text:
Ultrasone IQ
"I went to shop for upgrade from my beloved Westone 4. Didn't bother to get custom. Aiming around $500-1000 options Audition candidates 1. Ultrasone IQ $730 2. AKG K3003 $1,140 3. Sennheiser IE800 $ 660 4. Aurisonics ASG-2 $653 5. Heir Audio IEM 5.0+ $ 690 Here are the mini review of IQ and versus of the other candidates. ..." --darkinners
JBuds J6M High Fidelity Ergonomic Earbuds-style Headphones with Microphone (Nero Black)
J6: Sleek, Ultra Slim Comfort with Premium Acoustic Performance Tired of uncomfortable earphones with disappointing sound? Looking for a slim, ergonomic fit and high fidelity sound that was made to please your ears? Meet the new JBuds J6M in-ear ear bud style headphones with inline microphone and track control. The JBuds J6M high-performance earbuds combine a blissfully slim, soft rounded shape...
J.Fi Acoustic Natural Ebony Wood and Metal Fusion Earphones (Ebony / Titanium)
"I picked these up at Staples since they starting carrying Jlabs. I'd never owned any before and heard good things about them. They're very beautiful. They have real ebony wood and a kevlar cord. The most important thing is the sound of course. I'm a newbie in the audiophile market. I'm a die hard Ultimate Ear fan so right now they're all I have to compare them too ( only used the 350,..." --echo1284
JBuds J4 Rugged Metal In-Ear Earbuds Style Headphones with Travel Case (Obsidian Black)
JLab seeks to up the game with every new generation of the best-selling JBuds line, and the J4 Rugged Metal Earbuds Style Headphones are no exception. Building on the sleek style, premium sound, and maximum comfort of the bestselling JBuds J3 earbuds, we gave the new JBuds J4's a flexible exoskeleton armor over all components for extreme durability and a hot new rugged look. These cans are...
Diego Earbuds by JLab
Once again, JLab engineered the design, sound, fit, and features around feedback from our fans to create a world class, yet affordable earbud that is truly designed by the people for the people. The Diego is the first JBud to sport our new JCon logo, designed with our fans as a symbol of JLab's commitment to Hook It Up. Rock It Out. FEATURING • 10mm Neodymium Micro Driver •...


text:
First look: Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch (PlayStation 3)
The reason why Ni no Kuni won me over was for the simple fact that it is a good game and oozes charm through and through.
The reason why Ni no Kuni won me over was for the simple fact that it is a good game and oozes charm through and through.
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
Visit our shop for the best deals on hot products
Watch our video news and reviews from around the world
Comprehensive buying guides, features, and step-by-step articles
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bill Kauffman
Associate Director, Communications
Phone: 719-228-6800
Email: email@example.com
Unofficial DataVolley Stats * Official FIVB Stats
U.S. Women's Press Kit for FIVB World Grand Prix
Colorado Springs, Colo. (Aug. 5, 2011) - The U.S. Women's National Volleyball Team held off No. 9 Serbia's upset bid with a 25-22, 25-19, 23-25, 20-25, 15-10 victory on Friday to open the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix in the first preliminary weekend held at Luohe, China.
The U.S., ranked second in the FIVB world ranking and defending FIVB World Grand Prix champions in the premier annual international volleyball tournament, continues Pool D action in China versus No. 19 Kazakhstan on Aug. 6 at 4 p.m. (1 a.m. Pacific Time) and No. 6 China on Aug. 7 at 7:30 p.m. (4:30 a.m. Pacific Time). The Americans have now won 12 consecutive FIVB World Grand Prix matches counting the final 11 victories in last year's event.
The U.S. used a 9-3 scoring run to overcome a 17-14 deficit in the opening set to win 25-22. The Americans overcame 4-0 deficit in the second set to take a 14-10 lead, but needed to break a 17-all tie with an 8-2 scoring run to conclude the set with a 25-19 victory. Team USA battled back from a 6-2 deficit in the third set to tie the score at 23-all before Serbia cashed in on the final two points at 25-23, including the Americans' 12th error of the set for the final point. The U.S. reached an 8-3 lead in the fourth set, but Serbia's 10-0 run allowed it to take a 21-14 lead and went on to win 25-20. The Americans never trailed in the fifth set, taking an early 5-2 advantage en route to the 15-10 victory in which Serbia committed six errors in the tiebreaker.
The U.S.-Serbia match on-demand video stream can be viewed by clicking here. To view video stream of Saturday's U.S.-Kazakhstan match, click here. To view the video stream of Sunday's U.S.-China match, click here.
"First, congratulations for Serbia playing a great game," U.S. Women's National Team Head Coach Hugh McCutcheon (Christchurch, New Zealand). "I am glad we won this game. I hope we can go on in this season."
All five starting American hitters reached double-figure points. Foluke Akinradewo (Plantation, Fla.), the 2010 FIVB World Grand Prix most valuable player, scored a United States team-high 23 points with 14 kills on 21 swings and a match-high eight blocks. Destinee Hooker (San Antonio, Texas) tallied 14 kills on a team-high 49 attacks and three blocks as part of a 17-point match. Megan Hodge (Durham, N.C.) charted 14 kills on 39 swings and an ace for 15 points. Heather Bown (Yorba Linda, Calif.) pocketed 13 points with eight kills, four blocks and an ace. Jordan Larson (Hooper, Neb.) contributed six kills, three aces and a block for 10 points. Lindsey Berg (Honolulu) rounded out the scoring with two aces and a kill for three points.
Nicole Davis (Stockton, Calif.) registered three digs in the match, according to the official FIVB stats. Hodge tallied five excellent service receptions and Berg provided 34 assists on 107 set attempts.
Team USA held advantages in kills (57-51), blocks (16-11) and aces (8-5). However, Serbia was aided by 34 American errors, 22 of which came in the third and fourth sets.
"Serbia is a good team," U.S. Women's National Team captain Jennifer Tamas (Milpitas, Calif.) said. "It was a tough match with Serbia. I hope this victory goes on."
McCutcheon started Hodge and Larson at outside hitter, Akinradewo and Bown at middle blocker, Hooker at opposite and Berg at setter. Davis was the libero for the match. Tamari Miyashiro (Kaneohe, Hawaii) was a back-row sub in all four sets for Hodge. Alisha Glass (Leland, Mich.) and Nancy Metcalf (Hull, Iowa) were used in a double switch in the fourth set.
Serbia's Sanja Malagurski led all scorers with 22 points on 17 kills, three blocks and two aces. Milena Rasic added 15 points in the loss, while Jovana Brakocevic and Britzitka Molnar tallied 10 points each.
In other 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix opening day matches, Poland and Argentina start Pool A in Poland, while Italy challenges Dominican Republic. In Pool B matches in Thailand, Russia stopped Cuba 24-26, 25-18, 25-23, 25-20 and host Thailand will play Peru later today. Brazil defeated Japan 25-18, 25-16, 25-21 to start Pool C in Korea, while host Korea toppled Germany 25-19, 25-19, 20-25, 25-20. In the second Pool D match, host China plays Kazakhstan later today.
The U.S. scored the opening two points of the first set with kills from Akinradewo and Hooker, only to have Serbia respond with three straight points to take a 3-2 advantage. The Americans returned to the lead at 5-4 with kills from Akinradewo and Hodge. Serbia scored the first three points out of the first technical timeout to take a 10-8 lead, then stretched its advantage to 12-9 leading to a Team USA timeout. The U.S. sliced the deficit to 12-11 with a Hooker kill and Akinradewo block. Team USA tied the set at 13-all with kills from Akinradewo and Bown. However, Serbia responded with three consecutive points to take a 16-13 advantage into the second technical timeout. The Americans moved to within one at 17-16 with a Bown kill followed by a Serbia error leading to a timeout. Out of the break, Hodge tied the set at 17-all with an ace. Team USA returned to the lead at 20-19 on consecutive blocks by Akinradewo and Larson. Akinradowo and Hooker connected for consecutive kills and Hooker followed with a block to push the advantage to 23-20. The set ended on a Hodge cross-court winner at 25-22. Akinradewo scored a team-high seven points in the opening set, while Hodge and Hooker added four points each. Both teams put up four blocks in the set.
Serbia scored the first four points of the second set including two aces leading to a quick U.S. timeout. Larson and Hooker sliced the deficit to 4-2 with consecutive kills. Hodge followed a Serbia error with a kill to close the gap to on at 5-4. Akinradewo tied the set at 8-all with a block after a Serbia attack error, then Bown served an ace to give the Americans a 9-8 lead. The U.S. added to the lead with a Larson kill and Hooker block forcing Serbia to call timeout down 11-9. Out of the timeout, Larson added a third straight point on Berg's serve with a block at 12-9. The Americans extended their lead to 14-10 with a Larson ace after a Hooker kill. Serbia ran off four unanswered points to knot the score at 17-all. Hooker stopped the run with a kill and Berg followed with an overpass kill to yield a two-point American cushion at 19-17. Following a Serbia timeout, Larson slammed a kill off the block to inch the lead to 20-17. The Americans pushed the lead to 24-19 with two Akinradewo blocks around a Serbia error, then Larson ended the set with an ace at 25-19. Hooker scored five points in the set, while Akinradewo and Larson each totaled four points in the partial. The Americans picked up four blocks and three aces while limiting their errors to four in the set.
Serbia notched the first two points of the third set, then extended the lead to 4-1 following a rotation error on the serve. Serbia continued to build its lead to 6-2. The U.S. closed to within one at 9-8, but Serbia returned to a three-point cushion at 13-10. Akinradewo pounded a kill and Serbia's next attack went into the antenna to reduce the gap to 13-12. However, Serbia served an ace to return to a three-point margin at 15-12. Akinradewo and Hooker fired consecutive spikes to reduce the lead to 16-14. Serbia increased its lead to 22-18 following a block and American attack error. Berg served consecutive aces after a Larson kill to narrow the gap to 22-21 going into a Serbia timeout. Akinradewo connected for a kill and block to tie the score at 23-all. However, a U.S. attack error led to a Serbia 25-23 victory. Akinradewo and Hooker each scored five points in the third set, but the Americans committed 12 errors in the set.
The U.S. gained a 3-1 lead in the fourth set with a Larson ace after a Hooker kill. Akinradewo put up a block and Hodge slammed a kill to extend the American lead to 5-2. Team USA's lead reached 8-3 at the first technical timeout as Hodge and Larson produced kills around a Serbia error. Serbia moved the gap to three points at 11-8 with back-to-back points, then cut the deficit to two at 13-11. Serbia continued to battle and scored five unanswered points to take a 16-14 lead into the second technical timeout. Out of the break, Serbia scored three more points as part of a 10-0 run and 21-14 advantage. The U.S. saved four set points with two kills Akinradewo, one kill from Hooker and a Serbia error leading to a timeout at 24-20. The Americans committed 10 errors in the set.
The Americans gained the early advantage in the fifth set with consecutive Serbia errors at 3-1. The U.S. increased its margin to 5-2 with a Hodge kill and Bown block leading into a Serbia timeout. Out of the break, Serbia scored the next two points to cut the deficit to 5-4. The U.S. reached the switch with an 8-5 margin thanks to an Akinradewo kill and Serbia error. Akinradewo served an ace after a Hodge kill to yield an 11-7 American advantage into a Serbia timeout. The U.S. closed out the set with a Bown block and Serbia attack error at 15-10.
FIVB Event Web Page for 2011 World Grand Prix
U.S. Women's National Team Roster for FIVB World Grand Prix Weekend #1
# - Name (Position, Height, Hometown, College)
1 – Kristin Richards (OH, 6-1, Orem, Utah, Stanford)
4 – Lindsey Berg (S, 5-8, Honolulu, Hawaii, Minnesota)
5 - Tamari Miyashiro (L, 5-7, Kaneohe, Hawaii, Washington)
6 - Nicole Davis (L, 5-4, Stockton, Calif., Southern California)
7 - Heather Bown (MB, 6-3, Yorba Linda, Calif., Hawaii)
8 - Alisha Glass (S, 6-0, Leland, Mich., Penn State)
9 - Jennifer Tamas (MB, 6-4, Milpitas, Calif., Pacific)
10 - Kim Glass (OH, 6-2, Lancaster, Pa., Arizona)
11 - Jordan Larson (OH, 6-2, Hooper, Neb., Nebraska)
12 - Nancy Metcalf (Opp, 6-1, Hull, Iowa, Nebraska)
13 - Christa Harmotto (MB, 6-2, Hopewell, Pa., Penn State)
16 - Foluke Akinradewo (MB, 6-3, Plantation, Fla., Stanford)
18 - Megan Hodge (OH, 6-3, Durham, N.C., Penn State)
19 - Destinee Hooker (Opp, 6-4, San Antonio, Texas, Texas)
Head Coach: Hugh McCutcheon (Christchurch, New Zealand)
Assistant Coach: Karch Kiraly (San Clemente, Calif.)
Assistant Coach: Paula Weishoff (Irvine, Calif.)
Assistant Coach/Technical Coordinator: Jamie Morrison (Dana Point, Calif.)
Athletic Trainer/Medical Support: Jill Wosmek (Silver Lake, Minn.)
Team Manager: Ken Sullivan
Pool A at Bydgoszsz, Poland (Luczinczka Hall)
Aug. 5: Poland def. Argentina 25-20, 25-17, 25-22
Aug. 5: Italy def. Dominican Republic 25-18, 22-25, 25-18, 25-17
Aug. 6: Poland vs. Dominican Republic, 3:30 p.m.
Aug. 6: Italy vs. Argentina, 6 p.m.
Aug. 7: Poland vs. Italy, 3:30 p.m.
Aug. 7: Dominican Republic vs. Argentina, 6 p.m.
Pool B at Nakhonpathom, Thailand (Nakhonpathom Gym)
Aug. 5: Russia def. Cuba 24-26, 25-18, 25-23, 25-20
Aug. 5: Thailand def. Peru 25-20, 25-13, 25-16
Aug. 6: Peru vs. Russia, 3 p.m.
Aug. 6: Cuba vs. Thailand, 5:30 p.m.
Aug. 7: Peru vs. Cuba, 3 p.m.
Aug. 7: Russia vs. Thailand, 5:30 p.m.
Pool C at Busan, Korea (Sajik Indoor Gymnasium)
Aug. 5: Brazil def. Japan 25-18, 25-16, 25-21
Aug. 5: Korea def. Germany 25-19, 25-19, 20-25, 25-20
Aug. 6: Korea vs. Japan, 2 p.m.
Aug. 6: Brazil vs. Germany, 4:30 p.m.
Aug. 7: Korea vs. Brazil, 2 p.m.
Aug. 7: Japan vs. Germany, 4:30 p.m.
Pool D at Luohe, China (Luohe Sports Center)
Aug. 5: USA def. Serbia 25-22, 25-19, 23-25, 20-25, 15-10
Aug. 5: China def. Kazakhstan 25-18, 25-23, 25-16
Aug. 6: USA vs. Kazakhstan, 4 p.m.
Aug. 6: China vs. Serbia, 7:30 p.m.
Aug. 7: Serbia vs. Kazahkstan, 4 p.m.
Aug. 7: USA vs. China, 7:30 p.m.
Pool E at Zielona Gora, Poland (Sortowo Widowiskowa Hall)
Aug. 12: Poland vs. Argentina, 4:30 p.m.
Aug. 12: Cuba vs. Korea, 7 p.m.
Aug. 13: Poland vs. Korea, 3:30 p.m.
Aug. 13: Cuba vs. Argentina, 6 p.m.
Aug. 14: Poland vs. Cuba, 3:30 p.m.
Aug. 14: Korea vs. Argentina, 6 p.m.
Pool F at Almaty Kazakhstan (Baluan Sholak Sports Palace)
Aug. 12: Kazakhstan vs. Italy, 3:15 p.m.
Aug. 12: Thailand vs. Brazil, 6 p.m.
Aug. 13: Brazil vs. Kazakhstan, 3:15 p.m.
Aug. 13: Italy vs. Thailand, 6 p.m.
Aug. 14: Kazakhstan vs. Thailand, 3:15 p.m.
Aug. 14: Italy vs. Brazil, 6 p.m.
Pool G at Quanzhou, China (Straits Sports Center Quanzhou)
Aug. 12: Germany vs. Russia, 4 p.m.
Aug. 12: China vs. Peru, 7:30 p.m.
Aug. 13: Peru vs. Russia, 4 p.m.
Aug. 13: China vs. Germany, 7:30 p.m.
Aug. 14: Peru vs. Germany, 4 p.m.
Aug. 14: China vs. Russia, 7:30 p.m.
Pool H at Komaki, Japan (Park Arena Komaki)
Aug. 12: USA vs. Dominican Republic, 3 p.m.
Aug. 12: Japan vs. Serbia, 6 p.m.
Aug. 13: Serbia vs. Dominican Republic, 3 p.m.
Aug. 13: USA vs. Japan, 6 p.m.
Aug. 14: Japan vs. Dominican Republic, 1 p.m.
Aug. 15: USA vs. Serbia, 3 p.m.
Pool I at Hong Kong (Hong Kong Coliseum)
Aug. 19: Kazakhstan vs. Poland, 7 p.m.
Aug. 19: China vs. Dominican Republic, 9:30 p.m.
Aug. 20: Dominican Republic vs. Poland, 3 p.m.
Aug. 20: China vs. Kazakhstan, 9:30 p.m.
Aug. 21: Dominican Republic vs. Kazakhstan, 5:30 p.m.
Aug. 21: China vs. Poland, 8 p.m.
Pool J at Hong Kong (Hong Kong Coliseum)
Aug. 19: Italy vs. Peru, 1 p.m.
Aug. 19: USA vs. Germany, 3 p.m.
Aug. 20: Germany vs. Peru, 1 p.m.
Aug. 20: USA vs. Italy, 7 p.m.
Aug. 21: USA vs. Peru, 11 a.m.
Aug. 21: Germany vs. Italy, 1 p.m.
Pool K at Bangkok, Thailand (Keelawes 1)
Aug. 19: Cuba vs. Brazil, 2 p.m.
Aug. 19: Thailand vs. Argentina, 5:30 p.m.
Aug. 20: Brazil vs. Argentina, 2 p.m.
Aug. 20: Cuba vs. Thailand, 5:30 p.m.
Aug. 21: Argentina vs. Cuba, 3 p.m.
Aug. 21: Brazil vs. Thailand, 5:30 p.m.
Pool L at Tokyo, Japan (Ariake Coliseum)
Aug. 19: Russia vs. Korea, 3 p.m.
Aug. 19: Japan vs. Serbia, 6 p.m.
Aug. 20: Russia vs. Serbia, 3 p.m.
Aug. 20: Japan vs. Korea, 6 p.m.
Aug. 21: Serbia vs. Korea, 3 p.m.
Aug. 21: Japan vs. Russia, 6 p.m.


text:
Mortgage Credit Too Tight: Bernanke
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- The housing market is "far from being out of the woods," Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said Thursday.
In a speech at the Operation HOPE Global Financial Dignity Summit in Atlanta, the Chairman said that while the recovery in housing was encouraging, the revival had been uneven and still faced challenges.
Home prices have risen for nine consecutive months, residential investment is up 15%, homebuilder sentiment is stronger and housing demand is picking up as a result of historically low mortgage rates.
But Bernanke also noted that 20% of mortgage borrowers still remained underwater, delinquency rates still hovered above 7% and the national homeownership rate is now at a 15-year low. "So, although there are good reasons to be encouraged by the recent direction of the housing market, we should not be satisfied with the progress we have seen so far," the Chairman said.
While the continuing weakness in the economy was factor behind the low demand for mortgages, credit also remained too tight.
Bernanke cited the Federal Reserve's Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices, which indicates that lenders began tightening mortgage credit standards in 2007 and have not significantly eased standards since.
The share of home-purchase borrowers with credit scores below 620 has fallen from about 17 percent of borrowers at the end of 2006 to about 5 percent more recently.
"Certainly, some tightening of credit standards was an appropriate response to the lax lending conditions that prevailed in the years leading up to the peak in house prices. Mortgage loans that were poorly underwritten or inappropriate for the borrower's circumstances ultimately had devastating consequences for many families and communities, as well as for the financial institutions themselves and the broader economy," Bernanke said. "However, it seems likely at this point that the pendulum has swung too far the other way, and that overly tight lending standards may now be preventing creditworthy borrowers from buying homes, thereby slowing the revival in housing and impeding the economic recovery."
Banks have cited a weak economic and housing market outlook,their own real estate exposure, higher servicing costs, escalating putback risk and constraints on personnel amid surging demand for refinancing as reasons behind the lower mortgage originations.
Importantly, "restrictive mortgage lending conditions do not seem to be linked to any insufficiency of bank capital or to a general unwillingness to lend," he said.
The Chairman said policymakers had taken steps to ease mortgage credit. The Federal Housing Finance Agency, the regulator of the GSEs, recently announced new rules that will provide mortgage lenders greater clarity about the conditions under which they will be required to buy back defaulted mortgages from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or otherwise address origination problems.


text:
Great white shark
The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is mainly known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded 6 m (20 ft) in length,[3] and 2,268 kg (5,000 lb) in weight.[4] This shark reaches its maturity around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years.
The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon, and is ranked first in having the most attacks on humans.[5][6][7] The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species,[2] while it is included in Appendix II of CITES.[8]
The best selling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a "ferocious man eater". In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark.[9]
In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth.[10]
Ancestry and fossil record
The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch. The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old.[1] However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae). The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. megalodon. In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.[11]
Distribution and habitat
Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Atlantic Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Oceania, Chile, and the Mediterranean.[12] One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa, where almost all of the shark research is done.
The great white is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals, sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has been recorded at depths as great as 4,000 ft (1,200 m).[13] These findings challenge the traditional notion about the great white as being a coastal species.[13]
According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m (1,000 ft) for up to ten minutes. Another white shark that was tagged off of the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. This refuted traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators and opens up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities that may support this idea include seasonal feeding or mating.[14] A similar study tracked a great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under nine months.[15]
Anatomy and appearance
The great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks.
A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight.
Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.[16]
Among living cartilaginous fish, only the Basking and Whale Sharks and the Manta Ray average larger and heavier. These three species are generally docile in disposition and given to passively feeeding on very small organisms.[18] Males reach maturity at 3.5–4.0 m (11–13 ft) long and females at 4.5–5.0 m (15–16 ft) long. Adults on average are 4–5.2 m (13–17.1 ft) long and have a mass of 680–1,100 kg (1,500–2,400 lb). Females are generally larger than males. The great white shark can reach 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) in weight.[3] The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[19]
A number of very large great white shark specimens have been recorded.[20] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: In the 1870s, a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in southern Australian waters, near Port Fairy, and a 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. Some researchers question these measurements' reliability, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[21]
According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 6.0 m (19.7 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.[21] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[3] However, a larger great white shark specimen was verified by T. C. Tricas and J. E. McCosker in 1984. This specimen was 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass of about 3,324 kg (7,330 lb).[22]
Several great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[23] but these claims have received some criticism.[19][23] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[21] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on April 1, 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[21][24] and has been designated as KANGA.[23] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on April 16, 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[23] However, Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[23] In the similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[23] However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[23] Thus, a team of scientists: H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno, reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out.[23]
One contender in maximum size is the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier. While tiger sharks which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner, less heavy body structure than white sharks, have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 metres (18 ft) in the length, an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 metres (24 ft) in length and weighed 3,110 kilograms (6,900 lb).[25][26] Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland Shark, Somniosus microcephalus, and the Pacific sleeper shark, Somniosus pacificus, are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they more slender in build than a Great White) in exceptional cases.[27][28] The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark's stomach contents when weighing the shark. With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg (31 lb) of flesh, and can also consume several hundred kilograms of food.
The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one caught by Alf Dean in the south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,660 lb).[19] Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.
Great white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the Ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Every time a living creature moves, it generates an electrical field and great whites are so sensitive they can detect half a billionth of a volt. Even heart beats emit a very faint electrical pulse. If it is close enough, the shark can detect even that faint electrical pulse. Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their body's lateral line.[29]
To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14 °C (25 °F)[30] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.[16]
Bite force
A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure the shark's maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behavior.[31] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen more than 6.1 m (20 ft) long could exert a bite force of over 18,000 newtons (4,000 lbf).[22]
Ecology and behavior
This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on the size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays. White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when another shark approaches too closely to another great white, they react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance.
The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spy-hopping. This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). The white sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a fascinating variety of interactions.[32]
Great white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays,[32] other sharks[32]), cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[32] and sea lions), sea turtles,[32] sea otters, and seabirds.[33] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 metres (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food.[34] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[35]
The great white shark's reputation as a ferocious predator is well-earned, yet they are not (as was once believed) indiscriminate "eating machines". They are ambush hunters, taking prey by surprise from below. Near Seal Island, in South Africa's False Bay, shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours after sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.[32]
Hunting techniques vary by species of the prey. Off Seal Island, the sharks ambush brown fur seals from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They go so fast that they can completely leave the water. The peak burst speed of these sharks is largely accepted in the scientific community to be above 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph). However further precision is still speculative.[36] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[37]
Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals which can be as large or larger than the hunter and are potentially dangerous adversaries. Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbour seals are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[38]
White sharks also attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins,[23] Risso's dolphins,[23] bottlenose dolphins,[23][39] Humpback dolphins,[39] harbour porpoises,[23] and Dall's porpoises.[23] Close encounters between dolphins and predatory sharks often result in evasive responses by the dolphins.[39] However, in rare cases, a group of dolphins may chase a single predatory shark away in an act of defense.[39] White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed. In August 1989, a 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark.[40] In addition, white sharks also attack and prey upon beaked whales.[23][39]
Even though the great whites are known to generally avoid conflicts with each other, the phenomenon of cannibalism is not alien to this species. Large individuals may aggressively interact intraspecifically with small individuals. A 3 m (9.8 ft) long great white shark was nearly bitten into two by a reportedly 6 m (20 ft) long great white shark in Stradbroke Island, near Brisbane in Australia.[41]
White sharks also scavenge on whale carcasses. In one such documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.[42]
Almost nothing is known about reproduction in great whites. Some evidence points to the near-soporific effect of a large feast (such as a whale carcass) possibly inducing mating.[43] Great white sharks also reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age.[44] Maximum life span is believed to be more than 30 years (see references).
Little is known about the great white shark's behavior in the way of mating habits. Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous, which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth.[45] The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in intrauterine cannibalism; stronger pups consume their weaker womb-mates. Delivery is in spring and summer.[46]
Breaching behaviour
A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This behavior often takes place on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa but due to the randomness of the location of a shark's breach, it was very hard to document. It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach.[47] Here, in the region of 600 natural predatory events are recorded annually from April to September each year. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) and can at times launch themselves more than 10 feet (3.0 m) into the air. Data recorded shows that the sharks are successful in just under 50% of all these natural predatory events.[48] In 2011, a 3 metres (9.8 ft) long shark jumped onto a seven-person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged to be an accident.[49]
Relationship with humans
Shark attacks
More than any documented attack, Peter Benchley's best selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of being a "man eater" in the public mind.[50] While great white sharks have killed humans, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed attacks against humans in the last two centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Many of the incidents seemed to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is.
Other incidents seem to be cases of mistaken identity, in which a shark ambushes a bather or surfer from below, believing the silhouette is from a seal. Many attacks occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth attacking. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer a fat, protein-rich seal.[51]
However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s John McCosker, the Chair of Aquatic Biology at California Academy, noted that divers who dove solo and were attacked by great whites and were generally at least partially consumed. While divers who followed the buddy system, were generally rescued by their buddy. Timothy C. Tricas, an author and teacher at the University of Hawaii, and McCosker suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack, and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[52]
Humans, in any case, are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded attacks, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption. Since 1990 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark attacks, 29 fatal.[53]
A shark conservationist, Jimmy Hall, reported and documented his personal encounter with a very large great white shark, nicknamed Schatzi, in December 2005 in waters off Hawaii. This encounter received worldwide attention as it remained entirely peaceful. J. Hall was at first cautious, but later swam with this shark without cage protection and touched it repeatedly while filming it simultaneously.[54]
Attacks on boats
Great white sharks infrequently attack and sometimes even sink boats. Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark attacks reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[55] In a few cases they have attacked boats up to 10 metres (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually attacking the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats due to the electrical fields they generate.[56]
Great white sharks in captivity
Prior to August 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August 1981, a white shark survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[57] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D.
In 1984, shortly before its opening day, the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California, housed its first great white shark which had died after 10 days. In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release.[58] Not until September 2004, was the aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's massive 3,800,000-litre (1,000,000 US gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[59] On the evening of August 31, 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay[60] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on September 8, 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 metres (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kilograms (100 lb). He was released on January 16, 2007, after 137 days in captivity.
In addition, Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between August 27, 2007, and February 5, 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long and weighed 30.6 kilograms (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 64 kilograms (140 lb) before release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on August 27, 2008. While she did swim well, the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on September 7, 2008. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on August 12, 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on August 26, 2009, and was successfully released into the wild on November 4, 2009.[61] The Monterey Bay Aquarium recently added a 4.58 feet (1.40 m) long male into their redesigned "Open Sea" exhibit on August 31, 2011. The animal was harvested in the waters off of Malibu.
Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) female named Sandy, which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[62]
Shark tourism
Cage diving is most common off the coasts of South Australia, South Africa, and Guadalupe Island (which is off the coast of Baja, California, where great whites are frequent). Cage diving and swimming with sharks is a focus for a booming tourist industry due to its popularity.[63][64] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract the sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food; a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.
At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys.[65]
Companies object to being blamed for shark attacks, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[66] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behavior.[67] One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks. Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these suggested advisories.[65]
The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal. A single set of great white jaws can fetch a one-time price of up to £20,000. However, that is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark, a more sustainable economic activity. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa, consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 to £150 per person, a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £9,000 and £27,000 of revenue daily.[68]
Conservation status
It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable.[2] Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, preventing population recovery.
The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[2] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[8] meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.[69] As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks.[70]
Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark.
As of April 2007, great white sharks were fully protected within 370 kilometres (200 nmi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[71]
Natural threats
Although the great white is typically regarded as an apex predator in the wild, it is in rare cases preyed upon by the larger orca (also known as the killer whale). Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[39] An incident was documented on October 4, 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated 4.7–5.3-metre (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4-metre (9.8–13 ft) great white shark.[72] The orca held the shark upside down to induce the tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate and then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[39][72][73] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[74] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[73][74] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) and swam to Hawaii.[74]
See also
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- ^ "White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ Martin, Rick. "Predatory Behavior of Pacific Coast White Sharks". Shark Research Committee. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Heithaus, Michael (2001). "Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review". Journal of Zoology (London: Cambridge University Press) 253: 53–68. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000061. http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ^ Long, Douglas (1991). "Apparent Predation by a White Shark Carcharodon carcharias on a Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps". Fishery Bulletin 89: 538–540
- ^ "Monster shark bites great white in half". The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 27 October 2009. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/monster-shark-bites-great-white-in-half/story-e6freuy9-1225791557651. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ^ Dudley, Sheldon F. J.; Michael D. Anderson-Reade, Greg S. Thompson, and Paul B. McMullen (2000). "Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier" (PDF). Marine Biology. Fishery Bulletin. http://fishbull.noaa.gov/983/13.pdf. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Great White Shark Feeding On Whale Carcass". wn.com. http://wn.com/Great_white_shark_feeding_on_whale_carcass.
- ^ "Natural History of the White Shark". May 2, 2010. http://www.prbo.org/cms/176.
- ^ "Carcharodon carcharias, Great White Sharks". marinebio.org. http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38.
- ^ "http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/overview.htm". Elasmo Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/overview.htm. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ R. Aidan Martin. "White Shark Breaching". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/breaching.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ Martin, R. A.; Hammerschlag, N.; Collier, R. S.; Fallows, C. (2005). "Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 85 (5): 1121. doi:10.1017/S002531540501218X.
- ^ Rice, Xan (2011-07-19). "Great white shark jumps from sea into research boat". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/19/great-white-shark-jumps-boat. Retrieved 2011-07-20. "Marine researchers in South Africa had a narrow escape after a three-metre-long great white shark breached the surface of the sea and leapt into their boat, becoming trapped on deck for more than an hour. [...] Enrico Gennari, an expert on great white sharks, [...] said it was almost certainly an accident rather than an attack on the boat."
- ^ Benchley, Peter (April 2000). "Great white sharks". National Geographic: 12. ISSN 00279358. "considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years, I couldn't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway ... back then, it was OK to demonize an animal."
- ^ McCabe, Meghan. "Sharks: Killing Machines?". http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/mccabe.html
- ^ Tricas, T.C.; John McCosker (1984). "Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences". Predatory behavior of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and notes on its biology 43 (14): 221–238.
- ^ "ISAF Statistics for Worldwide Unprovoked White Shark Attacks Since 1990". February 10, 2011. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/White/whitesharkdecade.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ^ "A Great White Named Schatzi". December 28, 2005. http://www.hawaiisharkencounters.com/great_white.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ "Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers". Shark Research Committee. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/unprovoked_kayaker.htm. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Tricas and McCosker (1984). Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark.
- ^ "Great white shark sets record at California aquarium". USA Today. 2004-10-02. http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-10-02-great-white_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ Gathright, Alan (2004-09-16). "Great white shark puts jaws on display in aquarium tank". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/09/16/BAGCM8PN3E1.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ "White Shark Research Project". Monterey Bay Aquarium. http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/whiteshark.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (2003-09-01). "Great white shark introduced at Monterey Bay Aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/01/MNG1IKTP904.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ "Learn All About Our New White Shark". "Monterey Bay Aquarium". http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_whiteshark/whiteshark_ours.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ^ "Electroreception". Elasmo-research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/electroreception.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ Squires, Nick (1999-01-18). "Swimming With Sharks". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/256863.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ Simon, Bob (2005-12-11). "Swimming With Sharks". 60 Minutes. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/06/60minutes/main1099368.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ a b "http://www.bluewaterhunter.com/education/education_successfully.html". Blue Water Hunter. http://www.bluewaterhunter.com/education/education_successfully.html. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning". Florida Museum of Natural History. 2003-07-18. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/attacks/relarisklightning.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ Hamilton, Richard (2004-04-15). "SA shark attacks blamed on tourism". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3716093.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ "White Shark Manifesto-kelp Forests". World News. http://wn.com/White_Shark_Manifesto-Kelp_Forests. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II". CITES (1973). http://web.archive.org/web/20110717182355/http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.shtml#IV. Retrieved April 8. 2012.
- ^ "http://www.cms.int/species/sharks/MoU/Migratory_Shark_MoU_Eng.pdf". http://www.cms.int/species/sharks/MoU/Migratory_Shark_MoU_Eng.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ "Great white sharks to be protected". New Zealand Herald. 2006-11-30. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10413182. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- ^ a b Pyle, Peter; Mary Jane Schramm, Carol Keiper, Scot D. Anderson (26 August 2006). "PREDATION ON A WHITE SHARK (Carcharodon carcharias) BY A KILLER WHALE (Orcinus orca) AND A POSSIBLE CASE OF COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT". Society of marine mammalogy (USA: Marine Mammal Science) 15 (2): 563–568. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00822.x. http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Nature Shock Series Premiere: The Whale That Ate the Great White". Tvthrong.co.uk. 1997-10-04. http://www.tvthrong.co.uk/nature-shock/nature-shock-series-premiere-whale-ate-great-white. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b c Turner, Pamela S. (Oct/Nov 2004). "Showdown at Sea: What happens when great white sharks go fin-to-fin with killer whales?". National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) 42 (6). http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2004/Showdown-at-Sea.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-21.


text: The School Health Programs help child care facilities and schools meet the health needs of their children so all are healthy and ready to learn. Our programs include: School Nursing Health and education are dependent on each other. Healthy children learn better. Buncombe County Department of Health contracts with Asheville City and Buncombe County Schools to provide school health services. Our team is integral part of the comprehensive school health program promoting the health and safety of students. School Nursing services are available to reach 30,000 school-aged youth in the public schools. To optimize learning, they help each child achieve and maintain their best possible health through: Health Assessment and Referrals Training of school staff to handle daily health needs of students including medication administration, non-invasive procedures, and care for chronic illness (diabetes, asthma, seizures, life threatening allergies and other concerns.) Coordinate healthcare for students with special health care needs When available, will see students for health concerns, Provide linkages to the student's medical home and other health services. Follow-up on health screenings to assure students get the care they need. Provide health information and education to students, school staff, and families on a variety of health matters including hygiene, communicable disease prevention, safety, growth and development, and other topics. Assist with immunization compliance and school safety. For more information on immunizations, please visit our Clinical Services page. For more information on immunizations, please view our Immunizations Requirements section. Advises the principal and family about infectious and contagious diseases. Reports to parents, school personnel, physicians, and other agencies on school health matters. Maintains confidentiality of individual student health status. Vaccination Records for Kids Keeping up-to-date vaccine records for your family, especially your children, is important and it can be difficult to manage. We want to help you. It is important to know that your children's vaccine records are often required to register them for school, participate in athletic teams and summer camps or to travel outside the United States. If you need official copies of vaccination records for your child, or if you need to update your personal records, start by checking with your child's doctor or the Department of Health. Another important reason to have your child's vaccine records is so you can keep up with when they need additional vaccinations or to be revaccinated against diseases that can be prevented. Talk to your child's doctor to decide what vaccines your child needs to protect them against disease and keep them healthy. In special circumstances children can have their blood tested to find out if they are immune to certain diseases. Your child's doctor may prefer to revaccinate your child for best protection. It is safe for your child to be vaccinated even if he already received that vaccine. Vaccinations are important not only for your child, but to members of your family, and our community. What you do matters. By each of us doing our part to get vaccinated, we help to protect our entire community. Next time you go to your child's doctor, make sure to ask if your child's vaccinations are up-to-date. Vaccines Required to Enter School: North Carolina Law requires children to be vaccinated for certain diseases. Children must have the vaccines below before they may enter school. (NC law GS 130A 152) Table: Vaccines Required to Enter School Vaccine Number Doses Required Before School Entry Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (Tdap) 5 doses Polio 4 doses Measles 2 doses Mumps 2 doses Rubella 1 dose Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) 4 doses Hepatitis B (Hep B) 3 doses Varicella (chickenpox) 2 doses For more information about vaccines visit the immunization requirements page at Immunize.NC.gov. Immunizations Required for 6th grade: One booster dose of Tdap vaccine is required for: All public school students who enter the 6th grade on or after August 1, 2008, if five years or more have passed since the last tetanus/diphtheria vaccine. For more information about 6th grade vaccines visit the Immunize.NC.gov Adolescent Vaccine page. Immunizations Required for 7th Graders: Adolescents should be up to date on all the vaccines required for kindergarten entry. In addition, adolescents need one dose of Tdap vaccine and one dose of meningococcal conjugate vaccine prior to starting 7th grade. Please visit the NC Immunizations page for more information about required vaccines for those going into 7th grade. Vaccines Recommended for Age 11 and Above: There are other vaccines that are recommended, but not required. These vaccines protect against: Meningococcal Disease (meningitis) -- recommended for adolescents; most effective when given at 11 - 12 years of age, with a booster dose at 16 years of age Human Papillomavirus (HPV) -- recommended for adolescents ages 11 - 12 years old, or those 13 - 26 years old who did not complete the 3-vaccine series when they were younger Influenza -- recommended every year for anyone age 6 months and above Hepatitis A -- recommended for adolescents and adults who did not receive the vaccine when they were younger Varicella (chickenpox) -- recommended for adolescents and adults who did not receive the vaccine when they were younger For more information, check out our childhood immunizations section or go to Preteens / Teen Vaccines page on the CDC website. Immunizations Recommended for College/University Students*: North Carolina law requires students of public, private, or religious colleges or universities to receive certain immunizations. There are some exceptions to this law. For more information on college immunizations, check out the Immunize.NC.gov Colleges and Universities page. * Some colleges/universities may have additional vaccine entry requirements for their campuses. Frequently Asked Questions: Why does my child need immunizations? Immunizations are very important to protect your child from diseases. Germs that cause vaccine-preventable diseases and death still exist and can be passed on to an unvaccinated child or adult. Where can my child get immunized? You can get your child immunized at their doctor's office or at the Immunization Clinic of the Buncombe County Department of Health. What Parents Need to Know About Vaccines and Immunizations Learn more about vaccines: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia CDC - Vaccines and Immunizations Growth and Development (5th Grade): As children reach the upper elementary grades, they may begin the very important stage of development called puberty. There will be changes happening to their bodies, both on the outside and on the inside. We think it is important for students to learn about the normal changes of puberty. School nurses from Health and Human Services visit 5th grade classes in Asheville City and Buncombe County Schools to teach about puberty. The programs taught by the school nurses address NC Essential Standards for Healthful Living. In order to create a comfortable environment for students to ask questions, boys and girls are separated into different classrooms for this program. Parents can review the outline and materials prior to the presentation. Links to the outline and slideshow are provided below. Growth and Development Parent Permission Forms: For parents of boys: English Form Spanish Form For parents of girls: English Form Spanish Form Growth and Development Class Outlines: For boys classes For girls classes For more information and a preview of the 5th grade slide shows: http://www.buncombe.k12.nc.us/Page/27487 Resource for parents: KidsHealth.org - Type "puberty" in the search bar. Head Start / Early Head Start Program Provides nursing services to Head Start (Community Action Opportunity) and Early Head Start (Asheville City Pre-school) A registered nurse completes screenings and assists with medical needs of all children enrolled in Head Start or Early Head Start Programs. The nurse provides staff training for the care of children with special needs, and for OSHA, CPR and first-aid requirements, as needed. Health Fair for Students Building a better future together by helping children get the health screenings they need. Each fall and throughout the year, health fairs are provided for students while they are at school. Children are screened for hearing, vision, dental, and height and weight (BMI) concerns. Some of the screenings are done every year, while others are offered at other times. The health fairs are held during the school day. Parents will receive screening results on the day of the health fair. If a child does not pass a vision or a hearing screening, they will be re-screened before being advised to see a doctor. If there is a concern with the student's BMI (height and weight ratio), parents are advised to contact their child's doctor. The child may also receive additional follow up from the school nurse. Kindergarten and second grade students found to have dental decay will receive a referral to the dentist. The health fairs are a helpful way for children to receive screening for health issues. If a parent does not want their child to participate in the health fair, they need to notify the school. A written letter stating the request must be sent to the school prior to the date of the health fair. Please contact your child's school to find the date of the next health fair. Dental Programs Elementary School Dental Screening, Assessment, and Referral Buncombe County is partnering with the Eblen Kimmel Charities to provide dental screening to kindergarten, second and fifth grades in selected schools. Dental screenings are scheduled in conjunction with selected Buncombe County schools' health fairs, which take place in the fall each school year. Students determined to need immediate dental treatment are referred to dentist. When needed, the School Nurse will assist the parent in obtaining dental care for their child. Second Grade Dental Sealant and Oral Health Education Program The Children's Dental Sealant program provides sealants and basic oral health education to 2nd grade students in targeted Asheville City and Buncombe County Schools. The program operates through strong community partnership with AB Tech, Eblen Kimmel Charities, and many community dentists and their dental staff. Hours of Operation: School Health Services are available during school hours. How are services paid for? School nursing services are paid for by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Mission Hospitals, Asheville City and Buncombe County School Systems, and the Buncombe County Department of Health.


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The HTC Status is AT&T's first device with a dedicated Facebook share button. Also known as the HTC ChaCha with other carriers, the Status is a small Android smartphone which brings the Facebook experience to people who want to share their experiences with their friends faster and easier than ever before.
Running with Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) along with HTC Sense, the HTC Status sports a 2.3-inch touch screen (480 x 320 resolution), has 512MB of RAM, a MSM7227, 800MHz procesor along with a 5-megapixel camera and front facing VGA camera.
Announced Date:
June 29, 2011
Android Central Reader Rating:
(6 votes)
Top HTC Status Stories
Recent HTC Status Forum Threads
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Stocks Climb as Bernanke Eases Markets
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- U.S. stocks closed higher Wednesday as Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke reiterated an accommodative tone on monetary policy, easing concern the central bank is seeking to curb the bond-buying stimulus program that has helped boost equity markets for more than 18 months.
The S&P 500 rose 0.3% to 1,680.90, extending the index's 2013 advance to 18%. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 0.1% to 15,470.52 while the Nasdaq added 0.3% to 3,610.
The Fed chairman in testimony before the House Financial Services Committee said that if economic conditions improve faster than expected and inflation moves much higher, the bank could reduce asset purchases more quickly and tapering could begin later this year.
Conversely, if the employment outlook were to become relatively less favorable and inflation doesn't moving towards 2%, the current pace of purchases could be maintained for a longer period of time.
"If needed, the Committee would be prepared to employ all of its tools, including an increase in the pace of purchases for a time, to promote a return to maximum employment in a context of price stability,'' Bernanke said.
Markets were generally bolstered after Bank of America
Bank of New York Mellon
Bond yields were collapsing after Bernanke's remarks and amid a spate of downbeat housing market numbers. The benchmark 10-year Treasury was gaining 12/32, diluting the yield to 2.491% back beneath 2.5% where they last traded ahead of Independence Day.
Gold for August delivery at the COMEX division of the New York Mercantile Exchange meanwhile posted a choppy session and settled lower by $12.90 at $1,277.50 an ounce.
Headline housing numbers took on a downbeat tone Wednesday. Housing starts declined to a less than expected seasonally adjusted annual rate of 836,000 in June from an upwardly-revised 928,000 in May, according to the Census Bureau. Economists, on average, were expecting a print of 959,000, according to a Thomson Reuters poll. Building permits fell to a less than expected annual pace of 911,000 from an upwardly-revised 985,000. Economists were expecting an annual pace of 1 million.


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Palau Bistro Set - 3 pc.
Item #: 363528 | Model #: SAMS02800-3 |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this itemOriginal Price: $249.88
Save: $80.00
Set includes:
Catch up with a friend and get back to nature with this intimate bistro set. A cozy chat is always in store when you gather around the uniquely crafted Palau Bistro Set. The long-lasting aluminum frames feature an earthy twig/branch design that graces the backs of the seats and extend into delicate and comfortable arms.
Continuing with a natural theme, a tempered glass table top is gracefully surrounded by a beautiful leaf pattern that further enhances the twig pattern found on the seating. To ensure you and your guests enjoy Palau year after year, comfortable and weather-resistant Sunbrella® fabric-covered cushions in an earthy Dijon tone will steal the show even in the most intimate outdoor settings.
- Includes 2 cushioned bistro chairs and 1 tempered glass top bistro table
- Aluminum frames feature an earthy twig/branch design
- Comfortable Sunbrella® fabric-covered cushions in Dijon
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
Table is 30" in diameter
Component Country


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Greatest Touchdown Celebrations
While waiting out the rain delayed practice of the Tampa Bay Bucs, Anwar Richardson of the Tampa Tribune and I got into a debate of who had the best touchdown celebrations (before they were banned). Now I know I'm in the minority (no pun intended) but I liked some of the antics. Yes, I know these guys should act like they have been in the end zone before, I get that. But come on, you have to like some of… Read More »


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Sixty day period for contract negotiations winding down for Deer Creek Miners and Energy West
In the October public lands meeting, John Baza from the Division of Oil, Gas and Mining said the Deer Creek miners received warning notices that there could be lay-offs after 60 days. ...
Social issues: Part two: drugs
Editors note: This is the second part of a series on problems and issues in the country today as well as Emery County. Part two deals with the effects of drugs in the life of Court McGee....
Should Emery County parks be smoke free?
The commissioners met in their Oct. 8 meeting and Debbie Marvidakis asked them to consider making parks in Emery County smoke free all the time.
Clawson Town makes plans for ball field
Clawson city held their monthly council meeting. The council approved the last meeting minutes and voted to pay the bills. Councilwoman Casey Reid wants to look into putting batting cages in the park. She and Councilman Jerry Price will look into the...
Emery County Republicans host dinner
The Emery County Republican Party held their Fall Dinner at the Orangeville Community Center.
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Thank you everyone for sharing your experiences with this round. I hope you are all enjoying this expanded Shincha round!
Keep the posts coming!!! My tastings will be revealed in time ... I endeavor to control my excitement and allow others to post early on.
Although this round included some shincha-s revisted, it is nice to also see some new selections and a new participant vendor.


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Power Authority Activates Electric Load Reduction Program Wednesday for New York City
July 21, 2004
NEW YORK—The New York Power Authority (NYPA) activated its Peak Load Management (PLM) program Wednesday for the first time this summer due to the hot weather, with some of its large government and business customers in New York City asked to cut back on electricity at more than 80 locations.
"The Power Authority's Peak Load Management program is part of a coordinated effort under Governor George E. Pataki to ensure that New York City and New York State have a safe margin of generating capacity to meet electricity demand on the hottest days of the year," said Louis P. Ciminelli, NYPA chairman. "Over the last five summers, the program has been one of the mainstays for managing power supplies when air conditioners are on overdrive, testing the reliability of electricity service in the city."
Participating PLM customers receive $40 for each kilowatt of electricity they commit to reduce when called on during the high-demand months, from June through September. NYPA may make such requests for up to 15 weekdays, with the standard duration of the reductions up to six hours (12 noon-6 p.m.).
Based on weather forecasts, NYPA issued notices Tuesday of the possible activation of the program, followed by confirmation notices Wednesday morning of the plans for the PLM event. Day-ahead notices have also gone out for a possible event day Thursday.
Among the participating Power Authority customers—all of which agreed to participate in the program beforehand—are the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the City University of New York and Citibank. Together, the PLM participants account for a load reduction of 62 megawatts (mw).
They achieve the power cutbacks through such measures as turning off nonessential lighting and computers, adjusting air-conditioner settings, running fewer elevators and shutting down decorative fountains.
The Power Authority also supports similar load-reduction programs by the Long Island Power Authority and the New York Independent System Operator that include additional NYPA customers on Long Island and in New York City and other areas of the state. These initiatives, along with the PLM program, combine for a peak-load reduction of more than 177 mw that is directly related to NYPA's efforts.
The various programs fall under a Coordinated Energy Demand Reduction Initiative led by Governor Pataki for lessening the statewide summer peak load by more than 950 mw, or about the output of a large power plant.


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Popular Mexican food chain Chipotle has made waves with its new animated short, in which a modest scarecrow flees the hustle and bustle of an over-industrialized dystopia in search of a slower, greener, earthier existence.
"Dreaming of something better," Chipotle explains, "a lone scarecrow sets out to provide an alternative to the unsustainable processed food from the factory."
The whole thing is quite well done, with stunning visuals and effective storyboarding, all propelled by a soundtrack of Fiona Apple, meandering about at her spooky-crooning best. Check, check, check.
Unfortunately, the caricatured villain is most typically a caricature, and just so happens to be feeding hungry mouths across the globe, not to mention employing swaths of scarecrows in the process. One man's dystopia is another man's employer, who's yet another man's cheap-yet-juicy cheeseburger supplier (that'd be me). (more…)


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Is It Time to Dial Into Finisar?
With these factors in mind, it would seem appropriate to raise expectations for Finisar
Back in December I raised this same argument, suggesting the stock was poised to rebound on improved network expenditures. But here we are seven months later and these shares are pretty much where they were at the start of the year. On the heels of a solid end to the company's fiscal year, investors are back, looking for a reason to believe in this name once again.
It's hard to be excited by 2% year-over-year revenue growth. But this is the mistake investors often make. But from my vantage point, the 2% revenue growth alone doesn't describe the real strength of this quarter. The company also posted an 11% sequential improvement in its data communication products, helped by increased demand for its Ethernet transceivers.
Likewise, revenue for telecommunication products advanced more than 12% from the third-quarter. Remarkably, the double-digit sequential improvement was amid weak carrier spending environment and drastic price reductions of several of the company's products, most of which when into effect in January.
Still, management continues to make significant advancements in terms of customer loyalty, reporting its top 10 customers now account for almost 60% of the company's business, up from 55%. This suggests to me that Finisar is more than holding its own in the face of stiff competition from the likes of JDS Uniphase
What's more, given the 150 basis-point sequential improvement in gross margin along with the 15% sequential rise in net income, management has figured out ways to leverage the company's strengths into profits. As the carrier spending environment continues to recover, it will be interesting to see if this trend continues. Given Finisar's upgrade cycle, which should continue to boost sales, I wouldn't bet against the company.


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Creator of Hank D and the Bee. Environmental cartoons found in/on: Yes! magazine, PBS's Urban Conversion, Center for Media and Democracy, Greenpeace, Planetsave, NaturalPapa, Elephant Journal and more…
I have a holiday cartoon in this week's RFT. This is obviously a thumbnail (not an actually thumbnail–though that would be cool) so check out THIS LINK for the full cartoon and the rest that made the issue.
Happy Holidays!!!


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You are Here:
Technical Resources
Natural Resources Assessment
National Resources Inventory
NRI Results
/ Change in Soil Erosion by Wind on Cropland and CRP Land, 1982 - 1997
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Technical Resources
This shaded polygon map shows the change in the average annual rate of soil erosion by wind in tons per acre per year on cropland and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land between 1982 and 1997. The average annual Wind Erosion Equation (AAWEQ) is used to determine annual erosion rates. Data are aggregated by 8-digit hydrologic unit areas. Areas where cropland and CRP land occupy less than 5% of the total area are hatched. Areas with 95% or more Federal area are shaded gray. There was a net decrease of 1.2 tons per acre per year between 1982 and 1997.
Cautions for this Product:
Since cropland and CRP land may occupy only a small percentage of the total area of some of the polygons, the map may leave a misleading impression as to the higher erosion rates in some areas. Note that no CRP land was recorded in 1982, since the program did not begin until the mid-1980s. Data are not shown where cropland and CRP are less than 5% of the total area. Data are not collected on Federal land. Data are not available for Alaska or the Pacific Basin. Data for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands is shown by 6-digit hydrologic unit.
Source: National Resources Inventory, 1997
Distributor: USDA-NRCS-RIAD
NRI sample data are generally reliable at the 95% confidence interval for state and certain broad substate area analyses. Generally, analyses that aggregate data points by smaller geographic areas and/or more specific criteria result in fewer data points for each aggregation and therefore less reliable estimates. NRI maps reflect national patterns rather than site- specific information.
Aggregate Layer: 8 Digit Hydrologic Unit Areas with Federal Land
Other Layers Displayed: States, Rivers
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP):
A Federal program established under the Food Security Act of 1985 to assist private landowners to convert highly erodible cropland to vegetative cover for 10 years. [NMCSP]
A Land cover/use category that includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. Two subcategories of cropland are recognized: cultivated and noncultivated. Cultivated cropland comprises land in row crops or close-grown crops and also other cultivated cropland, for example, hayland or pastureland that is in a rotation with row or close-grown crops. Noncultivated cropland includes permanent hayland and horticultural cropland. [NRI-97]
The wearing away of the land surface by running water, waves, or moving ice and wind, or by such processes as mass wasting and corrosion (solution and other chemical processes). The term "geologic erosion" refers to natural erosion processes occurring over long (geologic) time spans. "Accelerated erosion" generically refers to erosion that exceeds what is presumed or estimated to be naturally occurring levels, and which is a direct result of human activities (e.g., cultivation and logging). [NSSH-96]
Wind erosion:
The process of detachment, transport, and deposition of soil by wind. [NAM]
Wind erosion equation (WEQ):
An erosion model designed to predict long-term average annual soil losses from a field having specific characteristics (NAM). E= f(IKCLV) where E is the estimated average annual soil loss expressed in tons per acre per year; I is the soil erodibility; K is the soil ridge roughness factor; C is the climatic factor; L is the equivalent unsheltered distance across the field along the prevailing wind erosion direction; and V is the equivalent vegetative cover. [NAM]
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Production Date: 12/7/00
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City police arrest man sought on federal warrant
A city man has been arrested on a federal warrant out of California.
Miguel Angel Corraliza-Sanchez, 41, of 208 S. Beaver St. was charged with possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and heroin, and aiding and abetting on the warrant.
According to Dunkirk Police, investigation led to the location of Corraliza-Sanchez on March 15.
Police were able to locate Corraliza-Sanchez after being alerted to his warrant status by a routine vehicle registration check by patrol.
He was then brought into police headquarters where a "live-scan" fingerprint inquiry submission was made.
His fingerprints confirmed his identity and the active federal warrant.
Agents working the case in California commended the Dunkirk Police for its work and stated Corraliza-Sanchez was the only remaining fugitive at large in the investigation that led to 20-year federal prison sentences for other suspects in the case.
Corraliza-Sanchez was sent to the Chautauqua County Jail where he is being held for pick up by the U.S. Marshall Service.
He is the third person Dunkirk Police has picked up who has been wanted on federal warrants since March 8.
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