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Periodical cicadas
Magicicada is the genus of the 13-year and 17-year periodical cicadas of eastern North America. Although they are sometimes called "locusts", this is a misnomer as cicadas belong to the taxonomic order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha, while locusts belong to Orthoptera.[2]
Magicicada spp. spend most of their 13- and 17-year lives underground feeding on xylem fluids from the roots of deciduous forest trees in the eastern United States.[3] After 13 or 17 years, mature cicada nymphs emerge at any given locality, synchronously and in tremendous numbers. After such a prolonged developmental phase, the adults are active for about 4 to 6 weeks.[4] The males aggregate into chorus centers and attract mates. Within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete, the eggs have been laid and the adult cicadas are gone for another 13 or 17 years.
The familiar winged imago (adult) periodical cicada has red eyes and a black dorsal thorax. The wings are translucent and have orange veins. The underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species.[5]
Adults are typically 2.4 to 3.3 cm (0.9 to 1.3 in), depending on species, slightly smaller than the annual cicada species found in the same regions of the United States. Mature females are slightly larger than males.[6]
Magicicada males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of decim periodical cicadas is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh."[7] The cassini and decula periodic cicadas have songs that intersperse buzzing and ticking sounds.[6]
Cicadas do not bite or sting. Like other Auchenorrhyncha, they have mouthparts used in piercing plants and sucking their sap. A cicada's proboscis can also pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful but in no other way harmful. These cicadas are not venomous, and there is no evidence that they transmit diseases. They pose little threat to mature vegetation, although planting new trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. Mature plants rarely suffer lasting damage, although twig die-off or flagging can result from egg-laying.[8]
Life cycle[edit]
Nearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. The seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all of the members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. This periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17 years. Cicadas of all other species (perhaps 3000 worldwide) are not synchronized, so some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. Many people refer to these non-periodical species as annual cicadas since some are seen every summer. The life cycles of most annual species range from two to ten years, although some could be longer.
The nymphs of the periodical cicadas live underground, often at depths of 30 cm (1 ft) or more, feeding on the juices of plant roots.[9] The nymphs of the periodical cicada undergo 5 instar stages in their development underground. The difference in the 13 and 17 year life cycle is the time it takes for the second instar to mature. While underground, the nymphs move deeper below ground feeding on larger roots.[10]
The nymphs emerge on a spring evening when the soil temperature at about 20 cm (8 in) depth is above 17 °C (63 °F). In most years, this works out to late April or early May in far southern states, and late May to early June in the far northern states. Emerging nymphs climb to a suitable place on the nearby vegetation to complete their transformation into an adult cicada. They molt one last time and then spend about six days in the leaves waiting for their exoskeleton to harden completely. Just after this final molt, the teneral adults are white, but darken within an hour.
Adult periodical cicadas live only for a few weeks—by mid-July, all have disappeared. Their short adult life has one purpose: reproduction. The males "sing" a species-specific mating song; like other cicadas, they produce loud sounds using their tymbals. Singing males of a single Magicicada species form aggregations (choruses) that are sexually attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females.[11] Most matings occur in "chorus" trees.[5]
Receptive females respond to the calls of conspecific males with timed wing-flicks, which attract the males for mating.[12] The sounds of a "chorus"—a group of males—can be deafening and reach 100 dB. In addition to their "calling" or "congregating" song, males produce a distinctive courtship song when approaching an individual female.[5]
Both males and females can mate multiple times, although most females seem to mate just once. After mating, the female cuts V-shaped slits in the bark of young twigs and lays approximately 20 eggs in each, for a total of 600 or more eggs. After about six to ten weeks, the eggs hatch and the newborn nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow and begin another 13 or 17-year cycle.
Predator satiation survival strategy[edit]
The nymphs emerge in large numbers at about the same time, sometimes more than 1.5 million individuals per acre (>370/m²).[13] Their mass-emergence is a survival trait called predator satiation: for the first week after emergence, the periodic cicadas are an easy prey for reptiles, birds, squirrels, cats, and other small and large mammals.[4][14] Early ideas maintained that the cicadas' overall survival mechanism was simply to overwhelm predators by their sheer numbers, ensuring the survival of most of the individuals. It was hypothesized that the emergence period of large prime numbers (13 and 17 years) was a predatory avoidance strategy adopted to eliminate the possibility of potential predators receiving periodic population boosts by synchronizing their own generations to divisors of the cicada emergence period.[15] Another viewpoint holds that the prime numbered developmental times represent an adaptation to prevent hybridization between broods with different cycles during a period of heavy selection pressure brought on by isolated and lowered populations during Pleistocene glacial stadia, and that predator satiation is a short term maintenance strategy.[16] This hypothesis was subsequently supported through a series of mathematical models, and stands as the most widely accepted explanation of the unusually lengthy and mathematically precise immature period of these insects.[17] The length of the cycle appears to be controlled by a single gene locus, with the 13-year cycle dominant to the 17-year one.[18]
Impact on other populations[edit]
Cycles in cicada populations are significant enough to affect other animal and plant populations. For example, tree growth has been observed to decline the year before the emergence of a brood, because of the increased feeding on roots by nymphs.[19] Moles, which feed on nymphs, have been observed to do well during the year before an emergence, but suffer population declines the following year, because of the reduced food source.[20] Wild turkey populations respond favorably to increased nutrition in their food supply from gorging on cicada adults on the ground at the end of their life cycle. Uneaten carcasses of periodic cicadas decompose on the ground, providing a resource pulse of nutrients to the forest community.[19]
Cicada broods can also have a negative impact. Squirrel populations have been decimated, because the egg laying activity of female cicada damaged upcoming mast crops.[citation needed]
Periodical cicadas are grouped into broods based on the calendar year when they emerge.
In 1907, entomologist C. L. Marlatt assigned Roman numerals to 30 different broods of periodical cicadas: 17 distinct broods with a 17-year life cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers I through XVII (with emerging years 1893 through 1909); plus 13 broods with a 13-year cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers XVIII through XXX (1893 through 1905).[21]
Many of these hypothetical 30 broods, however, have not been observed. Furthermore, two of the brood numbers assigned by Marlatt (Broods XI and XXI) existed at one time, but have become extinct. The Marlatt numbering scheme has been retained for convenience, although today only 15 broods survive.[22]
|Cycle (yrs)
|Last emergence
|Next emergence
|Brood I
|Blue Ridge Brood
|Western VA, WV
|Brood II
|East Coast Brood
|Brood III
|Iowan Brood
|Brood IV
|Kansan Brood
|Brood V
|Northeast OH, MD, PA, VA, WV
|Brood VI
|Brood VII
|Onondaga Brood
|Upstate NY[Note 1]
|Brood VIII
|Brood IX
|Western VA, WV, NC
|Brood X
|Great Eastern Brood
|From NY to NC along the East Coast, inland to IL and MI[Note 2]
|Brood XI
|Last seen in 1954 in Ashford, CT along Fenton River
|Brood XIII
|Northern Illinois Brood
|Northern IL and in parts of IA, WI, and IN[Note 3]
|Brood XIV
|Southern OH, KY, TN, MA, MD, NC, PA, northern GA, Western VA and WV, and parts of NY and NJ[Note 3]
|Brood XIX
|Great Southern Brood
|AL, AR, GA, IN, IL, KY, LA, MD, MO, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, and VA[Note 4]
|Brood XXI
|Floridian Brood
|Last recorded in 1870. Historical range included the FL panhandle
|Brood XXII
|Baton Rouge Brood[24]
|LA, MS[Note 5]
|Brood XXIII
|Lower Mississippi River Valley Brood
There are seven recognized species within Magicicada. Three of them follow a 17-year cycle:
- M. septendecim (Linnaeus, 1758)
- M. septencassini (Fisher, 1851) (also called M. cassini)
- M. septendecula Alexander & Moore, 1962
Four more species follow a 13-year cycle:
- M. neotredecim Marshall & Cooley, 2000
- M. tredecim (Walsh & Riley, 1868)
- M. tredecassini Alexander & Moore, 1962
- M. tredecula Alexander & Moore, 1962
These seven species are also sometimes grouped differently into three subgroups, the so-called "Decim species group," "Cassini species group," and "Decula species group," reflecting strong similarities of each 17-year species with one or more species with a 13-year cycle.[25]
Generally, the 17-year cicadas are distributed more in the northern states of the eastern United States, while the 13-year cicadas occur in the southern states, but some may overlap, for example, brood IV (17 year cycle) and XIX (13 year cycle) in western Missouri.[26][27] If this distribution holds, their emergence will coincide in—2219, 2440, 2661, etc., as it did in 1998[28] (although distributions change slightly from year to year and distribution maps can be unreliable, especially older maps.[27]).
Not only are the periodical cicada life cycles curious for their prime numbers—13 or 17—their evolution is intricately tied to one- and four-year changes in their life cycle [29] [30]. One-year changes are less common than four-year changes and are probably tied to variation in local climatic conditions. Four-year early and late emergences are common and involve a much larger proportion of the population than one-year changes.
Recent research suggests that in extant periodical cicadas the 13- and 17-year life cycle evolved at least eight different times in the last 4 million years and that different species with identical life cycles developed their overlapping geographic distribution by synchronization of life cycle to existing dominant populations.[31] The same study estimates that the Decim species group (split from the common ancestor of the Decula plus Cassini species groups around 4 million years ago (Mya). At around 2.5 Mya the Cassini and Decula groups split from each other.
The Sota et al. (2013) paper also calculates that the first separation of extant 13-year cicadas from 17-year cicadas took place in the Decim group approximately 530,000 years ago (ya) when the southern M. tredecim split from the northern M. septendecim. The second noteworthy event took place about 320,000 ya with the split of the western Cassini group from its conspecifics to the east. The Decim and the Decula clades experienced similar western splits but these are estimated to have taken place 270,000 and 230,000 ya, respectively. The 13- and 17-year splits in Cassini and Decula took place after these events.
The 17-year cicadas largely occupy formerly glaciated territory and as a result their phylogeographic relationships reflect the effects of repeated contraction into glacial refugia (small islands of suitable habitat) and subsequent re-expansion during multiple interglacial periods. In each species group, Decim, Cassini, and Decula the signature of the glacial periods is manifested today in three phylogeographic genetic subdivisions: one subgroup east of the Appalachians, one midwestern, and one on the far western edge of their range.
The Sota et al. data suggest that the founders of the southern 13-year cicada populations we see today originated from the Decim group. These were later joined by Cassini originating from the western Cassini clade and Decula originating from eastern, middle, and western Decula clades. As Cassini and Decula invaded the south they became synchronized with the resident M. tredecim. Today these Cassini and Decula are known as M. tredecassini and M. tredecula. More data is needed to lend support to this hypothesis and others hypotheses related to more recent 13-17-year splits involving M. neotredecim and M. tredecim.
Uses to humans[edit]
As food[edit]
Magicicada is edible when cooked. They have historically been eaten by Native Americans, who would roast them in hot ovens, stirring them until they were well browned.[32]
An entomologist wrote in 1898 that "The use of the newly emerged and succulent cicadas as an article of human diet has merely a theoretical interest, because, if for no other reason, they occur too rarely to have any real value. There is also the much stronger objection in the instinctive repugnance which all insects seem to inspire as an article of food to most civilized nations. Theoretically, the Cicada, collected at the proper time and suitably dressed and served, should be a rather attractive food. The larvae have lived solely on vegetable matter of the cleanest and most whole-some sort, and supposedly, therefore, would be much more palatable and suitable for food than the oyster, with its scavenger habit of living in the muddy ooze of river bottoms, or many other animals which are highly prized and which have not half so clean a record as the periodical Cicada."[33] Eating insects globally is quite common. Over 1400 species are consumed regularly and is known as entomophagy.
Medical uses[edit]
Cicadas are used in alternative medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Though the insect itself is not of much importance in traditional Chinese medicine the molted skins of the Cicadas are of greater value, and have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis as well as other diseases. Traditionally, the skin is mixed with herbs and boiled into a tea which the patient consumes or applies to affected area.[34][35]
- ^ Maxine Shoemaker Heath (1978). Genera of American cicadas north of Mexico (Ph.D. thesis). University of Florida. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.42291.
- ^ "Periodical Cicada". magicicada.org.
- ^ Lloyd, M., and H.S. Dybas (1966). "The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology". Evolution 20 (2): 133–149. doi:10.2307/2406568. JSTOR 2406568.
- ^ a b Williams, K.S., and C. Simon (1995). "The ecology, behavior, and evolution of periodical cicadas" (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology 40: 269–295. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001413.
- ^ a b c Alexander, Richard D; Thomas E. Moore (1962). "The Evolutionary Relationships of 17-Year and 13-Year Cicadas, and Three New Species (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada)". U Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ a b Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. pp. 2785–2794. ISBN 1-4020-6242-7.
- ^ Stranahan, Nancy. "Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest". Arc of Appalachia. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Cook, William M.; Robert D. Holt (2002). "Periodical cicada (Magicicada cassini) oviposition damage: visually impressive yet dynamically irrelevant". American Midland Naturalist 147 (2): 214–224. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0214:PCMCOD]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Marlatt, C. F. (1907). "The periodical cicada". Bulletin of the USDA Bureau of Entomology 71 (1): 1–181.
- ^ White, J, and M. Lloyd. 1979. Seventeen year cicadas emerging after eighteen years-a new brood? Evolution 33:1193-1199.
- ^ "Magicicada Broods III and XXII will emerge in 2014". www.magicicada.org.
- ^ "Sexual Signals in Periodical Cicadas". Behaviour.
- ^ Dybas, H. S.; Davis, D. D. (1962). "A populations census of seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)". Ecology 43 (3): 432–444. doi:10.2307/1933372. JSTOR 1933372.
- ^ Williams, K. S.; Smith, K. G.; Stephen, F. M. (1993). "Emergence of 13-year periodical cicadas (Cicadidae, Magicicada): phenology, mortality, and predator satiation". Ecology 74 (4): 1143–1152. doi:10.2307/1940484. JSTOR 1940484.
- ^ Goles, E.; Schulz, O.; Markus, M. (2001). "Prime number selection of cycles in a predator-prey model". Complexity 6 (4): 33–38. doi:10.1002/cplx.1040.
- ^ Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton (1988). "Paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist 120 (1): 183–193. doi:10.2307/2425898. JSTOR 2425898.
- ^ Tanaka, Y, J. Yoshimura, C. Simon, J. Cooley, and K. Tainaka (2009). "Allee effect in the selection for prime-numbered cycles in periodical cicadas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (22): 8975–8979. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8975T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900215106. PMC 2690011. PMID 19451640.
- ^ Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton (1991). "Evidence of genetic dominance of the 13-year life cycle in periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist 125 (1): 63–74. doi:10.2307/2426370. JSTOR 2426370.
- ^ a b Yang, Louie H. (2004). "Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests". Science 306 (5701): 1565–1567. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1565Y. doi:10.1126/science.1103114. PMID 15567865.
- ^ National Geographic: Cicada Outbreaks Linked to Other Animals' Booms, Busts.
- ^ Marlatt, C. L. (1907). The Periodical Cicada. USDA. p. 28.
- ^ Post, Susan L. (2004). "A Trill of a Lifetime". The Illinois Steward. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ "Swarms of cicadas emerging in Midwest". Associated Press. 20 May 2007.
- ^ "Brood XXII (13-year) The Baton Rouge Brood". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ "Magicicada species". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ Compare brood IV distribution with brood XIX distribution. From www.magicicada.org http://www.magicicada.org/about/brood_pages/broods.php]
- ^ a b See figure 1, p. 107, Cooley et al. The distribution of periodical cicadas. American Entomologist, 55:2, 106-112.
- ^ Lifecycles Of Cicada Species Are Focus Of Biologist's Research, The UConn Advance, 4/26/2004, Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu
- ^ Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton (1988). "Paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist 120 (1): 183–193. doi:10.2307/2425898. JSTOR 2425898.
- ^ Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton (1991). "Evidence of genetic dominance of the 13-year life cycle in periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist 125 (1): 63–74. doi:10.2307/2426370. JSTOR 2426370.
- ^ Teiji Sota, Satoshi Yamamoto, John R. Cooley, Kathy B. R. Hill, Chris Simon, Jin Yoshimura (2013). "Independent divergence of 13- and 17-y life cycles among three periodical cicada lineages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2). Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6919S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220060110. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=hc8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73&dq=cicada+indians+roasting&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aHqEUY29KpDE0AHfkYHQAw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cicada%20indians%20roasting&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=hc8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74&dq=%22Newly+emerged+and+succulent+cicadas%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oH-EUbOqCM6s0AGvwIGICA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Newly%20emerged%20and%20succulent%20cicadas%22&f=false
- ^ http://www.itmonline.org/arts/chantui.htm
- ^ http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Cicada--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medicine


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Michiko & Hatchin
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Satoshi hires assassins to kill Michiko, Atsuko, and Shinsuke. When Shinsuke's assassin, Jair, spots Michiko first, he decides to pursue her, instead. Jair decides to challenge Michiko to a contest, to see which one of them can kill the other first.
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August 24, 2012
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by John MacArthur
While we understand that sanctification is the work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of God's people through His Word, it's not an entirely passive process for believers. Spiritual maturity doesn't come through osmosis—it takes careful discipline and hard work, even in the basics like how we study Scripture.
Last week we established the vital role of God's Word in our spiritual growth, and the pattern by which it transforms our lives. But that process hinges on how we approach the Bible and seek to understand it. Your spiritual growth can be stalled or even derailed by uninformed faith and bad hermeneutics.
You've probably seen firsthand the willy-nilly way some people approach Scripture. Looking for "a word from the Lord," some play a game of Bible roulette, flipping at random through their Bibles, looking for something that seems applicable to whatever trial or need they're facing. When they find something that vaguely applies to their situation, they treat it as a special revelation from the Lord just for them.
But hunting and pecking through Scripture won't produce mature believers. In fact, it's far more likely to hinder your spiritual growth than to build up your faith and understanding.
You might have heard the story of a man who was wrestling with a major decision and decided to close his eyes, open his Bible, put his finger down, and get guidance from whatever verse his finger happened to light on. His first try brought him to Matthew 27:5: "[Judas] went and hanged himself" (KJV). Since that verse wasn't really much help, he made a second attempt. This time his finger landed on Luke 10:37 and Jesus' words there: "Go, and do thou likewise" (KJV). Not ready to give up yet, he tried one more time. His finger came to rest on Jesus' words in John 13:27: "That thou doest, do quickly" (KJV).
That story, while exaggerated, makes an important point: looking for meaning in Scripture beyond its historical, grammatical, and logical context is unwise and even potentially dangerous. It's possible to substantiate almost any unbiblical idea or false teaching with Scripture if you're willing to twist and distort its original meaning. That is precisely how most of the cults use Scripture to buttress their false doctrines.
The task of hermeneutics is to discover the meaning of the text in its proper setting, to draw meaning from Scripture rather than reading one's presuppositions into it.
The importance of careful biblical interpretation can hardly be overstated. Misinterpreting the Bible is ultimately no better than disbelieving it. What good does it do to agree that the Bible is God's final and complete revelation and then misinterpret it? The result is still the same: one misses God's truth. Interpreting Scripture to make it say what it never intended to say is a sure road to division, error, heresy, and apostasy.
Yet look around at how casually contemporary evangelicalism approaches Bible interpretation! Scripture is routinely stretched, contorted, and twisted to the point of unrecognizability. And rather than do the hard work of careful exegesis and study, people are encouraged to eschew wise counsel and mature guidance, and instead seek some mystical, intuitive interpretation.
Perhaps you have been in one of those "Bible studies" where everyone goes around the room and shares an opinion about the verse in question. "Well to me, this verse means such and such." In the end what you have is usually not a proper, biblical understanding but a pooling of everyone's ignorance, along with several potential interpretations of the verse, all of which may be wrong.
The truth is, it doesn't matter what a verse means to me, to you, or to anyone else. All that matters is what the verse means! Every verse of Scripture has intrinsic meaning apart from any of us. And it has that true meaning whether or not we have ever considered it.
The task of Bible study is to discern that true meaning of Scripture, to understand what God is saying in the text. Sometimes the meaning is quickly evident; other times it requires a closer look at the context. I admit I have encountered some passages I simply cannot fully understand. But the fact remains: every jot and tittle of Scripture carries only the intended meaning of the author, and the task of the interpreter is to discern what that is.
Tomorrow we'll look at some key mistakes to avoid when it comes to proper biblical interpretation.
(Adapted from Charismatic Chaos.)
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I think this is very narrow-minded and shallow, and not at all worthy of John MacArthur. I would like to think this was penned by some staffer and not John. All I hear is what someone thinks is wrong and no suggestion of what method is better and why. And it does matter what it means to me!!!
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Agreed. Scripture is not a means by which one uses casuistry by haphazard interpretation for some personal exploit. It is the word of God and should be studied objectively as such, not by the whimsical fancies of the reader.
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It only matters what it means to you insofar as your meaning is consistent with what the writer meant. This is the purpose of hermeneutics,is it not?
What a verse or passage means to me personally or to anyone is completely irrelevant. It may be important to you on some level but that does not change the fact, that importance to you is not relevant to the meaning of scripture. Only what God meant is the point. As usual Dr. MacArthur is helping us all to stay on a right path with the Lord.
Good comments. One has to be careful when saying what verses mean or they think it means.
What John MacArthur is saying is that we should seek to understand what the Bible means, not what it means to me. Too many times we try to read our traditions or our misunderstandings into the scripture instead of trying to understand what scripture is telling us. The point of practicing proper hermeneutics is to properly understand what the Bible is saying to all of us. It is a skill that takes time and effort to accomplish. We are also commanded to do just that 2 Timothy 2:15.
Great posts Jordan. Your musings toward the word of God is the accurate perspective that all children of God should sustain when approaching scripture. I believe the fallen nature of man has brought about a degenerative state that gives some readers of the Bible a sort of self aggrandizement.... invoking their own concepts and philosophies into God's word where it need not to be.
God bless!
#1, Ben.
It does not matter what it means personally to you, or to me, for that matter. God had an intent when He wrote what He wrote, and that's what matters. The Word of God has a transcendent meaning in the sense that it means the same throughout all times to all people in those times. That is why, incidentally, that we need to understand what it meant when He wrote it, because what it meant then, means now.
As for what MacArthur wrote, you need to read the entire book, maybe you will see the excerpt above in context then. ;)
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UFDC - Jamaica Unshackled
University of Florida Digital Collections Home
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Printed circular from the Anti-Slavery Society pointing out inconsistencies in the government's proposal for emancipating slaves.
A Narrative of Events, since the First August, 1834
Martial Law In Jamaica
A new map of Jamaica in which several towns, forts and settlements are accurately laid down...
The Hon. Samuel (Sam) Sharpe - national hero
Scenes in the Caribbean Sea : being sketches from a misssionary's note-book
Jamaica : Slave insurrection : returns to two addresses to His Majesty, dated 10 & 18 April 1832
A plan of the parish of St. James together with a part of the parishes of Hanover, Westmoreland and St. Elizabeth
Moravians in Jamaica. History of the mission of the United Bretheren's Church to the Negroes in the island of Jamaica, from the year 1754 to 1854
A view of Montego Bay from Reading Hill
Speech of Rev. Henry Bleby, missionary from Barbados, on the results of emancipation in the British West Indies colonies
Rebellion in the island of Jamaica : the attack of the rebels on Monpelier Old Works Estate in the parish of St. James
Death struggles of slavery : being a narrative of facts and incidents, which occurred in a British Colony, during the two years immediately preceding negro emancipation.
Destruction of Roehamton Estate
Reverand William Knibb : Baptist missionary in Jamaica, 1825-1845
Facts and documents connected with the late insurrection in Jamaica, and the violations of civil and religious liberty arising out of it
A narrative of the Wesleyen mission to Jamaica: with occassional remarks on the state of the society in that colony
Reminiscences of missionary life with suggestions to churches and missionaries
Defence of the Baptist missionaries from the charge of inciting the late rebellion in Jamaica; in a discussion between the Rev. William Knibb and Mr. P. Borthwick at the Assembly Rooms, Bath on Saturday, December 15, 1832.
A narrative of recent events connected with the Baptist mission in this island.
The anniversary of freedom
Arrest of Dr. Bruce
Martial law
The legislative session
The winding up of the affairs of the rebellion
The volunteer movement
The Island Press (Coverage on the rebellion)
More light from abroad on the condition of Jamaica
The legislature of the island
The governor and the press
The government and the legislature
The required protection of life and property
The increase of crime and its punishment
The government, the legislature and retrenchment
Riot and the loss of life in St. Thomas in the East
Want of a permanent militia force
The massacres in St. Thomas in the East


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Gun control and false claims
The M-16 (M-4) used by the military is full automatic and not the same as the civilian made and sold AR-15. AR-15s, like the one made by Bushmaster, are semi automatic which means one trigger pull equals one round discharged. The military does not nor have they ever used AR-15s as they are purely made and sold for civilian use. They are used in various game hunting, like coyotes and also various shooting competitions.
Semi automatic sporting rifles which is the correct terminology for these type of civilian rifles, make up less than 2 percent of total gun murder and crime. The media uses scare tactics and labels them "assault rifles" to paint a false picture of the issue. As far as Sandy Hook, I don't think any of us know what was used or what really happened as there are so many different official stories and reports. Many semi automatic rifles and handguns have a magazine capacity greater than 10 rounds and these are not high capacity magazines. They are standard capacity magazines that the firearm was designed with. Again, media disinformation to confuse or trick the public. I'm not going to elaborate on my opinions here, I just wanted to set some false claims that were made straight.
PS: The Second Amendment has nothing to do with hunting.
Randy J. Brown


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Promotes radiant skin, gleaming hair and strong nails**
Helps maintain body collagen**
Supplies high concentrations of the amino acids Glycine, Hydroxyproline and Proline
Collagen is a complex structural protein that nourishes your skin, hair and nails for a healthy appearance.** The body's natural production of Collagen decreases as we age, so taking these rapid release Collagen capsules is an excellent way to help maintain body collagen.**No Artificial Flavor or Sweetener, No Preservatives, No Sugar, No Starch, No Milk, No Lactose, No Soy, No Gluten, No Wheat, No Yeast, No Fish, Sodium Free.


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Music producer Bobby Owsinski interviews Richard Gibbs about his musical journey: from touring and session musician to Oingo Boingo member, to film composer.
All Courses
- Audio + Music (6)
- Film Scoring
- Audio for Video (3)
- Music Business (3)
- Mixing (2)
- Music Editing (2)
- Music Production (2)
- Post Production (2)
- Video (2)
- Audio Effects (1)
- Audio Plug-Ins (1)
- Creative Inspirations (1)
- Documentaries (1)
- Music Composition (1)
- Projects (1)
- video2brain (1)
- Avid (3)
- Pro Tools (3)
- SmartSound (1)
- Sonicfire Pro (1)
Skill level
- Beginner (3)
- Intermediate
- Advanced (3)
- Appropriate for all (1007)
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Help your client achieve the music that matches the vision for their brand, by assessing their needs and turning them into a compelling musical score for their commercial.
Get up to speed on SmartSound Sonicfire Pro, a powerful music scoring application combined with a royalty-free music library.
Covers audio editing techniques for cutting music to picture in Pro Tools.
Music composer and DEVO founder Mark Mothersbaugh reveals what drives his projects, from music for film and television, to compelling drawings and work in Photoshop.
Introduces the tools in Avid's digital recording, editing, and mixing software used for creating music for films, television, and other visual media.
"This $25 was the BEST I could have ever spent! I have spent hours relearning things I had forgotten and solidified my confidence in what I do know." —Claudia W.
more from our members »


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Artist Collection: (320 of 413)< Previous | Next >
Tags: calla lily on black, bog arum, marsh calla, calla palustris, lily, white, flower, plant, profile, simplicity, black, nature, bloom, lilly,
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simplicityby serenityphotography
- Medium
- Photography
- Artist Notes
- A portrait of a white Calla Lily against a black background. The simplicity of nature. See more at www.SerenityPhotography.co.uk
- Contact Artist Send Artist an Email
More about serenityphotography
- Location
- kent, england
- Artist Biography
- Born in Dover, England, I became disillusioned with the rat race and began travelling in 1997. On my first round the world trip I discovered a passion for travel, photography and scuba diving. Since then I have spent a total of five years on the road, become a diving instructor and semi-prof ...


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Stipend Information
Participants will receive a stipend as support for their living and other expenses during this educational experience. Stipend rates are determined by FDA officials, and are based on the participant's educational level. Stipends for faculty participants will be based upon their regular university salary.
Pay Schedule
Stipends for all ORISE participants are paid monthly and will be received on the last business day of the month.
Direct Deposit
ORISE strongly encourages participants to sign up for Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), i.e., direct deposit, for stipend payments. To sign up, please download and complete the EFT Application form. Stipend payments may only be electronically deposited to one account and not to separate accounts.
EFT requires the participant to have a U.S. bank account; we cannot transfer funds to foreign institutions.
Payment stubs and the annual Statement of Payments will be available via an online service called Doculivery. Information about your Doculivery Account will be provided in the offer package. Your six digit ID number will be sent to you via separate email titled "From ORAU: Please Keep" once all signed documents are returned to ORAU.
Health Insurance Deduction
Participants who enroll in the ORAU/ORISE health insurance plan can expect to have the monthly premium deducted from their stipend payment each month. This pays for health insurance for the following month (e.g., the premium for January coverage will be deducted in December). Participants who begin their appointment between the 1st and 15th of a month can expect to have two insurance premiums deducted from their first stipend payment (one to cover the current month and one to cover the following month).
Other Sources of Income
Because the educational benefits of the appointment are the primary focus of the program, the participant may not provide services for compensation to a third party that conflict with the appointment. Awards, prizes, scholarships, Veterans Administration benefits, and other payments may be accepted by the participant provided they do not represent dual payment for the same activity.
Taxability of Stipends
For information on tax liabilities and how to file federal tax forms, please contact a licensed tax professional in your jurisdiction. We recommend that you provide your tax preparer with a copy of the most recent Terms of Appointment.
Federal Income Tax
All stipend payments paid by ORAU directly to the participant are considered taxable by the U.S. federal government, and it is the participant's responsibility to report these payments to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Because participants are not employees, stipend payments are not considered wages and should not be reported as such. Stipend payments are payments made in order to help defray living expenses while the participant is engaged in the research participation program at FDA. For IRS purposes, these payments are considered non-qualified scholarships and fellowships (not tuition and fees). For information on how to report this amount on the federal tax return, refer to IRS Publication 970, Tax Benefits for Education, which can be downloaded from www.irs.gov/formspubs or requested at 1-800-829-3676.
Except for some foreign nationals, participants will have no Federal tax withheld by ORAU from their stipend payments. Participants who have no tax withheld from their stipend payment can expect to receive an annual Statement of Payments letter from ORAU. Designed to help with tax preparation, this statement will be uploaded to your Doculivery Account by February and will include the total amount of payments made to you by ORAU during the previous calendar year.
Other Taxes
Because stipend payments are awards (not wages), ORAU does not withhold Social Security or Medicare taxes for any participant. Participants are not self-employed, and therefore do not pay self-employment taxes. ORAU also does not withhold state income tax for any participant.
ORAU's Responsibility to Withhold Federal Taxes and Report to the IRS
For U.S. Citizens and Non-Citizens Participating in its Fellowship, Scholarship and Internship Programs
|Qualifying Condition
|ORAU Withholds for Federal Income Tax
| ORAU Reports
to the IRS
|U.S. Citizen
|Lawful Permanent Resident (Green Card Holder)
|Foreign national who is considered a resident for tax purposes*
|Tax treaty between the U.S. and country of tax residency
|Yes (on form 1042-S)
|Foreign national who is considered a resident for tax purposes*
|No tax treaty between the U.S. and country of tax residency
|Foreign national who is not considered a resident for tax purposes**
|Tax treaty between the U.S. and country of tax residency
|Yes (on form 1042-S)
|Foreign national who is not considered a resident for tax purposes**
|No tax treaty between the U.S. and country of tax residency
|Yes (on form 1042-S)
* A foreign national who meets the Substantial Presence Test and is, therefore, considered a resident of the U.S. for tax purposes.
** A foreign national who does not meet the Substantial Presence Test and is, therefore, NOT considered a resident of the U.S. for tax purposes.


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The Hawaii Catholic Herald in Honolulu has posted "An Island blessing for our new president" based partly on the fact that President Obama is the first native son of the state to become president. Editor Patrick Downes explained to us that the prayer is meant for a Hawaiian audience, so some readers won't understand all the references or words. Still, you may enjoy reading the litany of hopes and prayers from Hawaii for our new president.
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Career and Technical Education
The Official Website of the Arizona State Department of Education
|The professional development website provides information on professional development opportunities, calendar of events by program area, standards and practices and resources available for CTE Administrators and Instructors that will enhance their professional learning.
Professional Development content is guided by a set of standards that describe the characteristics of professional learning that lead to effective teaching and leadership practices and improved student results.
Copyright © 2016 Arizona Department of Education. All rights reserved.


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12 user reviews of Asics GT-2150 See all
Fit and ride was just as nice as my outgoing 2140's even from straight out of the box, no issues whatsoever.
Posted: 27/03/2010 at 17:49
Highly Recomend then for High Milleage Training. Great cushioning and very lightweight
did get two blisters breaking them in but after 3/4 runs Lovely Jubbly !!!!!
Posted: 27/04/2010 at 05:18
Posted: 26/05/2010 at 19:50
Sorry Asics,
I prefer the GT 2140 it was better fit and felt ligter on the foot. To be honest I did not need to break into them.
Now the GT 2150 feel heavy on my foot, I am scared to race in them, because of the weight. Luckily I got four old pairs GT 2140's which I rotate in races. I usually train in my GT-2150.
I feel ashamed to it admit it, but I frequently wear the mens Asics GT 2140 and Asics GT 2150 because of the wider fitting. I once brought Women GT 2140 by mistake it gaved me blisters on my heels and messed up my toes.
The Asics GT-2150 are good trainers for short distances and running marathons. I don't mind paying good money for good quality trainers. If there is any company out there selling new GT-2140 size 91/2 USA size I will be more than happy to buy a couple of pairs. Hint, Hint Asics.
Posted: 04/06/2010 at 00:44
I bought a pair of these at the weekend, and am really pleased with them.
Been running with the 2140's up to now, and have had problems with blisters. Took the new 2150's out on a 16 mile run yesterday, and had no problems what so ever.
Well worth the money.
Posted: 07/06/2010 at 09:19
Posted: 12/06/2010 at 18:59
I have worn out 2 pairs of 2120, 2130 and 2140 in succession, currently on my first pair of 2150. I'll be honest here, there is no appreciable weight difference between them (sorry Karen), but I will concur that it doesn't feel as good as the 2140. The 2150 took an age to break in and just doesn't seem to offer the same responsive, nicely cushioned ride. I'm a bit disappointed to be honest, I did my best ever marathon in the 2140 and was hoping to improve in the 2150. Perhaps Asics just dropped the ball with the 2150, it happens.
Posted: 16/06/2010 at 15:44
Posted: 14/07/2010 at 21:13
Posted: 04/08/2010 at 11:05
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The mission of Friends University, a Christian University of Quaker heritage, is to equip students to honor God and serve others by integrating their intellectual, spiritual and professional lives.
Although Friends University was officially founded in 1898, its history goes back to the mid-1880s when the Christian Churches of Kansas began to construct a building west of Wichita that would hold more floor space under one roof than any other educational facility west of the Mississippi River.
Garfield University opened its doors for classes in 1887. The University had 500 students enrolled for the first year and 1,070 for the second year. After graduating its first and only senior class, Garfield University closed its doors in 1890 due to financial difficulties. The school was reorganized and opened again in March 1892 as Garfield Central Memorial University. It closed for good on Nov. 18, 1893.
For five years, the building was a haven for owls, birds and bats until James M. Davis, a businessman from St. Louis, saw an advertisement in a St. Louis paper and purchased the building and surrounding lots. He immediately offered the entire holding to the Kansas Society of Friends (better known as the Quakers) on the condition that the group raise $50,000 for the permanent endowment of the college. The conditions were accepted, and Friends University officially opened its doors in September 1898. The enrollment for the first fall was 52 students; it would grow to 102 students during the first year.
President Edmund L. Stanley shared the vision and future he saw for the University during the opening meeting:
The purpose of this school shall be to give to the world and to give our country a class of citizens that will be in every sense loyal citizens. Loyalty has in it more than we often think … Loyalty means that mental training and discipline which makes the child think – the development which makes him strong in mind and body; strong in his moral nature; a full man in that intelligence which should direct the efforts of all men for conscientious, honorable and successful private life and citizenship.
Friends University continued operating as a Quaker institution until the 1930s when governance of the school was vested in an independent board of trustees. Since then, the University has continued to operate in an amicable but independent relationship with the Society of Friends.
In 1985, Friends University began offering a new degree completion program for adults wishing to complete their bachelor's degree while maintaining their busy lives. In 1986, the University received approval to offer two new master's programs. Two years after degree completion programs began, the University began offering these programs in other locations across Kansas, including Hutchinson, Dodge City and Iola.
In 1989, Friends University opened its first Kansas City site. After 15 years at several different locations (including a secondary site in Independence, Missouri, from 1995 to 2005), the University moved to a location in Lenexa from 2004 to 2015. In 2015 the current location in Overland Park opened with facilities for the Master of Science in Family Therapy program and teacher education workshops.
The first Topeka site opened in 1993. The University solidified its commitment to Topeka in 1996 by building a permanent facility in the Mission Woods area.
Throughout its history, Friends University has remained committed to its central core: the arts and sciences. A broad-based education – one that truly expands the horizons and frees the mind – is our purpose for every student. This is also expressed in our commitment to teaching and to the personal growth of every Friends University student.
Friends University has continued to grow and develop over the years. From 52 students in 1898 to approximately 2,000 students today, Friends University is a strong, vital, independent university for Wichita, the region, our nation, and the world.


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Lake Placid welcomes 250-plus outdoor writers
LAKE PLACID – More than 250 professional outdoor communicators from all over the United States will be in town this weekend for the Outdoor Writers Association of America and New York State Outdoor Writers Association combined annual conference.
The conference runs from Friday through Monday. Organizers say its attendees have been eagerly anticipated since the OWAA selected Lake Placid as its annual meeting location in 2011.
"The Lake Placid Convention and Visitors Bureau and Olympic Regional Development Authority staff has been working with organizers on the logistics for years now, as is typical for a conference of this scope," Maryjane Lawrence, Lake Placid CVB director of sales and marketing, said in a press release. "The attendees will be busy; professional development conference sessions will be held at the Conference Center at Lake Placid, but there will also be a demo day at Heart Lake, a shooting day at Heaven Hill Farm and a reception at the Wild Center."
Conference attendees include newspaper, radio, television, photography and video media professionals whose focus is outdoors topics, ranging from fishing to hiking to rock climbing to hunting.
"This conference is a perfect convergence of meetings/group and the leisure travel markets, and a great opportunity to showcase the very thing that drives leisure travel overnight visitation to our region: the outdoor recreational activities," CVB Director of Communications Kim Rielly said in a press release. "In addition to exploring the spectacular setting of the conference itself in Lake Placid, some of the attendees will experience, and ultimately promote, more of the Adirondack region's outdoor paradise as they participate in a variety of guided outings before and after the scheduled meetings, too."
Interested non-members are invited to participate in the conference agenda. OWAA is offering a free, half-day workshop titled "Becoming an Outdoors Communicator" from 3 to 6 p.m. Friday at the Conference Center at Lake Placid.
Organizers said the workshop is an opportunity for anyone who thinks outdoor-related communications may be for them but doesn't know where to start and how to be successful. No experience is necessary, and there will be time for questions and answers. Organizers are asking those interested in attending this free workshop to preregister at owaa.org/2013conference/agenda/boc-workshop.
Workshop participants are also welcome to attend OWAA's three-day conference as a guest. After signing up for this free event, learn more about the entire conference at owaa.org/2013conference/about or call OWAA headquarters at 406-728-7434.
For more information about the Conference Center at Lake Placid, visit www.meetingslakeplacid.com.


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NIJ follows a research, development, testing and evaluation process that aligns NIJ's portfolios with the technology needs
of the criminal justice community. When that process determines that a standard is needed, NIJ has implemented a process to
develop new and update existing standards by:
NIJ establishes Special Technical Committees that collaborate to define the equipment requirements and ensure that practitioner
needs are addressed. Special Technical Committees are similar to NIJ's Technology Working Groups.
Membership. The Special Technical Committees are practitioner-based committees of 20 to 25 experienced practitioners including scientists,
subject matter experts, test laboratory personnel and conformity assessment experts associated with a particular NIJ standard
development effort.
Practitioners on the committees include law enforcement, corrections and public safety officers with relevant experience and
who represent stakeholder organizations, such as the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the Fraternal Order of
Police, the National Tactical Officers Association, the American Correctional Association, the National Sheriffs' Association
and the National Bomb Squad Commanders Advisory Board.
Duration. Special Technical Committees are established on an ad hoc basis for approximately 14 to 24 months as needed to draft the
standard. Frequently, relevant Technology Working Group members also serve on a Special Technical Committee.
Standards developed through this process represent consensus among the Special Technical Committee members and are submitted
to NIJ for final approval.
The Special Technical Committee develops three interrelated documents that together form the complete standard package:
During the development of a standard, NIJ conducts workshops with relevant vendors and manufacturers to give insight into
the standard's evolving design and performance requirements. These workshops also inform the Special Technical Committee regarding
to the vendors' views of those requirements.
Prior to publication, the draft standard is provided for public comment.
Standards should be updated at least every five years but may be updated sooner if circumstances dictate. Updating standards
at least every five years is not always possible. Of the 50 NIJ performance standards published over the past 30 years, more
than half are inactive. Of the 16 active standards, one is nearly 30 years old and another 10 are more than a decade old.
Depending on their complexity, standards may be revised, through either a full Special Technical Committee process or through
a "mini" Special Technical Committee process, which takes only 6-12 months.
Next section: Agencies Collaborating in the Development of NIJ Standards.


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Automotive DesignLine Blog
Win a pit walk at the Indy 500
Rick DeMeis
3 comments post a comment
3 comments post a comment
Or at four other IndyCar races.
Take it from someone lucky enough to have done it, a walk through the IndyCar pits is adrenaline rush.
Now you can get that feeling thanks to our sibling UBM publication, Design News. Click on this link for more details of how five winners for each event will be chosen. They'll have the chance to met and talk in the pits with KV Racing team engineers and technicians, and maybe even meet champion driver Tony Kanaan.
(And while you're waiting to see if you're a winner, check out these links:
Ride along with Mario! An onboard video of a spin around Infineon Raceway with racing legend Mario Andretti
AUDIO BLOG: Musings of a master, an audio interview with Mario himself, albeit from several years ago.)
__________________________Go to the Automotive Designline home page for the latest in automotive electronics design, technology, trends, products, and news. Also, get a weekly highlights update delivered directly to your inbox by signing up for our weekly automotive electronics newsletter here.


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Eigenmann, C. H. 1904. Fresh-Water Fishes of Western Cuba. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, vol.22, 1902; Fig.10
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Office of Adult & Continuing Education
Grossley Hall, Basement Offices #1-6
Maurice Thomasson Building, 1st Floor
Hours: 8:30 am - 4:30 pm
302.857.6820 Telephone
302.857.6823 Fax
Adult & Continuing Education
You are here
Continuing Education Non-Credit Courses
Non-degree Accelerated 10-day Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) Course. For more information, please click here.
Non-degree Airline Transport Pilot (Flying Course Only). For more information, please click here.
Non-degree Certified Flight Instructor-Instrument Airplane Multi-Engine, Part 61 (Flying course only). For more information, please click here.
The course consists of 56 hours of classroom instruction. The instruction covers navigation rules, nautical charts and publications, tides and current, weather, safety, marine firefighting, marlinspike and piloting (plotting) on nautical charts. At the conclusion, 5 separate written exams are given in the classroom which cover all subjects in the course. Successful students will be issued a certificate which, along with other requirements, may lead to issuance by the US Coast Guard of a license to operate a vessel with up to six passengers at a time (6-pack license).
Dates: Weekends of November 4, 5, 6; November 12, 13, 14; November 18, 19, 20
Fridays from 5-9 p.m., Saturdays and Sundays from 9 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Student Tuition: $850
Please complete this form to register. Call 302-857-6820 with any questions.
Praxis I Preparatory Course
The Praxis I is used for licensure as well as to qualify candidates for entry into a teacher education programs. The tests measure basic skills and are broken into three separate exams:
Praxis I Reading Test: Measures a candidate's ability to analyze and comprehend texts.
Praxis I Mathematical Test: Measures a candidate's basic skills in math.
Praxis I Writing Test : Measures a candidate's ability to articulate thoughts and communicate effectively through writing.
This course prepares teaching credentials candidates for all question types on the Praxis I Exam only.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. (Instructor-Led)
Student Tuition: $80
SAT Test Preparatory Course
This course prepares students for all question types on the SAT Test and each of the test question areas will be analyzed with special consideration given to math and verbal skills. Lessons will cover techniques for approaching the reading comprehension passages that appear on the test. Students will practice on actual SAT tests.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. (Instructor-Led)
Tuesdays and Thursdays
Student Tuition: $265
GRE Test Preparatory Course
The GRE exam prep course is designed to provide you with complete preparation for your graduate school entrance examination. Course components are inclusive of a thorough subject review, problem solving, timed quizzes, practice tests, skill review exercises and actual test simulation. This course is designed based on a step comprehensive approach. 1) Diagnostic Testing and Assessment, 2) Basic skills review, 3) In-class problem solving, concepts and strategies, 4) Practice test reinforcement, 5) Final exam, assessment report and review, 6) Personal study plan.
Dates: September 24, 2016 - November 12, 2016
9:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.
Student Tuition: $250 + cost of materials
*Ask About the DSU Student Discount
LSAT Test Preparatory Course
The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is the mandatory assessment used by nearly all law schools as an indicator of eligibility requirement. This course will familiarize the student with the LSAT exam and its format. In addition, the course will introduce test-taking strategies that students can employ both in studying for the exam and in taking the actual test. In addition, the course is designed to assist the student in performing at his/her maximum potential on the LSAT. The instructor and the students will dissect each section of the LSAT during each class. Lastly, the students will take practice exams to determine performance improvement.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. (Instructor-Led)
Student Tuition: $325
GED Test Preparatory Course
This class aids in preparing students to take the General Education Development (GED) test through review of the five GED content areas (writing, mathematics, literature and the arts, social studies, and science) with particular emphasis on writing and math. This class is also appropriate for students interested in improving their basic skills before entering credit classes. Prerequisite: Placement by Assessment.
Prerequisite: Placement by Assessment
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. (Instructor-Led)
Tuesdays & Thursdays
Student Tuition: $265 (includes all materials)
Paralegal Certificate Course
This nationally acclaimed program is designed for beginning as well as advanced legal workers. Students will be trained to interview witnesses, investigate complex fact patterns, research the law, prepare legal documents, and assist in preparing cases for courtroom litigation. The instruction is practice-oriented and relates to those areas in which paralegals are in most demand. Topics include legal terminology, introduction to evidentiary predicate, identifying relevant authority, introduction to legal research, and legal writing and appellate procedure.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. (Instructor-Led)
Student Tuition: $1599
*DSU Students Will Receive A Discount
Pharmacy Technician Comprehensive Program
This comprehensive 80 hour program will prepare students to work as a pharmacy technician in retail or other pharmacy setting and to take the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board's PTCB exam. Course content includes: pharmacy medical terminology, the history of pharmacy, the pharmacy practice in multiple environments, pharmacy calculations and measurements, reading and interpreting prescriptions and defining drugs by generic and brand names. Through classroom lecture and hands-on labs, students will review dosage calculations, drug classifications, the "top 200 drugs", I.V. flow rates, sterile compounding, dose conversions, aseptic technique, the handling of sterile products, total parental nutrition (TPN), dispensing of prescriptions, inventory control and billing and reimbursement.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
5:30 p.m. – 9:30 p.m.
Tuesdays and Thursdays
Student Tuition: $1,499 (Textbooks Included)
Course Contact Hours: 80 hrs
Clinical Medical Assistant Program – 140 Classroom Hours w/ a Clinical Externship
This program is intended for students who want to prepare for an exciting, challenging and rewarding career in healthcare. This program will train students to assist physicians by performing functions related to the clinical responsibilities of a medical office. Instruction includes among other things preparing patients for examination and treatment, routine laboratory procedures, diagnostic testing, technical aspects of phlebotomy and the cardiac life cycle. Students will review important topics including phlebotomy, pharmacology, the proper use and administration of medications, taking and documenting vital signs, cardiology including proper lead placements, a professional workplace behavior, ethics and the legal aspects of healthcare. This program includes 140 hours of classroom lecture and hands on labs and a clinical externship opportunity at a local healthcare provider. To be eligible for the clinical rotation, students must successfully complete the 140 hour program, submit to a thorough background check, drug screening and meet other requirements.
Note: Upon successful completion of this program, students would be eligible to sit for the National Healthcareer Association (NHA) Certified Clinical Medical Assistant (CCMA) national examination.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
6:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m.
Mondays and Wednesdays
9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Student Tuition: $2,599 (includes all textbooks)
Course Contact Hours: 140 hours + Clinical Externship
Clinical Externship Hours: 160 hours
Medical Billing and Coding Program
This combined 80 hour billing and coding course offers the skills needed to solve insurance billing problems, how to manually file claims (using the CPT and ICD-9 manual), complete common insurance forms, trace delinquent claims, appeal denied claims and use generic forms to streamline billing procedures. The course covers the following areas: CPT (Introduction, Guidelines, Evaluation and Management), specialty fields (such as surgery, radiology and laboratory), ICD-9 (Introduction and Guidelines) and basic claims processes for medical insurance and third party reimbursements. Students will learn how to find the service and codes using manuals, (CPT, ICD-9 and HCPCS). After obtaining the practical work experience (6 months to 2 years), students who complete this course could be qualified to sit for the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC) - Certified Professional Coder Exam (CPC or CPC-H Apprentice); the American Health Information Association (AHIMA) Certified Coding Associate (CCA) exam; and/or other National Certification Exams.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
9:00 am -3:00 pm
Course Contact Hours: 80 hrs.
Student Tuition: $1,799 (Textbooks Included)
Medical Administrative Assistant Program
This 50-hour course prepares students to function effectively in many of the administrative and clerical positions in the health care industry. Medical Administrative Assistants, Medical Secretary, and Medical Records Clerks are all positions in great demand. This program covers important background information on the medical assisting profession and interpersonal skills, medical ethics and law, medical terminology, basics of insurance billing and coding, telephone techniques, scheduling appointments, medical records management and management of practice finances. This program is intended to provide students with a well-rounded introduction to medical administration so that a student can gain the necessary skills required to obtain a medical administrative assistant position in the health care field.
Note: This program meets the necessary requirements to take the National Healthcareer Association (NHA) - Certified Medical Administrative Assistant (CMAA) exam.
Dates: Rolling Registration-Call For Details
6:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.
Tuesdays and Thursdays
Course Contact Hours: 50 hrs.
Student Tuition: $999 (Textbooks included)
Home Healthcare Aide Online
This program focuses on teaching students to assist patients in their homes by focusing on specific health and personal needs. Emphasis is on personal care in a client's home, communications, working with ill persons, basic human needs, eldercare, nutrition, special diets, and home management. Detailed course topics include the role of a home health aide, client relationships, infection control, hospice care, anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, dressing and personal grooming and more. This is an Online course.
Dates: Call For Details
Mondays & Wednesdays
Student Tuition: $1,499
Social Media "Making Connections" For All Ages
Do you want to learn how to text, tweet, blog, send and receive photos electronically, connect with family and friends by Facebook? You are in luck! Those of all ages will be introduced to the basics in texting, tweeting, blogging, web/internet exploration, getting the most use of your cell phone, how to send and receive pictures, video clips and to communicate with others using these media.
Dates: Call For Details
9:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $40 (One Day Session)
Quality Customer Service
The Quality Customer Service workshop is designed to provide participants with value-added skills to enhance the customer's experience. This impact-learning oriented course will allow students to develop a framework that supports professional and organizational quality service. Through engagement and role-playing students will simulate best practices via varied customer-focused scenarios in an effort to build as well as retain thriving business relationships.
Dates: Call For Details
6:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $89.00 (One Day Sessions)
Couponing by Crystal
This workshop is an opportunity for people to learn how to cut back on spending and do more saving via Extreme Couponing.
Do you look at the deals and wonder what it all means?
Do you see weekly savings posts and feel like you can never manage to save that?
Does CVS baffle you? My goal is for you to leave feeling like an expert!!
Learning how to save money you already have is amazing!!
Crystal's family went from spending $550 a month on groceries to only spending $250 a month. What would you do with an extra $300 each month?
Come to a workshop and learn how to drastically cut your budget on shopping expenses.
Dates: Call For Details
10:00 a.m. -12:00 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $25.00 (One Day Session)
This class is formulated to aid students who desire to obtain a property and casualty insurance license for the State of Delaware. This class will cover all pertinent materials and information needed to assist students in successfully complete the state licensing exam by teaching product knowledge, terms, concepts, statutes, rules, and regulations for both property and casualty insurance. The State of Delaware Insurance Licensing Candidate Handbook is included in the total fee for the class. Students are responsible for initiating a test and background check after the completion of course.
Dates: Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Tuesdays and Thursdays
Student Tuition: $555
Note: In addition to a class on our Dover campus, this class will also be held at our Kirkwood location in Wilmington, DE.
Project Management I-Fundamentals
This course if Part I of a III part series of Project Management courses. All project management preparation topic areas are covered,including the PMI knowledge areas. The PMBOK and many other reference texts. Participants evaluate their existing knowledge, determine what knowledge is missing, and create a study plan to fill the gap. Multiple exam questions on every topic are provided, including a complete exam simulation along with a review of answers and references. Workshop includes: five days of instructions, workshop reference material, project management certificate, PMP study kit, and inclusive Boot Camps before exam.
Dates: Call For Details
5:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Student Tuition: $1899
Project Management (Online Courses)
Please visit: http://www.iil.com/dsu/
Certified Administrative Professional (CAP-OM)
Learn to master the concepts of management and organizational planning, managerial communications, business etiquette protocols, and finance and economic applications. Get the tools and prep you need for the CAP-OM Exams. Each section is designed based on five discussion items. 1) Management and Organizational Planning - apply the skills of being effective and efficient in the workplace. 2) Administrative Management - understanding the various forms, importance, and applications of written communications. 3) Managerial Communications - the key ingredient in all management functions. 4) Professional Protocols - business etiquette and protocols. 5) Economics and Financial Application - the way business is influenced by world economics and politics.
Dates: Call For Details
Tuesdays 5:30 p.m.- 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $489 General Public/$444 IAAP Members
*CAP-OM Boot Camp (Included)
Saturday 9:00 am - 3 pm
Certificate of Advanced Studies in Competency-Based Lesson Planning and Delivery Course Overview:
The overall purpose of this capacity building intervention is to help participants enhance the competencies that are prerequisite to effectively carrying out the core activities involved in Competency-based Training Planning and Delivery. The course places much emphasis on ensuring that facilitators of learning gain grounded understanding as to what is required when teaching towards achieving learning outcomes that are developmental and measurable. Another essential feature of the course is helping participants to determine and apply the best practice instructional and assessment of strategies for the CBET context. The course will also cover the basic concepts and practical methods attending to competency-based learning in each learning domain.
Dates: Coming This Fall
Duration: 24 hours (3 Days) of face-to-face Classroom instructions.
Award: Upon fulfilling all the core course requirements, an individual is awarded the Certificate of Advanced Studies in Competency-based Lesson Planning.
Registration Fee: The cost for registration is $450, which includes course materials.
Advanced Certificate of Competency in Workforce Training and Development:
This course prepares individuals to become competent and effective at carrying out the many and varied tasks associated with the design and delivery of training interventions. Individuals who have responsibility for coordinating and/or supervising/managing training activities in any organization will also benefit meaningfully from the course. The course invites participation from individuals who have been previously exposed to the foundations of training session planning and delivery. Throughout this advanced course, participants will explore and gain deeper understanding of the research informed perspectives and best-practices that should be employed when attending to the different aspects of training planning and delivery. Each of the six course modules requires participants to thoughtfully and critically examine an area that is essential to the overall training planning and delivery process. In addition to addressing the steps in the training planning and delivery process, significant attention will be placed on helping participants to understand the HOW and WHY of applying critical thinking skills and transformational learning strategies when facilitating training interventions.
Start Date: TBA
Duration: 40 Instructional Hrs. and 16 Hrs. of Independent Study
Award: Advanced Certificate of Competency in Workforce Training and Development
Tuition and Fees: The cost is $150/module, which is inclusive of all required course materials. There are 6 modules.
NOTE: Individuals who have completed comparable training/studies can request exemption from up to four (4) modules in this course. Persons seeking exemption must submit evidence of previous training completed. Exemption is at the discretion of the Course Facilitator.
Are you thinking about starting a nonprofit but do not know where to begin? Assess the feasibility of your nonprofit idea while determining the appropriate steps that you need to take. Course will include a high level overview of incorporation, organization and other issues pertinent to anyone involved with a nonprofit startup. Understand the basic concepts of how to incorporate, select a board of directors, write bylaws, obtain tax exempt status, develop a budget, create a marketing plan and explore fundraising.
Instructor: Alishia Louis-Potter
Price is $80
Date: July 12, 19, & 26, 2016
Time: 5:30 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Startup Basics:
All businesses begin with just an idea. You may have dreamed of a business idea for years or have been hit unexpectedly with an idea. Either way that idea is worthless until it is executed on. Many people come up with great ideas, but very few attempt to make those ideas a reality. This workshop will give you the basics of starting a business and help you determine if you have what it takes to make the dream a reality.
Dates: Call For Details
6:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Courses would run concurrently--call for details.
Microsoft Office Word 2013 - Beginner
Learn how to modify and create your documents using Microsoft Word 2013. Learn how to change the size and appearance of text; change margins and tab settings; automatically center, right align, justify, and indent text; run integrated grammar and spelling checker; save, retrieve, copy, organize and print your documents. At the end of the course, you'll be able to use Word confidently at home or on the job.
Dates: Call For Details
6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $70 (One Day Session)
Microsoft Office Word 2013- Intermediate
Learn how to perform a mail merge, and we'll explore shortcuts, styles, and templates. Templates let you create documents that contain predefined formatting and text. In this course, you will work with labels, dividing pages, columns, and text boxes. Whether you need to produce a short letter, flyer, or report, this course will teach you how to get the most out of Microsoft Word 2013!
Dates: Call For Details
6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $70 (One Day Session)
Microsoft Office Excel 2013 - Beginner
Learn how to find popular commands quickly on the ribbon. Learn how to use the File Menu (Microsoft Office Backstage view). Learn essential tasks such as opening existing workbooks, creating new workbooks, setting up a spreadsheet, formatting, saving, and printing.
Dates: Call For Details
6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $70 (One Day Session)
Microsoft Office Excel 2013 - Intermediate
This course covers editing spreadsheets, adding headers, footers, hyperlinks, formatting and editing cells, conditional formatting, analyzing data lists, performing calculations, creating, editing and formatting PivotTables, setting Excel 2013 Options and Workbook properties and more.
Dates: Call For Details
6:30 p.m. – 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $70 (One Day Session)
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013 - Beginner
This course is designed for students who wish to gain the ability to organize content, enhance it with high-impact visuals, and deliver it with style. Students will learn how to create a PowerPoint Presentation, text editing, and modifying objects in their presentation.
Dates: Call For Details
6:30 p.m. – 8:30 p.m.
Workshop Fee: $70 (One Day Session)
Cyber Security Certification Prep Courses
Level 1—Overview of the Cyber Security Profession and Prep for A+ Certification ($2200)
Online (instructor lead) – (10 Week)
The CompTIA A+ Certification is an internationally recognized testing program sponsored by the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) that certifies the competency of entry-level service technicians in the computer industry. It lets employers know your achievement level and that you have the ability to do the job right, because you have the knowledge, technical skills, and customer relations skills necessary for a successful computer service technician career.
Level 2—Introduction to Network Security and Prep for Network+ Certification ($1300)
Online (instructor lead) – (10 Week)
As the leading vendor neutral certification for networking professionals, Network+ certification provides an internationally recognized credential that demonstrates competency in networking features and functions, including virtual networking, networking security and in depth knowledge of OSI and TCP/IP models.
Level 3—Advanced Cyber Security & Prep for Security Plus ($1500)
Online (instructor lead) – (10 Week)
The CompTIA Security+ Certification is an internationally recognized testing program sponsored by the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) that certifies the knowledge of a security professional in the IT industry. Security+ certification is recognized around the world as the benchmark for foundation-level security professionals. Incorporating a comprehensive range of security knowledge areas, Security+ was developed with input from industry, government, academia and front-line practitioners, so you can be assured of its relevance.
Classes are available starting March 14, 2016.
Online Mobile Development
This course is an introduction to mobile development on the popular iOS platform. The course covers mobile design concepts, mobile interfaces, Swift language core concepts, networking and data storage, and testing your app. By the end of the course students will be able to create an iOS app for iPhone and iPad, and submit your app to the iOS App Store.
Student Tuition: $1585 (Materials Included)
Dates: Call For Details
Course Registration:
Course Registration Form
Office of Adult & Continuing Education
Maurice Thomasson Building
Hours: 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
302.857.6820 Telephone
302.857.6823 Fax
Dr. Eric A. Cheek
Associate VP, Continuing Education & Summer Programs
Associate VP, Continuing Education & Summer Programs
Special Projects Director
Teshenia Hughes
Assistant Director K-12 Outreach
Assistant Director K-12 Outreach
Administrative Secretary
Online Professional Development Courses
New Courses! Train for a Career in Cyber Security:
Classes begin March 14, 2016.
Course Registration
Download the form to register for a course.


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DMI Sports Electra 7' Lighted Rail Hockey Table
Product Information:
The DMI Sports Electra 7' Lighted Rail Hockey Table is brought to life with red, white and blue trailing lights that add to your playing experience. Each color signifies the score of the game. If it's all tied up, white LED lights are displayed. When a player scores, either red or blue lights will flash to indicate which player has taken the lead. The electronic side scorer also flashes along with the rails and keeps track of all the action.
- 7' Hockey table
- Red, white and blue LED lights flash to indicate score
- Flashing electronic side scorer keeps track of all the action
- Playing surface dimensions: 78" x 46"
- Table dimensions: 84" X 46"
- Style: HT274
- DMI Sports
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 15754366
Customer Reviews:
Rated 2.3 out of 5�by 3 reviewers.
Rated 1 out of 5�by Dave BASE NEAR THE GOAL HAS CAVED IN Within two days of receiving and setting up our table it was no longer functional. The base where the pucks would hit have caved in and trying to reach the company or at least leaving a message has been a project. I am hoping that they will return my email. This table is not very durable! December 23, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by ViveeB LOVE IT This hockey table is well worth the price. It was easy enough to assemble (you will need your own tools) with the help of an additional person. The table is huge so make sure you have the space for it. We have it in our office break-room and the guys play it everyday. So I'm completely satisfied with it. February 12, 2014
Rated 1 out of 5�by js.dunn Poor Quality / Poor Production We received our DMI Sports Electra hockey table for Christmas. When we opened it up to put it together, we had one leg post that had wrong grommets installed in it. So the one leg is not completely steady. Also, the 4 braces that go in between the legs were the wrong ones. So the complete setup could not be completed. Also, when we did start playing, the ring or rim around the playing surface that the puck would hit started chipping and breaking off. Then the puck would get stuck on the back and on the sides. The sides seem to be made of some type of particle board that just continues to break off. Poorly engineered table with poor quality assurance process to ensure the right parts were shipped with the product. Working with DMI to resolve the issues. I would not recommend this product! December 30, 2013
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About the Author: Howard Josephs serves in the Bureau of Consular Affairs as a Customer Service Manager at the Los Angeles Passport Agency.
On August 26, 2010, the Bureau of Consular Affairs and Congresswoman Susan Davis (D-CA-53rd) teamed up to announce the news to San Diegans: a new passport agency is coming.
"The citizens of San Diego, Southern California, and surrounding states will be well-served by this new agency. Its proximity to our shared border with Mexico provides U.S. citizens with a convenient location in which they can apply for a passport book or a passport card," said Rick Saltzman, future Director of the San Diego Passport Agency.
Mr. Saltzman and the General Services Administration led Rep. Davis on a tour of the construction site. Also present were representatives from the offices of Senator Barbara Boxer, Senator Dianne Feinstein, Rep. Darrell Issa, and Mayor Jerry Sanders; as well as representatives from local USCIS, Social Security, and Diplomatic Security offices. Last but not least, crossing the border to join Rick and his guests were the Consul General, Vice Consul, American Citizen Services Chief and others representing the U.S. Consulate in Tijuana.
San Diego has long been a gateway to Mexico. Traditionally, border crossing was a casual affair for U.S. citizens traveling back and forth and no passport was required.
However on June 1, 2009, the second phase of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) went into effect, requiring that U.S. citizens have a passport to re-enter the U.S. from Mexico, Canada and the Caribbean by land or sea (since 2007, a passport book was already required when re-entering the U.S. from those locations by air).
To lessen the impact on U.S. citizens in border communities, the Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA) developed the passport card, a lower cost, easy-to-carry alternative to the passport book. The card can be used to meet the land and sea requirements of WHTI.
And there are more than 100 non-Department of State passport application acceptance facilities in the San Diego region, so that one could easily apply and get a passport book or card within four to six weeks; or for an additional $60 expediting fee, within two to three weeks.
But what if you needed a passport sooner to cross the border? What if you had a sick loved one in Sinaloa? Or a family vacation next week in Ensenada and didn't realize your passport had expired?
Certainly a stressful situation. The only solution would be driving from San Diego to the Los Angeles Passport Agency; and if you've ever taken a bumper-to-bumper ride on the 405 freeway, that's a very stressful situation itself. As noted by Congresswoman Susan Davis, "When people have passport emergencies the last thing we should have to ask them to do is drive five hours roundtrip up to Los Angeles and wait around all day to get their passport issued." The Bureau of Consular Affairs was thinking the same thing.
The San Diego Passport Agency is expected to open in downtown San Diego in the spring of 2011. "San Diegans are an on-the-go group," commented Rep. Davis, "We certainly expect that the San Diego Passport Agency will help San Diegans to truly be on- the-go rather than stuck in stop-and-go on the 405!"
O.C. in the U.S.A. writes:
The word, "New" is highly suspect. We don't need mass immigration when a large percentage of African Americans and returning troops can't find work. There's also the illegal human rights issue of allowing illegals to work in our country for 60-70 years without giving them the benefit of citizenship. Depending on what "New" means. I foresee continued exploitation by not clearly and adequately resolving this contentious issue.
Pamela G. in West Virginia writes:
I think this will be of great use to many Americans, but I think we need to keep building them all over the world as it has become more difficult to replace if you are traveling and one is lost or stolen. They are difficult to replace all over the the world but I must give the embassy in Austria extra credit for going above and beyond to make sure US citizens are well taken care of. On the same trip this summer the same could not be said of Paris.


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Falconer Man Pleads Innocent In City Court For Deer Jacking
A Falconer resident accused of deer jacking has been ordered to surrender all firearms to police.
During an arraignment Tuesday morning, Bruce Giddy, 60, also was told to undergo a mental health evaluation. A temporary order of protection against a person whose name was not released was issued, as well.
The Falconer man ultimately pleaded innocent in front of City Court Judge John LaMancuso to 41 misdemeanor charges stemming from a four-month investigation into deer jacking.
Attorney Peter Johnson said his client has been under the supervision of a mental health expert since March and had surrendered a shotgun to authorities. LaMancuso said any remaining firearms in Giddy's possession were to be turned over to Jamestown police by 5 p.m. Tuesday.
Giddy, who pleaded innocent last week in Ellicott Court, is facing 54 misdemeanors in total after being charged by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police.
Police said Giddy, on at least four occasions, flashed a bright light on a deer before shooting it. The practice is illegal in the state.
Authorities were tipped off to the alleged deer jacking in November after Jamestown police were notified of shots fired near Bush Elementary School in the city. Police found a dead deer on school property and contacted the DEC.
On Tuesday, Giddy was arraigned on 41 of the misdemeanors, including: illegal hunting, reckless endangerment, discharging a firearm and prohibited use of a weapon.
Giddy was released under the supervision of probation. He will be back in city court on July 2 for a pre-trial meeting.
Johnson could not be reached for comment.