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Cite Chapter
Tatnall, Arthur. "Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research."
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition.
IGI Global, 2005. 42-46. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch009
Tatnall, A. (2005). Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition
(pp. 42-46). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch009
Tatnall, Arthur. "Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research." In
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition,
ed. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, 42-46 (2005), accessed January 24, 2017. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch009
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InfoSci-Library Information Science and Technology
Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research
Arthur Tatnall
(Victoria University, Australia)
Source Title:
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition
© 2005
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Building an information system is a difficult task, partly due to the problem of ascertaining the requirements of the intended users, but also because of the complexity of the large number of human-machine interactions (Banville, 1991). This complexity is reflected in the difficulty of building these systems to operate free from error and to perform as intended. The dictionary defines innovation as "the alteration of what is established; something newly introduced". As the introduction or improvement of an information system in an organisation necessarily involves change, information systems research often involves research into technological innovation.
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Mehdi Khosrow-Pour
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Chapter 1
A Duplicate Chinese Document Image Retrieval System
(pages 1-6)
Yung-Kuan Chan, Yu-An Ho, Hsien-Chu Wu, Yen-Ping Chu
An optical character recognition (OCR) system enables a user to feed an article directly into an electronic computer file and translate the...
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A Duplicate Chinese Document Image Retrieval System
Chapter 2
A Language/Action Based Approach to Information Modelling
(pages 7-10)
Paul Johannesson
There are several different views of the role of information systems. Two of the most important are the data view and the communicative view....
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A Language/Action Based Approach to Information Modelling
Chapter 3
A Primer on E-Government
(pages 11-15)
Shannon Howle Schelin
E-government (electronic government) has become a mainstay in local, state, and federal government. The era of e-commerce and e-business began with...
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A Primer on E-Government
Chapter 4
A Socio-Technical Case Study of Bangladesh
(pages 16-21)
Mahesh S. Raisinghani, Mahboobur Rahman
The revolutionary advent of IT has accelerated the pace of day-to-day office, personal and corporate communication. However, even now, Bangladesh...
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A Socio-Technical Case Study of Bangladesh
Chapter 5
A Systemic Approach for Information Systems Evaluation
(pages 22-28)
Ala Abu-Samaha
Traditionally, information technology (IT) evaluation, pre-implementation appraisals, and post-implementation reviews have been characterised as...
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A Systemic Approach for Information Systems Evaluation
Chapter 6
A University/Community Partnership to Bridge the Digital Divide
(pages 29-32)
David Ruppel, Cynthia Ruppel
Companies want employees with core values who ascribe to corporate values. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is used by companies in recruitment (Foote...
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A University/Community Partnership to Bridge the Digital Divide
Chapter 7
A Web-Geographical Information System to Support Territorial Data Integration
(pages 33-37)
V. De Antonellis, G. Pozzi, F.A. Schreiber, L. Tanca, L. Tosi
The design of a Web-geographical information system, Web-GIS (Worboys & Duckham, 2004; Zhong Ren & Ming Hsiang, 2003), strongly requires...
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A Web-Geographical Information System to Support Territorial Data Integration
Chapter 8
Actor-Network Theory and Adoption of E-Commerce in SMEs
(pages 38-41)
Arthur Tatnall, Stephen Burgess
Just because e-commerce technologies seems like useful tools that may assist a small to medium enterprise (SME) in doing its business better, it...
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Actor-Network Theory and Adoption of E-Commerce in SMEs
Chapter 9
Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research
(pages 42-46)
Arthur Tatnall
Building an information system is a difficult task, partly due to the problem of ascertaining the requirements of the intended users, but also...
Sample PDF
Actor-Network Theory in Information Systems Research
Chapter 10
Adaptive Mobile Applications
(pages 47-52)
Thomas Kunz, Abdulbaset Gaddah
The convergence of two technological developments has made mobile computing a reality. In the last few years, developed countries spent large...
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Adaptive Mobile Applications
Chapter 11
Adaptive Playout Control Schemes for Speech over the Internet
(pages 53-57)
Marco Roccetti, Stefano Ferretti
The transmission of speech over the Internet is often dismissed as an impractical application because of the poor quality experienced by many users...
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Adaptive Playout Control Schemes for Speech over the Internet
Chapter 12
Addressing the Central Problem in Cyber Ethics through Stories
(pages 58-61)
John M. Artz
The central problem in cyber ethics is not, as many might think, how to address the problems of protecting individual privacy, or preventing...
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Addressing the Central Problem in Cyber Ethics through Stories
Chapter 13
Adoption of E-Commerce in the Value Chain by SMEs
(pages 62-67)
Judith Jeffcoate
This article describes an analytical framework to identify the triggers for value chain transformation that will encourage small and medium...
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Adoption of E-Commerce in the Value Chain by SMEs
Chapter 14
Advanced Techniques for Object-Based Image Retrieval
(pages 68-73)
Y. J. Zhang
Along with the progress of imaging modality and the wide utility of digital images (including video) in various fields, many potential content...
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Advanced Techniques for Object-Based Image Retrieval
Chapter 15
Agent- and Web-Based Employment Marketspaces in the U.S. Department of Defense
(pages 74-80)
William R. Gates, Mark E. Nissen
Two modes of matching people with jobs prevail at present: hierarchical planning and distributed markets. Patterned after centrally planned (e.g....
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Agent- and Web-Based Employment Marketspaces in the U.S. Department of Defense
Chapter 16
Agent-Based Intelligence Infrastructure
(pages 81-87)
Zaiyong Tang, Subramanian Sivaramakrishnan
Today's enterprises must go beyond traditional goals of efficiency and effectiveness; they need to be intelligent in order to adapt and survive in a...
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Agent-Based Intelligence Infrastructure
Chapter 17
Agent-Based Negotiation in E-Marketing
(pages 88-92)
V. K. Murthy, E. V. Krishnamurthy
This article describes in brief the design of agent-based negotiation system in e-marketing. Such a negotiation scheme requires the construction of...
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Agent-Based Negotiation in E-Marketing
Chapter 18
Agents and Payment Systems in E-Commerce
(pages 93-97)
Sheng-Uei Guan
An emerging outcome of the popularization of the Internet are electronic commerce and payment systems, which present great opportunities for...
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Agents and Payment Systems in E-Commerce
Chapter 19
Alignment of Business and Knowledge Management Strategies
(pages 98-103)
El-Sayed Abou-Zeid
The role of knowledge as a crucial asset for an enterprise's survival and advancement has been recognized by several researchers (e.g., von Krogh...
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Alignment of Business and Knowledge Management Strategies
Chapter 20
Alignment of Information Technology and Human Resources Strategies
(pages 104-110)
K. F. Dery, D. A. Samson
Increased productivity within modern organizations over the past two decades has largely been generated by more effective use of information...
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Alignment of Information Technology and Human Resources Strategies
Chapter 21
An ERP Life-Cycle Cost Model
(pages 111-116)
José Esteves, Joan Pastor
Nowadays, the enterprise resource planning (ERP) products and services industry is one of the most promising. Through the usage of ERP systems such...
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An ERP Life-Cycle Cost Model
Chapter 22
Analyzing the Quality of Virtual Teams
(pages 117-122)
Robert M. Verburg, J. H. Erik Andriessen, Joris P.G. de Rooij
Global market developments and the large-scale use of diverse applications in the area of information and communication technology (ICT) have been...
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Analyzing the Quality of Virtual Teams
Chapter 23
Animated Characters within the MPEG-4 Standard
(pages 123-126)
Françoise Preteux, Marius Preda
The first 3D virtual human model was designed and animated by means of the computer in the late '70s. Since then, virtual character models have...
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Animated Characters within the MPEG-4 Standard
Chapter 24
Antecedents of Trust in Online Communities
(pages 127-130)
Catherine M. Ridings, David Gefen
Online virtual communities have existed on the Internet since the early 1980s as Usenet newsgroups. With the advent of the World Wide Web and...
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Antecedents of Trust in Online Communities
Chapter 25
Anytime, Anywhere in the Context of Mobile Work
(pages 131-134)
Mikael Wiberg
Kleinrock (1996, 1998) claims that advanced wireless technologies, the Internet, Global Positioning Systems, portable and distributed computing, and...
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Anytime, Anywhere in the Context of Mobile Work
Chapter 26
Application of Fuzzy Logic to Fraud Detection
(pages 135-139)
Mary Jane Lenard, Pervaiz Alam
In light of recent reporting of the failures of some of the major publicly-held companies in the U.S. (e.g., Enron & WorldCom), it has become...
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Application of Fuzzy Logic to Fraud Detection
Chapter 27
Application Service Provision for Intelligent Enterprises
(pages 140-145)
Matthew W. Guah, Wendy L. Currie
Several historical shifts in information systems (IS) involved strategies from a mainframe to a client server, and now to application service...
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Application Service Provision for Intelligent Enterprises
Chapter 28
Applying a Metadata Framework to Improve Data Quality
(pages 146-151)
Victoria Youngohc Yoon, Peter Aiken, Tor Guimaraes
The importance of a company-wide framework for managing data resources has been recognized (Gunter, 2001; Lee, 2003, 2004; Madnick, Wang & Xian...
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Applying a Metadata Framework to Improve Data Quality
Chapter 29
Archival Issues Related to Digital Creations
(pages 152-156)
Mark Kieler, Michael J. West
The authors define "intellectual creations" as human expressions embodied in text, music, or other forms of art. Increasingly, we encode these...
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Archival Issues Related to Digital Creations
Chapter 30
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Medicine and Health Care
(pages 157-162)
Rezaul Begg
Now-a-days, researchers are increasingly looking into new and innovative techniques with the help of information technology to overcome the rapid...
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Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Medicine and Health Care
Chapter 31
Artificial Neural Networks in Financial Trading
(pages 163-167)
Bruce Vanstone, Clarence Tan
Soft computing represents that area of computing adapted from the physical sciences. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques within this realm...
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Artificial Neural Networks in Financial Trading
Chapter 32
Artificial Neural Networks Used in Automobile Insurance Underwriting
(pages 168-172)
Fred L. Kitchens
As the heart of the insurance business, the underwriting function has remained mostly unchanged for nearly 400 years when Lloyd's of London was a...
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Artificial Neural Networks Used in Automobile Insurance Underwriting
Chapter 33
Assessing the Value of Information Systems Investments
(pages 173-177)
Charlene A. Dykman
Accurate assessment of the potential or realized value and impact of an information systems investment is becoming increasingly important. While...
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Assessing the Value of Information Systems Investments
Chapter 34
Audience Response Systems and Face-to-Face Learning
(pages 178-183)
David A. Banks
Audience Response Systems (ARS) are gradually being introduced into educational settings, having previously proved their value in business....
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Audience Response Systems and Face-to-Face Learning
Chapter 35
Audience-Driven Web Site Design
(pages 184-187)
Olga De Troyer
In the last few years, Web sites have evolved from a simple collection of hypertext pages towards applications supporting complex business...
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Audience-Driven Web Site Design
Chapter 36
Audio Analysis Applications for Music
(pages 188-196)
Simon Dixon
The last decade has seen a revolution in the use of digital audio: The CD, which one decade earlier had taken over the home audio market, is...
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Audio Analysis Applications for Music
Chapter 37
Automation of American Criminal Justice
(pages 197-199)
J. William Holland
Criminal Justice has been one of the public sectors in the forefront of the move toward automation and digital government. The effect of...
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Automation of American Criminal Justice
Chapter 38
Autopoietic Approach for Information System Development
(pages 200-204)
El-Sayed Abou-Zeid
In the last decade a new generation of information systems (IS), such as enterprise resource planning, Web-based information systems and knowledge...
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Autopoietic Approach for Information System Development
Chapter 39
Balancing Risks and Rewards of ERP
(pages 205-210)
Joseph Bradley
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems claim to meet the information needs of organizations. These off-the-shelf software packages replace hard...
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Balancing Risks and Rewards of ERP
Chapter 40
Basic Notions on Multidimensional Aggregate Data
(pages 211-216)
Maurizio Rafanelli
The term multidimensional aggregate data (MAD; see Rafanelli, 2003) generally refers to data in which a given fact is quantified by a set of...
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Basic Notions on Multidimensional Aggregate Data
Chapter 41
Basics of the Triune Continuum Paradigm
(pages 217-221)
Andrey Naumenko
This article reviews the Triune Continuum Paradigm - a logically rigorous theoretical base for organization of modern conceptual frameworks that are...
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Basics of the Triune Continuum Paradigm
Chapter 42
Bayesian Analysis of Geographical Variation in Disease Risk
(pages 222-228)
C. L. Vidal-Rodeiro, M. I. Santiago-Perez, E. Vazquez-Fernandez, M. E. Lopez-Vizcaino, X. Hervada-Vidal
Disease mapping is a big focus of interest in the area of public health (Bailey, 2001; Moore & Carpenter, 1999), and the geographical distribution...
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Bayesian Analysis of Geographical Variation in Disease Risk
Chapter 43
Bayesian Machine Learning
(pages 229-235)
Eitel J.M. Lauria
Bayesian methods provide a probabilistic approach to machine learning. The Bayesian framework allows us to make inferences from data using...
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Bayesian Machine Learning
Chapter 44
Bayesian Modelling for Machine Learning
(pages 236-242)
Paul Rippon, Kerrie Mengersen
Learning algorithms are central to pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, and statistical learning. The term...
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Bayesian Modelling for Machine Learning
Chapter 45
Behavioral Factors in Strategic Alliances
(pages 243-247)
Purnendu Mandal, Dale H. Shao, Chong W. Kim
Recently, there has been a growing trend among information technology (IT) organizations to form strategic alliances to increase competitive...
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Behavioral Factors in Strategic Alliances
Chapter 46
Behavioral Perspective of Groupware Adoption
(pages 248-252)
Yining Chen, Hao Lou
Over the past decade, groupware technologies, such as e-mail, electronic bulletin boards, and group support systems, have become an important part...
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Behavioral Perspective of Groupware Adoption
Chapter 47
Benefits and Challenges of Blended Learning Environments
(pages 253-259)
Charles R. Graham, Stephanie Allen, Donna Ure
The term "blended learning" has become a corporate buzzword in recent years (Lamb, 2001). Recently, the American Society for Training and...
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Benefits and Challenges of Blended Learning Environments
Chapter 48
Best Practices for Effective Virtual Teams
(pages 260-265)
D. Sandy Staples, Ian K. Wong, Ann Frances Cameron
The use of teams as fundamental building blocks in organizations is growing (Furst, Blackburn & Rosen, 1999), as is the frequency of teams to be...
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Best Practices for Effective Virtual Teams
Chapter 49
Better Executive Information with the Dashboard Approach
(pages 266-271)
Frédéric Adam, Jean-Charles Pomerol
After more than 30 years of research on how the work of managers can be supported by computers, the observation that developing computer systems...
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Better Executive Information with the Dashboard Approach
Chapter 50
Bibliomining for Library Decision-Making
(pages 272-277)
Scott Nicholson, Jeffrey Stanton
Most people think of a library as the little brick building in the heart of their community or the big brick building in the center of a campus....
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Bibliomining for Library Decision-Making
Chapter 51
Bridging the Digital Divide in Scotland
(pages 278-283)
Anna Malina
Perceptions of the different meanings and issues surrounding the term digital divide have set the scene for policy development in various countries....
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Bridging the Digital Divide in Scotland
Chapter 52
Bridging the Growing Digital Divide
(pages 284-291)
Ioannis Tarnanas, Vassilios Kikis
That portion of the Internet known as the World Wide Web has been riding an exponential growth curve since 1994 (Network Wizards, 1999; Rutkowski...
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Bridging the Growing Digital Divide
Chapter 53
Bridging the Industry-University Gap through Action Research
(pages 292-297)
Ned Kock
Virtually every university in the US and overseas has seen a significant increase in demand for information technology (IT) courses and programs in...
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Bridging the Industry-University Gap through Action Research
Chapter 54
Building and Management of Trust in Information Systems
(pages 298-306)
István Mezgar
Thanks to the rapidly developing information and communication technologies, the complexity of networked organizations becomes very high, so the...
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Building and Management of Trust in Information Systems
Chapter 55
Building Educational Technology Partnerships through Participatory Design
(pages 307-311)
John M. Carroll
Educational technology provides many examples of how efficient software development and deployment is not enough. Teachers work in a complex and...
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Building Educational Technology Partnerships through Participatory Design
Chapter 56
Building Local Capacity via Scaleable Web-Based Services
(pages 312-317)
Helen Thompson
Information communications technology (ICT) has been identified as a key enabler in the achievement of regional and rural success, particularly in...
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Building Local Capacity via Scaleable Web-Based Services
Chapter 57
Building Police/Community Relations through Virtual Communities
(pages 318-324)
Susan A. Baim
Over the past two decades, police departments around the globe have been involved in a slow, but steady transition from call-based policing to...
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Building Police/Community Relations through Virtual Communities
Chapter 58
Business Model Application of UML Stereotypes
(pages 325-330)
Daniel Brandon Jr.
The UML (Unified Modeling language) has become a standard in design of object-oriented computer systems (Schach 2004). UML provides for the use of...
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Business Model Application of UML Stereotypes
Chapter 59
Business Model Innovation in the Digital Economy
(pages 331-338)
Chung-Shing Lee
Most Internet ventures failed because they did not have viable business models and sustainable long-term strategies. Their business models failed to...
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Business Model Innovation in the Digital Economy
Chapter 60
Business Modeling with Client-Oriented Requirements Strategy
(pages 339-344)
María Carmen Leonardi
Rational unified process (RUP) (Jacobson, Booch, & Rumbaugh, 1999) is an iterative, incremental and use case driven methodology. RUP starts the...
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Business Modeling with Client-Oriented Requirements Strategy
Chapter 61
Business Process and Workflow Modeling in Web Services
(pages 345-349)
Vincent Yen
In large organizations, typical systems portfolios consist of a mix of legacy systems, proprietary applications, databases, off-the-shelf packages...
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Business Process and Workflow Modeling in Web Services
Chapter 62
Business Process and Knowledge Management
(pages 350-355)
John S. Edwards
Knowledge has been a subject of interest and enquiry for thousands of years, since at least the time of the ancient Greeks, and no doubt even before...
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Business Process and Knowledge Management
Chapter 63
Business Strategy, Structure and IT Alignment
(pages 356-361)
Petros Theodorou
The structure of production during the last decade has been changed radically. The importance of design, flexibility, quality, and dependability...
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Business Strategy, Structure and IT Alignment
Chapter 64
Cache Management for Web-Powered Databases
(pages 362-367)
Dimitrios Katsaros, Yannis Manolopoulos
In recent years, the World Wide Web, or simply the Web (Berners-Lee, Caililiau, Luotonen, Nielsen, & Secret, 1994), has become the primary means for...
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Cache Management for Web-Powered Databases
Chapter 65
Case-Based Learning in Computer Information Systems
(pages 368-372)
Morgan Jennings, Charles H. Mawhinney, Janos Fustos
How can we retain computer information systems (CIS) students? A decline in enrollment similar to that which occurred in the 80's (Mawhinney...
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Case-Based Learning in Computer Information Systems
Chapter 66
Census Data for Health Preparedness and Response
(pages 373-380)
Jane L. Garb, Richard B. Wait
The epidemiologist works with researchers in various disciplines as well as public and private health practitioners who are responsible for...
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Census Data for Health Preparedness and Response
Chapter 67
Certifying Software Product and Processes
(pages 381-386)
Hareton Leung
Software certification can not only greatly improve the overall quality of software; it can also help to control the cost of software development....
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Certifying Software Product and Processes
Chapter 68
Challenges in M-Commerce
(pages 387-391)
Pouwan Lei, Chris Chatwin, Rupert Young
E-commerce activity is growing exponentially, and it is revolutionizing the way that businesses are run. In Asia, there is now an explosion of...
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Challenges in M-Commerce
Chapter 69
Challenges in Quality of Service for Tomorrow's Networks
(pages 392-396)
Luiz A. DaSilva
The original communication networks were designed to carry traffic with homogeneous performance requirements. The telephone network carried...
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Challenges in Quality of Service for Tomorrow's Networks
Chapter 70
Change Process Drivers for E-Business
(pages 397-403)
H. D. Richards, C. Makatsorsis, Y. S. Chang
The main focus of this article is a study of the transformation processes occurring in industry and business at large. It deals with the social and...
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Change Process Drivers for E-Business
Chapter 71
Changing Trends in the Preparation of Print Media
(pages 404-408)
Mark Snyder
Traditionally, the main purpose of printing is to generate reproductions in quantity. Before printing existed, scribes reproduced manuscripts by...
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Changing Trends in the Preparation of Print Media
Chapter 72
Chief Knowledge Officers
(pages 409-413)
Richard T. Herschel
A chief knowledge officer (CKO) is a senior executive who is responsible for ensuring that an organization maximizes the value it achieves through...
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Chief Knowledge Officers
Chapter 73
Citizenship and New Technologies
(pages 414-419)
Peter J. Smith, Elizabeth Smythe
Not long ago globalization had only one face, that of a restructured capitalist economy employing new information technologies to operate on a...
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Citizenship and New Technologies
Chapter 74
Classification-Rule Discovery with an Ant Colony Algorithm
(pages 420-424)
Rafael S. Parpinelli, Heitor S. Lopes, Alex A. Freitas
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a relatively new computational intelligence paradigm inspired by the behaviour of natural ants (Bonabeau, Dorigo &...
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Classification-Rule Discovery with an Ant Colony Algorithm
Chapter 75
Classroom Communication on a Different Blackboard
(pages 425-429)
Jennifer Paige Nightingale
Employing technology that students find enticing and will prepare them well for the future, may be easier than preparing the teachers who will...
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Classroom Communication on a Different Blackboard
Chapter 76
Client/Server and the Knowledge Directory
(pages 430-434)
Stuart D. Galup, Ronald Dattero, Richard C. Hicks
Data, information, and knowledge are three related but not interchangeable concepts. Data are a set of discrete, objective facts about events....
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Client/Server and the Knowledge Directory
Chapter 77
Cluster Analysis Using Rough Clustering and k-Means Clustering
(pages 435-438)
Kevin E. Voges
Cluster analysis is a fundamental data reduction technique used in the physical and social sciences. The technique is of interest to managers in...
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Cluster Analysis Using Rough Clustering and k-Means Clustering
Chapter 78
Cognitive Research in Information Systems
(pages 439-444)
Felix B. Tan, M. Gordon Hunter
The existence and significance of cognition in organizations and its influence on patterns of behaviour in organizations and organizational outcomes...
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Cognitive Research in Information Systems
Chapter 79
Collaborative Learning On-Demand
(pages 445-450)
Giancarlo Fortino
Advances in communications and software technology are leading the Internet to become an open and distributed computing platform able to provide...
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Collaborative Learning On-Demand
Chapter 80
Collective Intentional Action in Virtual Communities
(pages 451-456)
Richard P. Bagozzi, Utpal M. Dholakia
The Internet is an important innovation in information science and technology and profoundly affects people in their daily lives. To date, these...
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Collective Intentional Action in Virtual Communities
Chapter 81
Combining Local and Global Expertise in Services
(pages 457-463)
Hannu Salmela, Juha Parnisto
Since the 1990s, services characterized by a considerable geographical distance between the service person and the customer have become increasingly...
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Combining Local and Global Expertise in Services
Chapter 82
Communication Management for Large Modules
(pages 464-471)
Elayne Coakes, Dianne Willis
This article addresses issues concerning the suitability of particular media as mass communication tools in an UK higher education setting. It looks...
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Communication Management for Large Modules
Chapter 83
Comparing Conventional and Non-Parametric Option Pricing
(pages 472-474)
Paul Lajbcygier
Once, the seminal Black–Scholes (Black & Scholes, 1973) model was thought to be the last word on option pricing: all that was needed, it was...
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Comparing Conventional and Non-Parametric Option Pricing
Chapter 84
Complex Adaptive Enterprises
(pages 475-480)
Anet Potgieter, Kurt April, Judith Bishop
In a world where the market, customer profiles and demands change constantly and the events in the global marketplace are unpredictable, it becomes...
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Complex Adaptive Enterprises
Chapter 85
Component-Oriented Approach for Designing Enterprise Architecture
(pages 481-487)
Zoran Stojanovic, Ajantha Dahanayake
One of the main challenges enterprises face today is how to manage complexity of systems being developed, effectively utilize the power of the...
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Component-Oriented Approach for Designing Enterprise Architecture
Chapter 86
Composition in Object-Relational Database
(pages 488-494)
David Taniar, Eric Pardede, J. Wenny Rahayu
Object-Relational Database (ORDB) is increasingly popular as the database storage. Its popularity is based on its ability to capture the...
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Composition in Object-Relational Database
Chapter 87
Computer Attitude and Anxiety
(pages 495-501)
Pieter Blignaut, Andies Burger, Theo McDonald, Jnase Tolmie
Computers in the workplace are a given. Although the advantages of computers are well-known and proven, many people still try to avoid using them....
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Computer Attitude and Anxiety
Chapter 88
Computer-Mediated Learning Groups
(pages 502-507)
Charles R. Graham, Melanie Misanchuk
Online learning has seen tremendous growth over the past decade in both the corporate and higher education sectors of society. This has been...
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Computer-Mediated Learning Groups
Chapter 89
Computing Curriculum Analysis and Development
(pages 508-513)
Anthony Scime
Information technology (IT) is an umbrella term that encompasses disciplines dealing with the computer and its functions. These disciplines...
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Computing Curriculum Analysis and Development
Chapter 90
Concepts and Dynamics of the Application Service Provider Industry
(pages 514-518)
Dohoon Kim
The enterprise intelligence through e-transformation is one of the cornerstones of the next-generation e-business era where the Internet constitutes...
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Concepts and Dynamics of the Application Service Provider Industry
Chapter 91
Concepts of Emergence Index in Image Databases
(pages 519-522)
Sagarmay Deb
Images are generated everywhere from various sources. It could be satellite pictures, biomedical, scientific, entertainment, sports and many more...
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Concepts of Emergence Index in Image Databases
Chapter 92
Conducting Ethical Research in Virtual Environments
(pages 523-528)
Lynne D. Roberts, Liegh M. Smith, Claie M. Pollock
The rapid growth of the Internet has been accompanied by a growth in the number and types of virtual environments supporting computer-mediated...
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Conducting Ethical Research in Virtual Environments
Chapter 93
Consistent Queries Over Databases with Integrity Constraints
(pages 529-534)
Sergio Greco, Ester Zumpano
The aim of data integration is to provide a uniform integrated access to multiple heterogeneous information sources, which were designed...
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Consistent Queries Over Databases with Integrity Constraints
Chapter 94
Constructionist Perspective of Organizational Data Mining
(pages 535-539)
Isabel Ramos, João Álvaro Carvalho
Scientific or organizational knowledge creation has been addressed from different perspectives along the history of science and, in particular, of...
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Constructionist Perspective of Organizational Data Mining
Chapter 95
Contemporary IT-Assisted Retail Management
(pages 540-545)
Herbert Kotzab
Retailing can be defined as a set of specific business processes that add value to products and services sold to end users (e.g., Levy & Weitz...
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Contemporary IT-Assisted Retail Management
Chapter 96
Content Description for Face Animation
(pages 546-549)
Ali Arya
Face animation is a challenging area of computer graphics and multimedia systems research (Parke, 1996). Realistic personalized face animation is...
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Content Description for Face Animation
Chapter 97
Content Management in Organizations
(pages 550-555)
Anne Honkaranta, Pasi Tyrvainen
Content management may be characterized as "a variety of tools and methods that are used together to collect, process, and deliver content of...
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Content Management in Organizations
Chapter 98
Content-Based Image Retrieval Query Paradigms
(pages 556-563)
Colin C. Venters, Richard J. Hartley, William T. Hewitt
The proliferation in volume of digital image data has exacerbated the general image retrieval problem, creating a need for efficient storage and...
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Content-Based Image Retrieval Query Paradigms
Chapter 99
Content-Based Retrieval Concept
(pages 564-568)
Yung-Kuan Chan, Chin-Chen Chang
Because of the demand for efficient management in images, much attention has been paid to image retrieval over the past few years. The text-based...
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Content-Based Retrieval Concept
Chapter 100
Context-Aware Framework for ERP
(pages 569-572)
Farhad Daneshgar
Like many existing ERP models (e.g., Podolsky, 1998; Van Stijn & Wensley, 2001), the OOAB framework is also based on a widely accepted assumption...
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Context-Aware Framework for ERP
Chapter 101
Contextual Metadata for Document Databases
(pages 573-576)
Virpi Lyytikainen, Pasi Tiitinen, Airi Salminen
Metadata has always been an important means to support accessibility of information in document collections. Metadata can be, for example...
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Contextual Metadata for Document Databases
Chapter 102
Contingency Theory, Agent-Based Systems, and a Virtual Advisor
(pages 577-583)
John R. Burrett, Lisa Burnell, John W. Priest
In this article, we investigate the potential of using a synthesis of organizational research, traditional systems analysis techniques, and...
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Contingency Theory, Agent-Based Systems, and a Virtual Advisor
Chapter 103
Contract-Based Workflow Design Patterns in M-Commerce
(pages 584-589)
V. K. Murthy, E. V. Krishnamurthy
This overview describes an object-based workflow paradigm to support long and short duration transactions in a mobile e-commerce (or m-commerce)...
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Contract-Based Workflow Design Patterns in M-Commerce
Chapter 104
Contracting Mechanisms in the IS/IT Outsourcing Phenomenon
(pages 590-595)
Abdulwahed Mohammed Khalfan, Majed Z. Al-Hajery, Khamis Al-Gharbi
As organisations need diverse and high quality IS/IT services to survive and excel in the rapidly changing business environment (Lacity & Willcocks...
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Contracting Mechanisms in the IS/IT Outsourcing Phenomenon
Chapter 105
Cooperation of Geographic and Multidimensional Databases
(pages 596-602)
Elaheh Pourabbas
In recent years, the enormous increase of independent databases widely accessible through computer networks has strongly motivated the...
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Cooperation of Geographic and Multidimensional Databases
Chapter 106
Credit Card Users' Data Mining
(pages 603-605)
André de Carvalho, Antonio P. Braga, Tersea Ludermir
The widespread use of databases and the fast increase in the volume of data they store are creating problems and new opportunities for credit...
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Credit Card Users' Data Mining
Chapter 107
Critical Realism as an Underlying Philosophy for IS Research
(pages 606-610)
Philip J. Dobson
Many recent articles from within the information systems (IS) arena present an old-fashioned view of realism. For example, Iivari, Hirschheim, and...
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Critical Realism as an Underlying Philosophy for IS Research
Chapter 108
Critical Realism in IS Research
(pages 611-616)
Sven A. Carlsson
The Information Systems (IS) field is dominated by research approaches and theories based in positivism (Arnott, Pervan, O'Donnell, & Dodson, 2004;...
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Critical Realism in IS Research
Chapter 109
Critical Strategies for IS Projects
(pages 617-621)
Dane Peterson, Chung S. Kim
Despite enormous progress in the methodologies and technologies used in the development and implementation of information systems (IS), the failure...
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Critical Strategies for IS Projects
Chapter 110
Critical Success Factors for Distance Education Programs
(pages 622-627)
Ben Martz, Venkat Reddy
Distance education is playing an ever-growing role in the education industry. As such, it is prudent to explore and understand driving conditions...
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Critical Success Factors for Distance Education Programs
Chapter 111
Critical Success Factors of ERP Implementation
(pages 628-633)
Leopoldo E. Colmenares, Jim O. Otieno
An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is an integrated set of programs that provides support for core organizational activities, such as...
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Critical Success Factors of ERP Implementation
Chapter 112
Critical Trends in Telecommunications
(pages 634-639)
John H. Nugent
As in all industries, in order to win in a market, it is important to know as much as possible about that market and have at one's disposal tools...
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Critical Trends in Telecommunications
Chapter 113
Cross-Cultural Research in MIS
(pages 640-644)
Elena Karahanna, Roberto Evaristo, Mark Srite
"Globalization of business highlights the need to understand the management of organizations that span different nations and cultures" (Srite et...
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Cross-Cultural Research in MIS
Chapter 114
Cross-Culture Communication
(pages 645-654)
Andrew Targowski, Ali Metwalli
In this millennium, global organizations will increasingly focus on the critical value of the cross-cultural communication process, efficiency...
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Cross-Culture Communication
Chapter 115
Culture and Anonymity in GSS Meetings
(pages 655-659)
Moez Limayem
Group support systems (GSSs) are an increasingly popular means of aiding decision making in a variety of organizational settings, by combining the...
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Culture and Anonymity in GSS Meetings
Chapter 116
Current Multicast Technology
(pages 660-667)
Gabor Hosszu
Multicast technology is one-to-many communication, oppositely from the usual one-to-one (unicast) communication, which provides an efficient...
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Current Multicast Technology
Chapter 117
Current Network Security Systems
(pages 668-674)
Göran Pulkkis, Kaj Grahn, Peik Astrom
Network security is defined as "a set of procedures, practices and technologies for protecting network servers, network users and their surrounding...
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Current Network Security Systems
Chapter 118
Curriculum Development in Web-Based Education
(pages 675-679)
Johanna Lammintakanen, Sari Rissanen
A paradigm shift has taken place in the last decade, with a move from traditional to Web-based education at different educational levels (Harasim...
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Curriculum Development in Web-Based Education
Chapter 119
Data Collection Methodologies for Web-Based Experiments
(pages 680-684)
Stu Westin
Experimental studies involving the use of the World Wide Web (WWW) are becoming increasingly common in disciplines such as management information...
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Data Collection Methodologies for Web-Based Experiments
Chapter 120
Data Communications and E-Learning
(pages 685-690)
Michael W. Dixon, Johan M. Karlsson, Tanya J. McGill
Information and communications technology (ICT) has increasingly influenced higher education. Computer-based packages and other learning objects...
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Data Communications and E-Learning
Chapter 121
Data Dissemination in Mobile Databases
(pages 691-697)
Agustinus Borgy Waluyo, Bala Srinivasan, David Taniar
The development of wireless technology has led to mobile computing, a new era in data communication and processing (Barbara, 1999; Myers & Beigl...
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Data Dissemination in Mobile Databases
Chapter 122
Data Mining and Mobile Business Data
(pages 698-702)
Richi Nayak
Research and practices in mobile (m-) business have seen an exponential growth in the last decade (CNN, 2002; Leisen, 2000; McDonough, 2002; Purba...
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Data Mining and Mobile Business Data
Chapter 123
Data Mining for Combining Forecasts in Inventory Management
(pages 703-707)
Chi Kin Chan
The traditional approach to forecasting involves choosing the forecasting method judged most appropriate of the available methods and applying it to...
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Data Mining for Combining Forecasts in Inventory Management
Chapter 124
Data Mining for Supply Chain Management in Complex Networks
(pages 708-713)
Mahesh S. Raisinghani, Manoj K. Singh
Supply chain comprises the flow of products, information, and money. In traditional supply chain management, business processes are disconnected...
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Data Mining for Supply Chain Management in Complex Networks
Chapter 125
Data Mining in Franchise Organizations
(pages 714-722)
Ye-Sho Chen, Bin Zhang, Bob Justis
Franchising has been a popular business approach given the high rate of business failures (Justis & Judd, 2002; Thomas & Seid, 2000), and its...
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Data Mining in Franchise Organizations
Chapter 126
Data Mining in Practice
(pages 723-728)
Sherry Y. Chen, Xiaohui Liu
There is an explosion in the amount of data that organizations generate, collect, and store. Organizations are gradually relying more on new...
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Data Mining in Practice
Chapter 127
Data Warehouse Development
(pages 729-733)
José María Cavero Barca, Esperanza Marcos Martinez, Mario G. Piattini, Adolfo Sánchez de Miguel
The concept of data warehouse first appeared in Inmon (1993) to describe a "subject oriented, integrated, non-volatile, and time variant collection...
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Data Warehouse Development
Chapter 128
Database Integrity
(pages 734-738)
Jorge H. Doorn
One of the factors that stimulated the development of database technology was the need to guarantee the consistency of the stored data. On the other...
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Database Integrity
Chapter 129
Database Support for M-Commerce
(pages 739-744)
Hong Va Leong
M-commerce applications have evolved out of e-commerce applications, riding on the rapid advancement in mobile communication technologies in the...
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Database Support for M-Commerce
Chapter 130
Database Technologies on the Web
(pages 745-749)
J. F. Aldana Montes, A. C. Gómez Lora, N. Moreno Vergara, I. Navas Delgado, M. M. Roldán Garcia
Database community has been seriously disturbed with the Web technologies expansion. Particularly, two reports have produced a special commotion in...
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Database Technologies on the Web
Chapter 131
Decision Support Systems Concept
(pages 750-753)
Daniel J. Power
Since the late 1960s, researchers have been developing and implementing computerized systems to support management decision makers. A number of...
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Decision Support Systems Concept
Chapter 132
Decision Support Systems in Small Businesses
(pages 754-758)
Yanqing Duan, Mark Xu
Decision support systems (DSSs) are widely used in many organisations (Arslan et al., 2004; Belecheanu et al., 2003; Dey, 2001; Gopalakrishnan et...
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Decision Support Systems in Small Businesses
Chapter 133
Decision-Making Support Systems
(pages 759-765)
Guisseppi Forgionne, Manuel Mora, Jatinder N.D. Gupta, Ovsei Gelman
Decision-making support systems (DMSS) are specialized computer-based information systems designed to support some, several or all phases of the...
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Decision-Making Support Systems
Chapter 134
Decision-Making Support Systems and Representation Levels
(pages 766-771)
Jean-Charles Pomerol, Frédéric Adam
The concept of Decision Support System (DSS), which was first coined by Gorry and Scott Morton (1971), was proposed in an attempt to focus the...
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Decision-Making Support Systems and Representation Levels
Chapter 135
Defining and Understanding ERP Systems
(pages 772-778)
David Sammon, Frédéric Adam
The last 15 years have seen the emergence on the software market of a category of software called Enterprise Resource Planning systems or ERP, which...
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Defining and Understanding ERP Systems
Chapter 136
Delineating Knowledge Flows for Enterprise Agility
(pages 779-785)
Mark E. Nissen
The practice of knowledge management (KM) purports to take the power of knowledge to the group, organization and even enterprise level (Davenport &...
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Delineating Knowledge Flows for Enterprise Agility
Chapter 137
Delivering Web-Based Education
(pages 786-790)
Kathryn A. Marold
A decade of hindsight allows us to examine the phenomenon of Web-based course delivery and evaluate its successes and failures. When Web-delivered...
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Delivering Web-Based Education
Chapter 138
Democratic E-Governance
(pages 791-796)
Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko
The changing role of the state and a managerialist view of the operations of public-sector organizations gave rise to the idea of new public...
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Democratic E-Governance
Chapter 139
Departure of the Expert Systems Project Champion
(pages 797-801)
Janice C. Sipior
The impact of cultural diversity on group interactions through technology is an active research area. Current research has found that a student's...
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Departure of the Expert Systems Project Champion
Chapter 140
Design Levels for Distance and Online Learning
(pages 802-809)
Judith V. Boettcher
The importance of design for instructional programs — whether on campus or online or at a distance — increases with the possible combinations of...
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Design Levels for Distance and Online Learning
Chapter 141
Designing Agents with Negotiation Capabilities
(pages 810-815)
Jana Polgar
Agents are viewed as the next significant software abstraction, and it is expected they will become as ubiquitous as graphical user interfaces are...
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Designing Agents with Negotiation Capabilities
Chapter 142
Designing High Performance Virtual Teams
(pages 816-821)
Ian K. Wong, D. Sandy Staples
In the past several decades, we have seen tremendous advancements in the development of communication technology. Since the invention of the...
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Designing High Performance Virtual Teams
Chapter 143
Designing Hypertext and the Web
(pages 822-826)
Yin-Leng Theng
Hypertext and Web technology still continue to excite many, ever since it became popular in the late 1980s. Early visionary thinkers such as Bush...
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Designing Hypertext and the Web
Chapter 144
Designing OMIS-Based Collaboration for Learning Organizations
(pages 827-830)
Kam Hou Vat
Today, the view that knowledge is a valuable organizational resource has become widely recognized and accepted in the business community. This is...
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Designing OMIS-Based Collaboration for Learning Organizations
Chapter 145
Designing Web Applications
(pages 831-836)
Gustavo Rossi, Daniel Schwabe
The World Wide Web (WWW) has become the most widely used platform for application development and information delivery. Web applications have...
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Designing Web Applications
Chapter 146
Developing Dynamic Balanced Scorecards
(pages 837-843)
Pallab Saha
With the advent of scientific management in the late 19th century came attempts to increase worker efficiency by setting standards for various...
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Developing Dynamic Balanced Scorecards
Chapter 147
Developing Trust in Virtual Teams
(pages 844-848)
Niki Panteli
During the last few years, there has been an increasing acknowledgment of the importance of trust in business interactions within the management and...
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Developing Trust in Virtual Teams
Chapter 148
Diffusion of E-Learning as an Educational Innovation
(pages 849-852)
Petek Askar, Ugur Halici
Most of the discussions related to education are about technological innovations. Indeed as Rogers (1995) stated, we often use the word "innovation"...
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Diffusion of E-Learning as an Educational Innovation
Chapter 149
Diffusion of Innovations in Organisations
(pages 853-857)
Davood Askarany
During the past two decades, the world has witnessed a significant change in the nature of the technological and administrative practices and...
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Diffusion of Innovations in Organisations
Chapter 150
Diffusion Patterns of the Internet Technology Cluster in Irish SMEs
(pages 858-863)
James Griffin
Electronic commerce has been recognised as a source of fundamental, pan-sectoral change to the conduct of business; Chan and Swatman (2000) use the...
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Diffusion Patterns of the Internet Technology Cluster in Irish SMEs
Chapter 151
Digital Asset Management Concepts
(pages 864-869)
Ramesh Subramanian
Dramatic changes have occurred on the corporate front in the last few years, as more and more businesses have started to conduct commerce on the...
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Digital Asset Management Concepts
Chapter 152
Digital Government and Individual Privacy
(pages 870-874)
Patrick R. Mullen
Individual privacy is freedom from excessive intrusion by those seeking personal information about the individual. This allows the individual to...
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Digital Government and Individual Privacy
Chapter 153
Digital Literacy and the Position of the End-User
(pages 875-879)
Steven Utsi, Joost Lowyck
As an educational setting, the traditional classroom fails to meet the learner's need for suitable skills to learn with educational software. The...
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Digital Literacy and the Position of the End-User
Chapter 154
Digitization of Library Information and Its Accessibility for People with Disabilities
(pages 880-885)
Axel Schmetzke
After 20 years of digitization efforts, hardly a single type of library information resource remains that has not shifted, at least to some extent...
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Digitization of Library Information and Its Accessibility for People with Disabilities
Chapter 155
Dimensions of Database Quality
(pages 886-891)
John A. Hoxmeier
The ultimate objective of database analysis, design, and implementation is to establish an electronic repository that faithfully represents the...
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Dimensions of Database Quality
Chapter 156
Discovery of Classification Rules from Databases
(pages 892-896)
Graeme Richards, Beatriz de la Iglesia
In descriptive data mining, the objective is to build an understandable model that provides insight into the behaviour or characteristics of some...
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Discovery of Classification Rules from Databases
Chapter 157
Distance Education Success Factors
(pages 897-901)
Cathy Cavanaugh
While effective distance education has been practiced and studied for centuries, it has been in just the last decade that networked digital...
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Distance Education Success Factors
Chapter 158
Distributed Construction through Participatory Design
(pages 902-906)
Panayiotis Zaphiris, Andrew Laghos, Giorgos Zacharia
This article presents an empirical study of an online learning community that collaborates with the course design team under the Participatory...
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Distributed Construction through Participatory Design
Chapter 159
Distributed Recommender Systems for Internet Commerce
(pages 907-911)
Badrul M. Sarwar, Joseph A. Konstan, John T. Riedl
Recommender systems (RSs) present an alternative information-evaluation approach based on the judgements of human beings (Resnick & Varian, 1997)....
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Distributed Recommender Systems for Internet Commerce
Chapter 160
Dot-Coming SMEs in Singapore for the New Economy
(pages 912-917)
Leo Tan Wee Hin, Ramesh Subramaniam
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a very significant role in the economies of all countries. They outnumber big corporations, and are...
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Dot-Coming SMEs in Singapore for the New Economy
Chapter 161
DRM Technology for Mobile Multimedia
(pages 918-923)
Sai Ho Kwok
Mobile multimedia has been promoted as a promising service and application in mobile e-commerce (m-commerce) by many mobile operators and mobile...
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DRM Technology for Mobile Multimedia
Chapter 162
Dynamic Multidimensional Data Cubes for Interactive Analysis of Massive Datasets
(pages 924-929)
Mirek Riedewald, Divyakant Agrawal
Rapidly improving computing and networking technology enables enterprises to collect data from virtually all its business units. The main challenge...
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Dynamic Multidimensional Data Cubes for Interactive Analysis of Massive Datasets
Chapter 163
E-Business Systems Security for Intelligent Enterprise
(pages 930-933)
Denis Trcek
Security became a topic of research with the introduction of networked information systems, or networked IS, in the early eighties. In the...
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E-Business Systems Security for Intelligent Enterprise
Chapter 164
E-Business Transaction in Web Integrated Network Environment
(pages 934-938)
V. K. Murthy, E .V. Krishnamurthy
The World Wide Web (or the "Web") is revolutionizing the concept of service -oriented computing. It permits the integration of the local area...
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E-Business Transaction in Web Integrated Network Environment
Chapter 165
E-Collaboration Support Systems: Issues to be Addressed
(pages 939-945)
Nikos Karacapilidis
Removal of communication impediments and provision for techniques that systematically direct the pattern, timing, and content of cooperative...
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E-Collaboration Support Systems: Issues to be Addressed
Chapter 166
Ecological Models and Information Systems Curriculum
(pages 946-950)
Arthur Tatnall, Bill Davey
To those of us involved in research and teaching in information systems (IS) it is clear that curriculum innovation and change is complex, and...
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Ecological Models and Information Systems Curriculum
Chapter 167
E-Commerce Curriculum
(pages 951-956)
Linda V. Knight, Susy S. Chan
This article begins by tracing the rapid development of e-commerce curricula in response to demand from employers and students, and the subsequent...
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E-Commerce Curriculum
Chapter 168
E-Commerce Taxation Issues
(pages 957-961)
Mhesh S. Raisinghani, Dan S. Petty
This article is designed to give the reader a balanced perspective on some of the issues surrounding the current discussions related to state and...
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E-Commerce Taxation Issues
Chapter 169
E-Commerce Training for SMEs
(pages 962-965)
Yanqing Duan
E-commerce offers companies tremendous opportunities to improve their business performance in new and innovative ways. However, its potential...
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E-Commerce Training for SMEs
Chapter 170
eCRM in a Manufacturing Environment
(pages 966-971)
Aberdeen Leila Borders, Wesley J. Johnston
This article examines the issue of electronic customer relationship management (eCRM) in a manufacturing context. eCRM has been described as the...
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eCRM in a Manufacturing Environment
Chapter 171
Educating the Business Information Technologist
(pages 972-975)
John Mendonca
The ways in which computers have been applied to business have evolved over the past 40 years. In the commonly accepted three-era model of applied...
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Educating the Business Information Technologist
Chapter 172
Effective Learning Through Optimum Distance Among Team Members
(pages 976-979)
Bishwajit Choudhary
For several years, researchers have argued that too much closeness or distance among the team members inhibits intellectual debate and lowers the...
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Effective Learning Through Optimum Distance Among Team Members
Chapter 173
Efficient Multirate Filtering
(pages 980-984)
Ljiljana D. Milic
Efficient multirate filters have been developed during the past three decades for implementation of digital filters with stringent spectral...
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Efficient Multirate Filtering
Chapter 174
E-Government Interoperability
(pages 985-989)
Dirk Werth
The rise of the Internet has structurally changed not only the business area, but also governments and administrative authorities. The usage of...
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E-Government Interoperability
Chapter 175
E-Government, E-Democracy and the Politicians
(pages 990-994)
Birgit Jaeger
The development of Electronic or Digital Government (E-Government) has varied throughout the world. Although we give it the same name, we know from...
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E-Government, E-Democracy and the Politicians
Chapter 176
Eight Key Elements of Successful Self-Funding E-Learning Programs
(pages 995-1000)
Yair Levy, Michelle M. Ramim
The Greek philosopher Aristotle indicated that learning is the outcome of both teaching and practice. Clearly, learning is not confined exclusively...
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Eight Key Elements of Successful Self-Funding E-Learning Programs
Chapter 177
E-Learning Environment
(pages 1001-1005)
Mizue Kayama, Toshio Okamoto
Nowadays, the concept/system of e-learning (or eLearning) is widespread with the advent and prevalence of the Internet. Via the Internet, people can...
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E-Learning Environment
Chapter 178
Electronic Commerce Policies for Dutch SMEs
(pages 1006-1011)
Maria-Eugenia Iacob, Piet Boekhoudt, Freek Ebeling
Dutch small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are one of The Netherlands' most important sources of wealth creation and employment. No less than 99% of...
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Electronic Commerce Policies for Dutch SMEs
Chapter 179
Electronic Government Strategies and Research in the U.S.
(pages 1012-1017)
Charles C. Hinnant, Steve Sawyer
Since the mid-1990s, adoption of wide-area computer networks, such as the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), by the public, educational...
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Electronic Government Strategies and Research in the U.S.
Chapter 180
Electronic/Digital Government Innovation, and Publishing Trends with IT
(pages 1018-1023)
Yukiko Inoue, Suzanne T. Bell
With scientific achievement and technological advancement, "American society is poised for a radical shift in the manner in which individuals learn...
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Electronic/Digital Government Innovation, and Publishing Trends with IT
Chapter 181
E-Mail and Communication
(pages 1024-1029)
Dianne Willis
Electronic mail is the most frequently used application of the Internet. IDC research in 2002 suggested that the daily output of e-mails will reach...
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E-Mail and Communication
Chapter 182
E-Mail as a Strategic Tool in Organizations
(pages 1030-1033)
Denise Johnson McManus, Houston Hume Carr
During the past decade, strategic information technology (IT) applications, such as electronic mail (e-mail), have been used to gain competitive...
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E-Mail as a Strategic Tool in Organizations
Chapter 183
E-Mail Usage in South Pacific Distance Education
(pages 1034-1039)
Jonathan Frank, Janet Toland, Karen D. Schenk
The impact of cultural diversity on group interactions through technology is an active research area. Current research has found that a student's...
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E-Mail Usage in South Pacific Distance Education
Chapter 184
Empirical Study of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in Thailand
(pages 1040-1044)
Chalermsak Lertwongsatien, Nitaya Wongpinunwatana
It was predicted that in 2004, e-commerce would generate worldwide revenue as high as $6.9 trillion, and the number of Internet users would grow as...
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Empirical Study of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in Thailand
Chapter 185
End-User Computing Success Measurement
(pages 1045-1051)
Conrad Shayo, Ruth A. Guthrie
End-user computing (EUC) is the optional development of computer applications and models by personnel (individuals or groups) outside the MIS...
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End-User Computing Success Measurement
Chapter 186
Engineering Emotionally Intelligent Agents
(pages 1052-1056)
Penny Baillie-de Byl, Mark Toleman
Traditionally, philosophers have defined emotions to be interruptions to otherwise logical states of being (Smith & Kirby, 2000). The recent...
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Engineering Emotionally Intelligent Agents
Chapter 187
Enhanced Knowledge Warehouse
(pages 1057-1062)
Krzysztof Wecel, Witold Abramowicz, Pawel Jan Kalczynski
Enhanced knowledge warehouse (eKW) is an extension of the enhanced data warehouse (eDW) system (Abramowicz, 2002). eKW is a Web services-based...
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Enhanced Knowledge Warehouse
Chapter 188
Enhancing Competitiveness of B2B and B2C E-Commerce
(pages 1063-1069)
Henry Aigbedo
A framework that is often used to describe the transformation of society relates to the percentage of people involved in or impacted by a given...
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Enhancing Competitiveness of B2B and B2C E-Commerce
Chapter 189
Enhancing Workplaces with Constructive Online Recreation
(pages 1070-1074)
Jo Ann Oravec
Organizations have become more permeable— integrating more influences from the outside world— as participants engage in such online diversions as...
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Enhancing Workplaces with Constructive Online Recreation
Chapter 190
Enterprise Resource Planning and Integration
(pages 1075-1082)
Karl Kurbel
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a state-of-the-art approach to running organizations with the help of comprehensive information systems...
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Enterprise Resource Planning and Integration
Chapter 191
Enterprise Resource Planning and Systems Integration
(pages 1083-1088)
Mark I. Hwang
Systems integration has been an important topic ever since businesses started using mainframes to run their back-office operations. These systems...
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Enterprise Resource Planning and Systems Integration
Chapter 192
Enterprise Resource Planning for Intelligent Enterprises
(pages 1089-1094)
Jose M. Framinan
Enterprise resource planning systems can be defined as customizable, standard application software that includes integrated business solutions for...
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Enterprise Resource Planning for Intelligent Enterprises
Chapter 193
Enterprise Resource Planning Maintenance Concepts
(pages 1095-1101)
Celeste See-pui Ng
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is packaged software, and the accompanying set of best practices designed to integrate and serve different...
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Enterprise Resource Planning Maintenance Concepts
Chapter 194
ERP Adoption in Indian Organizations
(pages 1102-1107)
Monideepa Tarafdar
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate various functions and processes in organizations. ERP software is developed in the form of...
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ERP Adoption in Indian Organizations
Chapter 195
Essentials of Functional and Object-Oriented Methodology
(pages 1108-1115)
Peretz Shoval, Judith Kabeli
Many paradigms for system analysis and design have been proposed over the years. Early approaches have advocated the functional approach. Common...
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Essentials of Functional and Object-Oriented Methodology
Chapter 196
Ethical Implications of Investigating Internet Relationships
(pages 1116-1120)
Monica T. Whitty
The focus on Internet relationships has escalated in recent times, with researchers investigating such areas as the development of online...
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Ethical Implications of Investigating Internet Relationships
Chapter 197
Ethics of New Technologies
(pages 1121-1124)
Joe Gilbert
Information processing has been done through telling stories, drawing on cave walls, writing on parchment, printing books, talking on telephones...
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Ethics of New Technologies
Chapter 198
Evaluating Computer-Supported Learning Initiatives
(pages 1125-1129)
John B. Nash, Cristoph Richter, Heidrun Allert
The call for the integration of program evaluation into the development of computer-supported learning environments is ever increasing. Pushed not...
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Evaluating Computer-Supported Learning Initiatives
Chapter 199
Evaluating IS Quality as a Measure of IS Effectiveness
(pages 1130-1133)
Carla Wilkin
An enduring question in information systems research and practice concerns evaluation of the impact of information systems (IS). It endures, as to...
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Evaluating IS Quality as a Measure of IS Effectiveness
Chapter 200
Evaluation of an Open Learning Environment
(pages 1134-1137)
Geraldine Clarebout, Jan Elen, Joost Lowyck, Jeff Van den Ende, Erwin Van den Enden
Educational goals have generally shifted from knowing everything in a specific domain to knowing how to deal with complex problems. Reasoning and...
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Evaluation of an Open Learning Environment
Chapter 201
Evolution of ERP Systems
(pages 1138-1143)
Mohammad A. Rashid
The functional units of today's complex business environment require more and more interfunctional data flow for decision making, timely and...
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Evolution of ERP Systems
Chapter 202
Exception Rules in Data Mining
(pages 1144-1148)
Olena Daly, David Taniar
Data mining is a process of discovering new, unexpected, valuable patterns from existing databases (Frawley, Piatetsky-Shapiro, & Matheus, 1991)....
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Exception Rules in Data Mining
Chapter 203
Executive Judgment in E-Business Strategy
(pages 1149-1154)
Valerie Baker, Tim Coltman
One of the main strategic challenges for organizations today is to effectively manage change and stay competitive in the future. Change appears to...
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Executive Judgment in E-Business Strategy
Chapter 204
Expanding Data Mining Power with System Dynamics
(pages 1155-1161)
Edilberto Casado
Business intelligence (BI) is a key topic in business today, since it is focused on strategic decision making and on the search of value from...
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Expanding Data Mining Power with System Dynamics
Chapter 205
Experiential Perspective on Knowledge Management
(pages 1162-1168)
V. P. Kochikar, J. K. Suresh
The last few decades have seen a growing proportion of organizational wealth being represented by intangible assets, i.e., assets with value that...
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Experiential Perspective on Knowledge Management
Chapter 206
Extensions to UML Using Stereotypes
(pages 1169-1173)
Daniel Riesco, Marcela Daniele, Daniel Romero, German Montejano
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) allows to visualize, to specify, to build and to document the devices of a system that involves a great quantity...
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Extensions to UML Using Stereotypes
Chapter 207
Face Expression and Motion Analysis over Monocular Images
(pages 1174-1179)
Ana C. Andrés del Valle
As computers evolve towards becoming more human-oriented machines, human-computer interfaces, behavior-learning robots, and disable-adapted computer...
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Face Expression and Motion Analysis over Monocular Images
Chapter 208
Facial and Body Feature Extraction for Emotionally-Rich HCI
(pages 1180-1185)
Kostas Karpouzis, Athanasios Drosopoulos, Spiros Ioannou, Amaryllis Raouzaiou, Nicolas Tsapatsoulis, Stefanos Kollias
Emotionally-aware Man-Machine Interaction (MMI) systems are presently at the forefront of interest of the computer vision and artificial...
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Facial and Body Feature Extraction for Emotionally-Rich HCI
Chapter 209
Faculty Perceptions and Participation in Distance Education
(pages 1186-1189)
Kim E. Dooley, James R. Linder, Chanda Elbert, Timothy H. Murphy, Theresa P. Murphrey
Research in the field of distance education has recognized the need for a change and modification of the faculty role in teaching at a distance...
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Faculty Perceptions and Participation in Distance Education
Chapter 210
Fault Tolerance for Distributed and Networked Systems
(pages 1190-1196)
Wenbing Zhao, Louise E. Moser, P. Michael Melliar-Smith
The services provided by computers and communication networks are becoming more critical to our society. Such services increase the need for...
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Fault Tolerance for Distributed and Networked Systems
Chapter 211
Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems
(pages 1197-1200)
Imed Kacem
Planning and scheduling problems in various industrial environments are combinatorial and very difficult. Generally, it is extremely hard to solve...
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Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems
Chapter 212
Formal Development of Reactive Agent-Based Systems
(pages 1201-1204)
P. Kefalas, M. Holcombe, G. Eleftherakis, M. Gheorghe
Recent advances in both the testing and verification of software based on formal specifications have reached a point where the ideas can be applied...
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Formal Development of Reactive Agent-Based Systems
Chapter 213
Formal Methods in Software Engineering
(pages 1205-1211)
Aristides Dasso, Ana Funes
As a general rule, all engineering applications use mathematics or mathematical tools as a basis for their development. However, software...
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Formal Methods in Software Engineering
Chapter 214
Forward Engineering of UML Static Models
(pages 1212-1217)
Liliana Favre, Liliana Martinez, Claudia Pereira
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has emerged as a modeling language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting software-intensive...
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Forward Engineering of UML Static Models
Chapter 215
Franchising and Information Technology
(pages 1218-1225)
Ye-Sho Chen, Bin Zhang, Bob Justis
Franchising is "a business opportunity by which the owner (producer or distributor) of a service or a trademarked product grants exclusive rights to...
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Franchising and Information Technology
Chapter 216
From Digital Divide to Digital Dividend
(pages 1226-1230)
Nikhilesh Dholakia, Nir Kshetri
Despite rapidly falling costs of hardware, software, and telecommunications services, a wide gap persists between rich and poor nations in terms of...
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From Digital Divide to Digital Dividend
Chapter 217
Functional Dependency and Other Related Dependencies
(pages 1231-1235)
Robert A. Schultz
The invention and rise of the relational database starting in the 1960s was accompanied by the remarkable development of canonical design...
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Functional Dependency and Other Related Dependencies
Chapter 218
Functional Integration of Decision Making Support
(pages 1236-1242)
Guisseppi A. Forgionne
Because of the importance to individual, group, and organizational success, information systems research has examined ways to improve support for...
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Functional Integration of Decision Making Support
Chapter 219
Functionalities and Position of Manufacturing Execution Systems
(pages 1243-1248)
Vladimír Modrák
Efforts to separate unequivocally substantial signs of versatile tools of manufacturing management are usually marked by a narrowed view of the...
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Functionalities and Position of Manufacturing Execution Systems
Chapter 220
Fundamentals of Multirate Systems
(pages 1249-1252)
Gordana Javanovic-Dolecek
Digital signal processing (DSP) is an area of science and engineering that has been rapidly developed over the past years. This rapid development is...
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Fundamentals of Multirate Systems
Chapter 221
Future of Small Business E-Commerce
(pages 1253-1256)
Simpson Poon
The use of the Internet for business purposes among small businesses started quite early in the e-commerce evolution. In the beginning, innovative...
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Future of Small Business E-Commerce
Chapter 222
Gender and Computer Anxiety
(pages 1257-1265)
Sue E. Kase, Frank E. Ritter
Because of their ability to enhance productivity, computers have become ubiquitous in the workplace. By the early 1990s the use of computers in the...
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Gender and Computer Anxiety
Chapter 223
Generic Framework for Defining Domain-Specific Models
(pages 1266-1273)
Arnor Solberg, John Oldevik, Audun Jensvoll
As a result of the widespread popularity of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) (OMG, 2003-1), many companies have invested in introducing a...
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Generic Framework for Defining Domain-Specific Models
Chapter 224
Geographic Information Systems as Decision Tools
(pages 1274-1277)
Martin D. Crossland
Geographic information systems (GISs) as a technology have been studied and reported extensively and, not unexpectedly, in the field of geography....
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Geographic Information Systems as Decision Tools
Chapter 225
Geospatial Information Systems and Enterprise Collaboration
(pages 1278-1283)
Donald R. Morris-Jones, Dedric A. Carter
Organizations and teams are becoming increasingly more distributed as groups work to expand their global presence while rationalizing team members...
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Geospatial Information Systems and Enterprise Collaboration
Chapter 226
GIS-Based Accessibility Measures and Application
(pages 1284-1287)
Fahui Wang, Wei Lou
Accessibility refers to the relative ease by which the locations of activities, such as work, shopping and healthcare, can be reached from a given...
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GIS-Based Accessibility Measures and Application
Chapter 227
Global Implications of E-Commerce Tool and Artefact Creation
(pages 1288-1292)
Deborah Bunker
It is argued that Electronic Commerce (EC) platforms can be seen as artefacts—tools that are made, used, inherited and studied within a cultural...
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Global Implications of E-Commerce Tool and Artefact Creation
Chapter 228
Globalization of Consumer E-Commerce
(pages 1293-1298)
Daniel Brandon Jr.
This article reviews globalization aspects of "business to consumer" (B2C) electronic commerce. According to Computerworld, "Globalization is the...
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Globalization of Consumer E-Commerce
Chapter 229
Governance in IT Outsourcing Partnerships
(pages 1299-1304)
Erik Beulen
The literature first devoted attention to IT outsourcing partnerships in 1990 (Gantz, 1990; Rochester & Douglas, 1990). An IT outsourcing...
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Governance in IT Outsourcing Partnerships
Chapter 230
Governance Structures for IT in the Health Care Industry
(pages 1305-1308)
Reima Suomi
The pressures for the health care industry are well known and very similar in all developed countries (i.e., altering population, shortage of...
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Governance Structures for IT in the Health Care Industry
Chapter 231
Graph Encoding and Recursion Computation
(pages 1309-1316)
Yangjun Chen
It is a general opinion that relational database systems are inadequate for manipulating composite objects that arise in novel applications such as...
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Graph Encoding and Recursion Computation
Chapter 232
Harmonizing IT and Business Strategies
(pages 1317-1321)
Kevin Johnston
The alignment of business strategy with IT strategy has been a concern of chief information officers (CIOs) (Berkman, 2000; Croteau & Bergeron...
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Harmonizing IT and Business Strategies
Chapter 233
Heuristics in Medical Data Mining
(pages 1322-1326)
Susan E. George
Deriving—or discovering—information from data has come to be known as data mining. Within health care, the knowledge from medical mining has been...
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Heuristics in Medical Data Mining
Chapter 234
Hierarchies in Multidimensional Databases
(pages 1327-1332)
Elaheh Pourabbas
Hierarchies play a fundamental role in knowledge representation and reasoning. They have been considered as the structures created by abstraction...
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Hierarchies in Multidimensional Databases
Chapter 235
Histogram Generation from the HSV Color Space
(pages 1333-1337)
Shamik Sural, A. Vadivel, A. K. Majumdar
Digital image databases have seen an enormous growth over the last few years. However, since many image collections are poorly indexed or annotated...
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Histogram Generation from the HSV Color Space
Chapter 236
History and Future Development of Group Support Systems
(pages 1338-1343)
Ta-Tao Chuang, Wayne W. Huang, Yue Jeff Zhang
A group support system (GSS) is created with information technology (IT) and decision support techniques for assisting problem formulation and...
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History and Future Development of Group Support Systems
Chapter 237
How Teachers Use Instructional Design in Real Classrooms
(pages 1344-1348)
Patricia L. Rogers
From filmstrips and mimeographs, to computer-based simulations and virtual reality, technology seems to dominate teachers' lives as they master the...
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How Teachers Use Instructional Design in Real Classrooms
Chapter 238
Human Body Part Classification and Activity Recognition for Real-Time Systems
(pages 1349-1354)
Burak Ozer, Tiehan Lv, Wayne Wolf
Recent advances in camera and storage systems along with increased algorithmic and computational power of 3D graphics hardware are main factors...
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Human Body Part Classification and Activity Recognition for Real-Time Systems
Chapter 239
Human Motion Tracking and Recognition
(pages 1355-1360)
Niki Aifanti, Angel D. Sappa, Nikos Grammalidis, Sotiris Malassiotis
Tracking and recognition of human motion has become an important research area in computer vision. In real-world conditions it constitutes a...
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Human Motion Tracking and Recognition
Chapter 240
Hyper Video for Distance Learning
(pages 1361-1366)
Mario Bochicchio, Nicola Fiore
In general, the production of hypermedia applications is a complex and expensive task, requiring both technical skills and communicative abilities...
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Hyper Video for Distance Learning
Chapter 241
Hypothetical Reasoning Over Databases
(pages 1367-1371)
Lei Dang, Suzanne M. Embury
In recent years, the term agile organisation has been coined to denote an organisation which is able to change its working practices quickly in...
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Hypothetical Reasoning Over Databases
Chapter 242
ICTs as Participatory Vehicles
(pages 1372-1378)
Marc Holzer, Richard Schwester
While citizen participation is central to democratic governance, there is a noticeable disconnect between elected representatives and the citizenry...
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ICTs as Participatory Vehicles
Chapter 243
ICT-Supported Gaming for Competitive Intelligence
(pages 1379-1384)
Jan Achterbergh
Collecting and processing competitive intelligence for the purpose of strategy formulation are complex activities requiring deep insight in and...
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ICT-Supported Gaming for Competitive Intelligence
Chapter 244
Impacts of Intranet on PDO
(pages 1385-1390)
Khamis Al-Gharbi, Abdulwahed Mohammed Khalfan
In developing countries such as Oman, the introduction of information technologies is very recent and their use and effect have not been...
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Impacts of Intranet on PDO
Chapter 245
Impediments for Knowledge Sharing in Professional Service Firms
(pages 1391-1396)
Georg Disterer
Professional service firms (PSFs), where professionals (consultants, lawyers, accountants, tax advisors, etc.) work, are interested in knowledge...
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Impediments for Knowledge Sharing in Professional Service Firms
Chapter 246
Implementation Management of an E-Commerce-Enabled Enterprise Information System
(pages 1397-1401)
Joseph Sarkis, R. P. Sundarraj
The integration of enterprise systems and the supply chain to an organization is becoming more critical in an ever-changing, globally competitive...
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Implementation Management of an E-Commerce-Enabled Enterprise Information System
Chapter 247
Implementing an Online Academic Evaluation System
(pages 1402-1407)
William S. Lightfoot
The explosive growth of networks and the World Wide Web over the past decade has led to increased adoption of new applications by educational...
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Implementing an Online Academic Evaluation System
Chapter 248
Implementing the Shared Event Paradigm
(pages 1408-1413)
Dirk Trossen, Erik Molenaar
For collaboration among users, sharing audio-visual, textual, graphical, or even interface-related information is the essence of computer-supported...
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Implementing the Shared Event Paradigm
Chapter 249
Improving Public Sector Service Delivery through Knowledge Sharing
(pages 1414-1418)
Gillian H. Wright, W. Andrew Taylor
Since the publication of the first knowledge management article in Harvard Business Review (Nonaka, 1991), the world has witnessed a revolution in...
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Improving Public Sector Service Delivery through Knowledge Sharing
Chapter 250
Improving Virtual Teams through Creativity
(pages 1419-1424)
Teresa Torres-Coronas, Mila Gasco-Hernandez
Many studies have already shown how a team can become more creative, and therefore more efficient, but only a few researchers have focused on how a...
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Improving Virtual Teams through Creativity
Chapter 251
Inclusion Dependencies
(pages 1425-1430)
Laura C. Rivero
Inclusion dependencies support an essential semantics of the standard relational data model. An inclusion dependency is defined as the existence of...
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Inclusion Dependencies
Chapter 252
Incorporating Data Stream Analysis into Decision Support Systems
(pages 1431-1439)
Damianos Chatziantoniou, George Doukidis
Traditional decision support systems (DSS) and executive information systems (EIS) gather and present information from several sources for business...
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Incorporating Data Stream Analysis into Decision Support Systems
Chapter 253
Incremental Expansion of a Distributed Database System
(pages 1440-1445)
Amita Goyal Chin
Recent years have witnessed an increasing trend in the implementation of distributed database management systems (DDBMSs) for more effective access...
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Incremental Expansion of a Distributed Database System
Chapter 254
Inexperienced and Global Software Teams
(pages 1446-1451)
Kim Man Lui, Keith C.C. Chan
We dream of a way in which software can be quickly or even automatically produced. In the past, we achieved some success in some areas; however, we...
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Inexperienced and Global Software Teams
Chapter 255
Infocratic Perspective on the Delivery of Personal Financial Services
(pages 1452-1457)
Steve Gordon, Paul Mulligan
In recent years, two factors – an increasingly relaxed regulatory environment and the growth of the Internet — have changed the competitive...
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Infocratic Perspective on the Delivery of Personal Financial Services
Chapter 256
Information and Communication Technology Tools for Competitive Intelligence
(pages 1458-1463)
Dirk Vriens
Competitive intelligence (CI) can be described as collecting and processing information about the environment for strategic purposes (cf. Kahaner...
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Information and Communication Technology Tools for Competitive Intelligence
Chapter 257
Information Laws
(pages 1464-1470)
Andrew S. Targowski
Humankind progresses in proportion to its wisdom which has roots in practice, acquired skills, available data and information, concepts and...
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Information Laws
Chapter 258
Information Modeling in UML and ORM
(pages 1471-1475)
Terry Halpin
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was adopted by the Object Management Group (OMG) in 1997 as a language for object-oriented (OO) analysis and...
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Information Modeling in UML and ORM
Chapter 259
Information Resources Development Challenges in a Cross-Cultural Environment
(pages 1476-1481)
Wai K. Law
Western management theory considers information the lifeblood of organization. The sharing of information lubricates the interlocking divisions...
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Information Resources Development Challenges in a Cross-Cultural Environment
Chapter 260
Information Resources Development in China
(pages 1482-1486)
Maosheng Lai, Xin Fu, Liyang Zhang
In its several thousand years of social progress, China has put continuous efforts on cultural development, which to a certain extent contributed to...
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Information Resources Development in China
Chapter 261
Information Systems and Small Business
(pages 1487-1490)
M. Gordon Hunter
The subject area of the application of information systems to small business is a thoroughly interesting, yet relatively under-researched topic....
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Information Systems and Small Business
Chapter 262
Information Systems and Systems Theory
(pages 1491-1496)
Ovsei Gelman, Manuel Mora, Guisseppi Forgionne, Francisco Cervantes
The information systems (IS) field has been recognized as a scientific discipline since the 80's, as indicated by: (i) the existence of an...
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Information Systems and Systems Theory
Chapter 263
Information Systems and Technology in South Africa
(pages 1497-1502)
Anesh Maniraj Singh
South Africa, like most of its African neighbors, has a dual economy that sees formal and informal trading taking place side by side. Walking down...
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Information Systems and Technology in South Africa
Chapter 264
Information Technology Strategic Alignment
(pages 1503-1507)
Fernando José Barbin Laurindo, Marly Monteiro de Carvalho, Tamio Shimizu
Information technology (IT) has assumed an important position in the strategic functioning of leading companies in competitive markets (Porter...
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Information Technology Strategic Alignment
Chapter 265
Information Technology Usage in Nigeria
(pages 1508-1512)
Isola Ajiferuke, Wole Olatokun
The term information technology (IT) came into common use in the late 1980s, supplanting earlier terms such as electronic data processing systems...
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Information Technology Usage in Nigeria
Chapter 266
Informationbase - A New Information Sytem Layer
(pages 1513-1517)
Kovach Dragan
Information is a set of data purposefully organized into a report. In the database of an information system, only the raw material for the...
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Informationbase - A New Information Sytem Layer
Chapter 267
InfoSec Policy - The Basis for Effective Security Programs
(pages 1518-1523)
Herbert J. Mattord, Michael E. Whitman
The success of any information security program lies in policy development. The lack of success in any particular program can often be attributed to...
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InfoSec Policy - The Basis for Effective Security Programs
Chapter 268
Innovation Link Between Organization Knowledge and Customer Knowledge
(pages 1524-1528)
Helen Mitchell
In 1959 Penrose referred to the importance of knowledge for using resources more innovatively and profitably, and in the same year Drucker indicated...
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Innovation Link Between Organization Knowledge and Customer Knowledge
Chapter 269
Innovations for Online Collaborative Learning in Mathematics
(pages 1529-1534)
Rodney Nason, Eearl Woodruff
The field of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) has been growing in a number of areas and across a number of subjects (Koschmann...
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Innovations for Online Collaborative Learning in Mathematics
Chapter 270
Innovative Thinking in Software Development
(pages 1535-1539)
Aybüke Aurum
As we enter the third millennium, organizations have to cope with accelerating rates of change in technology and increased levels of competition on...
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Innovative Thinking in Software Development
Chapter 271
Instant Messaging Moves from the Home to the Office
(pages 1540-1544)
Ha Sung Hwang, Concetta M. Stewart
Instant messaging (IM) quickly established itself as one of the most popular modes of communication, with millions of people logging in at home, at...
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Instant Messaging Moves from the Home to the Office
Chapter 272
Institutional Dimensions of Information Systems Evaluation
(pages 1545-1548)
Vassilis Serafeimidis
Information systems (IS) evaluation is a complex organizational and social decision making process. IS evaluation has attracted a lot of interest...
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Institutional Dimensions of Information Systems Evaluation
Chapter 273
Integrated-Services Architecture for Internet Multimedia Applications
(pages 1549-1554)
Zhonghua Yang, Yanyan Yang, Yaolin Gu, Robert Gay
The Internet has gone from near invisibility to near ubiquity and penetrated into every aspect of society in the past few years (Department of...
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Integrated-Services Architecture for Internet Multimedia Applications
Chapter 274
Integrating Requirements Engineering Techniques and Formal Methods
(pages 1555-1559)
María Virginia Mauco, Daniel Riesco
Formal methods help to develop more reliable and secure software systems, and they are increasingly being accepted by industry. The RAISE1 Method...
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Integrating Requirements Engineering Techniques and Formal Methods
Chapter 275
Integrating Security in the Development Process with UML
(pages 1560-1566)
Folker den Braber, Mass Soldal Lund, Kentil Stolen, Fredrik Vraalsen
Today, most business processes and communications as well as a lot of everyday life situations involve IT technology. Apart from requirements on...
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Integrating Security in the Development Process with UML
Chapter 276
Integration Framework for Complex Systems
(pages 1567-1572)
Edward Szczerbicki
Information is seen as one of the main resources that systems analysts try to use in an optimal way. In this chapter we show how this resource can...
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Integration Framework for Complex Systems
Chapter 277
Integrative Document and Content Management Solutions
(pages 1573-1578)
Len Asprey, Michael Middleton
Developments in office automation, which provided multiple end-user authoring applications at the computer desktop, heralded a rapid growth in the...
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Integrative Document and Content Management Solutions
Chapter 278
Intelligent Agents for Competitive Advantage
(pages 1579-1583)
Mahesh S. Raisinghani, John H. Nugent
Since 1494 with the appearance of the double-entry accounting system, developed by Pacioli, those involved in business have attempted to measure...
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Intelligent Agents for Competitive Advantage
Chapter 279
Intelligent Business Portals
(pages 1584-1590)
Xue Li
Business Portals are now widely used in e-commerce. Intuitively Portals can be regarded as an information gateway for exchanging business...
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Intelligent Business Portals
Chapter 280
Intelligent Metabusiness
(pages 1591-1597)
Luiz Antonio Joia
In 1994, the Sloan School of Management at MIT inaugurated a multi-year research and education initiative called "Inventing the Organizations of the...
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Intelligent Metabusiness
Chapter 281
Intelligent Software Agents
(pages 1598-1602)
Alexa Heucke, Georg Peters, Roger Tagg
An agent, in traditional use of the word, is a person that acts on behalf of another person or group of persons. In software, the term agent is...
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Intelligent Software Agents
Chapter 282
Intelligent Software Agents in E-Commerce
(pages 1603-1606)
Mahesh S. Raisinghani, Cristpoher Klassen, Lawrence L. Schkade
Agent technology is one of the most widely discussed topics in information systems and computer science literature. New software products are being...
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Intelligent Software Agents in E-Commerce
Chapter 283
Interactivity and Amusement in Electronic Commerce
(pages 1607-1611)
Yuan Gao
The use of structural features such as text size, font, graphics, color, animation, video and audio has been widely explored in the traditional...
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Interactivity and Amusement in Electronic Commerce
Chapter 284
Interface Design Issues for Mobile Commerce
(pages 1612-1617)
Susy S. Chan, Xiaowen Fang
Effective interface design for mobile handheld devices facilitates user adoption of mobile commerce (m-commerce). Current wireless technology poses...
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Interface Design Issues for Mobile Commerce
Chapter 285
International Digital Studies Approach for Examining International Online Interactions
(pages 1618-1622)
Kirk St. Amant
As global access to the Internet increases, so does the potential for miscommunication in international online interactions (IOIs). Unfortunately...
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International Digital Studies Approach for Examining International Online Interactions
Chapter 286
Internet Abuse and Addiction in the Workplace
(pages 1623-1628)
Mark Griffiths
As with the introduction of other mass communication technologies, issues surrounding Internet use, abuse and addiction have surfaced. This article...
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Internet Abuse and Addiction in the Workplace
Chapter 287
Internet Data Mining Using Statistical Techniques
(pages 1629-1634)
Kuldeep Kumar
Data mining has emerged as one of the hottest topics in recent years. It is an extraordinarily broad area and is growing in several directions. With...
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Internet Data Mining Using Statistical Techniques
Chapter 288
Internet Diffusion in the Hospitality Industry
(pages 1635-1639)
Luiz Augusto Machado Mendes-Filho, Anatália Saraiva Martins Ramos
Tourism is the most important industry in the world in terms of the numbers of employees and its effect on the social and economical development of...
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Internet Diffusion in the Hospitality Industry
Chapter 289
Internet Support for Knowledge Management Systems
(pages 1640-1644)
Murray E. Jennex
Organizations are building and maintaining systems for managing organizational knowledge and memory. Users of these systems may not be at the same...
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Internet Support for Knowledge Management Systems
Chapter 290
Interoperability in Geospatial Information Systems
(pages 1645-1650)
Hassan A. Karimi, Ratchata Peachavanish
Geospatial information systems (GIS) are an important sector of the information industry, as well as an essential component of the information...
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Interoperability in Geospatial Information Systems
Chapter 291
Interoperability of Information Systems
(pages 1651-1656)
Cristophe Nicolle, Jean-Claude Simon, Kokou Yetongnon
An information system is a multilevel system characterized by a "data" level, a "behavioral" level, and a "communication" level. The data level...
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Interoperability of Information Systems
Chapter 292
Intranet Use and the Emergence of Networks of Practice
(pages 1657-1662)
Emmanuelle Vaast
Communities of practice (CoPs) are key to today's knowledge management (Schultze & Leidner, 2002; Von Krogh, 2002). Moreover, the capability of...
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Intranet Use and the Emergence of Networks of Practice
Chapter 293
Introducing Java to the IT Master's Curriculum
(pages 1663-1668)
Wendy Lucas
The object-oriented programming paradigm has gained popularity in both industry and academia, and Java is becoming the language of choice. Yet, it...
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Introducing Java to the IT Master's Curriculum
Chapter 294
IS Implementation in the UK Health Sector
(pages 1669-1672)
Stuart J. Barnes
Since the mid-1980s, the UK public sector has been the subject of wide-ranging reforms involving the introduction of IS and IT. Change has been...
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IS Implementation in the UK Health Sector
Chapter 295
IS Project Management Contemporary Research Challenges
(pages 1673-1678)
Maggie McPherson
Although project management is often said to have its roots in other traditional fields, such as construction, Morris (2002) asserts that modern...
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IS Project Management Contemporary Research Challenges
Chapter 296
Isochronous Distributed Multimedia Synchronization
(pages 1679-1684)
Zhonghua Yang, Yanyan Yang, Yaolin Gu, Robert Gay
A multimedia system is characterized by the integrated computer-controlled generation, manipulation, presentation, storage, and communication of...
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Isochronous Distributed Multimedia Synchronization
Chapter 297
Isoluminance Contours for Animated Visualization
(pages 1685-1691)
Marion Cottingham
Visualization software applications were introduced to enable the sheer volume of data produced by computers worldwide to be viewed in picture form....
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Isoluminance Contours for Animated Visualization
Chapter 298
Issues and Challenges for IT in Small Business
(pages 1692-1696)
Stephen Burgess
This article examines the main issues and challenges facing small business owners and managers in the manner in which they use information...
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Issues and Challenges for IT in Small Business
Chapter 299
Issues in Delivering Course Material Via the Web
(pages 1697-1701)
Karen S. Nantz
Web-based courses (Mesher, 1999) are defined as those where the entire course is taken on the Internet. In some courses, there may be an initial...
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Issues in Delivering Course Material Via the Web
Chapter 300
Issues of E-Learning in Third World Countries
(pages 1702-1707)
Shantha Fernando
Around the world, e-learning is becoming popular, especially among higher education institutes (universities). Many highly ranked universities have...
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Issues of E-Learning in Third World Countries
Chapter 301
IT Implementation in Small Business
(pages 1708-1713)
Elaine R. Winston, Dorothy G. Dologite
The small business owner's dominating role in any information technology (IT) implementation is well documented (Cragg & King, 1993; Doukidis...
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IT Implementation in Small Business
Chapter 302
IT Industry Success in Finland and New Zealand
(pages 1714-1720)
Rebecca Watson
At the beginning of the 21st century, information and communication technologies are creating global markets for goods and services. These...
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IT Industry Success in Finland and New Zealand
Chapter 303
IT Productivity Impacts in Manufacturing Contexts
(pages 1721-1727)
Kristina Setzekorn, Arun Rai, Arlyn J. Melcher
The fundamental questions of whether and how information technology (IT) contributes to firm performance have been answered in different ways. IT...
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IT Productivity Impacts in Manufacturing Contexts
Chapter 304
IT Supporting Strategy Formulation
(pages 1728-1734)
Jan Achterbergh
This overview approaches information and communication technology (ICT) for competitive intelligence from the perspective of strategy formulation....
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IT Supporting Strategy Formulation
Chapter 305
Java 2 Micro Edition for Wireless Enterprise
(pages 1735-1741)
Kin Choong Yow, Nadia N. Moertiyoso
For the last couple of years, the wireless industry has been experiencing tremendous growth. Wireless devices have become more intelligent and are...
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Java 2 Micro Edition for Wireless Enterprise
Chapter 306
Journalism Online in Peru
(pages 1742-1746)
Antonio Diaz-Andrade
Online journalism dates back to the end of the 1970s, when Knight-Ridder launched an initiative to develop a videotext service in the United States...
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Journalism Online in Peru
Chapter 307
Knowledge Discovery Solutions for Intelligent Enterprises
(pages 1747-1751)
Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Sushil K. Sharma
The exponential increase in information—primarily due to the electronic capture of data and its storage in vast data warehouses—has created a demand...
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Knowledge Discovery Solutions for Intelligent Enterprises
Chapter 308
Knowledge Discovery Using Heuristics
(pages 1752-1756)
Alina Lazar
Uninformed or blind search, which processes and evaluates all nodes of a search space in the worst case, is not realistic for extracting knowledge...
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Knowledge Discovery Using Heuristics
Chapter 309
Knowledge Exchange in Electronic Networks of Practice
(pages 1757-1762)
Robin Teigland, Molly Wasko
Communities of practice (CoPs) are regarded as essential building blocks of the knowledge economy, and organizations are promoting them as sources...
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Knowledge Exchange in Electronic Networks of Practice
Chapter 310
Knowledge Management and Social Learning
(pages 1763-1769)
Ali Irena, Leoni Warne
There are probably as many variations of knowledge management definitions as there are practitioners and researchers in the discipline. Complete...
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Knowledge Management and Social Learning
Chapter 311
Knowledge Management on the Web
(pages 1770-1777)
Ruidong Zhang
There are probably as many variations of knowledge management definitions as there are practitioners and researchers in the discipline. Complete...
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Knowledge Management on the Web
Chapter 312
Knowledge Management Systems Acceptance
(pages 1778-1782)
Fredrik Ericsson, Anders Avdic
The importance of knowledge management has been recognized both in academia and in practice. In recent years, corporations have started talking...
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Knowledge Management Systems Acceptance
Chapter 313
Knowledge, IT, and the Firm
(pages 1783-1787)
Petros A.M. Gelepithis
Knowledge management is a set of systematic actions that organizations can take to obtain the greatest value from the knowledge available to it...
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Knowledge, IT, and the Firm
Chapter 314
Knowledge-Based Support Environment
(pages 1788-1792)
Karen Neville, Philip Powell
No company has ever existed or will ever exist without knowledge. Still, it was only recently that knowledge started being heralded as the way...
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Knowledge-Based Support Environment
Chapter 315
Leader-Facilitated Relationship Building in Virtual Teams
(pages 1793-1798)
David J. Pauleen
Organizations and universities alike depend on the collection of the data pertaining to the purpose (Curtis, 1999) of the domain in which they...
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Leader-Facilitated Relationship Building in Virtual Teams
Chapter 316
Leapfrogging an IT Sector
(pages 1799-1802)
Eileen M. Trauth
How do virtual team leaders assess and respond to boundary crossing issues when building relationships with virtual team members? Virtual teams are...
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Leapfrogging an IT Sector
Chapter 317
(pages 1803-1806)
Philip Duchastel
Accompanying the global spread of the post-industrial society (Bell, 1973) are nations who see economic opportunity deriving from the development of...
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Chapter 318
Learning 3D Face-Animation Model
(pages 1807-1814)
Zhen Wen, Pengyu Hong, Jilin Tu, Thomas S. Huang
A synthetic human face is useful for visualizing information related to the human face. The applications include visual telecommunication (Aizawa &...
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Learning 3D Face-Animation Model
Chapter 319
Learning Portals as New Academic Spaces
(pages 1815-1819)
Katy Campbell
Many functional definitions emphasize a portal as an integrated system providing a gateway to organized data (c.f., Batson, 2000; Copeland, 2001;...
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Learning Portals as New Academic Spaces
Chapter 320
Learning Systems Engineering
(pages 1820-1826)
Valentina Plekhanova
Traditionally multi-agent learning is considered as the intersection of two subfields of artificial intelligence: multi-agent systems and machine...
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Learning Systems Engineering
Chapter 321
Legal Expert Systems in Administrative Organizations
(pages 1827-1830)
Jörgen S. Svensson
The term expert system comes from the world of artificial intelligence. Originally, it comprised the idea that computer programs can be devised to...
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Legal Expert Systems in Administrative Organizations
Chapter 322
Legal Issues of Virtual Organizations
(pages 1831-1833)
Claudia Cevenini
In the present economic context, organizations, especially of small and medium dimensions, can draw a substantial advantage by collaborating and...
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Legal Issues of Virtual Organizations
Chapter 323
Liability for System and Data Quality
(pages 1834-1837)
Robert D. Sprague
Accompanying the proliferation of computers in almost every facet of life is an underlying risk to financial well-being related to computer system...
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Liability for System and Data Quality
Chapter 324
Library Management and Organizational Change
(pages 1838-1843)
Ardis Hanson, Phyllis Ruscella, Kathy Arsenault, Joan Pelland, Derrie Perez, Beverly Shattuck
As academic libraries continue to develop a virtual presence, they must cope with the rapidly evolving rate of change and respond proactively to...
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Library Management and Organizational Change
Chapter 325
Life Cycle of ERP Systems
(pages 1844-1849)
Cesar Alexandre de Souza, Ronaldo Zwicker
The 90's witnessed an impressive growth of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in the market of corporate IT solutions. For instance, O´Leary...
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Life Cycle of ERP Systems
Chapter 326
Limited-Perspective Bias in Technology Projects
(pages 1850-1853)
Jo Ellen Moore, Lisa A. Burke
Limited-perspective bias is a human tendency to overestimate the completeness of what we know and to act on our own (limited) perspective of what is...
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Limited-Perspective Bias in Technology Projects
Chapter 327
Macromedia Flash on the Client and the Server
(pages 1854-1857)
Robert Barone
The Internet and more specifically the World Wide Web is a global communication environment. Either via a personal or commercial Web site, we seek...
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Macromedia Flash on the Client and the Server
Chapter 328
Management Considerations for B2B Online Exchanges
(pages 1858-1863)
Norm Archer
Information systems that link businesses for the purpose of inter-organizational transfer of business transaction information (inter-organizational...
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Management Considerations for B2B Online Exchanges
Chapter 329
Management of Cognitive and Affective Trust to Support Collaboration
(pages 1864-1869)
Diane H. Sonnenwald
Cognitive trust focuses on judgments of competence and reliability, and affective trust focuses on interpersonal bonds among individuals and...
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Management of Cognitive and Affective Trust to Support Collaboration
Chapter 330
Managing Hierarchies and Taxonomies in Relational Databases
(pages 1870-1874)
Ido Millet
The need to maintain classification and retrieval mechanisms that rely on concept hierarchies is as old as language itself. Familiar examples...
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Managing Hierarchies and Taxonomies in Relational Databases
Chapter 331
Managing Strategic IT Investment Decisions
(pages 1875-1879)
Tzu-Chuan Chou, Robert G. Dyson, Philip L. Powell
IT can have a significant impact on organizational performance, but it can also be a major inhibitor of change and can be a resource-hungry...
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Managing Strategic IT Investment Decisions
Chapter 332
Managing the Organizational Impacts of Information Systems
(pages 1880-1886)
Neil F. Doherty, Malcolm King
Information technology is now a ubiquitous and increasingly critical part of the fabric of the modern organization, supporting its day-to-day...
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Managing the Organizational Impacts of Information Systems
Chapter 333
Managing Value-Creation in the Digital Economy
(pages 1887-1890)
John C. McIntosh, Keng L. Siau
Value-creation and maintenance of a sustained revenue stream in the digital economy continue to elude most businesses. With the exception of...
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Managing Value-Creation in the Digital Economy
Chapter 334
Market of Resources for Agile/Virtual Enterprise Integration
(pages 1891-1898)
Maria Manuela Cunha, Goran D. Putnik
Fast change, uncertainty, and strong competition are challenges of the actual worldwide economic context. Competitiveness is a main requirement of...
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Market of Resources for Agile/Virtual Enterprise Integration
Chapter 335
Marketplace Architecture for Enterprise Integration
(pages 1899-1905)
Hamada H. Ghenniwa, Michael N. Huhns
Businesses today must be fast and flexible, responsive to customers, and cost effective in their operations. They must collaborate more frequently...
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Marketplace Architecture for Enterprise Integration
Chapter 336
Measurement Issues in Decision Support Systems
(pages 1906-1911)
William K. Holstein, Jakov Crnkovic
The past decade has seen tremendous progress in systems for information support-flexible and adaptable systems to support decision makers and to...
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Measurement Issues in Decision Support Systems
Chapter 337
Measuring Collaboration in Online Communications
(pages 1912-1916)
Albert L. Ingram
Collaboration has become a key concept in the workplace, in research laboratories, and in educational settings. Companies want members of different...
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Measuring Collaboration in Online Communications
Chapter 338
Media and Personal Involvement in the Perceptions of Data Quality
(pages 1917-1921)
Andrew Borchers
This article introduces the concepts of data quality as described in the literature and discusses research results on how individual perceptions of...
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Media and Personal Involvement in the Perceptions of Data Quality
Chapter 339
MESH Object-Oriented Hypermedia Framework
(pages 1922-1927)
Wilfried Lemahieu
Hypermedia systems represent data as a network of nodes, interconnected by links. The information embodied within the nodes can be accessed by means...
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MESH Object-Oriented Hypermedia Framework
Chapter 340
Metadata for Electronic Documents Using the Dublin Core
(pages 1928-1930)
Till Hanisch
The Dublin Core Element Set was developed at the OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop in Dublin (Ohio), 1995 (hence the name). It is maintained by the Dublin...
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Metadata for Electronic Documents Using the Dublin Core
Chapter 341
Methods for Understanding IS Failures
(pages 1931-1937)
Darren Dalcher
Researchers with a keen interest in information systems failures are faced with a double challenge. Not only is it difficult to obtain intimate...
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Methods for Understanding IS Failures
Chapter 342
Metrics for Data Warehouse Quality
(pages 1938-1944)
Manuel Serrano, Coral Calero, Mario Piattini
It is known that organizations are very rich in data but poor in information. Today, technology has made it possible for organizations to store vast...
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Metrics for Data Warehouse Quality
Chapter 343
Metrics for the Evaluation of Test-Delivery Systems
(pages 1945-1948)
Salvatore Valenti
Most solutions to the problem of delivering course content supporting both student learning and assessment nowadays imply the use of computers...
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Metrics for the Evaluation of Test-Delivery Systems
Chapter 344
Migrating Legacy Systems to the Web
(pages 1949-1954)
Lerina Aversano, Gerardo Canfora, Andrea De Lucia
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is defined as "the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve significant...
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Migrating Legacy Systems to the Web
Chapter 345
Minorities and the Digital Divide
(pages 1955-1959)
Lynette Kvasny, Fay Cobb Payton
Information and communication technologies (ICT) such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, and computers have become an integral part of America's...
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Minorities and the Digital Divide
Chapter 346
Mobile Agent Authentication and Authorization in E-Commerce
(pages 1960-1966)
Sheng-Uei Guan
With the increasing worldwide usage of the Internet, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has been catching on fast in a lot of businesses. As...
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Mobile Agent Authentication and Authorization in E-Commerce
Chapter 347
Mobile Commerce Technology
(pages 1967-1972)
Chung-wei Lee, Wen-Chen Hu, Jyh-haw Yeh
With the introduction of the World Wide Web, electronic commerce has revolutionized traditional commerce and boosted sales and exchanges of...
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Mobile Commerce Technology
Chapter 348
Mobile Location Services
(pages 1973-1977)
George M. Giaglis
The term "mobile era" as a characterization of the 21st century can hardly be considered an exaggeration (Kalakota & Robinson, 2001). Mobile phones...
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Mobile Location Services
Chapter 349
Mobile Transaction Models Framework
(pages 1978-1983)
Andrés Coratella, Miguel Felder, Roberto Hirsch, Eduaurdo Rodriguez
Currently, mobile technology is undergoing a high growth stage, allowing for an increasing plethora of mobile devices (handheld PCs, handsets, etc.)...
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Mobile Transaction Models Framework
Chapter 350
Mobile Telecommunications and M-Commerce Applications
(pages 1984-1988)
Clarence N.W. Tan, Tiok-Woo Teo
This article presents an overview of prevailing trends and developments shaping mobile commerce (m-commerce) and the wireless economy. A review of...
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Mobile Telecommunications and M-Commerce Applications
Chapter 351
Modeling ERP Academic Deployment via AST
(pages 1989-1995)
Cynthia LeRouge, Harold Webb
Many educators and industry leaders believe industry-academic collaboration can change learning processes and improve learning outcomes by providing...
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Modeling ERP Academic Deployment via AST
Chapter 352
Modeling for E-Learning Systems
(pages 1996-2000)
Maria Alexandra Rentroia-Bonito, Joaquim Armando Pires Jorge
Computer-based instruction is touted as an effective tool to support knowledge dissemination within predefined learning environments. Indeed, many...
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Modeling for E-Learning Systems
Chapter 353
Modeling Information Systems in UML
(pages 2001-2006)
Peter Rittgen
The first approaches to object-oriented modeling appeared by the second half of the 1970s, but not much happened for more than a decade, so there...
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Modeling Information Systems in UML
Chapter 354
Modeling Technological Change in Small Business
(pages 2007-2011)
Arthur Tatnall
The introduction of a new information system into a small business, or upgrading an existing system, should be seen as an innovation and considered...
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Modeling Technological Change in Small Business
Chapter 355
Model-Supported Alignment of IS Architecture
(pages 2012-2017)
Andreas L. Opdahl
An information system (IS) is a system that communicates, transforms, and preserves information for human users. An information system comprises one...
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Model-Supported Alignment of IS Architecture
Chapter 356
Moderator in Government-Initiated Online Discussions
(pages 2018-2023)
Arthur R. Edwards
In an older version of a Dutch Internet dictionary the moderator is defined as "a person who exercises censorship on a mailing list or newsgroup."1...
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Moderator in Government-Initiated Online Discussions
Chapter 357
Monitoring Strategies for Internet Technologies
(pages 2024-2029)
Andrew Urbaczewski
Most large organizations that provide Internet access to employees also employ some means to monitor and/or control that usage (Reuters, 2002). This...
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Monitoring Strategies for Internet Technologies
Chapter 358
Motivation for Using Microcomputers
(pages 2030-2035)
Donaldo de Souza Dias
Information technology implementation is an intervention we make in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a sociotechnical system....
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Motivation for Using Microcomputers
Chapter 359
Multicast Routing Protocols, Algorithms and its QOS Extensions
(pages 2036-2041)
D. Chakraborty, G. Chakraborty, N. Shiratori
The advancement in optical fiber and switching technologies has resulted in a new generation of high-speed networks that can achieve speeds of up to...
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Multicast Routing Protocols, Algorithms and its QOS Extensions
Chapter 360
Multilingual Electronic Commerce in a Global Economy
(pages 2042-2044)
Aryya Gangopadhyay, Zhensen Huang
One of the major challenges facing organizations involved in electronic commerce (e-commerce) today is to organize and summarize information in such...
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Multilingual Electronic Commerce in a Global Economy
Chapter 361
Multimedia Computing Environment for Telemedical Applications
(pages 2045-2050)
V. K. Murthy, E. V. Krishnamurthy
Telemedicine (in short, e-medicine) is a means of delivering medical services to any place, no matter how remote, thereby removing the limitations...
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Multimedia Computing Environment for Telemedical Applications
Chapter 362
Multimedia Content Adaptation
(pages 2051-2057)
David Knight, Marios C. Angelides
The previous decade has witnessed a wealth of advancements and trends in the field of communications and subsequently, multimedia access. Four main...
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Multimedia Content Adaptation
Chapter 363
Multimedia Evaluations Based on Cognitive Science Findings
(pages 2058-2062)
Eshaa M. Alkhalifa
Multi-media systems waltzed into the lives of students and educators without allowing for the time required for the development of suitable...
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Multimedia Evaluations Based on Cognitive Science Findings
Chapter 364
Multimedia Information Filtering
(pages 2063-2068)
Minaz J. Parmar, Marios C. Angelides
In the film Minority Report (20th Century Fox, 2002), which is set in the near future, there is a scene where a man walks into a department store...
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Multimedia Information Filtering
Chapter 365
Multiple Internet Technologies in In-Class Education
(pages 2069-2073)
Mihir A. Parikh, Neeraj Parolia
The Internet has a symbiotic relationship with academia. The Internet sprung from and is continually improved by academic research. In parallel, the...
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Multiple Internet Technologies in In-Class Education
Chapter 366
Music Score Watermarking
(pages 2074-2079)
P. Nesi, M. Spinu
Music publishers, authors and/or distributors have high quantity of music scores in their archives. In classical music, the original music piece is...
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Music Score Watermarking
Chapter 367
Natural Computing
(pages 2080-2084)
Leandro Nunes de Castro
There are several artifacts developed by taking inspiration from natural organisms and phenomena. For instance, Velcro was inspired by a plant burr...
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Natural Computing
Chapter 368
Networks and Electronic Commerce Adoption in Small Businesses
(pages 2085-2094)
Lejla Vrazalic, Deborah Bunker
The adoption and diffusion of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in small businesses remains a critical area of investigation in information systems...
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Networks and Electronic Commerce Adoption in Small Businesses
Chapter 369
Neural Networks for Automobile Insurance Pricing
(pages 2095-2099)
Ai Cheo Yeo
In highly competitive industries, customer retention has received much attention. Customer retention is an important issue, as loyal customers tend...
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Neural Networks for Automobile Insurance Pricing
Chapter 370
Neural Networks for Retail Sales Forecasting
(pages 2100-2104)
G. Peter Zhang
Forecasting of the future demand is central to the planning and operation of retail business at both macro and micro levels. At the organizational...
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Neural Networks for Retail Sales Forecasting
Chapter 371
New Advancements in Image Segmentation for CBIR
(pages 2105-2109)
Yu-Jin Zhang
The process of segmenting images is one of the most critical ones in automatic image analysis whose goal can be regarded as to find what objects are...
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New Advancements in Image Segmentation for CBIR
Chapter 372
New Perspectives on Rewards and Knowledge Sharing
(pages 2110-2115)
Gee-Woo (Gilbert) Bock, Chen Way Siew, Young-Gul Kim
Of the 260 responses from a survey of European multinationals, 94% believed that knowledge management requires employees to share what they know...
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New Perspectives on Rewards and Knowledge Sharing
Chapter 373
New SQL Standard in Database Modeling
(pages 2116-2121)
Eric Pardede, J. Wenny Rahayu, David Taniar
Relational Database (RDB) is arguably the most widely used repository for database applications. Since the 1970s, we have witnessed the relational...
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New SQL Standard in Database Modeling
Chapter 374
Newcomer Assimilation in Virtual Team Socialization
(pages 2122-2128)
Shawn D. Long, Gary F. Kohut, Gaelle Picherit-Duthler
The way we work today is being transformed. Recent technological advances, combined with more flexible job design, have helped increase the number...
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Newcomer Assimilation in Virtual Team Socialization
Chapter 375
Next-Generation ERP
(pages 2129-2134)
Charles Moller
"ERP is dead - long live ERP II" is the title of a path breaking research note from Gartner Group (Bond et al., 2000). In this research note Gartner...
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Next-Generation ERP
Chapter 376
Non-Functional Requirements and UML Stereotypes
(pages 2135-2140)
Guadalupe Salazar-Zarate, Pere Botella
In Nuseibeh and Easterbrook (2000), an overview of the field of software and systems requirements engineering is presented. Therein is highlighted...
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Non-Functional Requirements and UML Stereotypes
Chapter 377
Novel Indexing Method of Relations Between Salient Objects
(pages 2141-2145)
Richard Chbeir, Kokou Yetongnon
During the last decade, a lot of work has been done in information technology in order to integrate image retrieval in the standard data processing...
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Novel Indexing Method of Relations Between Salient Objects
Chapter 378
Object Database Benchmarks
(pages 2146-2149)
Jerômé Darmont
The need for performance measurement tools appeared soon after the emergence of the first Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMSs), and...
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Object Database Benchmarks
Chapter 379
Object-Oriented Software Metrics
(pages 2150-2155)
Jana Polgar
Software measurement is considered to be an efficient means to monitor the quality of software projects, predict cost of maintenance, assess...
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Object-Oriented Software Metrics
Chapter 380
Object-Oriented Software Reuse in Business Systems
(pages 2156-2160)
Daniel Brandon
"Reuse [software] engineering is a process where a technology asset is designed and developed following architectural principles, and with the...
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Object-Oriented Software Reuse in Business Systems
Chapter 381
Observations on Implementing Specializations within an IT Program
(pages 2161-2167)
Erick D. Slazinski
With a projected 2.26 million additional jobs to fill in various computer fields by the year 2010, there are and will continue to be ample job...
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Observations on Implementing Specializations within an IT Program
Chapter 382
Obstacles for SMEs for E-Adoption in the Asia Pacific Region
(pages 2168-2173)
Sushil K. Sharma, Nilmini Wickramasinghe
The e-commerce revolution has affected all organizations. Of particular interest is its effect on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), because...
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Obstacles for SMEs for E-Adoption in the Asia Pacific Region
Chapter 383
Offshore Software Development Outsourcing
(pages 2174-2179)
Stephen Hawk, Kate Kaiser
Until the global economic downturn of the new millennium, demand for information technology (IT) professionals exceeded supply mostly due to...
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Offshore Software Development Outsourcing
Chapter 384
On the Relativity of Ontological Domains and Their Specifications
(pages 2180-2184)
E. Kapetanios
Business knowledge is considered the most valuable resource of organizations. The exchange of business knowledge within an organization as well as...
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On the Relativity of Ontological Domains and Their Specifications
Chapter 385
One Method for Design of Narrowband Low-Pass Filters
(pages 2185-2193)
Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek, Javier Diaz-Carmona
Fast change, uncertainty, and strong competition are challenges of the actual worldwide economic context. Competitiveness is a main requirement of...
Sample PDF
One Method for Design of Narrowband Low-Pass Filters
Chapter 386
One-to-One Video-Conferencing Education
(pages 2194-2198)
Hock Chuan Chan, Bernard C.Y. Tan, Wei-Ping Tan
Businesses today must be fast and flexible, responsive to customers, and cost effective in their operations. They must collaborate more frequently...
Sample PDF
One-to-One Video-Conferencing Education
Chapter 387
Online Academic Libraries and Distance Learning
(pages 2199-2202)
Merilyn Burke, Bruce Lubotsky Levin, Ardis Hanson
Historically, distance learning or distance education began as little more than "correspondence courses," which promised an education in one's own...
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Online Academic Libraries and Distance Learning
Chapter 388
Online Communities and Community Building
(pages 2203-2208)
Martin C. Kindsmuller, Sandro Leuchter, Leon Urbas
"Online community" is one of today's buzzwords. Even though superficially it is not hard to understand, the term has become somewhat vague while...
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Online Communities and Community Building
Chapter 389
Online Learning as a Form of Accomodation
(pages 2209-2213)
Terence Cavannaugh
An estimated three billion people, representing approximately half of the planet's population, are in some way affected by disabilities, which...
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Online Learning as a Form of Accomodation
Chapter 390
Ontology-Based Query Formation and Information Retrieval
(pages 2214-2220)
Sheng-Uei Guan
With the introduction of new technologies such as WAP, HSCSD, GPRS, UMTS, and Bluetooth, it is believed that the e-commerce arena will sooner or...
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Ontology-Based Query Formation and Information Retrieval
Chapter 391
Open Source Software Development Model
(pages 2221-2224)
Luyin Zhao, Fadi P. Deek
The open source movement can be traced back to the hacker culture in the '60s and '70s. In the early 1980s, the tenet of free software for sharing...
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Open Source Software Development Model
Chapter 392
Optical Music Recognition with Wavelets
(pages 2225-2229)
Susan E. George
The aim of optical music recognition (OMR) is to "recognise" images of music notation and capture the "meaning" of the music. When OMR is successful...
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Optical Music Recognition with Wavelets
Chapter 393
Organization and Management Issues of End User Computing
(pages 2230-2235)
Jason C.H. Chen, Robert W. Holt, D. Bruce Sun
End-user computing (EUC) or as it is commonly termed, end-user development (EUD), is a concept and capability granted by advancement in technology...
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Organization and Management Issues of End User Computing
Chapter 394
Organizational Hypermedia Document Management Through Metadata
(pages 2236-2242)
Woojong Suh, Garp Choong Kim
Web business systems, the most popular application of hypermedia, typically include a lot of hypermedia documents (hyperdocuments), which are also...
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Organizational Hypermedia Document Management Through Metadata
Chapter 395
Organizing Multimedia Objects by Using Class Algebra
(pages 2243-2247)
Daniel J. Buehrer
Web-based applications (Web services and service-oriented architectures) can be run via a Web-based browser. There are several approaches to writing...
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Organizing Multimedia Objects by Using Class Algebra
Chapter 396
Outsourcing Information Technology in Australia
(pages 2248-2254)
Nicholas Beaumont
Outsourcing information technology (IT) has been defined as passing IT functions previously performed in-house to outside contractors (Hancox &...
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Outsourcing Information Technology in Australia
Chapter 397
Overcoming Barriers in the Planning of a Virtual Library
(pages 2255-2259)
Ardis Hanson
The implementation of a university-wide virtual library inevitably causes significant changes within each department across the library and campus....
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Overcoming Barriers in the Planning of a Virtual Library
Chapter 398
Packet Inter-Arrival Distributions in Computer Network Workloads
(pages 2260-2264)
Dennis Guster, David Robinson, Paul Safonov
The past decade could be classified as the "decade of connectivity"; in fact it is commonplace for computers to be connected to a LAN, which in turn...
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Packet Inter-Arrival Distributions in Computer Network Workloads
Chapter 399
Parallel and Distributed Multimedia Databases
(pages 2265-2271)
S. Geisler, O. Kao
Sensing and processing of multimedia information is one of the basic traits of human beings. The development of digital technologies and...
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Parallel and Distributed Multimedia Databases
Chapter 400
Personal Information Privacy and Internet Technology
(pages 2272-2276)
Edward J. Szewczak
Concerns about the collection of personal information by Internet technology and the possibility of misuse of that information are a primary reason...
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Personal Information Privacy and Internet Technology
Chapter 401
Personal Internet Usage and Quality of Work Life
(pages 2277-2281)
Pruthikrai Mahatanankoon
The management of Internet usage in the workplace is becoming one of most important productivity concerns of the modern workplaces. Through proper...
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Personal Internet Usage and Quality of Work Life
Chapter 402
Perturbations, Accuracy and Robustness in Neural Networks
(pages 2282-2287)
Cesare Alippi, Giovanni Vanini
A robustness analysis for neural networks, namely the evaluation of the effects induced by perturbations affecting the network weights, is a...
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Perturbations, Accuracy and Robustness in Neural Networks
Chapter 403
Policy Frameworks for Secure Electronic Business
(pages 2288-2292)
Andreas Mitrakas
Terms conveyed by means of policy in electronic business have become a common way to express permissions and limitations in online transactions....
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Policy Frameworks for Secure Electronic Business
Chapter 404
Portable Portals for M-Commerce
(pages 2293-2296)
Irvine Clarke III, Theresa Flaherty
In the new decade, the call for information technology will be information, anytime, anyplace, and on any device. Accordingly, e-commerce is poised...