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Common chimpanzee
The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the robust chimpanzee, is a great ape. Colloquially, the common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee (or simply 'chimp'), though technically this term refers to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo, formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show that both species of chimpanzees are the sister group to the modern human lineage. The common chimpanzee is an endangered species.
The name troglodytes, Greek for "cave-dweller", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis hvmani varietate nativa liber ("Book on the natural varieties of the human genus") published in 1776,[3][4] This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before (it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only,[5] thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.[6]
The English name 'chimpanzee' came from a Bantu language of Angola. [7]
Field study
Jane Goodall undertook the first long-term field study of the common chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at Gombe Stream National Park in 1960. Other long-term study sites begun in 1960 include A. Kortlandt in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Junichiro Itani in Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania.[8] Current understanding of the species' typical behaviors and social organization are formed largely from Goodall's ongoing 50-year Gombe research study.[9]
A lot of human fossils have been found, but chimpanzee fossils were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa. However, chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from Kenya. This would indicate that both humans and members of the Pan clade were present in the East African Rift Valley during the Middle Pleistocene. According to Richard Dawkins in his book The Ancestor's Tale, chimps and bonobos are descended from Australopithecus Gracile type species (see Homininae), in other words, the ancestors of chimpanzees would be some of the Australopithecus afarensis.
DNA evidence published in 2005 suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago (similar in relation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals).[10][11] The chimpanzee line split from the last common ancestor of the human line approximately six million years ago. Because no species other than Homo sapiens has survived from the human line of that branching, both chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans. The chimpanzee's genus, Pan, diverged from the gorilla's genus about seven million years ago.
Several subspecies of the common chimpanzee have been recognized:
- Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, in Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria;
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti, in Nigeria and Cameroon;
- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in the Central African Republic, the Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Genome Project
Human and common chimpanzee DNA are very similar. After the completion of the Human Genome Project, a Chimpanzee Genome Project was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage. A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium.[13] The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees is about thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. Typical human and chimp protein homologs differ in only an average of two amino acids. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, during the approximately four to six million years since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Results from human and chimp genome analyses, currently being conducted by geneticists including David Reich, should help in understanding the genetic basis of some human diseases.
Adults in the wild weigh between 40 and 65 kg (88 and 140 lb), though males in captivity such as Travis the Chimp have reached 200 pounds; males can measure up to 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) and females to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in). Their body is covered by a coarse black hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Both their thumbs and their big toes are opposable, allowing a precision grip. Their gestation period is eight months. Infants are weaned when they are about three years old, but usually maintain a close relationship with their mother for several more years; they reach puberty at the age of eight to ten, and their lifespan in captivity is about fifty years. Common chimpanzees are both arboreal and terrestrial, spending equal time in the trees and on the ground.[citation needed] Their habitual gait is quadrupedal, using the soles of their feet and resting on their knuckles, but they can walk upright for short distances. Common chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like gorillas and bonobos, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of orangutans, 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms.
The common chimpanzee is a highly adaptable species. They live in a variety of habitats, including: dry savanna, evergreen rainforest, montane forest, swamp forest, and dry woodland-savanna mosaic.[14][15] In Gombe chimps live in subalpine moorland, open woodland, semideciduous forest, evergreen forest, grassland with scattered trees.[15] At Bossou, chimpanzee inhabit multi-stage secondary deciduous forest arising in areas abandoned due to shifting agriculture. They also live in primary forest and grassland.[16] At Taï, chimps can be found in the last remaining tropical rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire.[17] Chimps have advanced cognitive maps of their home ranges which they use to repeatedly locate food resources. A noisy group of animals, like birds or other primates, may direct a chimp to a new food source. They also may be lead to a new fruit tree or termite mound by a foraging partner that has been there previously.[15] The chimpanzee makes a night nest in a tree in a new location every night, with every chimpanzee in a separate nest other than infants or small chimpanzees, who sleep with their mothers.[18] When confronted by a predator, chimpanzees will react with loud screams and use any object they can against the threat. Leopard predation is apparently a significant cause of mortality in chimpanzees at Taï and Lopé National Park.[17][19] In some cases, chimpanzees have been documented killing leopard cubs,[20] an act which primarily seems to be a protective effort. Lions may have also preyed on chimps at the Mahale field study site, where as many as 6% of the chimpanzees studied have fallen prey to lions.[21] Isolated cases of cannibalism have also been documented.
Food and foraging
Most of the chimpanzee's diet is made up of fruit. Chimps prefer fruit above all other food items and will even eat them when they are not abundant. They will also eat leaves and leaf buds. Seeds, blossoms, stems, pith, bark and resin make up the rest of their diet.[15] While chimps are mostly herbivorous, they do eat honey, soil, insects, birds and their eggs and small to medium-sized mammals, including other primates.[22][15] The western red colobus ranks at the top of preferred mammal prey. Other mammalian prey include, red-tailed monkeys, yellow baboons, blue duikers, bushbucks and warthogs.[23] Jane Goodall documented many occasions within Gombe Stream National Park of chimpanzees and western red colobus monkeys ignoring each other within close proximity.[24][25]
Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They will modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them for acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water. Despite the lack of complexity, there does seem to be forethought and skill in making theses tools and should be considered such.[26] While it has been known since Jane Goodall's 1960s discovery that modern chimpanzees use tools, research published in 2007 indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4,300 years ago.[27] A common chimpanzee from the Kasakela chimpanzee community was the first non-human animal observed making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound.[28][29][30] At Taï, chimps simply use their hands to extract termites.[26] When foraging for honey, chimps will use short sticks, strip them of their leaves, twigs, and bark and scoop the honey out of the hive, that is if the bees are stingless. For hives of the dangerous African honeybees, chimps use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey.[31] Chimps will also use striped, long, thin sticks to extract ants from ground nests.[26] [15] Ant dipping is difficult and some chimps never master it. West African chimps will use fallen branches or hand-held stones and exposed tree roots or rocky outcroppings as hammers or anvils to crack open hard nuts.[26][17] Chimps that do this seem to exhibit forethought as these items are not found together or near a source of nuts. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned.[17] Chimps will also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water. They crumble the leaves in their mouths and submerge when in water where they act like sponges and the chimps will suck on them.[32]
A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which West African chimpanzees in Senegal sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear Senegal Bushbabies out of small holes in trees.[33] An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel.[34]
When hunting small monkeys like the red colobus, chimps hunt in areas where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular.[35] This allows them to easily corner the monkeys when chasing them in the appropriate direction. Chimps may also hunt as a coordinated team so that they can corner their prey even in a continuous canopy.[35] During an arboreal hunt, each chimp in the hunting groups has a role. "Drivers" serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch. "Blockers" are stationed at the bottom of the trees and will climb up to block prey that take off an a different direction. "Chasers" move quickly and try to make a catch. Finally, "ambushers" hide and position themselves where no prey had reached yet and rush out when a monkey nears.[35] Both adult and infants are taken. However, adult male black-and-white colobus monkeys will attack the hunting chimps. In Gombe, chimps also fear adult colobus monkeys.[15] They prefer to snatch infants from their mother's bellies without harming the mothers. Male chimps hunt more than females. When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders.[35]
Social behavior
Group structure
Common chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time travelling in small, temporary groups consisting of a few individuals, "which may consist of any combination of age and sex classes."[18] Both males and females will sometimes travel alone.[18] The common chimpanzee lives in a fission-fusion society and may be found in groups of the following types: all-male, adult females and offspring, consisting of both sexes, or one female and her offspring. Chimpanzees have complex social relationships and spend a large amount of time grooming each other.[36] At the core of social structures are males, who roam around, protect group members, and search for food. Males remain in their natal communities while females generally emigrate at adolescence. As such, males in a community are more likely to be related to one another than females are to each other. Among males, there is generally a dominance hierarchy and males are dominant over females.[37] However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest,"[15] is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is mainly due to chimpanzees having a high level of individual autonomy within their fission-fusion social groups. Also, communities have large ranges that overlap with those of other groups.
As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups (as opposed to the much larger "parent" group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees who regularly come into contact and congregate into parties in a particular area). As stated, these smaller groups also emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organized in order to hunt for meat, while a group consisting of lactating females serves to act as a "nursery group" for the young.[38] An individual may encounter certain individuals quite frequently, but have run-ins with others almost never or only in large-scale gatherings. Due to the varying frequency at which chimpanzees associate, the structure of their societies is highly complicated.
Male chimpanzees exist in a linear dominance hierarchy. Top ranking males tend to be aggressive even during dominance stability.[39] This is likely due to the chimp's fission-fusion society, with male chimps leaving groups and returning after extended periods of time. With this, a dominant male is unsure is if there has been any "political maneuvering" and must re-establish his dominance. Thus a large amount of aggression occurs 5-15 minutes after reunions.[39][40] During aggressive encounters, displays are preferred over attacks. [39][40] Males maintain and improve their social rank by forming coalitions. These coalitions have been characterized as "exploitive" and are based on an individual's influence in agonistic interactions.[41] Being in a coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimps can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank. Coalitions can also give an individual male the confidence to challenge a dominant male. The more allies a male has, the better his chance of becoming dominant. However most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by dyadic interactions.[39] Chimpanzee alliances can be very fickle and one member may turn on another if it serves him.[42] Low ranking males commonly switch sides in disputes between more dominant individuals. Low ranking males benefit from an unstable hierarchy and have increased sexual opportunities.[41][42] In addition, conflicts between dominant males causes them to focus on each other rather than the lower ranking males. Social hierarchies among adult females tend to be weaker. Nevertheless, the status of an adult female may be important for her offspring.[43] Females in Tai have also been recorded to form alliances.[44] Social grooming appears to be important in the formation and maintenance of coalitions.[45] It is more common among adult males than adult females.
Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and are known to kill other chimps,[46] although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which the aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, use artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied and therefore might not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole.[9] In the years following her artificial feeding conditions at Gombe, Jane Goodall described groups of male chimps patrolling the borders of their territory brutally attacking chimps who had split off from the Gombe group. A study published in 2010 found that chimpanzees conduct wars over land, not mates.[47] Patrol parties from smaller groups are more likely to avoid contact with their neighbors. Patrol parties from large groups will even take over a smaller group's territory, gaining access to more resources, food and females.[15][42]
Mating and parenting
Chimpanzees mate year round and there is no evidence for a birth season. However, the number of females that are in estrous varies seasonally in a group.[17][48] Female chimps are more likely into come into estrous when food is readily available. Estrous females exhibit sexual swellings. Chimp mating tends to be promiscuous, with females mating with multiple males in her community during estrous, mostly during the 10-day period of maximal tumescence.[15] As such, males have large testicles for sperm competition. However, other forms of mating also exist. Dominant males sometimes restrict access to females in the community. There are also consortships, where a male and female leave their community for several days to weeks to mate and extra-pair matings where females leave their communities and mate with males from neighboring communities.[15][49] When committing to a specific community, females have limited choice in mates and the dominance hierarchy of males often dictates which males an estrous female will mate with. Thus alternative mating strategies give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community.[49] Infanticide has been recorded in chimp communities in Gombe, Mahale, and Kibale National Parks. Male chimps practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten the interbirth intervals in the females. There are also accounts of infanticide by females. There are questions whether cases of female infanticide are related to the dominance hierarchy in females or are simply isolated pathological behaviors.[15][43]
Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care.[15] Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, protection and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimp's future rank may be dependent on their mother's status.[15][17] For their first 30 days, infants are in constant physical contact with their mothers, clinging to their bellies. Newborn chimps are helpless and have a grasping reflex that is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support.[50] When they reach 5-6 months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for the rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they begin to move and sit independently within five meters of their mothers.[50] By three years, infants will move more than five meters away from their mothers. By 4-6 years, chimps are weaned and infancy ends.[50] The juvenile period for chimps lasts from their sixth to ninth year. Juveniles remain close to their mothers but they also have more interactions with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patroling.[50]
Chimpanzees use a variety of facial expressions, postures and sounds to communicate with each other.[15] Chimps have expressive faces which are important in close-up communications. When in a frightening situation, a chimp will display a "full closed grin" which evokes an instant fear response in others. Other facial expression include the "lip flip," "pout," "sneer," and "compressed-lips face."[15] To show submission, a chimp will crunch, bob and extend a hand. To show aggression, a chimp will make itself appear larger by swaggering bipedally, hunching over and waving the arms.[15] In certain contexts, such as traveling, finding large food sources, displaying and encounter another community, chimps will beat their hands and feet against the trunks of large tree, an act known as "drumming."[51]
Vocalizations are also important in chimp communication. The most common and important call in adults is the "pant-hoot." These calls are meant to display excitement, sociability feelings and enjoyment of food.[15] Pant-hoots are made of four parts, starting with soft "hoos" that increase in volume and build up to the climax of that call which is made up of screams and sometimes barks and the scream die down to soft "hoos" again as the call ends.[51] Submissive individuals will direct "pant-grunts" towards their superiors.[15][43] Chimps use distance calls to draw attention to danger, food sources or other community members.[15] "Barks" may be modified to "short barks" when hunting and "tonal barks" when sighting large snakes.[51]
Interaction with humans
Common chimpanzees have been known to attack humans on occasion.[52][53] There have been many attacks in Uganda by chimpanzees against human children; the results are sometimes fatal for the children. Some of these attacks are presumed to be due to chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and mistaking human children[54] for the Western Red Colobus, one of their favourite meals.[55] The dangers of careless human interactions with chimpanzees are only aggravated by the fact that many chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals.[56] With up to 5 times the upper body strength of a human, an angered chimpanzee could easily overpower and potentially kill even a fully grown man, as shown by the attack on and near death of former NASCAR driver St. James Davis.[57][58] Another example of chimpanzee to human aggression occurred February 2009 in Stamford, Connecticut, when a 200-pound (91 kg), 14-year-old pet chimp named Travis attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyelids, nose and part of her upper jaw/sinus area from the attack.[59][60] There are at least 6 documented cases of chimpanzees snatching and eating human babies.[61]
Link with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1
Two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa.[62] Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVcpz) found in the common chimpanzee subspecies, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, native to southern Cameroon.[63][64] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the Sooty Mangabey, monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.[62]
Status and conservation
Most countries in which chimpanzees live have laws protecting them and have numerous national parks that contain them, although many chimps live outside the protected areas.[2]
The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching and disease.[2] Chimpanzee habitats have been severely reduced by deforestation across West and Central Africa. More than 80% of the region's original forest cover have been lost.[2] Road building has caused habitat degradation and fragmentation of chimpanzee popualtion and may possibly increase poaching in areas that have not beeb seriously impacted by such anthropogeniic pressures previously.[2] Deforestation rates are low in western Central Africa but selective logging may be done in most of the forests outside national parks.[2]
Chimpanzee are a common target for poachers. In Côte d'Ivoire, chimpanzees make up 1-3% of bushmeat sold in urban markets.[2] They are also taken in pet trades. Although all range countries that are signatories to CITES have made the pet trade illegally, it continues across Africa illegally.[2] Chimpanzees are also hunted for medicinal purposes in some localities.[2] Capturing chimpanzees for scientific research is still officially permitted in some range countries, such as Guinea.[2] People will intentionally kill chimpanzees to protect their crops.[2] Chimps may also be unintentionally maimed or killed by snares meant for other animals.
Infectious diseases are a main cause of death for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans since the two species are so similar.[2] As human populations expand, the frequency of encounters between chimpanzees and humans and/or human waste increases and this leads to higher risks of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.[2]
See also
- Chimp Haven
- Great ape personhood
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Blumenbach and the Chimpanzee
- List of apes - list of notable individuals
- Theory of mind
- Bili Ape
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- ^ Sugiyama Y (1995). "Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou". Am J Prim 37 (1): 263–9. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350370308.
- ^ Fox, M. (2007-02-22). "Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution". Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20070224115149/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ Huffman MA, Kalunde MS (January 1993). "Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania" (PDF). Primates 34 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1007/BF02381285. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1g710357w253541/fulltext.pdf.
- ^ a b c d Leipzig G (2002). "COOPERATIVE HUNTING ROLES AMONG TAI CHIMPANZEES". Human Nature 13 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1013-6.
- ^ The Chimpanzees of Tanzania". Wild Kingdom. December 31, 1976.
- ^ Goldberg TL, Wrangham RW (1997). "Genetic correlates of social behavior in wild chimpanzees: evidence from mitochondrial DNA". Anim Beh 54 (3): 559–70. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0450.
- ^ Pepper JW, Mitani JC, Watts DP (1999). "General gregariousness and specific social preferences among wild chimpanzees". Int J Prim 20 (5): 613–32. doi:10.1023/A:1020760616641.
- ^ a b c d Muller, MN. (2002) "Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees". In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF, editors. Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 112-124.
- ^ a b Bygott, JD. (1979) "Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park". In: Hamburg, DA, McCown, ER, editors. The great apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings. P 73-121.
- ^ a b de Waal, FBM. (1987) "Dynamic of social relationships". In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 421-429.
- ^ a b c Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa. (1986) "Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Cooperative Relationships among Males". Pp. 165-177 in B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b c Pusey AE, Williams J, Goodall J (1997). "The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees". Science 277 (5327): 828–831. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.828. PMID 9242614.
- ^ Stumpf, R. (2007) "Chimpanzees and bonobos: Diversity within and between species". In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, Mackinnon KC, Pancer M, Bearder SK, editors. Primates in perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. p 321-344.
- ^ Watts DP (2001). "Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees". Behaviour 139: 343–370.
- ^ Walsh, Bryan (2009-02-18). "Why the Stamford Chimp Attacked". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1880229,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Killer Instincts". The Economist. 2010-06-24. http://www.economist.com/node/16422404.
- ^ Wallis J. (2002) "Seasonal aspects of reproduction and sexual behavior in two chimpanzee populations: a comparison of Gombe (Tanzania) and Budongo (Uganda) ". In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF, editors. Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge (England): Cambridge Univ Pr. p 181-91.
- ^ a b Gagneux P, Boesch C, Woodruff DS (1999). "Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees". Anim Beh 57: 19–32. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0972.
- ^ a b c d Bard KA. (1995) "Parenting in primates". In: Bornstein MH, editor. Handbook of parenting. Volume 2, Biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwah (NJ): L Erlbaum Associates; p 27-58.
- ^ a b c Crockford C, Boesch C (2005). "Call combinations in wild chimpanzees". Behaviour 142 (4): 397–421. doi:10.1163/1568539054012047.
- ^ Claire Osborn (2006-04-27). "Texas man saves friend during fatal chimp attack". The Pulse Journal. http://www.pulsejournal.com/featr/content/shared/news/stories/CHIMP_ATTACK_0427_COX.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27. [dead link]
- ^ "Chimp attack kills cabbie and injures tourists". London: The Guardian. 2006-04-25. http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1760554,00.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "'Drunk and Disorderly' Chimps Attacking Ugandan Children". 2004-02-09. http://www.primates.com/chimps/drunk-n-disorderly.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Tara Waterman (1999). "Ebola Cote D'Ivoire Outbreaks". Stanford University. http://virus.stanford.edu/filo/eboci.html. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ "Chimp attack doesn't surprise experts". MSNBC. 2005-03-05. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7087194/. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack". USATODAY. 2005-03-04. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Amy Argetsinger (2005-05-24). "The Animal Within". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301819.html. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Sandoval, Edgar (2009-02-18). "911 tape captures chimpanzee owner's horror as 200-pound ape mauls friend". New York: Nydailynews.com. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2009/02/17/2009-02-17_911_tape_captures_chimpanzee_owners_horr-2.html/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ By Stephanie Gallman CNN (2009-02-18). "Chimp attack 911 call: 'He's ripping her apart' - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/02/17/chimpanzee.attack/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Online Extra: Frodo @ National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-05-15. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b Reeves JD, Doms RW (June 2002). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253–65. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18253-0. PMID 12029140. http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12029140.
- ^ Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, et al. (July 2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science 313 (5786): 523–6. Bibcode 2006Sci...313..523K. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMC 2442710. PMID 16728595. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2442710.
- ^ Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, et al. (February 1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature 397 (6718): 436–41. Bibcode 1999Natur.397..436G. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410.
- General references
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, 1775.
- Tutin CEG, McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ (1983). "Social organization of savanna-dwelling chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal". Primates 24 (2): 154–173. doi:10.1007/BF02381079.


text:
Home Meridian Hayden Power Lift Chair with Heat and Massage - Various Colors
by Home Meridian | Item #: 500078 | Model #: 175-801-016 |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this item
Four massage motors and heated lumbar area help relieve stress and relax muscles. With ease of operation, the control wand offers smooth and quiet movement from a flat position up to a thirty degree standing position, and anywhere in between. The Hayden Power Lift comes in micro suede fabric, providing comfort and relaxation and offering assistance for anyone who requires help standing up or sitting down. In the event of a power failure, the battery backup system (batteries not included) will reset the chair to its normal position, preventing any inconveniences. It's time to finally relax and let the Hayden Power Lift take care of you!
- Motorized lift with heat and massage
- Stain resistant
- Chaise seating
- Battery backup system. Batteries not included.
- Storage pocket for magazines and remotes
- Weight capacity: 250lbs.
- Back width: 39"
- Seat depth: 21"
- Seat width: 19"
- Seat to floor: 21"
- Top of back to seat: 22"
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
38.98" x 30.32" x 33.86"
Component Country

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By ANDREW SKERRITT
Published April 10, 2007
It was a cold, rainy Monday - weather that tests commitment.
The Free Radicals could have chosen plenty of warmer options, but here they were at Spring Hill Cemetery, a modest graveyard hidden away on a dirt road west of Brooksville.
They planted shrubbery, raked leaves and gathered trash left by people who strangely like to party among the spirits and leave their beer cans behind.
Teenagers live with the pressure to conform, to dress and act like everyone else.
But the Free Radicals, as the name would imply, swim against the tide. The Nature Coast High students describe themselves as a "group of humanists, free thinkers and eccentric minds, working together to raise social awareness, promote progress in society and laugh a lot along the way."
Sounds downright subversive.
"It sounds cliche but it's not always right to follow the rest of the crowd," said Rachael Manning, a 17-year-old junior and the groups secretary.
"I believe you have to stir things up. Don't just accept things the way they are."
The group is trying to live up to both its radical name and agenda.
For its next project, organizer Ryan Carpenter said the group plans to petition Gov. Charlie Crist on behalf of William Thornton IV, the teenager who was sentenced to 30 years in prison for his role in a wreck that killed two people in Citrus County three years ago.
Carpenter and his schoolmates have followed media coverage of the case. To them it smacks of injustice. They're unhappy with Circuit Judge Ric Howard.
"These kids don't accept authority as always being right," said Kevin Cullen, the first year teacher who is sponsoring the group.
Cullen isn't some ex-hippy sent to infiltrate and indoctrinate Hernando youth. He's one of them. He grew up in Spring Hill. At 22, he isn't far removed from his years at Central High. His humanities course - mostly philosophy and American history and culture - is the sort of place where students are provoked to ask questions.
"This is a diverse group; they're from different backgrounds. This gives them a sense of purpose," said Cullen. "This is where the differences of opinion converge."
And in places like the Spring Hill Cemetery, words, deeds and thoughtful introspection intersect. Especially when teenagers see the grave of a boy their age. It forces them to seriously think about making their own lives count.
"You only have one life," said Nathan Dust, a 17-year-old senior. "If you're not trying to better yourself then you're not doing anything."
Andrew Skerritt can be reached at 813 909-4602 or toll-free at 1-800-333-7505, ext. 4602. His e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com
[Last modified April 9, 2007, 21:35:03]
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text:
Jan. 18, 2013
GALESBURG— Carl Sandburg College is seeking entries for the 24th annual Sandburg College Poetry Competition. The contest is open to the general public, and poems will be judged in three categories: elementary, (1st-5th grade), intermediate (6th-12th grade) and adult. Winners will be recognized at an awards ceremony at 6:30 p.m. April 18 in the Student Center on the Main Campus in Galesburg, 2400 Tom L. Wilson Blvd., during the Sandburg Days Festival for the Mind, which will take place April 17-21.
Certificates will be presented to first-, second-, and third-place winners in each category. All category winners may read their compositions and receive prizes from Carl Sandburg College at the awards ceremony. All winning poems will be published in a booklet that will be distributed at the ceremony.
1. Each contestant must live within 200 miles of Carl Sandburg College District 518.
2. Each contestant may enter one poem only.
3. The poem must be typed, in 12-point font, double-spaced, on 8 ½-by-11-inch paper, with the contestant's name, address, phone number and age category in the upper right-hand corner.
4. Poems must be original and previously unpublished.
5. Poems should not be more than two pages.
6. The poet should demonstrate wit, intelligence, imagination and the apt treatment of sound, image and concept and avoid vulgarities. Poems may be free verse or written in pre-established forms (sonnet, sestina, etc.).
7. While the poet will retain all rights of authorship, the poet will grant to Carl Sandburg College the right to publish any or all of the work, or use it for publicity purposes, without the payment of royalties or fees. Entries will not be returned.
8. All submissions must be received at the following address no later than March 1: Carol Petersen, associate dean of humanities and fine arts, Carl Sandburg College, 2400 Tom L. Wilson Blvd., Galesburg, Ill., 61401.
For more information, contact Petersen at 309.341.5416 or email@example.com.


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Update:Remarks by President Obama at Hankuk University
President Barack Obama is in the Republic of Korea to participate in the second Nuclear Security Summit. More than 50 world leaders are attending the summit to address one of the most urgent challenges of global security -- securing the world's nuclear weapons and preventing nuclear terrorism.
Scheduled to speak at Hankuk University in Seoul, President Obama will deliver remarks on continued efforts to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. You can watch the President's remarks live on www.whitehouse.gov/live at 9:30 p.m. (EDT) on March 25.
Earlier today, the President toured the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and kicked off three days of diplomacy with a pair of bilateral meetings -- with Prime Minister Lee Myung-bak of South Korea and Prime Minister Erdogan of Turkey. In remarks with President Lee Myung-bak during a joint press conference at the Blue House, President Obama said:
"...My visit to Korea also reflects the enduring strength of our alliance. My last visit to Seoul came as we marked both the 60th anniversary of the Korean War and Veterans Day. And today I traveled, as President Lee mentioned, to the DMZ to thank our men and women in uniform, American and Korean, who serve shoulder to shoulder. They're the reason that we can stand here free today, and prosperous here today. And we salute them all.
"My visit to Korea reflects the fact that the United States is leading again in the Asia Pacific -- a region that will affect American security and prosperity in the 21st century like no other. As I declared in Australia last year, the United State as a Pacific nation will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future. And the cornerstone of our efforts is our strong alliances, including our alliance with the Republic of Korea."
You can go to www.whitehouse.gov and follow @usembassyseoul and @eAsiaMediaHub on Twitter for more information on the President's trip to South Korea. Use the hashtag #NSS2012 to join the discussion on Twitter about the Nuclear Security Summit.
Related Content: The White House Blog -- President Obama in South Korea | Press Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the President's Upcoming Trip to the Republic of Korea | Fact Sheet -- Nuclear Security 101
Palgye in South Korea writes:
@ Secretary of State
I think Samsung should be protected until the end. By the way, I can not forgive Samsung. I threw a couple of years had prepared dream underfoot. Have to wait another four years, four years later there was no chance to think. I have difficulty in the Pohang, Korea was a possible dream. I tried to run, not me, other people told me about that possibility.
Tv these days, I,,, intentionally avoiding the news relating to the election. Samsung also, Republic of Korea'm also a curse. I was helping them, they do kill me,,,,
Perhaps, Sec never expected we would not hang up a relationship with Samsung, which I what do I do?
Do you know me?
I wanted to run for the parliamentary elections. I think it's possible candidacy was in Seoul. This goal, but I wanted to run for election.
Palgye in South Korea writes:
China - Wen Jiabao Chinese Prime Minister
By any chance, are you?, Wen Jiabao Chinese Prime Minister Chinese monopoly of large bank restructuring agency, Is there a way to help?
I've copied a newspaper article. Please, please when you are concerned. As you may know already.
Wen Jiabao Chinese prime minister, reform the monopoly of China's big banks have expressed what went.
"China's four state-owned bank, Bank of China, Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank has been dependent on financial services.
The Chinese government is currently using private capital, commercial finance services is seeking to diversify. Last month storage star in Wenzhou chosen as China's first four special zones for financial institutions engaging in financial sector reforms, came up with. Wen, "Wenzhou project has been some success," said "(that is being tested in Wenzhou of reform), some (national) can be expanded immediately," he said.
Meanwhile, the China Securities Regulatory Commission three days 'Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII)' funding limit of $ 80 billion (90 billion) to increase as announced. 129 early last month, both the $ 24.6 billion foreign institutions (about 28 billion) was approved QFII. China to promote the internationalization of the yuan this year, introduced RQFII (to use the yuan QFII) system in 21 organizations in Hong Kong RQFII quota allocation of 20 billion yuan was known to have received. "
Thank You.


text:
Jean Valjean
42,169pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Jean Valjean is the main character in Victor Hugo's novel, Les Misérables.
Michael Eddington compared himself to Valjean and Benjamin Sisko to his nemesis Inspector Javert. Javert pursued Valjean for a menial crime, just as Eddington believed Sisko did of him. (DS9: "For the Uniform")
Other members of the Maquis named one of their raiders, the Val Jean, after Hugo's hero. (VOY: "Repression")


text:
Taking the Family to the Trails - Page 2
The author and her daughters on family hike day.
Despite the appeal of a lazy weekend morning spent indoors, relaxing in air conditioning to watch TV or surf the Internet, our oldest daughter, Chantal, really loved the experience of our family hike. Afterward, she said, "I've never enjoyed a workout as much as I did exploring those trails. The high I got from climbing steep hills, balancing on rocks through rivers and reaching the top of the mountain was the best feeling ever!"
She's never enjoyed running, but she's always wanted to run. Seeing how beautiful the trails were made her feel like running. "It was a whole different feeling from being out on local streets," she said. "I wish we had gone out there to run rather than hike, which says a lot, because I have a hard time enjoying my runs!"
My nine-year-old daughter wasn't quite as enthusiastic as her sister, but she said she enjoyed several parts of the hike—playing on a makeshift tree swing, discovering unusual-looking stick spiders and climbing up and over rocks as we made our way down the mountain. I remember doing these things often as a child, back when indoor play was not encouraged. These days, you have to create outdoor experiences for your children if you want them to be more active and explore nature's backyard.
The challenging aspects of the hike—having to hold onto ropes and carefully scale our way over rocks and slippery terrain—also added value to the experience. As difficult as it was at times for my younger daughter, she felt a strong sense of accomplishment at the end of the hike.
Outdoor adventures offer so many rewards for everyone in the family; we plan to incorporate them into our weekend schedule whenever possible. And, as trail runners, there's no better way to introduce our loved ones to the outdoors than by taking them out to the trails and sharing with them something that we are already so familiar with, and passionate about.
Tips for Sharing the Trails with Your Kids
- Organize trail expeditions with other family friends who have kids the same age as your child/children. My younger daughter was not keen at all when we first pitched the idea of a family hike, but as soon as she learned that one of her friends was also going, that was enough to get her to change her mind.
- My husband and I have never done this as a family, but we have a few friends who take their kids out geocaching, and many of their geocache adventures take them out to the hiking trails. I think this might be a great way to entice kids out on a trail adventure, as it involves "clue-finding."
- Take your kids out to some of your trail races and let them experience the camaraderie and excitement. Consider volunteering together at one.
- Offer an incentive: let them choose, for example, where to go for a family breakfast after the trail run or hike.
- Compromise–take them out trail running or hiking one weekend, and let them choose a family activity the following weekend.
- Create a summer challenge–see how many trails and miles you can cover as a family over the summer break (and have rewards available along the way!)


text:
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Midnight By Carole Hochman
Some Enchanted Evening Sleep Chemise Marina
Style: 570051595
Out of Stock
Chocolate lace peeks out from a light teal neckline at the double-layered bodice of this empire waist chemise made of silky, lustrous knit. Softly draped into a swingy silhouette, it's a lovely way to refresh your nightly routine.
- Ultra-light stretch knit jersey with a refined, silky touch.
- Knit bodice is ruched in front and has a surplice back.
- Faux cami beneath is soft stretch chocolate lace with teal charmeuse spaghetti straps.
- Strap guides for cami.
- From Midnight by Carole Hochman.
- 96% Polyester, 4% Spandex. Machine wash, cold. Imported.
Read more… Read less…


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After dipping his boot into the equine auction business in the spring, Jimmy Robertson finds himself saddle-deep this fall.
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Helping a Survivor
Sexual assault is never the survivor's fault, no matter what; no matter how much alcohol was consumed. Alcohol may increase the risk of sexual assault, and may make someone incapable of giving consent or protecting themselves, but it is not the cause of the assault. Responsibility lies with the perpetrator; the survivor is never responsible for the assailant's behavior (75% of admitted date rapists said they used alcohol to get dates drunk so they could have sex; 40% of men in one study thought it was acceptable behavior to force sex on a woman who was drunk).
In the vast majority of sexual assaults against college students, the offender is known to the victim (acquaintance sexual assault accounts for 90% of college rapes). This means that the offender was not a close or intimate friend, but someone recognized by the victim such as a classmate, friend of a friend, lab partner, someone seen around campus, or person met at a party.
Survivors of a sexual assault may experience a range of emotional, physical, and mental reactions to the trauma of being victimized, which may include the following:
- Self-blame
- Denial
- Eating difficulties
- Embarrassment
- Confusion
- Difficulties concentrating
- Shame
- Anxiety
- Flashbacks
- Guilt
- Mood Swings
- Fatigue
- Fear
- Loss of interest in activities
- Anger
- Shock
- Withdrawal from others
- Rage
- Disbelief
- Difficulty sleeping
- Feelings of worthlessness
If a friend has been sexually assaulted:
- Believe your friend.
- Listen non-judgmentally.
- Assure your friend that he or she is not to blame for the sexual assault.
- Encourage your friend to immediately reach out for help (reporting options).
- Empower your friend to make his or her own choices.
- Stay with your friend during interviews and examinations if she or he wants you to do so.
- Take care of yourself. You may need to talk to someone about how this has affected you.
If you have been sexually assaulted:
- Go to a safe location.
- Do not blame yourself. The sexual assault was not your fault.
- If you are injured, seek medical attention immediately.
- Reach out for help (reporting options).
- Understand that you have choices, and you should make the choice that is best for you.
- In order to preserve evidence, do not shower, bathe, douche, or brush your teeth.
- Recognize that healing from a sexual assault will take time. Give yourself the time you need.
- Remember, it is never too late to seek help. Many victims do not realize they need help until months or years later.


text:
Orange Olive Oil Cake
- Butter, for greasing the pan
- 1 1/4 cups all-purpose flour, plus more for the pan
- 3/4 cup sugar
- 2 eggs
- 1/3 cup olive oil
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- Juice and zest of 1 orange (about 3 tablespoons juice, 1 tablespoon zest)
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1/2 teaspoon baking soda
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- Confectioners' sugar for dusting
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Grease and flour a 9-inch round cake pan.
Mix together the sugar and eggs in a medium bowl with a hand mixer on medium speed until blended and light. Drizzle in the olive oil and vanilla and mix until light and smooth. Add the orange juice and zest and mix well. Sift together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in another medium bowl. Add the flour mixture half at a time to the wet ingredients and mix on low just to incorporate. Pour into the prepared cake pan and bake, 25 to 30 minutes. Let the cake cool 15 minutes, dust with confectioners' sugar and serve.
Recipe courtesy of Melissa d'Arabian
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Orange and Olive Oil Cake
Recipe courtesy of Guy Fieri
Olive Oil Honey Cake
Recipe courtesy of Jamie Deen
Olive Oil Cake with Blueberries and Mascarpone
Recipe courtesy of Anne Burrell


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Course: Main Course, Soups, Stews and Chili
Products: Slow Cookers
1. Place beef in slow cooker crock. Stir in tomatoes, beef broth, wine, onion soup mix, basil, salt and pepper until well blended.
2. Add potatoes, carrots, mushrooms and onion.
3. Cover and cook on HIGH 5 hours or LOW 10 hours until meat is tender. Stir before serving.
Serves: 16


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Serena Williams will be packing her bags earlier than expected as she was upset by 20 year old Spaniard, Garbine Muguruza in the 2nd Round of the French open, 6-2, 6-2. The win over Serena marks the first in the modern era that the top 2 women's seeds have been eliminated before the 3rd round. Number 2 seed, Li Na, lost in the first round of the tournament yesterday to Kristina Mladenovic 7-5, 3-6, 6-1.
Serena struggled the entire match, only winning four games which is the fewest games won by Serena in 288 grand slam matches. Although Serena played poorly throughout the match, she was impressed by Muguruza's game telling her at the net, "if she keeps playing like this, she can win the tournament."
Congrats 2 my opponent today. She did her thing. I'm proud of her. I wish her well. Until next time. There's always tomm & I will be ready.
— Serena Williams (@serenawilliams) May 28, 2014


text:
Cisco Linksys E2500 Advanced Dual-Band N Router
by Cisco | Item #: 352883 | Model #: E2500 |
- $ 79 12 79.12
Non-members pay 10% surchargeJoin now!
- Shipping
Delivery estimates, taxes, and fees are based on ZIP Code. Club Pickup orders are based on your club's current price and item availability on the day of payment.
About this itemThe Linksys E2500 offers superior wireless speed (up to 300 + 300 Mbps), optimal range and powerful dual-band technology to provide advanced performance for active wireless households.
The Linksys E2500 offers superior wireless speed (up to 300 + 300 Mbps), optimal range and powerful dual-band technology to provide advanced performance for active wireless households. Simultaneous dual-band (2.4 + 5GHz) technology doubles your network bandwidth and helps avoid network interference, enabling smoother and faster media streaming and file transfers. A MIMO antenna array offers superior range and reliability. And WPA/WPA2 encryption and SPI firewall help keep your network protected. Plus, included Cisco Connect software gets you set up in three easy steps and offers powerful tools for ongoing management of your network.
- Enjoy the power of simultaneous dual-band Wireless-N (802.11n) technology—with double the capacity for surfing the web, streaming multimedia and running applications simultaneously
- Connect your computers, wireless printers, smartphones and other wireless devices at up to 300 + 300 Mbps of transfer speed
- Double your network bandwidth with simultaneous dual bands (2.4GHz and 5GHz) to help avoid interference, allowing for faster HD video streaming, file transfers and wireless gaming
- Enjoy the superior range provided by a MIMO antenna array
- Use four Fast Ethernet (10/100 Mbps) ports to directly connect wired devices
- Keep your network protected with customizable security settings, including WPA/WPA2 Personal and SPI firewall protection
- Set up your wireless network in three easy steps using included Cisco Connect software
- Give visitors password-protected Internet access on a separate network—so your visitors have access to the Internet, but not your computers or data
- Use Cisco Connect's Parental Controls to block specific websites and restrict Internet access during certain hours
- Customize your network using easily accessible Advanced Settings
- Technology: Wireless-N
- Bands: Simultaneous 2.4GHz and 5GHz
- Transmit / receive: 2 x 2
- Antennas: 4 Internal
- Ethernet ports x speed: 4 x 10/100
- USB storage port: No USB port
- Software setup: CD Install
- Cisco Connect software: Yes
- Support: 24/7 Award-winning Online Support Resources; 90 days complimentary Assisted Support
- OS Compatibility: Windows, Mac
- Internet Browser: Internet Explorer 7, Safari 4 or Firefox 3 for optional browser-based configuration
- PC: Wireless network enabled PC with CD or DVD drive, running Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista SP1 or Windows 7
- Mac: Wireless network enabled Mac with CD or DVD drive, running OS X Leopard 10.5 or Snow Leopard 10.6
- Linksys E2500 Advanced Dual-Band N Router
- CD-ROM with setup software and resources
- Ethernet network cable
- Power adapter
Assembled Country
Component Country


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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
Comprehensive Description
Sea cucumbers are members of a group of marine animals known as echinoderms ("spiny skins"). The 7,000 species of echinoderms that live in today's oceans also include the starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, and sea lilies. The 1,500 species of sea cucumbers, or holothurians, can be found in all oceans and at all depths, in a great variety of habitats – some burrow deep into mud or sand, while others may spend their entire lives swimming in midwater. It is in the dark reaches of the deep sea where the sea cucumbers rule. Here, a group known as the elasipods, of which Scotoplanes globosa is an example, can be found in enormous numbers (Dave Pawson, in litt. December 2009).
The bizarre deep-sea sea cucumbers were first described in wonderful detail by Swedish zoologist Hjalmar Théel in 1882, when he wrote a monograph of the astonishing collections amassed by the British research ship HMS Challenger in her round-the-world cruise of 1872-1876. Théel described about 65 new species which he placed in a new Order, the Elasipoda. The so-called elasipods are restricted to deep and cold parts of the world ocean, where they are the dominant large animals in most areas, often comprising more than 95% of the total weight of animals on the deep-sea floor. They are of great importance in the general economy of the deep sea, for as they feed on sediments, and move along on the seafloor, they introduce oxygen into the sediments, thus making them habitable by myriad small animals (Dave Pawson, in litt. December 2009).
Elasipods can vary greatly in shape. Most are more or less cylindrical, but some are quite flat, resembling flatfish in general appearance. They are often very fragile, for their bodies incorporate a large amount of water. As a result, many elasipods may break into gelatinous fragments when they are collected in nets and dredges. Several of these neutrally buoyant elasipods are capable of actively swimming for short to long periods of time. Unique features can include the presence of several very large "walking legs", which are greatly modified fluid-filled tube feet (tube feet are hydraulically operated locomotory organs possessed by all echinoderms). The upper body surface may carry few to many whip-like so-called papillae, which are also modified tube feet. It is believed that these papillae have a sensory function, helping the animal to "smell" its way to tasty sediments (Dave Pawson, in litt. December 2009).
Additional information and images can be found here: http://blogspotarchive.blogspot.com/2009/07/echinoblog.html.


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Face Modeling
3D modeling. Generating realistic 3D human face models and facial animations has been a persistent challenge in computer vision and graphics. We have developed a system that constructs textured 3D face models from videos with minimal user interaction. Our system takes a video sequence of a face with an ordinary video camera. After five manual clicks on two images to tell the system where the eye corners, nose tip and mouth corners are, the system automatically generates a realistic looking 3D human head model and the constructed model can immediately be animated (different poses, facial expressions and talking). Optionally, in order to achieve higher accuracy, a user can click an additional set of three points to indicate the lower part of the face. A user, with a PC and an ordinary camera, can use our system to generate his/her face model in a few minutes.
Facial expression. We are also interested in facial expression mapping. Facial expressions exhibit not only facial feature motions, but also subtle changes in illumination and appearance (e.g., facial creases and wrinkles). These details are important visual cues, but they are difficult to synthesize. Traditional expression mapping techniques consider feature motions while the details in illumination changes are ignored. We propose to capture the illumination change of one person's expression in what we call an expression ratio image (ERI). Together with geometric warping, we map an ERI to any other person's face image to generate more expressive facial expressions.
There is an internal website for the Face Modeling project.
People involved are: Zhengyou Zhang, Zicheng Liu, Dennis Adler, Michael Cohen, Erik Hanson, Chuck Jacobs, Ying Shan, Andreas Soupliotis, and Matt Uyttendaele.
Model-Based Bundle Adjustment with Application to Face Modeling. Ying Shan, Zicheng Liu, Zhengyou Zhang. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV01), Vol. II, pages 644-651, July 20001, Vancouver, Canada.
Rapid Modeling of Animated Faces From Video. Zicheng Liu, Zhengyou Zhang, Chuck Jacobs, Michael Cohen. In Proceedings of The Third International Conference on Visual Computing (Visual 2000), pages 58-67, September 2000, Mexico City. Also available as Technical Report MSR-TR-99-21.
Robust Head Motion Computation by Taking Advantage of Physical Properties. Zicheng Liu, Zhengyou Zhang. IEEE Workshop on Human Motion (HUMO 2000), Austin, USA, December 2000.
Expressive Expression Mapping with Ratio Images. Zicheng Liu, Ying Shan, Zhengyou Zhang. in SIGGRAPH 2001, pages 271-276, Los Angeles, August 12-17. The color plate has a few cool examples.
Media coverages:
Red Herring Magazine by Niall McKay (4/5/2001): Let's play with Microsoft
CBS Saturday Early Show with Renay San Miguel (4/21/2001) : MPEG file (77 MB).
MicroNews: 3-D Talking Heads on the Horizon (1/12/2001)
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The purpose of this research study is to see if new laboratory tests are helpful in treating cystinuria. This study will also increase our knowledge about cystinuria. The best way to measure the amount of cystine that can be in urine without causing stones hasn't been found yet. Measuring the amount of cystine would help doctors predict when stones were likely to form so that they could be treated proactively. The development of a new test measures the amount of cystine in a patient's urine. This test may provide a measurement that will potentially predict future stones and help with treatment options. Tailoring therapy to the individual patient may help medications work better while minimizing side effects. Overall, we anticipate that individualizing treatment will improve the quality of life for patients with cystinuria.
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


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French Onion Soup (Bite This)
Contributing Monkie Aria Alpert
Published on August 23, 2011
Filed Under Bite This, Full Recipe List, Recipes / Soups & Salads Tags Soup
Vegans and carnivores will both be happy with this amazingly rich soup. A perfect starter for a Christmas meal. The special somethin' somethin' comes from the use of unpasteurized dark miso. I use south river miso. They make their miso using a variety of grains, beans and sea vegetables. They are all wonderful. Miso not only adds extra depth to any soup but has exceptional nutritional values. Unpasteurized miso is a 'living food' and contains natural digestive enzymes that aid in digestion, so it's a great way to get your tummy ready for all the other food comin' it's way from your holiday feast!
*note: Use the recipe for 'homemade vegetable stock' from our earlier Bite This recipe for the vegetable stock!
Sign Up for GreenChefs Bite This Daily Foodie Inspiration Emails
For the Recipe
2 TB olive oil
4 pounds red and yellow onions (about 8), halved and thinly sliced
4 garlic cloves, thinly sliced
½ cup port
8 cups vegetable stock
3 to 4 TB dark miso paste
fresh ground black pepper
fresh parsley, chopped
1. Heat olive oil over medium heat in a large soup pot.
2. Add onions and garlic, dash of sea salt. Cover and cook, stirring occasionally, until onions have softened, 12 to 15 minutes.
3. Uncover and continue to stir and cook until onions are dark golden brown, 25 to 30 minutes. (If bottom becomes brown add ¼ cup water and scrap up browned bits with wooden spoon.)
4. Add port and cook until syrupy, 2 to 3 minutes. Stir in broth. Bring to simmer.
5. Turn off stove. Mix 3 Tb miso in ½ cup water and then blend into soup. (Do not boil miso. It losses the nourishing medicinal properties.)
6. Taste. Depending on your salty taste buds add more miso if necessary.
7. Add freshly ground pepper and garnish with a touch of fresh chopped parsley.


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Events and ClassesFriends of the LibraryStay Connected
Inside this branch:
Address:955 NW 129 Avenue, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028Click here to get directions from Google Maps.
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Topic: Craigslist Clone in Rails - What do you think of it?
I am preparing to release a Open Source Classifieds script developed in Rails. You can view it @ http://www.railslist.com.
Its objective is to provide beginners a simple rails application that they can use, play around while learning rails.
Do you think i will get into legal issues?


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Yeah yeah, stfu, I'm starting another post. I know there are 3 threads going with this right now, but there is a lot of stuff being discussed both pro and con, it is intermixed with a million one liners, and there is no real talking about how Amare would actually fit in here either than "WE'LL BE UNSTOPPABLE ON OFFENSE!" or "AMARE GIVES UP AS MANY AS HE SCORES, THATS NOT PLAYOFF CHAMPIONSHIP BASKETBALL!".
SO, I'm going to write out my thoughts on as many of the different things as I can remember, and I encourage everyone to just agree wholeheartedly with them and posting will probably stop for the next week as everything correct will have already been said. Or, we can have one thread for more substantive discussion.
1) How will Amare fit in the offense? Can he get enough shots to be kept happy?
Right now our starting lineup with Amare will be Mo, Redz, LBJ, Amare, and LeBron. We'll have Boobie, Ben, and Sasha off the bench for sure. Wally may be back. Andy may be gone. It is possible there is a 2/3 coming our way in the trade as well, but let's ignore it. So how does this break down?
Amare is going to get a lot of looks. It is pointless to bring him in anyways. So we can expect him to score 20-25 per game. Mo, I think, will see about the same number as before and be in that 15-20 ppg range. My guess is LBJ becomes slightly more of a facilitator. We heard for years how LeBron doesn't want to be a 30/7/7 guy but would prefer to be a 25/10/7 guy. But that hasn't been possible. Well, with this trade it is. So that's 60-65 points we are looking at between our 3 primary options. That is not unreasonable, and it would not unreasonable for them to average upwards of 70-75 ppg. Who else needs buckets? Delonte is a 10 ppg guy; he doesn't care. Z doesn't care. He is a 10 guy also. We're not around 80-85 points. That leaves 15-20 ppg for the bench. What do you know? That's almost exactly right for what we will have coming off of it. Plus he fills the 1 scoring need they have with the evaporation of Z's post game and LeBron's refusal to do more than pay lip service to developing one. We've seen what happens when the shots stop falling. LeBron pounds the ball into the floor and everything stagnates. They can go 5 or 6 or 7 minutes with hardly a bucket. This is because they don't get easy buckets unless they are spacing the floor well, which they don't if a couple guys go cold.
Amare fits into the offense very well. Before this year, the only play it seemed like they ever ran was the pick and roll with LeBron and Andy. Amare is a 1000x upgrade over Andy in this situation. When LeBron comes off the floor, Mo can run it just as well. With everyone spacing the floor on this team except for LeBron and Z, the paint is wide open for Amare to wreak havoc. You think LeBron looks good moving without the ball this year? Just wait until you see the dunk parade Amare throws down when it's the first 6 minutes of the 2nd quarter, LeBron is on the bench, and he is on the floor with Mo, West/Boobie, Sasha/Wally, and Z all camping out 15+ ft from the basket.
The other thing to keep in mind is that besides LeBron, we have no one that threatens opposing bigs with foul trouble. Amare changes that equation.
Apparently if this trade happens, it is because Amare wants to come here and will sign an extension. If this happens, it is a foregone conclusion that LeBron stays in Cleveland unless things collapse. Amare will not sign a long term deal if he knows the King is leaving. He will not be a cancer.
2) How will Amare look on defense? Is this just a move for the regular season?
No one is going to doubt that Amare is a revolving door. But LeBron willed a team with Drew Gooden to the finals. Amare is not a goofball on the level of Gooden. Pup has brought up Amare vs Duncan as evidence that this won't help us win a championship. But that's not quite right. Duncan is the greatest PF of all time. To complain about Amare not getting the Suns to the finals is mind numbing. He nearly carried that Suns team past the Spurs when he averaged nearly 40 ppg against Duncan. The other time they lost was absolute horseshit, when Horry nearly killed Nash. And we are supposed to be mad that Amare got up for that? That's passion, not disinterest, and I'll take it any day of the week.
But how good are we on defense at PF right now? Ben Wallace and Andy Varejao were absolutely abused by the Lakers. So was Zydrunas. We can beat the Celtics, they don't have those athletic bigs. Odom and Gasol are an absolute mismatch for everyone on the roster. If they get Bynum back, that's just more trouble. Against other teams, Z and Ben can combine to cover up a lot of Amare's deficiencies, as Z did with Gooden. Andy, if he stays, does the same thing.
It's an open question how good our defense will be with Amare. But the upgrade on offense is sorely needed, especially as it seems like Z is not going to be at 100% the rest of the season and Andy has not shown the same offensive game it looked like he might be developing early in the season.
3) Is it worth giving up JJ?
Yes. You always flip far off potential for right now ability. Especially when you have had a thread previously about "What is JJ's upside?" And someone (hmm, I don't know!) said "A poor man's Amare is his ceiling" and people went yeah, hmm, that sounds right, probably not quite as good as Amare but still good!
Someone said they would be so disappointed if JJ is an all star in 5 years and we have nothing to show for this. Really? So we are worried about 5 years from now? Ferry will have many more moves to make in the next 5 years to change this team.
4) What about other trades there were supposed to put teams over the top? Iverson, Carter?
Each deal needs to be evaluated on its own merits and none are a sure thing. So let's look at the two that were brought up.
Carter was a malcontent who basically refused to play. He was brought in to be the #1 star on a team, when it was known he didn't really care about basketball as much as you might like. What about Amare? He seems a little pouty right now, but I never heard that before. He is still going out and playing hard. He is not being brought in to be the #1 guy. He is being brought in to be the #2/3 guy to a team with an established culture of winning playoff series. There is not any chance he will have illusions about being #1 on this team.
Iverson was an aging star who dominated the ball and was never a particularly good fit. While he is one of the greats, everyone should have known he needs a certain kind of team to succeed. That kind of team being one with 4 defense first starters playing next to him who basically defer to him being the entire offense himself. He is capable of making a team like that a middle of the pack offensive team, but he just doesn't fit in otherwise. Note that he never had much success after Larry Brown left Philly, either.
Other deals people point to:
Kevin Garnett: obviously not the same. Someone posted about Amare not being a KG. But WTF? Of course he isn't, and he doesn't need to be. KG had to change the entire culture of the team and lead them. Amare needs to fit in and dunk the basketball.
Rasheed Wallace: this is close, but not quite the same. Both guys went to existing teams that may have been legitimate title contenders. Both guys were among the most talented players in the association. The difference, of course, is Rasheed is the ultimate anti-star, in that he doesn't want to be the focus ever.
5) Wah wah I want Bosh instead.
Yeah, join the club. But this is what's available. To pass on it because there is a 10% chance you might be able to trade for of sign Bosh at some indeterminate future date is nuts. I'd also love Chris Paul and Dwight Howard.
6) What if we don't do it?
Well, there could be another trade this year or next. But if there isn't this year, then we lose Wally's expiring contract and the chance it gives us to upgrade the team. Wally is another case of hometown fans being homers and overvaluing someone way too much. If I have to read another post about how trading Wally for Amare hurts our defense I am going to puke.
So we lose Wally as a chip to improve if we don't. Well, we can still make a trade next year. Maybe, maybe not. How do we know who will be available? What will we have to give up for them? What if JJ doesn't improve, and he has zero value at this time next year? There may be other teams involved besides us and Chicago next year, this time with significantly better assets than what we have.
7) Conclusions
I like the trade! It provides us with a young big who is awesome, which we don't have. I previously mentioned this team needs JJ to turn into the #2 option within a few years for them to continue to be title contenders. Well, JJ turning into Amare right now accomplishes that.
It gives us another scoring option in the paint besides LeBron, and someone who can actually play in the post.
It gives us someone who can draw some fouls.
It upgrades our athleticism.
It downgrades our defense, but not as much as the team with Donyell and Gooden playing big minutes at the 4. Plus Wally isn't doing anything to help our defense anyways.
It gets us a ton of value for Wally's contract, instead of just letting it go off the books for nothing.
It puts pressure on Gasol/Odom when we're on offense, which we currently don't do.
If the rumors are true, then it brings us a guy who WANTS to come here over anywhere else. Seems like the chemistry will not be adversely affected.
It actually allows us to get LeBron and another one of the 2010 big time FAs, which I know everyone was pumped for but probably wasn't happening.
All that and he brings rebounding.
Anyone else have some long form thoughts?


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by Anton Shilov
Microsoft Corp.'s chief executive officer Steve Ballmer said at a symposium that the forthcoming operating system (OS) Windows 7 would be a lot better compared to Windows Vista. Nevertheless, the new OS will not be just a fixed version of much criticized Vista, but a major release. Unfortunately, Mr. Ballmer provided no details or unveiled any new features.
"[Windows 7], it's Windows Vista, a lot better," said Mr. Ballmer at Gartner's annual Symposium ITxpo, reports ComputerWorld web-site.
The chief executive officer indicated that Windows 7 will have improved graphics user interface, performance improvements as well as will lack compatibility issues with Windows Vista, something that the company did say in the past claiming that driver model of Windows 7 will be the same as in Windows Vista.
"Windows Vista is good. Windows 7 is Windows Vista with cleanup in user interface [and] improvements in performance. Look, I'm not encouraging anybody to wait, I'd go ahead and deploy it right away. We didn't have to go in an incompatible direction to make big strides forward," Mr. Ballmer said.
The market of personal computers is changing at a very rapid pace and it would be strange to expect just a few changes from Windows 7. Microsoft has already disclosed support for touch-screens with its next-gen OS and more improvements can be expected, including broader amount of services and "gadgets" that are built into the operating system.
"It's a real release. Because it's a lot more work than a minor release. It turns out you can [do] more than just a minor release in what is essentially a two-and-a-half-year period of time. There's no reason to do just 'a minor release' in two and a half years," said Mr. Ballmer, answering the question whether the new OS will be just a Windows Vista with several improvements.
Already now Microsoft has to challenge not only Linux, but also has to consider skyrocketing popularity of Apple Mac OS along with Macintosh computers. In addition, Microsoft is challenged by companies like Google with browsers and online services that offer alternative to Microsoft's products. Finally, Microsoft needs to address the emerging markets of ultra low-cost personal computers (ULCPCs). To top it off, a new OS may become a door for Microsoft to enter the market of digital media business (like Apple iTunes) as well as advertising.


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My laptop has turned traitor on me.
Initially it bunged up and slowed to a standpoint.
I recall a sign for techy workshops a little while back, are they still running, or maybe someone could shed some light here on my problem
I made a note of some of the warnings.
'If problems continue disable or remove any newly installed software. Disable BIOS memory options such as caching or shadowing. If you need to sue safe mode to remove or disable components restart your computer, press F8 to select advanced start up options and then select safe mode'
It would then state
'Beginning dump of physical memory' (Frightening phrase that one)
Now it refuses to boot at all stating
'Disk error'
Is this critical or is there an easy fix in the right hands?
I'm allowing it a cooling off period until I'm equipped with the knowledge.
I've obviously got a huge deal of files that would break my heart to lose and also the laptop is a lifeline in my world right now.
Does anyone have any insight or advice they may offer?


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Topic: website on Mobile ?
If we designed Rails application, and if it is deployed on LIVE site, there are changes that the site may not look good on MOBILE.
Do we need to consider something to appear the site properly on Mobile as well ?
How we can do this ? Any Idea ?


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Run Free - Page 2
At the time I had no idea that Robbie and James were avid "free runners." I thought they were just crazy.
"People have been skipping and jumping since the Stone Age," explains Walsh, 25, of Duluth, Minnesota. "Children do it without being taught how. It is just human nature to run around in the woods and play. And that's essentially what free running is."
Urban Roots
The term "free running" was coined in the 1980s by the Frenchman and free-running pioneer, Sébastien Foucan. The strangely ambiguous and open-ended term refers to a style of running that places an emphasis on aesthetics and a runner's complete freedom of movement.
"Free running is more of a mindset than an activity," says Cook, 23, also of Duluth, Minnesota. It incorporates a variety of movements such as flips, jumps, rolls and spins, as well as any number of other acrobatic moves to break up the regulated patterns of running.
Free running has its roots in the city, but runners like Walsh and Cook have taken the urban gymnastic moves to the trails.
"I started trail free running when I finally got fed up seeing cool features I wanted to hit on my bike and snowboard, so I just started using them on runs," says Walsh. "You'll run a trail a hundred times and as your skills grow, you start seeing new features and new possibilities."
At first, free running seemed strange, almost childish, but I had so much fun the first time I tried it that I now devote at least one run a week to it. My only goal is to keep moving and have fun. On these runs, I usually never go farther than three miles, but they have not only helped my trail running through increasing my stamina, coordination and flexibility, but also my climbing, whitewater kayaking and snowboarding skills.
"It's the best cross training out there," says Walsh. "It improves your body awareness like nothing else, and all you need is a good pair of shoes and a good imagination."
Start Small
I started free running by trying to follow Walsh and Cook, a couple of experienced and particularly daring free runners. I wouldn't recommend staring this way.
Begin by adding an occasional simple "trick." A high skip off a rock or a few well-timed tree stalls can transform the normal point-A-to-point-B run into a more physically demanding and adventuresome experience.
As you become more comfortable interacting with trail features, you can start taking more calculated risks.
Tricks of the Trade
Tree/Rock Stall. Run straight up a tree or steep rock face as far as you can, let your body pause (you should feel weightlessness just before gravity pulls you back down) and then hop off before you fall on your face.
Rolling. It sounds simple enough, but rolling on the trail can hurt if you're not careful. Sharp rocks and large roots generally prove disadvantageous when rolling. After you get the hang of it, try rolling more than once, but don't get too dizzy.
Jumping. Start by looking for natural transitions that will soften your landing, e.g. a gradual rise followed by a slight decline. This will also help you keep your rhythm and be easier on your joints. Rocks and roots usually provide a solid footing to launch from. Always check the landing zone before you jump.
Add a spin. When you feel comfortable jumping, try throwing in a 360-degree spin, but start at slow running speed.
Tweak it. Got the spins down? Twist your body in mid-air so that you become horizontal with the ground while spinning. This is an advanced maneuver that takes commitment, so first master it jumping into a pool or lake.
This article appeared in our February 2009 issue.
Dave Costello, 21, is a writer and photographer living in Duluth, Minnesota.


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Hedge Trimmers & Accessories
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Choosing and Using a Hedge Trimmer
Hedge trimmers are powered in three ways: electrical, gas, and battery. Each of the trimmers has its own advantages and disadvantages:
- Electrical Hedge Trimmers: are lighter in weight and can be used continuously and immediately. However, as this type of hedge trimmer is corded, it cannot be used if the hedge is far from a power source or if it's raining. The cord can also be obstructive and dangerous.
- Gas Hedge Trimmer: This type of trimmer can be used anywhere as it's cordless. Although they don't need to be recharged, you need to ensure you have a ready supply of gas. They're also heavier to use, smoky, and noisy, and are awkward to use when working from atop a ladder.
- Rechargeable Hedge Trimmer: This type of hedge trimmer strikes a great balance between an electrical hedge trimmer and gas hedge trimmer; in that, this type of trimmer is convenient to use, and can be used anywhere, as it is not restricted by a cord. They also offer low noise levels. However, they're less powerful than gas models, and you need to ensure that the batteries are charged for at least five to seven hours to provide you with just thirty minutes of use.
Regardless of the type of hedge trimmer you choose from Sam's Club, you should keep a few safety measures in mind. This includes:
- Wearing protective gear such as safety goggles, heavy duty boots, and gloves
- Inspecting the hedge prior trimming to ensure there are no birds and other wildlife, and keeping people and animals away from the area you're working in
- Use both hands on the handle of the trimmer to operate it correctly
- Keep the cable of the electrical trimmer away from the cutting direction
Once the hedges have been trimmed to your satisfaction, water and mulch the plants to keep them in good condition.


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COPD: The Benefits of Mini-Meals
The muscles you use to breathe have to work harder because you have COPD. They use more energy so you need may need to eat more calories to supply the energy they need and to keep your muscles from becoming weaker. Ask your health care provider what your weight should be and how many calories you should eat each day.
Weight loss is common in people who have COPD. You should see your health care provider if you lose more than 10 percent of your weight in six months, or more than 5 percent in one month.
Eating small meals throughout the day can help provide the energy your body needs. Even if you aren't underweight, eating smaller meals that have the number of calories your health care provider has recommended has its advantages. A large meal in the stomach presses on the diaphragm, leaving the lungs less room to expand. Digesting a large meal also pulls blood and oxygen into the stomach and away from the rest of the body.
Aim for four or six mini-meals rather than two or three large meals throughout the day. These tips can help:
Build each mini-meal around two or three healthy foods: fruits and vegetables; whole grains and cereals; dairy products; and protein. Be sure to eat a balance of these foods.
Limit foods with empty calories. Foods that are high in sugar, white flour and fat provide calories, but not vitamins and minerals.
Go easy on salt (sodium). Too much sodium causes fluid buildup, making breathing more difficult. Avoid foods with more than 300 mg sodium per serving.
Avoid foods that cause gas or bloating, such as fried or greasy foods, beans and some fruits and vegetables. These can make it harder to breathe.
Here are some easy-to-prepare mini-meals:
One scrambled egg, whole-grain toast and a melon slice
Half a turkey sandwich and vegetable soup
Baby carrots, rye crackers and cheddar cheese
Vanilla yogurt and thawed, frozen blueberries
© 2000-2015 Krames StayWell, 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.


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The Winter Carnival, 1915
The Saranac Lake Winter Carnival of 1915 was a spectacular celebration as described in the special "Racing Final" edition of the Enterprise dated Feb. 4.
The Enterprise was a tabloid size of 20 pages with 100 photos a tremendous undertaking for the Enterprise staff.
Here are the prize winners in a few of the categories: Floats, Class A and Class B; Ladies' and Gentlemen Fancy Dress Carnival; Children's Fancy Dress Carnival; Decorated Buildings, Residences and Public Buildings; Decorated Sleigh; Best Mounted Horseman; Best Decorated Car; Best Dog Team and Most Unique Entry.
Front page news
The big news on the front page was the skating races. Here is the lead:
"A crowd that in numbers rivaled any in the history of crowds at Saranac Lake Carnivals saw the second day's races of the International Outdoor Skating Championships at the Boys' Club Rink today.
"By four o'clock the crowd had reached enormous proportions. It was variously estimated at over 6,000, which is the largest number ever attended the races at Saranac Lake.
"Russell Wheeler of Montreal went on the ice at the rink this afternoon with the diamond studded medal, emblematic of the all-around championship, national and international, indoor and outdoor already won. As a result of the first day's racing here Wheeler added 70 points to the string he won last week in Cleveland."
Purse of $2,000
"Fred C. Lamy, father of Edmund C. Lamy, the professional speed skating champion, today announced that he is offering a $2,000 purse to be competed for by McLean, Baptie, Wood and Lamy in a series of six races to be skated in Saranac Lake within three weeks. Mr. Lamy, it is understood, has been offered the assistance of one or two local gentlemen in making up the big purse. Julian T. Fitzgerald of Chicago who is here to attend the races says that he has every assurance that he can bring the four big skaters together in a match here."
Visiting Elks
"Among the two hundred and ten members of the Malone Lodge of Elks who arrived on the special train at noon were the following officers and other prominent members: Exalted Ruler F. R. Kirke, Rev. H. A. Barrett, chaplain, Esteemed Lecturing Knight Dr. H. D. Main and Sheriff Steenburge. The Elks were headed by the Malone Band, under the leadership of Captain Trustee J. O. Ballard."
Visitors from afar
There are hundreds of names of visitors who are attending the carnival; how the Enterprise managed to get all the names and where they were staying is a mystery to me. Here is a sample of those names published:
"At the cottage of Mrs. A. B. Williams, 50 Baker Street are: Mrs. Thomas, Dayton, Ohio; Miss Alice Chase, Brooklyn; Miss D. Josephine Slagle, Baltimore, Md.
"At 42 Baker Street are: Mrs. B. B. Warfield, Crockett, Texas; Miss Bessie G. Smith and Miss Lillian Shackleton, East Orange, N. J.; Edward Peters and Benjamin Kallett, Syracuse; Miss Marian Arbuckle, Waynesboro, Va., is the guest of Miss Mary W. McGhee.
"In the apartments of Mr. and Mrs. William V. Meehan in the Leis Building, 3 Bloomingdale Avenue are: Mrs. Charles Trabold and daughter, Miss Minnie Meehan and Master Philip Clark, Brooklyn. Mrs. Olive Thaxton Barnett, Miss Belle Kearns, Mrs. Mary Starr, Miss Katherine Manny and Miss Edith Richenbach, New York City; Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hopp and Miss Katherine Bader, Brooklyn."
There are hundreds of names of visitors from Boston, Louisville, New Haven, Toronto, Pittsburg, Newark, Cleveland, and from cities all over Ontario, Canada and New York State.
The advertisers
The advertisements are interesting:
"Walton & Tousley, Incorporated [location today Rice Furniture] – William A. Walton, President; Thomas A. Nimmo, Secretary and William S. Ames, Treasurer. Plumbing Steam and Hot Water Fitting; Automobile Accessories; Paints, Oils and Varnishes.
"The Cut Rate Pharmacy, 3 Bloomingdale Avenue, 'Drugs at New York City Prices', Earle H. Finnigan, owner, J. J. Downey, Pharmacist.
"Kendall's Pharmacy, Eugene DeLamater, Proprietor. [no address listed]
"Adirondack Pharmacy, J. H. Vincent, Pharmacist, Proprietor, 44 Broadway, Phone 9, Delivery.
"William Mullen, Fancy Groceries, 17 Bloomingdale Avenue. The Mullen Store is sanitary, orderly and systematized.
"H. F. Towner & Co. The White Rose Pure food store, Fancy and Staple Groceries, 37 Main Street.
"Boyce & Roberson, Coal, Hard Wood and Kindling; Flour, Grain, Etc. Our twelve horses enable us to give you prompt deliveries and good service.
"Adirondack Winter Sports Store, F. W. Loomis, Proprietor; [all items are listed for children, men and women, the following prices are for men;] Snow Shoes, $7.50; Skis, $10.00; Pack Baskets, $3.50; Skates, $13.00; Sleds, $13.50; Toboggans, $6.00; Mackinaw Coats, $8.00.
"G. A. Toupin & Co., the Modern Department Store, 8 & 10 Broadway. Sole Agents for the Gossard Laced front Corset; A Reliable Firm Dealing in Dependable Merchandise and Misrepresenting Nothing."