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Year of Hell (episode)
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(written from a Production point of view)
Obsessed with restoring the Krenim Imperium, no matter the cost, a Krenim military temporal scientist creates changes in history that all but destroy Voyager.
Summary Edit
- Day 1
A perfect day on a class M planet. An advanced civilization lives here, as evidenced by a sprawling, technologically advanced metropolis. Suddenly, in the sky above, a tremendously large weapon appears. It fires a beam of energy at the city. The beam spreads out over the city and beyond. Every trace of civilization vanishes, replaced by virgin land, as if no one had ever been on the planet.
Aboard the ship that fired the beam, a young officer checks computer displays and reports to the ship's commander that the temporal incursion is complete and all organisms on the planet have been eradicated. The commander asks if their target event has been achieved. The man frustratedly reports that it has not been achieved. The commander speculates that more definitive action is necessary and he orders a course laid in for the homeworld of the Zahl. The entire species, he decides, must be erased from time.
Act One Edit
Aboard the USS Voyager, the senior staff is gathered together in the newly-completed Astrometrics to celebrate its completion. Seven of Nine is placed in charge of the lab. She and the co-developer of the lab, Ensign Harry Kim, demonstrate its abilities by showing them a scan of a new course to Earth they have plotted that, by Seven's estimate, will slash five years from the several decades of travel before them. Lieutenant jg B'Elanna Torres observes from the scan that they are entering a region of space with many class M planets. Seven informs them of the owners of the region: the Zahl, a species the Borg have assigned a low resistance quotient.
Everyone is very pleased, but then The Doctor begins a long, drawn-out speech he has prepared, much to their chagrin. However, he is interrupted when the bridge hails Captain Kathryn Janeway, informing her of an incoming hail from an approaching ship. The crew, glad to be spared the speech, quickly bolt and ignore The Doctor's invitation to meet up later.
The ship is now firing on Voyager, however it is causing no damage. On the bridge, Lieutenant Commander Tuvok scans the vessel and reports that it is no threat as it is small, its weapons are limited, and its warp capacity is low. Janeway orders an on-screen answer to the hail. It is a Krenim vessel. The hailer, a Krenim commandant, appears. He furiously informs Janeway that they are trespassing in Krenim space and orders her to reverse course or face destruction, though his vessel is completely unable to harm Voyager. Janeway responds with a smirk and dismisses his threat with a disparaging comment about the "size" of what is in his "torpedo tubes". The commandant angrily cuts the communication. Janeway orders Voyager's course maintained but also orders yellow alert, just in case.
Day 4
Voyager has entered Zahl space. She is at an all stop, with two large, Zahl ships near her. In the briefing room, a Zahl official, who is very friendly and engaging, assures Janeway that there is nothing to fear from the Krenim, as the Zahl defeated them over a generation ago, despite their formidable weapons based on temporal science. Their ships, he tells her, still wander Zahl territory claiming the space as their own but they are no more than a nuisance. Janeway acknowledges this appraisal with a smile. However, as the ambassador begins inquiring about their epic journey, Kim hails from the bridge and informs Janeway the vessel has returned.
Janeway and the Zahl go onto the bridge. The vessel hails and Janeway orders an on-screen answer. It is the same Krenim commandant. He accuses Janeway of consorting with the Zahl. The Zahl angrily warns him to go away with a disparaging threat to seize his ship and ship him home in a cargo container. Janeway calms them down but then Kim reports a huge spatial distortion heading for them, five light years across and expanding. Tuvok scans it and, to the Zahl's great shock, reports it to be a space-time distortion originating from a vessel near the Zahl homeworld. Flight controller Tom Paris tries to take the ship to warp speed in an attempt to get away from it, but the wave destabilizes the warp field, making escape impossible.
The wave hits all the vessels and everything changes. The Zahl ships vanish. The little Krenim vessel is transformed into a mighty Krenim warship. On Voyager's bridge, the Zahl official vanishes. The bridge goes from pristine condition to red alert condition and appears damaged, as if that had been its state from the start. Lights flicker. Janeway and the other officers go from being relaxed but alert to being tense and disheveled. A crewmember lies dead on the floor. None of the crew are aware that any kind of change occurred.
The ship shudders from the warship's fire. Tuvok reports their shields are at seventeen percent. Before the wave, they were at full strength. The Krenim vessel hails. The Krenim commandant appears, but instead of being impotently angry, he is deadly confident. He offers Janeway to forgo of the execution of her crew if she will surrender. When she coldly refuses, he warns her to prepare to be boarded and ends the communication. Janeway orders battle stations, remarking to Chakotay that "this is turning into the week of hell."
Act Two Edit
Voyager is pummeled by the Krenim warship, its torpedoes easily penetrating the ship's deflector shields. Chakotay cannot understand why, but Tuvok answers that the torpedoes are not photonic, but chronitonic; they are getting through their shields because they are in temporal flux, slightly out of phase with space-time, simultaneously there, and yet not there. Janeway gives the order to flee at warp speed, as they are defenseless. With their escape complete, she orders a 24-hour tactical alert and orders Tuvok to find a way to modify the shields against the Krenim torpedoes.
The ship that caused the change in the timeline is Annorax's temporal weapon ship. The Krenim weapon revised the timeline so that the Zahl never existed, hence the Krenim were never defeated, and the entire region was always Krenim-controlled space. The commander, Annorax himself, is in his chambers aboard his ship. He holds a sealed glass pyramid containing a small lock of red hair. He gazes at it with evident grief. The young officer, named Obrist, enters and, with dignified excitement, reports that the erasure of the Zahl from history has restored the Krenim Imperium to 98% of the power it once had; 849 worlds over 5,000 parsecs. However, Annorax asks him whether or not a certain colony, the one at Kyana Prime, was restored.
Obrist tells him that in this timeline, the Imperium's territory does not extend so far as to cause the Kyana Prime colony to exist. He does so in a voice that shows he has been asked this question before and has always had the same answer. Annorax disappointedly responds that they have failed then and orders him to start calculations for another temporal incursion. Behind his back, Obrist hangs his head down and shakes it in an exasperated, frustrated manner. He earnestly pleads that they have never ever achieved this level of success in restoring the Imperium in two hundred years of attempts. If they do another incursion, it could all be lost again, but Annorax sternly orders him to obey. Obrist acknowledges and leaves.
- Day 32
Voyager is chased by a Krenim warship. A torpedo slams into her the junction between the saucer section and the stardrive. The bridge looks in worse condition than before as Voyager has been suffering incessant Krenim attacks. Tuvok's attempts to modify the shields against the Krenim chroniton torpedoes have failed. However, Chakotay notices the warship's aft shields are down but Voyager's own weapons are non-functional. Meanwhile, The Doctor hails from sickbay and informs them that a power overload is occurring there. Kim tries to stop it but his attempts fail, and the power overload quickly spreads throughout Deck 5. Chakotay immediately orders a complete evacuation of the deck.
Janeway gets an idea. She orders Tuvok to arm four of their eleven remaining photon torpedoes and deploy them like mines. He does so and her tactics work. The Krenim warship runs into the free-floating torpedoes and is destroyed. But then Janeway's attention is drawn to the impending destruction of Deck 5, due to the power overload.
On Deck 5, The Doctor quickly shepherds his patients and other crewmembers into a Jefferies tube, where they will be safe from the oncoming explosion. But as he is about to seal himself and the others in the tube he sees two crewmembers, Emmanuel and Strickler, running desperately toward the hatch. He waits for them until the computer counts the last second before the deck blows. Seeing that they cannot make it to the Jefferies tube in time, he closes the hatch as they are still running down the corridor. Much of the deck explodes outward in a huge line of flame and debris along the top of the saucer section.
The ship is so violently shaken by the explosion that all officers on the bridge are knocked off their feet or out of their seats. Kim reports the almost complete destruction of Deck 5. Tuvok gives a casualty report, which includes the deaths of the two crewmembers that did not make it to the Jefferies tube. Janeway ends the red alert and looks around at the damage on the bridge. Most of the lights are out, console displays flicker and debris is strewn everywhere. She gives Chakotay the bridge and goes to her ready room.
Janeway's ready room is in even worse condition than the bridge. All lights are out and debris covers almost the entire floor and her desk. Her desktop monitor is completely destroyed. Chakotay comes to see her. He advises her that they and the crew should abandon ship as their strategy of trying to modify the shields to defend against the Krenim torpedoes is not working and the ship is being decimated. But Janeway staunchly disagrees stating that if they separate, they will be unable to pool their talents and will be even more vulnerable to the Krenim. They will stay on the ship as long as the ship remains in one piece. Chakotay accepts this as Paris hails them from the bridge and informs them of yet another attack.
- Day 47
Torres and Kim are trapped in a dark, debris-strewn turbolift car. Torres has been seriously injured. The two have been there for six hours. They pass the time playing "guess what I am thinking of" games. Torres, despite her pain, stubbornly tries to think of the answer to Kim's latest puzzle, but then Seven of Nine pries the door open and frees them. Seven answers Kim's final question, about the name of Zefram Cochrane's ship, as the Phoenix, and tells them the Borg were present at the event. She informs them that the last attack rendered the entire turbolift system nonfunctional. Torres wants to go to the Jefferies tubes on Deck 11 to try to repair the EPS relays there but Kim insists that she go to The Doctor. She agrees, and Seven goes to Deck 11 instead. Meanwhile on the bridge, in front of the flickering master systems display, Janeway, Chakotay, and Paris discuss an idea that Paris has come up with: using transverse bulkheads to seal off sections of the ship in the event of a breach, a very real possibility, given the ship's current state and the Krenim attacks. Janeway agrees to Paris' plan. The Doctor hails from the mess hall (which is Voyager's new medical facility due to sickbay's destruction) and calls Paris, a trained medic, to assist him.
On Deck 11, Seven opens a Jefferies tube hatch but just as she is about to climb in, she sees an object lodged in the tube's wall. She climbs in, moves close to it and scans it with a tricorder. It is an undetonated Krenim chroniton torpedo with the warhead still armed and ready to go off. She urgently hails Tuvok and informs him of her discovery. He orders her to hold her position and not try to disarm it.
Tuvok arrives in the Deck 11 Jefferies tube and sees the torpedo and decides that the safest option is to cordon off the tube with a level 10 force field in order to contain the explosion as the warhead is destabilizing and the explosion will likely soon occur. But Seven takes the opportunity to scan it and ascertain its temporal variance, which can then be used to finally modify the deflector shields against the torpedoes. Tuvok, however, drags her away, toward the hatch. She succeeds in finding the variance, 1.47 microseconds, but then the torpedo begins a low whine, the precursor to exploding. Tuvok shields Seven and the explosion catches him in the face.
Act Three Edit
- Day 65
Voyager is in a terrible state. Janeway records in her log that the replicator system was severely damaged in the latest attack, forcing the crew to live on emergency rations. Environmental controls are failing and seven decks are now uninhabitable, forcing the crew to relocate from their quarters and sleep in bunks. The crew, grimy and weary, struggle on.
The bridge is now totally wrecked as Janeway attempts to repair the science station when Chakotay gives her a birthday gift: a silver pocket watch he replicated for her months earlier. But she tells him to recycle it, in their current condition non-essentials are a luxury they cannot afford.
Tuvok, now completely blind from the chroniton torpedo blast in the Deck 11 Jefferies tube, shaves with a straight-edge razor in the remains of his quarters. Seven of Nine enters and says that she is "reporting for duty" to lead him on his morning rounds. She has devoted herself to helping Tuvok because he sacrificed his sight shielding her from harm. She shows irritation with his having cut himself shaving when she had offered to help him with grooming. Before they leave his quarters, she informs him of an idea she has developed on how to modify the deflector shields to defend against the Krenim torpedoes, using the temporal variance she measured from the torpedo that blinded Tuvok. He decides that they should go to deflector control to try it.
As they make their way along the darkened, debris-strewn corridors, Chakotay's voice comes through the com system, warning of another incoming attack and ordering all hands to battle stations. Tuvok orders Seven to go to deflector control and bring the modified shields on-line, while he quickly makes his way to the bridge, feeling along the walls.
Upon arrival at the bridge, Tuvok goes to his tactical station. Blind, he cannot see the display but he has the computer initiate a tactile interface, allowing him to operate the controls and read the displays by touch. Janeway orders an on-screen view of the approaching Krenim warship. She orders Paris to try to evade them while she and Chakotay pester Seven to hurry with the shields.
Seven succeeds in bringing them on-line. The warship fires on them. The first torpedo misses due to Paris' piloting skills, but the second hits. This time the hit causes no damage. Seven's modifications work perfectly. Janeway, with a defiant sneer, orders Tuvok to hail the warship. She advises them to stand down, as Voyager is no longer defenseless against them. They do not answer. She orders Paris to maintain course through Krenim space.
The temporal weapon ship approaches another planet, home to a race called the Garenor. Annorax orders the ship taken into orbit and the weapon to be fully powered and fired. It has the same effect as seen on the Zahl colony. Every trace of civilization vanishes, as if it never existed, and the space-time shock wave created radiates out away from the planet.
On Voyager, the Krenim warship is chasing Voyager but has ceased firing, unsure how to respond to the new defense. Just as the crew are enjoying good fortune for the first time in months Kim reports the approach of the wave. Even if Voyager were untouched, she could not outrun it, so she has absolutely no chance now in her current ruined state. The wave hits. But the temporal shields protect her as they did against the Krenim torpedoes.
However, the Krenim warship has no such protection. Janeway and the bridge officers watch, shocked as it is reduced from being a large, mighty warship to a small ship with limited armaments that would pose no threat to an undamaged Voyager. A baffled Kim reports that the ship is definitely Krenim but it is no longer the warship they were just facing. Chakotay scans the region from the command console between his and the captain's seats and reports that the region has suddenly changed. Before the wave, the area was filled with Krenim colonies and warships, now there are no colonies and only a few small ships. History appears to have been changed so that the Kremim Imperium never existed. Janeway orders Kim to route the data on the wave to astrometrics and leaves to go there, commenting that their troubles might just be over.
Aboard the temporal weapon ship, Obrist notes the erasure of the Krenim Imperium with great consternation. He reports to Annorax that the incursion has gone terribly wrong, for some reason. Annorax cannot believe it, insisting that their calculations were perfect. Obrist searches the sensor data and finds the explanation: Voyager's new temporal shields. They caused a discrepancy in the calculations. Annorax orders a course be set to go to Voyager.
Act Four Edit
- Day 70
Astrometrics is as ruined as every other area on the ship, but Seven manages to get its sensors up and running and finds its database intact. Janeway orders her to call up a previous scan of the area. It shows how the region was: under the boot of the Krenim Imperium, full of Krenim colonies. A new scan confirms what Chakotay found, that the Imperium does not exist. History has been changed by the wave. On Janeway's order, Seven tracks its source and finds that it originated near the Garenor homeworld. She further notes with confusion that the sensors show that the Garenor do not exist anymore, they were erased from history by the wave. She theorizes that the Krenim may be responsible for the wave as they do have temporal weapons. But this makes no sense to Janeway, why would they change history to undermine themselves? She speculates that there is a "big piece of the puzzle still missing." She is in the midst of ordering another scan when the ship is suddenly shaken.
Annorax's ship arrives. Aboard, Obrist confirms that Voyager is generating a temporal field. Annorax orders two of her crew collected as samples, along with a small piece of the hull. He also orders preparations for another temporal incursion... against Voyager. He cannot have this anomalous temporal component disrupting his mission calculations. He intends to eliminate it.
On Voyager, Kim reports with surprise that the entire vessel is in temporal flux, like the Krenim torpedoes, the ship actually exists outside of space-time. Chakotay rises and walks toward the viewscreen, looking at the vessel. He stops at the conn console, beside Paris. Suddenly, both men vanish, transported away. Janeway immediately orders efforts to retrieve them. Kim tries but fails.
A hail comes from the weapon ship. Janeway orders it answered on-screen. Annorax appears. He calmly, but sternly, tells Janeway to identify herself and the ship, which she does. He reciprocates and observes that Voyager is not from the Delta Quadrant. Janeway confirms this but when she asks about the change in history, noting the erasure of the existence of the Krenim Imperium, he curtly responds that it is none of her business. When he tells her that she has diverted him from his mission, she realizes that he is responsible for the change in the timeline. He does not deny it. He assures her that it is nothing personal but Voyager must be erased as well, informing her that this will restore the lives of countless millions. With a curt apology, he ends the communication.
The ship fires its temporal weapon on Voyager. So great is its power that the temporal shields are quickly degraded. Kim reports tensely that the beam is pushing Voyager out of the space-time continuum; they are being erased from history. However, Seven scans the weapon ship and reports that its mass prevents it from achieving warp speeds in excess of warp 6. Thus, Voyager, whose top warp speed is in excess of warp 9, can escape. But Tuvok cautions that damage to the ship's structural integrity means that warp speed will cause extreme damage.
Despite this and the fact it means leaving Chakotay and Paris behind, Janeway knows that right now they have no choice. She orders Paris' transverse bulkheads be brought online, orders all hands to get away from the hull's outer sections and, taking the helm, engages warp drive. They escape the temporal beam. But large, jagged pieces of the outer hull are seen peeling off and falling away.
- Day 73
Janeway calls a meeting of surviving crewmembers in the remains of the mess hall. She sadly but sternly informs them of the inability of the ship to sustain a crew any longer. She is forced to make the decision Chakotay had suggested weeks before: she orders them to abandon ship. The senior staff, she announces, will stay behind with her and attempt to rescue Chakotay and Paris. She gives the departing crew some inspiring words before dismissing them.
The escape pod hatches open and the pods, carrying the rest of the crew, emerge from the remains of the hull and sail off into the unknown.
Log entry Edit
- "Captain's log, Stardate 51268.4. This morning's attack destroyed the power grid on deck 11. No casualties this time but the replicator system was badly damaged. We've gone to emergency rations. As a result, the situation has gotten a little worse. Environmental controls continue to fail, seven decks have been rendered uninhabitable and we've had to relocate the crew. Quarters are close, nerves are frayed, and I'm not sure what's more difficult to maintain – Voyager's systems or the crew's morale. What's important... is that we're together, working towards a single goal – survival."
Memorable quotes Edit
"Who would've thought that this eclectic group of voyagers could actually become a family? Starfleet, Maquis, Klingon, Talaxian, hologram, Borg... even Mr. Paris."
- - The Doctor, giving a long-winded speech at the commissioning of the astrometrics lab
"This is turning into the week of hell."
- - Captain Janeway, in a twist of irony
"You have the bridge... what's left of it."
- - Kathryn Janeway, to Chakotay
"I don't respond well to threats."
- - Kathryn Janeway, to the Krenim commandant
"With all due respect... unless you've got something a little bigger in your torpedo tubes, I'm not turning around."
- - Kathryn Janeway, to the Krenim commandant
"Sir, you were correct. The Zahl homeworld was the focal point. Its erasure has produced a complete temporal restoration."
"Yes, sir."
"If I told you to count the stars in the cosmos, would the task ever be complete?"
"Our attempts may be sufficient; they may even be relatively successful, but they will never be complete. Choose your words with more precision."
"My apologies."
- - Obrist and Annorax
"The Titanic? As I recall, it sank."
"Let's just say I've made a few improvements."
- - Janeway and Tom Paris, on Paris's inspiration for upgrades to Voyager
"Happy birthday."
"Happy what?"
- - Chakotay and Janeway
"Shaving is hardly a life-threatening activity."
- - Tuvok
"We're just about done rebuilding the internal security sensors and we are ready to program the audio signal. Do you want it to say 'Intruder alert' or should we try something a little more dramatic like 'Warning, intruder alert', or 'Intruders among us. Danger! Danger! Intruders among us.'"
"Intruder alert' will suffice."
- - Neelix and Tuvok
"Krenim vessels, this is the captain of Voyager. You may have noticed we have a defense against your torpedoes now. I suggest you stand down."
"No response."
"Their mistake. Bring the ship about. We're going through their space whether they like it or not."
- - Janeway and Tuvok
"He's trying to erase us from history."
- - Janeway, as Annorax fires on Voyager
"Each of you has done your best, but determination alone isn't going to hold this ship together. It's time we faced reality. We've lost nine decks, more than half this ship has been destroyed. Life support is nearly gone; Voyager can no longer sustain its crew. I promised myself that I would never give this order, that I would never break up this family; but asking you to stay... would be asking you to die."
- - Janeway
Background information Edit
Production history Edit
- Production number: 011-40840-176
- Final draft script: 5 August 1997 [1]
- Filming:
- Day 1 – 7 August 1997, Thursday – Paramount Stage 8: Bridge, damaged bridge, briefing room
- Day 2 – 8 August 1997, Friday – Paramount Stage 8: Tuvok's bathroom, damaged mess hall
- Day 3 – 11 August 1997, Monday – Paramount Stage 8: Damaged bridge; Paramount Stage 9: Corridor
- Day 4 – 12 August 1997, Tuesday – Paramount Stage 9: Corridors, turbolift; Paramount Stage 8: Damaged ready room
- Day 5 – 13 August 1997, Wednesday – Paramount Stage 9: Horizontal and vertical Jefferies tubes, int. Krenim patrol ship/Krenim warship; Paramount Stage 8: Damaged bridge
- Day 6 – 14 August 1997, Thursday – Paramount Stage 9: Damaged corridors, damaged crew quarters; Paramount Stage 8: Damaged bridge
- Day 7 – 15 August 1997, Friday – Paramount Stage 9: Int. Krenim weapon ship (temporal chamber/Annorax's ready room)
- Day 8 – 18 August 1997, Monday – Paramount Stage 16: Astrometrics, damaged Astrometrics
- 2nd Unit – 22 September 1997, Monday – Paramount Stage 8: Bridge, ready room, Krenim weapon ship (temporal chamber)
- Airdate: 5 November 1997
Story and script Edit
- This episode's plot was primarily influenced by "Before and After", a third season installment of Star Trek: Voyager that gives a preview of this episode by featuring both the Krenim and hints of a timeline in which Voyager undergoes the "Year of Hell", becoming badly damaged in the process. Episode co-writer Brannon Braga explained, "Although I don't like to do episodes that rely on other episodes for exposition, I loved the phrase 'Year of Hell' that Ken Biller came up with for that episode. I loved the look of the show. I loved the look of a destroyed Voyager. I wanted to do a whole two-parter like that." This episode's other co-writer, Joe Menosky, remembered, "This started with the phrase 'Year of Hell' which came out of 'Before and After'. Brannon loved the image [....] The optical of the hull of the ship messed up in 'Before and After' because we were being attacked by the Krenim [...] stayed, especially in Brannon's mind. He kept saying, 'I just want to wreck the ship.'" (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) Menosky also related, "What Brannon often does is come up with an image before there's even a story idea [....] The imagistic inspiration for 'Year of Hell', without which it wouldn't have been created as an episode, was the ship all wrecked, a great look." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 75)
- The reuse of the phrase "Year of Hell" suggested other elements, such as having the two-parter span a year. Brannon Braga remembered, "The notion of having a story that took place over the course of a year [...] I thought was a very fresh structural approach." The event also implied a reuse of the time-meddling Krenim. Joe Menosky commented, "We tend to do one big time thing a year, we're thinking should it be time travel? Despite the fact that it wasn't time travel the Krenim used some kind of temporal thing in their torpedoes." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
- Indeed, considering the Krenim's destructive temporal capabilities led the writers to explore time travel in an unusual way. Joe Menosky recollected, "Brannon said, 'Time is a weapon. What does that mean?' I said, 'What if there was this big Death Star-like weapon, and you target a planet, and it blows it out of the time continuum? What you have done is erased a thread from the time continuum, everything resets, and suddenly the present is different.'" (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) Braga was ultimately of the opinion that Annorax's meddling with time was analogous to an example of alternate history. "If you can imagine, to use an analogy, that the Nazis, after losing the Second World War, invented something like [Annorax's time ship] to erase the Americans from history so that they never existed. It would change the outcome of things," Braga speculated. "But what the Nazis don't realize is that the Americans provided a crucial antibody that helped the Germans fight off a deadly virus, and so they realize they've got to do something else to history. But that doesn't work either. When you pull one thread, another comes undone." (Star Trek Monthly issue 34, p. 15) By having the time continuum messed around in such a way but without departing from the present, the writers managed to come up with a method of doing a time travel story without actually doing time travel. "That was enough for us to start running with this as an episode," Menosky recalled. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
- Tuvok was originally to have been more badly wounded in this episode rather than losing only his eyesight. "We were actually going to have him blind and missing a leg," Brannon Braga remembered, "and we were going to do a Forrest Gump-type of digital effect. He was going to have many physical problems, but for production reasons, we ended up with just blindness." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 100)
- This episode was originally to have been Star Trek: Voyager's third season finale. (Star Trek Monthly issue 34, p. 12; Delta Quadrant, p. 207)
- The writing of this episode proved to be generally easier than what would follow: the development of most of the two-parter's conclusion. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
Cast and characters Edit
- Brannon Braga believed that the concept embodied in the character of Annorax – a villain who uses time as a weapon – was (in common with the idea of spanning the episode's duology over the course of a year) "a very fresh [...] approach." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
- Before portraying Annorax in this episode's two-parter, Kurtwood Smith previously played the Efrosian Federation President in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country and Thrax in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Things Past". He believed his DS9 role was somewhat responsible for his casting here. "I guess the producers liked what I did on Deep Space Nine," he said, "and asked me to come back, which was fine with me." Ultimately, he enjoyed playing Annorax more than he had liked portraying his DS9 character. The actor stated, "Because Thrax was actually in the imagination of another character [...] he wasn't quite as interesting to play as Annorax. He didn't have nearly as much to do." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #18)
- Kurtwood Smith was not a regular viewer of the Star Trek spin-off series but found himself watching Voyager to prepare for his role in this episode and the next. Shortly after completing work on the "Year of Hell" two-parter, Smith admitted, "Lately, I watched more of Voyager [than usual] because I was preparing to do my episodes and wanted to get a feel for what they do, how they do it, [and] what's expected of the guest actors." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #18)
- Both Joe Menosky and executive producer Jeri Taylor were extremely pleased with the performance that – for this episode and the next – Kurtwood Smith delivered, Menosky later describing Smith as "incredible." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) Taylor appreciatively stated, "We got a wonderful performance from Kurtwood Smith." (Star Trek Monthly issue 36, p. 13)
- Brannon Braga observed that the cast of this episode seemed to be enjoying the process of working on the episode. He reckoned, "The actors I think had a lot of fun with it." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 109)
- Tuvok actor Tim Russ found that performing a blind Tuvok was somewhat challenging, despite also being refreshingly different from how he usually played the character. The reason he found it difficult was that his instincts, which he could not – on this occasion – allow, were normally to look another performer in the eye when they were speaking to him and to look straight at a member of the production crew if they had called to him from off-camera. "I had to reshoot it or do another take because I looked where I shouldn't have been looking, at the other actors," remembered Russ. He expected that his task of playing this role could have been aided, artificially. "I would almost rather have played it with something covering my eyes, rather than to pretend, because it would have been even more real for me," the actor admitted. "I think it would have changed the performance, if I could not see where I was going. I would have loved to have had that handicap somehow." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 100)
- Tim Russ also believed that this episode's two-parter contains an insightful exploration of the relationship between Tuvok and Seven of Nine. "You see how this bond could have occurred," he noted. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 101)
- Actor Robert Picardo was impressed by the visuals in this episode's two-parter. He enthused, "The 'Year in Hell' [sic] two-parter was really like a movie. The opticals were just as exciting as those you see on the big screen." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #18)
Production and effects Edit
- Kurtwood Smith found the production schedule of this episode to be somewhat overwhelming. "Because of the way the schedule worked," he recalled, "all of my scenes in the first part [of the two-parter] were compressed into one day. That was a little intense. We also shot the biggest, heaviest scenes at the day's end, so it was hard to have much energy by the time we got to them. Otherwise, it was great. The crew is wonderful." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #18)
- While the second scene in this episode was being shot, the principal cast members required for the filming became hysterically amused. "Everyone was there [on the set of Voyager's astrometrics lab] late and we were all a bit punchy," related Seven of Nine actress Jeri Ryan. "All I can remember is, oh, God, Robert Beltran, Tim Russ and Ethan Phillips hopping around the set doing their impressions of Michael Flatley, the Lord of the Dance guy. They were totally out of control. I was laughing so hard that I had tears running down my face." (TV Zone, Special #29, p. 20)
- One of the shots from the scene where Seven of Nine and Tuvok try to crawl away from the unstable chroniton torpedo on deck 11 has been sped up, to make it seem like Seven and Tuvok are crawling faster.
- Joe Menosky was delighted with Allan Kroeker's work on this episode and said of both parts of the "Year of the Hell" two-parter (despite each of the two episodes having been helmed by a different director) that they "were amazingly well directed." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) Similarly, Brannon Braga enthused about this episode, "The production team really, really pulled it off." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, pp. 108 & 109)
- Joe Menosky was also thrilled by the chronological subtitles that are used in this episode and the next, which he once referred to as "great." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
- The CGI effects of this episode's two-parter were provided by CGI supplier Foundation Imaging during an extremely busy period for the company; Foundation was also working on effects for DS9: "Sacrifice of Angels" and several other projects. CGI Effects Director Ron Thornton remarked, "We were absolutely hammering it out." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #16) Visual effects supervisor Ronald B. Moore and coordinator Elizabeth Castro were also instrumental in the creation of effects for this episode (as opposed to supervisor Mitch Suskin and coordinator Arthur Codron, who worked on the second half of the "Year of Hell" two-parter). (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) The look of this episode was added to in the compositing bay, by animation effects artist Greg Rainoff (who did likewise for the concluding half of the "Year of Hell" two-parter). (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, pp. 108-109)
- Creating the look of Voyager as it becomes more and more badly damaged, in this episode and the next, was a process that involved many steps. Ron Moore explained, "We got a lot of drawings from [senior illustrator] Rick Sternbach of different ways we could damage the Voyager. Then we made our plans all the way through the script." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108) Ron Thornton commented, "Fred Kuramura worked for several weeks building the different versions of Voyager that go through [various stages of destruction]. There were about four different stages of Voyager, in varying levels of disrepair. That took quite a lot of time, but it's one of those things that you never really see." (The Official Star Trek: Voyager Magazine, issue #16)
- The elements of this episode that Ron Moore and Elizabeth Castro established included the look of the Krenim weapon ship, the temporal change wave and Voyager's astrometrics lab. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 108)
- On the third day of production, Monday 11 August 1997, an additional scene for the episode "Revulsion" was filmed. According to the call sheet, Paramount Stage 8 housed the set for this scene, Chakotay's office, and Robert Beltran and Garrett Wang were filmed.
Costumes and props Edit
- The wall decoration in Annorax's ready room was previously seen as wall decoration in Proconsul Neral's office in the Star Trek: The Next Generation fifth season episode "Unification II", in the barbershop aboard the USS Enterprise-D in the sixth season episode "Schisms", in the reception area at Arkaria Base in the episode "Starship Mine", and in the observation lounge in the seventh season episode "Parallels".
- Also present in Annorax's ready room are two avian statues which ere turned around. These statues were previously seen in Marla Aster's home in the TNG third season episode "The Bonding", in the reception area at Arkaria Base in the sixth season episode "Starship Mine", and in the conference room of the Maquis in the seventh season episode "Preemptive Strike". They can also be seen in several scenes in "Year of Hell, Part II".
- Several costumes from this episode were sold off on the It's A Wrap! sale and auction on eBay, including John Austin's costume which was later re-used by Eric Hunter in the episode "Tsunkatse" and the costumes of John Thaddeus, Adrian Tafoya, Bob Shuttleworth, Peter Slutsker, Kurtwood Smith, and John Loprieno as well as Keith Rayve's distressed Starfleet uniform. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Continuity Edit
- The events of this episode take place between March 16th and May 28th, 2374; Day 65 = May 20, and the episode ends on day 73.
- Although "Before and After"'s depiction of the "Year of Hell" is seen from the viewpoint of Kes – as she travels through time – her timeline in that episode is not related to any timeline seen in this episode, as Kes is obviously no longer aboard the ship at this point (having left in the earlier fourth season installment "The Gift"). Despite the differences between the timeline featured in "Before and After" and the one shown in this episode, Brannon Braga believed that fans would nonetheless understand that this episode shows an event first depicted in "Before and After". "The fans will recognize that that's what this is," Braga predicted. When asked whether Kes' absence from this episode's two-parter was problematic, Braga replied, "Not at all, because the episode also deals with [Annorax's extremely powerful influence on time]." (Star Trek Monthly issue 34, p. 15)
- At the end of "Before and After", Janeway asks Kes to reveal any information on the Krenim that Kes learned during her time jumps and Kes agrees to file a report. Even though the dialogue from "Year of Hell" doesn't directly reflect on any of the knowledge Kes shared, Tuvok picks up on the Krenim torpedo being in temporal flux as soon as the first torpedo hits, thus proving that Kes' report was indeed put to good use even though it wasn't officially acknowledged. However, it is unclear why the report that Kes was supposed to file wouldn't have included the precise chroniton frequency which would have enabled Voyager to implement their own time-flux shielding. This information was needed to fix Kes' condition in "Before and After". In this timeline, however, the frequency of the torpedo is still 1.47 microseconds, as it was in the earlier episode, with Seven of Nine crawling through the Jefferies tube rather than Kes.
- The stuck turbolift in the turboshaft footage in this episode was re-used from the Star Trek: The Next Generation fifth season episode "Disaster".
- In the scene where Kim and Torres play a trivia game (category: Interstellar History), there is a question concerning Zefram Cochrane who launched his first warp-driven starship and resulted to First Contact with the Vulcans; however Torres takes some time to recall the name of the ship (Phoenix). The dialogue is a clear acknowledgment to the events of Star Trek: First Contact.
- In a later scene, Seven of Nine tells Harry Kim and B'Elanna Torres that the Borg were present during that event. She claims it is "complicated" when they ask her to elaborate, as the Borg traveled through time to assimilate Humans and remove their resistance, similar to what the Krenim did to the Zahl. This reference to First Contact is also somewhat of an in-joke, as Brannon Braga co-wrote both this episode and that film. Having initially intended to insert an in-joke reference to First Contact in "Scorpion, Part II" (yet another Star Trek production that Brannon Braga co-wrote), Braga thereafter wrote the similar reference into this episode, doing so in a way that he later described as "a lighter fashion." Braga also said of the in-joke in this episode, "It's not a plot nod [....] It's just a little nod to the fans, who'll get a kick out of it." (Star Trek Monthly issue 34, p. 15)
- This episode establishes that Kathryn Janeway's birthday is May 20th.
- This episode also establishes that Voyager is 65,000 light years away from home.
- Astrometrics is unveiled for the first time in this episode, along with Captain Janeway's new shorter hairstyle worn loose, which she maintains for the remaining duration of the show.
Reception and aftermath Edit
- This episode achieved a Nielsen rating of 4.7 million homes, and a 7% share. [10]
- Midway through the fourth season of Star Trek: Voyager, Brannon Braga was particularly excited about this episode's two-parter and promised, "It will be fun." (Star Trek Monthly issue 34, p. 12) He later stated, "I was very pleased with 'Year of Hell'. It was very tight [....] It was one of those rare episodes, and even rarer two-parters, where all of the elements came together." (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 109)
- This episode's two-parter proved unforgettable for Star Trek author Kirsten Beyer. Having started pitching stories to the producers by the time this installment was broadcast, she had heard about the idea of this episode from one of the producers. "One of them had been telling me about this concept they were working on…this 'Year of Hell' that would strip the ship down to its bare bones," Beyer reflected. "I was all for it. I was expecting it to last an entire season, which was one of the early discussions." Beyer was pleased with the first part of the duology, which she defined as "fabulous." [11]
- Cinefantastique rated this episode 3 and a half out of 4 stars. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 30, No. 9/10, p. 88)
- Star Trek Monthly scored this episode 5 out of 5 stars. (Star Trek Monthly issue 39, p. 62)
- The unauthorized reference book Delta Quadrant (p. 209) gives the installment a rating of 9 out of 10.
- The book Star Trek 101, by Terry J. Erdmann and Paula M. Block, lists this episode and the concluding part of its two-parter as being, together, one of the "Ten Essential Episodes" from Star Trek: Voyager.
Video and DVD releases Edit
- UK VHS release (two-episode tapes, CIC Video): Volume 4.4, catalog number VHR 4625, 4 May 1998
- In feature-length form, as part of the UK VHS collection Star Trek: Voyager - Movies: Volume 2 (with "Scorpion"), catalogue number VHR 5072, 18 September 2000
- As part of the VOY Season 4 DVD collection
- As part of the Star Trek: Fan Collective - Time Travel collection
Links and references Edit
Starring Edit
Also starring Edit
- Robert Beltran as Chakotay
- Roxann Dawson as B'Elanna Torres
- Robert Duncan McNeill as Tom Paris
- Ethan Phillips as Neelix
- Robert Picardo as The Doctor
- Tim Russ as Tuvok
- Jeri Ryan as Seven of Nine
- Garrett Wang as Harry Kim
Guest star Edit
Special guest star Edit
Co-stars Edit
- Peter Slutsker as Krenim Commandant
- Rick Fitts as Zahl
- Deborah Levin as Ensign Lang
- Sue Henley as Ensign Brooks
- Majel Barrett as Computer Voice
Uncredited co-stars Edit
- John Austin as Krenim officer
- Cameron as command division officer
- Steve Carnahan as operations division officer
- Cullen Chambers as operations division officer
- John Copage as science division officer
- Damaris Cordelia as operations division officer
- Carrie Dolin as operations division officer
- Patrick Emery as command division officer
- Tarik Ergin as Ayala
- Kevin Finister as operations division officer
- Holiday Freeman as operations division officer
- Caroline Gibson as operations division officer
- J. Hernandez as science division officer
- Kerry Hoyt as Fitzpatrick
- Susan Lewis as operations division officer
- Rad Milo as operations division officer
- Heather Rattray as operations division officer
- Keith Rayve as command division officer
- Jennifer Riley as science division officer
- Joey Sakata as science division officer
- Richard Sarstedt as William McKenzie
- Lydia Shiferaw as command division officer
- Bob Shuttleworth as Krenim officer
- Pablo Soriano as operations division ensign
- Noriko Suzuki as operations division officer
- Adrian Tafoya as Krenim officer
- John Tampoya as Kashimuro Nozawa
- John Thaddeus as Krenim officer
- Unknown performers as
Stand-ins Edit
- Cameron – stand-in for Jeri Ryan
- Sylvester Foster – stand-in for Rick Fitts
- Mike Fujimoto – stand-in for Garrett Wang
- Sue Henley – stand-in for Kate Mulgrew
- Susan Lewis – stand-in for Roxann Dawson and Kate Mulgrew
- Lemuel Perry – stand-in for Tim Russ
- J.R. Quinonez – stand-in for Robert Picardo and Kurtwood Smith
- Keith Rayve – stand-in for Robert Duncan McNeill, John Loprieno, and Peter Slutsker
- Jennifer Riley – stand-in for Deborah Levin
- Richard Sarstedt – stand-in for Robert Beltran
- Simon Stotler – stand-in for Ethan Phillips
- John Tampoya – stand-in for Garrett Wang
- Unknown performers as
- Hand double for Robert Beltran
- Hand double for John Loprieno
References Edit
2342; 47; "all hands"; Alpha Quadrant; annexation; antibody; astrometric database; Astrometrics; battle stations; birthday; blindness; blood; boot; Borg; "brace for impact"; British Navy; cargo container; Cat's Eye Nebula; causality paradox; chroniton; chroniton torpedo; class M; Cochrane, Zefram; Cray; crew quarters; cup; damage report; Deflector Control; Delta Quadrant; Eagle Nebula; Earth; emergency hand actuator; emergency power; emergency ration; environmental control; EPS manifold; escape pod; evasive maneuvers; Federation; First Contact; force field; Gable, Clark; Garenor; Garenor homeworld; gift; globe; Grant, Cary; Grid 005; honeycomb; hull breach; inaprovaline; initials; internal bleeding; Intrepid-class; intruder alert; Jefferies tube; Kelly, Grace; Klingon; Krenim; Krenim Imperium; Krenim patrol ship; Krenim weapon ship; Krenim warship; Kyana Prime; laceration; lung; Maquis; mess hall; meter; Milky Way Galaxy; mirror; Mister Vulcan; Montana; parrises squares; parsec; Phoenix; pocket watch; power grid; purée; RADAR; razorblade; R'Cho, M'Kota; red alert; referee; replicator; resistance quotient; Rilnar; Riviera; Saturn; sensor; sickbay; sink; spacetime continuum; star; Starfleet Academy; structural integrity field; subspace; subspace beacon; tactile interface; Talaxian; temporal disruption; temporal energy; temporal incursion; temporal shield; temporal science; Titanic, RMS; To Catch a Thief; towel; trace element; transverse bulkhead; triage; tricorder; turbolift; Veil Nebula; vertebra; Vulcan; "Year of Hell"; yellow alert; Zahl; Zahl starship; Zahl homeworld
External links Edit
- "Year of Hell" at StarTrek.com, the official Star Trek website
- "Year of Hell" at Memory Beta, the wiki for licensed Star Trek works
- "Year of Hell" at Wikipedia
- "Year of Hell" at the Internet Movie Database
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Logo Quiz Ultimate level 27 Tips and Strategies
- App name: Logo Quiz Ultimate
- Developer: symblCrowd
- Genre: Family
- Release: Oct 17, 2012
If you are stuck on Logo Quiz Ultimate level 27 you came to the right place. Below you will find a video walkthrough and some written tips that will guide you through that level. Have fun and enjoy this great game.
level 27 Walkthrough
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subset: commoncrawl


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Coal Country Quilt Show
The Coal Country Quilt show will be March 16 from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. and March 17 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Fairground Event Center, 393 South Fairgrounds Dr., Price. Anyone interested in entering a quilt please contact Michelle Anderson 749-...
Barrel Racing
Emery High Rodeo is hosting a Barrel Race and Team Roping Jackpot At Castle Dale City Blue Sage Arena on Saturday, March 24 at 11 am
Emery County Recreation Dodgeball Tournament
Will be held on March 24 at the Emery County Recreation building. Registration fee is $5 per person. Will need to be registered by March 16. For more information contact: Emery County Recreation 381-2108...
March Lunch and Learn
Emery County March Lunch and Learn will be on March 21 at noon at the Museum of the San Rafael in Castle Dale. Tyler Wilkinson will be the featured speaker on this day. Tyler is a motivational speaker from St. George. Tyler will speak on over...
Are you the next Miss Emery?
The Miss Emery committee is looking for contestants for the Miss Emery pageant on July 14. Girls between the ages of 17-24 are welcome to compete. First place winner receives a $1,200 scholarship, second place $750 and third place $500. Winner...
Miss Emery Fundraiser golf tourney
The Miss Emery fundraiser four person scramble golf tourney will be held on May 5 at the Millsite golf course beginning at 10 a.m. The cost is $200 per team which includes green fees, cart and lunch. There will be special prizes for closest to th...
Volunteer Needed
Emery County Recreation is looking for someone who will be willing to be the League President for the Castle Dale and Orangeville T-ball/coach pitch league. Call 381-2108 if you are interested in helping. ...
Disaster planning meetings
Planning meetings for the Emery and Carbon Counties Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan are taking place. Public and Public Officials' participation is recommended.
Emery High Summer Volleyball Camp
Must RSVP and have a $40 deposit by May 15th
2012 Emery County Activity Guide
Emery County Recreation 2012 Activity Guide is available on line at www.emerycounty.com/rec.
Narcotics Anonymous
Drug Problem? We can help. Wednesday evenings 7 p.m. 765 Valley View Drive Castle Dale.
Alcoholics Anonymous
An AA meeting will be held every Tuesday night at 7 p.m. in Ferron at the Senior Center, 190 N. 300 W. For information call Paul -749-9697 or Jan - 384-2773.
Saint Patty's Day benefit run
Everyone welcome to join the St. Patrick's Day 5k run/walk on March 17 at 9 a.m. at the Orangeville Park. Registration fee is $20 adults and under 18-$15. Fee includes a pancake breakfast. For more information or to sign-up contact Karyn Curtis 7...
Festive Friday
March 16 at noon. Money saving ideas. When times get tough the get going. Please bring $2 for lunch and hand outs.
Gil Scott Exhibit at Gallery East Extended to March 22
Due to the scheduled Spring Break at USU Eastern from March 12 - 16, the Gallery East exhibit, Colors of Beauty: The Paintings of Gilmore Scott, will be extended to March 22. The closing reception will be held on Friday, March 23, from 7-9 at Gal...
March 15, 16, and 17 at 7 p.m.in the Emery High School Auditorium.
Tri-stake women's conference
Please join us for an afternoon filled with laughter, and rejuvenation for yourself and your relationship with your Heavenly Father. A Tri-Stake Women's Conference held in the Castle Dale Stake Center May 5, 2012, beginning at 1 p.m. for all wom...
Beth Mecham Cancer Fundraiser
Friday, March 23. At 5:30 a dinner will be held in the old town hall in Cleveland. ($5/person or $20/family)
Emery High Summer Volleyball Camp
Must RSVP and have a $50 deposit by May 15th
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Red October
Red accent pieces that will have friends green with envy.
In the Red
Island ikat fabric from Quadrille Fabrics' China Seas collection adds a pop of color to fatigued spaces. Dania Beach (954-921-7575, quadrillefabrics.com)
Red Velvet
Relax in style on the cherry-red velvet Belle settee from PAL + SMITH (price on request), which can be customized. (888-725-7684, palandsmith.com)
Red Light District
Infuse whimsy into a space with this carousel lantern ($985) from Currey & Co. Mecox Gardens, West Palm Beach (561-805-8611, mecoxgardens.com)
Camera Red-y
Palm Beach designer Katherine Shenaman created a sense of intimacy and depth in this living room using faux-finished red walls. (561-833-4181, katherineshenaman.com)
Red Hot
Scent your own island paradise with Capri Blue's Currant candle ($28). Anthropologie, West Palm Beach, Palm Beach Gardens and Boca Raton (800-309-2500, anthropologie.com)
Red Letter Day
Dabney Lee's personalized Lucite tray ($130) exudes coastal party perfection. The Back Porch, North Palm Beach (561-799-1878, thebackporchstore.com)
Cherry Picked
Too stylish to be banished outside, this garden stool ($260) is the perfect interior showstopper. C.Bell Furnishing Inc., West Palm Beach (561-533-6505, cbellfurnishing.com)


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In Businessweek late last year, Jason Zinoman noted the Broadway revival of Glengarry Glen Ross with Al Pacino as Levine. The play, says Zinoman, "speaks as directly to the economic anxieties of today as when it opened on Broadway in 1984, at the end of Ronald Reagan's first term. Then, the play was widely seen by critics as a left-wing attack on a free-market system run amok."
But as he also notes,
Glengarry Glen Ross is often compared to Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, but the fundamental difference is that Mamet shows us in concrete detail the value of work. He lets the audience see salesmen doing their job, and then distinguishes between those who do it well and those who don't. In fact, as corrupt as the office may be, there is a meritocratic ethos at its core—the most impressive salesman, Roma, is also the most successful. Levene, by contrast, repeats himself, caves in negotiation, lies poorly. It's easy to have sympathy for him, but hard to conclude that he doesn't deserve to get paid less than Roma. Look closely enough at this play and you'll find a belief in the market as well as a critique of it. Like most great dramas or novels, its ideas are far too complicated to fit into a slogan.
As another great work of fiction that likewise doesn't fit neatly into a simple binary pattern, in between Death of a Salesman (1949) and Glengarry Glen Ross (1984), I'd like to also highlight a short novel I recently read, Saul Bellow's Seize the Day (1956). Seize the Day follows the travails of hapless Tommy Wilhelm as he tries to scrape out a living in New York, or at least as he tries to appear to try to do so. There's some serious engagement with the realities of internalized expectations, competition, envy, hucksterism, and the phenomena of commodity speculation.


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Fisheries are a traditional source of economic and cultural wealth for iwi and hapü. Being able to provide fish or shellfish to feed whänau (family) or manuhiri (guests) has always been part of the cultural heritage of tangata whenua, or 'people of the land'. Commercial fisheries have also been important, as seafood was traded widely among tribal groups and, later, with European settlers in Aotearoa.
The Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations 1998 and the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 strengthen some of the rights of tangata whenua to manage their fisheries.
These regulations let iwi and hapü manage their non-commercial fishing in a way that best fits their local practices, without having a major effect on the fishing rights of others. When the government sets the total catch limits for fisheries each year, it allows for this customary use of fisheries.
To use the customary fishing regulations, iwi and hapü groups must decide who has tangata whenua status over a fishery. This can be shared by a number of groups. Groups choose people to act as guardians for the area (Tangata Kaitiaki in the North and Chatham Islands, Tangata Tiaki in the South and Stewart Islands). The guardians are then appointed by the Minister of Fisheries.
Guardians can issue anyone a permit to catch fish in their area for customary use. They must report these catches to the Ministry of Fisheries so the government can allow for customary use when it sets next year's catch limits.
Tangata whenua can ask for special management areas – 'mätaitai reserves' and 'taiäpure-local fisheries' – to cover some of their traditional fishing grounds. Within mätaitai reserves, guardians can bring in changes to the rules for customary and recreational fishing. They can also say whether some types of commercial fishing should continue in the reserve.
Other fishing method restrictions and closures for customary purposes are also available under section 186 A & B of the Fisheries Act.
Without the customary fishing regulations, iwi and hapü can only take fish for important events through Regulations 50 & 51 of the Amateur Fishing Regulations. This lets marae honour guests by providing seafood at events like hui and blessings. But it gives no more control over their fisheries than this.
The Ministry for Primary Industries continues working with iwi and hapü to make them aware of the customary fishing regulations, and get them more involved in fisheries management in their areas.
Related TopicsConsultation: Maori Aquaculture Settlement - Minister Releases Plan for ConsultationCustomary ResearchForms and TemplatesThese are the templates that are to be used when making a research submission to the Ministry.Customary Fishing Information Manual


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Artisan Fresh Pepper Jack Cheese Cubes - 2 lbs.
by Artisan Fresh | Item #: 583088 |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this itemSpice up your next snack with Artisan Fresh Pepper Jack Cheese Cubes.
Artisan Fresh Pepper Jack starts with deceptively mild Monterey Jack cheese that is studded with fiery bits of hot jalapeño peppers. The finished product adds just the right amount of bite to your Mexican-styled dishes like burritos, tacos and enchiladas. Pair with crisp and refreshing beverages like iced tea.
Ingredients: cultured pasteurized milk, red and green jalapeño peppers, salt, enzymes
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Jackson's Comments On Religion Ring True
How neutral is neutral enough when it comes to religion?
That question will be decided when the U.S. Supreme Court issues its decision in Greece v. Galloway, a case which challenges the practice of the Greece, N.Y., town council to have a volunteer "chaplain of the month" open its meeting each month.
The prayer was given by Christian-oriented ministers from 1999 through 2007 and again from January 2009 through June 2010. After a complaint from Susan Galloway and Linda Stevens of Greece, four of the next 12 meetings were opened by non-Christians, including a Jewish layman, a Wiccan priestess and the chairman of the local Baha'i congregation. Galloway and Stevens claim the board's actions violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment because relying so heavily on Christian ministers is a tacit endorsement of Christianity over other religions.
The Founding Fathers' with European leaders' insistence on endorsing Catholicism as a state religion they felt the need to include the Establishment Clause in the U.S. Constitution. The oft-cited Establishment clause that government shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion was designed to ensure that everyone has the ability to worship as they pleased. America was to be a place where Catholics could be free to worship along with Methodists, Baptists or practice religions the founders couldn't have begun to imagine. Prayer before legislative sessions was optional, though the founders did appoint a chaplain to pray before the first Congress. The founders expressed a frequent call, nondemoninationally, to the Creator or sometimes to Almighty God before their meetings, in their writing and in areas including our national currency. Were their actions an establishment or endorsement of religion?
Justice Robert J. Jackson wrote dozens of opinions dealing with religious freedom, though he typically wrote protecting the rights of the minority to worship as they saw fit in the face of opposition from the majority. Dissenting in the 1943 Supreme Court case Douglas v. City of Jeannette, Jackson wrote, interestingly, about the need to protect freedom from infringement both by majorities and the minority.
"The First Amendment grew out of an experience which taught that society can not trust the conscience of a majority to keep its religious zeal within the limits that a free society can tolerate," Jackson wrote. "I do not think it any more intended to leave the conscience of a minority to fix its limits. Civil government can not let any group ride rough-shod over others simply because their 'consciences' tell them to do so."'
Saying yes to all does not mean saying no to the majority and rejecting more than 200 years of a nation's history. It is an interesting thought when applied to a case that asks how ideologically opposed citizens can enjoy their constitutionally protected rights at the same time in the same place.
Leave it to Justice Jackson to continue providing clarity to a confusing issue.


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About the Author: Richard Simmons is an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow in the Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs.
We are in Atlanta today at the Americas Competitiveness Forum (ACF) with foreign dignitaries and ministers, as well as a wide array of private sector stakeholders throughout the Western Hemisphere. El Salvador's President Fuenes spoke to attendees, along with Panama's Minister of Energy Juan Urriola, Nicaraga's Minister of Energy Emilio Rappacciolli, and El Salvador's Economic Minister Hector Dada. The ACF program to advance the region's economic competitiveness has focused on innovation, entrepreneurship, education, and green technology. The Department of State is partnering with other U.S. government agencies to advance several key multi-sector initiatives, such as the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas and the National Export Initiative.
This afternoon, Assistant Secretary of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs Jose Fernandez launched the inaugural U.S.-Central America Renewable Energy Forum (U.S.-CAREF), a roundtable discussion to promote greater regional cooperation on accelerating deployment of cleaner forms of energy. Central America already derives nearly 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources such as hydro, wind, and geothermal energy, although all countries would benefit from an even greater share. The CAREF dialogue engaged private companies, foreign governments, and U.S. government agencies to offer perspectives and to share both lessons learned and obstacles to overcome in addressing this goal. Initiatives like the CAREF have used the ACF venue to discuss practical efforts to overcome policy, regulatory, and technical challenges, with an eye toward implementation by innovative companies.
Participants raised a few thought-provoking points, including a look at how countries can further diversify their energy matrix to include more renewables, how large investment costs for clean energy can be financed and implemented, how countries can cooperate to integrate their electricity grids, and what governments can do to develop creative but realistic policies that encourage more adoption of clean energy.
The CAREF makes it clear that renewable energy has a bright future in Central America, and the impressive turnout reinforces the timeliness of such initiatives. The United States is actively seeking global energy solutions that will provide business opportunities for the private sector in renewable energy, economic growth potential, and enhanced competitiveness for the Americas, opportunities to improve cross-border sharing and access to affordable energy supplies, reduced reliance on foreign oil, and environmental benefits associated with lower carbon energy generation.
You can follow Assistant Secretary Fernandez's visit to Atlanta on Facebook to learn more about the CAREF and other ongoing initiatives.


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By ELIZABETH BETTENDORF
Published February 16, 2007
For my birthday this year, my mother, an artist, gave me what is already perhaps my most prized possession: a portrait of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings' home at Cross Creek.
It's a lush pastel drawing of the eight-room Cracker-style cottage where Rawlings wrote her two most beloved books, Cross Creek and The Yearling, for which she won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize.
My mother said she simply aimed to depict the house much as Rawlings would have seen it: a plain-faced one-story dwelling with a graceful screened porch nestled amidst the palms, oaks and orange trees so prevalent in the part of Alachua County where Rawlings settled in 1928.
A few months ago, I made my first pilgrimage to her home, a historic site on 8 acres.
It seems so frozen in time that it's easy to imagine Rawlings still roaming the place, cigarette and drink in hand, hunkering down for an afternoon writing marathon at her manual typewriter on the front porch.
In fact, I could feel Rawlings' presence everywhere in her house, now run by the Florida Park Service and open to the public for tours.
Years after her death, many of her belongings, furnishings and books remain intact, and her cottage retains its distinct literary, yet feminine, aura.
The bathtub that she loaded with liquor for a neighborhood party to fete her new indoor plumbing remains. So does her stove, where no doubt she whipped up her delicious sweet-potato souffle. I have attempted to make it, but can't ever seem to get it to rise.
The sight of Rawlings' house brought tears, much as my mother's beautiful drawing does every time I look at it.
The reason has nothing to do with nostalgia and everything to do with preservation. When Florida has been so thoroughly - and, in my mind, irreversibly - changed by development, seeing Cross Creek as Rawlings left it was like coming home.
How could I not fall in love at first sight with a place once inhabited by a woman who wrote these words? "It seems to me that the earth may be borrowed but not bought. It may be used but not owned. It gives itself in response to love and tending, offers its seasonal flowering and fruiting. But we are tenants and not possessors, lovers and not masters. Cross Creek belongs to the wind and the rain, to the sun and the seasons, to the cosmic secrecy of seed, and beyond all, to time."
I'm a native Floridian, born in Ocala and raised in Miami through my early teens.
The Florida of my childhood no longer exists except in tucked-away locations like Cross Creek that are becoming as scarce as backyard citrus trees. I am lucky enough to live in a place that feels like Old Florida. It's nestled in an accidental oasis of live oaks, saw palmetto and sea grapes, and a stone's throw from a falling-down old fish camp that makes me deliriously happy every time I walk by.
Rawlings' house, built of Florida cypress and heart pine, has endured decades of humidity, heat and, no doubt, hurricane winds. It sits amid an abundance of orange trees and clucking chickens, down the road from a sleepy fish camp and restaurant where you can dine on alligator and listen to some really good local blues.
The day I went to Cross Creek, I also went to nearby Micanopy, the dreamy little historic town where I bought a quirky, mid 20th century quilt in an old coffin factory. It's still inhabited, the owner claimed, by the ghost of a small child.
That quilt is folded on a display shelf in my bedroom wardrobe, stacked with a multicolored star quilt from childhood and a rich pink quilt made for me by my late grandmother. I look out my window at the mangroves, palms and oaks and wonder how long my little oasis will weather the ravages of time in Florida.
Will it be here in 75 years? A century?
I'm not sure.
I look at my beloved painting of Rawlings' house at Cross Creek and think to myself how lucky I am to have it. How lucky I am to also live in a place of unspoiled Florida beauty, at least for a while.
As Rawlings herself said, "We are tenants and not possessors."
Prescient words.
Words that all of us in Florida ought to remember and live by.
Elizabeth Bettendorf can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
. if you go
Rawlings' home
Guided walks through the Rawlings home are offered on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays at 10 a.m., 11 a.m. and 1, 2, 3, and 4 p.m. from October through July. Group tours can be scheduled, in advance, on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Reservations are required for group tours. To make reservations or for more information, call (352) 466-3672.
The park is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
[Last modified February 15, 2007, 08:01:24]
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Two correctional facilities to benefit from state settlement
OBSERVER Staff Report
Two area correctional facilities are receiving some funding following a settlement with a large medical waste disposal company.
Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced Tuesday a $2.4 million settlement with Stericycle, Inc. for improperly overcharging nearly 1,000 New York government entities, including police and fire departments, rescue squads, schools, jails, and hospitals all over the state.
Since 2003, Stericycle implemented a plan to charge automated price increases without giving any notice to these customers and in violation of the contract terms.
Among those receiving funds in the settlement are the Collins Correctional Facility, Collins, which will receive $6,310 and the Gowanda Correctional Facility, Gowanda which will receive $6,132.
"Stericycle improperly profited by overcharging New York taxpayers," said Schneiderman. "In these times of harsh budget cuts to education, public health, and public safety, local governments and agencies need every available dollar and we will hold accountable corporations like Stericycle that use cynical schemes to rip off New York taxpayers."
The case was brought under and investigated pursuant to the New York False Claims Act. As a state senator, Schneiderman authored amendments to strengthen the False Claims Act. These enhancements, known as the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act, allow the state to collect triple damages and between $6,000 and $12,000 per violation from corporations or people who defraud the government, or violate their obligations to pay government entities.


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About Google Voice Lite
If you don't want to sign up for a new Google number, you can get a Google Voice Lite account. A Google Voice Lite account will still let you enjoy some of the Google Voice benefits, including:
- Voicemail like email: Save voicemail messages for as long as you'd like, star important ones, and search through them
- Voicemail transcription: Voicemail messages will be automatically transcribed to text and forwarded to you via email and/or text message.
- Custom voicemail greetings: Customize your voicemail greeting based on who is calling.
- International calling: Make low priced international calls from the web or from your phone.
With the Google Voice Lite option, you won't get some full Google Voice features, like call forwarding, call screening, or call recording. Learn more about the Google Voice account options, and find out which options and features best meet your needs.
Sign up for Google Voice Lite
- On your computer, open Google Voice.
- Once signed in, you'll be prompted to either use Google Voice with your existing number or get a Google number. To use Google Voice Lite, select I want to use my mobile number.
- There will be several differences in your Google Voice account, depending on whether you choose to use a Google Voice number or a non-Google number. If you sign up for a Google number, you can still set up Google voicemail for your mobile devices.
- On the screen that appears, enter your mobile number and click Check for available options.
- Choose Get Google Voicemail for your existing mobile number.
- You will be prompted to verify your phone number. Click Connect and Google Voice will call your phone. Verify your phone by entering the code that appears in the 'Verify your Phone' pop-up window.
- Click Activate Google voicemail on this phone.
- Follow the directions on the next screen and enter the code provided as if you were calling someone. Press the 'Call' button on your phone to finish setting up Google voicemail for your mobile phone.
To ensure Google Voice is working properly with your phone, you can make a test call to your phone once you've completed setup, and let the call go to voicemail. If you receive an error message on your phone, the setup was not successful.
You can use this troubleshooter to help you resolve your issue.
Related articles
Megan is a Google Voice expert and the author of this help page. Help her improve this article by leaving feedback below.


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With fall closing in, kids take to the woods
As the summer season starts to wind down and children begin to stir under the threat of returning to school, it seems I've been running into a lot more young anglers on the water than usual.
There are also a lot more young people in the woods and on the trails.
In my younger days, I spent a lot of time in school – high school, college and then graduate school. My early years were spent largely inside of a building.
But since those days, I've made a point to spend most of my time on the water and in the woods, and life is certainly a whole lot better out there.
I must admit there has been a noticeable increase in the number of local hikers this summer, especially on the usually quiet trails of Ray Brook. Obviously, the draw of becoming a Saranac Lake 6er has been responsible for getting a lot of folks out of their cars and into the hills.
Over the past month, there have been at least a half dozen vehicles in the McKenzie Mountain trailhead whenever I drive by. Prior to the 6er's campaign, the same lot was usually vacant, except on the weekends.
A similar situation has been evident at most of the other Saranac Lake 6er trailheads, but it has been most notable at the base of the Baker Mountain trail, which unfortunately lacks an established parking lot. On a few of the busy weekends, the parked vehicles were wrapped halfway around the shore of Moody Pond.
One of the most obvious benefits of the 6er effort is the large percentage of both parents and children who have taken up the challenge. In this age of electronic addiction and virtual reality, it's nice to know the "Last Child in the Woods" has been replaced by the "Next Kid Up the Mountain," at least in the Saranac Lake region.
Studies indicate parents who recreate with their children in the outdoors develop stronger bonds and create healthier relationships as a result of sharing an activity in natural surroundings.
It may actually be a throwback to more primitive times, when family units actually traveled as a pack. We do it to escape, to lose ourselves in the moment and to recover a bit of our past in the process.
Undeniably, there is something to it. Families tend to stick together in the woods; they bond for safety and for comfort. Conversation comes easy, because they are more relaxed and there is so much more to talk about.
The situation reminds me of a quote I once heard from a longtime hunter safety instructor who claimed, "If you hunt with your kids, you'll never have to hunt for them."
In a sense, outdoor recreation is a form of self-nourishment. Modern man has long been starving to replenish a little bit of the wild that still remains within all of us. We travel out back to feed the need because it provides an easy and exciting escape from the excessive seriousness of our increasingly technological world.
Unfortunately, backcountry travelers often fail to distribute themselves evenly throughout the vast wild lands of the Adirondack Park, which encompass nearly 85 percent of all the designated wilderness available in the eastern United States.
In fact, the heaviest use is typically concentrated in just a few specific wild areas. Better than half of all backcountry use in the Adirondacks occurs on less than 10 percent of the one million acres of designated wilderness encompassed within the park's boundaries.
The St Regis Canoe Area, which is not even considered a wilderness area, shares the brunt of traffic with the Eastern High Peaks Wilderness Area.
Similar to most wilderness areas in the country, more than half of all the backcountry travel in the park occurs on less than 10 percent of the total trail miles.
Visitation is also unevenly distributed over the course of the year. Certain seasons tend to be popular, while others see little use.
Anglers are likely the only user group that's crazy enough to visit the Park during the peak of the blackfly season.
Typically, weekend and holiday use is especially high in season, as it tends to be in most National Parks. Wilderness use on Memorial Day weekend is estimated to be nearly five times as great as the weekends that follow. With this in mind, it is easy to see why crowding has become a problem in certain wilderness areas.
Unfortunately, not all backcountry travelers share a similar vision of what wilderness travel is all about. While many believe enjoying the outdoors is an instinctual trait, it doesn't always work out that way.
In reality, most outdoor travelers learned how to behave in the outdoors from their father, an uncle or some other adult. Occasionally, it appears they learned it from their Weird Old Uncle Al.
During my 30-plus years in the woods, I've seen and experienced all sorts of travelers, some were very funny and some were just sad. But overall, I've found the vast majority of backcountry travelers are a likable sort. I've always found the best response to any hint of trouble was just common sense and mutual respect of others.
And if I thought there was a problem, I usually just ask. The same folks who would be considered rude and inconsiderate on the street don't change much when they are on the trail or the ponds.
I've discovered that you'll rarely have a problem if you respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience with as much concern as you would your own.
Be courteous and let natural sounds prevail. Build a small fire and sit up close, rather than building a big fire and standing way back. That way you can keep the volume of your voice down a couple of notches.
Always remember that nobody wants to hear your cell phone ring or listen to your conversation. If you need to use a cell, take a walk and do it privately.
Fall isn't so far off
A quick reminder for local sportsmen and women. The new New York hunting, fishing and trapping licenses for the 2013-2014 season went on sale across the state Monday, Aug. 12.
Licenses and permits can be purchased at any one of the state Department of Environmental Conservation's 1,500 licensed sales outlets statewide. Sporting licenses can also be ordered by telephone or online.
The 2013-2014 sporting licenses will be valid beginning Oct. 1.
To further encourage fishing in New York, Gov. Andrew Cuomo signed legislation last year to expand opportunities for free fishing clinics. The Free Fishing Days program began in 1991 to give all people an opportunity to sample the incredible fishing New York has to offer.
New York's sport fishing industry generates an estimated $1.8 billion in economic activity annually, while supporting nearly 17,000 jobs.


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Suez, 1956
After Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula on October 29, 1956, President Eisenhower held an urgent meeting with his national security advisors. A few months earlier, Egypt had nationalized the Suez Canal. These meeting notes record the discussion of how to do the right thing while dealing with congressional consequences, the United Nations, and our country's relationship with Britain and France.
National Archives, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library


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This spring, the Columbia Musical Theatre Society and the Black Theatre Ensemble are teaming up for the first time to produce the blues-rock musical "Passing Strange," which follows an African American man's journey of self discovery.
This video is the first of a four-part series about the production of the show. Check out the second video to meet some members of the cast. "Passing Strange" opens on April 24 in the Glicker-Milstein Theatre.
Correction: This video identifies Katie Cacouris as CC '14 instead of CC '15 and Laura Quintela as CC '15 instead of CC '14. Spectator regrets the errors.


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Q. David Bowers: The following narrative, with minor editing, is from my "Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States: A Complete Encyclopedia" (Wolfeboro, NH: Bowers and Merena Galleries, Inc., 1993)
Numismatic Information
Hoard coins: After the New Orleans Mint ceased business, quantities of silver dollars were shipped to Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia for storage. From vaults in the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C., Uncirculated 1901-O dollars dribbled out onto the market from the early 1930s onward. Prior to that time, the 1901-O in Uncirculated grade was a major rarity, although in the absence of research on the subject few numismatists realized this.
In 1953, a major release occurred, followed by distributions through the mid-1950s. Obtaining coins indirectly from this source, Philip Maul, a Hudson, New York dealer, advertised rolls in The Numismatist in September 1953. In the September 1957 issue of The Numismatist, Harry J. Forman advertised that he had Uncirculated specimens of 1901-O available in quantity. In general, anyone who stocked Uncirculated dollars was apt to have a supply of this date.
Any quantities released in the 1950s paled into insignificance in October 1962, when a long-sealed vault in the Philadelphia Mint was opened, and countless thousands of sparkling, new 1901-O dollars were released.
Circulated grades: Worn 1901-O dollars are common and are of no commercial consequence, as so many Uncirculated coins exist. Many were destroyed in private silver melts of the late 1970s.
Mint State grades: Mint State coins are common, but most are poorly struck and are extensively bagmarked. My estimates follow: MS-60 to 62, 150,000 to 300,000; MS-63, 80,000 to 150,000; MS-64, 30,000 to 60,000; and MS-65 or better, 8,000 to 16,000.
Prooflike coins: Prooflike coins are available.
Thousands exist. While examples are sometimes are seen with cameo contrast, most are weakly struck and/ or bagmarked-not the sort of coin that would attract the connoisseur's eye. On the other hand, John Highfill reports seeing a number of well-struck, pleasing coins. This diversity of opinion indicates that cherrypicking is advised. True DMPL coins and perhaps six or seven times rarer. About 20% of extant DMPL coins grade higher than MS-64.
Circulation strikes:
1. Breen-5682, VAM-1, 9, 20-22, 24-26, 29-32. Common. The new 3rd edition of VAM lists many more varieties than did earlier versions. If high-resolution optical comparators are ever employed to study Morgan dollar date and mintmark varieties, doubtless many hundreds of discoveries will be made. Now, most VAM numbers pertain to varieties with repunching or some other anomalous feature, not to very minute positional differences. For 1901-O, RW. Julian says 140 reverses were made from both hubs; clearly not all were used.
Circulation strikes:
1. C-4 reverse hub over C-3: VAM-3, 12, 14-18, 23, 27, 28. Previously unknown to all but a few specialists, the C-4/C-3 reverse is now plentiful, and the 3rd edition of VAM lists numerous varieties.
Circulation strikes:
1. Breen-5683, VAM-2, 4-8, others. Forms the majority of this date; positional and/or repunched varieties. Common Uncirculated.
Dies prepared: Obverse: Unknown; Reverse: 140 (per R.W. Julian).
Circulation strike mintage: 13,320,000; Delivery figures by month: January: 1,500,000; February: 620,000; March: 1,100,000; April: 1,550,000; May: 1,500,000; June: 1,100,000; July: 800,000; August: 200,000; September: 1,550,000; October: 1,000,000; November: 900,000; December: 1,500,000.
Estimated quantity melted: Probably millions under the 1918 Pittman Act and later private melts.
Availability of prooflike coins: Available, but often unsatisfactory in appearance. DMPL coins are about six or seven times rarer.
Characteristics of striking: Varies, but often weak. Known hoards of Mint State coins: Bags were released by the Treasury over a period of time, especially in 1953, and in very large quantity in 1962-1964.
The 1901-O is common in Mint State, but well-struck high-grade coins are elusive. Largest dollar mintage from New Orleans.
Additional Information
Distribution of Dollars
The Annual Report of the Director of the Mint 1901, told of the distribution of dollars during the fiscal year: New Orleans:
In the mint July 1,1900,21,197,000; coinage, fiscal year 1901, 10,910,000; total, 32,107,000; transferred from mints to Treasury, 15,500,000; in mint July 1, 1901, 15,823,500; total, 31,323,500; distributed from mint, 783,500.


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Pinnacle of Optical Design
Celestron Granite ED Series Roof Prism Binoculars are the pinnacle of optical and mechanical design. Granite ED offers all the features you'd expect from a top-of-the-line binocular, including ED (Extra-Low Dispersion) glass. The ED objective lenses and fully multi-coated optics provide excellent sharpness and color correction, while virtually eliminating chromatic aberration. Granite ED also features BaK-4 prisms with dielectric and phase coating to increase light transmission and overall image quality.
As the name implies, Granite binoculars are made to withstand the test of time. They are constructed from magnesium, which is tougher and lighter than aluminum. Granite also features metal--not plastic--twist-up eyecups.
Joining the beloved Granite series is the 7x33 model. This new model provides an excellent balance between performance and comfort, with a wider field of view compared to 42mm binoculars. They're an excellent choice for travel, sports and outdoor activities.
Perfect for:
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Trial access to the "House of Commons Parliamentary Papers" (HCPP), provided by ProQuest, is available in its entirety from February 6 to March 31, 2012.
HCPP provides access to over 200,000 House of Commons sessional papers from 1715 to the present, with supplementary material back to 1688. Access is available to the following collections:
- 18th century (1688-1834)
- 19th century (1801-1900)
- 20th century (1901-2003/04 session)
- 21st century module 1 (2004/05 – 2009/10 sessions)
- 21st century module 2 (2010/12 session)
- Hansard (1803-2005)
As the working documents of government, the parliamentary papers encompass all areas of social, political, economic and foreign policy, showing how issues were explored and legislation was formed. Many contributors to the papers were found outside the official world, providing evidence or supplying memoranda to committees and commissions. The labours and concerns of Matthew Arnold, John Stuart Mill, Michael Faraday, Charles Babbage, Edwin Chadwick, Marconi, Keynes and Beveridge are recorded in these pages, alongside thousands of others. The evidence gathered by numerous Committees and Royal Commissions influenced public opinion and social and political philosophies as disparate as those of Marx, Dickens and Disraeli.
The origins of HCPP online lie in the Chadwyck-Healey microfiche edition of the nineteenth century House of Commons Sessional Papers. Published between 1980 and 1983, the microfiche edition includes filmed images of 77,671 papers, covering nearly 4.2 million pages along with an accompanying 5 volume index. Microfiche for the twentieth century (107,965 papers, over 5.2 million pages) was subsequently produced. Scanning continues, taking coverage right up to the latest parliamentary session. These scans have also been converted into digital format, and are presented in HCPP alongside index records. These indexes have been overlaid with broad subject categories based on the 19th centurySubject Catalogue, updated for more recent material.
HCPP now incorporates The Eighteenth Century Parliamentary Papers Collection from BOPCRIS. This collection features publications published officially by the House of Commons or the House of Lords from 1688 to 1834, including sessional papers and other material such as Journals and Private Acts. In addition, HCPP also now includes the full text from Hansard, the Official Report of debates in Parliament, from both the House of Commons and House of Lords, from 1803 to 2005.


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Echo of Diana, The Queen that never was
Her name was Charlotte. She was The Princess of Wales. Her father, who had been The Prince of Wales asscended to the Throne of England as George Forth. He'd been married at one time before sitting on the Throne, and she was his only Child (inside of wedlock)
Her Father wished that she marry William of Orange, but she refused, and instead eventually married Leopold Saxe Coburg. He would, later, after her death, become Leopold First of Belgium.
in 1817 after having two misscarriages in an otherwise perfect marriage, she conceved a male. Apparently she was very much loved and the press stalked her writing daily about her movements whilst pregnant.
At this time in British Medical History Women Midwives were being turfed out by Male Midwives who had better training. The Royals chose the Latter choice for Charlottes care. The main problem with Female Midwives had with the male Midwives was the fact they used a new technique known as Forcepts Delivery. This was seen as not good, and highly criticised.
Thus when Charlotte entered a 50 hour labour, 2 weeks overdue, the Male Midwife did not use Forcepts when perhaps he should have. Sadly Her male Heir was Still-Born. Bad enough it was dead, so terrible and distressing that it was a Male Heir to the First in line for the Throne prior to her asscension, and in a loving marriage.
So heart broken, but in high spirits, Charlotte rested after the birth. A slumber she never awoke from. Overnight she suffered a bleed and died. Two generations of Royal Heirs lost overnight.
Leopold, only an English Royal by marriage went on to Rule Belguim, Founding his very own Continental Monarchy. He later Remaried, moved to the United States and reared a full family, one of which became Empress Carlotta of Mexico
Her death was taken as a National Tragedy. The shops were shut across the country in an act of mourning for nearly 14 days. Such a young Princess, within such a loving marriage, with a male heir, had been set to rise to the Kingdom, overnight the whole family was wipedout and no direct descendant to the Throne.
Although George had more then Ten Children, half were illigitamate, and the other half were two old to conceive or rumoured to be infertile. It was left to The Duke of Kent, who by the time of George forths death had only produced a Female.
That Female would become the longest reigning Monarch of English History
HM Queen Victoria.
Hmmm. I actually found that quite interesting. I love the history of the British monarchy. This was one story I hadn't heard before.
My son made this for me:
Thanks, everyone forgets about Charlotte. You see,
The House of Hanover could still have been Rulling today, had Charlotte Ascended followed by a Male Heir. Potentially thats almost a possible century of Rule you had.
Interestingly, when Victoria died, the Next House was "Saxe Coburg" The default line that had married into the Family through Charlotte, it was the Continental hereditry of Belgium and Germanic Origins, the mixing of lines so recently with Germany.
The House of Windsor...is actually STILL Saxe Coburg today! King George changed his name in 1917.
I hasten to say there was a small gap of Seven years between George Forth and his death, and Victoria. She was extremely young on the throne, in order to get William they had to go to the Sons of the Brother of the previous Monarch...he died after seven years in Office, he also had nothing but illegitamte children...soooo Victoria was the closest relative. A niece
Now Saxe Coburg re-enters the Royal scene because Victoria married Albert Saxe Coburg! as in a relation to Leopold Saxe Coburg. A Royal proclamation was made after the First World War by the King saying he was changing his name because of its ties to Germany and Belgium
Truely, the most recent influx of Royal Blood is Germanic Changing the name of their house by Depol WONT change the blood line. Its still Germanic along the MALE line because of Who victoria married and because her SON then rulled.
Now When Elizabeth married Prince Philip...do you wanna know what HIS name is?? "Schliswig holstein Sonderburr Glucksburg" Philip is unwell at this present time. Really..unwell
She decided to declaire him a Windsor instead of founding a new house based on...the above She can do that at her pleasure because he is only her Husband...he is not the King, because he married the Queen, that means he's only a Royal by Marriage...the family line passes through her not him. Although...they do have children together so he is now grafted into the future of the Royal line. It would be customery for her to Honour him in English Tradition by keeping HIS name...but...for obvious and sensible reasons...she decided against it hahahaha
Which was the royal with ties to The nazi party? He was a duke or some such no?
He was a King of England who abdicated in 1936. King Edward (Eight) Saxe-Coburg. He was the son of George Five (the guy who changed his name to Windsor after World War One to try and distance himself from Germany) and sat on the throne for ONE year.
It is thought that once Hitler had taken England, he would probably use Edward as his governer for the Island, re-instate him as King. They were friends, Adolf Hitler and Edward Saxe-Coburg (Windsor)
Prince Philip (who married the Queen, who took to the throne in the 1950s) had a relative in the SS apparently. probably not a close relative, but all the same, a bit embarissing for the Husband of the present Queen.
Did I tell you Philip is unwell You know the Royals are unwell when they start to cancel engagements. It usually means they are VERY unwell. They are both getting Elderly
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There used to be ore bodies on land as rich as what is found on the sea floor, but they are becoming exhausted."spring because they were taking temperature measurements in the sediment on these mid-ocean ridges — the mountain ranges that girdle the globe — and they were finding that they were not as hot as they should be, given conductive cooling of the ocean floor. So they thought there ought to be hot springs on the seafloor just like on land. Then they found temperature anomalies in the water, which led them to the hot springs.
It never occurred to me that anyone would want to take away the sulfide that my beautiful animals lived on."guess. So, shame on us. In the '60s when I was growing up, the deep sea was where we threw trash. Ammunition, munitions waste, chemical waste was all thrown in the deep sea. It was infinitely large — that's what I grew up on. Of course, I got to realize it wasn't that infinite and large, but it takes a while to have that really sink into your brain that what we're doing now is impacting the seabed incredibly. I just thought it would be like the Wild West forever, but I didn't think about the lessons coming from our own Wild West.
I don't want to see vents mined, but if they're going to be mined, wouldn't it be cool to do it in a way that is wise?"do two and a half years of the extraction and then stop and wait and see what happens, go somewhere else.
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