's about people. It's about men and women and young people who want nothing more than the chance to earn their way into the American story," Obama said Tuesday.
Maybe so, but various economists, sociologists and political analysts can agree that it's a policy issue that may have lasting effects on the economy.
The approaching debate about immigration reform is a massive container for broad-ranging issues, such as education of a rapidly growing group of America's youth, economic mobility, fairer labor competition, investments abroad and political opinions in Massachusetts and South Carolina.
The Path to Citizenship
At the top of the list for the Senate and President Obama is an easier path to citizenship for the millions of undocumented immigrants who currently live in the United States.
The Senate has proposed that the country beef up its border security and allow illegal immigrants to gain "probationary legal status." Once security requirements have been met, those immigrants with probationary legal status would then be allowed to apply for permanent residency after they learn civics, English and verify employment history.
The president is less focused on the need to beef up security measures as a step toward citizenship. Instead, he would allow "provisional legal status" for those undocumented people who pass a background check. Those who receive provisional legal status could then step in line for permanent residency and apply for citizenship five years after attaining permanent residency.
What About the Children?
"The fact that it does have bipartisan aspects to it this week is positive that there is Senate leadership on the Republican side that is willing to support this fundamental notion of a pathway to citizenship," said Hirokazu Yoshikawa, academic dean at the Harvard Graudate School of Education and author of Immigrants Raising Citizens . "My own work suggests being excluded from that pathway has consequences for the learning of the next generation of America's children."
About one in three children born in the United States of immigrant parents has at least one father or mother who lives here illegally. In other words, there are many immigrant-born citizens who have one or both parents who live here without citizenship and without documentation.
These kids, of course, can attend American schools and receive public education, but the hurdles many of them face begin at home.


text:
According to a proclamation signed by local leaders, April is officially Union College Service Month.
On Monday, March 25, Barbourville Mayor David Thompson and Knox County Judge-Executive J.M. Hall joined Union College President Marcia Hawkins in signing the proclamation, which serves to acknowledge the college's 134-year history of service to the area.
The document also recognizes the partnership among the city, county and college to fulfill service needs in Knox County. The most recent partnership is called "Project Green Light," which is a Union College initiative to provide energy efficient light bulbs to needy residents. Bulbs will be distributed on April 20, when the college will host a conservation fair. The public is invited to attend; details will be announced at a later date.
"Repair Affair" is another upcoming event that illustrates successful teamwork among college and community. The annual event, now in its 16th year, brings volunteers together to repair homes in Knox County. This year's "Repair Affair," organized by Union's Common Partners, is April 6.


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Reports of the political compromise that extended the payroll tax holiday and federal unemployment benefits place my Republican congressional representative, Tom Reed, among the negotiators. Last year, he was among those willing to shut the government down rather than comrpomise his conservative, deficit-busting principles.
The tune has apparently changed. Even with recent improvements in the employment rate, Mr. Reed apparently agrees with the president that it's a bad time to eliminate the extended benefits and raise payroll taxes to their previous levels. Bad for whom? Certainly, that's a mix of legitimate concern for the state of the union and the prospects for reelection.
Ultimately, as Mr. Reed runs for reelection on a deficit-reduction platform, his opponent will remind us of this compromise that did not reduce the deficit. Is the Tea Party winding down?
Well, could be worse. Could be contraceptives.


text:
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30 Key Fancy Baby Grand Piano in White by Schoenhut
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Scroll down the page and click the Next button.
Complete the My Account Login Preferences and My Contact Information sections.
Click the Next button located at the bottom of the page.
Click the search vacancies link.
Find the Select Agency list box. Scroll down and select DEP-Environmental Protection.
Scroll down the page and click the Search button.
Type your e-mail address and password then click the Let's Go! button within the Returning Users section.
Congratulations! Now what should you do? Here are a few
of the things that need to be taken care of to ensure your
employment with the Department of Environmental Protection
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Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
versão On-line ISSN 2411-9717
versão impressa ISSN 0038-223X
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.112 no.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2012
Alternative dissolution of zircon samples and simultaneous analysis of major and trace components
S.J. LötterI; W. PurcelllI; J.T. NelII; E. SnydersII
IDepartment of Chemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
IIThe South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Ltd. (Necsa), Pretoria, South Africa
Analysis of the major and minor components of raw zircon as well as plasma-dissociated zircon was undertaken using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Microwave-assisted acid extraction as well as flux fusion using lithium tetraborate were investigated as digestion methods. Microwave-assisted acid extraction samples were analysed with matrix-matched standards. The most successful microwave-assisted acid extractions yielded 44.3(1), 49.75(7), 78.3(3) and 90.0(7) per cent recovery for Zr, Hf, Al, and Fe respectively using sulphuric acid. In no instance was acid extraction capable of complete digestion of the sample matrix. A standard addition method was applied to the flux-fusion samples due to the high complexity of the sample matrix. Method validation for the flux fusion procedure was performed using the SARM 62 certified reference material (CRM) with acceptable recovery ranges being based on the 95 per cent confidence intervals of the CRM. Successful analyses were achieved for Zr, Hf, and Ti with apparent content of 66(6), 1.7(1) and 0.15(1) per cent respectively.
Keywords: zircon, zirconium, ICP-OES, analysis, quantification, nuclear grade.
Zirconium alloys are extensively used in the nuclear industry as cladding material for nuclear fuel, mainly due to their high mechanical strength, resistance to corrosion at high temperatures, and its low thermal neutron capture cross-section of 0.18 barns. Other uses of zirconium metal include catalysis, optical glasses, ceramics, metallurgical furnaces, surgical appliances, and explosive primers. The element occurs widely in the lithosphere (0.02 per cent), with approximately 0.026 µg/l in sea water and 130 mg/kg within the Earth's crust1, and is present in more than 140 recognized mineral species including kosnarite, zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2)2. The latter was historically the main feedstock for Zr, but this mineral is virtually unobtainable and is currently produced by only one mine in Russia. The depletion of this natural source of Zr forced the industry to shift to zircon, with a ZrO2 content of approximately 64 per cent, as main source of zirconium. The development of the Richards Bay beach sands operation in the late 1970s, startup of the Namakwa Sands mine in 1995, and the commencement of operations by Ticor in 2001, shifted global zircon production heavily towards South Africa as a major worldwide zircon producer. Currently South Africa and Australia account for approximately 66 per cent of total supply, with Indonesia and the USA accounting for much of the rest.
Zircon (ZrSiO4), however, is notorious for its chemical inertness and can be dissolved only by using drastic chemical and physical procedures. These processes include fusion with carbon in a transfered-arc plasma furnace at 2 000ºC3, carbochlorination at elevated temperatures4, zircon cracking with alkalis at 600ºC and higher5, as well as wet chemical treatment with HF6. A novel process to overcome problems with the refining of zircon such as re-contamination and large waste volumes was developed by Necsa with the introduction of a thermal non-transfered-arc plasma process followed by HF treatment7. It is believed that the zircon is melted at the high temperature of the plasma and subsequently moves to a sequencing zone which solidifies the ZrO2 as sub-micrometre monoclinic crystallites in an amorphous SiO2 glass. Research indicates that the microstructure of plasma-dissociated zircon (PDZ, indicated as ZrO2.SiO2) is greatly influenced by cooling rate after melting8,9,10.
This PDZ is much more reactive, and more easily purified and the converse to different salts using chemical techniques7. Results also indicated that the plasma treatment of the zircon changed its physical properties, but not its chemical composition. Analysis of both zircon and PDZ by X-ray flourescence (XRF) indicated an identical chemical composition of the zircon before and after treatment with the plasma, for 11 elements that were analysed11.
Increasing demand for high-purity zirconia (99.9 per cent ZrO2 or better) particularly for use in the production of partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ) ceramics, for various electronic applications, as well for use in the nuclear industry necessitates the quantification of these impurities at partsper-billion (ppb) scale. Hafnium is the main impurity present in most zircon deposits at levels ranging between 1 and 3 per cent12. Some grades of zircon also contain up to 0.10 per cent TiO2 and 0.05 per cent Fe2O3, and impurities limit its hightemperature applications13. Successful separation processes for Zr and Hf include liquid-liquid separation using methyl isobutyl ketone/NH4SCN14 or tributyl phosphate15, selective crystallization of K2ZrF6 and K2HfF616, anion exchange with Aliquot 336 and toluene17, and sublimation of ZrF4/HfF418.
The detection and quantification of impurities in zircon and the subsequent beneficiation of zirconium in the different separation steps is essential to ensure the quality of the final product. Spectrophotometric methods19 for the quantification of zirconium have been obtained with a variety of chemical reagents such as Arsenazo III, phenyl fluorone, xylenol orange and 3-hydroxy-2-(2'-thienyl)-4H-chromon4-one, as well as with the use of electrothermal vaporization in a graphite furnace and atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS)20. The use of GFAAS allows for the determination of impurities that may be present in high-purity materials, usually without the need for further treatment as no colouring reagents are required. Similarly inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) has been employed to determine the trace impurities present in zirconia21, while X-ray flourescence (XRF) has been used to compare the chemical composition of PDZ11 and untreated zircon. There are, however, no published methods for the determination of both major and minor components in a zircon matrix.
One of the biggest challenges to the wet chemical analysis of zircon is its encapsulation in the silica glass, which is extremely resistant to chemical attack. The most effective method of zircon dissolution is the use of hydrofluoric acid22 due to its well-known ability to react with SiO2, which is also part of the zircon matrix. This method, however, is hazardous due to the inherent dangers of hydrofluoric acid23 as well as its ability to damage glass components in spectrometers such as ICP's.
Owing to the hazardous and environmentally unfriendly nature of HF, as well as the fact that it reacts with the glass components of the equipment such as the ICP, it was decided to try and develop an alternative digestion method. Both flux-fusion and microwave assisted acid extraction were investigated as alternative digestion methods for both naturally occurring zircon as well as PDZ. It was also the aim to try and develop a one-step wet analytical procedure for the quantification of the majority of elements, major and minor, present in zircon ore. In this respect is was decided to use ICP-OES as the analytical method due to its high sample throughput rate, the need for one set of standards with standard addition, low level of interference, extensive linear dynamic range, and multi-element detection capability24,25.
Instrumentation and reagents
A Shimadzu ICPS-7510 ICP-OES sequential plasma spectrometer was used for all analytical determinations. The conditions of the plasma in the ICP-OES instrument are given in Table I. These conditions were maintained for all experimental results reported here. Flux fusions were performed in a high-temperature oven supplied by Labequip. An Anton Paar Multiwave 3000 supplied by Industrial Analytical along with two rotors, one with eight polytetrafluoraethylene (PTFE) and the other with eight quartz sample vessels, was used for microwave-assisted acid extractions. A Varian Cary 50 Conc UV-Visible spectrometer with quartz cuvettes (path length: 1 cm) was used for UV-Vis analyses. Brand Transferpette® S micro-pipettes were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. All element standards were supplied by Merck and included a 1 000 ppm Hf standard, both 1 000 ppm and 10 000 ppm Zr standards, a 1 000 ppm Ti standard, a 1 000 ppm Si standard as well as the Merck XXVI multi standard containing 1 000 ppm each of Al, Fe, Cr, Ca, Mg, B, Li, and several other elements not used in this study. Spectroflux 100 containing lithium tetraborate was bought from Johnson Matthey Materials Technology. Analytical grade sulphuric acid 95-98 per cent A.C.S. reagent were supplied by Sigma-Aldrichs while analytical grade 65 per cent nitric acid and 32 per cent hydrochloric acid were provided by Merck. The SARM 62 certified reference material was sourced from Industrial Analytical (composition is given in Table VII), while the PDZ was supplied by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited (Necsa). Both of these samples were ground to an average particle size of 5 µm for consistency. The water used during this study was double distilled and checked for impurities in triplicate before use in the ICP-OES apparatus. Results obtained indicated the absence of any significant amount of metals. Grade B volumetric flasks and glassware were used in all cases, and these were obtained from Merck.
The presence of the different elements in the zircon samples was verified with a qualitative scanning program incorporated in the ICPs software. Their presence was monitored at each element's most intense emission wavelengths, and elements were considered present if they exhibited strong emission at three of the chosen wavelengths. Elements that did not exhibit all the characteristic lines were considered to be entirely absent or below the instrument's limit of detection26. All ICP-OES results given are the average of three individual replicate readings taken sequentially. These readings were accepted only if the standard deviation of the set was less than two orders of magnitude smaller than the average of the readings.
Determination of detection limits
Five 100 ml samples containing 0.4, 1, 2, 5, and 10 ppm of each element respectively, except for Zr, the concentrations for which were 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm, were made up, along with a blank, using 5 ml 65 per cent nitric acid as matrix. The calibration curve was drawn and the detection limits were calculated. Detection limits (LLOD - lower limit of detection) for the elements that were analyzed were determined using the equation:
where DL is the detection limit, SDb is the standard deviation of 10 replicate readings of the blank solution, and m is the gradient of the calibration curve. Quantification limits (LLOQ - lower limit of quantification) are ten times the LLOD.
Microwave digestion - general experimental conditions
All reagents and the sample were placed within the reaction vessels of the microwave heating rotor and were then tightly sealed and subjected to a set heating programme. Unless otherwise stated, 10 ml sulphuric acid was used as extracting agent. Approximately 15 minutes at 1 200 W applied power was required for the samples to reach maximum temperature. The time that the samples were allowed to remain under full power microwave irradiation was varied between 15 minutes and 3 hours. Upon completion of the microwave programme the samples were allowed to cool and then diluted with approximately 20 ml of distilled water. These solutions were then quantitatively transferred with filtering into 100 ml volumetric flasks. The flasks were filled to the mark with distilled water and shaken. The temperature was allowed to stabilize and the flasks were again filled to the mark. All samples were analysed using ICP-OES and an external calibration curve that was matrix-matched as far as possible. The external calibration curve was drawn using a minimum of 5 standards containing between 0.4 and 20 ppm of the elements analysed for (Zr, Hf, Si, Ti, Fe, Al). Matrix matching was sufficient as the sample matrix was not particularly complex. Table II shows the variables for the microwave digestion system.
Microwave assisted acid extraction-influence of different digestion reagents
Initial microwave dissolution experiments were conducted to determine which conditions might prove to be most favourable for acid dissolution. Samples of approximately 0.4 g of either SARM 62 or PDZ were accurately weighed off and each quantitatively transferred to a different microwave vessel. Different potential dissolution reagents, which include a variety of acids, an alkali, and a salt21 (see Table IV) were added to the vessels and exposed to microwave digestion to determine their effect on these zircon-based samples. The conditions of the experiment were 315 W for fifteen minutes, 630 W for 30 minutes using the XF-100 PTFE rotor as in the literature21. The maximum temperature and pressure reached by each individual sample was dependent upon which reagents were present and the boiling points of the various components and additives in the sample. The samples containing water reached maximum pressure while those without reached maximum temperature. The results for this procedure are presented in Table IV.
Microwave digestion-influence of digestion time
The effect of time on the degree of success of the extraction was investigated. Approximately 0.1 g of PDZ was weighed accurately and then subjected to microwave heating with 10 ml sulphuric acid (the reagent that achieved the most successful extraction of Zr and Hf in initial tests) at 900 W for varying time intervals (ranging from 10 to 180 minutes). The conditions in the reaction vessels achieved a temperature of ca. 260ºC and 8 000 kPa pressure using the XQ-80 rotor. The heating programme used in the previous experiment was abandoned as the extraction achieved was significantly less than expected, probably due to the difference in sample matrix. The results for this procedure are presented in Figure 1.
Microwave assisted acid extraction-influence of sample mass to reagent volume ratio
A third set of digestion experiments was undertaken to determine if the degree of success of the extraction was dependent upon the ratio of sample mass to volume of extraction media. Increasing masses of both SARM 62 reference material and PDZ were subjected to microwave heating with 10 ml sulphuric acid (the reagent which achieved the most successful extraction of Zr and Hf in initial tests) at 1 200 W microwave power for 3 hours. The conditions in the reaction vessels achieved ca. 240ºC and 6 000 kPa pressure. The previous experiment showed evidence that extraction began only after 10 and before 20 minutes, indicating temperature dependence, thus the power was increased to achieve that temperature faster. Results for this procedure are presented in Table V and Figure 2.
Zircon dissolution using flux-fusion method
Approximately 0.2 g of zircon (SARM 62 certified reference material) was weighed accurately and placed in a platinum crucible. To this was added approximately 2 g of lithium tetraborate fluxing reagent, and the crucible was placed in high temperature oven set to 1 100ºC for at least 4 hours. Digestion was considered complete when no solids were visible within the transparent melt. Upon complete digestion the platinum crucible was removed from the oven and immediately cooled by direct contact with distilled water in a water bath in order to crack the melt, facilitating faster dissolution times. Table VII shows the results of 7 replicate analyses.
Preparation of standard addition standards using flux-fusion digested samples
The crucible was placed in a plastic container filled with 150 ml 3.25 per cent nitric acid solution and stired until complete dissolution of the sample was achieved. This solution was transferred quantitatively to a 200 ml glass volumetric flask and filled to the mark with distilled water. 5 ml 65 per cent nitric acid and 10 ml of sample solution was added to each of five 100 ml glass volumetric flasks. Standard solutions were added to each of these flasks to make concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm respectively of Hf, Al, Si, Ti, and Fe, and volumes of Zr standard were added to make concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm. The solution obtained an intense yellow colour (see Figure 3) after the addition of all the standards, but the yellow colour disappeared upon the addition of water to the mark. Results indicated (see Discussion) that the solutions required approximately 12 hours to stabilize before ICP-OES analysis to ensure adequate analytical results could be obtained. The entire procedure was repeated seven times on seven different days. The wavelengths used to qualify and quantify the selected elements are given in Table III. In all cases the most intense emission wavelength (line order 1) proved effective in quantifying its associated element. Interferences were checked for by qualifying at the characteristic wavelengths (e.g. 343.823, 339.198, and 349.621 nm for Zr) of each element using high-concentration samples of each other element. No interferences were observed on any of the lines shown in Table III.
The presence of each element specified in the SARM62 certified reference material was confirmed qualitatively (see Table VI) using the three most intense emission wavelengths specified in Table III for both SARM 62 and PDZ using both digestion methods. The six analysed elements (Zr, Hf, Si, Ti, Al, and Fe) were focused on as they were the metals present in major and minor quantities. The certified values for each element present in SARM 62 are given in Table VII as stated in the SARM 62 certification documentation. The trace level elements were present but were not quantified due to their extremely low concentration and erratic instrument response.
As seen in Table III, excellent detection limits were achieved for the elements under scrutiny. Quantification limits were between 0.89 ppb (Ti) and 57.98 ppb (Hf) for the different elements present in the matrix of these materials. The presence of Zr, the primary metal of interest, can be quantified at levels as low as 4.4 ppb. This is comparable to or better than known quantification limits, these being approximately 71 ppb26 and between 9 and 3 ppb (read radially and axially), respectively27.
Microwave assisted acid extraction of the zirconia in PDZ proved to be significantly less successful than claimed in the literature21. (NH4)2SO4 was tested as an additive, as this salt was shown to significantly improve zirconia decomposition in the literature. The conditions used in the preliminary microwave extraction (Table IV) were chosen as they reflected the optimum conditions for extraction as obtained from the literature. The most successful extraction achieved only 44.3(1) per cent for Zr and 49.75(7) per cent for Hf from PDZ (see Table V). Only extraction solutions containing concentrated H2SO4 were able to achieve even moderate success in this regard, with NaOH and aqua regia achieving only 0.196(4) and 0.0298(4) per cent extraction of Zr respectively, again from PDZ. The most successful extraction from on the normal zircon sample, again using H2SO4, was only 6.41(2) and 7.2(1) percent respectively for Zr and Hf (see Table V), showing the PDZ to be more chemically amenable to acid extraction by pure concentrated H2SO4. SARM 62, however, showed higher extraction than the PDZ when using the (NH4)2SO4 salt reagent, with recoveries (for Zr and Hf respectively) of 4.58(2) and 4.1(2) per cent for zircon as opposed to 1.529(4) and 1.6(1) per cent for PDZ. The extraction of Fe and Al also appeared to be more successful from the zircon sample than from the PDZ (see Table V). A possible explanation for this is that the Al and Fe are simply adsorbed onto the surface of the crystal matrix of the zircon, while being included into the body of the amorphous silica and crystalline zirconia found in the PDZ, due to the plasma dissociation process itself.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between percentage extraction of zirconium for PDZ and the amount of time each sample was subjected to microwave radiation. Almost no extraction is observed before 10 minutes of heating, indicating that extraction does not occur before a specific threshold temperature, pressure or both. After 20 minutes the extraction proceeds quickly and increased almost linearly up to approximately 40 minutes, after which the rate appears to begin to decrease. Extrapolation of the curve indicated that, if the trend was followed, maximum extraction would reach roughly 53 per cent at approximately 300 minutes. 180 minutes and 44.4(1) per cent was chosen as a good middle ground for further experimental work, as longer times in the microwave have been known to cause damage to the rotor and sample vessels.
As can be seen in Figure 2, the smaller the quantity of sample the higher the degree of extraction of Zr and Hf from PDZ, with significantly better extraction being achieved from the PDZ than from SARM 62 using microwave assisted acid extraction with pure concentrated H2SO4. This can be attributed to the greater amenability of the zirconia in the PDZ to this type of acid dissolution, as opposed to the zircon in SARM 62. Figure 2 shows a linear relationship between sample mass and percentage recovery when samples are subjected to microwave assisted sulphuric acid extraction under identical conditions. The negative slope of the PDZ recovery trends may indicate that the sulphuric acid has a decreasing ability to dissolve Zr and Hf as the concentrations of each of these elements increases in solution.
It was concluded that at this time, microwave assisted acid extraction would not be effective for quantitative analysis of zircon or PDZ, although it may prove to be the basis for an effective extraction and purification procedure. Sulphuric acid, while not the safest acid to work with, is significantly less hazardous than hydrofluoric acid and a method using it would be extremely beneficial. Between 49.4(1) and 90.0(7) per cent of Al and Fe were extracted from the zircon sample with minimal extraction of Zr and Hf using various combinations of sulphuric acid, ammonium sulphate, and water, as seen in Table IV. Further investigation into this possibility may be warranted.
The use of a lithium tetraborate flux-fusion on PDZ and SARM 62 certified reference material succeeded in the total dissolution of both samples, these being representative of the raw material and first-stage refining product respectively in the prospective production process of high-purity zirconium metal. A standard addition method was successfully employed to determine the majority of the elements present in the certified reference material (SARM 62) and PDZ after fusion (see Tables VI and VII). The flux was analysed for possible interfering contaminations, but concentrations of all elements of interest (Zr, Hf, Al, Fe) were below the limit of detection, even at concentrations of lithium tetraborate far higher than in the samples.
The yellow colour observed during the preparation of the standard addition samples was observed only when the primary standard solutions were dissolved in concentrated acid. The colour disappeared almost immediately upon dilution beyond a factor of 4. In Figure 3, the sample was diluted 1:3 with distilled water in order to obtain a welldefined peak. Lower dilution factors resulted in a peak that was too intense and thus over-ranged the UV-Vis instrument, while a greater dilution factor resulted in no peak whatsoever. The colour is possibly a result of the high concentration of transition metals dissolved in concentrated acid forming coloured complexes that dissociate upon dilution. Initially flux-fusion samples were analysed immediately upon dissolution, resulting in a standard addition curve with R2 values of approximately 0.5, which indicates an almost complete lack of linearity. It was discovered that leaving the solutions to stabilize overnight resulted in significantly improved results, with R2 values of better than 0.999, which satisfies the requirement of at least 0.997 for linearity. This may be due to the formation of refractory complexes at high reagent concentration, which then take time to dissociate. Another possibility is the presence of slight thermal differences in the samples arising during dilution with acid, which cause differences in viscosity when the samples enter the spray chamber of the ICP-OES. Results for this method over 7 replicate analyses are given in Table VII.
The 95 per cent confidence interval given for the SARM 62 certified reference material displayed a relative margin of error of approximately 4-6 per cent for the major components (Zr, Si) and 20-30 per cent for the minor components (Hf, Ti, Fe, Al). It was decided that quantitative results within these ranges would be acceptable in confirming the accuracy of the method.
The method shows a high degree of linearity in its calibration curves (R2 values better than 0.999 in all cases) as well as an acceptable level of precision for most elements, considering the matrix involved. Acceptable accuracy was obtained for zirconium (66(6) per cent), hafnium (1.7(1) per cent), and titanium (0.15(1) per cent) with these results being within the ranges set out in the objectives. Other elements show lower levels of accuracy, especially for silicon, which was outside the 4-6 per cent acceptable range of error, which illustrates the difficulty of analysing zirconium silicate samples. Similar results were achieved for the PDZ samples, but with significantly more accurate recoveries for silicon (27(1) per cent). The differences between the results for the minor constituents, such as aluminium and iron, for SARM 62 and PDZ are likely due to their being sourced from different locations. The apparently large recovery errors seen in the minor elements are deceptive, as the actual error is in fact quite small and appears large only in comparison to the very low concentrations of these elements.
Of the two digestion procedures attempted, the more successful is obviously the flux-fusion method due to its ability to completely dissolve the zircon and PDZ matrix without subsequent precipitation of Si as is the case with other alkali fluxes. The disadvantage of this method is the massive contamination of the sample with Li and B, making analysis for these elements impossible and necessitating the use of a standard addition technique for other elements. The accuracy of the results obtained for Zr, Hf, Al, and Ti fell within the acceptable range laid out before commencement of the investigation. However ,the level of precision observed necessitates a large number of repeated measurements, which is less than ideal and warrants further refinement. Si and Fe recoveries lie outside the acceptable accuracy range, and the high relative standard deviations observed indicate the possibility of sample contamination, despite our efforts to avoid this. Non-homogeneity of the samples is unlikely as they were ground to less than 5 µm average particle size and mixed thoroughly.
The microwave assisted acid extraction was significantly less successful in providing a quantitative analytical method. This is likely due to the complete insolubility of silica and zircon (silica matrix) in all reagents apart from hydrofluoric acid. However, the high degree of extraction of Fe and Al from the zircon sample as well as the significant recovery of Zr and Hf from PDZ may indicate a possible use in purification of zirconium, with an initial acid extraction step to remove the majority of the impurities before plasma dissociation, followed by a second extraction to remove the bulk of the Zr and Hf content from the PDZ.
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Paper received Dec. 2010; revised paper received Sep. 2011.
© The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2011. SA ISSN 0038-223X/3.00 + 0.00.


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Dense Fog Advisory
Saturday, Jan. 21, 2017
Farm implement tribes and how to tell them apartPosted Tuesday, December 7, 2010, at 5:02 PM
When recently putting together an all-color Ag magazine (coming out soon!) for the Marshall Messenger, those of us working on it were trying to decide between two pictures. Both were great pics, but the final decision came down to color. No, not the clarity of color, but instead the color of the tractor in the photograph.
A colleague couldn't believe we were making such an important decision on something he deemed as unimportant as a tractor's color. He confessed that to me after he went home and discussed it with his wife who was raised on a farm.
She apparently told him what people from farms seem to already know: When it comes to your farm equipment -- color matters.
I've interviewed Century Farm families who have talked about how "Great-grandpa would be upset to know we now run green (red, blue, yellow) tractors on the farm," etc., adding how grandpa once thought the best brand to be ... red, green, orange or silver.
You can insert any color, it doesn't matter, the loyalty to the colors run that deep.
It's much like a NASCAR fan, who knows just what type of car his favorite racer drives (and what product sponsors him). Farm families, too, can easily be identified by their "color."
Even when my sons were very young they would get excited when a "geen" tractor went by thinking it might be their father. Let a red tractor go by and they knew it was probably our neighbor, "Misser" Hollywood.
I've often heard of family arguments when a woman from a "green" family marries into a "red" family and fights ensue. The biggest ones seem to be when it comes to the color of the toy tractors the grandparents buy for the grandchildren.
Imagine poor little Johnny or Susie who get tractors of varying colors for Christmas? Talk about an identity crisis.
However, I can tell you how our little ones handled it. For a few years, until she found the Lee's Summit John Deere dealer, it took awhile for their "City" Grandma to realize that all "greens" were not created equal. (It also took her a few years until they taught her the difference between a combine and a tractor, but that's another story.)
But instead of being upset, those presents just became the tractor they would always be glad to "share." Yes, if you played "farm" with my children, it was never the shiny green and yellow tractor you would drive, but the light green, red or blue tractor someone not as schooled about the importance of farm colors had given them. (Hey, at least they were "sharing.")
Yes, color became so important that my son, when asked his favorite colors for a pre-school project, proudly proclaimed, "John Deere green and John Deere yellow." His teacher said she had never had a four-year-old be quite so "specific."
In recent years some large tractor companies have merged, meaning that people who had always had an orange Allis-Chalmers, a silver White or even a white Case, would have to make new choices.
In Saline County, the closing of the Case-International dealer meant that some people had to merge "colors" or drive a little farther for parts and service. Depending on the family, both scenarios have happened.
On our farm through the years we too, have "evolved." In fact, in recent years we've even brought a new color and brands onto our farm. The new equipment (luckily a similar color to our favorite college team) now mingles (apparently without any problems) with the green and yellow equipment in our shed.
No doubt our change raised eyebrows with neighbors and others ... a bit like the controversy when Dale Jr. changed NASCAR teams.
It even confused our nephew from Portland, who we had apparently already brainwashed with the presents we had sent him. When we showed him our new combine in person, he cried and refused to go for a ride.
"That's not a combine. It's not g-e-e-e-e-e-n," the three-year-old wailed. Like I said, here on the farm, color does matter. Even if it really doesn't.
Showing comments in chronological order
[Show most recent comments first]
I say "Go Green or Go Home!"
Good one, Marcia, really good.
-- Posted by Smart Dog on Wed, Dec 8, 2010, at 1:18 PM
Yep, the little boy is the same way - it's not a tractor/combine/whatever, unless it's John Deere Green!
-- Posted by koeller77 on Wed, Dec 8, 2010, at 2:46 PM
My god Marsha that takes me back to my childhood, (about 1948). We went to a one room school house. Sometimes we boys would argue all through recess over red, or green, and sometimes orange. We (poor farmers) had a little gray, so I never argued for it, but just sided with the reds. ;)
Keep em comin.
-- Posted by Oklahoma Reader on Wed, Dec 8, 2010, at 11:47 PM
We had orange and all the other kids at school made fun of us. One glorious day a flat bed drove in with the prettiest green tractor..We had a long driveway and either mom or dad drove us each day to wait for the bus. My brother begged my dad to drive us to the bus on the tractor so all could see our green machine. No one gave us trouble about our color after that day. :)
-- Posted by litlmissme on Sat, Dec 11, 2010, at 10:13 AM
To each his own, of course, but GREEN will always be my favorite color :)
-- Posted by Kathy Fairchild on Sat, Dec 18, 2010, at 2:20 PM
At a Young Farmer event twenty-five years or so ago we won a door prize that wasn't "Green"!! None of the grandchildren--even the city ones-- would play with that tractor--in fact, it is still in the box and I understand that makes the "antique tractor" more valuable. Looks like us old folks might just sell it at a toy show and go out for supper!! Eventhough all tractors and combines on this farm are green, those little ones might have done us a favor and didn't even know it!!!
-- Posted by farmerwife on Mon, Dec 20, 2010, at 10:06 AM
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Cabin Tech '08
For technology lovers, today's business jet cabin is a wonderland, offering everything from moving-map displays with satellite photos to in-flight use of a BlackBerry. And every time you think you've seen it all, along comes another innovation-often for less money than you paid for the product it replaces.
Here's a report on some of the latest technologies available now and coming soon for the private jet cabin. It's guaranteed to be up to date at least until the ink dries on this page.
Pass the Popcorn
SkyTheater's latest offering is a high-definition audiovisual and surround-sound entertainment system that doesn't degrade in the aircraft environment; isn't vulnerable to common onboard noises; and doesn't generate noise that would affect other systems in the airplane. Earlier versions of the product are already on Boeings and Gulfstreams, and according to company founder Gregg Launer, the Hollywood, Fla.-based audiovisual specialist has 12 orders for the new package, with deliveries spaced out through 2011.
The product features subwoofers customized for the aircraft; an iPod dock capable of playing eight-channel, 3-D surround sound; and a 1080i monitor that is HD ready. The high-definition video-on-demand system available with the package "rivals that of a movie studio's library," claimed Launer.
Satellite TV Pricing Comes Down to Earth
The biggest impediment to adding satellite television to a business jet is the sky-high cost. Prices top out at half a million dollars for the tail-mounted dish antenna and associated receivers, which can take weeks to install. Another hitch is that most satellite TV antennas are so big that they can fit only on large business jets.
Now, after more than three years of development, Flight Display Systems (the moving map people), has gained FAA certification for its Ellipse TV antenna and receiver system, finally giving buyers a palatable alternative to the big-ticket multi-region systems available from Honeywell and Rockwell Collins. Priced at $99,650, Ellipse TV uses a KVH Industries phased-array antenna (normally found atop mobile homes and yachts) that is housed in a 35-inch-diameter fiberglass-honeycomb radome secured to the fuselage by four leg attachments.
The odd-looking installation recalls military AWACS aircraft, but designers promise that it doesn't adversely affect aircraft performance. An advantage of the system is that the antenna can fit on smaller aircraft, down to the size of midsize jets and even large turboprops. So far, Ellipse TV is approved for installation only on the Bombardier Challenger 600, but authorization for use on more models is expected soon. The system's DirecTV signal is available anywhere over the continental U.S. to a distance of about 200 miles offshore. Two tuners allow passengers to watch different channels simultaneously. Picture quality is excellent, although the signal can drop out during steep banks on takeoff and landing.
A High-Def War Ends
High-definition television, which boasts more than twice the video resolution of the old standard-definition technology, looks as good in an airplane as it does in your den. Just remember that the old admonition to computer users applies to HDTV: "garbage in, garbage out." If the signal your monitor receives isn't high-definition, the output won't be either, regardless of the TV. Unfortunately for high-def users, manufacturers of two high-definition DVD formats-HD-DVD and Blu-ray-have been, for the past couple of years, battling for market domination. This made cabin completion and refurbishment shops reluctant to pick one or the other and risk sticking clients with the wrong choice. In recent months, however, Blu-ray has emerged as the clear winner. Flight Display Systems of Alpharetta, Ga., has introduced the Fly HD line of cabin displays and an innovative way of playing HD movies-its PlayStation 3 docking station allows the gaming system's Blu-ray player to link with cabin monitors.
Getting the Bigger Picture
A large video monitor allows a broader viewing area. And with high-definition containing more than two million pixels and a progressive-scan format, you can sit closer to the screen without experiencing a loss of sharpness.
Not every airplane will accommodate a big monitor, but they're increasingly available. The most recent offering by Aircraft Cabin Systems of Redmond, Wash., is a 52-inch LCD unit that weighs less than 80 pounds, has a 176-degree viewing angle and is high-definition ready.
Every Seat's a Sweet Spot
Manufacturers are taking advantage of digital technology to produce stunning sound systems. Alto Aviation of Leominster, Mass., has introduced nVelop, a surround-sound system already being installed in a G550 by Gulfstream at its Appleton, Wis. completion facility. It is a "full-cabin approach" to audio, according to the company, because unlike a typical home theater, an aircraft cabin doesn't allow for an audio "sweet spot" directly in front of the screen. The nVelop system takes this into consideration and allows the individual placement of lightweight standard and surround-sound speakers with customized audio coding, so every passenger in every seat experiences the same high-quality sound.
The Moving Map Moves On
Remember the early moving-map displays, the ones with a simple airplane icon that crawled slowly across a map that was only a step above the ones hanging on the walls in your fifth-grade geography class? In just the last couple of years, moving-map display technology has taken a quantum leap, to the point that it has become the platform for a sophisticated flight-following program and, at the same time, a multimedia news, sports and entertainment source.
It is not uncommon now for the moving map to display satellite imagery and to include a zoom feature for a closer look at the terrain over which the airplane passes. The latest from Flight Display Systems offers a choice of aircraft-type icons. (One option, for the devout Muslim, is an arrow that always points toward Mecca.) Rosen Aviation's new RosenView VX widescreen moving-map display even supports DVD and iPod auxiliary input. And the company's RosenView LXM brings XM satellite weather displays into the picture.
Wi-Fi Takes to the Sky
American Airlines and Virgin America were the first airlines to sign up for GoGo in-flight Wi-Fi service from Aircell, a Louisville, Colo. company that two years ago paid $31 million to the federal government for a slice of radio frequency spectrum that had been used for seat-back phones. The airlines are just now starting to introduce the service on routes from New York to L.A., San Francisco and Miami, with online access costing around $13 per flight.
Next, Aircell will turn its attention to the business jet market, rolling out access at DSL-like speeds to high-fliers connecting to the Internet through any Wi-Fi-ready device or laptop. Aircell has deployed around 90 ground stations to supply a steady diet of high-speed data to airplanes flying above 10,000 feet. The towers-some of which had to be hauled to mountaintops on converted army tanks-are spaced more or less evenly around the country to provide overlapping coverage with few gaps.
Aircell said its broadband service will cost business jet users $1,495 a month for unlimited access. Hardware for large jets will set buyers back $125,000. Smaller systems coming soon for midsize jets will sell for around $80,000, Aircell said.
Keep Your BlackBerry On
Once the airplane has been fitted with data transceivers and a Wi-Fi access point, passengers carrying iPhones or the latest Wi-Fi-enabled BlackBerrys can stay connected even after takeoff-if they've made a deal with their service provider. Honeywell recently installed a Wi-Fi communications gateway on its corporate Gulfstream G550 that enables its executives to use their BlackBerrys. The exercise is serving as a testing ground for new Wi-Fi services through Honeywell's OneLink communications service. Rockwell Collins also is preparing for an expected surge in passenger demand by readying its eXchange service for data connectivity using Wi-Fi-enabled smartphones such as the BlackBerry 8320 and 8820. Both companies say BlackBerry use is near the top of customers' wish lists.
Anticipating an uptick in demand for such access, ABC Completions in Montreal has even trademarked the name "AirBerry." The company has started offering satcom
hardware options that it says will allow passengers' BlackBerrys to synch with onboard satcom equipment with minimal upgrades. The cost per e-mail using the system is between 10 and 50 cents, depending on message size. AirBerry system components include an EMS Satcom high-speed-data terminal, wireless router and fuselage- or tail-mounted antenna. The total price to upgrade a business jet that already has a voice-only satcom system is about $200,000, the company said.
Plug and Play
Even as cabin entertainment systems expand, more and more passengers are packing their own. With that in mind, Rockwell Collins recently introduced Venue, a high-definition cabin system that allows for iPod and iPhone integration.
"It's something everybody wants," said Randy Keeker, president of independent completion and refurbishment shop Indianapolis Jet Center. He added that iPod docking stations "have become almost as common at every seat as a reading light. Audio is the norm, and iPod video interface is next."
Also available with Venue is a personal audio/video on-demand package that allows passengers to plug in an Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 and compete with other passengers. A camera hookup permits transfer of photos to the media-center hard drive.
Rosen Aviation recently introduced its RosenView VX combo unit, which supports a moving-map program and DVD player and allows for iPod input. The addition of iPod adds another video source, and separate audio and video inputs permit the passenger to listen to music while the moving map is displayed.
Lufthansa Technik's Nice digital cabin management and entertainment system includes an iPod docking station that allows the digitally distributed signal to be heard on a headset or over the cabin speakers. Users can control the iPod at their seats through a graphical interface, create and choose playlists and play, pause or stop songs, just as if the iPod were in their hands. The system will be available this summer.
Like HDTV? Wait Till You See This
Introduced earlier this year at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Sony's 11-inch organic light-emitting diode (OLED) television wowed just about everybody who elbowed in for a closer look. Thinner than a poker chip, its screen has a touted lifespan of 10 years and resolution that's claimed to be 100 times sharper than current high-definition technology can deliver. Given the goal of cabin in-flight entertainment specialists to cut weight and size wherever possible, OLEDs seem perfectly suited for business jets-but are they?
Pioneered by Kodak in the 1980s, OLED technology uses carbon-based organic material in a process that converts electrical energy into light. Because OLED screens emit light rather than being backlit like LCD TVs, their pictures are far sharper and brighter than those of even the latest HDTVs. OLED TVs also use less power compared with LCD and plasma models, another plus for aviation use.
So what's keeping OLED monitors off business jets? For starters, OLED pixels are extremely fragile. Manufacturers have had to begin with small displays, and they aren't sure these early TVs can withstand the temperature and pressure changes inside an aircraft cabin-at least for long. But the technology has advanced significantly in a short time. At a consumer display show a few years ago, Sony showed a prototype OLED display that suffered from dozens of pixel failures over the span of just a few days. Experts say that once the longevity problems are solved, OLED technology likely will debut in the cabin.
Kirby Harrison welcomes comments and suggestions at:firstname.lastname@example.com
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Declaration for humanity
(Editor's note: The author of this letter wrote it from the perspective of God, imagining what he thinks God would say to humanity.)
To the editor:
1. I am He who walks with you. I am called by many names, but I am one. God, Creator, Lord, Jesus, Christ, Holy Spirit, Yahwe, Allah, Buddha – it matters not. Believe in me, and I will take you there.
2. To be as one with Me you must be as one with yourselves. You must believe in Me to believe in yourselves.
3. You are the defenders of Mother Earth. If it perishes, you also perish.
4. I have provided all that is necessary for you to live well. Use it wisely.
5. As you have been made in my image, you are always a part of me. The answers lie within you.
6. Everything is and happens for a reason. There is harmony in all. If you find it out of balance, you must work to put it back into balance.
7. Respect all, and balance, harmony and peace will follow.
8. Never be afraid to fight for the Truth.
9. The Truth is in Me and therefore lies within all of you.
10. The Truth is the same for all of you and yet different for each of you. You must open your minds, hearts and souls to see it.
Ric Wells
Common man


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Shipping in Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is expected to triple over the next 15 years, and is renewing the debate about commerce versus conservation. The argument sets Australia's resource sector against the fate of one of the world's greatest living treasures. Paul Allen reports for Bloomberg News.
More Green Right Now
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Professor Qu Geping: Co-Winner 1992Professor Qu Geping, currently Chairman of the Committee of Environmental and Natural Resource Conservation, National People's Congress, was for nine years Administrator of the National Environmental Protection Agency of The People's Republic of China.
His outstanding contributions in promoting and supporting environmental protection in China have been exemplary.
In a country where industry is still largely underdeveloped, he has, for more than 15 years, been instrumental in putting forward measures designed to integrate environmental protection policies within economic and industrial development strategies. His work has embraced environmental management, legislation, education and industrial pollution prevention and reduction. Through his activities as a lecturer, broadcaster and publisher of many papers he has increased the level of environmental awareness throughout the vast territory of China.
A believer in scientific and technological solutions to environmental problems, Professor Geping's response to the serious environmental problems facing the industrialization of China has been practical and realistic and has served as an example to other developing countries.
The Prize Selection Committee described the 1992 shared award as drawing attention "to the problems caused by rampant and careless industrialization faced by the countries of the newly created Commonwealth of Independent States, and to the challenges of emerging industrialization now being experienced by China, the world's most populous country".
Professor Qu Geping, was also the Director-General of the Department of Environmental Protection in the Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection and Vice Chairman of the Leading Group of Environmental Protection under the State Council of China.
Contact Address:
Professor Qu Geping
Chairman, Committee of Environmental and National Resource Conservation
National People's Congress
No. 2 Xihuangchenggen
Beijing 100085
The People's Republic of China
Tel: (8610) 6309 8421
Fax: (8610) 6309 8439


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