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Preliminary study on lithium-salt aqueous solution blanket
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aqueous solution blanket using lithium salts such as LiNO3 and LiOH have been studied in the US-TIBER program and ITER conceptual design activity. In the JAERI/LANL collaboration program for the joint operation of TSTA (Tritium Systems Test Assembly), preliminary design work of blanket tritium system for lithium ceramic blanket, aqueous solution blanket and liquid metal blanket, have been performed to investigate technical feasibility of tritium demonstration tests using the TSTA. Detail study of the aqueous solution blanket concept have not been performed in the Japanese fusion program, so that this study was carried out to investigate features of its concept and to evaluated its technical problems. The following are the major items studied in the present work: (i) Neutronics of tritium breeding ratio and shielding performance Lithium concentration, Li-60 enrichment, beryllium or lead, composition of structural material/beryllium/solution, heavy water, different lithium-salts (ii) Physicochemical properties of salts Solubility, corrosion characteristics and compatibility with structural materials, radiolysis (iii) Estimation of radiolysis in ITER aqueous solution blanket. (author)
Ion aggregation in high salt solutions. III. Computational vibrational spectroscopy of HDO in aqueous salt solutions.
Choi, Jun-Ho; Kim, Heejae; Kim, Seongheun; Lim, Sohee; Chon, Bonghwan; Cho, Minhaeng
The vibrational frequency, frequency fluctuation dynamics, and transition dipole moment of the O-D stretch mode of HDO molecule in aqueous solutions are strongly dependent on its local electrostatic environment and hydrogen-bond network structure. Therefore, the time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy the O-D stretch mode has been particularly used to investigate specific ion effects on water structure. Despite prolonged efforts to understand the interplay of O-D vibrational dynamics with local water hydrogen-bond network and ion aggregate structures in high salt solutions, still there exists a gap between theory and experiment due to a lack of quantitative model for accurately describing O-D stretch frequency in high salt solutions. To fill this gap, we have performed numerical simulations of Raman scattering and IR absorption spectra of the O-D stretch mode of HDO in highly concentrated NaCl and KSCN solutions and compared them with experimental results. Carrying out extensive quantum chemistry calculations on not only water clusters but also ion-water clusters, we first developed a distributed vibrational solvatochromic charge model for the O-D stretch mode in aqueous salt solutions. Furthermore, the non-Condon effect on the vibrational transition dipole moment of the O-D stretch mode was fully taken into consideration with the charge response kernel that is non-local polarizability density. From the fluctuating O-D stretch mode frequencies and transition dipole vectors obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations, the O-D stretch Raman scattering and IR absorption spectra of HDO in salt solutions could be calculated. The polarization effect on the transition dipole vector of the O-D stretch mode is shown to be important and the asymmetric line shapes of the O-D stretch Raman scattering and IR absorption spectra of HDO especially in highly concentrated NaCl and KSCN solutions are in quantitative agreement with experimental results. We anticipate that this
Cast iron deterioration with time in various aqueous salt solutions
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Rita Mehra; Aditi Soni
The changes with time in the corrosion rate and corrosion current density on a cast iron electrode in various aqueous salt solutions have been carried out using total immersion test and potentiostatic polarization curves. The concentration of salts taken is expected to be present in potable water. The relative behaviour of these salts towards corrosion has also been studied, which is found to be different from previous studies. The total immersion test parameters viz. weight loss, corrosion rate as well as potentiostatic parameters, open circuit potential, corr, Tafel slopes, corrosion rate, have been calculated by standard methods. Besides these the relative increase in corrosion rate with time as well as the percentage to which corrosion rate should be decreased so as to provide protection towards corrosion have also been calculated. It was found that KCl and NaCl are major contributors than MnSO4, Pb(NO3)2, KI and KBr. The relative increase in corrosion is high in KBr, KI, NaNO3, CaCl2, and less in Pb(NO3)2, NaHCO3 and CaCO3 test solutions. For the reliability of results the data has been statistically analysed.
Radiation-induced reduction of ditetrazolium salt in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Color formation in aqueous solutions of the ditetrazolium salt blue tetrazolium (BT2+) in the absence or presence of oxygen is a complex radiation chemical reaction. The final stable product is the poorly soluble diformazan violet to blue pigment having a broad spectral absorption band (λmax=552 nm). The reaction of BT2+ with the hydrated electron proceeds by rapid reduction of BT2+ followed by protonation at the nitrogen closest to the unsubstituted phenyl group, via the two intermediate tetrazolinyl radicals shared by the ditetrazole ring nitrogens. The effect of solution pH, N2O saturation, and the presence of the reducing agent dextrose are examined. The system serves as a radiochromic sensor and a dosimeter of ionizing radiations. Solutions of 5 mmol l-1 BT2+ at pH 7.3 serve as dosimeters over an absorbed-dose range of approximately 0.2-6 kGy (dearated, with a range of 1-8 mmol l-1 dextrose) and of about 1-15 kGy (aerated, with 0.1 mol l-1 sodium formate and 5 mmol l-1 dextrose)
Compositions for preparation of aqueous solutions of salts of lower valence /sup 99/Tc
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schmidt-Dunker, M.; Greb, W.
Aqueous solutions of /sup 99/Tc salts in which the /sup 99/Tc is in reduced valencey state, when administered to mammals, permit identification of the skeleton and of calcareous tumors by scintigraphy (radiographic scanning). The solutions are conveniently prepared by mixing one or more phosphonic acids (or their salts) with one or more reducing salts, and adding the mixture to an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable /sup 99/pertechnetate salt. Reduction of the valence of the technetium occurs rapidly, and the resulting solution is adequately stable for use in scintigraphy. The phosphonic acid and reducing salt components can be premixed. Aqueous solutions of the premix are stable for long periods of time in the absence of free oxygen and the premix is stable to air so long as it is dry.
The influence of temperature and inorganic salts on therheological properties of xanthan aqueous solutions
The rheological properties of xanthan gum in aqueous saline solutions and at increased temperatures are of great practical interest especially for its application in enhanced oil recovery during which the xanthan solutions are exposed to increased salt contents and relatively high temperatures. In this work, the influence of high temperature and high salt concentrations (up to 10 mass%) on the rheological properties of xanthan was investigated. The influence of three different salts was exami...
Measurement of linear attenuation coefficients of gamma rays for some salts by aqueous solution method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The linear attenuation coefficients of dilute aqueous solutions of some salts with varying concentrations are measured for different gamma energies (0.36 MeV to 1.33 MeV). From these measurements, linear attenuation coefficients for pure salts are obtained by using the improved technique of Teli (1998). The comparison with theoretical values shows excellent agreement. Half value thicknesses of the salts and total atomic cross sections are also evaluated. (author)
Theoretical analysis of XANES for aqueous aluminum salt solutions
Matsuo, Shuji; Shirozu, Kaori; Tateishi, Yuichi; Wakita, Hisanobu; Yokoyama, Takushi
In order to understand the coordination behavior of Al(III) ions in hydrosphere, discrete variational X[alpha] molecular orbital calculations were performed to analyze Al K-edge XANES spectra for the aqueous solutions of Al(NO3)3·9H2O and Al-EDTA (EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) complex. As to Al(NO3)3·9H2O, the hydrate structure was presumed to be rather an asymmetric hexahydrated structure than an high-symmetric structure. As to Al-EDTA, the 5-fold coordinated Al-EDTA was concluded to be the coexistence of the pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal structures in proportion of 4 to 6.
Electrosorption of inorganic salts from aqueous solution using carbon aerogels.
Gabelich, Christopher J; Tran, Tri D; Suffet, I H Mel
Capacitive deionization (CDI) with carbon aerogels has been shown to remove various inorganic species from aqueous solutions, though no studies have shown the electrosorption behavior of multisolute systems in which ions compete for limited surface area. Several experiments were conducted to determine the ion removal capacity and selectivity of carbon aerogel electrodes, using both laboratory and natural waters. Although carbon aerogel electrodes have been treated as electrical double-layer capacitors, this study showed that ion sorption followed a Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The sorption capacity of carbon aerogel electrodes was approximately 1.0-2.0 x 10(-4) equiv/g aerogel, with ion selectivity being based on ionic hydrated radius. Monovalent ions (e.g., sodium) with smaller hydrated radii were preferentially removed from solution over multivalent ions (e.g., calcium) on a percent or molar basis. Because of the relatively small average pore size (4-9 nm) of the carbon aerogel material, only 14-42 m2/g aerogel surface area was available for ion sorption. Natural organic matter may foul the aerogel surface and limit CDI effectiveness in treating natural waters. PMID:12144279
On the attenuation of X-rays and gamma-rays for aqueous solutions of salts
Teli, M T
Disparities in the linear attenuation coefficients of X-rays and gamma rays for aqueous solutions of soluble salts arising from the nonequality of volume of the solution with the sum of volumes of its components are analysed and the mixture rule is reformulated. The disparities are illustrated for NaCl solution for concentrations c=0 to 1 gm/cm sup 3 which indicates that the mixture rule of Teli et al. works well within generally acceptable limits.
Salt Crystallization from an Evaporating Aqueous Solution by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Mucha, Martin; Jungwirth, Pavel
Roč. 107, č. 33 (2003), s. 8271-8274. ISSN 1089-5647 R&D Projects: GA MŠk LN00A032 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z4040901 Keywords : salt crystallization * aqueous solution * molecular dynamics Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 3.679, year: 2003
Study on Properties and Structural Parameters of Microemulsion CTAB/Butanol/Cyclohexane/Salt Aqueous Solution
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Chen Yongjie; Qiu Guanming; Tian Yiguang; Fang Li; Xiao Linjiu; Sun Yanbin
The phase diagrams of microemulsion CTAB/butanol/cyclohexane/aqueous solution of nitrate (or aqueous solution of ammonium salt) were determined and the structural parameters and ΔG*o→i were obtained by means of dilution method and theoretical calculation. The effect of different w/s and salt concentration on the stability and structural parameters of microemulsion were investigated. The result shows that with the increase of w/s, the area of microemulsion and Nd decrease, Rw, l and n increase; with the increase of salt concentration, the area of microemulsion, l and Nd decrease, ΔG*o→I, Rw and n increase. Theoretical basis of preparing size-controlled long afterglow luminescence materials and study of the relationship between fluorescence properties and particle size are provided.
Surface Crystallization of Aqueous Salt Solution Under Overheating and Overcooling
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Nakoryakov Vladimir
Full Text Available The investigation of the surface crystallization with low negative and high positive temperatures were carried in the paper. Crystallization curves for distillate (Ts0 = −9 °C and different mass salt concentrations NaCl (Ts0 = 80 °C were obtained. Experimental data indicate that the crystallization centers influence each other and the number of centers does not change with time. The maximum speeds for the crystallization front reached 0.3–0.5 m/s. There are a significant anisotropy and a curvature of crystallization front. The surface kinetics should be considered to clarify the rate of freezing and melting of ice in modeling global warming.
Density, viscosity, and N2O solubility of aqueous amino acid salt and amine amino acid salt solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: ► Density of amino acid salt and amine amino acid salt. ► Viscosity of amino acid salt and amine amino acid salt. ► Henry's law constant/N2O solubility of amino acid salt and amine amino acid salt. ► Schumpe model. Correlations for density, viscosity, and N2O solubility. - Abstract: Physicochemical properties of aqueous amino acid salt (AAS), potassium salt of sarcosine (KSAR) and aqueous amine amino acid salt (AAAS), 3-(methylamino)propylamine/sarcosine (SARMAPA) have been studied. Densities of KSAR were measured for sarcosine mole fraction 0.02 to 0.25 for temperature range 298.15 K to 353.15 K, the viscosities were measured for 0.02 to 0.10 mole fraction sarcosine (293.15 K to 343.15 K) while the N2O solubilities were measured from 0.02 to 0.10 mole fraction sarcosine solutions (298.15 K to 363.15 K). Densities of SARMAPA were measured for sarcosine mole fraction 0.02 to 0.23 for temperature range (298.15 K to 353.15 K), viscosities were measured for 0.02 to 0.16 mole fraction sarcosine (293.15 K to 343.15 K) while the N2O solubilities were measured from 0.02 to 0.16 mole fraction sarcosine solutions (298.15 K to 343.15 K). Experimental results were correlated well with empirical correlations and N2O solubility results for KSAR were predicted adequately by a Schumpe model. The solubilities of N2O in AAS and AAAS are significantly lower than values for amines. The solubilities vary as: amine > AAAS > AAS.
Aminoguanidinium closo-borates and their reactions with copper(2) salts in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Amino guanidine hexa-, deca- and dodecaborates of the (AguH)2BnHn · xH2O, where Agu - (CN4H6); n = 6, 10, 12; x = 1, 2, composition were synthesized and defined by means of element, magnetic susceptibility and IR spectroscopy analyses. Their reaction with the copper(2) salts in aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown that cation-anion interaction, which was enhanced in the B12 10 6 row, were the case in the amino guanidine closo-borates. The reaction of the amino guanidine closo-borates with the copper(2) salts in aqueous solutions leads to formation either complexes (n = 10, 12) or elemental copper (in the case of B6H62- anion) depending on closo-borate anion BnHn2-
Study on Properties of Microemulsion AEO-9/Butanol/Cyclohexane/Salt Aqueous Solution
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Qiu Guanming; Chen Yongjie; Tian Yiguang; Fang Li; Xiao Linjiu; Sun Yanbin
The microemulsion AEO-9/butanol/cyclohexane/nitrate aqueous solution (or ammonium salt aqueous solution) was studied, which was used as 'micro-reactor' in preparing long afterglow phosphor materials SrAl2O4: Eu2+ ,Dy3+. The phase behavior of microemulsion was investigated. The radius of inner water droplet Rw and the change of standard free energy ΔG*o→i were obtained by means of dilution method and theoretical calculation. The result shows that with the increase of W/S, the area of microemulsion region decreases, Rw and ΔG*o→i increase and the microemulsion stability decreases. The structure change and formation area of microemulsion AEO-9/butanol/cyclohexane/nitrate aqueous solution ( or ammonium salt aqueous solution) were offered for the adoption of a synthesis method with newly high efficiency and utility. The particular size and its distribution theory gist, fluorescence life-span, and quenching concentration parameter data were expected. A new approach was explored for finding a new preparation method of rare earths afterglow materials and increasing luminescence intensity without crashing.
Thermophysical property characterization of aqueous amino acid salt solutions containing α-aminobutyric acid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Thermophysical properties of aqueous potassium and sodium salt solutions of α-aminobutyric acid were studied. • Density, electrolytic conductivity, refractive index, and viscosity of the solution were measured. • The concentrations of amino acid salt ranges from x1 = 0.009 to 0.06. • The temperature range studied was (303.15 to 343.15) K. • The measured data were represented satisfactorily by using the applied correlations. - Abstract: In this study, density, electrical conductivity, refractive index and viscosity of aqueous potassium and sodium salt solutions of α-aminobutyric acid were presented. Measurements were done over the temperature range (303.15 to 343.15) K and atmospheric pressure for salt compositions from x1 = 0.009 to 0.062. A modified Graber et al. equation was used to correlate the density, electrical conductivity, and refractive index with temperature and composition leading to average absolute deviations (AAD) between the predicted and calculated values of 0.04%, 0.7%, and 0.01%, respectively. The viscosity data were represented as a function of temperature and composition via Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) type equation at an AAD of 0.6%
Investigation of the Ionic Hydration in Aqueous Salt Solutions by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy.
Jeyachandran, Y L; Meyer, F; Benkert, A; Bär, M; Blum, M; Yang, W; Reinert, F; Heske, C; Weinhardt, L; Zharnikov, M
Understanding the molecular structure of the hydration shells and their impact on the hydrogen bond (HB) network of water in aqueous salt solutions is a fundamentally important and technically relevant question. In the present work, such hydration effects were studied for a series of representative salt solutions (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KBr) by soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS). The oxygen K-edge XES spectra could be described with three components, attributed to initial state HB configurations in pure water, water molecules that have undergone an ultrafast dissociation initiated by the X-ray excitation, and water molecules in contact with salt ions. The behavior of the individual components, as well as the spectral shape of the latter component, has been analyzed in detail. In view of the role of ions in such effects as protein denaturation (i.e., the Hofmeister series), we discuss the ion-specific nature of the hydration shells and find that the results point to a predominant role of anions as compared to cations. Furthermore, we observe a concentration-dependent suppression of ultrafast dissociation in all salt solutions, associated with a significant distortion of intact HB configurations of water molecules facilitating such a dissociation. PMID:27442708
Diffusion coefficients of β-cyclodextrin sulfated sodium salt in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: Structure of β-cyclodextrin sulfated sodium salt. - Highlights: • Mutual diffusion coefficients of β-cyclodextrin sulfated sodium salt (NaSO3βCD) in aqueous solutions were measured. • Influence of the viscosity, thermodynamic and temperature factors on the variation of diffusion was analysed. • Estimation of the hydrodynamic radius of NaSO3βCD was obtained. - Abstract: The Taylor dispersion technique has been used for measuring mutual diffusion coefficients of β-cyclodextrin sulfated sodium salt (NaSO3βCD) at temperatures (298.15 and 310.15) K and at finite concentrations. These studies have been complemented by density and viscosity measurements. From these experimental results, the hydrodynamic radius Rh, and its dependence on the viscosity, diffusion coefficient at infinitesimal concentration, D0, ion conductivity of NaSO3βCD and the thermodynamic factor, FT, have been estimated, permitting us to have a better understanding of the structure of the aqueous system containing NaSO3βCD
Interaction of molybdophosphates with palladium(II) salts in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The methods of electron and 31P NMR spectroscopies were used to study the interaction of H3PMo12O40 with H2PdCl4 or PdSO4 in aqueous solution at pH 3.0-4.5 and the ratio [Pd(II)]:[H3PMo12O40]=1:1. Palladium(II) remains in solution in the form of intensely colored hydroxo species and does not change the structure of the newly formed unsaturated heteropolymolybdates PMo11O397- and PMo9O349- as shown by NMR data. Heteropoly compounds precipitated from tetrabutylammonium or cesium salts were characterized using IR spectroscopy, differential dissolution and elemental analysis. It was found that the composition of a compound was affected by not only formation conditions in the solution but also the precipitant cation
Forecasting of thermodynamic properties of solution for non-polar molecules in aqueous salt solutions and in aqueous organic solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The scaled particle theory has been used rather successfully to predict the values of thermodynamic properties of solution for non-polar molecules. Two very important parameters has been used in the equations of the scaled particle theory: the hard sphere diameter of the solute and the closeness of the solvent (closeness in which the diameters of the hard sphere particles forming the solvent are taken into account). With non-polar solutes, a correlation exists between calculated and experimental values of: free enthalpy of solution - enthalpy of solution - molar heat capacity change for the solution process. The fit between calculated and experimental values is only more qualitative than quantitative. However the variation of thermodynamic properties with the temperature and the modality is consistent with the variation calculated according to the scaled particle theory. (author)
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Concentrated Binary Aqueous Solutions of Lanthanide Salts: Structures and Exchange Dynamics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Concentrated binary aqueous solutions of lanthanide (Nd3+ and Dy3+) salts (ClO4-, Cl-, and NO3-) have been studied by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with explicit polarization and UV-visible spectroscopy. Pair interaction potentials, used for the MD simulations, have been developed in order to reproduce experimental hydration properties. Nd3+ and Dy3+ have been chosen because of their position in the lanthanide series: Nd3+ being a light lanthanide and Dy3+ a heavy one. They are respectively coordinated to nine and eight water molecules, in pure water, involving changes in their salt hydration structures. Both MD simulations and UV-visible experiments highlight the stronger affinity of nitrate anions toward Ln3+ compared to perchlorates and chlorides. Dissociation/association processes of Nd3+-Cl- and Nd3+-NO3- ion pairs in aqueous solution have been analyzed using potential of mean force profile calculations. Furthermore, from MD simulations, it appears that the affinity of anions (perchlorate, chloride, and nitrate. ) is stronger for Nd3+ than Dy3+. (authors)
Formation of globules and aggregates of DNA chains in DNA/polyethylene glycol/monovalent salt aqueous solutions
Kawakita, H.; Uneyama, T.; Kojima, M; Morishima, K.; Masubuchi, Y.; Watanabe, H.(Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany)
It has been known that giant DNA shows structural transitions in aqueous solutions under the existence of counterions and other polymers. However, the mechanism of these transitions has not been fully understood. In this study, we directly observed structures of probed (dye-labeled), dilute DNA chains in unprobed DNA/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/monovalent salt (NaCl) aqueous solutions with fluorescent microscopy to examine this mechanism. Specifically, we varied the PEG molecular weight and sal...
Line emissions from sonoluminescence in aqueous solutions of halide salts without noble gases
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Line emissions of trivalent terbium (Tb3+) ion were observed from single-bubble sonoluminescence (SL) in an aqueous solution of terbium chloride (TbCl3) that contained no noble gas. In addition, sodium (Na) lines were observed in multi-bubble SL in aqueous solutions of various halide salts that contained no noble gas. These observations show that the halide ions, such as Cl−, Br−, and I−, help for line emissions as the noble gases. The intensity of a line emission depends on both the chemical species produced by cavitation bubbles and the temperature of SL bubble that responds to the driving ultrasound pressure. With the increase of driving pressure, some line emissions attached to the continuous spectrum may become increasingly clear, while other line emissions gradually become indistinct. - Highlights: • Line emissions of Tb(III) ions were observed without the presence of noble gases. • The halide ions help to generate a line emission during sonoluminescence. • The intensity of a line emission mainly depends on the bubble's temperature. • The definition of a line emission is related to the temperature of caviation bubble and the kind of host liquid
Influence of Salts on Electrospinning of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Polymer Solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fatma Yalcinkaya
Full Text Available A roller electrospinning system was used to produce nanofibres by using different solution systems. Although the process of electrospinning has been known for over half a century, knowledge about spinning behaviour is still lacking. In this work, we investigated the effects of salt for two solution systems on spinning performance, fibre diameter, and web structure. Polyurethane (PU and polyethylene oxide (PEO were used as polymer, and tetraethylammonium bromide and lithium chloride were used as salt. Both polymer and salt concentrations had a noteworthy influence on the spinning performance, morphology, and diameter of the nanofibres. Results indicated that adding salt increased the spinnability of PU. Salt created complex bonding with dimethylformamide solvent and PU polymer. Salt added to PEO solution decreased the spinning performance of fibres while creating thin nanofibres, as explained by the leaky dielectric model.
Investigation into aqueous solutions of lanthanum (3) and scandium (3) salts using 139La and 45Sc NMR method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
139La and 45Sc NMR method has been used to study composition and structure of lanthanum (3) and scandium (3) coordination sphere in aqueous solutions in respect to concentration of dissolved salt and nature of (NO3-, Cl-, ClO4-) anion. Lanthanum and scandium are shown to form intraspherical complexes both with nitrate- and with perchlorate anions. Chloride-ion able to complexing with Sc3+ ions in aqueous solutions coordinates to La3+ ions only in solutions with large excess of Cl- anions (Cl-:La3+ > 17.6 at lanthanum (3) concentration equal to 0.40 g-ion/l). Equilibrium between aquocomplexes with different coordination number N-nine and eight is stated to exist in aqueous solutions of lanthanum chloride, octaaquolanthanum (3) prevailing in concentrated solutions
Kinetic study of CO2 with various amino acid salts in aqueous solution
Holst, van J.; Versteeg, G.F.; Brilman, D.W.F.; Hogendoorn, J.A.
A study towards the kinetics of CO2 with several aqueous salts of amino acids was performed at a temperature of 298 K. Absorption rate experiments were carried out in the pseudo-first-order regime, enabling the determination of the kinetic rate constant from the flux. In a preliminary screening at a
Kinetic study of CO2 with various amino acid salts in aqueous solution
van Hoist, J.; Versteeg, G. F.; Brilman, D. W. F.; Hogendoorn, J. A.; Holst, J. v
A study towards the kinetics Of CO2 with several aqueous salts of amino acids was performed at a temperature of 298 K. Absorption rate experiments were carried out in the pseudo-first-order regime, enabling the determination of the kinetic rate constant from the flux. In a preliminary screening at a
Nicotine aqueous solutions: pH-measurements and salting-out effects - analysis of the effective Gibbs energies of hydration and ionic strengths of the solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Grozdanić Nikola D.
Full Text Available This work is a continuation of our previous studies on the phase demixing - salting-out effects - in aqueous nicotine solutions. Thus, pH measurements were carried out allowing a brief analysis of the existing hydrogen bond interactions. Salting-out effects - the related experimental cloud point shifts - provoked by the addition of two inorganic salts, potassium nitrate and sodium sulfate, which were not studied so far, were determined. Analysis of the current and our previously reported salting-out/or salting-in phenomena in nicotine aqueous solutions was performed. In this respect, five studied salts were included: four inorganic salts (sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate (Na3PO4 and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate ([C2mim][EtSO4] or ECOENG212®. Based on the pH measurements the effective Gibbs energies of hydration and ionic strengths of the respective ternary solutions were calculated and plotted against the related cloud-point shifts caused by the addition of the salts. For the studied salts, the results and diagram obtained within this work may be used to predict the cloud-points shifts, based on the related quantities of the salts added and/or the molar Gibbs energies of hydration and/or ionic strengths requested in each case. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172063
Electrochemical activation of carbon cloth in aqueous inorganic salt solution for superior capacitive performance
Ye, Dong; Yu, Yao; Tang, Jie; Liu, Lin; Wu, Yue
Carbon cloth (CC) is an inexpensive and highly conductive textile with excellent mechanical flexibility and strength; it holds great promise as an electrode material for flexible supercapacitors. However, pristine CC has such a low surface area and poor electrochemical activity that the energy storage capability is usually very poor. Herein, we report a green method, two-step electrochemical activation in an aqueous solution of inorganic salts, to significantly enhance the capacitance of CC for supercapacitor application. Micro-cracks, exfoliated carbon fiber shells, and oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) were introduced onto the surface of the carbon filament. This resulted in an enhancement of over two orders of magnitude in capacitance compared to that of the bare CC electrode, reaching up to a maximum areal capacitance of 505.5 mF cm-2 at the current density of 6 mA cm-2 in aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte. Electrochemical reduction of CC electrodes led to the removal of most electrochemically unstable surface OFGs, resulting in superior charging/discharging rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Although the activated CC electrode contained a high-level of surface oxygen functional groups (~15 at%), it still exhibited a remarkable charging-discharging rate capability, retaining ~88% of the capacitance when the charging rate increased from 6 to 48 mA cm-2. Moreover, the activated CC electrode exhibited excellent cycling stability with ~97% capacitance remaining after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 24 mA cm-2. A symmetrical supercapacitor based on the activated CC exhibited an ideal capacitive behavior and fast charge-discharge properties. Such a simple, environment-friendly, and cost-effective strategy to activate CC shows great potential in the fabrication of high-performance flexible supercapacitors.Carbon cloth (CC) is an inexpensive and highly conductive textile with excellent mechanical flexibility and strength; it holds great promise as
Electrochemical activation of carbon cloth in aqueous inorganic salt solution for superior capacitive performance.
Ye, Dong; Yu, Yao; Tang, Jie; Liu, Lin; Wu, Yue
Carbon cloth (CC) is an inexpensive and highly conductive textile with excellent mechanical flexibility and strength; it holds great promise as an electrode material for flexible supercapacitors. However, pristine CC has such a low surface area and poor electrochemical activity that the energy storage capability is usually very poor. Herein, we report a green method, two-step electrochemical activation in an aqueous solution of inorganic salts, to significantly enhance the capacitance of CC for supercapacitor application. Micro-cracks, exfoliated carbon fiber shells, and oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) were introduced onto the surface of the carbon filament. This resulted in an enhancement of over two orders of magnitude in capacitance compared to that of the bare CC electrode, reaching up to a maximum areal capacitance of 505.5 mF cm(-2) at the current density of 6 mA cm(-2) in aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte. Electrochemical reduction of CC electrodes led to the removal of most electrochemically unstable surface OFGs, resulting in superior charging/discharging rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Although the activated CC electrode contained a high-level of surface oxygen functional groups (∼15 at%), it still exhibited a remarkable charging-discharging rate capability, retaining ∼88% of the capacitance when the charging rate increased from 6 to 48 mA cm(-2). Moreover, the activated CC electrode exhibited excellent cycling stability with ∼97% capacitance remaining after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 24 mA cm(-2). A symmetrical supercapacitor based on the activated CC exhibited an ideal capacitive behavior and fast charge-discharge properties. Such a simple, environment-friendly, and cost-effective strategy to activate CC shows great potential in the fabrication of high-performance flexible supercapacitors. PMID:27141910
Salting-out of methane in the aqueous solutions of urea and sarcosine
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
M K Dixit; Anupam Chatterjee; B L Tembe
Hydrophobic association and solvation of methane molecules in aqueous solutions of urea and sarcosine (sa) have been studied using MD simulations. The potentials of mean force (PMFs) between methane molecules in water, water-sa, water-urea and water-urea-sa mixtures show an enhancement of methane association on the addition of these osmolytes. These observations are well supported by calculation of equilibrium constants. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters shows that the association of methane is stabilized by entropy and favored by enthalpy. The hydrophobic solvation of methane is stabilized by enthalpy and destabilized by entropy. The calculated solvation free energies of methane in these mixtures show that methane is less soluble in the mixtures of urea and sarcosine than in water. The solubility is the least in the water-urea-sa mixture. Analysis of distributions of solvent and co-solvent around methane suggests that the local densities of both urea and sarcosine are diminished around the methane in the mixtures of these osmolytes. The selective reduction of both urea and sarcosine from methane surface suggests that both urea and sarcosine push methane molecules towards water and increase the interaction between methane molecules i.e., salting-out of methane.
SANS from Salt-Free Aqueous Solutions of Hydrophilic and Highly Charged Star-Branched Polyelectrolytes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
François Boué
Full Text Available Scattering functions of sodium sulfonated polystyrene (NaPSS star-branched polyelectrolytes with high sulfonation degrees were measured from their salt-free aqueous solutions, using the Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS technique. Whatever the concentration c, they display two maxima. The first, of abscissa q1*, is related to a position order between star cores and scales as q1* ∝ c1/3. The second, of abscissa q2*, is also observed in the scattering function of a semi-dilute solution of NaPSS linear polyelectrolytes. In the dilute regime (c < c*, non-overlapping stars, peak abscissa does not depend on concentration c and is just an intramolecular characteristic associated with the electrostatic repulsion between arms of the same star. In the semi-dilute regime, due to the star interpenetration, the scattering function – through the peak position, reflects repulsion between arms of the same star or of different stars. The c threshold between these distinct c-dependencies of q2* in the dilute and semi-dilute regimes is estimated as c*. Just as simple is the measurement of the geometrical radius R of the star obtained from the q1* value at c* through the relation 2R = 2π/q1*. By considering NaPSS stars of the same functionality with different degrees of polymerization per arm Na, we find R scaling linearly with Na, suggesting an elongated average conformation of the arms. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. Meanwhile the value of q2* measured in the dilute regime does not allow any inhomogeneous counterion distribution inside the stars to be revealed.
Electronic Tongue for Qualitative Analysis of Aqueous Solutions of Salts Using Thick-film Technology and Metal Electrodes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Juan Soto
Full Text Available An electronic tongue for the qualitative analysis of aqueous solutions of salts hasbeen developed. The following set of electrodes was used: RuO2, Ag, and Cu in thick-filmtechnology and Au, Pb, Zn and Ni as small bars of the corresponding metal. The response ofthe designed "electronic tongue†was tested on a family of samples containing pure salt andcomplex mixtures. The electrodes were used as potentiometric un-specific sensors and thee.m.f. of each electrode in contact with a certain aqueous solution was used as input signalfor a PCA analysis. The study showed that the set of electrodes were capable to discriminatebetween aqueous solutions of salts basically by their different content in anions and cations(the anions SO42-, Cl-, PO4H2-, CO3H-, NO3- and cations Na+ and K+ were studied. In orderto better analyze the basis for the discrimination power shown by the electronic tongue, aquantitative analysis was also envisaged. A fair estimation of the concentrations of thedifferent ions in the solutions studied appeared to be possible using this electronic tonguedesign.Keywords:
Conductivity and Viscosity Measurements for Binary Lysozyme Chloride Aqueous Solution and Ternary Lysozyme-Salt-Water Solution
Buzatu, D; Buzatu, F D
We use the conductimetric method, adequate to electrolytes, to determine the lysozyme charge in lys-water and ternary lys-salt-water systems. We measured also the viscosities for the above binary and ternary systems in the same conditions at pH$=4.5$ and T$=298$ K, measurements that allow us to see any effect of viscosity on cations mobilities and implicitly on the lysozyme charge. The method is illustrated for the lysozyme chloride aqueous solution system at 25$^o$ C, using the data reported here for pH$=4.5$ at 0.15, 0.6, 0.8, 1., 1.5, 2., 2.5, 3., 3.5 mM (mg/mL) lysozyme chloride concentrations. The method was also applied to ternary lys-salt-water systems in the same conditions at pH$=4.5$ and T$=25^o$ C. Ternary conductivities are reported for a mean concentration 0.6 mM of lysozyme chloride in all systems and a mean concentration 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.175, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 M for NaCl; 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.175, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 M for KCl; 0.005, 0.01,...
Ion Pairing in Aqueous Lithium Salt Solutions with Monovalent and Divalent Counter-Anions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Pluhařová, Eva; Mason, Philip E.; Jungwirth, Pavel
Roč. 117, č. 46 (2013), s. 11766-11773. ISSN 1089-5639 R&D Projects: GA MŠk LH12001 Grant ostatní: MŠMT(CZ) LM2010005 Institutional support: RVO:61388963 Keywords : lithium * aqueous solution * neutron scattering * molecular dynamics * polarizability Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 2.775, year: 2013
Soft X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous salt solutions with highly charged cations in liquid microjets
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schwartz, Craig P.; Uejio, Janel S.; Duffin, Andrew M.; Drisdell, Walter S.; Smith, Jared D.; Saykally, Richard J.
X-ray absorption spectra of 1M aqueous solutions of indium (III) chloride, yttrium (III) bromide, lanthanum (III) chloride, tin (IV) chloride and chromium (III) chloride have been measured at the oxygen K-edge. Relatively minor changes are observed in the spectra compared to that of pure water. SnCl{sub 4} and CrCl{sub 3} exhibit a new onset feature which is attributed to formation of hydroxide or other complex molecules in the solution. At higher energy, only relatively minor, but salt-specific changes in the spectra occur. The small magnitude of the observed spectral changes is ascribed to offsetting perturbations by the cations and anions.
Rheological and kinetic study of the ultrasonic degradation of locust bean gum in aqueous saline and salt-free solutions.
Li, Ruoshi; Feke, Donald L
The ultrasonic degradation of locust bean gum (LBG) in aqueous solutions has been studied at 25°C for ultrasonication times up to 120 min. Although LBG is not a polyelectrolyte, the degradation extent and kinetics were found to be somewhat sensitive to the ionic conditions in solution, and this is attributed to changes in molecular conformation that can occur in different salt environments. Ultrasonic degradation was tracked by rheological measurements that lead to the determination of intrinsic viscosity for the LBG molecules. A kinetic model was also developed and successfully applied to characterize and predict the degradation results. PMID:26186852
Modeling of Dielectric Properties of Aqueous Salt Solutions with an Equation of State
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Maribo-Mogensen, Bjørn; Kontogeorgis, Georgios; Thomsen, Kaj
, been ignored in relation to thermodynamic modeling, and authors have either neglected the effect of salts on permittivity or used empirical correlations fitted to the measured static permittivity, leading to an overestimation of the reduction in the thermodynamic static permittivity. We present a new...... in the electrical field surrounding ions. Kinetic depolarization may explain 25–75% of the observed decrease in the permittivity of solutions containing salts, but since this is a dynamic property, this effect should not be included in the thermodynamic modeling of electrolytes. Kinetic depolarization has, however...... methodology for obtaining the static permittivity over wide ranges of temperatures, pressures, and compositions for use within an equation of state for mixed solvents containing salts. The static permittivity is calculated from a new extension of the framework developed by Onsager, Kirkwood, and Fröhlich...
Sorption of thorium by alkylammonium salts of iso- and heteropolyacids of transition metals from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Results of investigations of thorium extraction from aqueous solutions by coprecipitation with water-repellent compounds, forming in direct interaction of 12-molybdophosphate heteropolyacid (HPA) with alkyltrimethylammoniumchloride, depending on the aqueous phase acidity are presented. It is established that degree of thorium extraction increases with an increase in the pH value and at transition to solutions with more diluted HPA. Thorium in hydrochloric acid media is extracted at a higher acidity of the aqueous phase in comparison with sulfuric acid media at the same concentration of HPA in the solution which is equal to 3.1x10-3 mol/l. Interaction of thorium with water-repellent precipitations proceeds due to processes of Th complexino. with HPA or HPA decomposition products. Data on infrared spectroscopic investigations of the composition of the water-repellent precipitations obtained under different conditions are presented. It is shown that the differences in the character of thorium distribution between precipitate and solution depend on the changes in the solid phase composition
Chain dimensions in free and immobilized brush states of polysulfobetaine in aqueous solution at various salt concentrations
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Terayama, Y; Arita, H; Ishikawa, T; Takahara, A [Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385 (Japan); Kikuchi, M; Mitamura, K; Kobayashi, M [JST, ERATO Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385 (Japan); Yamada, N L, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 (Japan)
The chain dimensions of free and immobilized polysulfobetaine in aqueous solution at various salt concentrations were investigated by size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering and neutron reflectivity measurement, respectively. The dependence of the z-average mean square radius of gyration (
{sub z}{sup 1/2}) on the weight-average molecular weight (M{sub w}) of free poly(3-(N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl-N,N-dimethyl)ammonatopropanesulfo-nate) (MAPS) in aqueous solution at salt concentrations of 74, 100, 200, and 500 mM was described by the perturbed wormlike chain model using the chain stiffness parameter {lambda}{sup -1} the molar mass per unit contour length ML, and the excluded volume effect B. B increased from 0 to 1.8 nm with increasing salt concentration to 500 mM due to the screening of attractive electrostatic interaction between ammonium cations and sulfonyl anions by salt ions. The swollen structure of the poly(MAPS) brush in D{sub 2}O changed from a shrunken state to a relatively extended state with increasing salt concentration from 0 to 500 mM NaCl/D{sub 2}O solution. The thickness of the swollen poly(MAPS) brush in 500 mM NaCl/D{sub 2}O was 9.0 times greater than 2 {sub z}{sup 1/2} of free poly(MAPS) due to high osmotic pressure generated by the excluded volume effect of densely grafted polymer chains.
Effect of salt identity on the phase diagram for a globularprotein in aqueous electrolyte solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bostrom, Mathias; Tavares, Frederico W.; Ninham, Barry W.; Prausnitz, John M.
Monte Carlo simulations are used to establish the potential of mean force between two globular proteins in an aqueous electrolyte solution. This potential includes nonelectrostatic contributions arising from dispersion forces first, between the globular proteins, and second, between ions in solution and between each ion and the globular protein. These latter contributions are missing from standard models. The potential of mean force, obtained from simulation, is fitted to an analytic equation. Using our analytic potential of mean force and Barker-Henderson perturbation theory, we obtain phase diagrams for lysozyme solutions that include stable and metastable fluid-fluid and solid-fluid phases when the electrolyte is 0.2 M NaSCN or NaI or NaCl. The nature of the electrolyte has a significant effect on the phase diagram.
Effect of plasticizer on surface of free films prepared from aqueous solutions of salts of cationic polymers with different plasticizers
Bajdik, János; Fehér, Máté; Pintye-Hódi, Klára
Acquisition of a more detailed understanding of all technological processes is currently a relevant tendency in pharmaceutical technology and hence in industry. A knowledge of film formation from dispersion of polymers is very important during the coating of solid dosage forms. This process and the structure of the film can be influenced by different additives. In the present study, taste-masking films were prepared from aqueous citric acid solutions of a cationic polymer (Eudragit ® E PO) with various hydrophilic plasticizers (glycerol, propylene glycol and different poly(ethylene glycols)). The mechanical properties, film thickness, wetting properties and surface free energy of the free films were studied. The aim was to evaluate the properties of surface of free films to predict the arrangement of macromolecules in films formed from aqueous solutions of salts of cationic polymers. A high molecular weight of the plasticizer decreased the work of deformation. The surface free energy and the polarity were highest for the film without plasticizer; the hydrophilic additives decreased these parameters. The direction of the change in polarity (a hydrophilic component caused a decrease in the polarity) was unexpected. It can be explained by the change in orientation of the macromolecules, a hydrophobic surface being formed. Examination of the mechanical properties and film thickness can furnish additional results towards a knowledge of film formation by this not frequently applied type of polymer from aqueous solution.
Ice VII from aqueous salt solutions: From a glass to a crystal with broken H-bonds.
Klotz, S; Komatsu, K; Pietrucci, F; Kagi, H; Ludl, A-A; Machida, S; Hattori, T; Sano-Furukawa, A; Bove, L E
It has been known for decades that certain aqueous salt solutions of LiCl and LiBr readily form glasses when cooled to below ≈160 K. This fact has recently been exploited to produce a « salty » high-pressure ice form: When the glass is compressed at low temperatures to pressures higher than 4 GPa and subsequently warmed, it crystallizes into ice VII with the ionic species trapped inside the ice lattice. Here we report the extreme limit of salt incorporation into ice VII, using high pressure neutron diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that high-pressure crystallisation of aqueous solutions of LiCl∙RH2O and LiBr∙RH2O with R = 5.6 leads to solids with strongly expanded volume, a destruction of the hydrogen-bond network with an isotropic distribution of water-dipole moments, as well as a crystal-to-amorphous transition on decompression. This highly unusual behaviour constitutes an interesting pathway from a glass to a crystal where translational periodicity is restored but the rotational degrees of freedom remaining completely random. PMID:27562476
Self-consistent field theory investigation of the behavior of hyaluronic acid chains in aqueous salt solutions
Nogovitsin, E. A.; Budkov, Yu. A.
In this work we continue to develop a field-theoretic methodology, which combines the technique of Gaussian equivalent representation for the calculation of functional integrals with the continuous Gaussian thread model of flexible polymers for solving statistical-mechanical problems of polyelectrolyte solutions. We present new analytic expressions for the osmotic pressure, the potential of mean force, and the monomer-monomer pair distribution function, and employ them to investigate the structural and thermodynamic quantities of the polyelectrolyte system. We demonstrate the applicability of the method for systems of polyelectrolyte chains in which the monomers interact via a Yukawa-type pair potential. As a specific example, the present work focuses on aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid with added salts NaCl and CaCl2. Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight linear polysaccharide, which has a multitude of roles in biological tissues. We conclude that the effect of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on the osmotic properties of hyaluronic acid solutions can be accounted for by their contributions to the ionic strength. Nevertheless, the effects of coiling and self-association can be stimulated in solution by added salt.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
While thermodynamic properties of pure aqueous electrolytes are relatively well known at ambient temperature, there are far fewer data for binary systems extending to elevated temperatures and high concentrations. There is no general theoretically sound basis for prediction of the temperature dependence of ionic activities, and consequently temperature extrapolations based on ambient temperature data and empirical equations are uncertain and require empirical verification. Thermodynamic properties of mixed brines in a wide range of concentrations would enhance the understanding and precise modeling of the effects of deliquescence of initially dry solids in humid air in geological environments and in modeling the composition of waters during heating, cooling, evaporation or condensation processes. These conditions are of interest in the analysis of waters on metal surfaces at the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The results obtained in this project will be useful for modeling the long-term evolution of the chemical environment, and this in turn is useful for the analysis of the corrosion of waste packages. In particular, there are few reliable experimental data available on the relationship between relative humidity and composition that reveals the eutonic points of the mixtures and the mixture deliquescence RH. The deliquescence RH for multicomponent mixtures is lower than that of pure component or binary solutions, but is not easy to predict quantitatively since the solutions are highly nonideal. In this work we used the ORNL low-temperature and high-temperature isopiestic facilities, capable of precise measurements of vapor pressure between ambient temperature and 250 C for determination of not only osmotic coefficients, but also solubilities and deliquescence points of aqueous mixed solutions in a range of temperatures. In addition to standard solutions of CaCl2, LiCl, and NaCl used as references, precise direct
Photoemission spectra of aqueous solutions of salts from many-body perturbation theory
Gaiduk, Alex P.; Skone, Jonathan H.; Govoni, Marco; Galli, Giulia
The computational design of electrode materials for energy conversion and storage processes requires an accurate description of the energy levels of the electrolyte and of electrolyte/electrode interfaces. Conventional density-functional approximations are in general not well suited for this task as they yield inaccurate orbital energies. Many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) predicts vertical ionization potentials and energy gaps in better agreement with experiments, providing the possibility for an accurate description of the electronic properties of electrolytes. We coupled ab initio molecular dynamics with MBPT calculations to investigate the photoemission spectra of a 1 M aqueous solution of NaCl. For the first time we were able to determine the absolute positions of the spectra peaks, with excellent agreement with experiments for both the solute and solvent peak positions. The best results were obtained using wavefunctions obtained from dielectric-dependent hybrid calculations as a starting point for MBPT. Work supported by DOE BES DE-SC0008938. Computer time provided by the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility through the INCITE program.
Conformation dynamics and polarization effect of α,α-trehalose in a vacuum and in aqueous and salt solutions.
Kan, Zigui; Yan, Xiufen; Ma, Jing
Conformational changes of α,α-trehalose in a vacuum, water, and 0-20 wt % NaCl solutions were investigated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different levels of density function theory (DFT) and with fixed-charge nonpolarizable and variable-charge force fields (FFs), respectively. The relative thermodynamic stability of trehalose is enhanced by the formation of intercycle and/or intracycle hydrogen bonds, but some thermodynamically unfavorable structures can be sampled in the DFT-based ab initio MD simulation. The polarization effects of polar trehalose molecule in aqueous and NaCl solutions were studied by a series of MD simulations with both the conventional nonpolarizable and polarizable force field models. In the polarizable model, the partial charges of trehalose were updated every 2 ps using DFT calculations and fused with the other FF parameters for the energy calculation and MD simulation. Around the trehalose, water molecules located in an asymmetry model and trehalose have a stronger tendency to bind with water molecules than Na(+) and Cl(-) ions. When the trehalose concentration is increased from 3.26 to 6.31 wt % in salt aqueous solution, the two trehalose molecules periodically approach each other in a nearly anhydrate state and leave a way to keep the favorable hydration structure with the mean trehalose-trehalose distance of 8.6 Å. The similarity between the solvated dimer packing styles (shoulder-by-shoulder or head-to-head) and crystal stacking can be used to make an extrapolation to higher sugar concentrations and to rationalize the bioprotection function of trehalose in high salt concentration. PMID:25506668
Interfacial behavior of perchlorate versus chloride ions in saturated aqueous salt solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ghosal, S; Kuo, I W; Baer, M D; Bluhm, H
In recent years combination of theoretical and experimental work have presented a novel view of the aqueous interface wherein hard and/or multiply charged ions are excluded from the interface, but large polarizable anions show interfacial enhancement relative to the bulk. The observed trend in the propensity of anions to adsorb at the air/water interface appears to be reverse of the Hofmeister series for anions. This study focuses on experimental and theoretical examination of the partitioning behavior of perchlorate (ClO{sub 4}{sup -}) and chloride (Cl{sup -}) ions at the air/water interface. We have used ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique to directly probe the interfacial concentrations of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} and Cl{sup -} ions in sodium perchlorate and sodium chloride solutions, respectively. Experimental observations are compared with first principles molecular dynamics simulations. Both experimental and simulation results show enhancement of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} ion at the interface, compared with the absence of such enhancement in the case of Cl{sup -} ion. These observations are in agreement with the expected trend in the interfacial propensity of anions based on the Hofmeister series.
Dissolution of nickel ferrite in aqueous solutions containing oxalic acid and ferrous salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The dissolution of nickel ferrite in oxalic acid and in ferrous oxalate-oxalic acid aqueous solution was studied. Nickel ferrite was synthesized by thermal decomposition of a mixed tartrate; the particles were shown to be coated with a thin ferric oxide layer. Dissolution takes place in two stages, the first one corresponding to the dissolution of the ferric oxide outer layer and the second one being the dissolution of Ni1.06Fe1.96O4. The kinetics of dissolution during this first stage is typical of ferric oxides: in oxalic acid, both a ligand-assisted and a redox mechanism operates, whereas in the presence of ferrous ions, redox catalysis leads to a faster dissolution. The rate dependence on both oxalic acid and on ferrous ion is described by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation. In the second stage, Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics also describes the dissolution of iron and nickel from nickel ferrite. It may be concluded that oxalic acid operates to dissolve iron, and the ensuing disruption of the solid framework accelerates the release of nickel
Tritium and excess heat generation during electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali salts with nickel cathode
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A number of open cell electrolysis experiments of the Mills and Kneizys type using Nickel as cathode, Pt wire as anode and aqueous solutions of carbonates of Potassium, Sodium and Lithium (natural and enriched) as electrolyte have been carried out in three different laboratories at Trombay. The cells were fabricated out of commercial dewar vacuum flasks. The difference in temperature at equilibrium between the operating cells and that of an identical dummy reference flask was measured to deduce excess heat. The cells were calibrated using resistance heaters. In all, studies have been carried out so far in 29 electrolytic cells with various electrolytes. In some cases a mixture of H2O and D2O was used. The cells were operated for a few weeks at a time and excess heat up to a maximum of 70% appears to be present in most cells when the input joule power is upto a watt or two. The current density was less than 40 mA/cm2. Electrolyte samples before and after electrolysis were analysed for tritium content after microdistillation to eliminate chemiluminescence effects. Samples from 18 out of 29 experiments analysed have indicated tritium levels varying in the region of 46 Bq/ml to 3390 Bq/ml. One cell with enriched Li2CO3 solution in H2O which was monitored continuously for over a month indicated that tritium generation is continuous. Although the highest amount of tritium produced so far was with a K2CO3 in 25% D2O cell, the generation of tritium in cells containing only H2O is a new finding. (author)
Structural transformations of the synthetic salt 4`, 7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride in acid and basic aqueous solutions. Part 1-Ground state
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Pina, F.; Benedito, L.; Melo, M.J.; Parola, A.J. [Centro de Quimica Fina e Biotecnologia. Departamento de Quimica FCT/UNL, Portugal (Portugal); Lima, J.C.; Macanita, A.L. [Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Portugal (Portugal)
A complete study of the structural pH dependent transformations of the synthetic flavylium salt 4`-7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride (DHF), occurring in aqueous solutions, including the basic region, is described. The kinetics study of the transformations occurring in acidic media (quinoidal base (A) {l_reversible} flavylium cation (AH{sup +}) {l_reversible} hemiacetal (B) {l_reversible} cis-chalcone (C-cis) {l_reversible} trans-chalcone (C-trans)) allowed to conclude that the cis-transisomerization is faster than the tautomerization and the hydration processes, which is unique in the anthocyanins family. Results obtained with the parent compound 4`-7-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (DMF)with relevance to this study are also presented. In equilibrated basic solutions the existence of acid-base equilibria involving the trans-Chalcone (C-trans) and its conjugated bases, (C-trans, and C``2-trans), was detected. Freshly prepared solutions at pH>7 show also the presence of a transient species identified as the ionized quinoidal base (A``-), which is almost completely converted into C``2-trans with a Ph dependent rate constant, (Author) 17 refs.
Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of frozen aqueous solutions of Fe3+ salts
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mørup, Steen; Knudsen, J. E.; Nielsen, M. K.; Trumpy, Georg
attributed to changes in the average separation between the iron ions. In the FeCl3–H2O system, it was found that homogeneous glasses are easily formed when the salt concentration is larger than 3.5 moles FeCl3 per 100 moles H2O. In more dilute samples, ice crystallizes during cooling, while the salt...... glass forming agents such as NO3 - , ClO4 - , and glycerol are also discussed. In some systems it was found that the states obtained after cooling depend critically on the cooling rate. The Journal of Chemical Physics is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics....
Activity coefficients of ferrocenium iodide in aqueous-organic salt solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Values of electrode potentials were obtained by the method of potentiometric titration at 298.2 K, the standard values of emf and unified activity coefficients of ferrocenium iodide in water-acetone and water-ethanol solvents of different salt composition being calculated. It is shown that interaction of ferrocenium (Fc+) with iodide can occur with formation of two forms of complexes, i.e. [Fc+I-] and [Fc+I2]-
Specific Na+ and K+ Cation Effects on the Interfacial Water Molecules at the Air/Aqueous Salt Solution Interfaces Probed with Non-resonant Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)
Bian, Hong-tao; Feng, Ran-Ran; Guo, Yuan; Wang, Hong-fei
Here we report the polarization dependent non-resonant second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement of the interfacial water molecules at the aqueous solution of the following salts: NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KF, KCl, and KBr. Through quantitative polarization analysis of the SHG data,the orientational parameter D value and the relative surface density of the interfacial water molecules at these aqueous solution surfaces were determined. From these results we found that addition of each of the six sal...
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the structure of symmetric Polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelle in salt-free aqueous solution
Chockalingam, Rajalakshmi; Natarajan, Upendra
The structure of a symmetric polystyrene- b - poly(acrylic acid) (PS- b - PAA) micelle in salt-free aqueous solution as a function of degree-of-neutralization (or ionization, f) of the PAA is studied via explicit-atom-ion MD simulations, for the first time for a polyelectrolyte block copolymer in a polar solvent. Micelle size increases with fin agreement with experimental observations in literature, due to extension of PAA at higher ionization. Pair RDF's with respect to water oxygens show that corona-water interaction becomes stronger with f due to an increase in number density of carboxylate (COO-) groups on the chain. Water-PAA coordination (carboxylate O's) increases with ionization. H-bonding between PAA and water increases with f due to greater extent of corona-water affinity. With increase in f, atom and counter-ion ρ profiles confirm extension of corona blocks and micelle existing in the ``osmotic regime,'' and a decrease in scattering peak intensity, in agreement with neutron scattering experiments and mean-field theory in literature. Inter-chain distance in PS core is found to decrease with ionization. Macromolecular Simulation and Modeling Laboratory, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036.
4-Hydroxyphenacyl Ammonium Salts: A Photoremovable Protecting Group for Amines in Aqueous Solutions.
Bownik, Iwona; Šebej, Peter; Literák, Jaromír; Heger, Dominik; Šimek, Zdeněk; Givens, Richard S; Klán, Petr
Irradiation of N-protected p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) ammonium caged derivatives at 313 nm releases primary and secondary amines or ammonia in nearly quantitative yields via the photo-Favorskii reaction when conducted in acidic or neutral aqueous buffered media. The reaction efficiencies are strongly dependent on the pH with the most efficient and highest yields obtained when the pH of the media maintains the ammonium and p-hydroxyl groups as their conjugate acids. For example, the overall quantum yields of simple secondary amines release are 0.5 at acidic pH from 3.9 to 6.6 dropping to 0.1 at neutral pH 7.0 and 0.01 at pH 8.4. Speciation studies provide an acid-base profile that helps define the scope and limitations of the reaction. When the pKa of the ammonium group is lower than that of the phenolic hydroxyl group, as is the case for the α-amino-protected amino acids, the more acidic ammonium ion deprotonates as the media pH is changed from acidic toward neutral or basic, thus diminishing the leaving group ability of the amino group. This, in turn, lowers the propensity for the photo-Favorskii rearrangement reaction to occur and opens the reaction pathway to alternative competing photoreduction process. PMID:26373949
Spectroscopic studies of solutes in aqueous solution.
Chai, Bing-hua; Zheng, Jian-ming; Zhao, Qing; Pollack, Gerald H
Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of aqueous solutions of salts, sugars, and amino acids were studied using UV-vis spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry. Motivation stemmed from unanticipated absorption spectral and fluorescence features of the "exclusion zone" seen adjacent to various hydrophilic surfaces. Those features implied a structure distinct from that of bulk water (Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 127, 19). Absorption peaks at approximately 270 nm similar to those observed in the exclusion zone were seen in solutions of the following substances: salts, Nafion 117 solution/film, l-lysine, d-alanine, d-glucose and sucrose. To determine the fate of the absorbed energy, we studied the fluorescence properties of these solutions. The salts showed fluorescence emission around 480-490 nm under different excitation wavelengths. The fluorescence intensity of LiCl was higher than NaCl, which was in turn higher than KCl-the same ordering as the absorption intensities. Fluorescence of Nafion 117 solution/film, l-lysine, d-alanine, d-glucose and sucrose were observed as well, with multiple excitation wavelengths. Hence, at least some of the absorbed energy is released as fluorescence. The results show features closely similar to those observed in the exclusion zone, implying that the aqueous region around the solutes resembles the aqueous zone adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces. Both may be more extensively ordered than previously thought. PMID:18298105
Carbon dioxide solubility in aqueous potassium salt solutions of L-proline and DL-α-aminobutyric acid at high pressures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • CO2 solubility in aqueous potassium salt solutions of L-proline and DL-α-aminobutyric acid were studied. • The CO2 partial pressures studied was up to 1000 kPa. • The temperatures studied were (313.2, 333.2, 353.2) K. • The measured data were represented satisfactorily by using the applied correlations. • The CO2 absorption capacity of the studied systems was high and comparable with monoethanolamine. - Abstract: In the present work, the solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of potassium prolinate (KPr) and potassium α-aminobutyrate (KAABA) was measured at temperatures (313.2, 333.2, and 353.2) K and CO2 partial pressures up to 1000 kPa for amino acid salt concentrations: KPr, w = (7.5, 14.5, and 27.4 wt%) and KAABA, w = (6.9, 13.4, and 25.6 wt%). It was found that the CO2 absorption capacities of the studied amino acid salt systems were considerably high and comparable with that of industrially important alkanolamines including monoethanolamine. The CO2 loadings in aqueous potassium α-aminobutyrate at high pressures were also found to be generally higher than the loadings in aqueous potassium prolinate. A modified Kent–Eisenberg model was applied to correlate the CO2 solubility in the amino acid salt solution as function of CO2 partial pressure, temperature, and concentration. The model gave good representation of the (vapour + liquid) equilibrium data obtained for the amino acid salt systems studied, and provided accurate predictions of the solubility
Non-monotonic course of protein solubility in aqueous polymer-salt solutions can be modeled using the sol-mxDLVO model.
Herhut, Marcel; Brandenbusch, Christoph; Sadowski, Gabriele
Protein purification is often performed using cost-intensive chromatographic steps. To discover economic alternatives (e.g., crystallization), knowledge on protein solubility as a function of temperature, pH, and additives in solution as well as their concentration is required. State-of-the-art models for predicting protein solubility almost exclusively consider aqueous salt systems, whereas "salting-in" and "salting-out" effects induced by the presence of an additional polymer are not considered. Thus, we developed the sol-mxDLVO model. Using this newly developed model, protein solubility in the presence of one salt and one polymer, especially the non-monotonic course of protein solubility, could be predicted. Systems considered included salts (NaCl, Na-p-Ts, (NH(4))(2) SO(4)) and the polymer polyethylene glycol (MW: 2000 g/mol, 12000 g/mol) and proteins lysozyme from chicken egg white (pH 4 to 5.5) and D-xylose ketol-isomerase (pH 7) at 298.15 K. The results show that by using the sol-mxDLVO model, protein solubility in polymer-salt solutions can be modeled in good agreement with the experimental data for both proteins considered. The sol-mxDLVO model can describe the non-monotonic course of protein solubility as a function of polymer concentration and salt concentration, previously not covered by state-of-the-art models. PMID:26579880
Passivation behavior of Type 304 stainless steel in a non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF{sub 6} salt
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Myung, Seung-Taek [Department of Chemical Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551 (Japan)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Sasaki, Yusuke [Department of Chemical Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551 (Japan); Saito, Takamitsu [Nissan Motors, 1 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 273-8523 (Japan); Sun, Yang-Kook [Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seungdong-Gu, Seoul 133-791 (Korea, Republic of); Yashiro, Hitoshi [Department of Chemical Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551 (Japan)], E-mail: email@example.com
Passivation behavior of type 304 stainless steel in a non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF{sub 6} salt was studied using electrochemical polarization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). Cathodic polarization to 0 V vs. Li/Li{sup +} resulted in most but not complete reduction of the air-formed film from oxides to metal on the stainless steel, as confirmed by XPS. For complete elimination of the air-formed film, the surface of the stainless steel was scratched under anodic polarization conditions. At 3 V vs. Li/Li{sup +} where an anodic current peak appeared, only an indistinct layer was recognized on the newly scratched surface, according to ToF-SIMS analysis. Above 4 V vs. Li/Li{sup +}, substantial passive films were formed, which were composed of oxides and fluorides of iron and chromium. The origin of oxide was due to water contained in the non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution, and that of fluorides were the result of the decomposition of electrolytic salt, LiPF{sub 6}, especially at higher potential. The resultant passive films were stable in the non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF{sub 6} salt.
Effect of sodium phosphate salts on the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) 6000 at different temperatures
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sadeghi, Rahmat [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Hosseini, Rahim; Jamehbozorg, Bahman [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Precise density, sound velocity, water activity, and phase diagram measurements have been carried out on polyethylene oxide (PEO) in aqueous solutions of sodium di-hydrogen phosphate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, and tri-sodium phosphate over a range of temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The experimental density and sound velocity data are used to calculate the apparent specific volume and isentropic compressibility as a function of temperature and concentration. It was found that both of the apparent specific volume and isentropic compressibility of PEO in aqueous solutions increase by increasing temperature and charge on the anion of electrolytes. The results show that the slope of constant water activity lines increased with increasing the temperature and charge on the anion of electrolytes and the vapour pressure depression for an aqueous (PEO + sodium phosphate) system is more than the sum of those for the corresponding binary solutions. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and type of anion of salt on the salting-out effect of polyethylene oxide by sodium phosphate salts has been studied.
Salt-effects in aqueous surface-active ionic liquid 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide solutions: Volumetric and compressibility property changes and critical aggregation concentration shifts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: Plot of ϕV against mIL, for solutions of [C12mim]Br in water (solid lines) and in aqueous solutions of 0.035 mol · kg−1 NaCl (dotted lines) at: ○ and ●, T = 288.15 K; △ and ▴,T = 293.15 K; □ and ■, T = 298.15 K. - Highlights: • Salt effect on the aggregation of [C12mim]Br in aqueous solutions were studied. • The effect of 6 chloride electrolytes and 5 sodium electrolytes were investigated. • Investigated electrolytes have salting-out effect on the aggregation of [C12mim]Br. • Changes in the volumes and compressibilities upon micellization were derived. - Abstract: Systematic studies on the volumetric and compressibility properties of aqueous solutions of model surface-active ionic liquid 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C12mim]Br) are performed in the absence and presence of a large series of electrolytes in order to achieve a deeper understanding about the molecular mechanism behind the specific salt effect on the aggregation behavior of [C12mim]Br in aqueous solution. For this purpose, 6 chloride electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, (CH3)4NCl, MgCl2 and FeCl3) and 5 sodium electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, and Na3Cit.) were used in order to individualize the effect of the anion and the cation. The values of the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) were obtained and it was found that all the investigated electrolytes have salting-out effect on the aggregation of [C12mim]Br in aqueous solutions, leading to significant downward shifts of the CAC. The magnitude of the shifts depends on the water-structuring nature of the electrolyte and follows the Hofmeister series. Changes in the apparent molar volumes and isentropic compressibilities upon micellization were derived using a pseudophase-transition approach and the infinite dilution apparent molar properties of the monomer and micellar form of [C12mim]Br were determined
High-precision gigahertz-to-terahertz spectroscopy of aqueous salt solutions as a probe of the femtosecond-to-picosecond dynamics of liquid water
Vinh, N Q; Allen, S James; George, D K; Rahmani, A J; Plaxco, Kevin W
Because it is sensitive to fluctuations occurring over femtoseconds to picoseconds, gigahertz-to-terahertz dielectric relaxation spectroscopy can provide a valuable window into water's most rapid intermolecular motions. In response, we have built a vector network analyzer dielectric spectrometer capable of measuring absorbance and index of refraction in this frequency regime with unprecedented precision. Using this to determine the complex dielectric response of water and aqueous salt solutions from 5.9 GHz to 1.12 THz (which we provide in the SI), we have obtained strong new constraints on theories of water's collective dynamics. For example, while the salt-dependencies we observe for water's two slower relaxations (8 and 1 ps) are easily reconciled with suggestions that they arise due to rotations of fully and partially hydrogen bonded molecules, respectively, the salt-dependence of the fastest relaxation (180 fs) appears difficult to reconcile with its prior assignment to liberations of single hydrogen bon...
(Surfactant + polymer) interaction parameter studied by (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data of quaternary aqueous solution containing surfactant, polymer, and salt
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of quaternary aqueous system containing polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (with abbreviation name Brij 58, non-ionic surfactant), diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) with three molar masses {MW = (1000, 6000, and 35,000) g . mol-1} have been determined experimentally at T = 313.15 K. Furthermore, the Flory-Huggins theory with two electrostatic terms (Debye-Hueckel and Pitzer-Debye-Hueckel equations) have been used to calculate the phase behavior of the quaternary systems and (surfactant + polymer) interaction parameter as well as interaction parameters between other species. Temperature dependency of the parameters of the Flory-Huggins theory has been obtained. Also an effort have been done to show that addition of PEG as well as increasing the temperature can shift the binodal curves of the ternary aqueous system containing surfactant and salt to lower mole fraction of salt. Also the effect of polymer molar mass on the binodal diagram displacement has been discussed
(Surfactant + polymer) interaction parameter studied by (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data of quaternary aqueous solution containing surfactant, polymer, and salt
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Foroutan, Masumeh [Physical Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Heidari, Nosrat; Mohammadlou, Maryam [Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Uremia University, Uremia (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Sojahrood, Amin Jafari [Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Uremia University, Uremia (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of quaternary aqueous system containing polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (with abbreviation name Brij 58, non-ionic surfactant), diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) with three molar masses {l_brace}M{sub W} = (1000, 6000, and 35,000) g . mol{sup -1}{r_brace} have been determined experimentally at T = 313.15 K. Furthermore, the Flory-Huggins theory with two electrostatic terms (Debye-Hueckel and Pitzer-Debye-Hueckel equations) have been used to calculate the phase behavior of the quaternary systems and (surfactant + polymer) interaction parameter as well as interaction parameters between other species. Temperature dependency of the parameters of the Flory-Huggins theory has been obtained. Also an effort have been done to show that addition of PEG as well as increasing the temperature can shift the binodal curves of the ternary aqueous system containing surfactant and salt to lower mole fraction of salt. Also the effect of polymer molar mass on the binodal diagram displacement has been discussed.
The salting-out effect and phase separation in aqueous solutions of tri-sodium citrate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sadeghi, Rahmat, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Golabiazar, Roonak [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shekaari, Hemayat [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
The aim of this work is to obtain further evidence about the salting-out effect produced by the addition of tri-sodium citrate to aqueous solutions of water miscible ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C{sub 4}mim][Br]) by evaluating the effect of tri-sodium citrate on the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of this ionic liquid. Experimental measurements of density and sound velocity at different temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 308.15) K, the refractive index at 308.15 K and the liquid-liquid phase diagram at different temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 338.15) K for aqueous solutions containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C{sub 4}mim][Br]) and tri-sodium citrate (Na{sub 3}Cit) are taken. The apparent molar volume of transfer of [C{sub 4}mim][Br] from water to aqueous solutions of Na{sub 3}Cit have positive values and it increases by increasing salt molality. Although at high IL molality, the apparent molar isentropic compressibility shows similar behaviour with that of the apparent molar volume. However at low concentrations of IL, the apparent molar isentropic compressibility of transfer of [C{sub 4}mim][Br] from water to aqueous solutions of Na{sub 3}Cit have negative values. The effects of temperature and the addition of Na{sub 3}Cit and [C{sub 4}mim][Br] on the liquid-liquid phase diagram of the investigated system have been studied. It was found that an increase in temperature caused the expansion of the one-phase region. The presence of Na{sub 3}Cit triggers a salting-out effect, leading to significant upward shifts of the liquid-liquid de-mixing temperatures of the system. The effect of temperature on the phase-forming ability in the system investigated has been studied based on a salting-out coefficient obtained from fitting the binodal values to a Setschenow-type equation for each temperature. Based on cloud point values, the energetics of the clouding process have been estimated and it was found that both of
The salting-out effect and phase separation in aqueous solutions of tri-sodium citrate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The aim of this work is to obtain further evidence about the salting-out effect produced by the addition of tri-sodium citrate to aqueous solutions of water miscible ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C4mim][Br]) by evaluating the effect of tri-sodium citrate on the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of this ionic liquid. Experimental measurements of density and sound velocity at different temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 308.15) K, the refractive index at 308.15 K and the liquid-liquid phase diagram at different temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 338.15) K for aqueous solutions containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C4mim][Br]) and tri-sodium citrate (Na3Cit) are taken. The apparent molar volume of transfer of [C4mim][Br] from water to aqueous solutions of Na3Cit have positive values and it increases by increasing salt molality. Although at high IL molality, the apparent molar isentropic compressibility shows similar behaviour with that of the apparent molar volume. However at low concentrations of IL, the apparent molar isentropic compressibility of transfer of [C4mim][Br] from water to aqueous solutions of Na3Cit have negative values. The effects of temperature and the addition of Na3Cit and [C4mim][Br] on the liquid-liquid phase diagram of the investigated system have been studied. It was found that an increase in temperature caused the expansion of the one-phase region. The presence of Na3Cit triggers a salting-out effect, leading to significant upward shifts of the liquid-liquid de-mixing temperatures of the system. The effect of temperature on the phase-forming ability in the system investigated has been studied based on a salting-out coefficient obtained from fitting the binodal values to a Setschenow-type equation for each temperature. Based on cloud point values, the energetics of the clouding process have been estimated and it was found that both of entropy and enthalpy are the driving forces for biphasic
Preparation of CuO nanoparticles by metal salt-base reaction in aqueous solution and their metallic bonding property
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This article describes a method for preparing CuO nanoparticles in aqueous solution, and a demonstration of feasibility of metallic bonding with the use of the CuO particles. Colloid solution of CuO nanoparticles was prepared from Cu(NO3)2 aqueous solution (0.01 M) and NaOH aqueous solution (0.019 M) at 5–80 °C. Leaf-like aggregates with an average size of 567 nm composed of CuO nanoparticles were produced at 20 °C. The size of leaf-like aggregates decreased with increasing reaction temperature. Metallic copper discs could be bonded using the CuO nanoparticles under annealing at 400 °C and pressurizing at 1.2 MPa for 5 min in H2 gas. A shear strength required for separating the bonded discs was 25.4 MPa for the CuO nanoparticles prepared at 20 °C, whose aggregates were the largest among the CuO particles examined. These results indicated that the formation of leaf-like aggregates of CuO nanoparticles led to efficient metallic bonding.
Correlation between the Increasing Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Cation Chlorides with Time and the "Salting-Out" Properties of the Cations
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Nada Verdel
Full Text Available The time-dependent role of cations was investigated by ageing four different aqueous solutions of cation chlorides. A linear correlation was found between the cations' Setchenov coefficient for the salting-out of benzene and the increase in the conductivity with time. The conductivity of the structure-breaking cations or the chaotropes increased more significantly with time than the conductivity of the kosmotropes. Since larger water clusters accelerate the proton or hydroxyl hopping mechanism, we propose that the structuring of the hydration shells of the chaotropes might be spontaneously enhanced over time.
Triton X-100 as a complete liquid scintillation cocktail for counting aqueous solutions and ionic nutrient salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Triton X-100, used alone, was found to act as a complete liquid scintillation cocktail. Triton X-100 acted as a scintillator and the effect was not due to Cerenkov radiation. A variety of other commercially available surfactants also acted as scintillators, but with different levels of efficiency. Triton X-100/water combinations were suitable for counting aqueous solutions of 33P and 86Rb and the count rate was stable over extended periods of time. Triton X-100/toluene combinations also yielded high counting efficiencies. Triton X-100 was more sensitive to quenching than standard cocktails containing fluors. (author)
Thermodynamic study of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes of low and medium charge density without added salt by direct measurement of osmotic pressure
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A special block osmometer has been constructed and applied to a systematic study of poly (vinyl alcohol and vinyl sulphate ester) (PVS) sodium salts in dilute and moderately concentrated salt free aqueous solutions. In order to avoid surely ionic contamination all parts of the equipment that can contact with the polyelectrolyte solutions were made of different kinds of plastics and glass. The pressure range spans from (50 to 1.3 . 105) Pa. The measuring system was found to be appropriate for determination of the molar mass of water soluble polymers, too. Above a certain analytical density of dissociable groups (ADDG) an ion size dependent transition was observed on the reduced osmotic pressure vs. concentration curves. The analysis of the osmotic pressure data has clearly revealed that the dependence of the degree of dissociation on ADDG calculated at zero polyelectrolyte concentration contradicts to 'ion condensation' theory. With increasing polyelectrolyte concentration the degree of dissociation decreased rather steeply but at very low concentrations sharp maximums appeared due either to the change in conformation of these charged macromolecules, or formation of dynamic clusters induced by salting out of neutral parts of the macromolecules by the ionized groups. The applicability of the scaling concept as well as the many possible ways of characterization of non-ideality of polyelectrolyte solutions will be discussed in detail.
Aqueous polyethylene oxide solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A number of aspects concerning the reorientation of polymer, water and ion hydration complexes have been studied in aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The polymer dynamics are investigated by 1H-PEO and 13C-PEO nuclear relaxation experiments. 162 refs.; 30 figs.; 19 tabs
Specific Na+ and K+ Cation Effects on the Interfacial Water Molecules at the Air/Aqueous Salt Solution Interfaces Probed with Non-resonant Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)
Bian, Hong-tao; Guo, Yuan; Wang, Hong-fei
Here we report the polarization dependent non-resonant second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement of the interfacial water molecules at the aqueous solution of the following salts: NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KF, KCl, and KBr. Through quantitative polarization analysis of the SHG data,the orientational parameter D value and the relative surface density of the interfacial water molecules at these aqueous solution surfaces were determined. From these results we found that addition of each of the six salts caused increase of the thickness of the interfacial water layer at the surfaces to a certain extent. Noticeably, both the cations and the anions contributed to the changes, and the abilities to increase the thickness of the interfacial water layer were in the following order: KBr > NaBr > KCl > NaCl ~ NaF > KF. Since these changes can not be factorized into individual anion and cation contributions, there are possible ion pairing or association effects, especially for the NaF case. We also found that the orientational ...
Effect of temperature on the (liquid + liquid) equilibrium for aqueous solution of nonionic surfactant and salt: Experimental and modeling
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Foroutan, Masumeh [Physical Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Enghelab Avenue, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Heidari, Nosrat; Mohammadlou, Maryam [Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Uremia University, Uremia (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Sojahrood, Amin Jafari [Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Uremia University, Uremia (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
The effect of temperature on the (liquid + liquid) equilibrium of the aqueous solution of surfactant polyoxyethylene cetylether (with abbreviation name Brij 58) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate has been investigated at T = (303.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 333.15) K. The Flory-Huggins equation with two electrostatic terms (Debye-Huckle and Pitzer-Debye-Huckle equations) was used to correlate the phase behavior of this system. Good agreement has been found between experimental and calculated data from both models. The results indicated that the enlargement of the two-phase region upon increasing the temperature. Additionally temperature dependency of the parameters of the Flory-Huggins model has been calculated.
Effect of temperature on the (liquid + liquid) equilibrium for aqueous solution of nonionic surfactant and salt: Experimental and modeling
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The effect of temperature on the (liquid + liquid) equilibrium of the aqueous solution of surfactant polyoxyethylene cetylether (with abbreviation name Brij 58) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate has been investigated at T = (303.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 333.15) K. The Flory-Huggins equation with two electrostatic terms (Debye-Huckle and Pitzer-Debye-Huckle equations) was used to correlate the phase behavior of this system. Good agreement has been found between experimental and calculated data from both models. The results indicated that the enlargement of the two-phase region upon increasing the temperature. Additionally temperature dependency of the parameters of the Flory-Huggins model has been calculated
Initiation of nuclear reactions under laser irradiation of Au nanoparticles in the aqueous solution of Uranium salt
Simakin, A V
Laser exposure of suspension of either gold or palladium nanoparticles in aqueous solutions of UO2Cl2 of natural isotope abundance was experimentally studied. Picosecond Nd:YAG lasers at peak power from 1011 to 1013 W/cm2 at the wavelength of 1064 and 355 nm were used as well as a visible-range Cu vapor laser at peak power of 1010 W/cm2. The composition of colloidal solutions before and after laser exposure was analyzed using atomic absorption and gamma spectroscopy between 0.06 and 1 MeV range of photon energy. A real-time gamma-spectroscopy was used to characterize the kinetics of nuclear reactions during laser exposure. It was found that laser exposure initiated nuclear reactions involving both 238U and 235U nuclei via different channels in H2O and D2O. The influence of saturation of both the liquid and nanoparticles by gaseous H2 and D2 on the kinetics of nuclear transformations was found. Possible mechanisms of observed processes are discussed.
Ultrasonic relaxation study of preferential solvation in quasi-two-components aqueous solutions of amides and zinc salts.
Miecznik, P; Golebiewski, Z
To investigate the effect of preferential solvation the ultrasonic attenuation (2-50 MHz) and velocities (3 MHz) of ZnCl(2) and 2-chloroacetamide (ClCH(2)CONH(2)) in water and its quasi-binary mixtures with the ratio (ZnCl(2)+ClCH(2)CONH(2)):H(2)O=1:55 at 298.15 K have been measured. The creation of specific complexes in the ClCH(2)CONH(2)-H(2)O-ZnCl(2) system have a relaxational character which, within the measurements of ultrasonic absorption in the frequency range 2-50 MHz, have been observed. On the base of these properties the kinetic and dynamic parameters of the observed relaxation have been calculated. To bring into relief the influence of Cl atom in the 2-chloroacetamide molecules for complexation process it has been investigated also the system AA-H(2)O-ZnCl(2). The next step of searching was to investigate the system of CHAA-H(2)O-ZnBr(2), to reduce the influence of Cl atom within ZnCl(2) molecule at the complexation process. The main aim of presented study was to investigate the possibility of complexation in the aqueous solutions of ZnCl(2) with the part of 2-ClCH(2)CONH(2) (CHAA). With regard of big complexing ability of zinc, there exist a theoretical possibility of attachment CHAA to the inner coordination sphere of zinc through chloride atom. There can create here outer-sphere as well as inner-sphere complexes. As a results the observed relaxation processes have been attributed to creation and disintegration the following complexes: Zn(H(2)O)(2)(CHAA)(4)(2+) and Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(3)(CHAA)Cl(2)(-). PMID:15047358
SANS study of micelle formation in aqueous mixed solutions of sodium and magnesium dodecylsulfates with added salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Complete text of publication follows. Mixtures of two anionic surfactants -sodium and magnesium didecyl sulphates- in heavy water were studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at various relative and total concentrations of the surfactants and various salt contents (NaCl and MgCl2). The average aggregation number and the effective fractional charge of mixed micelles were determined by fitting the data with the spherical or ellipsoidal shape model for the form factor and with the rescaled mean spherical approximation (RMSA) model for the structural factor. There are differences in the dependence of the characteristics of the mixed micelles formation on the relative concentration of the surfactants for the cases of their small and high total concentration. The changes in the micelle structure under salt addition are affected by the king of the salt. (author)
Structure and molecular dynamics of sodium dodecylsulfate micelles modified with hydrophilic short-chain imidazolium salts in aqueous solution.
Lin, Jia-Hsien; Hou, Sheng-Shu
This study uses pyrene solubilization and NMR experiments to investigate the effects of two hydrophilic short-chain ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EmimBF4) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF4) on the micellization of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in the aqueous phase. The results of the pyrene solubilization experiments indicate that the added short-chain ILs not only promote the micellization of SDS but also modify micelle properties. For NMR studies, the present study focuses on (1) the compositions and spatial arrangements of component molecules and (2) the molecular dynamics of DS(-) in the Rmim-modified SDS micelle. Using pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR measurements, the composition of the Rmim-modified SDS micelle was calculated by the diffusion data and was found to be correlated with the [SDS]. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D NOESY) experiments confirm that the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (Rmim(+)) is located inside the Rmim-modified SDS micelle. Corresponding to the microstructure of the Rmim-modified SDS micelle, in terms of (1)H T1 relaxation, the fast motion of SDS α-CH2 and β-CH2 segments are markedly restricted by the attached Rmim(+) to the sulfate group of DS(-), whereas the central carbons and the terminal CH3 group of DS(-) are only slightly affected. The chemical shift analysis indicates that the surface of the Rmim-modified SDS micelle is dehydrated by the absorbed Rmim(+) and becomes more hydrophobic than that of the pure SDS micelle. Insertion of Rmim(+) into the Rmim-modified SDS micelle appears to be driven through the hydrophobic interaction, and it is shown to combine with SDS molecules to constitute the hydrophobic part of the Rmim-modified SDS micelle. PMID:27107206
The Poisson-Boltzmann equation for aqueous solutions of stong polyelectrolytes without added salt: The cell model revisited
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
An extensive discussion of the analytical solution for the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in cylindrical symmetry for strong polyelectrolytes in the cell model is presented. The reduced mean electrostatic potential μ at finite dilutions is discussed in terms of its dependence on the polyelectrolyte equivalent concentration Ce, its charge density parameter ξ, and the distance of closest approach a of the counterions to the polyion. It is shown that in the limit a → 0 counterion condensation is expected. For more realistic nonzero values of a, the reduced potential μ at a given relative position r/R in the cell with radius R is practically independent of the linear charge density for ξ > 2, but its value depends on the product a2Ce. The value μ(a) of the reduced potential near the surface of the polyion is ξ-dependent, however, under the same conditions. A large fraction of all the counterions in the cell accumulate, on the average, in the neighborhood of the polyion, this fraction being larger the higher ξ is and the lower the product a2Ce is. The fraction of ions accumulated between the polyion surface at a and a distance from the polyion axis equal to the screening length 1/χ is high, reaching values exceeding 80% and being higher the smaller a2Ce is. This fraction of counterions (the open-quotes associatedclose quotes counterions) occupies a smaller part of the total cell volume than the counterions situated between 1/χ and R, which are characterized by a relatively low electrostatic interaction energy with the polyion, μ < 1 (the open-quotes freeclose quotescounterions). 22 refs., 11 figs
Radium removal from aqueous sulphate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A process for removing radium from an aqueous sulphate solution also containing magnesium is claimed. The pH of the solution is less than 10. A soluble barium salt is added to the solution to precipitate radium as barium radium sulphate. The pH of the solution is then raised to at least 11 to precipitate an insoluble magnesium compound which collects the barium radium sulphate precipitate. The precipitates are separated from the solution. If the sulphate solution contains dissolved magnesium and other impurities at a pH not greater than 7, then the first step in the process involves raising the pH of the solution to a value not greater than 10 to precipitate some of the magnesium and a substantial proportion of the other impurities and separating the precipitate from the solution. The radium removal is a step in the treatment of liquids resulting from the sulphuric acid leaching of uranium ores
Free energetics of carbon nanotube association in aqueous inorganic NaI salt solutions: Temperature effects using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
Ou, Shu-Ching; Cui, Di; Wezowicz, Matthew; Taufer, Michela; Patel, Sandeep
In this study, we examine the temperature dependence of free energetics of nanotube association using graphical processing unit-enabled all-atom molecular dynamics simulations (FEN ZI) with two (10,10) single-walled carbon nanotubes in 3 m NaI aqueous salt solution. Results suggest that the free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for the association process are all reduced at the high temperature, in agreement with previous investigations using other hydrophobes. Via the decomposition of free energy into individual components, we found that solvent contribution (including water, anion, and cation contributions) is correlated with the spatial distribution of the corresponding species and is influenced distinctly by the temperature. We studied the spatial distribution and the structure of the solvent in different regions: intertube, intratube and the bulk solvent. By calculating the fluctuation of coarse-grained tube-solvent surfaces, we found that tube-water interfacial fluctuation exhibits the strongest temperature dependence. By taking ions to be a solvent-like medium in the absence of water, tube-anion interfacial fluctuation shows similar but weaker dependence on temperature, while tube-cation interfacial fluctuation shows no dependence in general. These characteristics are discussed via the malleability of their corresponding solvation shells relative to the nanotube surface. Hydrogen bonding profiles and tetrahedrality of water arrangement are also computed to compare the structure of solvent in the solvent bulk and intertube region. The hydrophobic confinement induces a relatively lower concentration environment in the intertube region, therefore causing different intertube solvent structures which depend on the tube separation. This study is relevant in the continuing discourse on hydrophobic interactions (as they impact generally a broad class of phenomena in biology, biochemistry, and materials science and soft condensed matter research), and
Complexes of Al(3), Ga(3) and In(3) ions with sodium salt of morin-5'-sulfonic acid (NaMSA) in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The complexation equilibria of Al(3), Ga(3) and In(3) with NaMSA in acid aqueous solutions have been investigated. The composition and the equilibrium constants of the reaction as well as the concentration stability constants of the complexes have been determined. The probable mechanisms of the complexation reaction have been suggested. (author)
Salt-specific effects in lysozyme solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
T. Janc
Full Text Available The effects of additions of low-molecular-mass salts on the properties of aqueous lysozyme solutions are examined by using the cloud-point temperature, T_{cloud}, measurements. Mixtures of protein, buffer, and simple salt in water are studied at pH=6.8 (phosphate buffer and pH=4.6 (acetate buffer. We show that an addition of buffer in the amount above I_{buffer} = 0.6 mol dm^{-3} does not affect the T_{cloud} values. However, by replacing a certain amount of the buffer electrolyte by another salt, keeping the total ionic strength constant, we can significantly change the cloud-point temperature. All the salts de-stabilize the solution and the magnitude of the effect depends on the nature of the salt. Experimental results are analyzed within the framework of the one-component model, which treats the protein-protein interaction as highly directional and of short-range. We use this approach to predict the second virial coefficients, and liquid-liquid phase diagrams under conditions, where T_{cloud} is determined experimentally.
Removal of radium from aqueous sulphate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Radium is often present in ores and an aqueous solution associated with the ore may consequently contain dissolved radium. It is frequently necessary to remove radium from such solutions to reduce the total radium content to a prescribed low level before the solution can be returned to the environment. The present invention is based on the discovery that the total radium content can be reduced to a satisfactory level within a reasonable time by adding a soluble barium salt to a radium-containing sulphate solution which also contains dissolved magnesium at a pH not greater than about 0 to precipitate radium as barium radium sulphate, raising the pH to at least 11 to precipitate an insoluble magnesium compound which collects the barium radium sulphate precipitate, and separating substantially all of the precipitates from the solution
Effects of Na2SO4 or NaCl on sonochemical degradation of phenolic compounds in an aqueous solution under Ar: Positive and negative effects induced by the presence of salts.
Uddin, Md Helal; Nanzai, Ben; Okitsu, Kenji
Sonochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol, phenol, catechol and resorcinol was studied under Ar at 200 kHz in the absence and presence of Na2SO4 or NaCl. The rates of sonochemical degradation in the absence of salts decreased in the order 4-chlorophenol>phenol>catechol>resorcinol and this order was in good agreement with the order of log P (partition coefficient) value of each phenolic compound. The effects of salts on the rates of sonochemical degradation consisted of no effect or slight negative or positive effects. We discussed these unclear results based on two viewpoints: one was based on the changes in pseudo hydrophobicity and/or diffusion behavior of phenolic compounds and the other was based on the changes in solubility of Ar gas. The measured log P value of each phenolic compound slightly increased with increasing salt concentration. In addition, the dynamic surface tension for 4-chlorophenol aqueous solution in the absence and presence of Na2SO4 or NaCl suggested that phenolic compounds more easily accumulated at the interface region of bubbles at higher salt concentration. These results indicated that the rates of sonochemical degradation should be enhanced by the addition of salts. On the other hand, the calculated Ar gas solubility was confirmed to decrease with increasing salt concentration. The yield of H2O2 formed in the presence of Na2SO4 or NaCl decreased with increasing salt concentration. These results suggested that sonochemical efficiency decreased with decreasing gas amount in aqueous solution: a negative effect of salts was observed. Because negative and positive effects were induced simultaneously, we concluded that the effects of salts on the rates of sonochemical degradation of phenolic compounds became unclear. The products formed from sonochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol were also characterized by HPLC analysis. The formation of phenol and 4-chloro-1,3-dihydroxy benzene was confirmed and these concentrations were affected by the
2010 Water & Aqueous Solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dor Ben-Amotz
Water covers more than two thirds of the surface of the Earth and about the same fraction of water forms the total mass of a human body. Since the early days of our civilization water has also been in the focus of technological developments, starting from converting it to wine to more modern achievements. The meeting will focus on recent advances in experimental, theoretical, and computational understanding of the behavior of the most important and fascinating liquid in a variety of situations and applications. The emphasis will be less on water properties per se than on water as a medium in which fundamental dynamic and reactive processes take place. In the following sessions, speakers will discuss the latest breakthroughs in unraveling these processes at the molecular level: Water in Solutions; Water in Motion I and II; Water in Biology I and II; Water in the Environment I and II; Water in Confined Geometries and Water in Discussion (keynote lecture and poster winners presentations).
Surface tension and related thermodynamic quantities of aqueous electrolyte solutions
Matubayasi, Norihiro
Surface tension provides a thermodynamic avenue for analyzing systems in equilibrium and formulating phenomenological explanations for the behavior of constituent molecules in the surface region. While there are extensive experimental observations and established ideas regarding desorption of ions from the surfaces of aqueous salt solutions, a more successful discussion of the theory has recently emerged, which allows the quantitative calculation of the distribution of ions in the surface region. Surface Tension and Related Thermodynamic Quantities of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions provides a d
Degradation of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) dimethylamine salt by gamma radiation from cobalt-60 in aqueous solution containing humic acid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this study, gamma radiation from cobalt-60 was used to degrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) dimethylamine salt in water in the presence of humic acid. The 2,4-D dimethylamine salt 1.13x10-4 mol dm-3 solution was irradiated with different doses. HPLC was used as an analytical technique to determine the degradation rate of herbicide studied. The results showed that the herbicide was completely degraded at an absorbed dose of 3 kGy. Degradation decreased when humic acid was added to all the doses. ESI/MS and MS/MS were used to identify the radiolytic degradation products. A fragmentation path for production of 4.6-dichlororesorcinol, is suggested. The radiolytic yields (G) were calculated
Catalyzed reduction of nitrate in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sodium nitrate and other nitrate salts in wastes is a major source of difficulty for permanent disposal. Reduction of nitrate using aluminum metal has been demonstrated, but NH3, hydrazine, or organic compounds containing oxygen would be advantageous for reduction of nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions. Objective of this seed money study was to determine minimum conditions for reduction. Proposed procedure was batchwise heating of aqueous solutions in closed vessels with monitoring of temperatures and pressures. A simple, convenient apparatus and procedure were demonstrated for observing formation of gaseous products and collecting samples for analyses. The test conditions were 250 degree C and 1000 psi max. Any useful reduction of sodium nitrate to sodium hydroxide as the primary product was not found. The nitrate present at pHs 3 or NH4NO3 is easily decomposed, and the effect of nitromethane at these low pHs was confirmed. When acetic acid or formic acid was added, 21 to 56% of the nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions was reduced by methanol or formaldehyde. With hydrazine and acetic acid, 73 % of the nitrate was decomposed to convert NaNO3 to sodium acetate. With hydrazine and formic acid, 36% of the nitrate was decomposed. If these products are more acceptable for final disposal than sodium nitrate, the reagents are cheap and the conversion conditions would be practical for easy use. Ammonium acetate or formate salts did not significantly reduce nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions
Radiolysis of Aqueous Toluene Solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aqueous toluene solutions have been irradiated with Co γ-rays. In unbuffered solutions the various cresol isomers are formed in a total yield of 0.45, 0.87 and 0.94 molecules/100 eV absorbed energy in argon-, N2O- and air - saturated solutions, respectively. The yields are reduced in acid (pH 3) solutions (G 0.14, 0.14 and 0.52, respectively) but the reduction is compensated by the formation of 1,2-di-phenylethane in yields of 0.49 and 1.60 in argon- and N2O-saturated solutions, respectively. Benzyl radicals are formed through an acid catalysed water elimination reaction from the initially formed hydroxymethylcyclohexadienyl radical. Phenyltolylmethanes, dimethylbiphenyls and partly reduced dimers are also formed during the radiolysis. Hydrogen is formed in the same yield as the molecular yield, g(H2). Xylene isomers and benzene are formed in trace quantities. The most remarkable effects of the addition of Fe(III) ions to deaerated acid toluene solutions are the formation of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde and an increase in the yield of 1,2-diphenylethane
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Steinman, Gary; Kenyon, Dean H.; Calvin, Melvin
EARLIER investigations have demonstrated that di-cyandiamide (DCDA), the dimer of cyanamide, can successfully promote the dehydration condensation of: (1) glucose and orthophosphate to give glucose-6-phosphate; (2) adenosine and orthophosphate to give adenosine-5'-monophosphate; (3) orthophosphate to give pyrophosphate; (4) alanine to give alanylalanine and alanylalanylalanine. These reactions were carried out in dilute aqueous solutions in the dark. (It was also demonstrated that the combination of ultra-violet light and dicyandiamide could promote the synthesis of dipeptides. This observation has since been confirmed by other investigators.) These experiments were designed to demonstrate one possible means by which such compounds could have been formed on the prebiotic Earth, thus providing materials needed for the origin of living systems. Dicyandiamide itself could have been, present on the primitive Earth as was demonstrated with the ultra-violet irradiation of cyanide solution.
Radiolysis of Aqueous Benzene Solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aerated and deaerated aqueous solutions of benzene have been irradiated with 60Co γ-rays. The products of radiolysis in deaerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were phenol, biphenyl, hydrogen and in acid solutions also hydrogen peroxide with the following yields: G(phenol) = 0. 37 (0. 37), G(biphenyl) = 1.3 (1.7), G(H2) = 0.44 (0. 43) and G(H2O2) = 0 (0.60), the figures in brackets giving the results for acid solutions. The results are shown to agree with the conclusion that k(e-aq + H2O2) >> k(H + H2O2). Furthermore, the results indicate that a competition takes place between the reactions: 2 C6H6OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. C6H7 · + C6H6OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. The yields in aerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were: G(phenol) = 2.1 (2.3), G(biphenyl) = 0 (0), and G(H2O2) = 2.2 (3.1), the figures in brackets being valid for acid solutions. The ratio k(H + C6H6)/k(H + O2) was 1.4x10-2. The results indicate that peroxides, or more probably hydroperoxides, take part in the reactions. After the addition of Fe2+ or Fe3+ to aerated acid solutions G(phenol) was increased to 6.6 and 3.4 respectively. Oxygen was consumed more rapidly in the presence of Fe. Reaction mechanisms are discussed
Adsorption of thorium by alkylammonium salts of iso and heteropolyacids of transition metals from aqueous solutions. III. Investigation of the coprecipitation of thorium with alkyltrimethylammonium phosphomolybdates as a function of solution acidity
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Results are presented of investigations on the isolation of thorium from aqueous solution by coprecipitation with hydrophobic compounds resulting from the direct interaction of 12-phosphomolybdic heteropolyacid (HPA) with alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, as a function of the acidity of the aqueous phase. It was established that the degree of extraction of thorium grew with an increase in pH value and on going to more dilute HPA solution. At a solution concentration of HPA equal to 3.1 x 10-3 mole/liter thorium in hydrochloric acid medium begins to be removed at a higher acidity of the aqueous phase in comparison with sulfuric acid. The interaction of thorium with hydrophobic precipitates occurs as a result of complex-forming processes with HPA or with products of its decomposition. Data are presented of IR spectroscopic investigations of the composition of the hydrophobic precipitates obtained under different conditions. It was shown that the differences in the character of thorium distribution between the precipitate and solution were determined by the change in composition of the solid phase
Salting-out and Salting-in in Polyelectrolyte Solutions
Zhang, Pengfei; Wu, Jianzhong; Wang, Zhen-Gang
The phase behavior of polyelectrolyte (PE) solutions is governed by complicated interplay involving the mixing entropy, excluded volume, chain connectivity, and electrostatic interactions. Here we study the phase behavior of PE solutions in both salt-free condition and with added salt using a liquid-state (LS) theory based thermodynamic model. The LS model accounts or the hard-core repulsion by the Canahan-Starling equation of state, correlations due to chain connectivity by the first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory, and electrostatic correlations by the mean-spherical approximation. In comparison to the prediction from the well-known Voorn-Overbeek theory, the LS model predicts loop-type binodal curves in the salt-PE concentration diagram at temperatures slightly above the critical temperature of PE solution in salt-free case, consistent with the experimental study. The phase separated region shrinks with increasing temperature. Three scenarios of salting-out and salting-in phenomenon are predicted with addition of salts based, depending on the PE concentration.
Ammonia Solubility in High Concentration Salt Solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Solubility data for ammonia in water and various dilute solutions are abundant in the literature. However, there is a noticeable lack of ammonia solubility data for high salt, basic solutions of various mixtures of salts including those found in many of the Hanford Washington underground waste tanks. As a result, models based on solubility data for dilute salt solutions have been used to extrapolate to high salt solutions. These significant extrapolations need to be checked against actual laboratory data. Some indirect vapor measurements have been made. A more direct approach is to determine the ratio of solubility of ammonia in water to its solubility in high salt solutions. In various experiments, pairs of solutions, one of which is water and the other a high salt solution, are allowed to come to equilibrium with a common ammonia vapor pressure. The ratio of concentrations of ammonia in the two solutions is equal to the ratio of the respective ammonia solubilities (Henry's Law constants) at a given temperature. This information can then be used to refine the models that predict vapor space compositions of ammonia. Ammonia at Hanford is of concern because of its toxicity in the environment and its contribution to the flammability of vapor space gas mixtures in waste tanks.
Ammonia Solubility in High Concentration Salt Solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Solubility data for ammonia in water and various dilute solutions are abundant in the literature. However, there is a noticeable lack of ammonia solubility data for high salt, basic solutions of various mixtures of salts including those found in many of the Hanford Washington underground waste tanks. As a result, models based on solubility data for dilute salt solutions have been used to extrapolate to high salt solutions. These significant extrapolations need to be checked against actual laboratory data. Some indirect vapor measurements have been made. A more direct approach is to determine the ratio of solubility of ammonia in water to its solubility in high salt solutions. In various experiments, pairs of solutions, one of which is water and the other a high salt solution, are allowed to come to equilibrium with a common ammonia vapor pressure. The ratio of concentrations of ammonia in the two solutions is equal to the ratio of the respective ammonia solubilities (Henry's Law constants) at a given temperature. This information can then be used to refine the models that predict vapor space compositions of ammonia. Ammonia at Hanford is of concern because of its toxicity in the environment and its contribution to the flammability of vapor space gas mixtures in waste tanks
Analysis and modeling of alkali halide aqueous solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kim, Sun Hyung; Anantpinijwatna, Amata; Kang, Jeong Won;
calculations for various electrolyte properties of alkali halide aqueous solutions such as mean ionic activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, and salt solubilities. The model covers highly nonideal electrolyte systems such as lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide, that is, systems that are...... very soluble in water, for example, up to more than 30 mol kg-1. Phase behaviors for the systems are analyzed at concentrations of salt up to the solubility in water at temperatures between 273 and 373 K by comparing calculated results with available experimental data and available models....
Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions is reviewed. Attention is paid mainly to surface morphology of deposits and their adhesion. The major reasons for carrying out electrodeposition in non-aqueous electrolytes (such as conventional organic solvents, ionic liquids and molten salts) are the water and air stability and the wide electrochemical window of these media. The following metals have been electrodeposited and investigated for the last 15 years: aluminum, zinc, silver, palladium, tantalum, zirconium, gadolinium, plutonium, nickel, cobalt, and other alloys.
Secondary Confinement of Water Observed in Eutectic Melting of Aqueous Salt Systems in Nanopores.
Meissner, Jens; Prause, Albert; Findenegg, Gerhard H
Freezing and melting of aqueous solutions of alkali halides confined in the cylindrical nanopores of MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica was probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We find that the confinement-induced shift of the eutectic temperature in the pores can be significantly greater than the shift of the melting temperature of pure water. Greatest shifts of the eutectic temperature are found for salts that crystallize as oligohydrates at the eutectic point. This behavior is explained by the larger fraction of pore volume occupied by salt hydrates as compared to anhydrous salts, on the assumption that precipitated salt constitutes an additional confinement for ice/water in the pores. A model based on this secondary confinement effect gives a good representation of the experimental data. Salt-specific secondary confinement may play a role in a variety of fields, from salt-impregnated advanced adsorbents and catalysts to the thermal weathering of building materials. PMID:27124392
Interfacial Thermodynamics of Coexisting Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Vis, M.
Phase separation is commonly observed when two different polymers are present in aqueous solution, forming aqueous two-phase systems which typically consist for 90% of water. It is demonstrated that the presence of charge on one of the polymers results in an electric potential difference between the
Nanoporous activated carbon cloth for capacitive deionization of aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Oh, Han-Jun [Department of Materials Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, 352-820 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Jong-Ho [Department of Chemistry, Hanseo University, Seosan, 352-820 (Korea, Republic of); Ahn, Hong-Joo [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-600 (Korea, Republic of); Jeong, Yongsoo [Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Changwon, 641-010 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Young-Jig [Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 (Korea, Republic of); Chi, Choong-Soo [School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702 (Korea, Republic of)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Activated nanostructured-carbon cloths with a high ratio of surface area to volume are used as electrode for capacitive deionization. The electrochemical properties on capacitive deionization for NaCl solution have been investigated to improve efficiency of capacitive deionization properties from aqueous solution, employing chemical surface-modification by etching in alkaline and acidic solution. The removal efficiency of inorganic salts of activated carbon cloths by chemical modification significantly increased. Specially the carbon cloth surface modified in HNO{sub 3} showed an effect of improvement in the CDI efficiency due to not only ion adsorption by an electric double layer, but also electron transfer by Faradaic reaction.
Tannin (Polyphenol) Stability in Aqueous Solutions
Understanding the chemical stability of tannins (polyphenolics) in soils is critical to understanding their biological activities and fate. We examined the stability of chemically defined tannins in aqueous solutions under conditions simulating natural and laboratory conditions. We evaluated tanni...
Electrolytes. From dilute solutions to fused salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Solutions with composition extending continuously from molecular liquids such as water to fused salts are relatively unusual but of considerable interest. Conductance and thermodynamic properties are considered for several examples. New equations for the activities of the respective components represent the data more accurately than previous treatments and delineate the similarities and differences between such systems and nonelectrolyte solutions
Extraction of lanthanides ions (III) from aqueous solution by sodium salt of the N(4-amino-benzoate)-propyl-silica gel
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The silica gel 60 of specific superficial area 486 m2.g-1 was modified chemically with the ligand 4-amino benzoate of sodium in water-ethanol environment (l:L). The adsorptions of metallic ions were from water solutions at approximately 2 x 10-3 M of chloride of Pr(III), Nd(III), Eu(III) and Ho(III). In these experiments we could see that the system gets the equilibrium of adsorption rapidly and that the pH of the environment has a great influence on the process of adsorption, being that the number of metal mols adsorpted in the matrix varied between 10,00 and 17,00 x 10-5 mols. g-1 with a pH of approximately 5 for all the lanthanides, where the adsorption curves reach equilibrium. (author)
Interfacial Thermodynamics of Coexisting Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Vis, M
Phase separation is commonly observed when two different polymers are present in aqueous solution, forming aqueous two-phase systems which typically consist for 90% of water. It is demonstrated that the presence of charge on one of the polymers results in an electric potential difference between the two phases. Upon phase separation, the polyelectrolyte is confined in majority to one of the phases. Although small ions can equilibrate freely between the phases, the restriction of macroscopic c...
Process for plutonium rextraction in aqueous solution from an organic solvent, especially for uranium plutonium partition
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The organic solvent containing plutonium is contacted with an aqueous solution of a uranous salt, for instance uranous nitrate, and a hydroxylamine salt, for instance the nitrate. In these conditions uranous nitrate is a reducing agent of Pu III and hydroxylamine nitrate stabilizes Pu III and U IV in the aqueous phase. Performances are similar to these of the U IV-hydrazine nitrate without interference of hydrazine nitrate degradation products
Precipitation of neptunium dioxide from aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Roberts, K E
Tens of thousands of metric tons of highly radioactive, nuclear waste have been generated in the US. Currently, there is no treatment or disposal facility for these wastes. Of the radioactive elements in high-level nuclear waste, neptunium (Np) is of particular concern because it has a long half-life and may potentially be very mobile in groundwaters associated with a proposed underground disposal site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Aqueous Np concentrations observed in previous, short-term solubility experiments led to calculated potential doses exceeding proposed long-term regulatory limits. However, thermodynamic data for Np at 25 C showed that these observed aqueous Np concentrations were supersaturated with respect to crystalline NpO{sub 2}. It was hypothesized that NpO{sub 2} is the thermodynamically stable solid phase in aqueous solution, but it is slow to form in an aqueous solution of NpO{sub 2}{sup +} on the time scale of previous experiments. The precipitation of NpO{sub 2} would provide significantly lower aqueous Np concentrations leading to calculated doses below proposed regulatory limits. To test this hypothesis, solubility experiments were performed at elevated temperature to accelerate any slow precipitation kinetics. Ionic NpO{sub 2}{sup +} (aq) was introduced into very dilute aqueous solutions of NaCl with initial pH values ranging from 6 to 10. The reaction vessels were placed in an oven and allowed to react at 200 C until steady-state aqueous Np concentrations were observed. In all cases, aqueous Np concentrations decreased significantly from the initial value of 10{sup {minus}4} M. The solids that formed were analyzed by x-ray powder diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The solids were determined to be high-purity crystals of NpO{sub 2}. This is the first time that crystalline NpO{sub 2} has been observed to precipitate from NpO{sub 2}{sup +}(aq) in near-neutral aqueous solutions. The results obtained
Reactive Extraction of Alcohols from Apolar Hydrocarbons with Aqueous Solutions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The aqueous solutions are evaluated as sustainable reactive extraction solvents for the recovery of monohydroxyl alcohols (benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, cyclohexanol) present in few-percent concentrations in apolar hydrocarbons (toluene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane) by considering two approaches. An aqueous solution containing a reactive extractant, like borate salts, borate complexes, a monosalt of dicarboxylic acid,hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, and silver nitrate, shows limited potential to be used. Another approach, in which the alcohol is chemically modified prior to the extraction into an easy-extractable form, in this case a monoesterlcarboxylic acid, shows much more potential. An environmentally benign aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate can provide a distribution ratio of benzyl alcohol up to 200, leaving the solubility of the organic solvent in the aqueous solution unchanged relative to pure water and therefore increasing the selectivity with two orders of magnitude. The modification of aromatic, cyclo-aliphatic, and linear aliphatic alcohols can be performed efficiently in the apolar organic solvent without need for a catalyst. The recovery of the modified alcohol can be performed by back-extraction in combination with a spontaneous hydrolysis.
Diffusion coefficients of paracetamol in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: ► Mutual diffusion coefficients of paracetamol in aqueous dilute solutions. ► Influence of the thermodynamic factors on the variation of their mutual diffusion coefficients. ► Estimation of the mutual limiting diffusion coefficients of the molecular, Dm0, and ionized forms, D±0, of this drug. - Abstract: Binary mutual diffusion coefficients measured by the Taylor dispersion method, for aqueous solutions of paracetamol (PA) at concentrations from (0.001 to 0.050) mol·dm−3 at T = 298.15 K, are reported. From the Nernst–Hartley equation and our experimental results, the limiting diffusion coefficient of this drug and its thermodynamic factors are estimated, thereby contributing in this way to a better understanding of the structure of such systems and of their thermodynamic behaviour in aqueous solution at different concentrations.
Scorpion toxins prefer salt solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Nikouee, A.; Khabiri, Morteza; Cwiklik, Lukasz
Roč. 21, č. 11 (2015), 287/1-287/14. ISSN 1610-2940 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-06181S Institutional support: RVO:61388963 ; RVO:61388955 Keywords : ionic solutions * molecular dynamics * nonaqueous media * secondary structure Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 1.736, year: 2014
Hydrophobic Solvation: Aqueous Methane Solutions
Konrod, Oliver; Lankau, Timm
A basic introduction to concept of a solvation shell around an apolar solute as well as its detection is presented. The hydrophobic solvation of toluene is found to be a good teaching example which connects macroscopic, phenomenological thermodynamic results with an atomistic point of view.
Acidizing carbonate reservoirs with chlorocarboxylic acid salt solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Richardson, E.A.; Scheuerman, R.F.; Templeton, C.C.
A carbonate reservoir is acidized slowly by injecting an aqueous solution of a chlorocarboxylic acid salt so that the rate of the acidization is limited to the rate at which an acid is formed by the hydrolyzing of the chlorocarboxylate ions. The rate at which a chlorocarboxylic acid salt hydrolyzes to form an acid provides the desired rate of acid-release. A more complete acid-base reaction by chloroacetic acid, as compared to formic, acetic, and proprionic, is due to its being a much stronger acid. The pKa of chloroacetic acid is 2.86, whereas that of formic acid is 3.75, and that of acetic acid is 4.75. The pKa of a solution of a weak acid is the pH exhibited when the concentration of undissociated acid equals the concentration of the acid anion. 14 claims.
Issues in Freeze Drying of Aqueous Solutions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王维; 陈墨; 陈国华
Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.
Scorpion toxins prefer salt solutions.
Nikouee, Azadeh; Khabiri, Morteza; Cwiklik, Lukasz
There is a wide variety of ion channel types with various types of blockers, making research in this field very complicated. To reduce this complexity, it is essential to study ion channels and their blockers independently. Scorpion toxins, a major class of blockers, are charged short peptides with high affinities for potassium channels. Their high selectivity and inhibitory properties make them an important pharmacological tool for treating autoimmune or nervous system disorders. Scorpion toxins typically have highly charged surfaces and-like other proteins-an intrinsic ability to bind ions (Friedman J Phys Chem B 115(29):9213-9223, 1996; Baldwin Biophys J 71(4):2056-2063, 1996; Vrbka et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(42):15440-15444, 2006a; Vrbka et al. J Phys Chem B 110(13):7036-43, 2006b). Thus, their effects on potassium channels are usually investigated in various ionic solutions. In this work, computer simulations of protein structures were performed to analyze the structural properties of the key residues (i.e., those that are presumably involved in contact with the surfaces of the ion channels) of 12 scorpion toxins. The presence of the two most physiologically abundant cations, Na(+) and K(+), was considered. The results indicated that the ion-binding properties of the toxin residues vary. Overall, all of the investigated toxins had more stable structures in ionic solutions than in water. We found that both the number and length of elements in the secondary structure varied depending on the ionic solution used (i.e., in the presence of NaCl or KCl). This study revealed that the ionic solution should be chosen carefully before performing experiments on these toxins. Similarly, the influence of these ions should be taken into consideration in the design of toxin-based pharmaceuticals. PMID:26475740
Americium separations from high salt solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Americium (III) exhibits an unexpectedly high affinity for anion-exchange material from the high-salt evaporator bottoms solutions--an effect which has not been duplicated using simple salt solutions. Similar behavior is observed for its lanthanide homologue, Nd(III), in complex evaporator bottoms surrogate solutions. There appears to be no single controlling factor--acid concentration, total nitrate concentration or solution ionic strength--which accounts for the approximately 2-fold increase in retention of the trivalent ions from complex solutions relative to simple solutions. Calculation of species activities (i.e., water, proton and nitrate) in such concentrated mixed salt solutions is difficult and of questionable accuracy, but it is likely that the answer to forcing formation of anionic nitrate complexes of americium lies in the relative activities of water and nitrate. From a practical viewpoint, the modest americium removal needs (ca. 50--75%) from nitric acid evaporator bottoms allow sufficient latitude for the use of non-optimized conditions such as running existing columns filled with older, well-used Reillex HPQ. Newer materials, such as HPQ-100 and the experimental bifunctional resins, which exhibit higher distribution coefficients, would allow for either increased Am removal or the use of smaller columns. It is also of interest that one of the experimental neutral-donor solid-support extractants, DHDECMP, exhibits a similarly high level of americium (total alpha) removal from EV bottoms and is much less sensitive to total acid content than commercially-available material
Quasi-Immiscible Spreading of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions on Entangled Aqueous Polymer Solution Subphases
Sharma, Ramankur; Corcoran, Timothy E.; Garoff, Stephen; Przybycien, Todd M.; Swanson, Ellen R.; Tilton, Robert D.
Motivated by the possibility of enhancing aerosol drug delivery to mucus-obstructed lungs, the spreading of a drop of aqueous surfactant solution on a physically entangled aqueous poly(acrylamide) solution subphase that mimics lung airway surface liquid was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as the surfactant. To visualize spreading of the drop and mimic the inclusion of a drug substance, fluorescein, a hydrophilic and non-surface active dye, was added to the surfactant solution. T...
Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids: microscopic assembly
J.M. Vicent-Luna; D. Dubbeldam; P. Gómez-Álvarez; S. Calero
Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids are of special interest, due to the distinctive properties of ionic liquids, in particular, their amphiphilic character. A better understanding of the structure-property relationships of such systems is hence desirable. One of the crucial molecular-level interactio
Peppard, D.F.; Nachtman, E.S.
This patent relates to a process for the separation of scandium from yttrium, thorium, and trivalent rare earths and with their separation from each other. It has been found that scandium and yttrium can be separated from trivalent rare earths in acidic solution, for example, a solution 6 M in HCl, by contacting with tributyl phosphate, whereupon the scandum is preferentially extracted into the organic phase, leaving the yttrium and trivalent rare earths in the aqueous phase.
Study of aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Van der Linde, G.J. (Phosphate Development Corporation, Phalaborwa); Van Berge, P.C. (Rand Afrikaans Univ., Johannesburg (South Africa))
During the development of a technique for measuring fatty acid absorption on finely divided minerals using a radiochemical method, absorption isotherms were obtained which displayed maxima. It was found that these results were due to the presence of stable micelles in the solutions. This has been established by measuring the surface tension, surface film pressure, and specific conductance of dilute aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate.
Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and electrical conductivities of aqueous alkali salts of α-alanine
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Thermophysical properties of aqueous Na and K salts of α-alanine were studied. • Properties are density, viscosity, refractive indices, and thermal conductivity. • The concentrations of amino acid salt ranges from (0.5 to 3.5) M. • The temperature range studied was (333.15 to 343.15) K. • The measured data were represented satisfactorily by using the applied correlations. - Abstract: In this work, physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, refractive index, and electrical conductivity of aqueous alkali (potassium or sodium) salts of the amino acid α-alanine (ALA), were measured at temperatures from (303.15 to 343.15) K and concentrations ranging from (0.5 to 3.5) M. Density and viscosity measurements were performed using the vibrating tube and the falling ball techniques, respectively. The refractive index at the sodium D line was measured in an automatic refractometer, while the electrical conductivity was measured using a commercial conductivity meter. An empirical equation was applied to correlate the density, refractive index, and electrical conductivity of the amino acid salt solutions with temperature and amino acid salt concentration, which gave average absolute deviation values of 0.03%, 0.01%, and 0.6%, respectively. The variation of the viscosity as a function of temperature and amino acid salt concentration was accurately represented by a modified Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher equation at an average absolute deviation of 0.5%
Photoionization of Sodium Salt Solutions in a Liquid Jet
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A liquid microjet was employed to examine the gas/liquid interface of aqueous sodium halide (Na+X-, X=Cl, Br, I) salt solutions. Laser excitation at 193 nm produced and removed cations of the form H+(H2O)n and Na+(H2O)m from liquid jet surfaces containing either NaCl, NaBr or NaI. The protonated water cluster yield varied inversely with increasing salt concentration, while the solvated sodium ion cluster yield varied by anion type. The distribution of H+(H2O)n at low salt concentration is identical to that observed from low-energy electron irradiated amorphous ice and the production of these clusters can be accounted for using a localized ionization/Coulomb expulsion model. Production of Na+(H2O)m is not accounted for by this model but requires ionization of solvation shell waters and a contact ion/Coulomb expulsion mechanism. The reduced yields of Na+(H2O)m from high concentration (10-2 and 10-1 M) NaBr and NaI solutions indicate a propensity for Br- and I- at the solution surfaces and interfaces. This is supported by the observation of multiphoton induced production and desorption of Br+ and I+ from the 10-2 and 10-1 M solution surfaces
Photoionization of Sodium Salt Solutions in a Liquid Jet
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Grieves, G. A.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Herring-Captain, J.; Olanrewaju, B.; Aleksandrov, A.; Tonkyn, Russell G.; Barlow, Stephan E.; Kimmel, Gregory A.; Orlando, Thomas M.
A liquid microjet was employed to examine the gas/liquid interface of aqueous sodium halide (Na+X-, X=Cl, Br, I) salt solutions. Laser excitation at 193 nm produced and removed cations of the form H+(H2O)n and Na+(H2O)m from liquid jet surfaces containing either NaCl, NaBr or NaI. The protonated water cluster yield varied inversely with increasing salt concentration, while the solvated sodium ion cluster yield varied by anion type. The distribution of H+(H2O)n at low salt concentration is identical to that observed from low-energy electron irradiated amorphous ice and the production of these clusters can be accounted for using a localized ionization/Coulomb expulsion model. Production of Na+(H2O)m is not accounted for by this model but requires ionization of solvation shell waters and a contact ion/Coulomb expulsion mechanism. The reduced yields of Na+(H2O)m from high concentration (10-2 and 10-1 M) NaBr and NaI solutions indicate a propensity for Br- and I- at the solution surfaces and interfaces. This is supported by the observation of multiphoton induced production and desorption of Br+ and I+ from the 10-2 and 10-1 M solution surfaces.
Salt effect in radiolysis of frozen cyanocobalamine solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Investigated has been radiolysis of aqueous solutions of cyanocobalamine (vitamin B-12) with 200 mg/l concentration, containing and not containing sodium chloride in the concentration of 0.9 weight % NaCl. The irradiation has been carried our using γ-installation (with the dose capacity 5 Mrad/hr) in sealed in the air glass ampoules at 18, 0, -11, -22, -50, -78 and 196 deg C. It has been shown that in the course of liquid phase radiolysis NaCl presence in the solution does not practicaly affect the degree of radiational decomposition of cyanocobalamine. At the temperature decrease strong effect of salt is detected in non-salt solution practically complete stabilization of cyanocobalamine is observed already at -11 deg C, whereas in the presence of salt close grade of protection is reached only at -78 deg C and does not change at the temperature decrease down to -196 deg C. The effect of cryostabilization can be accounted for by two reasons: the solution microstra-tification at freezing, so that in every separate phase there is mainly one of the system components and diffusion rate reduction of hydroxile radicals at temperature decrease
Boron removal from aqueous solution by direct contact membrane distillation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The removal of boron from aqueous solution by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was studied with self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes in the present work. The effect of pH, boron concentration, temperature and salt concentration of the feed solution on the boron rejection was investigated. The experimental results indicated that boron rejection was less dependent on the feed pH and salt concentration. DCMD process had high boron removal efficiency (>99.8%) and the permeate boron was below the maximum permissible level even at feed concentration as high as 750 mg/L. Although the permeate flux was enhanced exponentially with the feed temperature increasing, the influence of feed temperature on the boron rejection could be neglected. Finally, the natural groundwater sample containing 12.7 mg/L of boron was treated by DCMD process. The permeate boron kept below 20 μg/L whether the feed was acidified or not, but pre-acidification was helpful to maintain the permeate flux stability. All the experimental results indicated that DCMD could be efficiently used for boron removal from aqueous solution.
Preparation of silver nanoparticles in solution from a silver salt by laser irradiation.
Abid, J P; Wark, A W; Brevet, P F; Girault, H H
A new method is proposed for the fabrication of a well-defined size and shape distribution of silver nanoparticles in solution; the method employs direct laser irradiation of an aqueous solution containing a silver salt and a surfactant in the absence of reducing agents. PMID:12119726
Dissolution of gaseous methyl iodide into aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Absorption process of gaseous methyl iodide by water or sodium hydroxide solutions was investigated using a semi-flow type experimental apparatus by measuring the concentration of all measurable chemical species in both the gas and the liquid phase. The experimental temperature ranged from 288 to 311 K and the gaseous methyl iodide and aqueous sodium hydroxide concentrations were approximately 0.6 x 10-3 to 7 x 10-3 and 0 to 0.2 mol/dm3, respectively. It is estimated that the dissolution of methyl iodide into the sodium hydroxide solution proceeds according to the following steps. Step (1) Methyl iodide in air dissolves physically into the aqueous phase. Physical dissolution process obeys Henry's law. Step (2) Methyl iodide dissolved into the aqueous phase is decomposed by a base catalytic hydrolysis and produces methyl alcohol and iodide ion. The equilibrium constants of physical dissolution were obtained from the steady concentration in both the gas and the liquid phases in the semi-flow type experiment because the hydrolysis reaction rate of methyl iodide is very slow in comparison with the physical dissolution in this experimental conditions. The obtained value of the standard heat of solution of methyl iodide into water was 7.2 kcal/mol. Salting-out effect was observed when the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the absorbent was over 0.01 mol/dm3. (auth.)
Ionic liquid-salt based aqueous biphasic system separation of 109Cd from silver target
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS) is becoming more important from green chemistry point of view replacing conventional liquid-liquid extraction system. The most of the aqueous biphasic systems reported in the literature are based on Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different salts. Although ABS based on water soluble room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride ((bmim)CI) and concentrated solutions of kosmotropic salt K2HPO4 was reported in 2007 but the efficiency of this system for metal partitioning has been rarely explored. We report for the first time separation of no-carrier-added (NCA) 109Cd from the α-particle irradiated Ag target using this ABS
Uranyl fluoride luminescence in acidic aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Luminescence emission spectra and decay rates are reported for uranyl species in acidic aqueous solutions containing HF or added NaF. The longest luminescence lifetime, 0.269 ± 0.006 ms, was observed from uranyl in 1 M HF + 1 M HClO4 at 296 K and decreased with increasing temperature. Based on a luminescence dynamics model that assumes equilibrium among electronically excited uranyl fluoride species and free fluoride ion, this long lived uranyl luminescence in aqueous solution is attributed primarily to UO2F2. Studies on the effect of added LiNO3 or Na2WO4·2H2O showed relatively weak quenching of uranyl fluoride luminescence which suggests that high sensitivity determination of the UF6 content of WF6 gas should be feasible via uranyl luminescence analysis of hydrolyzed gas samples of impure WF6
Zeolites as alcohol adsorbents from aqueous solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cekova Blagica
Full Text Available The potential usage of zeolites as adsorbents for the removal of organic molecules from water was investigated in a series of experiments with aqueous solutions of lower alcohols. This could represent a simple solution to the problem of cleaning up industrial wastewater as well as recovering valuable chemicals at relatively low costs. Adsorption isotherms of the Langmuir type were applied, and calculations showed that the amount of propanol adsorbed on silicalite corresponded to approximately 70% of the pore volume. The adsorption process is simple, and recovery of the more concentrated products is easily done by heat treatment and/or at lowered pressures. Adsorption experiments with aqueous acetone showed that silicalite had approximately the same adsorption capacity for acetone as for n-propanol. Heats of adsorption were determined calorimetrically.
Does Dimeric Melittin Occur in Aqueous Solutions?
Schubert, D; Pappert, G.; Boss, K.
Melittin, a peptide from bee venom, is known to undergo a monomer / tetramer conversion in aqueous solutions. We have studied the possible participation of dimers in the association equilibrium of melittin by sedimentation equilibrium experiments in the analytical ultracentrifuge and subsequent mathematical analysis of the concentration distributions obtained. It was found that the dimeric state is not significantly populated, the contribution of dimer to the total peptide weight probably bei...
Aqueous solution dispersement of carbon nanotubes
Kim, Jae-Woo (Inventor); Park, Cheol (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); Lillehei, Peter T. (Inventor); Harrison, Joycelyn S. (Inventor)
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are dispersed in an aqueous buffer solution consisting of at least 50 weight percent water and a remainder weight percent that includes a buffer material. The buffer material has a molecular structure defined by a first end, a second end, and a middle disposed between the first and second ends. The first end is a cyclic ring with nitrogen and oxygen heteroatomes, the middle is a hydrophobic alkyl chain, and the second end is a charged group.
Photolysis of imidacloprid in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The photolysis of the insecticide imidacloprid in aqueous solution has been examined. Irradiation at 290 nm resulted in 90 % substrate transformation in 4 h. The degradation approximately followed first order kinetics; the rate constant is 1.6 × 10−4s−1 and half-life 1.2 h. 6-Chloronicotinaldehyde, N-methylnicotinacidamide, 1-(6-chloronicotinyl)imidazolidone and 6-chloro-3-pyridyl-methylethylendiamine were the main photoproducts identified by CG-MS analysis. (author)
Simple Molecular Models of Aqueous Solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Jirsák, Jan; Škvor, J.; Nezbeda, Ivo
- : -, 2013. ISBN N. [EMLG - JMLG Annual Meeting 2013 Global Perspectives in the Structure and Dynamics in Liquids and Mixtures: Experiment and Simulation. Lille (FR), 09.09.2013-13.09.2013] Grant ostatní: GA ČR(CZ) GPP208/12/P710 Institutional support: RVO:67985858 Keywords : aqueous solutions * thermodynamic modeling * simulation data Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry http://emlg2013.univ-lille1.fr/
Autoxidation of tryptophan in aqueous solutions
Autoxidation of tryptophan was investigated in aqueous solutions by the gamma radiolytic technique. The oxygen uptake and formation of peroxide materials was followed as a function of pH, dose rate and concentration of tryptophan. The results obtained indicate that TrpH(OH)OO. radicals react with tryptophan by adduct formation thus propagating autoxidation. The chain propagation length (CPL) for a 2·102 mol dm3 tryptophan solution at pH 9.5 and a dose rate 0.01 Gy s1 was estimated to be ~ 5.8...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
E. V. Avramenko
Full Text Available Subject of Research. The paper presents the results of measurements of refractometric properties (refractive index n, its temperature factor dn/dt and the ultraviolet spectral absorption in carbonic acid diamide aqueous solutions (carbamide depending on solid residue mass fraction md = 0-50 % and on temperaturet = 10-70 °C.Method of Research. Laboratory methods ofliquid-phase medium refractometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry were applied for the research. We carried out computational modeling of electronic states spectrum for the carbonic acid diamide molecule and theoretical calculation of the fundamental electronic absorption of the molecule in the ultraviolet wavelenght region.Main Results. We have established that the solution concentration md has a nonlinear character and may be represented by the quadratic polynomial with the error Δn= ± 0,0005. We have shown the refractive indexdependence on temperature n(t changes in linear fashion att = 10-70 °C.At that, the inclination of lines n(t increases at the increase of md; so, the temperature factor dn/dt may be approximated by the quadratic polynomial. Transmission spectra of solutions in the spectral region λ= 225-760 nm have no special features except for the sharp edge in the short-wavelength region; the fundamental electronic absorptionis responsible for it. We have established that dispersion dependences of the refraction index n(λ;md in aqueous solutions of carbamide at λ= 360-760 nm and at md = 0-50 % may be calculated with the satisfactory error without additional adjustable parameters from the ultraviolet absorption data in terms of the one-dimentional oscillator Lorentz model.PracticalRelevance. Representedmeasurements of carbonic acid diamide aqueous solutions optical properties may be applied for the adjustment and calibration of commercial refractometers at processing lines of the AdBlue reagent manufacture for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR of motor transport
Excess Thermodynamic Properties of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions at High Temperatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Measurements of the vapor pressure of the solvent in wide ranges of concentration and temperature provide information on solute solvation and ion pairing--the two phenomena most often invoked for description of dilute solutions. Even in moderately concentrated solutions, as interionic distances become comparable to ionic diameters, these simple concepts gradually lose their meaning and solutions behave like molten salts. The usefulness of experimental vapor pressure results increases rapidly with their accuracy, since derived properties, such as solution enthalpies and heat capacities, can be calculated. Very accurate results can be obtained by the isopiestic method, but primary vapor pressure data for standard solutions are needed. In order to obtain vapor pressures at conditions where accurate isopiestic standards are not available and to establish more accurate standards, the ORNL isopiestic apparatus was modified for simultaneous direct vapor pressure measurements and isopiestic comparisons. There are no comprehensive solution theories derived from molecular level models and able to predict thermodynamic properties of various electrolytes as the composition changes from dilute solutions to molten salts in a wide range of temperatures. Empirical and semi-empirical models are useful for representation of experimental results, interpretation of measurements of other properties such as conductance., solubility or liquid-vapor partitioning of solutes, and for verification of theoretical predictions. Vapor pressures for aqueous CaCl(sub 2), CaBr(sub 2), LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaI were measured at temperatures between 380 and 523 K in the concentration range extended to water activities below 0.2 (over 30 mol/kg for LiCl). General equations based on the modified Pitzer ion-interaction model were used to obtain enthalpy and heat capacity surfaces, which are compared with direct calorimetric measurements
Density of aqueous solutions of CO2
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Garcia, Julio E.
In this report, we present a numerical representation for the partial molar volume of CO2 in water and the calculation of the corresponding aqueous solution density. The motivation behind this work is related to the importance of having accurate representations for aqueous phase properties in the numerical simulation of carbon dioxide disposal into aquifers as well as in geothermal applications. According to reported experimental data the density of aqueous solutions of CO2 can be as much as 2-3% higher than pure water density. This density variation might produce an influence on the groundwater flow regime. For instance, in geologic sequestration of CO2, convective transport mixing might occur when, several years after injection of carbon dioxide has stopped, the CO2-rich gas phase is concentrated at the top of the formation, just below an overlaying caprock. In this particular case the heavier CO2 saturated water will flow downward and will be replaced by water with a lesser CO2 content.
Solution properties of the acrylamide-modified cellulose polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions.
Song, Yongbo; Zhou, Jinping; Li, Qian; Lue, Ang; Zhang, Lina
A novel cellulose-based polyelectrolyte (AM-C) containing acylamino (DS=0.625) and carboxyl (DS=0.148) groups was homogeneously synthesized from cellulose with acrylamide in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Solution properties of AM-C in aqueous solutions were investigated by laser light scattering, rheometry, and viscometry. The results indicated that AM-C could form large aggregates spontaneously in water with or without the addition of salts by the strong hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction between acylamino and carboxyl groups. Steady-shear flow study showed a Newtonian behavior of the solutions in the dilute regime while a shear-thinning behavior as the concentration increases. The critical concentration (c(e)) for transition from dilute to concentrated solution was determined to be 0.7wt%. Aqueous solutions of AM-C displayed good thermo-stability, reversible liquid-like characters attributing to the chemical modification. The derivation from Cox-Merz rule at relatively low concentration was related to the co-existence of single chain and large aggregates of AM-C in dilute regime. As the polymer concentration increased, the AM-C system was transformed into a homogeneous entanglement structure, resulting in the disappearance of deviations from the Cox-Merz rule. PMID:19464674
Optical manipulation of proteins in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Optical trapping of lysozyme, cytochrome c, or myoglobin based on photon pressure generated by focusing 1064 nm laser beam in an aqueous solution was explored. For all the proteins, microparticle formation was observed at the focal point under an optical microscope. Furthermore, the microparticles were identified to the molecular assemblies of the corresponding protein by means of confocal Raman microspectroscopy. For lysozyme, molecular clusters in solution were optically trapped to form the microparticle and it took more than 1 h to produce the microparticle. By contrast, molecular assembling proceeded within 1 min for cytochrome c and myoglobin. Since heme in cytochrome c or myoglobin would have a high polarizability, that would contribute to rapid assembling of the protein. Thus we demonstrated that a focused laser beam was a powerful tool to manipulate protein molecules in solution.
NIR Spectroscopic Properties of Aqueous Acids Solutions
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Mohd Zubir MatJafri
Full Text Available Acid content is one of the important quality attributes in determining the maturity index of agricultural product, particularly fruits. Despite the fact that much research on the measurement of acidity in fruits through non-destructive spectroscopy analysis at NIR wavelengths between 700 to 1,000 nm has been conducted, the same response towards individual acids is not well known. This paper presents NIR spectroscopy analysis on aqueous citric, tartaric, malic and oxalic solutions through quantitative analysis by selecting a set of wavelengths that can best be used to measure the pH of the solutions. The aquaphotomics study of the acid solutions has generated R2 above 0.9 for the measurement of all acids. The most important wavelengths for pH are located at 918–925 nm and 990–996 nm, while at 975 nm for water.
Aqueous Solution Vessel Thermal Model Development II
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Buechler, Cynthia Eileen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
The work presented in this report is a continuation of the work described in the May 2015 report, "Aqueous Solution Vessel Thermal Model Development". This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model aims to predict the temperature and bubble volume fraction in an aqueous solution of uranium. These values affect the reactivity of the fissile solution, so it is important to be able to calculate them and determine their effects on the reaction. Part A of this report describes some of the parameter comparisons performed on the CFD model using Fluent. Part B describes the coupling of the Fluent model with a Monte-Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) neutron transport model. The fuel tank geometry is the same as it was in the May 2015 report, annular with a thickness-to-height ratio of 0.16. An accelerator-driven neutron source provides the excitation for the reaction, and internal and external water cooling channels remove the heat. The model used in this work incorporates the Eulerian multiphase model with lift, wall lubrication, turbulent dispersion and turbulence interaction. The buoyancy-driven flow is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation, and the flow turbulence is determined using the k-ω Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) model. The dispersed turbulence multiphase model is employed to capture the multiphase turbulence effects.
Self-assembled poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) fibers in aqueous solutions
Güner, Pınar Tatar; Miko, Annamaria; Schweinberger, Florian F.; Demirel, A. Levent
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) formed self-assembled fibers in aqueous solutions above the cloud point temperature (T-c) through a slow crystallization process. The fiber formation above T-c happened both in pure water and in the presence of salting-in (SCN-) and salting-out (CH3COO-) ions. The crystal structure and the melting temperature of the PEOX fibers were determined.
CO2 Capture from Flue Gas using Amino Acid Salt Solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lerche, Benedicte Mai; Stenby, Erling Halfdan; Thomsen, Kaj
The reversible absorption of CO2 into a chemical solvent is currently the leading CO2 capture technology. Available solvents are almost exclusively based on aqueous alkanolamine solutions, which entail both economic and environmental complications, making the commercialization of the technology...... difficult. Amino acid salt solutions have emerged as an alternative to the alkanolamine solutions. A number of advantages make amino acid salt solutions attractive solvents for CO2 capture from flue gas. In the present study CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions of 0.5 M potassium glycinate and 0.5 M...... monoethanolamine (MEA) were performed, using a stirred cell reactor experimental setup. The absorption of gas containing 10 mol % CO2 and 90 mol % N2 was followed by measuring the percentage of CO2 in the outlet gas. Also the temperature and pH in the solutions were measured during the absorption. The results...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Griswold, G. B.
Following a description of salt resources in the salt domes of the gulf coast embayment, mining, particularly solution mining, is described. A scenario is constructed which could lead to release of radioactive waste stored in a salt dome via inadvertent solution mining and the consequences of this scenario are analyzed.
Solubility of pllutonium in alkaline salt solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Plutonium solubility data from several studies have been evaluated. For each data set, a predictive model has been developed where appropriate. In addition, a statistical model and corresponding prediction intervals for plutonium solubility as a quadratic function of the hydroxide concentration have been developed. Because of the wide range of solution compositions, the solubility of plutonium can vary by as much as three orders of magnitude for any given hydroxide concentration and still remain within the prediction interval. Any nuclear safety assessments that depend on the maximum amount of plutonium dissolved in alkaline salt solutions should use concentrations at least as great as the upper prediction limits developed in this study. To increase the confidence in the prediction model, it is recommended that additional solubility tests be conducted at low hydroxide concentrations and with all of the other solution components involved. To validate the model for application to actual waste solutions, it is recommended that the plutonium solubilities in actual waste solutions be determined and compared to the values predicted by the quadratic model
Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Thiocyanate Solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The pulse radiolysis of N2O saturated aqueous solutions of KSCN was studied under neutral pH conditions. The observed optical absorption spectrum of the SCN#lgbullet# radical in solution is more complex than previously reported, but it is in good agreement with that measured in the gas phase. Kinetic traces at 330 nm and 472 nm corresponding to SCN#lgbullet# and (SCN)2#lgbullet#-, respectively, were fit using a Monte Carlo simulation kinetic model. The rate coefficient for the oxidation of SCN- ions by OH radicals, an important reaction used in competition kinetics measurements, was found to be 1.4 ± 0.1 x 1010 M-1 s-1, about 30% higher than the normally accepted value. A detailed discussion of the reaction mechanism is presented
Thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibrium for water + poly(Ethylene glycol + salt aqueous two-phase systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
R.A.G. Sé
Full Text Available The NRTL (nonrandom, two-liquid model, expressed in mass fraction instead of mole fraction, was used to correlate liquid-liquid equilibria for aqueous two-phase polymer-salt solutions. New interaction energy parameters for this model were determined using reported data on the water + poly(ethylene glycol + salt systems, with different molecular masses for PEG and the salts potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and magnesium sulfate. The correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium is quite satisfactory.
Characterization of reaction products of iron and iron salts and aqueous plant extracts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The complexes formed in aqueous solution as a result of a reaction of iron and iron salts (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and some plant extracts were analyzed using Moessbauer spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared. The extracts were obtained from Opuntia elatior mill., Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton, Mimosa tenuiflora, Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd., Bumbacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand and Acacia mangium Willd., plants growing wildly in different zones of the Isthmus of Panama. Results suggest the formation of mono- and bis-type complexes, and in some cases, the occurrence of a redox reaction. The feasibility of application of the studied extracts as atmospheric corrosion inhibitors is discussed
Characterization of reaction products of iron and iron salts and aqueous plant extracts
Jaén, J. A.; García de Saldaña, E.; Hernández, C.
The complexes formed in aqueous solution as a result of a reaction of iron and iron salts (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and some plant extracts were analyzed using Mössbauer spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared. The extracts were obtained from Opuntia elatior mill., Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton, Mimosa tenuiflora, Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd., Bumbacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand and Acacia mangium Willd., plants growing wildly in different zones of the Isthmus of Panama. Results suggest the formation of mono- and bis-type complexes, and in some cases, the occurrence of a redox reaction. The feasibility of application of the studied extracts as atmospheric corrosion inhibitors is discussed.
Characterization of reaction products of iron and iron salts and aqueous plant extracts
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jaen, J.A. [Universidad de Panama, Centro de Investigaciones con Tecnicas Nucleares/Depto. de Quimica (Panama); Garcia de Saldana, E.; Hernandez, C. [Universidad de Panama, Maestria en Ciencias Quimicas (Panama)
The complexes formed in aqueous solution as a result of a reaction of iron and iron salts (Fe{sup 2+} and Fe{sup 3+}) and some plant extracts were analyzed using Moessbauer spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared. The extracts were obtained from Opuntia elatior mill., Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton, Mimosa tenuiflora, Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd., Bumbacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand and Acacia mangium Willd., plants growing wildly in different zones of the Isthmus of Panama. Results suggest the formation of mono- and bis-type complexes, and in some cases, the occurrence of a redox reaction. The feasibility of application of the studied extracts as atmospheric corrosion inhibitors is discussed.
Kinetics of absorption of carbon dioxide into aqueous potassium salt of proline
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Paul, Subham; Thomsen, Kaj
with KPr for the above mentioned concentration and temperature range. Following the reaction mechanism of CO2 with primary and secondary alkanolamies, the reaction of CO2 with KPr is also described using zwitterionic mechanism. Based on the pseudo-first-order condition for the CO2 absorption, the......The absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) into aqueous solution of potassium prolinate (KPr) are studied at 303, 313, and 323K within the salt concentration range of 0.5–3.0kmolm−3 using a wetted wall column absorber. The experimental results are used to interpret the kinetics of the reaction of CO2...
Viscosities of oxalic acid and its salts in water and binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran at different temperatures
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
M L Parmar; M K Guleria
Relative viscosities for the solutions of oxalic acid and its salts, viz. ammonium oxalate, sodium oxalate and potassium oxalate, at different concentrations have been determined in water and in binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) [5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of THF] at 298.15 K, and in water and in 5% (w/w) THF + water at five different temperatures. The data have been evaluated using the Jones-Dole equation and the obtained parameters have been interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. The activation parameters of viscous flow have been obtained which depicts the mechanism of viscous flow. The oxalic acid and its salts behave as structure breakers in water and in binary aqueous mixtures of THF.
Delayed luminescence induced by complex domains in water and in aqueous solutions
Colleoni, C; Grasso, R; Gulino, M; Musumeci, F; Romeli, D; Rosace, G; Salesi, G; Scordino, A
Many recent studies on water have conjectured a complex structure composed of hydrogen bonded low- and high-density domains. In this work the structure of pure water and aqueous solutions of silica gel (TEOS) has been investigated by using delayed luminescence, which previously have showed significant increase in aqueous salt solutions where low-density domain formation is expected. Photon emission shows an Arrhenius trend with an activation energy in water-TEOS solutions larger than in pure water and salt-water solutions. Moreover, delayed photon emission decay shows an intrinsic lifetime of about 5 microseconds both in solutions and in pure water that, along with secondary lifetimes induced by the presence of TEOS, could be related to the formation of different domains.
Stability of selenourea in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mel' chekova, Z.E.
Studies of the synthesis of metal selenides from aqueous solutions are being conducted within the framework of investigations on the creation of new semiconductor materials. Selenourea in solution is a complex multicomponent system. The products of hydrolytic decomposition are H/sub 2/CN/sub 2/, Se/sup 2 -/, and HSe/sup -/. As a result of the oxidation of selenium-containing decomposition products by atmospheric oxygen, elementary selenium is formed. The decomposition of selenourea in alkaline sulfite solutions is accompanied by the dissolution of Se/sup 2 -/ and HSe/sup 0/ ions (Se/sup 0/), with the formation of selenosulfate. A study of the kinetics of decomposition was conducted under the conditions of formation of metal selenides, which do not exclude the oxidation process. The end product of the decomposition of selenourea in alkaline sulfite solutions is selenosulfate. The formation of selenosulfate was demonstrated by the isolation of elementary selenium under the action of formaldehyde. The rate constants of the decomposition of selenourea were calculated by the method of changes in concentration, slope of the straight lines, and a logarithmic method. The use of methods of monitoring of selenourea and its decomposition products permitted a theoretical substantiation of the selection of the optimum conditions of formation of metal selenides.
Heterogeneous nucleation of aspartame from aqueous solutions
Kubota, Noriaki; Kinno, Hiroaki; Shimizu, Kenji
Waiting times, the time from the instant of quenching needed for a first nucleus to appear, were measured at constant supercoolings for primary nucleation of aspartame (α-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester) from aqueous solutions, which were sealed into glass ampoules (solution volume = 3.16 cm 3). Since the waiting time became shorter by filtering the solution prior to quenching, the nucleation was concluded to be heterogeneously induced. The measured waiting time consisted of two parts: time needed for the nucleus to grow to a detactable size (growth time) and stochastic time needed for nucleation (true waiting time). The distribution of the true waiting time, is well explained by a stochastic model, in which nucleation is regarded to occur heterogeneously and in a stochastic manner by two kinds of active sites. The active sites are estimated to be located on foreign particles in which such elements as Si, Al and Mg were contained. The amount of each element is very small in the order of magnitude of ppb (mass basis) of the whole solution. The growth time was correlated with the degree of supercooling.
Sweet aqueous solution for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bazzaoui, M. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal) and Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Martins, J.I. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal) and Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Costa, S.C. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal); Bazzaoui, E.A. [Faculte des Sciences, Departement de Chimie, Universite Mohammed Ier, 60 000 Oujda (Morocco); Reis, T.C. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal); Martins, L. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)
The electrosynthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) has been achieved on aluminum electrode in aqueous medium of 0.1 M saccharin sodium salt and 0.5 M pyrrole. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the PPy coating obtained in galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes starts with small islands at weak applied potentials or current densities. Moreover, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal a good homogeneity of the film achieved in cyclic voltammetry during 10 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the coating decreases the polarization resistance of the aluminum electrode. The open circuit potential (OCP) and dc polarization measurements achieved in HCl and NaCl solutions displayed a large positive displacement of corrosion potential and a reduction of corrosion current in the case of PPy coating electrode in comparison with electrode bare.
Aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte solutions
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Dan Donescu; Raluca Somoghi; Marius Ghiurea; Raluca Ianchis; Cristian Petcu; Stefania Gavriliu; Magdalena Lungu; Claudia Groza; Carmen R Ionescu; Carmen Panzaru
In this report, we present the versatile and effective technique, using environmental friendly reductant glucose, to prepare stable silver nanodispersions by reduction of Ag+ ions. Alternant copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl acetate and styrene sulphonate sodium acid salt polyelectrolytes were synthesized in aqueous solution and used as stabilizers. The formation of nano silver particles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and TEM measurements. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were needed to study how the reagents and their concentrations influence particle size. SEM images show the nanostructure of the hybrid films and indicate a strong interaction between the polyelectrolyte and the silver NPs. Moreover, the silver NPs could be stored for one year without observation of aggregates or sedimentation. The final solid products obtained after evaporating to dryness can be used to produce stable dispersions upon mixing with water. Few of the final products were found to exhibit a high antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Aqueous DMSO Mediated Conversion of (2-(Arylsulfonyl)vinyl)iodonium Salts to Aldehydes and Vinyl Chlorides.
Zawia, Eman; Moran, Wesley J
Vinyl(aryl)iodonium salts are useful compounds in organic synthesis but they are under-utilized and their chemistry is under-developed. Herein is described the solvolysis of some vinyl(phenyl)iodonium salts, bearing an arylsulfonyl group, in aqueous DMSO leading to aldehyde formation. This unusual process is selective and operates under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the addition of aqueous HCl and DMSO to these vinyl(aryl)iodonium salts allows their facile conversion to vinyl chlorides. PMID:27537866
Optimization of salt concentration in PEG-based crystallization solutions
Yamanaka, Mari; Inaka, Koji; Furubayashi, Naoki; Matsushima, Masaaki; Takahashi, Sachiko; Tanaka, Hiroaki; Sano, Satoshi; Sato, Masaru; Kobayashi, Tomoyuki; Tanaka, Tetsuo
Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most widely used precipitant in protein crystallization, the concentration of co-existing salt in the solution has not been well discussed. To determine the optimum salt concentration range, several kinds of protein were crystallized in a 30% PEG 4000 solution at various NaCl concentrations with various pH levels. It was found that, if crystallization occurred, the lowest effective salt concentration depended on the pH of the protein solution and the ...
Functionalized polymers for binding to solutes in aqueous solutions
Smith, Barbara F.; Robison, Thomas W.
A functionalized polymer for binding a dissolved molecule in an aqueous solution is presented. The polymer has a backbone polymer to which one or more functional groups are covalently linked. The backbone polymer can be such polymers as polyethylenimine, polyvinylamine, polyallylamine, and polypropylamine. These polymers are generally water-soluble, but can be insoluble when cross-linked. The functional group can be for example diol derivatives, polyol derivatives, thiol and dithiol derivatives, guest-host groups, affinity groups, beta-diphosphonic acids, and beta-diamides
Photodegradation of Lincomycin in Aqueous Solution
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available Aqueous solutions of lincomycin were irradiated with UV light in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Lincomycin disappeared in both systems but the presence of TiO 2 noticeably accelerated the degradation of the antibiotic in comparison with direct photolysis. The rate of decomposition was dependent on the concentration of lincomycin and followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. Photolysis involved only the oxidation of lincomycin without mineralization. Differently, the treatment with TiO 2 and UV light resulted in a complete mineralization of the antibiotic. The degradation pathways involved S- and N-demethylation and propyldealkylation. The mineralization of the molecule led to the formation of sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate ions.
Radiolysis of paracetamol in dilute aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Using radiolytic experiments hydroxyl radical (main reactant in advanced oxidation processes) was shown to effectively destroy paracetamol molecules. The basic reaction is attachment to the ring. The hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical produced in the further reactions may transform to hydroxylated paracetamol derivatives or to quinone type molecules and acetamide. The initial efficiency of aromatic ring destruction in the absence of dissolved O2 is c.a. 10%. The efficiency is 2–3 times higher in the presence of O2 due to its reaction with intermediate hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical and the subsequent ring destruction reactions through peroxi radical. Upon irradiation the toxicity of solutions at low doses increases with the dose and then at higher doses it decreases. This is due to formation of compounds with higher toxicity than paracetamol (e.g. acetamide, hidroquinone). These products, however, are highly sensitive to irradiation and degrade easily. - Highlights: ► Paracetamol is easily degraded in aqueous solution by low dose irradiation. ► Main degradation products are hydroxylated molecules, acetamide and hydroquinone. ► Toxicity of solutions goes through a maximum as a function of dose.
Process for separating cesium ions from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A precipitation agent is added to the aqueous solution and the resulting precipitate containing Cs+ ions is separated from the solution. By this process, caesium is to be separated selectively compared with other alkaline metal ions with great efficiency from aqueous solutions, particularly aqueous MAW (medium activity waste). This is achieved by using a sodium tetraphenyl borate attracting electrons to the phenyl rings and having substitutes. (orig./PW)
The kinetics of dye formation by pulse radiolysis of pararosaniline cyanide in aqueous or organic solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiation-induced conversion of the leucocyanide of pararosaniline dye to the highly colored salt-isomer of the dye in acidic aqueous solution (wavelength of maximum absorption lambda sub(max)=540 nm) or polar organic solution (lambda sub(max)=550 nm), takes place in two separate processes. The first is very fast (within 3 s-1 to 106 s-1, as the acidity or concentration of an oxidizing agent increases. In oxygen-free acidic aqueous or organic solutions (argon saturated) there is an unstable transient species (lambdasub(max)=380 nm). When using O2 or N2O-saturated aqueous or organic solution, there is no intermediate absorption band at 380 nm, but the slow process of dye formation at 540 or 550 nm is still sequential to the initial fast process having somewhat faster kinetics than in Ar-saturated solution. (author)
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
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José Ferreira Costa
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled and three brands of silver nitrate salt (Merck, Synth or Cennabras at 0, 1, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after preparation, and storage in transparent or dark bottles. Ionic silver was assayed according to the post-preparation times (2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 h and concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50% of solutions by atomic emission spectrometry. For each sample of each condition, three readings were obtained for calculating the mean value. Class V cavities were prepared with enamel margins on primary and permanent teeth and restored with the adhesive systems OptiBond FL or OptiBond SOLO Plus SE and the composite resin Filtek Z-250. After nail polish coverage, the permanent teeth were immersed in 25% or 50% AgNO3 solution and the primary teeth in 5% or 50% AgNO3 solutions for microleakage evaluation. ANOVA and the Tukey's test were used for data analyses (α=5%. RESULTS: The mean pH of the solutions ranged from neutral to alkaline (7.9±2.2 to 11.8±0.9. Mean ionic silver content differed depending on the concentration of the solution (4.75±0.5 to 293±15.3 ppm. In the microleakage test, significant difference was only observed for the adhesive system factor (p=0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Under the tested experimental conditions and based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the aqueous AgNO3 solutions: have neutral/alkaline pH and service life of up to 168 h; the level of ionic silver is proportional to the concentration of the solution; even at 5% concentration, the solutions were
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
COSTA, José Ferreira; SIQUEIRA, Walter Luiz; LOGUERCIO, Alessandro Dourado; REIS, Alessandra; de OLIVEIRA, Elizabeth; ALVES, Cláudia Maria Coelho; BAUER, José Roberto de Oliveira; GRANDE, Rosa Helena Miranda
Objectives To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. Material and Methods A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled) and three brands of silver nitrate salt (Merck, Synth or Cennabras) at 0, 1, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after preparation, and storage in transparent or dark bottles. Ionic silver was assayed according to the post-preparation times (2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 h) and concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50%) of solutions by atomic emission spectrometry. For each sample of each condition, three readings were obtained for calculating the mean value. Class V cavities were prepared with enamel margins on primary and permanent teeth and restored with the adhesive systems OptiBond FL or OptiBond SOLO Plus SE and the composite resin Filtek Z-250. After nail polish coverage, the permanent teeth were immersed in 25% or 50% AgNO3 solution and the primary teeth in 5% or 50% AgNO3 solutions for microleakage evaluation. ANOVA and the Tukey's test were used for data analyses (α=5%). Results The mean pH of the solutions ranged from neutral to alkaline (7.9±2.2 to 11.8±0.9). Mean ionic silver content differed depending on the concentration of the solution (4.75±0.5 to 293±15.3 ppm). In the microleakage test, significant difference was only observed for the adhesive system factor (p=0.000). Conclusions Under the tested experimental conditions and based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the aqueous AgNO3 solutions: have neutral/alkaline pH and service life of up to 168 h; the level of ionic silver is proportional to the concentration of the solution; even at 5% concentration, the solutions were capable of
The radiation chemistry of aqueous dihydropyrimidine solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiation chemistry of N2O-saturated aqueous solutions of dihydropyrimidines in the presence pf various oxidants has been studied. From dihydrouracil (DHU) solutions in the presence of Fe(CN)63- the major products are uracil and 5-hydro-6-hydroxyuracil which have been isolated by chromatographic techniques using DHU-14C. From 6-methyldihydrouracil (6-MeDHU), under similar conditions, the parent pyrimidine and the 6-hydroxy compound are also formed. The pH-dependence of the yields of these products in the above DHU and 6-MeDHU systems have been determined and the results interpreted in terms of an electron transfer reaction from the organic radicals to the oxidant. Pulse radiolysis has shown that the isomerisation of the isopyrimidine is base catalysed. The influence of the oxidants IO4-, S2O82-, H2O2 and p-nitroacetophenone has been investigated using various dihydropyrimidines. Specific effects have been noted, particularly a chain reaction in the case of IO4- and S2O82-, and also the formation of barbituric acid derivatives in addition to pyrimidines and the 6-hydroxy compounds, more particularly in the case of IO4- and H2O2. The pH-dependencies of the yields have been studied and possible specific mechanisms discussed. These particular studies are of interest with regard to radiation sensitisation in vivo. (author)
Collapse of sodium polyacrylate chains in calcium salt solutions
Schweins, R.; Huber, K.
The sodium salt of polyacrylic acid (NaPA) precipitates in the presence of Ca^{2+}-ions. This phase behaviour can be represented by a phase diagram where the critical NaPA concentration is plotted versus the critical Ca^{2+} concentration resulting in a straight line as a phase boundary. The location of this phase boundary is influenced by the presence of an inert monovalent salt like NaCl. The present contribution focuses on the coil dimensions of NaPA chains in dilute aqueous solution corresponding to the one phase region of such a phase diagram. A variety of parameters with which the size and shape of the polyelectrolyte chains can be modulated are revealed. Approaching the phase boundary by decreasing the NaPA concentration at a constant Ca^{2+} content leads to a collapse of the NaPA chains. Combined static and dynamic light scattering suggests a compact spherical shape as the final state of this transition, both in 0.1 M NaCl and in 0.01 M NaCl. In the lower NaCl concentration, indication is presented for the existence of a cigar or pearl necklace like intermediate. Most strikingly, the collapsed chains can be reexpanded by increasing the concentration of inert NaCl at constant content of NaPA and Ca^{2+}. Clearly, excessive Na+-ions displace the Ca^{2+}-ions from the NaPA chains.
Amino acid salt solutions as solvents in CO2 capture from flue gas
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lerche, Benedicte Mai; Thomsen, Kaj; Stenby, Erling Halfdan
solutions is their ability to form solid precipitates upon the absorption of CO2. The occurrence of crystallization offers the possibility of increasing the CO2 loading capacity of the solvent. However, precipitation can also have negative effect on the CO2 capture process. The chemical nature of the solid...... loading capacity of aqueous solutions of the potassium salts of selected amino-acids (glycine, taurine, lysine proline, and glutamic acid) were examined, and the relation between the initial amino acid salt concentration and precipitation ability of each solution were determined. Experiments were...... glycine, taurine, and lysine, while in the case of proline, and glutamic acid, the precipitate was found to be bicarbonate. These results give an important contribution to further understanding the potential of amino acid salt solutions in CO2 capture from flue gas....
A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 2 – chloride solutions and mixed bromide/chloride solutions
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C. Anastasio
Full Text Available Although reactive halogen species (X*=X●, ●X2−, X2 and HOX, where X=Br, Cl, or I are important environmental oxidants, relatively little is known about their kinetics in condensed phases such as seawater and sea-salt particles. Here we describe a new technique to determine reactive chlorine and bromine species in aqueous solutions by using allyl alcohol (CH2=CHCH2OH as a chemical probe. This probe is combined with competition kinetics in order to determine steady state concentrations of X*(aq. In some cases the technique also can be used to determine the rates of formation and lifetimes of X* in aqueous solution. In a companion paper we reported the results of our method development for aqueous solutions containing only bromide (Br−. In this paper, we discuss method development for solutions containing chloride (Cl− alone, and for solutions containing both bromide and chloride.
Electrical conductivity of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions in the presence of counterion condensation: The scaling approach revisited
Bordi, F.; Cametti, C.; Gili, T.
The conductometric properties of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions in the absence of added salt are reviewed in the light of the dynamic scaling description of the polymer conformation in different concentration regimes, recently proposed by Dobrynin and Rubinstein [Macromolecules 28, 1859 (1995); 32, 915 (1999)]. The scaling approach to the transport properties of polyelectrolyte solutions allows us to separate contributions due to polymer conformation from those due to the ionic character of the chain, and offers the possibility to extend the validity of the Manning conductivity model to the dilute and semidilute regimes. Moreover, the quality of the solvent, influencing the polyion-counterion interactions, can be properly taken into account. The electrical conductivity predicted by this scaling approach compares reasonably well with the observed values for a model polyelectrolyte (polyacrylate sodium salt in aqueous solutions, good solvent condition) over an extended concentration range from the dilute to the semidilute regime.
Acetic acid extraction from aqueous solutions using fatty acids
IJmker, H.M.; Gramblicka, M.; Kersten, S.R.A.; Ham, van der A.G.J.; Schuur, B.
A major challenge for production of acetic acid via bio-based routes is cost-effective concentration and purification of the acetic acid from the aqueous solutions, for which liquid–liquid extraction is a possible method. A main challenge in extraction of acetic acid from dilute aqueous solutions is
ESR study on carboxymethyl chitosan radicals in an aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Saiki, Seiichi, E-mail: email@example.com [Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Nagasawa, Naotsugu; Hiroki, Akihiro; Morishita, Norio; Tamada, Masao [Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Muroya, Yusa; Kudo, Hisaaki [Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Katsumura, Yosuke [Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195 (Japan)
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) at a highly concentrated aqueous solution forms hydrogel by ionizing irradiation. To study on radiation-induced reaction mechanism of CMCTS in an aqueous solution, CMCTS radicals formed by reactions with OH radical were observed by ESR method. As a result of ESR spectral analysis, CMCTS radicals were identified as radicals on carboxymethyl groups.
Raman spectroscopy application to analyses of components in aqueous solutions
Li, Gang; Zhang, Guoping
The characterization of species in aqueous solutions has presented a challenge to analytical and physical chemist, because the JR absorption of the aqueous solvent is so intense that it becomes difficult to observe the solute in the water by JR absorption. In contrast, Raman spectrum of the solute is unaffected by the water, so the weak scattering of water makes the technique well suited to aqueous samples, and the Raman spectrum exhibits well-defined bands corresponding to fundamental modes of vibration. In addition, Raman spectroscopy has some inherent advantages in aqueous solution analysis, because the spectral features of signals from different species are much more distinct, and it provides characteristic signatures for samples, such as blood, protein and cholesterol. All the advantages make Raman spectroscopy be a potential alternative for the study of aqueous solutions. Now, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to studying samples in aqueous solutions, blood serum, intracellular protein levels. Now, industrial wasted water contains many organic contaminants, and it is necessary to determine and monitor these contaminants. The paper first introduces Raman spectroscopy, and then describes its applications to determining the components in aqueous solutions, analyzes and assignes the Raman spectra of o-dichlorobenzene, o-xylene, m-xyiene and p-xylene in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a particularly powerful technique for aqueous solutions analyses.
Measuring and modeling aqueous electrolyte/amino-acid solutions with ePC-SAFT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Amino-acid solubilities and osmotic coefficients in ternary solutions containing one amino acids and one salt measured. • Weak salt influence on amino-acid solubilities except for salts containing Mg[2+] or NO3[−] (salting-in behavior). • Osmotic coefficients dominated by the solute with the highest molality. • Amino-acid solubilities and osmotic coefficients predicted reasonably with ePC-SAFT with deviations of 3.7% and 9.3%. • Predictions based on pure-component parameters for ions and amino acids using no ion/amino-acid fitting parameters. -- Abstract: In this work thermodynamic properties of electrolyte/amino acid/water solutions were measured and modeled. Osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K were measured by means of vapor-pressure osmometry. Amino-acid solubility at 298.15 K was determined gravimetrically. Considered aqueous systems contained one of the four amino acids: glycine, L-/DL-alanine, L-/DL-valine, and L-proline up to the respective amino-acid solubility limit and one of 13 salts composed of the ions Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl−, Br−, I−, NO3−, and SO42− at salt molalities of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mol · kg−1, respectively. The data show that the salt influence is more pronounced on osmotic coefficients than on amino-acid solubility. The electrolyte Perturbed-Chain Statistical Association Theory (ePC-SAFT) was applied to model thermodynamic properties in aqueous electrolyte/amino-acid solutions. In previous works, this model had been applied to binary salt/water and binary amino acid/water systems. Without fitting any additional parameters, osmotic coefficients and amino-acid solubility in the ternary electrolyte/amino acid/water systems could be predicted with overall deviations of 3.7% and 9.3%, respectively, compared to the experimental data
Reactions of alkoxy radicals in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The kinetic and mechanistic properties of alkoxy radicals in organic solvents are briefly reviewed. Owing to the scarcity of such data in aqueous solutions and since reactions at the membrane/water interface may be also biologically important, we have studied the reactivity of these radicals in water and the results of our investigations are reported. Alkoxy radicals were generated by photolytic or radiolytic cleavage of peroxide precursors (tert-butyl hydroperoxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide as well as hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids). A quantitative correlation between the structure of various substances, in particular, phenolic antioxidants, and their activity in inhibiting the alkoxy radical-induced bleaching of the water-soluble carotenoid crocin will be discussed. Rate constants for intermolecular reactions of t-BuO. radicals were determined by pulse radiolysis. The diffusion-controlled reaction with the catechol antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid demonstrates an effective competition with the very rapid intra molecular β-fragmentation in water. The results aupport the view that a considerable amount of alkoxy radicals interact with substrates before they can rearrange intramolecularly
Reactions of alkoxy radicals in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bors, W.; Tait, D.; Michel, C.; Saran, M.; Erben-Russ, M. (Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H. Muenchen, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Abt. fuer Strahlenbiologie)
The kinetic and mechanistic properties of alkoxy radicals in organic solvents are briefly reviewed. Owing to the scarcity of such data in aqueous solutions and since reactions at the membrane/water interface may be also biologically important, we have studied the reactivity of these radicals in water and the results of our investigations are reported. Alkoxy radicals were generated by photolytic or radiolytic cleavage of peroxide precursors (tert-butyl hydroperoxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide as well as hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids). A quantitative correlation between the structure of various substances, in particular, phenolic antioxidants, and their activity in inhibiting the alkoxy radical-induced bleaching of the water-soluble carotenoid crocin will be discussed. Rate constants for intermolecular reactions of t-BuO. radicals were determined by pulse radiolysis. The diffusion-controlled reaction with the catechol antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid demonstrates an effective competition with the very rapid intra molecular ..beta..-fragmentation in water. The results aupport the view that a considerable amount of alkoxy radicals interact with substrates before they can rearrange intramolecularly.
Removal of radium from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Adsorption of radium from aqueous solution with montmorillonite clay was investigated. Adsorption isotherm data of the radium and montmorillonite clay system were developed and fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The Langmuir isotherm equation was determined to be q = 6.700 C/1 + 8.447 x 10-5C and the Freundlich isotherm equation is q = 45.431 C/sup 1/1.401/. A rotary precoat filtration technique was used for dewatering the slurries of the montmorillonite clay and diatomaceous earth mixture. The rate of filtration was found to be a function of the weight percent of the clay, applied vacuum, drum speed and precoat thickness. The functional relationship is of the form Q = (0.682 + 0.035 X1 - 0.014 X2 + 0.140 X3 + 0.007 X1X2)/1 + (3.744 - 0.767 X3 + 0.079 X1X2)C125. 15 figures, 11 tables
Phase Diagrams of the Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of Poly(ethylene glycol/Sodium Polyacrylate/Salts
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Adalberto Pessoa Junior
Full Text Available Aqueous two-phase systems consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG, sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA, and a salt have been studied. The effects of the polymer size, salt type (NaCl, Na2SO4, sodium adipate and sodium azelate and salt concentrations on the position of the binodal curve were investigated. The investigated PEG molecules had a molar mass of 2,000 to 8,000 g/mol, while that of NaPAA was 8,000 g/mol. Experimental phase diagrams, and tie lines and calculated phase diagrams, based on Flory-Huggins theory of polymer solutions are presented. Due to strong enthalpic and entropic balancing forces, the hydrophobicity of the added salt has a strong influence on the position of the binodal, which could be reproduced by model calculations.
Influence aqueous solutions on the mechanical behavior of argillaceous rocks
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The hydration of the shale with an aqueous solution induces a swelling deformation which plays an important role in the behaviour of the structures excavated in this type of grounds. This deformation is marked by a three-dimensional and anisotropic character and involves several mechanisms like adsorption, osmosis or capillarity. Several researches were dedicated to swelling and were often much debated due to the complexity of the implied phenomena. The goal of this thesis is therefore to contribute to a better understanding of shale swelling when the rock is confined and hydrated with an aqueous solution. The main part of the work accomplished was related to the Lorraine shale and to the Tournemire shale. To characterize swelling and to identify the main governing parameters, it was necessary to start the issue with an experimental approach. Many apparatus were then developed to carry out tests under various conditions of swelling. In order to facilitate the interpretation of the tests and thereafter the modelling of the behaviour, the experimental procedure adopted consisted of studying first the mechanical aspect and then the chemical aspect of swelling. In the mechanical part, swelling was studied by imposing on the sample a mechanical loading while maintaining during the tests the same aqueous solution. The principal parameters which were studied are the effect of the lateral conditions on axial swelling (impeded strain or constant stress) as well as the influence of the axial stress on radial swelling. The anisotropy of swelling was studied by carrying out, for different orientations of the sample, tests of free swelling, impeded swelling and uniaxial swelling. These various mechanical tests allowed to study the three-dimensional anisotropic swelling in all the conditions and to select the most appropriate test to be used in the second phase of the research. The precise analysis performed to explain the mechanisms behind the swelling of an argillaceous rock
Densities and solubilities of Glycylglycine and Glycyl-L-Alanine in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Breil, Martin Peter; Mollerup, Jørgen; Rudolph, E. Susanne J.;
higher salt concentrations in NaCl and Na2SO4, and in (NH4)(2)SO4 the solubility is almost constant. The densities of the solutions have been determined experimentally, and the volume expansions by dissolving salt and dipeptide in water have been calculated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....... 1.74 and 4.78 mol/kg of water, respectively. The solubility of glycylglycine in salt solutions of NaCl, Na2SO4, and (NH4)(2)SO4 show a moderate salting-in effect. The solubility of glycyl-L-alanine show a minor or no salting-in effect at low salt concentrations and a moderate salting-out effect at......Solubilities of glycylglycine and glycyl-L-alanine in aqueous electrolyte solutions containing 0-6 molal NaCl, 0-1 molal Na2SO4, and 0-1 molal (NH4)(2)SO4, have been determined experimentally at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The solubility of glycylglycine and glycyl-L-alanine in pure water is...
Bedded salt in Ontario : geology, solution mining and cavern storage
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Carter, T. [Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, London, ON (Canada). Petroleum Resources Centre
This presentation discussed bedded salt geology in Ontario in relation to cavern storage and solution mining. Ontario's salt basin forms part of the Michigan basin. The salt formed as reefs surrounding the shallow basin restricted the flow of water. Salt then formed as the water evaporated. The bedded salt occurs in several layers underlying up to 16,000 km{sup 2} in the province. Subsurface resources used in the area include salt cavern hydrocarbon storage; oil and gas reservoirs; and natural gas reservoir storage. The Salina Group stratigraphy is comprised of several separate salt beds with a maximum combined thickness of 90 m. The Salina salt beds exhibit evidence of dissolution after deposition. There are currently 20 active solution mining wells in operation in the Windsor and Goderich regions. There are currently 112 wells and 70 caverns used for cavern storage in Ontario that are used to store approximately 27 million bbl of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and oil. Non-salt layers in the salt beds can interfere with both solution mining and cavern storage operations. tabs., figs.
Thermodynamics of micellization of alkylimidazolium surfactants in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alkylimidazolium salts are a very important class of compounds. So far, calorimetry has hardly been used to characterize their solution behaviour. The enthalpies obtained from indirect methods have an intrinsic large uncertainty, and nowadays it is clear that calorimetry is the most sensitive technique for directly measuring the thermodynamic properties of aggregation. In this work, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used along with conductivity to determine the thermodynamics of aggregation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides ([Cnmim]Cl, n = 8, 10, 12, and 14) in aqueous solution. The critical micelle concentrations, cmc, were obtained from conductivity and calorimetry, and the enthalpies of micelle formation, ΔHmic, were derived from the calorimetric titrations. From conductivity, we could also derive the values for the degree of ionisation of the micelles (α), the molar conductivity (ΛM) of the [Cnmim]Cl micellar species and the molar conductivity at infinite dilution (Λ∞) for the [Cnmim]+ cations. Values are therefore reported for the enthalpy (ΔHmic), the Gibbs free energy (ΔGmic) and entropy (ΔSmic) changes for micelle formation. Further, the aggregate sizes and aggregation numbers were obtained by light scattering (LS) measurements. The observed variation of the thermodynamic properties with the alkyl chain length is discussed in detail and compared with the traditional cationic surfactants 1-alkyl-trimethylammonium chlorides, [CnTA]Cl. The difference in the values of the thermodynamic parameters for both types of surfactants is here related to the structure of their head groups
Salt Effect on Osmotic Pressure of Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Simulation Study
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Jan-Michael Y. Carrillo
Full Text Available Abstract: We present results of the hybrid Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics simulations of the osmotic pressure of salt solutions of polyelectrolytes. In our simulations, we used a coarse-grained representation of polyelectrolyte chains, counterions and salt ions. During simulation runs, we alternate Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation steps. Monte Carlo steps were used to perform small ion exchange between simulation box containing salt ions (salt reservoir and simulation box with polyelectrolyte chains, counterions and salt ions (polyelectrolyte solution. This allowed us to model Donnan equilibrium and partitioning of salt and counterions across membrane impermeable to polyelectrolyte chains. Our simulations have shown that the main contribution to the system osmotic pressure is due to salt ions and osmotically active counterions. The fraction of the condensed (osmotically inactive counterions first increases with decreases in the solution ionic strength then it saturates. The reduced value of the system osmotic coefficient is a universal function of the ratio of the concentration of osmotically active counterions and salt concentration in salt reservoir. Simulation results are in a very good agreement with osmotic pressure measurements in sodium polystyrene sulfonate, DNA, polyacrylic acid, sodium polyanetholesulfonic acid, polyvinylbenzoic acid, and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride solutions.
Process for recovering pertechnetate ions from an aqueous solution also containing other ions
Rogers, R.; Horwitz, E.P.; Bond, A.H.
A solid/liquid process for the separation and recovery of TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}1} ions from an aqueous solution is disclosed. The solid support comprises separation particles having surface-bonded poly(ethylene glycol) groups; whereas the aqueous solution from which the TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}1} ions are separated contains a poly(ethylene glycol) liquid/liquid biphase-forming amount of a dissolved salt. A solid/liquid phase admixture of separation particles containing bound TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}1} ions in such an aqueous solution that is free from MoO{sub 4}{sup {minus}2} ions is also contemplated, as is a chromatography apparatus containing that solid/liquid phase admixture. 15 figs.
Molecular dynamics studies of aqueous silica nanoparticle dispersions: salt effects on the double layer formation.
de Lara, Lucas S; Rigo, Vagner A; Michelon, Mateus F; Metin, Cigdem O; Nguyen, Quoc P; Miranda, Caetano R
The ion distribution around hydroxylated silica nanoparticles (NP-H) dispersed in brine was investigated by fully atomistic molecular dynamics. The NP-H dispersions in aqueous electrolyte media are simulated in solutions of varying salinity (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2), salt concentration (0.06 × 10(-3) to 3.00 × 10(-3) mole fraction [Formula: see text]), and temperature (300 and 350 K) at 1 atm. The NP-H models reproduce the observed experimental concentration of silanol and geminal surface sites, which are responsible for local charge variations on the nanoparticles' surface. Interestingly, under certain salt concentration conditions, the formation of an electrical double layer (DL) around the overall neutral NP-H occurs. The resulting DLs are attenuated with increasing temperature for all evaluated salts. With increasing salt concentration, a sign inversion of the effective charge at the first ion layer is observed, which modifies the electrostatic environment around the nanoparticle. The minimum salt concentration that leads to a DL formation at 300 K is 1.05 × 10(-3), 0.37 × 10(-3), and 0.06 × 10(-3) χs for NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2, respectively. The width of the DL decreases sequentially in ionic strength from NaCl to CaCl2 to MgCl2, which is similar to that found for highly charged surfaces. These results are in line with our previous experimental data for negative charged NP-H. All together, these observations suggest an interplay mechanism between the formation and narrowing of electric double layers on the stability of NP dispersions in both neutral and negatively charged NP-H. PMID:26194994
Ozone photolysis of paracetamol in aqueous solution.
Neamţu, Mariana; Bobu, Maria; Kettrup, Antonius; Siminiceanu, Ilie
The degradation of a paracetamol (N-acetil-para-aminofenol) aqueous solution (C (0) P = 5 mmol L(-1)) is studied in a bench-scale setup by means of simple ozonation (O3) and ozonation catalyzed with UV light (O3/UV) in order to quantify the influence of UV light on the degradation process. The results have shown that under the adopted experimental conditions (25°C, applied ozone dose = 9.8 mg L(-1) and gas flow rate of 20 L h(-1)) both oxidative systems are capable of removing the substrate with mineralization degrees up to 51% for ozonation and 53% for O3/UV. HPICE chromatography allowed the detection of nitrate ions and maleic and oxalic acids as ultimate carboxylic acids. The experimental data have been interpreted through 5 indicators: the conversion of paracetamol (XP ), the conversion degree of TOC (XTOC ), the apparent rate constant (kap ), the Hatta number (Ha) and the enhancement factor (E). The main advantage of photo-ozonation compared to simple ozonation was a more advanced conversion (79% vs. 92% after 90 min). The paracetamol decay follows a pseudo-first-order reaction with a superior rate constant (higher by 54%) for the UV catalyzed system in comparison with direct ozonation. Mineralization is slightly accelerated (+4%) in the O3/UV system, due to the additional production of hydroxyl radicals induced by the UV light and a higher Hatta number (+24%). Nevertheless, the process was still in the slow reaction kinetic regime (Ha < 0.3), and the enhancement factor was not significantly increased. The results are useful for the design and scale-up of the gas-liquid processes. PMID:23647117
[Structure and Activity of Fungal Lipases in Bile Salt Solutions].
Bogdanova, L R; Bakirova, D R; Valiullina, Yu A; Idiyatullin, B Z; Faizullin, D A; Zueva, O S; Zuev, Yu F
The changes in structure and catalytic properties of fungal lipases (Candida rugosa, Rhizomucor miehei, Mucor javanicus) were investigated in micellar solutions of bile salts that differ in hydrophilic-lypophilic balance and reaction medium properties. The methods of circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence were applied to estimate the changes in peptide structure within complexes with bile salt micelles. Bile salts do not exert a significant influence on the structure of the enzymes under study: in Rh. miehei and M. javanicus lipases the alpha helix content slightly decreased, the influence of bile salts on the C. rugosa structure was not revealed. Despite negligible structural modifications in the enzymes, in bile salt solutions a considerable change in their catalytic properties was observed: an abrupt decrease in catalytic effectiveness. Substrate-bile salts micelles complex formation was demonstrated by the NMR self-diffusion method. The model of a regulation of fungal lipase activity was proposed. PMID:27192825
Stability improvement of electrospun chitosan nanofibrous membranes in neutral or weak basic aqueous solutions.
Sangsanoh, Pakakrong; Supaphol, Pitt
Further utilization of chitosan nanofibrous membranes that are electrospun from chitosan solutions in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) with or without dichloromethane (DCM) as the modifying cosolvent is limited by the loss of the fibrous structure as soon as the membranes are in contact with neutral or weak basic aqueous solutions due to complete dissolution of the membranes. Dissolution occurs as a result of the high solubility in these aqueous media of -NH(3)(+)CF(3)COO(-) salt residues that are formed when chitosan is dissolved in TFA. Traditional neutralization with a NaOH aqueous solution only maintained partial fibrous structure. Much improvement in the neutralization method was achieved with the saturated Na(2)CO(3) aqueous solution with an excess amount of Na(2)CO(3)(s) in the solution. We showed that electrospun chitosan nanofibrous membranes, after neutralization in the Na(2)CO(3) aqueous solution, could maintain its fibrous structure even after continuous submersion in phosphate buffer saline (pH = 7.4) or distilled water for 12 weeks. PMID:17025342
Thermophysical Properties of Aqueous Solutions Used as Secondary Working Fluids
Melinder, Åke
Secondary working fluids (secondary refrigerants, heat transfer fluids, antifreezes, brines) have long been used in various indirect re-frigeration and heat pump systems. Aqueous solutions (water solu-tions) have long been used as single phase (liquid only) secondary working fluids for cooling in supermarkets, ice rinks, heat recovery systems, heat pumps and other applications. However, aqueous solutions are increasingly used also for freezers in supermarkets and other applications in low tem...
Physico-Chemical Study of the Separation of Calcium Isotopes by Chemical Exchange Between Amalgam and Salt Solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In a preliminary study of the isotopic exchange between Ca amalgam and aqueous or organic solutions of Ca salts, the main parameters governing the feasibility of a separation process based on these systems such as separation factor, exchange kinetics, rate of decomposition of the amalgam were investigated. The separation factor between 40Ca and 46Ca was found to be of the order of 1.02. The rate of the exchange reaction is rather low for aqueous solutions, extremely low for organic solutions. The amalgam seems not to be attacked by dimethyl-formamide solutions; but it is rapidly decomposed by aqueous solutions of Ca halides. This decomposition is slow in the case of aqueous solutions of calcium formate and still slower for Ca(OH)2; however, except in particular conditions, the observed rate is often much higher, owing to interfering reactions between amalgam and water vapor contained in H2 bubbles. (authors)
Radiolysis of aqueous-ethanolic solution of tryptophan
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The effect of ethanol on radiation stability of tryptophan during γ-irradiation of its aqueous solutions was investigated. In comparison with radiation losses of tryptophan irradiated in pure water, the losses in aqueous-ethanolic solutions are considerably higher and they increase with increasing ethanol concentration. Basic radiation products of tryptophan formed on irradiation of its aqueous-ethanolic solutions in consequence of the reaction of tryptophan with acetaldehyde as the main product of radiolysis of ethanol were followed by paper electrophoresis. (author)
Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Chondroitin Sulfate Solution: A Molecular Modeling Investigation
Bathe, Mark; Rutledge, Gregory C.; Grodzinsky, Alan J.; TIDOR, BRUCE
The osmotic pressure of chondroitin sulfate (CS) solution in contact with an aqueous 1:1 salt reservoir of fixed ionic strength is studied using a recently developed coarse-grained molecular model. The effects of sulfation type (4- vs. 6-sulfation), sulfation pattern (statistical distribution of sulfate groups along a chain), ionic strength, CS intrinsic stiffness, and steric interactions on CS osmotic pressure are investigated. At physiological ionic strength (0.15 M NaCl), the sulfation typ...
Terahertz reflection spectroscopy of aqueous NaCl and LiCl solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jepsen, Peter Uhd; Merbold, Hannes
We present spectroscopic measurements of the full dielectric function of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and lithium chloride at concentrations approaching their solubility limits at room temperature. We find that the dielectric properties of the two salts are rather different at THz...... frequencies. Whereas both the real and imaginary part of the permittivity of NaCl increases with concentration,we see that the imaginary part of the permittivity of LiCl (related to the absorption)decreases with increasing salt concentration. We relate these changes to the behavior...
Rheological and kinetic study of the ultrasonic degradation of xanthan gum in aqueous solutions.
Li, Ruoshi; Feke, Donald L
The effectiveness of ultrasound to degrade the molecular weight of xanthan gum in aqueous solutions was investigated for sonication times up to 60 min at 20 °C and for polymer concentrations up to 0.1g/dl. The Huggins equation was found to be applicable to the intrinsic viscosity of xanthan gum prior to sonication, while a truncated form was found to be adequate for estimating the intrinsic viscosity of the degraded xanthan. To better understand the influence of salting-in and salting-out salts (classified on the basis of the Hofmeister series) on degradation, xanthan-gum solutions were pre-mixed with 0.1, 10(-2), 10(-3), or 10(-4)M NaCl or Na2SO4, prior to ultrasonication. A kinetic model was developed and successfully applied to quantify and predict the degradation rates and efficiency. The various reaction rate constants and reaction orders were found to correlate with the different salt species and concentrations used, suggesting that salting-in and salting-out salts could increase or inhibit ultrasonic degradation by adjusting the molecular conformation of the xanthan. PMID:25442624
Nanoscale lubricating film formation by linear polymer in aqueous solution
Liu, Shuhai; Guo, Dan; Xie, Guoxin
Film-forming properties of polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a nanogap have been investigated by using a thin film interferometry. The film properties of linear polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a confined nanogap depend on the ratio of water film thickness to averaged radius of polymer chains H0/RPolymer. It was found that the lubrication film thickness of linear polymer in aqueous solution decreases as the polymer molecular weight increasing when H0/RPolymer < 2 ˜ 3. A new lubrication map was proposed, which includes the lubrication regime of weak confinement influence, the lubrication regime of strong confinement influence (LRSCI), and the transition regime of confinement influence. It is very difficult to increase the lubrication film thickness using the higher molecule weight in the LRSCI regime. The lubrication mechanism inferred from our experimental results may help to better understand the dynamic film properties of linear polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a nanogap.
Aggregation and stability of anisotropic charged clay colloids in aqueous medium in the presence of salt.
Ali, Samim; Bandyopadhyay, Ranjini
Na-montmorillonite nanoclay is a colloid of layered mineral silicate. When dispersed in water, this mineral swells on absorption of water and exfoliates into platelets with electric double layers on their surfaces. Even at low particle concentration, the aqueous dispersion can exhibit a spontaneous ergodicity breaking phase transition from a free flowing liquid to nonequilibrium, kinetically arrested and disordered states such as gels and glasses. In an earlier publication [Applied Clay Science, 2015, 114, 8592], we showed that the stability of clay gels can be enhanced by adding a salt later to the clay dispersion prepared in deionized water, rather than by adding the clay mineral to a previously mixed salt solution. Here, we directly track the collapsing interface of sedimenting clay gels using an optical method and show that adding salt after dispersing the clay mineral does indeed result in more stable gels even in very dilute dispersions. These weak gels are seen to exhibit a transient collapse after a finite delay time, a phenomenon observed previously in depletion gels. The velocity of the collapse oscillates with the age of the sample. However, the average velocity of collapse increases with sample age up to a peak value before decreasing at higher ages. With increasing salt concentration, the delay time for transient collapse decreases, while the peak value of the collapsing velocity increases. Using ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy, rheometry and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, we confirm that morphological changes of the gel network assembly, facilitated by thermal fluctuations, lead to the observed collapse phenomenon. Since clay minerals are used extensively in polymer nanocomposites, as rheological modifiers, stabilizers and gas absorbents, we believe that the results reported in this work are extremely useful for several practical applications and also for understanding geophysical phenomena such as the formation and stability of quicksand
γ-Irradiation-induced radiolysis of inulin in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Radiochemical transformations of inulin in aqueous solutions, in air, in the presence of inert gases, helium, nitrogen and in nitrous oxide exposed to various doses of 60Co γ-irradiation were investigated. It was shown that interactions in inulin with OH radicals are principally responsible for radiolytic decomposition of inulin. The data on radiolysis of more simple model systems were used to make available decomposition spectra of γ-irradiated aerated aqueous solution of inulin. 9 refs., 6 figs
Experimental measurements of carbon dioxide solubility in aqueous tetra-n-butylammonium bromide solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • We report experimental CO2 solubility data in aqueous tetra-n-butylammonium bromide. • The absolute gravimetric technique was used for the CO2 solubility measurements. • CO2 solubility in pure water agrees with the literature data. - Abstract: In this paper, we report the absolute measurements of CO2 solubility in aqueous tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) solution. The measurement range was 0.2 MPa < P < 4 MPa, 286.15 K < T < 298.15 K, with 0 (pure water) < wTBAB < 0.4, where P, T, and wTBAB denote the pressure, temperature, and mass fraction of TBAB in the aqueous feed solutions, respectively. These thermodynamic conditions are outside the hydrate formation region. We evaluated salting-in and -out effects based on the experimental data, and confirmed that the CO2 salting-out effect of TBAB clearly appeared at T = 292 K with wTBAB < 0.32 and the salting-in effect may exist for P > 3 MPa and T > 292 K with wTBAB ⩾ 0.4 mass fraction of TBAB
Sub-0.5 V Highly Stable Aqueous Salt Gated Metal Oxide Electronics
Park, Sungjun; Lee, Seyeong; Kim, Chang-Hyun; Lee, Ilseop; Lee, Won-June; Kim, Sohee; Lee, Byung-Geun; Jang, Jae-Hyung; Yoon, Myung-Han
Recently, growing interest in implantable bionics and biochemical sensors spurred the research for developing non-conventional electronics with excellent device characteristics at low operation voltages and prolonged device stability under physiological conditions. Herein, we report high-performance aqueous electrolyte-gated thin-film transistors using a sol-gel amorphous metal oxide semiconductor and aqueous electrolyte dielectrics based on small ionic salts. The proper selection of channel material (i.e., indium-gallium-zinc-oxide) and precautious passivation of non-channel areas enabled the development of simple but highly stable metal oxide transistors manifested by low operation voltages within 0.5 V, high transconductance of ~1.0 mS, large current on-off ratios over 107, and fast inverter responses up to several hundred hertz without device degradation even in physiologically-relevant ionic solutions. In conjunction with excellent transistor characteristics, investigation of the electrochemical nature of the metal oxide-electrolyte interface may contribute to the development of a viable bio-electronic platform directly interfacing with biological entities in vivo.
Sub-0.5 V Highly Stable Aqueous Salt Gated Metal Oxide Electronics.
Park, Sungjun; Lee, SeYeong; Kim, Chang-Hyun; Lee, Ilseop; Lee, Won-June; Kim, Sohee; Lee, Byung-Geun; Jang, Jae-Hyung; Yoon, Myung-Han
Recently, growing interest in implantable bionics and biochemical sensors spurred the research for developing non-conventional electronics with excellent device characteristics at low operation voltages and prolonged device stability under physiological conditions. Herein, we report high-performance aqueous electrolyte-gated thin-film transistors using a sol-gel amorphous metal oxide semiconductor and aqueous electrolyte dielectrics based on small ionic salts. The proper selection of channel material (i.e., indium-gallium-zinc-oxide) and precautious passivation of non-channel areas enabled the development of simple but highly stable metal oxide transistors manifested by low operation voltages within 0.5 V, high transconductance of ~1.0 mS, large current on-off ratios over 10(7), and fast inverter responses up to several hundred hertz without device degradation even in physiologically-relevant ionic solutions. In conjunction with excellent transistor characteristics, investigation of the electrochemical nature of the metal oxide-electrolyte interface may contribute to the development of a viable bio-electronic platform directly interfacing with biological entities in vivo. PMID:26271456
The speciation of actinide ions in concentrated salt solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Many separations of actinide ions involve concentrated solutions. There is additional interest in actinide behavior in brine solutions in the WIPP salt repository. Unfortunately, little understanding exists on the speciation of actinides in concentrated solutions. The author has studied the extraction distribution of Am(III) as a function of concentration of NX salts (N-, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ and X = ClO4-, Cl-, NO3-). Analyses of the distribution curves are discussed in terms of hydration, complexation, etc. effects on the Am(III). The variation of the calculated stability constants with ionic strength is compared with the expected variation using Specific-Ion Interaction Theory (SIT)
Separation and Concentration of Succinic Adic from Multicomponent Aqueous Solutions by Nanofiltration Technique
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Antczak Jerzy
Full Text Available This paper applies the determined suitability of nanofiltration (NF membrane separation for selective isolation and concentration of succinic acid from aqueous solutions which are post-fermentation multicomponent fluids. The study analyzed the influence of concentration and the pH of the separated solutions on the efficiency and selectivity of NF process that runs in a module equipped with a ceramic membrane. Moreover, the effect of applied trans-membrane pressure on the retention of succinic acid and sodium succinate has been studied. The investigations have shown that in the used NF module the retention of succinic acid salt is equal almost 50% in the case of a three-component model solution, although the degree of retention depends on both the transmembrane pressure and the initial concentration of separated salt.
Solubility of oxygen and nitrous oxide in aqueous solutions of NaCl: a pulse radiolysis study
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The saturation concentrations of O2 and N2O in aqueous solution were measured for different amounts of NaCl by observing the decay of the absorption of hydrated electrons, which were generated during the radiolysis of water. The results are in good agreement with an empirical model based on numerous static measurements of the 'salting-out' effect.
Electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of perrhenic acid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The physiocochemical properties of perrhenic acid, HReO4, are studied; its salts form the basis of solutions for electrochemical production of rhenium. Information is presented from which the electrical conductivity of solutions in the temperature range 15-90 degrees can be determined from known concentrations of the acid in water and vice versa
Study on specific enthalpy of ice including solute in aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kumano, Hiroyuki; Hirata, Tetsuo; Izumi, Yasuyuki [Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553 (Japan)
Effects of solute included in a sample on the specific enthalpy of ice are investigated experimentally. In the experiments, ice including the solute was made from an aqueous solution, and the specific enthalpy was measured by melting the ice in the aqueous solution. Moreover, a physical model of the ice including the solute is proposed. As a result, when the concentration of the aqueous solution is set at a value equivalent to the concentration of the sample, the specific enthalpy of the sample increases with the concentration of the sample. The measurement results and the calculated values agree well, and it was found that the method for calculating the specific enthalpy of the sample is valid. Moreover, when the concentration of the aqueous solution is higher than that of the ice including the solute, it was found the calculation method for the specific enthalpy of the sample is appropriate. (author)
Acidities of Water and Methanol in Aqueous Solution and DMSO
Gao, Daqing
The relative acidities of water and methanol have been a nagging issue. In gas phase, methanol is more acidic than water by 36.0 kJ/mol; however, in aqueous solution, the acidities of methanol and water are almost identical. The acidity of an acid in solution is determined by both the intrinsic gas-phase ionization Gibbs energy and the solvent…
Rimshaw, S.J.
A method of separating technetium in the 4+ oxidation state from an aqueous basic solution containing products of uranium fission is described. The method consists of contacting the solution with finely divided magnetite and recovering a technetium-bearing precipitate. (AEC)
Radiolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium sulfides. Chapter 8
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
To study the radiolysis of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide, use was made of infrared spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry and iodometric titration. During the γ-irradiation of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide one can observe the appearance of various stable sulphur-containing products. Data are discussed on the radiolysis in a nitrous environment, on oxygen bubbling, at varying radiation doses, pH and temperature values. Consideration is also given to the low-temperature radiolysis of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide by the EPR method. In the radiolysis of both crystalline and glassy solutions of Na2S there appear an ion-radical S- and a radical SO2-
Antiscalant properties of Spergularia rubra and Parietaria officinalis aqueous solutions
Cheap-Charpentier, Hélène; Gelus, Dominique; Pécoul, Nathalie; Perrot, Hubert; Lédion, Jean; Horner, Olivier; Sadoun, Jonathan; Cachet, Xavier; Litaudon, Marc; Roussi, Fanny
The formation of calcium carbonate in water has important implications in industry. Chemical antiscalant is usually used to control scale depositions. Plant extracts have been recently used as new green antiscalant agents, as they can be easily prepared and are environmentally friendly. In this study, stock aqueous solutions of Spergularia rubra and Parietaria officinalis, two plants used in traditional medicine to treat or prevent urolithiasis, were obtained by infusion. The antiscaling properties of these extracts towards CaCO3 formation were tested by using chronoamperometry and Fast Controlled Precipitation methods. The aqueous solution of S. rubra was further fractionated to isolate compounds of lower polarity. Their efficiency towards CaCO3 precipitation was characterized by Fast Controlled Precipitation method. The inhibiting efficiency of this fractionated solution was greater than that of the stock aqueous solution.
Tritium exchange reactions in imidazole in aqueous and organic solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tritium exchange reactions were studied in aqueous and organic solutions of imidazole and methylimidazole. For the exchange in an aqueous solution the mechanism through ylide intermediate formation postulated by VAUGHAN et al. was modified in this study. The rate constant obtained by MASLOVA et al. was found to be too small compared to ours. For the exchange reaction of methylimidazole in an aqueous solution the rate decreased due to the effect of a methyl group attached to the aromatic ring. The C-2 tritiation of imidazole was studied in chloroform, acetone and dioxane for the first time. It was dependent on polymer properties. An intramolecular exchange mechanism was applicable to the trimer while an intermolecular exchange mechanism was applicable to the dimer. The rate constants of the exchange reactions in organic solutions were obtained for both mechanisms. (orig.)
Synthesis and Aqueous Solution Viscosity of Hydrophobically Modified Xanthan Gum
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
QIAN Xiao-lin; WU Wen-hui; YU Pei-zhi; WANG Jian-quan
Two xanthan gum derivatives hydrophobically modified by 4 or 8 tetradecyl chains per 100 xanthan gum structure units were synthesized. The derivatives were studied by scanning electron microscope and pyrene fluorescence spectrometry. And the aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives was investigated. The results indicate that the network of the derivatives with more hydrophobic groups is closer and tighter. With increasing of alkyl chain substitution degree, the hydrophobically associating interactions enhance in aqueous solution. Aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives increases with increasing of polymer concentration and alkyl substitution degree, and decreases with the increase of temperature. In the brine solution, the strong viscosity enhancement phenomenon appears. The interaction between the derivatives and surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is strong.
A new ion exchanger for the removal of cesium from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A new exchange potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrates(II) was prepared. It was characterized by chemical composition and surface area measurements. The removal of cesium from aqueous solution by ion exchange was studied as function of shaking time. pH and concentration of acids, salts and cesium. The data indicates high value of distribution coefficient over a wide range of pH, nitric and hydrochloric acids concentration and in the presence of higher concentration of Na and K ions. A potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) column was also tested for elution of cesium using 8 M ammonium nitrate solution. (author)
Screening of hydrodynamic interactions for polyelectrolytes in salt solution
Smiatek, Jens; Schmid, Friederike
We provide numerical evidence that hydrodynamic interactions are screened for charged polymers in salt solution on time scales below the Zimm time. At very short times, a crossover to hydrodynamic behavior is observed. Our conclusions are drawn from extensive coarse-grained computer simulations of polyelectrolytes in explicit solvent and explicit salt, and discussed in terms of analytical arguments based on the Debye-Hueckel approximation.
Contribution to the study of uranyl salts in butyl phosphate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A spectroscopic study in the normal infrared region and involving the following associations: tri-alkyl phosphates (tri-butyl, tri-ethyl, tri-methyl), uranyl salts (nitrate, chloride, acetate) has confirmed the existence of an interaction between the phosphoryl group and the uranium atom, as shown by a movement of absorption band for the valency P = 0 from ∼ 1270 cm-1 to ∼ 1180 cm-1. A study of the preparation, analysis and spectroscopy of the solids obtained by the precipitation of uranyl salts by acid butyl phosphates has been carried out. By infrared spectrophotometry it has been shown that the tri-butyl and di-butyl phosphates are associated in non-polar diluents even before the uranium is introduced. The extraction of uranyl salts from acid aqueous solutions by a diluted mixture of tri-butyl and di-butyl phosphates proceeds by different mechanisms according to the nature of the ion (nitrate or chloride). (author)
Thermodynamic and transport properties of some biologically active compounds in aqueous solutions at different temperatures
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dhondge, Sudhakar S., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [P.G. Department of Chemistry, S.K. Porwal College, Kamptee, Nagpur 441 002 (India); Zodape, Sangesh P.; Parwate, Dilip V. [Department of Chemistry, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033 (India)
The experimental data of density and viscosity have been obtained for aqueous solutions of biologically active compounds like salbutamol sulphate (SS), diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in the concentration range (0 to 0.15) mol . kg{sup -1} at three different temperatures. The derived parameters, such as apparent molar volume of solute ({phi}{sub V})), limiting apparent molar volume of solute ({phi}{sub V}{sup 0}), limiting apparent molar expansivity ({phi}{sub E}{sup 0}), thermal expansion coefficient ({alpha}*) and Jones-Dole equation viscosity A and B coefficients, were obtained using the density and viscosity results. It has been observed that the electrolyte-salt (SS) as well as adducts exhibit a positive viscosity B coefficient having negative ((dB)/(dT)). These results are interpreted in the light of possible solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.
Thermodynamic and transport properties of some biologically active compounds in aqueous solutions at different temperatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The experimental data of density and viscosity have been obtained for aqueous solutions of biologically active compounds like salbutamol sulphate (SS), diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in the concentration range (0 to 0.15) mol . kg-1 at three different temperatures. The derived parameters, such as apparent molar volume of solute (φV)), limiting apparent molar volume of solute (φV0), limiting apparent molar expansivity (φE0), thermal expansion coefficient (α*) and Jones-Dole equation viscosity A and B coefficients, were obtained using the density and viscosity results. It has been observed that the electrolyte-salt (SS) as well as adducts exhibit a positive viscosity B coefficient having negative ((dB)/(dT) ). These results are interpreted in the light of possible solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.
Solution, thermal and optical properties of bis(pyridinium salt)s as ionic liquids
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bis(pyridinium salt)s containing different alkyl chain lengths and various organic counterions were prepared by the ring-transmutation reaction of bis(pyrylium tosylate) with aliphatic amines in dimethyl sulfoxide at 130–135 °C for 18 h and their tosylate counterions were exchanged to other anions such as triflimide, methyl orange, and dioctyl sulfosuccinate by the metathesis reaction in a common organic solvent. Their chemical structures were established by using 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR spectra. The thermal properties of bis(pyridinium salt)s were studied by DSC and TGA measurements. Some of the dicationic salts provided low melting points below 100 °C and some of them displayed amorphous properties. Polarized optical microscopy studies revealed the crystal structures prior to melting temperatures in some cases. Their optical properties were examined by using UV–Vis and photoluminescent spectrometers; and they emitted blue light both in the solution and solid states regardless of their microstructures, counterions, and the polarity of organic solvents. However, most of these salts exhibited hypsochromic shifts in their emission peaks in the solid state when compared with those of their solution spectra. Due to unique properties of methyl orange anion as a pH indicator, two of the salts showed different color change in varying concentrations of triflic acid in common organic solvents, demonstrating their potential use as an acid sensor in methanol, acetonitrile and acetone. Highlights: ► Luminescent dicationic salts were synthesized by ring-transmutation and metathesis reactions. ► Thermal and optical properties of dicationic salts are affected by the size of anion structures. ► Due to the methyl orange counterions, some dicationic salts showed pH- sensing property
[Photochemical degradation of chlorothalonil in aqueous solution].
Li, Xuede; Hua, Rimao; Yue, Yongde; Li, Ying; Tang, Feng; Tang, Jun
The study on the effects of light source, solution pH and temperature, and surfactant on the photochemical degradation of chlorothalonil showed that the half-life of chlorothalonil photodegradation under high pressure mercury lamp (HPML), UV lamp and sunlight was 22.4, 82.5 and 123.8 min, respectively. Under HPML and sunlight, chlorothalonil had a higher photolysis rate in alkaline solution than in neutral and acid solution. The photolysis rate increased with increasing solution temperature in the range of 10 degrees C - 40 degrees C, which was doubled when the temperature increased every 10 degrees C. Sodium laurylsulfonate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), Tween 60 and Span 20 showed significant photosensitizing effects, while cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) had significant photoquench effect on the photolysis of chlorothalonil. PMID:16964947
Sub-0.5 V Highly Stable Aqueous Salt Gated Metal Oxide Electronics
Sungjun Park; SeYeong Lee; Chang-Hyun Kim; Ilseop Lee; Won-June Lee; Sohee Kim; Byung-Geun Lee; Jae-Hyung Jang; Myung-Han Yoon
Recently, growing interest in implantable bionics and biochemical sensors spurred the research for developing non-conventional electronics with excellent device characteristics at low operation voltages and prolonged device stability under physiological conditions. Herein, we report high-performance aqueous electrolyte-gated thin-film transistors using a sol-gel amorphous metal oxide semiconductor and aqueous electrolyte dielectrics based on small ionic salts. The proper selection of channel ...
Discontinuous hygroscopic growth of an aqueous surfactant/salt aerosol particle levitated in an electrodynamic balance
Soonsin, V.; Krieger, U. K.; Peter, T.
Organic compounds are a major fraction of tropospheric aerosol. The organic fraction is usually internally mixed with inorganic salts. Surface-active organic matter or surfactants, enriched in the oceanic surface layer and transferred to the atmosphere by bubble-bursting processes, are the most likely candidates to contribute the observed organic fraction in sea salt aerosol [1, 2]. If the organic substance is a surfactant, it will lower the surface tension. In addition aggregates of the organic monomers, called micelles, will form if the concentration of the organic exceeds a certain limit (critical micelle concentration). These aggregates do have different morphology (spheres or globular or rod like micelles, or spherical bilayer vesicles etc.) and size, depending on the nature of the organic molecule, its concentration and the concentration of inorganic salts [3]. These aggregate may promote solubilisation of organic compounds in aqueous atmospheric aerosol. We performed measurements of ternary aqueous solution particles consisting of tetraethylene glycol monooctyl ether (C8E4) as organic surfactant and sodium chloride (NaCl) as inorganic salt and water (H2O) using single levitated aerosol particles in an electrodynamic balance. The particles can be stored contact-free in a temperature and humidity controlled chamber and optical resonance spectroscopy is used to monitor radius change [4]. Mie resonance spectra of ternary droplets show discontinuous growth with increasing relative humidity (RH) and also discontinuous shrinkage with decreasing relative humidity. We observe this behavior at temperatures and RHs at which the salt is completely deliquesced and the concentration of the organic surfactant is larger than the critical micelle concentration. Independent measurements of particle mass show also discontinuous water uptake. We speculate that this discontinuous, step-like, growth is caused by disaggregation of a micelle needed to conserve the monolayer of
Thermodynamic Properties of 1:1 Salt Aqueous Solutions with the Electrolattice Equation of State Propriétés thermophysiques des solutions aqueuses de sels 1:1 avec l'équation d'état de réseau pour électrolytes
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Zuber A.
Full Text Available The electrolattice Equation of State (EOS is a model that extends the MattediTavares-Castier EOS (MTC EOS to systems with electrolytes. This model considers the effect of three terms. The first one is based on a lattice-hole model that considers local composition effects derived in the context of the generalized Van der Waals theory: the MTC EOS was chosen for this term. The second and the third terms are the Born and the MSA contributions, which take into account ion charging and discharging and long-range ionic interactions, respectively. Depending only on two energy interaction parameters, the model represents satisfactorily the vapor pressure and the mean ionic activity coefficient data of single aqueous solutions containing LiCI, LiBr, LiI, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, CsCl, CsBr, CsI, or RbCI. Two methods are presented and contrasted: the salt-specific and the ion-specific approaches. Therefore, the aim of this work is to calculate thermodynamic properties that are extensively used to design, operate and optimize many industrial processes, including water desalination. L'équation d'état, dite électrolattice, est un modèle qui étend l'équation d'état de Mattedi-Tavares-Castier à des systèmes avec électrolytes. Ce modèle prend en compte l'effet de trois termes. Le premier terme est basé sur les trous dans le réseau en considérant les effets de la composition locale, étude effectuée dans le cadre de la théorie généralisée de Van der Waals : l'équation d'état de Mattedi-Tavares-Castier a été choisie pour ce premier terme. Les deuxième et troisième termes sont les contributions de Born et du MSA. Ils tiennent compte du chargement et du déchargement des ions, et des interactions ioniques à longue distance, respectivement. Le modèle n'ayant besoin que de deux paramètres d'interaction énergétique, il modélise de manière satisfaisante la pression de vapeur et le coefficient d'activité ionique
Flotation separation of hafnium(IV) from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A simple, rapid method for the separation of hafnium from aqueous solutions was investigated using sup(175+181)Hf tracer. Cationic hafnium complex ions were floated from dilute acid solutions with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and anionic hafnium complexes were floated from basic and oxalic acid solutions with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTMAB). The conditions necessary for quantitative recovery of the metal and mechanisms of flotation are described. (author)
Modeling reactive geochemical transport of concentrated aqueous solutions
Zhang, Guoxiang; Zheng, Zuoping; Wan, Jiamin
Aqueous solutions with ionic strength larger than 1 M are usually considered concentrated aqueous solutions. These solutions can be found in some natural systems and are also industrially produced and released into accessible natural environments, and as such, they pose a big environmental problem. Concentrated aqueous solutions have unique thermodynamic and physical properties. They are usually strongly acidic or strongly alkaline, with the ionic strength possibly reaching 30 M or higher. Chemical components in such solutions are incompletely dissociated. The thermodynamic activities of both ionic and molecular species in these solutions are determined by the ionic interactions. In geological media the problem is further complicated by the interactions between the solutions and sediments and rocks. The chemical composition of concentrated aqueous solutions when migrating through the geological media may be drastically altered by these strong fluid-rock interactions. To effectively model reactive transport of concentrated aqueous solutions, we must take into account the ionic interactions. For this purpose we substantially extended an existing reactive transport code, BIO-CORE2D©, by incorporating a Pitzer ion interaction model to calculate the ionic activity. In the present paper, the model and two test cases of the model are briefly introduced. We also simulate a laboratory column experiment in which the leakage of highly alkaline waste fluid stored at Hanford (a U.S. Department of Energy site, located in Washington State) was studied. Our simulation captures the measured pH evolution and indicates that all the reactions controlling the pH evolution, including cation exchanges and mineral dissolution/precipitation, are coupled.
Method and device for removing ruthenium in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highly soluble and reactive high order ruthenium oxides assumed to be ruthenium tetraoxide, it they are not reduced on a cathode immediately, would evaporate as they are or react with nitrogen oxides formed by oxidation-decomposition of nitrosyl complex to return again to their nitrosyl complex. Accordingly, it is necessary for the aqueous solution to brought into contact with the anode and the cathode repeatedly. The present invention complies with the demand, in which one or plural pairs of plate-like electrodes are stacked as layers and an aqueous solution incorporating ruthenium is passed between the layers so that it is brought into contact with the anode and the cathode repeatedly to repeat oxidations and reductions. In view of the above, since the water soluble high order ruthenium oxides generated on the anode in the aqueous solution are immediately brought into contact with the cathode and reduced into insoluble lower order oxides, ruthenium can be removed. (T.M.)
Study of free acidity determinations in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The object of this work is the study of the principal methods which can be applied to the measurement of 'free' acidity. In the first part, we define the various types of acidity which can exist in aqueous solution; then, after having studied some hydrolysis reactions, we compare the value of the neutralisation pH of the hydrated cation and that of the precipitation of the hydroxide. In the second part we have started to study the determination of the acidity of an aqueous solution. After having rapidly considered the 'total' acidity determination, we deal with the problem of the 'free' acidity titration. We have considered in particular certain methods: extrapolation of the equivalent point, colorimetric titrations with or without a complexing agent, and finally the use of ion-exchange resins with mixed aqueous and solvent solutions. (author)
Molecular Weight and Aggregation of Erwinia Gum in Aqueous Solutions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Erwinia(E) gum is composed of glucose, fucose, galactose and glucuronic acid. The weight-average molecular weights Mw, number-average molecular weights Mn and intrinsic viscosities[η] of the four fractions and the unfractionated E gum in aqueous solutions at desired temperatures were studied by light scattering, membrane osmometry, size exclusion chromatography(SEC) and viscometry. The experimental results prove that E gum formed aggregates in the aqueous solution at 25 ℃ and the aggregates were broken gradually with increasing temperature. The dissociation of the aggregates of E gum in the aqueous solution started at 36 ℃, and was completed at around 90 ℃. The [η] values of E gum and its fractions are much higher than those of the conventional polymers with the similar molecular weights, and decrease with increasing NaCl concentration.
Self-aggregation of liquids from biomass in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Aggregation behaviour of liquids from biomass in aqueous solution has been studied. • Standard Gibbs free energies of aggregation have been calculated. • Solubility in water of these compounds has been determined. • Critical aggregation concentration decreases as the solubility in water does. -- Abstract: Aggregation of several chemicals from biomass: furfural derived compounds (furfural, 5-methylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol), lactate derived compounds (methyl lactate, ethyl lactate and butyl lactate), acrylate derived compound (methyl acrylate) and levulinate compounds (methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate) in aqueous solution has been characterised at T = 298.15 K through density, ρ, speed of sound, u, and isentropic compressibilities, κS, measurements. In addition the standard Gibbs free energies of aggregation have been also calculated. Furthermore, in order to deepen insight the behaviour of these chemicals in aqueous solution, the solubility of these compounds has been measured at T = 298.15 K
Mutual diffusion coefficients of L-lysine in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Mutual diffusion coefficients of L-lysine in aqueous solutions. • Influence of the thermodynamic factors on the variation of their mutual diffusion coefficients. • Estimation of the hydrodynamic radius of L-lysine. - Abstract: Mutual diffusion coefficients, D, were determined for aqueous solutions of L-lysine at T = 298.15 K at concentrations from (0.001 to 0.100) mol · dm−3. From these experimental results, the hydrodynamic radius Rh, diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution D0, the thermodynamic factors and activity coefficients γ, by using the Hartley equation, have been estimated, permitting us to have a better understanding of the thermodynamic of these systems of L-lysine in aqueous solutions
Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution with Modified Bentonite
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
唐艳葵; 童张法; 魏光涛; 李仲民; 梁达文
Bentonite combined with sawdust and other metallic compounds was used to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions in this study. The adsorption characteristics of phosphate on the modified bentonite were investigated, including the effects of temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of phosphate and pH on removal of phosphate by conducting a series of batch adsorption experiments. The results showed that 98% of phosphate removal rate was obtained since sawdust and bentonite used in this investigation were abundantly and locally available. It is concluded that modified bentonite is a relatively efficient, low cost and easily available adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions.
Degradation kinetics of benzyl nicotinate in aqueous solution
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Mbah C
Full Text Available The degradation of benzyl nicotinate in aqueous solution over a pH range of 2.0-10.0 at 50±0.2 o was studied. The degradation was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The degradation was observed to follow apparent first-order rate kinetics and the rate constant for the decomposition at 25 o was estimated by extrapolation. The reaction was shown to be hydroxide ion catalyzed and the Arrhenius plots showed the temperature dependence of benzyl nicotinate degradation. A significant increase in the stability of benzyl nicotinate was observed when glycerol or polyethylene glycol 400 was incorporated into the aqueous solution.
Ionisation constants of inorganic acids and bases in aqueous solution
Perrin, D D
Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition provides a compilation of tables that summarize relevant data recorded in the literature up to the end of 1980 for the ionization constants of inorganic acids and bases in aqueous solution. This book includes references to acidity functions for strong acids and bases, as well as details about the formation of polynuclear species. This text then explains the details of each column of the tables, wherein column 1 gives the name of the substance and the negative logarithm of the ionization constant and column 2
Valence Electronic Structure of Aqueous Solutions: Insights from Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Seidel, Robert; Winter, Bernd; Bradforth, Stephen E.
The valence orbital electron binding energies of water and of embedded solutes are crucial quantities for understanding chemical reactions taking place in aqueous solution, including oxidation/reduction, transition-metal coordination, and radiation chemistry. Their experimental determination based on liquid-photoelectron spectroscopy using soft X-rays is described, and we provide an overview of valence photoelectron spectroscopy studies reported to date. We discuss principal experimental aspects and several theoretical approaches to compute the measured binding energies of the least tightly bound molecular orbitals. Solutes studied are presented chronologically, from simple electrolytes, via transition-metal ion solutions and several organic and inorganic molecules, to biologically relevant molecules, including aqueous nucleotides and their components. In addition to the lowest vertical ionization energies, the measured valence photoelectron spectra also provide information on adiabatic ionization energies and reorganization energies for the oxidation (ionization) half-reaction. For solutes with low solubility, resonantly enhanced ionization provides a promising alternative pathway.
Contact nuclei formation in aqueous dextrose solutions
Cerreta, Michael K.; Berglund, Kris A.
A laser Raman microprobe was used in situ to observe the growth of alpha dextrose monohydrate on alpha anhydrous dextrose crystals. The Raman spectra indicate growth of the monohydrate below 28.1°C, but the presence of only the anhydrous form above 40.5°C. Contact nucleation experiments with parent anhydrous crystals yielded only monohydrate nuclei below 28.1°C, while contacts in solutions between 34.5 and 41.0°C produced both crystalline forms, and contacts in solutions above 43.5°C produced only anhydrous nuclei. The inability of the monohydrate to grow on anhydrous crystals in the same solution that forms the two crystalline phases with a single contact precludes a simple attrition mechanism of nuclei formation. For the same reason, the hypothetical mechanism involving parent crystal stabilization of pre-crystalline clusters, allowing the clusters to grow into nuclei, is also contradicted. A third, mechanism, which may be a combination of the two, is believed to apply.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solutions
Felix Aibuedefe AISIEN; Oluwole FALEYE; Eki Tina AISIEN
One of the major environmental problems is the pollution of water and soil by toxic heavy metals. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth, for the removal of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Water hyacinths were cultured in bore-hole water, supplemented with 5mg/l of Zn and Pb and 1mg/l of Cd at pH 4.5, 6.8 and 8.5. The plants were separately harvested each week for six weeks. The results showed that removal of these metals from solution was fast especia...
Radiation effects in frozen solutions of iron salts and solid state dosimeters at low temperatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Low temperature dosimetry is useful in space research, in the simulation of reactions that may take place in extraterrestrial icy-bodies, etc. In this paper we study the behavior of three different systems in order to evaluate if they can be used as dosimeters at low temperatures. The systems under study are 1) frozen solutions of iron salts, 2) crystals of LiF co-doped with Mg, Cu and P, and 3) crystals of CaSO4 doped with Dy. For the frozen solution the analysis was performed after melting by UV-spectroscopy and for the crystals the response was measured by thermoluminescence. The systems were irradiated with gamma radiation at different doses (from 10 to 2500 Gy), and at different temperatures (from 77 K to 298 K). Numerical simulations of the chemical reaction system reproduce the experimental effects produced by the irradiation in aqueous solutions of ferrous salt. The results with both the thermoluminescence dosimeters and the frozen iron aqueous solutions showed that the response of the dosimeters is a function of the temperature. At low radiation doses the response was linear. (Author)
Infrared spectroscopy of aqueous ionic salt mixtures at low concentrations: ion pairing in water.
Max, Jean-Joseph; Chapados, Camille
The analysis by infrared spectroscopy of aqueous mixtures of NaI and CsCl was made in order to obtain information at the molecular level of the mixing of these two salts taken as model systems of strong electrolytes in water. In previous papers [J.-J. Max and C. Chapados, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 2664 (2001) and J.-J. Max et al., ibid. 126, 184507 (2007)] it was reported that a pure salt in water forms pairs of monoions to which are attached a fixed number of water molecules, giving solvated water species. Due to their interaction with the ion pairs, the solvated water molecules are strongly perturbed, modifying the IR water spectrum being monitored. After taking the IR spectrum of pure water, a small volume of NaI 2M was added and the IR spectrum taken. Then a small volume of CsCl 2M was added and a new IR spectrum taken. This procedure was repeated to obtain a series of 38 spectra in the 0.05M-0.83M concentration range. Factor analysis made on the series revealed the presence of three types of water: pure water and two salt solvated waters. The number of solvated water molecules on the two salts taken together is ten. Since NaI and CsCl have, respectively, 3.5 and 3.0 solvated water molecules, it was concluded that a reaction occurred in the solutions forming NaCl and CsI that have, respectively, five water molecules each for a total of ten. The analysis of the spectra of the orthogonal factors supports this attribution. These results provide additional proof of ion pairing in water. Furthermore, comparing the band displacements and intensity variations observed on the solvated water species to that of pure water indicates that the dielectric milieu surrounding the ion pairs is not constant. These results do not support the classical view of Debye-Huckel that considers that the ions are independent and the dielectric milieu constant. The present results give some in situ information on the reaction that goes on in "simple" electrolyte systems whose reactivity and
Chemical denitration of aqueous nitrate solutions
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The Plant for Active Waste Liquids (PAWL) at CRNL will immobilize in glass the fission products in waste from Mo-99 production. The nitrate ions in the waste can be destroyed by heating, but also by chemical reaction with formic acid (HCOOH). Since chemical denitration has several advantages over thermal denitration it was studied in the course of vitrification process development. Two free radical mechanisms are examined here to explain kinetic data on chemical denitration of nitric acid solutions with formic acid. One mechanism is applicable at > 1 mol/L HNO3 and involves the formate radical (HCOO.). The second mechanism holds at 3 and involves the hyponitrous radical (HNO.). Mass balances for various species were written based on the law of mass action applied to the equations describing the reaction mechanism. Analytical and numerical solutions were obtained and compared. Literature data on batch denitration were used to determine some of the rate constants while others were set arbitrarily. Observed stoichiometry and trends in reactant concentrations are predicted accurately for batch data. There are no literature data to compare with the prediction of negligible induction time
Photocatalytic degradation of molinate in aqueous solutions.
Bizani, E; Lambropoulou, D; Fytianos, K; Poulios, I
In this study, the degradation of molinate through heterogeneous photocatalysis, using two different types of the semiconductor TiO2 as photocatalyst, as well as through homogeneous treatment, applying the photo-Fenton reaction, has been investigated. As far as heterogeneous photocatalysis is concerned, the degradation of the pesticide follows apparent first-order kinetics, while the type of the catalyst and the pH value of the solution affect the degradation rate. The effect of the addition of electron scavengers (H2O2 and K2S2O8) was also studied. In the case of photo-Fenton-assisted system, the degradation also follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Parameters such as iron's and electron scavenger's concentration and inorganic ions strongly affect the degradation rate. The extent of pesticide mineralization was investigated using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements. The toxicity of the treated solution was evaluated using the Microtox test based on the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The detoxification and mineralization efficiency was found to be dependent on the system studied, and although it did not follow the rate of pesticide disappearance, it took place in considerable extent. The study of the photodegradation treatment was completed by the determination of the intermediate by-products formed during the process, which was carried out using LC-MS/MS technique and led to similar compounds with both processes. PMID:24928378
Solubility of some phenolic compounds in aqueous alkali metal nitrate solutions from (293.15 to 318.15) K
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper is continuation of the study concerning the solubility-temperature dependence data for some phenolic compounds (PhC), contained in olive mill wastewater (OMWW), in two nitrate salts (KNO3 and NaNO3) aqueous solutions. The solubilities of PhC were determined in the temperature ranging from (293.15 to 318.15) K. It has been observed that the solubility, in aqueous nitrate solutions, increases with increasing temperature. Results showed that alkali metal nitrate has a salting-out effect on the solubility of PhC. The effect of the anion of the electrolyte on the solubility of PhC is observed by comparing these results with values reported in the previous papers for the effect of LiCl, NaCl and KCl. For each cation, the solubilites of the phenolic compounds are higher with nitrate anion than with chloride anion. Results were interpreted in terms of the salt hydration shells and the ability of the solute to form hydrogen-bond with water. The solubility data were accurately correlated by a semi empirical equation. The standard molar Gibbs free energies of transfer of PhC (ΔtrG0) from pure water to aqueous solutions of the nitrate salts have been calculated from the solubility data. The decrease in solubility is correlated to the positive ΔtrG0 value which is mainly of enthalpic origin
Biosorption of copper (II) ions from synthetic aqueous solutions by drying bed activated sludge
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Benaissa, H., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Laboratory of Sorbent Materials and Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, P.O. Box 119, 13000 Tlemcen (Algeria); Elouchdi, M.A. [Laboratory of Sorbent Materials and Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, P.O. Box 119, 13000 Tlemcen (Algeria)
Highlights: {yields} Dried activated sludge has been investigated for the removal of copper ions from aqueous synthetic solutions, in batch conditions. {yields} Copper uptake was time contact, initial copper concentration, initial pH solution and copper salt type dependent. {yields} Maximum copper uptake obtained was q{sub m} = 62.50 mg/g (0.556 mmol/g) under the investigated experimental conditions. - Abstract: In the present work, the usefulness of dried activated sludge has been investigated for the removal of copper ions from synthetic aqueous solutions. Kinetic data and equilibrium sorption isotherm were measured in batch conditions. The influence of some parameters such as: contact time, initial copper concentration, initial pH of solution and copper salt nature on copper biosorption kinetics has been studied. Copper uptake was time contact, initial copper concentration, initial pH solution and copper salt type dependent. Maximum copper sorption was found to occur at initial pH 5. Two simplified kinetic models including a first-order rate equation and a pseudo second-order rate equation were selected to describe the biosorption kinetics. The process followed a pseudo second-order rate kinetics. The process mechanism was found to be complex, consisting of external mass transfer and intraparticle mass transfer diffusion. Copper biosorption process was particle-diffusion-controlled, with some predominance of some external mass transfer at the initial stages for the different experimental parameters studied. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe sorption equilibrium data at natural pH of solution. Results indicated that the Langmuir model gave a better fit to the experimental data than the Freundlich model. Maximum copper uptake obtained was q{sub m} = 62.50 mg/g (0.556 mmol/g) under the investigated experimental conditions. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersed analysis for copper-equilibrated dried activated sludge
Structural behavior of progressively mined solution cavities in salt
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The stress field and the time dependent deformation around a solution cavity in rock salt are shown to be sensitive to the details of the excavation process and to the prevailing tectonic stress field. An analysis procedure is developing whereby an incremental excavation procedure and a creep routine are incorporated simultaneously into an axisymmetric finite element code
21 CFR 864.2875 - Balanced salt solutions or formulations.
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Balanced salt solutions or formulations. 864.2875 Section 864.2875 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Cell And Tissue Culture Products §...
Explicit-water theory for the salt-specific effects and Hofmeister series in protein solutions
Kalyuzhnyi, Yuriy V.; Vlachy, Vojko
Effects of addition of salts on stability of aqueous protein solutions are studied theoretically and the results are compared with experimental data. In our approach, all the interacting species, proteins, ions, and water molecules, are accounted for explicitly. Water molecules are modeled as hard spheres with four off-center attractive square-well sites. These sites serve to bind either another water or to solvate the ions or protein charges. The ions are represented as charged hard spheres, and decorated by attractive sites to allow solvation. Spherical proteins simultaneously possess positive and negative groups, represented by charged hard spheres, attached to the surface of the protein. The attractive square-well sites, mimicking the protein-protein van der Waals interaction, are located on the surface of the protein. To obtain numerical results, we utilized the energy route of Wertheim's associative mean spherical approximation. From measurable properties, we choose to calculate the second virial coefficient B2, which is closely related to the tendency of proteins to aggregate and eventually crystalize. Calculations are in agreement with experimental trends: (i) For low concentration of added salt, the alkali halide salts follow the inverse Hofmeister series. (ii) At higher concentration of added salt, the trend is reversed. (iii) When cations are varied, the salts follow the direct Hofmeister series. (iv) In contrast to the colloidal theories, our approach correctly predicts the non-monotonic behavior of B2 upon addition of salts. (v) With respect to anions, the theory predicts for the B2 values to follow different sequences below and above the iso-ionic point, as also confirmed experimentally. (vi) A semi-quantitative agreement between measured and calculated values for the second virial coefficient, as functions of pH of solution and added salt type and concentration, is obtained.
Drag enhancement of aqueous electrolyte solutions in turbulent pipe flow.
Doherty, Andrew P; Spedding, Peter L; Chen, John J J
Detailed experimental results are presented for both laminar and turbulent flow of aqueous solutions in pipes of different diameters. Nonelectrolytes, such as sugar solutions followed the normal Moody pressure loss curves. Drag enhancement was demonstrated for turbulent flow of aqueous electrolyte solutions but not for laminar flow. The increased pressure drop for turbulent electrolyte flow was attributed to an electroviscous effect and a theory was developed to explain the drag enhancement. The increased pressure drop for the turbulent region of flow was shown to depend on the Debye length in the laminar sublayer on the pipe wall. Reasonable predictions of the increasing drag were obtained for both 1:1 and 2:1 electrolyte solutions. PMID:20337452
γ-radiation induced tetracycline removal in an aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Degradation effect of tetracycline (TC) by γ-radiation was investigated in an aqueous solution. The effects of initial concentrations of TC, pH values, combining with H2O2 or CH3OH on degradation of TC were studied. Results showed that TC can be effectively degradated by γ-irradiation in an aqueous solution. Degradation of TC could be remarkably improved both in acid solution and alkaline solution, especially when pH value was 9.0. In addition, H2O2 could gently promote degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation. While, CH3OH markedly restrained degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation. The degradation mechanism of TC was supposed by results of quantum chemical calculations and LC-MS. Results proved that degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation was mainly ascribed to · OH oxidation. (authors)
Dissociation of methane hydrate in aqueous NaCl solutions.
Yagasaki, Takuma; Matsumoto, Masakazu; Andoh, Yoshimichi; Okazaki, Susumu; Tanaka, Hideki
Molecular dynamics simulations of the dissociation of methane hydrate in aqueous NaCl solutions are performed. It is shown that the dissociation of the hydrate is accelerated by the formation of methane bubbles both in NaCl solutions and in pure water. We find two significant effects on the kinetics of the hydrate dissociation by NaCl. One is slowing down in an early stage before bubble formation, and another is swift bubble formation that enhances the dissociation. These effects arise from the low solubility of methane in NaCl solution, which gives rise to a nonuniform spatial distribution of solvated methane in the aqueous phase. We also demonstrate that bubbles form near the hydrate interface in dense NaCl solutions and that the hydrate dissociation proceeds inhomogeneously due to the bubbles. PMID:25237735
Mercury removal from aqueous and organo-aqueous solutions by natural Mexican erionite
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The sorption of Hg(II) from aqueous and organo aqueous solutions was investigated by Mexican natural erionite. The mercury chemical species (anionic, cationic or neutral) were determined by high voltage electrophoresis, and the mercury chemical species present in the aqueous media were simulated by a program MEDUSA. The mercury sorption process was monitored during 48 hours. The mercury content was determined by neutron activation analysis. Mixtures of benzene/water[Hg(II)], toluene/water[Hg(II)] and ethanol/water[Hg(II)] were chosen as organo-aqueous media. It was found that both the mercury chemical species and the dielectric constant of solvents play an important role in the mercury sorption by erionite. (author)
Radiolysis of paracetamol in dilute aqueous solution
Szabó, László; Tóth, Tünde; Homlok, Renáta; Takács, Erzsébet; Wojnárovits, László
Using radiolytic experiments hydroxyl radical (main reactant in advanced oxidation processes) was shown to effectively destroy paracetamol molecules. The basic reaction is attachment to the ring. The hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical produced in the further reactions may transform to hydroxylated paracetamol derivatives or to quinone type molecules and acetamide. The initial efficiency of aromatic ring destruction in the absence of dissolved O2 is c.a. 10%. The efficiency is 2-3 times higher in the presence of O2 due to its reaction with intermediate hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical and the subsequent ring destruction reactions through peroxi radical. Upon irradiation the toxicity of solutions at low doses increases with the dose and then at higher doses it decreases. This is due to formation of compounds with higher toxicity than paracetamol (e.g. acetamide, hidroquinone). These products, however, are highly sensitive to irradiation and degrade easily.
The production of HTR-fuel kernels by microwave hardening of aqueous metal-salt-resin droplets
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The construction and function of the microwave equipment for the hardening of free falling salt-resin-droplets, the preparation of solutions, their treatment and conditioning of the hardening process, the appearance and properties of the hardened ''green'' kernels and the transformation of ''green'' kernels of HTR-fuel kernels, i.e. sintered UO2-particles are described. With a suitable microwave equipment it is possible to harden aqueous droplets containing metal-salts (e.g. uranylnitrate), resorcinol and formaldehyde. The hardening occurs while the mentioned droplets are falling under gravity. These particles are suitable for the production of HTR-fuel kernels, e.g. high density UO2-particles. The entire process has the advantage of minimising the process specific waste. (author)
Photocatalytical oxidation of de-icing agents in aqueous solutions and aqueous extract of jet fuel.
Krichevskaya, M; Malygina, T; Preis, S; Kallas, J
Improper handling of jet fuel at abandoned military bases has resulted in heavy pollution of the soil and groundwater. Experimental research of photocatalytical oxidation (PCO) of jet fuel aqueous extract and aqueous solutions of de-icing agents was undertaken. The influence of different parameters - pH, concentration of substances to be oxidised, presence of inorganic admixtures, effect of OH. radical generators--on the PCO of solutions of de-icing agents and jet fuel aqueous extract was determined. The role of OH. radicals was found to be less important in determining the PCO rate. The PCO of organic pollutants was also investigated using a catalyst immobilised onto the surface of buoyant hollow glass microspheres. Attached titanium dioxide (TiO2) showed lower photocatalytical activity than when suspended in slurry, although it allows waters to be treated in simple shallow ponds without intensive stirring. The biodegradability of aqueous solutions of de-icing agents and jet fuel aqueous extract increased as PCO proceeded. PMID:11695445
Ionic Liquid-salt Aqueous Two-phase System, a Novel System for the Extraction of Abused Drugs
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
She Hong LI; Chi Yang HE; Hu Wei LIU; Ke An LI; Feng LIU
A 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-salt aqueous two-phase system was studied on extraction of abused drugs. The effects of sorts of salts, temperature, concentration of salt and drugs on system were investigated systematically. A satisfactory extraction efficiency of 93%was obtained for papaverine while that of morphine was 65%. The extraction mechanism was primarily discussed.
The coacervation of aqueous solutions of tetraalkylammonium halides
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The coacervation of aqueous solutions of tatraalkylammonium halides in the presence of not of inorganic halides and acids has been studied, considering thermodynamic and spectroscopic aspects. The importance of dispersion forces as well as forces resulting from hydrophobic hydration has been assessed. The analogy between these systems and anionic ion exchange resins has been shown especially for Uranium VI extraction
Ion equilibrium in aqueous solutions of pectin materials
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
By means of electro conductivity method the comparative study of ion equilibrium of pectin materials of apple, orange and sunflower in aqueous solution at various ph was conducted. According to experimental data on specific conductivity the value of equivalent conductivity, level, functions and dissociation constant were evaluated. (author)
Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather Than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution
Alexandrova, Anastassia N.; Jorgensen, William L.
A joint QM/MM and ab initio study on the decomposition of urea in the gas phase and in aqueous solution is reported. Numerous possible mechanisms of intramolecular decomposition and hydrolysis have been explored; intramolecular NH3-elimination assisted by a water molecule is found to have the lowest activation energy. The solvent effects were elucidated using the TIP4P explicit w...
Photolysis of Periodate and Periodic Acid in Aqueous Solution
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sehested, Knud; Kläning, U. K.
The photochemistry of periodate and periodic acid in aqueous solution was studied (i) by quantum yield measurements at low light intensity (ii) by flash photolysis, and (iii) by photolysis of glassy samples at 77 K. The photochemical studies were supplemented with pulse radiolysis studies of...
NMR study of thermosensitive homopolymers and copolymers in aqueous solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Spěváček, Jiří; Šťastná, J.; Starovoytova, Larisa; Hanyková, L.
Ireland : University College Dublin, 2012. s. 198. [EUROMAR 2012. Magnetic Resonance Conference. 01.07.2012-05.07.2012, Dublin] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/09/1281 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : thermosensitive polymer * aqueous solution * phase transition Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
Accurate Description of Calcium Solvation in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Kohagen, Miriam; Mason, Philip E.; Jungwirth, Pavel
Roč. 118, č. 28 (2014), s. 7902-7909. ISSN 1520-6106 R&D Projects: GA ČR GBP208/12/G016; GA MŠk LH12001 Institutional support: RVO:61388963 Keywords : calcium chloride * aqueous solution * molecular dynamics * neutron scattering Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 3.302, year: 2014
Neodymium(3) complexing with bischloromethylphosphinic acid in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
High resolution spectrography is used to study Nd3+ complexing with (ClCH2)2POOH(HL) in aqueous solution. NdL2+ complex (lg Kstab = 0.44±0.04) with the corresponding absorption band with a maximum at λ=4283 A is formed in a system
Densities concentrations of aqueous of uranyl nitrate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The ratio density-concentration of aqueous uranyl nitrate solutions expressed as U3O8 grams/liter, U grams/liter and hexahydrate uranyl nitrate weight percent at different temperatures, are established. Experimental values are graphically correlated and compared whit some published data. (Author) 2 refs
[Pulsed radiolysis of aqueous solutions of serum albumin containing naphthoquinones].
Pribush, A G; Savich, A V
As was shown by the pulse radiolysis method the simultaneous presence of naphthoquinone and human serum albumin molecules in an aqueous solution leads to the adsorption of the former on the surface of the latter. It is suggested that in these conditions the protein tertiary structure changes. New conformation reduces the reactivity of albumin toward the hydrated electron. PMID:3628723
Gamma radiolysis of aqueous solutions of glycerin α-monochlorohydrin
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Data on γ-radiolysis of 0.1 mol/l aqueous solutions of glycerin α-monochlorohydrin (GMC) are presented. The radiolysis mechanism is considered. The rate constant of GMC reaction with esub(aq) k=(6.8+-0.8)x108 l/molxs is determined on the basis of experimental data
Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous piperazine solutions
Derks, P. W. J.; Dijkstra, H. B. S.; Hogendoorn, J. A.; Versteeg, G. F.
In the present work, new experimental data are presented on the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous piperazine solutions, for concentrations of 0.2 and 0.6 molar piperazine and temperatures of 25, 40, and 70°C respectively. The present data, and other data available in the literature, were corr
Demonstration of reverse symmetry waveguide sensing in aqueous solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Horvath, R.; Pedersen, H.C.; Larsen, N.B.
A reverse symmetry waveguide is presented for evanescent wave sensing in aqueous solutions. The waveguide consists of a thin polystyrene film, supported by a thicker substrate layer of nanoporous silica on glass. The nanoporous substrate layer has a refractive index of n(S)=1.193, hence, with an ...
EXAFS studies of actinide ions in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The applicability of the EXAFS technique in the study of actinide systems is discussed. Uranium L/sub III/-edge spectra obtained on an in-lab rotating anode EXAFS facility are presented and analyzed for crystalline UO2F2 and aqueous solutions containing hexavalent uranium ions. Methods for the extension of the technique to more dilute systems are discussed
Adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions using clinoptilolite
Golomeova, Mirjana; Zendelska, Afrodita; Krstev, Boris; Golomeov, Blagoj; Blažev, Krsto; Krstev, Aleksandar
The adsorption of lead ions from synthetic aqueous solutions was performed by using natural zeolite (clinoptilolite). In order to determine the effectivity of clinoptilolite a series of experiments were performed under batch conditions from single ion solutions. Experiments were carried out at different initial concentration of lead ions, different initial pH values and different adsorbent mass. The adsorption kinetics is reasonably fast. It means that in the first 20 min approximately 90...
Adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions on natural zeolite
Zendelska, Afrodita; Golomeova, Mirjana; Blažev, Krsto; Krstev, Boris; Golomeov, Blagoj; Krstev, Aleksandar
The adsorption of copper ions from synthetic aqueous solutions on natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was examined. In order to determine the rate of adsorption and the copper uptake at equilibrium, a series of experiments were performed under batch conditions from single ion solutions. Equilibrium data were evaluated based on adsorption (Langmuir and Freundlich) isotherms. The adsorption kinetics is reasonably fast. In the first 20 min of the experiment, approximately 80% of Cu2+ io...
A study of aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
During the development of a technique for measuring fatty acid absorption on finely divided minerals using a radiochemical method, absorption isotherms were obtained which displayed maxima. It was found that these results were due to the presence of stable micelles in the solutions. This has been established by measuring the surface tension, surface film pressure, and specific conductance of dilute aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
Removal of azo dye from aqueous solutions using chitosan
Zuhair Jabbar; G. Hadi Ferdoos Sami; A , Angham
Adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution onto chitosan was investigated in a batch system. The effects of solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature were studied. Results indicated that chitosan could be used as a biosorbent to remove the azo dyes from contaminated water. Synthesize of chitosan involved three main stages as preconditioning, demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTI...
Block copolymer membranes for aqueous solution applications
Nunes, Suzana Pereira
Block copolymers are known for their intricate morphology. We review the state of the art of block copolymer membranes and discuss perspectives in this field. The main focus is on pore morphology tuning with a short introduction on non-porous membranes. The two main strategies for pore formation in block copolymer membranes are (i) film casting and selective block sacrifice and (ii) self-assembly and non-solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS). Different fundamental aspects involved in the manufacture of block copolymer membranes are considered, including factors affecting the equilibrium morphology in solid films, self-assembly of copolymer in solutions and macrophase separation by solvent-non-solvent exchange. Different mechanisms are proposed for different depths of the SNIPS membrane. Block copolymer membranes can be prepared with much narrower pore size distribution than homopolymer membranes. Open questions and indications of what we consider the next development steps are finally discussed. They include the synthesis and application of new copolymers and specific functionalization, adding characteristics to respond to stimuli and chemical environment, polymerization-induced phase separation, and the manufacture of organic-inorganic hybrids.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Felix Aibuedefe AISIEN
Full Text Available One of the major environmental problems is the pollution of water and soil by toxic heavy metals. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth, for the removal of cadmium (Cd, lead (Pb and zinc (Zn. Water hyacinths were cultured in bore-hole water, supplemented with 5mg/l of Zn and Pb and 1mg/l of Cd at pH 4.5, 6.8 and 8.5. The plants were separately harvested each week for six weeks. The results showed that removal of these metals from solution was fast especially in the first two weeks, after which it became gradual till saturation point was reached. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in leaves and roots increased with increase in pH. The highest accumulation was in the roots with metal concentration of 4870mg/kg, 4150mg/kg and 710mg/kg for Zn, Pb and Cd respectively at pH 8.5. The maximum values of bioconcentration factor (BCF for Zn, Pb and Cd were 1674, 1531 and 1479 respectively, suggesting that water hyacinth was good accumulator of Zn, Pb and Cd, and could be used to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Cd.
CO2 Capture from Flue gas using Amino acid salt solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lerche, Benedicte Mai
naturally occurring substances, and partly because they have desirable properties, such as lower vapor pressures and higher stability against oxidative degradation. One important feature of these new solvents is the formation of solids upon CO2 absorption, which happens especially at higher CO2 loadings and...... of the components in the apparatus. Ideally, measurements in the full temperature range for desorption, which usually needs approximately 393 K (120 ºC), would be desirable. Using the 2 apparatuses, CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions of MEA and the potassium salts of taurine, glycine, L-alanine, L...
Investigation of processes accompanying synthesis of oxide compounds from salt polymer-containing solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Using a complex of physicochemical methods (thermal and X-ray phase analyses, dilatometry, microscopy, study of temperature dependences of film adhesion to substrates and their electric conductivity), processes of synthesis and film formation of high Tc superconductor materials of the composition YBa2Cu3O7-δ from aqueous formate and nitrate solutions, containing polyvinyl alcohol, have been investigated. It is shown that the salt systems studied, which contain a water-soluble polymer, are of practical and scientific value. The complex of the methods suggested provides objective and reliable information on the processes studied
Assembly of DNA Architectures in a Non-Aqueous Solution
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Thomas J. Proctor
Full Text Available In the present work, the procedures for the creation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures in aqueous and non-aqueous media are described. DNA-Surfactant complex formation renders the DNA soluble in organic solvents offering an exciting way to bridge the transition of DNA origami materials electronics applications. The DNA retains its structural features, and these unique geometries provide an interesting candidate for future electronics and nanofabrication applications with potential for new properties. The DNA architectures were first assembled under aqueous conditions, and then characterized in solution (using circular dichroism (CD spectroscopy and on the surface (using atomic force microscopy (AFM. Following aqueous assembly, the DNA nanostructures were transitioned to a non-aqueous environment, where butanol was chosen for optical compatibility and thermal properties. The retention of DNA hierarchical structure and thermal stability in non-aqueous conditions were confirmed via CD spectroscopy. The formation and characterization of these higher order DNA-surfactant complexes is described in this paper.
Extraction of uranyl nitrate from aqueous nitrate solutions by open cell polyurethane foam sponge (OCPUFS)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The extraction of uranyl nitrate into open cell polyurethane foam sponge (OCPUFS) from aqueous solution, in the presence of salting agents, was examined. The extraction efficiency was observed to depend on the concentration of uranyl and nitrate ions. The charge of the cation was also found to influence the distribution ratio. The effect of the change in temperature and pH was also studied. The results are interpreted in terms of OCPUFS acting as a viscous organic ether of moderate dielectric constant. (author) 14 refs.; 6 figs
Adsorption of EDTA on activated carbon from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this study, the adsorption of EDTA on activated carbon from aqueous solutions has been investigated in a batch stirred cell. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of temperature, EDTA concentration, pH, activated carbon mass and particle size on EDTA adsorption. The experimental results manifest that the EDTA adsorption rate increases with its concentration in the aqueous solutions. EDTA adsorption also increases with temperature. The EDTA removal from the solution increases as activated carbon mass increases. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models are found to provide a good fitting of the adsorption data, with R2 = 0.9920 and 0.9982, respectively. The kinetic study shows that EDTA adsorption on the activated carbon is in good compliance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔG0, ΔH0, ΔS0) obtained indicate the endothermic nature of EDTA adsorption on activated carbon.
Determination of particle size distribution of salt crystals in aqueous slurries. [From reprocessing of fuel elements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Miller, A.G.
A method for determining particle size distribution of water-soluble crystals in aqueous slurries is described. The salt slurries, containing sodium salts of predominantly nitrate, but also nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, aluminates, carbonate, and hydroxide, occur in radioactive, concentrated chemical waste from the reprocessing of nuclear fuel elements. The method involves separating the crystals from the aqueous phase, drying them, and then dispersing the crystals in a nonaqueous medium based on nitroethane. Ultrasonic treatment is important in dispersing the sample into its fundamental crystals. The dispersed crystals are sieved into appropriate size ranges for counting with a HIAC brand particle counter. A preponderance of very fine particles in a slurry was found to increase the difficulty of effecting complete dispersion of the crystals because of the tendency to retain traces of aqueous mother liquor. Traces of moisture produce agglomerates of crystals, the extent of agglomeration being dependent on the amount of moisture present. The procedure is applicable to particles within the 2 to 600 ..mu..m size range of the HIAC particle counter. The procedure provides an effective means for measuring particle size distribution of crystals in aqueous salt slurries even when most crystals are less than 10 ..mu..m in size. 19 figures.
ESR spectra of VOBr2 in alcohols and aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
ESR spectra of VOBr2 solutions in absolutized alcohols ROH (R - Me, Et, i-Pr) and aqueous solutions in the presence of LiBr and HBr are investigated and parameters of spin-hamiltonian of vanadium oxocomplexes are determined. Stabilization of [VOBr(ROH)4]+ complex, in which bromide-ion occupies position in xy plane, is detected. Isotropic additional HFS from 79,81Br atoms at the temperature close to the solution boiling point is found, and at 77 K -anisotropic additional HFS in the range of transitions corresponding to perpendicular orientation of particles as to magnetic field
Phase equilibrium of methane hydrate in silica sand containing chloride salt solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Methane hydrate equilibria in silica sand-ionic solution are obtained. • Hydrate equilibria in fine sand-solution shift more than single sand or solution. • Electrostatic and capillary forces affect hydrate equilibria in fine sand-solution. • Hydrate equilibria in coarse sand-solution agree with those in single solution. • Hydrate equilibria in coarse sand-solution are mainly affected by ions. - Abstract: Hydrate equilibrium is the most important foundation for other hydrate issues, especially for marine environment condition. In this work, the silica sand containing NaCl/MgCl2/CaCl2 aqueous solution were used to simulate marine sediment for investigating methane hydrate equilibrium using isochoric multi-step heating dissociation method. All measurements were performed in a temperature and pressure range of (279.5 to 289.7) K and (8.32 to 17.52) MPa, respectively. The results suggest that the equilibrium of methane hydrate in fine-grained silica sand containing chloride salt solution shifts more greatly to the left relative to that in single silica sand or solution. This is because water molecules reduce more chances to combine with gas molecules that is caused by the capillary force and the electrostatic attractions from the surface and electrolyte ions. However, hydrate equilibrium in coarse-grained silica sand containing chloride salt solution is in rough agreement with that in ionic solution of the corresponding concentration that indicates that hydrate equilibrium is mainly influenced by ions while the impact of solid particles is negligible
Optical absorption of dilute solutions of metals in molten salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The F-centre model for the bound state and the first optical transition of an electron in a metal-molten salt solution is examined in the high dilution limit appropriate for comparison with optical absorption data. It is first argued that the model is consistent with recent neutron diffraction and computer simulation data on the structure of pure molten salts, and not incompatible with an Anderson localization model for the electronic conductivity of the solution at higher concentration of metal. A detailed evaluation of the model is presented for the case of a molten salt of equi-sized ions simulating molten KCl. The treatment of the electronic states is patterned after semicontinuum approximations previously applied to the F-centre in ionic crystals, but the equilibrium radius of the electronic cavity and its fluctuations are determined self-consistently from the free energy of the solution. The detailed analysis of this case and the agreement of the results with experiment allow the construction of a simple parametrization scheme, which is then applied to explore the trends of the optical absorption spectrum and of the volume of mixing through the whole family of M-MX solutions, where M is an alkali and X a halogen. Similarities and differences of the electronic bound state in the crystal and in the liquid are underlined. (author)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Stephens, K; Davoud Eghbali, D; Michelle Abney, M
High level radioactive liquid waste generated as a result of the production of nuclear material for the United States defense program at the Savannah River Site has been stored as 36 million gallons in underground tanks. About ten percent of the waste volume is sludge, composed of insoluble metal hydroxides primarily hydroxides of Mn, Fe, Al, Hg, and most radionuclides including fission products. The remaining ninety percent of the waste volume is saltcake, composed of primarily sodium (nitrites, nitrates, and aluminates) and hydroxides. Saltcakes account for 30% of the radioactivity while the sludge accounts for 70% of the radioactivity. A pilot plant salt disposition processing system has been designed at the Savannah River Site for interim processing of salt solution and is composed of two facilities: the Actinide Removal Process Facility (ARPF) and the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU). Data from the pilot plant salt processing system will be used for future processing salt at a much higher rate in a new salt processing facility. Saltcake contains significant amounts of actinides, and other long-lived radioactive nuclides such as strontium and cesium that must be extracted prior to disposal as low level waste. The extracted radioactive nuclides will be mixed with the sludge from waste tanks and vitrified in another facility. Because of the presence of highly enriched uranium in the saltcake, there is a criticality concern associated with concentration and/or accumulation of fissionable material in the ARP and MCU.
Efficiency of energy transfer from γ-irradiated ammonium halides in aqueous iodide and nitrate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
It is well known that ammonium halide (NH4X) crystals, on γ-exposure, store energy in the form of primary and secondary radiolytic products. Such crystals on dissolution in aqueous iodide and nitrate solutions result in oxidation of iodide and reduction of nitrate, respectively. The yields of iodine and nitrite are determined by chemical methods under varying conditions of the amount, dose and particle size of the irradiated ammonium halide salts. The maximum values of the efficiency of energy transfer for oxidation and reduction processes for ammonium halide salts correspond to 40% and 10%, respectively. At low doses, an empirical relation proposed between the percent efficiency of energy transfer and the absorbed dose is valid. The concentrations of inherent oxidizing and reducing species initially present are 7.0*1018 and 1.0*1018 per mol of ammonium halide, respectively. (author) 21 refs.; 7 figs.; 2 tabs
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes Reproduced with Coarse-Grained Models without Electrostatics.
Perez Sirkin, Yamila A; Factorovich, Matías H; Molinero, Valeria; Scherlis, Damian A
The vapor pressure of water is a key property in a large class of applications from the design of membranes for fuel cells and separations to the prediction of the mixing state of atmospheric aerosols. Molecular simulations have been used to compute vapor pressures, and a few studies on liquid mixtures and solutions have been reported on the basis of the Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo method in combination with atomistic force fields. These simulations are costly, making them impractical for the prediction of the vapor pressure of complex materials. The goal of the present work is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the use of the grand canonical screening approach ( Factorovich , M. H. J. Chem. Phys. 2014 , 140 , 064111 ) to compute the vapor pressure of solutions and to extend the methodology for the treatment of systems without a liquid-vapor interface and (2) to investigate the ability of computationally efficient high-resolution coarse-grained models based on the mW monatomic water potential and ions described exclusively with short-range interactions to reproduce the relative vapor pressure of aqueous solutions. We find that coarse-grained models of LiCl and NaCl solutions faithfully reproduce the experimental relative pressures up to high salt concentrations, despite the inability of these models to predict cohesive energies of the solutions or the salts. A thermodynamic analysis reveals that the coarse-grained models achieve the experimental activity coefficients of water in solution through a compensation of severely underestimated hydration and vaporization free energies of the salts. Our results suggest that coarse-grained models developed to replicate the hydration structure and the effective ion-ion attraction in solution may lead to this compensation. Moreover, they suggest an avenue for the design of coarse-grained models that accurately reproduce the activity coefficients of solutions. PMID:27196963
Dephosphorization of Steelmaking Slag by Leaching with Acidic Aqueous Solution
Qiao, Yong; Diao, Jiang; Liu, Xuan; Li, Xiaosa; Zhang, Tao; Xie, Bing
In the present paper, dephosphorization of steelmaking slag by leaching with acidic aqueous solution composed of citric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ion-exchanged water was investigated. The buffer solution of C6H8O7-NaOH-HCl system prevented changes in the pH values. Kinetic parameters including leaching temperature, slag particle size and pH values of the solution were optimized. The results showed that temperature has no obvious effect on the dissolution ratio of phosphorus. However, it has a significant effect on the dissolution ratio of iron. The dephosphorization rate increases with the decrease of slag particle size and the pH value of the solution. Over 90% of the phosphorus can be dissolved in the solution while the corresponding leaching ratio of iron was only 30% below the optimal condition. Leaching kinetics of dephosphorization follow the unreacted shrinking core model with a rate controlled step by the solid diffusion layer, the corresponding apparent activation energy being 1.233 kJ mol-1. A semiempirical kinetic equation was established. After leaching, most of the nC2S-C3P solid solution in the steelmaking slag was selectively dissolved in the aqueous solution and the iron content in the solid residue was correspondingly enriched.
Removal of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS) from aqueous solution using permanently confined micelle arrays (PCMAs)
Wang, Fei
One new sorbent with permanently confined micelle arrays (PCMAs) has been synthesized to remove PFAS compounds from aquatic solutions. The TEM and SEM studies showed that large particle sizes with lots of macro-pores and highly order hexagonal structure of cylindrical micelle had been formed in the sorbent. The FTIR spectrums demonstrated the formation of Si-O-Si covalent bond in the new material. The kinetic study showed that the sorption of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFBuS by PCMAs reached equilibrium within 5 min. The pH and salts in solution are found to have limited effects on sorption of PFOS on the new sorbent, and regeneration experiments revealed that PFAS removal efficiencies by the PCMAs did not decrease after 5 cycle regenerations. The high capabilities of PCMAs make it a potentially attractive sorbent for the removal of PFCs from aqueous solution.
Anion exchange sorption of molybdate and germanate from salt solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kislinskaya, G.E.; Denisova, T.I.; Sheka, I.A. (AN Ukrainskoj SSR, Kiev. Inst. Obshchej i Neorganicheskoj Khimii)
A study has been made of the state of Mo(6) and Ge(4) in solutions containing various concentrations (5-300 g/l) of HCl and their sorption with highly-alkaline macroporous anionites (Duolite 101 D, ChFO, AM, AMP) and hydroxides of iron and aluminium, depending on pH value, element concentration and time of solution contact with sorbent. Polymer anions of molybdate with a sorption maximum at pH=1-3 and monomer anions of germanate at pH>8 are found to be the most active forms of molybdenum and germanium, as to their sorption, at their concentrations of 10/sup -6/-10/sup -5/g-atom/l in sodium chloride solutions. Regions of molybdate and germanate effective sorption with anionites and hydroxides of iron and aluminium in electrolyte solutions get narrower, as compared with aqueous solutions, due to competing sorption of a background electrolyte anion.
Purification and concentration of DNA from aqueous solutions.
Moore, David; Dowhan, Dennis
This unit presents basic procedures for manipulating solutions of single- or double-stranded DNA through purification and concentration steps. These techniques are useful when proteins or solute molecules need to be removed from aqueous solutions, or when DNA solutions need to be concentrated. The Basic Protocol, using phenol extraction and ethanol (or isopropanol) precipitation, is appropriate for purification of DNA from small volumes (DNA using butanol, and extract residual organic solvents with ether, respectively. An alternative to these methods is nucleic acid purification using glass beads, and this technique is also presented. These protocols may also be used for purifying RNA. The final two alternate protocols are used for concentrating RNA and extracting and precipitating DNA from larger volumes and from dilute solutions, and for removing low-molecular-weight oligonucleotides and triphosphates. PMID:21948158
Radiation induced intra-track reactions in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions is inevitably important not only in physics and chemistry but also in biology and medicine. More than five decades much effort has been paid to clarify the elementary processes induced by irradiation. Then, pulse radiolysis study in the time scale of picosecond is now available. In addition, radiation chemistry studies with high LET radiation have been actively investigated. Furthermore, radiolysis study of aqueous solution at high temperatures and even in supercritical water is under progress. In the present lecture, experimental results on the radiolysis of water in ps time scale and LET effect obtained at Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory (NERL), the University of Tokyo, will be presented relevant to the theoretical calculation. (author)
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
Fujita, Toshihiko; Kikuchi, Sakae
Vapor pressures of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol are measured in the range of temperature from -10 to 60°C and concentration from 20 to 50wt%. In a low concentration range, the measured values of vapor pressure decrease according to the Raoult's law independent of temperature, while in a high concentration range, they show a trend to decrease towards the estimated values of freezing point with decreasing temperature. The following correlation equation is obtained for practical calculations on heating towers and the like. log(p/P0) = 5.351 - 6.4×10-4y + (1817 + 0.008y(y + 10))/(t + 240) where p, vapor perssure of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol [kPa] ; P0, atmospheric pressure [=101.325kPa] ; y, concentration [wt%] ; t, temperature [°C].
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg−1. It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects. PMID:27328707
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg‑1. It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects.
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution.
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg(-1). It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects. PMID:27328707
Polyamide nanofiltration membranes to remove aniline in aqueous solutions.
Hidalgo, A M; León, G; Gómez, M; Murcia, M D; Bernal, M D; Ortega, S
Aniline is commonly used in a number of industrial processes. It is known to be a harmful and persistent pollutant and its presence in wastewater requires treatment before disposal. In this paper, the effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) to remove aniline from aqueous solutions is studied in a flat membrane test module using two thin-layer composite membranes of polyamide (NF97 and NF99HF). The influence of different operational variables (applied pressure, feed concentration and pH) on the removal of aniline from synthetic aqueous solutions was analysed. The experimental NF results are compared with results previously obtained by reverse osmosis. Based on this comparative study, the effective order for aniline rejection is: HR98PP > NF97 > DESAL3B > SEPA-MS05 > NF99HF. PMID:24701913
Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Junwei Zhang; Dafang Fu; Jilong Wu
Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae under a medium pressure mercury lamp (15 W,λmax =365 nm) was investigated.Results indicated that the photodegradation of Norfloxacin could be induced by the algae in the heterogeneous algaewater systems.The photodegradation rate of Norfloxacin increased with increasing algae concentration,and was greatly influenced by the temperature and pH of solution.Meanwhile,the cooperation action of algae and Fe(Ⅲ),and the ultrasound were beneficial to photodegradation of Norfloxaciu.The degradation kinetics of Norfloxacin was found to follow the pseudo zero-order reaction in the suspension of algae.In addition,we discussed the photodegradation mechanism of Norfloxacin in the suspension of algae.This work will be helpful for understanding the photochemical degradation of antibiotics in aqueous environment in the presence of algae,for providing a new method to deal with antibiotics pollution.
Degradation of Sodium-Polyacrylate in Dilute Aqueous Solution, II
Saita, Takao; Matumura, On
It has been found that Na-PAA molecules in dilute aqueous solution are degraded by shearing stress, oxidation and photolysis during usual viscosity measurements with a capillary viscometer. The results of previous viscosity measurements, mainly about the mechanochemical degradation in air and in air-free conditions, showed that the degradation rate increases with increasing shear stress, and with decreasing polymer concentration. In this work, the effects of the molecular weight and temperature on the degradation rate are measured using a capillary viscometer in air, and the photodegradation of Na-PAA and PAA in aqueous solution irradiated with UV light are studied by viscosity measurements in air, and by UV absorption and ESR methods. The results show that the degradation of molecules is enhanced by an increase in the molecular weight and strongly accelerated by a rise in temperature and by UV irradiation, and is accompanied by free-radical chain reactions.
Ternary mutual diffusion in aqueous (ethambutol dihydrochloride + hydrochloric acid) solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Ternary diffusion coefficients for aqueous system ethambutol dihydrochloride and hydrochloric acid. • Diffusion of ethambutol dihydrochloride driven by hydrochloric acid gradients. • Coupled diffusion as indicated by cross-diffusion coefficients. - Abstract: Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients measured by the Taylor dispersion method are reported for aqueous solutions of {ethambutol dihydrochloride (1) + HCl (2)} at 25 °C and various carrier solution compositions. Mutual diffusion coefficients estimated from limiting ionic conductivities using Nernst equations are used to discuss the composition dependence of the measured diffusion coefficients. 1H NMR studies, combined with DFT calculations, confirm a fully extended conformation for the diprotonated form of the drug present under these conditions, and are consistent with an electrostatic mechanism for the strongly coupled diffusion of diprotonated ethambutol and HCl
Laser purification of ultradispersed diamond in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The effect of pulsed radiation from a 2.92-μm, 130-ns Cr3+:Yb3+:Ho3+:YSGG holmium laser and a 510-nm, 20-ns copper vapour laser on an aqueous suspension of ultradispersed diamond is studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed that exposure of the suspension to holmium laser radiation reduces the concentration of nondiamond carbon impurity in it. This is due to the dissolution of carbon impurity in supercritical aqueous solution, caused by radiation absorption. Dissolution of the nondiamond fraction may serve as an indicator of the solution being in the supercritical state as a result of laser irradiation of liquids. This process can be used for efficient purification of ultradispersed diamonds. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
Zinc chloride aqueous solution as a solvent for starch.
Lin, Meiying; Shang, Xiaoqin; Liu, Peng; Xie, Fengwei; Chen, Xiaodong; Sun, Yongyi; Wan, Junyan
It is important to obtain starch-based homogeneous systems for starch modification. Regarding this, an important key point is to find cheap, low-cost and low-toxicity solvents to allow complete dissolution of starch and its easy regeneration. This study reveals that a ZnCl2 aqueous solution is a good non-derivatizing solvent for starch at 50 °C, and can completely dissolve starch granules. The possible formation of a "zinc-starch complex" might account for the dissolution; and the degradation of starch, which was caused by the H(+) inZnCl2 aqueous solution, could not contribute to full dissolution. From polarized light microscopic observation combined with the solution turbidity results, it was found that the lowest ZnCl2 concentration for full dissolution was 29.6 wt.% at 50 °C, with the dissolving time being 4h. Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), solid state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was revealed that ZnCl2 solution had no chemical reaction with starch glucosides, but only weakened starch hydrogen bonding and converted the crystalline regions to amorphous regions. In addition, as shown by intrinsic viscosity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ZnCl2 solution caused degradation of starch macromolecules, which was more serious with a higher concentration of ZnCl2 solution. PMID:26572355
Radiolytic degradation of malathion and lindane in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Degradation of malathion and lindane pesticides present in an aqueous solution was investigated on a laboratory scale upon gamma-irradiation from a 60Co source. The effects of pesticide group, presence of various additives and absorbed dose on efficiency of pesticide degradation were investigated. Gamma-irradiation was carried out in distilled water solutions (malathion and lindane) and in combination with humic solution (HS), nitrous oxide (N2O) and HS/N2O (lindane) over the range 0.1-2 kGy (malathion) and 5-30 kGy (lindane). Malathion was easily degraded at low absorbed doses compared to lindane in distilled water solutions. Absorbed doses required to remove 50% and 90% of initial malathion and lindane concentrations in distilled water solutions were 0.53 and 1.77 kGy (malathion) and 17.97 and 28.79 kGy (lindane), respectively. The presence of HS, N2O and HS/N2O additives in aqueous solutions, significantly improved the effectiveness of radiolytic degradation of lindane. Chemical analysis of the pesticides and the by-products resulted from the radiolytic degradation were made using a gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the final degradation products of irradiation as detected by ion chromatography (IC) were acetic acid and traces of some anions (phosphate and chloride).
Atomistic description of binary lanthanoid salt solutions: A coarse-graining approach
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The experimental difficulties inherent to the solution chemistry of actinoids and lanthanoids have led to the use of a wide variety of models, from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale, in an attempt to represent their solution properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, with explicit solvents, have been successfully used to describe the structural characteristics, but the limits on the accessible length and time scales do not allow for an equivalent description of the macroscopic properties. In this study, we propose a multi-scale approach, based on MD simulation results, to study the thermodynamic and structural properties of a series of lanthanoid-chloride aqueous solutions. An inversion procedure, based on the approximate hypernetted chain (HNC) closure and the Stillinger-Lovett sum rules for ionic liquids, is used to obtain the effective ion-ion potentials from MD-generated radial distribution functions (RDF). Implicit solvent Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are then performed to compute the osmotic coefficients of the salt solutions. This coarse-grained strategy provides accurate effective pair potentials for the lanthanoid salts, derived from an atomic model. The method presented here is an attempt to bridge the gap between MD and the thermodynamic properties of solutions that are experimentally measured. (authors)
Production of Reactor Fuel Oxides from Molten Chloride Salt Solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hanford Laboratories' work on reprocessing concepts for spent UO2-PuO2 fuels has led to the development of attractive, synthesis methods for several reactor fuel oxides possessing unique properties. By the use of molten chloride salt solutions as reaction media, it has been found possible to produce crystalline uranium and plutonium dioxides, and solid solutions of various oxide mixtures, at relatively low temperatures (500 to 750 deg. C). Exploratory work has indicated that these techniques may also be quite useful in the preparation of other nonmetallic fuel materials. Crystalline UO2 has been prepared by electrodeposition from molten chloride salt solutions of uranyl chloride. Material with oxygen-uranium ratios as low as 2.0006 and crystal densities as high as 10.92 (99.5% of the theoretical value) has been produced both in the laboratory and in 100-lb pilot-plant lots. This oxide appears well suited to such fuel element fabrication techniques as vibratory compaction. In carefully controlled laboratory-scale work, single crystals have been prepared weighing as much as 4 g. Conditions have also been worked out for the electro deposition of polycrystalline cylindrical UO2 rods. The intensive engineering studies have contributed markedly to the technology of containing and handling molten salts under chemical processing conditions and have provided a basis for preliminary cost studies which indicate that, with potential advances in technology, this method of preparation of dense UO2 may well compete economically with other established methods. Dense, black, finely divided crystals of UO2 with a bulk density greater than 6 g/cm3 have been produced by precipitation from molten salt media, under carefully selected conditions of salt composition, temperature, and sparge gas. It is anticipated that crystal growth can be controlled so as to give optimum particle-size distribution for fabrication of mixed oxide fuel elements. UO2-PuO2 and UO2-ThO2 solid solutions
Determination of concentration of saturated ferrocene in aqueous solution
Aoki, Koichi
Chun Ouyang, Koichi Jeremiah Aoki, Jingyuan Chen, Toyohiko Nishiumi, Bo Wang Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan Abstract: The solubility of ferrocene in aqueous solution is known to be approximately 0.04 mmol/dm3. The solubility values determined by voltammetry have been overestimated because of adsorption on electrodes. This work deals with discerning diffusion from adsorption by altering not only the voltammetric time scale but also the solvents used. ...
Liquid crystalline phases in concentrated aqueous solutions of Na+ DNA.
Rill, R L
Concentrated aqueous saline solutions of short (146-base-pair) DNA fragments suddenly become turbid and iridescent when the DNA concentration is slightly increased or the temperature is decreased. Microscopic examination through crossed polarizing filters shows that turbidity and iridescence is due to formation of a liquid crystalline DNA phase similar to cholesteric liquid crystals formed by other semirigid, but nonelectrolyte, chiral polymers. Several distinct textures of the liquid crystal...
Ozone chemistry in aqueous solution : ozone decomposition and stabilisation
Eriksson, Margareta
Ozone is used in many applications in the industry as an oxidising agent for example for bleaching and sterilisation. The decomposition of ozone in aqueous solutions is complex, and is affected by many properties such as, pH, temperature and substances present in the water. Additives can either accelerate the decomposition rate of ozone or have a stabilising effect of the ozone decay. By controlling the decomposition of ozone it is possible to increase the oxidative capacity of ozone. In this...
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous lignin solutions with acryl monomers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Radiation-induced polymerization in aqueous solutions of methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate with and without lignin added was studied by pulse radiolysis method. Optical spectra of intermediates taking part in the chain evolution were obtained. The rate constant of the chain polymerization termination diminished when lignin added from 1.2 x 109 up to 2 x 108 mol-1 s-1. A reaction scheme of radiation-induced polymerization was proposed which included the lignin entering in chain propagation reactions. (author)
NMR studies of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions and hydrogels
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Spěváček, Jiří
Poznań : Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics and NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, The Centre for European Integration, 2014 - (Jurga, S.). s. 27 [Ampere NMR School. 22.06.2014-28.06.2014, Zakopane] R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA13-23392S Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : NMR * thermoresponsive polymer * aqueous solution Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
NMR investigations of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Spěváček, Jiří
Poznaň : Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2012. s. 26. [Ampere NMR School. 24.06.2012-30.06.2012, Poznaň] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/09/1281 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : thermoresponsive polymer * aqueous solution * NMR Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
Fluorescence of lanthanide(III) complexes in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The fluorescence of lanthanide ions and of their complexes with EDTA, NTA and AA in aqueous solutions was investigated. It has been shown that the fluorescence band intensities of Sm(III), Eu(III), Gd(III), Tb(III) and Dy(III) complexes depend on the pH and the complexing agent concentration. Fluorescence measurements were used to characterise the lanthanide complexes formed and an attempt was made to interpret the results theoretically. (Author)
Degradation of α-naphthol by plasma in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Degradation of α-naphthol induced by plasma in aqueous solution was investigated in different initial concentration with contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). The results showed that the degradation of α-naphthol obeyed the first-rate law. Some of predominant products were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A path of α-naphthol disappearance caused by plasma was proposed according to the detected intermediate products
Photocatalytic oxidation of fuel oxygenated additives in aqueous solutions
Krichevskaya, M.; Kachina, A.; T. Malygina; Preis, S.; J. Kallas
Experimental research of photocatalytical oxidation (PCO) of aqueous solutions of de-icing agents (ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was undertaken. These chemicals are water-soluble components of jet and motor fuels accidentally disposed to the environment. Titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) under near-UV irradiation was selected as a photocatalyst. A slightly acidic medium was preferable for the process efficiency for MTBE, whereas a neutral...
Pulse Radiolysis of Methyl Viologen in Aqueous Solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Solar, S.; Solar, W.; Getoff, N.; Holcman, Jerzy; Sehested, Knud
Pulse radiolysis of air-free aqueous methyl viologen (MV2+) solutions was carried out at various pH. The attack of e–aq on MV2+, with k(e–aq+ MV2+)= 7.5 × 1010 dm3 mol–1 s–1, leads to the formation of the long-lived radical cation (MV˙+), which possesses two absorption maxima at 392.5 nm (ε392...
Adsorption of Cr (III) from aqueous solution by groundnut shell
Tasrina Rabia Choudhury; Mustafa, A. I.
Adsorption and de-sorption of chromium (III) ions on groundnut shell from aqueous solutions have been studied using batch adsorption techniques with respect to the influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial chromium concentration and particle size. Appropriate adsorption isotherm and kinetic parameters of chromium (III) adsorption on groundnut shell have also been determined. The results of this study showed that adsorption of chromium (III) by groundnut shell reached to equilibr...
Pulse Radiolysis of Adrenaline in Acid Aqueous Solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gohn, M.; Getoff, N.; Bjergbakke, Erling
Pulse radiolysis of adrenaline in acid aqueous solutions (pH 1–3) was carried out. The rate constants for the reactions of adrenaline with H and OH were determined: k(H + adr.) = (0·9±0·1) × 109 dm3 mol−1s−1; k(OH + adr.) = (1·65±0·15) × 1010 dm3 mol−1s−1. The H-adduct of adrenaline has two λmax...
Solubility of chlorine in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions.
Alkan, Mahir; Oktay, Münir; Kocakerim, M Muhtar; Copur, Mehmet
The solubility of chlorine in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions was studied. The effects of HCl concentration and temperature on the solubility were evaluated, and the thermodynamic parameters of the dissolution were calculated. It was found that the solubility isotherms had a minimum at about 0.5M HCl concentration at all the temperatures studied and that solubility decreased with the increase of temperature at all the HCl concentration range investigated. PMID:15752843
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
During initial non-radioactive operations at the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU), the pressure drop across the decontaminated salt solution coalescer reached ∼10 psi while processing ∼1250 gallons of salt solution, indicating possible fouling or plugging of the coalescer. An analysis of the feed solution and the 'plugged coalescer' concluded that the plugging was due to sodium aluminosilicate solids. MCU personnel requested Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to investigate the formation of the sodium aluminosilicate solids (NAS) and the impact of the solids on the decontaminated salt solution coalescer. Researchers performed developmental testing of the cleaning protocols with a bench-scale coalescer container 1-inch long segments of a new coalescer element fouled using simulant solution. In addition, the authors obtained a 'plugged' Decontaminated Salt Solution coalescer from non-radioactive testing in the MCU and cleaned it according to the proposed cleaning procedure. Conclusions from this testing include the following: (1) Testing with the bench-scale coalescer showed an increase in pressure drop from solid particles, but the increase was not as large as observed at MCU. (2) Cleaning the bench-scale coalescer with nitric acid reduced the pressure drop and removed a large amount of solid particles (11 g of bayerite if all aluminum is present in that form or 23 g of sodium aluminosilicate if all silicon is present in that form). (3) Based on analysis of the cleaning solutions from bench-scale test, the 'dirt capacity' of a 40 inch coalescer for the NAS solids tested is calculated as 450-950 grams. (4) Cleaning the full-scale coalescer with nitric acid reduced the pressure drop and removed a large amount of solid particles (60 g of aluminum and 5 g of silicon). (5) Piping holdup in the full-scale coalescer system caused the pH to differ from the target value. Comparable hold-up in the facility could lead to less effective cleaning and
Dermal absorption of a dilute aqueous solution of malathion
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Scharf John
Full Text Available Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide commonly used on field crops, fruit trees, livestock, agriculture, and for mosquito and medfly control. Aerial applications can result in solubilized malathion in swimming pools and other recreational waters that may come into contact with human skin. To evaluate the human skin absorption of malathion for the assessment of risk associated with human exposures to aqueous solutions, human volunteers were selected and exposed to aqueous solutions of malathion. Participants submerged their arms and hands in twenty liters of dilute malathion solution in either a stagnant or stirred state. The "disappearance method" was applied by measuring malathion concentrations in the water before and after human exposure for various periods of time. No measurable skin absorption was detected in 42% of the participants; the remaining 58% of participants measured minimal absorbed doses of malathion. Analyzing these results through the Hazard Index model for recreational swimmer and bather exposure levels typically measured in contaminated swimming pools and surface waters after bait application indicated that these exposures are an order of magnitude less than a minimal dose known to result in a measurable change in acetylcholinesterase activity. It is concluded that exposure to aqueous malathion in recreational waters following aerial bait applications is not appreciably absorbed, does not result in an effective dose, and therefore is not a public health hazard.
Catalytic oxidation of calcium sulfite in solution/aqueous slurry
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WU Xiao-qin; WU Zhong-biao; WANG Da-hui
Forced oxidation of calcium sulfite aqueous slurry is a key step for the calcium-based flue gas desulfurization(FGD) residue. Experiments were conducted in a semi-batch system and a continuous flow system on lab scales. The main reactor in semi-batch system is a 1000 ml volume flask. It has five necks for continuous feeding of gas and a batch of calcium sulfite solution/aqueous slurry. In continuous flow system, the main part is a jacketed Pyrex glass reactor in which gas and solution/aqueous slurry are fed continuously. Calcium sulfite oxidation is a series of complex free-radical reactions. According to experimental results and literature data, the reactions are influenced significantly by manganese as catalyst. At low concentration of manganese and calcium sulfite, the reaction rate is dependent on 1.5 order of sulfite concentration, 0.5 order of manganese concentration, and zero order of oxygen concentration in which the oxidation is controlled by chemical kinetics. With concentrations of calcium sulfite and manganese increasing, the reactions are independent gradually on the constituents in solution but are impacted by oxygen concentration. Manganese can accelerate the free-radical reactions, and then enhances the mass transfer of oxygen from gas to liquid. The critical concentration of calcium sulfite is 0.007 mol/L, manganese is 10-4 mol/L, and oxygen is of 0.2-0.4 atm.
Radiolysis of berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution
Marszalek, Milena; Wolszczak, Marian
The reactions of hydrated electron (eaq-), hydrogen atom (H rad ) (reducing species) and Cl2•-, Br2•-, N,O•H radicals (oxidizing species) with berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution have been studied by steady-state and pulse radiolysis. The spectra of transient intermediates, leading to the final products, are presented. The rate constants of the reaction of eaq- and rad OH radical with both alkaloids in the homogenous solution and in the presence of DNA are reported. It is demonstrated that the primary products of the reaction of berberine and palmatine with eaq- and radicals generated during radiolysis are unstable and undergo further reactions.
Recovery of Ionic Liquids from aqueous solution by Nanofiltration
Fernández Dámaso, José Francisco
The T-SAR methodology was combined with membrane characterization methods. An application of the combined approach was demonstrated with two commercial nanofiltration membranes and it was possible to successfully predict their performance for the recovery of ionic liquids from aqueous solution. Using model solutions of Pyr16 (CF3SO2)2N, it could be evidenced the formation of a new phase of ionic liquid during the concentration process. In this case, 66% of the ionic liquid was separated and t...
Observations on the Solubility of Skeletal Carbonates in Aqueous Solutions.
Chave, K E; Deffeyes, K S; Weyl, P K; Garrels, R M; Thompson, M E
Carbonate skeletal materials of marine organisms exhibit a wide range of solubilities in aqueous solutions. In most cases, the dissolution of the carbonate mineral is irreversible and therefore the material can have no true equilibrium solubility. Relative solubilities have been measured in distilled water and in sea water. The least soluble mineral appears to be calcite with low magnesium content; the most soluble is calcite containing 20 to 30 percent MgCO(3) in solid solution. Aragonite has an intermediate solubility. PMID:17774123
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
José Ferreira Costa; Walter Luiz Siqueira; Alessandro Dourado Loguercio; Alessandra Reis; Elizabeth de Oliveira; Cláudia Maria Coelho Alves; José Roberto de Oliveira Bauer; Rosa Helena Miranda Grande
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled) and three brands of silv...
Kinetic studies of cadmium sulfide precipitation from aqueous thiourea solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kinetics of cadmium sulfide precipitation by thiourea from aqueous solutions containing ammonia complexes of cadmium(II) under conditions of spontaneous initiation of solid phase within solution volume at temperatures of 298-318 K was studied. It was ascertained that the process activation energy is 77843 J/mol, while the reaction order by initial cadmium complex equals unity. Kinetic equation, which permits control over cadmium sulfide precipitation and preparation of CdS films of desired morphology was derived on the basis of the experimental data
Some reactions of oxidizing radicals with enzymes in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A range of oxidizing radicals including some inorganic radical anions and the superoxide radical, can be generated by radiolysis of aqueous solutions. These radicals are more selective in their reactions with amino acids than the hydroxyl radical. Factors controlling the apparent reactivity of radical anions with proteins, such as free radical equilibria and ion-binding, are described. The superoxide radical inactivates papain by reaction with the cysteine residue. This reaction has been studied in solutions subjected to radiations of varying linear energy transfer. (Auth.)
Genotoxicity study of photolytically treated 2-chloropyridine aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2-Chloropyridine (2-CPY) has been identified as a trace organic chemical in process streams, wastewater and even drinking water. Furthermore, it appears to be formed as a secondary pollutant during the decomposition of specific insecticides. As reported in our previous work, 2-CPY was readily removed and slowly mineralised when subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254 nm. Moreover, 2-CPY was found to be genotoxic at 100 μg ml-1 but it was not genotoxic at or below 50 μg ml-1. In this work 2-CPY aqueous solutions were treated by means of UV irradiation at 254 nm. 2-CPY mineralisation history under different conditions is shown. 2-CPY was found to mineralise completely upon prolonged irradiation. Identified products of 2-CPY photolytic decomposition are presented. Solution genotoxicity was tested as a function of treatment time. Aqueous solution samples, taken at different photo-treatment times were tested in cultured human lymphocytes applying the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. It was found that the solution was genotoxic even when 2-CPY had been practically removed. This shows that photo-treatment of 2-CPY produces genotoxic products. Upon prolonged irradiation solution genotoxicity values approached the control value.
Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization Using an Aqueous Electrolyte with a High Salt Concentration.
Yang, SeungCheol; Choi, Jiyeon; Yeo, Jeong-Gu; Jeon, Sung-Il; Park, Hong-Ran; Kim, Dong Kook
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is novel capacitive deionization (CDI) technology that exhibits continuous deionization and a high desalting efficiency. A flow-electrode with high capacitance and low resistance is required for achieving an efficient FCDI system with low energy consumption. For developing high-performance flow-electrode, studies should be conducted considering porous materials, conductive additives, and electrolytes constituting the flow-electrode. Here, we evaluated the desalting performances of flow-electrodes with spherical activated carbon and aqueous electrolytes containing various concentrations of NaCl in the FCDI unit cell for confirming the effect of salt concentration on the electrolyte of a flow-electrode on desalting efficiency. We verified the necessity of a moderate amount of salt in the flow-electrode for compensating for the reduction in the performance of the flow-electrode, attributed to the resistance of water used as the electrolyte. Simultaneously, we confirmed the potential use of salt water with a high salt concentration, such as seawater, as an aqueous electrolyte for the flow-electrode. PMID:27162028
Radiolysis of HA in aqueous solutions using gamma rays
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The present work investigated the radiolysis of HA (Humic acids) in aqueous solutions and under gamma radiation. Absorbances at the range of 200-800 nm and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were used to characterize the degree of degradation of HA, The results indicated that absorbances and the concentrations of COD were decreased with increasing of irradiation dose while with increasing of irradiation dose the pH of the solutions was decreased at first and then increase. In addition, the effects of initial pH and primary solution concentrations on HA degradation were also investigated. It is shown that the higher primary solution concentrations, the lower degradation efficiency under the same irradiation dose. And the degradation efficiency of HA under neutral conditions is better than in acidic or alkaline conditions. (authors)
Corrosion behavior of bulk metallic glasses in different aqueous solutions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The corrosion behavior of as-cast fully amorphous, structural relaxed amorphous and crystallized Fe65.5Cr4Mo4Ga4P12C5B5.5 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in NaCl, HCl and NaOH solutions was investigated by electrochemical polarization and immersion methods. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements was used to analyze the changes of the elements on the alloy surface before and after immersion in various solutions. The corrosion resistance of the Fe65.5Cr4Mo4Ga4P12C5B5.5 BMG was better than its structural relaxation/crystallization counterparts and common alloys (such as stainless steel, carbonized steel, and steel) in the selected aqueous solutions. The high corrosion resistance of this alloy in corrosive solutions leads to the formation of Fe-, Cr- and Mo-enriched protective thin surface films.
The occurrence and origin of solutions in the Gorleben salt deposit
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In order to judge the usefulness of a salt deposit as a store for radioactive waste, it is necessary to examine the origin of all parts of the salt deposit. Only this scientific approach corresponds to the present state of geology. The article concerns the questions on the origin of the salt solutions found in the Gorleben salt deposit and the consequences from the occurrence of solutions in a salt deposit for final storage. (DG)
Depolarization of negative muons in water and aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The dependence of negative muon depolarization on temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration is measured in various aqueous solutions located in longitudinal or transverse magnetic fields. It is shown that the experimental data are mot inconsistent with the familiar concepts regarding the behaviour of free radicals in aqueous solutions. The residual polarization in pure water solution of hydrogen peroxide is found to 1.8 times higher than that in pure water. This is interpreted as being the result of chemical interaction between meso nitrogen and hydrogen peroxide molecules leading to the formation of diamagnetic compounds. It is shown that the degree of depolarization does not depend on the magnetic field strength. According to the depolarization model in which meso nitrogen chemical reactions are taken into account this signifies that the meso atom enters the chemical reactions during a time t≅10-11 sec. at T=300 K; the paramagnetic products of these primary reactions which contain meso nitrogen then participate in secondary reactions during a time t1≤10-7 sec. The rate constants of the reactions leading to the formation of diamagnetic products can be obtained by treating the concentration and temperature dependences of depolarization in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in accordance with the model assuming chemical reactions between the meso atom and H2O molecules. The order of magnitude of the constant k≅10-11 sec-1⋅sm3is the same as that of the constant for reactions between free H and OH radicals in water. The temperature dependences of depolarization in water and a water solution of hydrogen peroxide are same consistent with the concept that the meso nitrogen reactions are chemical reactions by diffusion. (author)
Characterization of aqueous solution of congored for food irradiation dosimetry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aqueous solution of congored has been investigated spectrophotometrically for possible applications in food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of the solution showed two absorption bands with peaks at 346 and 498 nm. Radiation induced bleaching of the dye was measured at the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (346 and 498 nm) as well as at several other wavelengths (491, 540 and 570 nm). At 498 mn, the decrease in absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 50 to 600 Gy. At the other peak wavelength (346 mn), the response was linear up to 400 Gy, however, the upper limit was increased to 600 Gy when the response was measured at longer wavelengths (491, 540 or 570 mn). If the negative logarithm of the absorbance (-log A) at these wavelengths is plotted versus absorbed dose, a linear response was observed from 50 to 1200 Gy. Postirradiation stability of dosimetric solution was studied at room temperature and showed almost stable response up to 50 days when stored in dark. The response was found almost stable for 50 days when the solution after irradiation was exposed to white fluorescent light or to diffused sunlight inside the laboratory. The aqueous congored solution is unstable when exposed to direct sunlight, showing rapid decrease in absorbance for the first few hours followed by a slower decrease. The results suggest that the aqueous congored dosimeter with linear response up to 1200 Gy is suitable for a number of food irradiation applications, such as, sprout inhibition of potatoes, onion and garlic and for ripening delay and ripening stimulation of fruits and vegetables. (author)
The Gibbs-free-energy landscape for the solute association in nanoconfined aqueous solutions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
赵亮; 王春雷; 方海平; 涂育松
The theoretical model and the numerical analyses on the Gibbs-free-energy of the association states of am-phiphilic molecules in nanoconfined aqueous solutions are presented in detail. We exhibit the continuous change of the Gibbs-free-energy trend, which plays a critical role in the association states of the system transforming from the dispersion state, through the "reversible state", and finally to the aggregation state in amphiphilic molecule solutions. Furthermore, for the"reversible state", we present the difference in the free-energy bar-rier heights of the dispersion state and aggregation state, resulting from the competition between the entropy, which makes the solute molecules evenly disperse in the solution and the energy contribution driving the am-phiphilic molecules to aggregate into a larger cluster. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of confinement effects on the solute association processes in aqueous solutions and may further improve the techniques of material fabrication.
Recovery of nickel from aqueous solutions by complexation-ultrafiltration process with sodium polyacrylate and polyethylenimine.
Shao, Jiahui; Qin, Shu; Davidson, Joshua; Li, Wenxi; He, Yiliang; Zhou, H Susan
The recovery of nickel from aqueous dilute solutions by complexation-ultrafiltration process with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was studied. Experiments were performed as a function of aqueous pH, polymer/Ni(2+) ratio and background electrolyte concentration. At optimum experimental conditions, the nickel removal rate reaches 99.5% using PAAS and 93.0% using PEI as the complexation agent. The nickel removal rate was found to decrease as the adding salt NaCl concentration increases for both complexation agents. A series of experiments implied that the mechanism could be the compressing electric double layer other than the competitive complexation. Diafiltration technique was further performed to regenerate complexation agents and recover nickel. The nickel removal rates were found to be close to those obtained with the original PEI and PAAS. Finally, Langmuir-type binding isotherm equation was employed to evaluate the extent of nickel bound to PAAS and PEI. The overall results from the two-step process of complexation-UF and decomplexation-UF separation showed that it could be a promising method for nickel removal and recovery from aqueous solutions. PMID:23177250
Aqueous Solutions on Silica Surfaces: Structure and Dynamics from Simulations
Striolo, Alberto; Argyris, Dimitrios; Tummala, Naga Rajesh
Our group is interested in understanding the properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions at interfaces. The fundamental questions we seek to answer include: (A) how does a solid structure perturb interfacial water? (B) How far from the solid does this perturbation persist? (C) What is the rate of water reorientation and exchange in the perturbed layer? (D) What happens in the presence of simple electrolytes? To address such topics we implemented atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Recent results for water and simple electrolytes near silicon dioxide surfaces of various degrees of hydroxylation will be presented. The data suggest the formation of a layered aqueous structure near the interface. The density profile of interfacial water seems to dictate the density profiles of aqueous solutions containing NaCl, CaCl2, CsCl, and SrCl2 near the solid surfaces. These results suggest that ion-ion and ion-water correlations are extremely important factors that should be considered when it is desired to predict the distribution of electrolytes near a charged surface. Our results will benefit a number of practical applications including water desalination, exploitation of the oil shale in the Green River Basin, nuclear waste sites remediation, and design of nanofluidic devices.
Uranium, thorium and rare earth extraction and separation process by processing their chloride aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The different steps of the process are the following: uranium and iron extraction by a neutral organic phosphorus compound and thorium and rare earth recovery in an aqueous solution, iron recovery in acid aqueous phase, concentration of the thorium and rare earth aqueous solution followed by thorium extraction with a organic phosphorus compound and rare earth recovery in the aqueous phase, thorium recovery in acid aqueous phase
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li-na Zhang; Mei Zhang; Jing-hua Chen; Hideki Iijima; Hiromichi Tsuchiya
Erwinia (E) gum, an extracellular polysaccharide, is composed of fucose, galatose, glucose and glucuronic acid. Its viscosity behavior was investigated by a low-shear-rate multiball viscometer and a rotational viscometer. Its weight-average molecular weight Mw and intrinsic viscosity [η] in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution were measured by light scattering method at 35℃ and viscometry at 25℃ and found to be 1.06 × 106 g/mol and 1050 mL/g, respectively, and its aggregates in aqueous solution were proved by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These results indicated that E gum in water has exceedingly high viscosity and exhibits Binham fluid behavior, owing to its aggregation. The viscosity of E gum decreased with increasing temperature, and the turning point appeared at 38℃ for dilute solution and 80℃ for concentrated solution suggesting that the aggregates of E gum in water started to disaggregate under these temperatures. In addition, the aggregates can be disrupted by adding either acid or base. The experimental results indicated that the E gum is a good thickening agent, and its fluid behavior is similar to xanthan.
An electrochemical treatment for aqueous radioactive solutions using pottery
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A bench scale electrolytic cell made from plexiglas was used for electrochemical separation of 137Cs and 60Co from simullated aqueous radioactive solutions. In this cell, a stainless steel plate represented the anode. The electrochemical treatment technique used depends on forcing the radioactive cations of the solution (137Cs+ and 60Co++) towards the opposite electrode under the influence of applied electric current, where they highly sorbed in the pottery body. The highest removal for137Cs+ and 60Co was in the alkalina medium, especially at pH>9. The investigated factors affected the electrochemicla processes are, applied voltage, treatment duration, hydrogen ion concentration of the radioactive solution, and the consumed electrical energy . It was found that at pH 11, applied voltage 30V and current 100 mA, the highest removal of 137Cs is 99.8% after 2.5 hours, and 99.3% and 99.3% for 60Co after 1.25 hour.The total consumed energy for 137Cs and 60Co were 33.75 and 16.88 W.h.dm-3, respectively. Comparing with other treatment methods, the electrochemical method revealed three advantages: shorter treatment time, low-cost materials, and low consumed energy. The results obtained showed that the dual application of electric current and sorption on the surface of pottery are feasible for the treatment of aqueous radioactive solutions
Aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dosimetric characterization of aqueous solution of basic fuchsin has been studied spectrophotometrically for the possible application in the low-dose food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated solutions were determined and decrease in the absorption with the radiation dose was noted down. Radiation-induced bleaching of the dye was measured at wavelengths of maximum absorption λmax (540nm) as well as 510, 460 and 400 nm wavelengths. At all these wavelengths, the decrease in the absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 0.05 to 0.6 kGy. The stability of dosimetric solution during the post-irradiation storage in the dark at room temperature showed that after initial bleaching during first eight days, the response was almost stable for about 34 days. The effect of different light and temperature conditions also showed that the response gradually decreased during the storage period of 34 days, which shows that the basic fuchsin dye is photosensitive as well as thermally sensitive. The possibility of using aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter will be discussed. (authors)
Clathrate hydrate equilibria in mixed monoethylene glycol and electrolyte aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: ► New water activity of mixed salt(s) and MEG aqueous solutions were measured. ► New 3-phase H–Lw–V data for methane and a natural gas in equilibrium with MEG and NaCl solutions are reported. ► The CPA-EoS combined with a modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term is employed to model the phase equilibria. ► Water activity data were used to adjust parameters of the modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term. ► The modified model was independently validated using hydrate data. - Abstract: Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is commonly added in the formulation of hydraulic and drilling fluids and injected into pipelines to prevent the formation of gas hydrates. It is therefore necessary to establish the effect of a combination of salts and thermodynamic inhibitors on gas hydrate equilibria. In this communication, water activity of five ternary solutions (MEG–H2O–NaCl, MEG–H2O–CaCl2, MEG–H2O–MgCl2, MEG–H2O–KCl and MEG–H2O–NaBr) and four multicomponent solutions have been measured by a reliable resistive electrolytic humidity sensor. We also report new experimental measurements of the locus of incipient hydrate-liquid water–vapour curve for systems containing methane or natural gas with aqueous solution of ethylene glycol and NaCl over a wide range of concentrations, pressures and temperatures. A thermodynamic approach in which the Cubic-Plus-Association equation of state is combined with a modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term is employed to model the phase equilibria. These new data have been used to optimise binary interaction parameters between salts and MEG implemented in the modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term. The model developed has been evaluated using the new generated hydrate data and literature data. Good agreement between predictions of the modified model and experimental data is observed, supporting the reliability of the developed model.
Radiolysis of some aqueous solutions of neutron absorbers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The initial yield of molecular hydrogen formed by radiolytic decomposition of water in reactor and 60Co gamma radiation is decreased by the presence of salts of polyvalent elements possessing only one stable valence, i.e cadmium, zinc, magnesium, gadolinium. This effect is favourable for the use of cadmium and gadolinium as soluble neutron absorber in heavy water reactors. Cations of these salts are not inert toward the primary products of water radiolysis. They have a high degree of reactivity toward the hydrated electron, which is the precursor of molecular hydrogen in neutral or alkaline aqueous media. The value of the rate constant for the reaction between cadmium ion and hydrated electron was shown to be (6.1 ± 1.8) 1010 M-1 s-1. Boric acid at low concentration has no effect on the radiation chemistry of water. An isotope effect has been found in the radiolysis of heavy water, corresponding to a lowering of initial yield [G0(D2) 0(H2)]. additionally it was necessary to determine the influence of organic impurities, remaining after the purification of water, on the mechanism of its radiolytic decomposition. (author)
Rubidium-87 NMR studies of rubidium salts and complexes with 18-crown-6 and cryptand-222 in solutions
Khazaeli, Sadegh; Dye, James L.; Popov, Alexander I.
Rubidium-87 NMR measurements were used to study the behavior of the Rb + ion in water, methanol, and propylene carbonate solutions. In aqueous solutions the 87Rb chemical shift varies linearly with the mean activity of the salt. In methanol and propylene carbonate solutions the relationship is linear only at high salt concentrations. The resonance lines are broad and vary from ˜ 150 Hz (at half height) in water to ˜ 1000 Hz in propylene carbonate. Additions of macrocyclic ligands 18C6 and C222 to Rb + solutions in the three solvents result in further broadening of the resonance line so that variations in the resonance frequency cannot be measured with a reasonable precision.
Mean ionic activity coefficients in aqueous NaCl solutions from molecular dynamics simulations
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mester, Zoltan; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 (United States)
The mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous NaCl solutions of varying concentrations at 298.15 K and 1 bar have been obtained from molecular dynamics simulations by gradually turning on the interactions of an ion pair inserted into the solution. Several common non-polarizable water and ion models have been used in the simulations. Gibbs-Duhem equation calculations of the thermodynamic activity of water are used to confirm the thermodynamic consistency of the mean ionic activity coefficients. While the majority of model combinations predict the correct trends in mean ionic activity coefficients, they overestimate their values at high salt concentrations. The solubility predictions also suffer from inaccuracies, with all models underpredicting the experimental values, some by large factors. These results point to the need for further ion and water model development.
Mean ionic activity coefficients in aqueous NaCl solutions from molecular dynamics simulations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous NaCl solutions of varying concentrations at 298.15 K and 1 bar have been obtained from molecular dynamics simulations by gradually turning on the interactions of an ion pair inserted into the solution. Several common non-polarizable water and ion models have been used in the simulations. Gibbs-Duhem equation calculations of the thermodynamic activity of water are used to confirm the thermodynamic consistency of the mean ionic activity coefficients. While the majority of model combinations predict the correct trends in mean ionic activity coefficients, they overestimate their values at high salt concentrations. The solubility predictions also suffer from inaccuracies, with all models underpredicting the experimental values, some by large factors. These results point to the need for further ion and water model development
Solubility of NaCl in aqueous electrolyte solutions from 10 to 100°C
Clynne, M.A.; Potter, R.W., II; Haas, J.L., Jr.
The solubilities of NaCl in aqueous KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and mixed CaCl2-KCl solutions have been determined from 10 to 100??C. The data were fit to an equation, and the equation was used to calculate values of the change in solubility of NaCl, ???[NaCl]/???T. These values are required for calculations of the rate of migration of fluids in a thermal gradient in rock salt. The data obtained here indicate that the values of ???[NaCl]/???T are 36-73% greater for solutions containing divalent ions than for the NaCl-H2O system.
Mean ionic activity coefficients in aqueous NaCl solutions from molecular dynamics simulations.
Mester, Zoltan; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z
The mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous NaCl solutions of varying concentrations at 298.15 K and 1 bar have been obtained from molecular dynamics simulations by gradually turning on the interactions of an ion pair inserted into the solution. Several common non-polarizable water and ion models have been used in the simulations. Gibbs-Duhem equation calculations of the thermodynamic activity of water are used to confirm the thermodynamic consistency of the mean ionic activity coefficients. While the majority of model combinations predict the correct trends in mean ionic activity coefficients, they overestimate their values at high salt concentrations. The solubility predictions also suffer from inaccuracies, with all models underpredicting the experimental values, some by large factors. These results point to the need for further ion and water model development. PMID:25637995
Mutual diffusion of sodium hyaluranate in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Binary diffusion coefficients for the systems containing sodium hyaluronate. • Influence of the aggregation on diffusion of the sodium hyaluronate in the aqueous media. • Estimation of the thermodynamic and mobility factors from mutual diffusion. -- Abstract: The Taylor dispersion technique has been used for measuring mutual diffusion coefficients of sodium hyaluronate in aqueous solutions at T = 298.15 K, and concentrations ranging from (0.00 to 0.50) g · dm−3. The results are interpreted on the basis of Nernst, and Onsager and Fuoss theoretical equations. From the diffusion coefficient at infinitesimal concentration, the limiting ionic conductivity and the tracer diffusion coefficient of hyaluronate ion were estimated. These studies have been complemented by molecular mechanics calculations
Physical chemistry of the interface between oxide and aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The behavior and properties of small oxide particles in aqueous suspension are dominated by the physico-chemistry of their surface. It is electrostatically charged and strongly solvated. The origin of the surface charge is discussed through the MUSIC model [Hiemstra 1996], allowing to estimate the acid-base behavior of surface oxygen atoms. The stability of aqueous dispersions of particles is analysed following the DLVO model, with a special attention on the hydration layers allowing the peptization of flocs. Different adsorption mechanisms of metal cations are presented in terms of coordination chemistry (outer- and inner-sphere complexes) emphasizing the coordinating ability of the surface towards metal complexes in solution. The anion adsorption is also studied in relation with some interesting consequences on spinel iron oxide nano-particles. (author)
Nano particles@Calix arenas via aqueous solution
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sahar Dehghani
Full Text Available The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Al2O3, GaN and Fe3O4@ Calix (8 COOH have been studied using ONIOM and DFT methods. The studies focus on how to improve the adsorption of some nano particles solution aqueous for achieving good magnetic and functionalized potential performances. The results revealed that the Fe3O4@ Calix (8 COOH and some of its derivations exhibited better thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the particle size and magnetic property of the GaN@ Calix (8 COOH nano particles can be controlled by the aqueous. The electrical properties such as NMR Shielding, electron densities, energy densities, potential energy densities, ELF, LOL, ellipticity of electron density, eta index and ECP for nano particles@ Calix (8COOH have been calculated.
Problems of evaluating isotope analysis of concentrated salt solutions in potash mines
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Three problems of quantitative evaluation of analytic D and 18O isotope data of concentrated salt solutions are discussed: (1) Consideration of the influence of admixtures of hydrated salts in determining meteoric or marine water fractions in a concentrated salt solution, (2) analytic accuracy and detection limits in determining meteoric water in salt solutions, and (3) processes of isotopic exchange with reservoir rock and sample matrix
Transient species produced in irradiated alkaline aqueous solutions containing oxygen
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The spectra and decay kinetics of the optical absorption in the UV region and at 430nm (maximum of the ozonide ion absorption), were investigated in oxygenated neutral, slightly and strongly alkaline aqueous solutions. It is assumed that the initial absorption after the pulse in oxygenated alkaline solutions is due to the ozonide ion O3-, superoxide radical ion O2- and ozone O3. The long-living absorption in these solutions cannot be excluded as to be probably caused by the ozone O3 or some product formed from O2- or an alkaline stabilized form of this radical-ion. The advantage of applying additional non-optical measurements of the system is shown on the example of H2O2 role played in the mechanism. (author)
Gamma-ray inactivation of biotin in dilute aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The relative roles of the radicals produced by water radiolysis in the inactivation of biotin in aqueous solution were investigated. The effects of nitrous oxide and isopropanol used as selective free radical scavengers allowed the inactivation efficiencies per unit G-value of OH, H, and esub(aq)- to be estimated; these efficiencies were 0.73, 0.10, and 0.02 in neutral solution, respectively. Hydrogen gas and hydrogen peroxide unaffected the activity of biotin. G0-Value for biotin inactivation in oxygen-free neutral solution was 2.08. Under these conditions the hydroxyl radical attack was found to be responsible for the large part of inactivation. On the other hand, in oxygenated neutral solution, G0-value was 4.16. This large increase of inactivation in oxygenated solution suggested that, although hydrated electrons were considerably ineffective as an inactivating species in oxygen-free solution, superoxide ions would be much more effective in causing inactivation of biotin in oxygenated solution. A rate constant for the reaction of biotin with hydroxyl radical was 1.34 x 1010M-1 sec-1 as determined by the PNDA method. (auth.)
Enthalpy of solution of CO2 in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The enthalpies of solution of CO2 in aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) 15 wt% and 30 wt% were measured at 322.5 K and pressures range from (0.2 to 5) MPa using a flow calorimetric technique. The gas solubilities were simultaneously determined from the calorimetric data. The solubilities were compared to available literature values obtained by direct measurements. The experimental enthalpies of solution were compared to the values derived from the literature vapor liquid equilibrium data. This work provides calorimetric data that will be used later for the development of a thermodynamic model to predict both solubilities and enthalpies of solution of acid gases in aqueous amine solutions
Solvation of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes in aqueous solutions.
Afanas'ev, V N
A new theory of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions has been developed which, unlike the Debye-Hückel method applicable for small concentrations only, makes it possible to estimate thermodynamic properties of a solution in a wide range of state parameters. One of the main novelties of the proposed theory is that it takes into account the dependence of solvation numbers upon the concentration of solution, and all changes occurring in the solution are connected with solvation of the stoichiometric mixture of electrolyte ions or molecules. The present paper proposes a rigorous thermodynamic analysis of hydration parameters of solutions. Ultrasound and densimetric measurements in combination with data on isobaric heat capacity have been used to study aqueous solutions of electrolytes NaNO3, KI, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and MgSO4 and of nonelectrolytes urea, urotropine, and acetonitrile. Structural characteristics of hydration complexes have been analyzed: hydration numbers h, the proper volume of the stoichiometric mixture of ions without hydration shells V(2h), compressibility β(1h), and the molar volume of water in hydration shells V(1h), their dependencies on concentration and temperature. It has been shown that for aqueous solutions the electric field of ions and molecules of nonelectrolytes has a greater influence on the temperature dependence of the molar volume of solution in hydration shells than a simple change of pressure. The cause of this effect may be due to the change in the dielectric permeability of water in the immediate vicinity of hydrated ions or molecules. The most studied compounds (NaCl, KCl, KI, MgCl2) have been studied in a wider range of solute concentrations of up to 4-5 mol/kg. Up to the complete solvation limit (CSL), the functions V(1h) = f(T) and β(1h) = f(T) are linear with a high correlation factor, and the dependence Y(K,S) = f(β1V1*) at all investigated concentrations of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes up to the CSL enables h and �
Blending Of Radioactive Salt Solutions In Million Gallon Tanks
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Leishear, Robert A.; Lee, Si Y.; Fowley, Mark D.; Poirier, Michael R.
Research was completed at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to investigate processes related to the blending of radioactive, liquid waste, salt solutions in 4920 cubic meter, 25.9 meter diameter storage tanks. One process was the blending of large salt solution batches (up to 1135 ? 3028 cubic meters), using submerged centrifugal pumps. A second process was the disturbance of a settled layer of solids, or sludge, on the tank bottom. And a third investigated process was the settling rate of sludge solids if suspended into slurries by the blending pump. To investigate these processes, experiments, CFD models (computational fluid dynamics), and theory were applied. Experiments were performed using simulated, non-radioactive, salt solutions referred to as supernates, and a layer of settled solids referred to as sludge. Blending experiments were performed in a 2.44 meter diameter pilot scale tank, and flow rate measurements and settling tests were performed at both pilot scale and full scale. A summary of the research is presented here to demonstrate the adage that, ?One good experiment fixes a lot of good theory?. Experimental testing was required to benchmark CFD models, or the models would have been incorrectly used. In fact, CFD safety factors were established by this research to predict full-scale blending performance. CFD models were used to determine pump design requirements, predict blending times, and cut costs several million dollars by reducing the number of required blending pumps. This research contributed to DOE missions to permanently close the remaining 47 of 51 SRS waste storage tanks.
Preferential adsorption of uranium ions in aqueous solutions by polymers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Amidoxime fiber and triazine fiber were prepared by chemical modification of commercially available polyacrylonitril fiber. It was found that the Amidoxime fiber is efficient to adsorb uranium ions in the artificial sea water. The efficiency of the preferential adsorption decreases by treatment the material with an acid-or an alkaline-solution. The triazine fiber adsorbs uranium ions only in aqueous solutions of such uranyl acetate, in the absence of other ions. In the artificial sea water, it adsorbs other ions instead of uranium. The preferential adsorption of uranium ions was further investigated with a series of polystyrenesulfonamides. Among the polystyrene derivatives, those having carboxyl groups, derived from imino diacetic acid (PSt-Imi), β-alanine (PSt-Ala), glycine (PSt-Gly), and sarcosine (PSt-Sar) were qualified for further discussion. However, it was found that the amount of adsorption of uranium ions by PSt-Imi decreases with increasing the volume of the artificial sea water and/or the duration of the treatment. Taking into account the facts, the preferential adsorption of uranium ions by PSt-Imi in aqueous solution was discussed in detail. (author)
Removal of Cholera Toxin from Aqueous Solution by Probiotic Bacteria
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jussi A. O. Meriluoto
Full Text Available Cholera remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries where basic hygiene standards are not met. The symptoms of cholera are caused by cholera toxin, an enterotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We have recently shown that human probiotic bacteria are capable of removing cyanobacterial toxins from aqueous solutions. In the present study we investigate the ability of the human probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (ATCC 53103 and Bifidobacterium longum 46 (DSM 14583, to remove cholera toxin from solution in vitro. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium longum 46 were able to remove 68% and 59% of cholera toxin from aqueous solutions during 18 h of incubation at 37 °C, respectively. The effect was dependent on bacterial concentration and L. rhamnosus GG was more effective at lower bacterial concentrations. No significant effect on cholera toxin concentration was observed when nonviable bacteria or bacterial supernatant was used.
Removing Phosphorus from Aqueous Solutions Using Lanthanum Modified Pine Needles.
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Xianze Wang
Full Text Available The renewable pine needles was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. Using batch experiments, pine needles pretreated with alkali-isopropanol (AI failed to effectively remove phosphorus, while pine needles modified with lanthanum hydroxide (LH showed relatively high removal efficiency. LH pine needles were effective at a wide pH ranges, with the highest removal efficiency reaching approximately 85% at a pH of 3. The removal efficiency was kept above 65% using 10 mg/L phosphorus solutions at desired pH values. There was no apparent significant competitive behavior between co-existing anions of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride (SO4(2-, NO3(- and Cl(-; however, CO3(2- exhibited increased interfering behavior as concentrations increased. An intraparticle diffusion model showed that the adsorption process occurred in three phases, suggesting that a boundary layer adsorption phenomena slightly affected the adsorption process, and that intraparticle diffusion was dominant. The adsorption process was thermodynamically unfavorable and non-spontaneous; temperature increases improved phosphorus removal. Total organic carbon (TOC assays indicated that chemical modification reduced the release of soluble organic compounds from 135.6 mg/L to 7.76 mg/L. This new information about adsorption performances provides valuable information, and can inform future technological applications designed to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions.
Removing Phosphorus from Aqueous Solutions Using Lanthanum Modified Pine Needles
Wang, Xianze; Liu, Zhongmou; Liu, Jiancong; Huo, Mingxin; Huo, Hongliang; Yang, Wu
The renewable pine needles was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. Using batch experiments, pine needles pretreated with alkali-isopropanol (AI) failed to effectively remove phosphorus, while pine needles modified with lanthanum hydroxide (LH) showed relatively high removal efficiency. LH pine needles were effective at a wide pH ranges, with the highest removal efficiency reaching approximately 85% at a pH of 3. The removal efficiency was kept above 65% using 10 mg/L phosphorus solutions at desired pH values. There was no apparent significant competitive behavior between co-existing anions of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride (SO42-, NO3- and Cl-); however, CO32- exhibited increased interfering behavior as concentrations increased. An intraparticle diffusion model showed that the adsorption process occurred in three phases, suggesting that a boundary layer adsorption phenomena slightly affected the adsorption process, and that intraparticle diffusion was dominant. The adsorption process was thermodynamically unfavorable and non-spontaneous; temperature increases improved phosphorus removal. Total organic carbon (TOC) assays indicated that chemical modification reduced the release of soluble organic compounds from 135.6 mg/L to 7.76 mg/L. This new information about adsorption performances provides valuable information, and can inform future technological applications designed to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. PMID:26630014
Preparation of fluorescent polyaniline nanoparticles in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Alves, Kleber G. B. [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica (Brazil); Melo, Etelino F. de [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Quimica Fundamental (Brazil); Andrade, Cesar A. S. [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Bioquimica (Brazil); Melo, Celso P. de, E-mail: email@example.com [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisica (Brazil)
We report the synthesis of stable polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI{sub N}Ps) based on the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions of surfactants. Surfactants of three different types-cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-DTAB), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate-SDS), and non-ionic (Triton X-405-TX-405)-were used. The resulting PANI{sub N}Ps{sub s}urfactant samples were characterized through UV-Vis, fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). We have verified that the color of the PANI{sub N}Ps{sub s}urfactant dispersions is affected by a change in the pH of the solution. The PANI-NPs{sub s}urfactant colloidal suspensions in aqueous solution present a surprising high fluorescence quantum yield value (ranging from 1.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3} to 6.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3}) that can be controlled as a function of the pH, a fact that we associate to the corresponding protonation degree of the PANI polymeric chains. We suggest that these fluorescent nanocomposites can find important technological applications in different areas such as organic light emitting devices, biosensors, and pigments for coatings.
Evaluating Battery-like Reactions to Harvest Energy from Salinity Differences using Ammonium Bicarbonate Salt Solutions.
Kim, Taeyoung; Rahimi, Mohammad; Logan, Bruce E; Gorski, Christopher A
Mixing entropy batteries (MEBs) are a new approach to generate electricity from salinity differences between two aqueous solutions. To date, MEBs have only been prepared from solutions containing chloride salts, owing to their relevance in natural salinity gradients created from seawater and freshwater. We hypothesized that MEBs could capture energy using ammonium bicarbonate (AmB), a thermolytic salt that can be used to convert waste heat into salinity gradients. We examined six battery electrode materials. Several of the electrodes were unstable in AmB solutions or failed to produce expected voltages. Of the electrode materials tested, a cell containing a manganese oxide electrode and a metallic lead electrode produced the highest power density (6.3 mW m(-2) ). However, this power density is still low relative to previously reported NaCl-based MEBs and heat recovery systems. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that MEBs could indeed be used to generate electricity from AmB salinity gradients. PMID:27030080
Electrochemical reduction of /Ru edta L/ compounds in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electrochemical reduction of the complexes [Ru edta L], [L= 2,2' bipyridine (2,2' bipy) pyrazinamide (pz CONH2); 4-cyanopyridine 4-cyanopyridine (4-CNpy); nicotinamide (NIC); hydroxil; 3-aminophenol (3-NH2 φ OH) and 2-aminopyridine (2-NH2 py)] in aqueous solution (acetate buffer, pH 4.65 or phosphate buffer, pH=8.2), μ=0,2 M p-cH3φSO3Li is investigated. The measurements have been made by cyclic voltammetry technique, using platinum, gold and mercury pool as working electrodes. (M.J.C.)
Standard Electrode Potentials Involving Radicals in Aqueous Solution: Inorganic Radicals
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Armstrong, David A.; Huie, Robert E.; Koppenol, Willem H.; Lymar, Sergei V.; Merenyi, Gabor; Neta, Pedatsur; Ruscic, Branko; Stanbury, David M.; Steenken, Steen; Wardman, Peter
Recommendations are made for standard potentials involving select inorganic radicals in aqueous solution at 25 °C. These recommendations are based on a critical and thorough literature review and also by performing derivations from various literature reports. The recommended data are summarized in tables of standard potentials, Gibbs energies of formation, radical pKa's, and hemicolligation equilibrium constants. In all cases, current best estimates of the uncertainties are provided. An extensive set of Data Sheets is appended that provide original literature references, summarize the experimental results, and describe the decisions and procedures leading to each of the recommendations
Effect of Surface Quality in Viscometry of Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Večeř, M.; Wein, Ondřej
Praha: Process Engineering Publisher, 2010, s. 1093. ISBN 978-80-02-02248-0. [International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2010 and 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering ECCE-7 /19./. Prague (CZ), 28.08.2010-01.09.2010] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA104/09/0972; GA ČR GA104/08/0428 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40720504 Keywords : apparent wall slip * surface quality * aqueous polymer solutions Subject RIV: CI - Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering www.chisa.cz/2010, www.ecce7.com
E-beam radiolysis of aqueous dimethyl phthalate solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
To investigate the influence of radiolysis on kinetics and factors of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), the aqueous DMP solution is degraded by 1.8 MeV E-beam, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant of DMP degradation decreased exponentially with increasing initial DMP concentration. The DMP is favorably degraded by radical scavengers under its low concentration and alkaline condition. At high doses, the DMP is attacked by eaq- and ·OH, producing monomethyl phthalate, phthalate acid, and a series of aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are completely mineralized into H2O and CO2. (authors)
Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions
Lee, DW; Lim, C. (Cheryl); Israelachvili, JN; Hwang, DS
Chitosan, a load-bearing biomacromolecule found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, is a promising biopolymer for the replacement of synthetic plastic compounds. Here, surface interactions mediated by chitosan in aqueous solutions, including the effects of pH and contact time, were investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). Chitosan films showed an adhesion to mica for all tested pH ranges (3.0-8.5), achieving a maximum value at pH 3.0 after a contact time of 1 h (Wad ∼ ...
Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions
Lee, Dong Woog; Lim, Chanoong; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Hwang, Dong Soo
Chitosan, a load-bearing biomacromolecule found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, is a promising biopolymer for the replacement of synthetic plastic compounds. Here, surface interactions mediated by chitosan in aqueous solutions, including the effects of pH and contact time, were investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). Chitosan films showed an adhesion to mica for all tested pH ranges (3.0–8.5), achieving a maximum value at pH 3.0 after a contact time of 1 hr (Wad ~...
Nano particles@Calix arenas via aqueous solution
Sahar Dehghani
The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Al2O3, GaN and Fe3O4@ Calix (8) COOH have been studied using ONIOM and DFT methods. The studies focus on how to improve the adsorption of some nano particles solution aqueous for achieving good magnetic and functionalized potential performances. The results revealed that the Fe3O4@ Calix (8) COOH and some of its derivations exhibited better thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the particle size and magnetic property of the GaN@ Calix (8) C...
Recovery of niobium anions from aqueous solutions by ion flotation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In principle the feasibility of recovering niobates (K2NbOF5 and K2NbF7) from aqueous media by ion flotation was established. When using quaternary ammonium bases or amines as the collectors, the optimal conditions lie in the interval pH = 5.0-9.0. The interaction of niobates with cationic surfactants may proceed through an anion-exchange mechanism. The presence of acid in the solution suppresses this interaction, owing to the competition from the anions that are present and owing to binding of the surface-active collectors into a complex. 3 figures
Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using opalized tuff
Golomeova, Mirjana; Zendelska, Afrodita; Golomeov, Blagoj; Krstev, Boris; Jakupi, Shaban
This paper presents the results of the examination of the possibility of applying opalized tuff as a natural raw material for disposal of heavy metals (copper, zinc, manganese and lead) from aqueous solutions. Of actual experiments obtained results show that working conditions attaching to the removal of Cu and Pb ions is more than 91% of zinc ions is above 81%, while manganese ions are removed about 77% .On this can be concluded that the removal of examined heavy metals using opalized tuff i...
VUV irradiation studies of plasmid DNA in aqueous solution
Śmialek, M. A.; Hoffmann, S. V.; Folkard, M.; Prise, K. M.; Shuker, D. E. G.; Braithwaite, N. S.; Mason, N. J.
Interactions of VUV light and DNA samples in aqueous solutions are reported. The damage induced by such radiation is quantified by monitoring both loss of supercoiled DNA and formation of single and double strand breaks using agarose gel electrophoresis. Irradiations were performed using synchrotron VUV photons of 130, 150, 170 and 190 nm. VUV irradiation experiments revealed enhanced damage upon irradiation with 170 nm photons as compared with irradiations with photons of 150 nm and 130 nm. Irradiations carried at 190 nm caused the least damage.
Polymerization of beta-amino acids in aqueous solution
Liu, R.; Orgel, L. E.; Bada, J. L. (Principal Investigator)
We have compared carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC) as activating agents for the oligomerization of negatively-charged alpha- and beta-amino acids in homogeneous aqueous solution. alpha-Amino acids can be oligomerized efficiently using CDI, but not by EDAC. beta-Amino acids can be oligomerized efficiently using EDAC, but not by CDI. Aspartic acid, an alpha- and beta-dicarboxylic acid is oligomerized efficiently by both reagents. These results are explained in terms of the mechanisms of the reactions, and their relevance to prebiotic chemistry is discussed.
Fluorescence of aqueous solutions of commercial humic products
Gosteva, O. Yu.; Izosimov, A. A.; Patsaeva, S. V.; Yuzhakov, V. I.; Yakimenko, O. S.
We have studied the spectral luminescence characteristics of aqueous solutions of humic products obtained from different raw material sources, and their behavior as the excitation wavelength increases from 270 nm to 355 nm. We have identified differences in the spectral properties of industrial humic products from coalified materials, lignin-containing organic waste, and humic products from plant raw material (peat, sapropel, vermicompost). We have shown that humic products from plant raw material have spectral properties closer to those for humic substances in natural water or soil than humic products from coalified materials.
The characterization methods for colloids in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This literature review deals with characterization methods for colloids in aqueous solutions and in groundwater. The basis for the review has been the needs of nuclear waste disposal studies and methods applicable in such studies. The methods considered include non-destructive laserspectroscopic methods (e.g. TRLFS, LPAS, PALS), several separation methods (e.g. ultrafiltration, dialysis, electrophoresis, field-flow-fractionation) and also some surface analytical methods, as well as some other methods giving additional information on formation and migration properties of colloids. (au.) (71 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.)
Radiolysis of phenol in aqueous solution at elevated temperatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
γ-Radiolysis and pulse radiolysis of phenol in aqueous solution up to supercritical condition have been carried out. G-values of phenol consumption and product formation have been determined. While dihydroxybenzenes were major products at room temperature, multi-ring compounds and benzene were formed above 300 deg. C. This indicates reaction mechanism was changed above 300 deg. C, where phenoxyl radical plays a predominant role. This is supported by the observation of phenoxyl radical in pulse radiolysis. In supercritical water, the G-values increased with decrease of density
Degradation of Sodium-Polyacrylate in Dilute Aqueous Solution
Saita, Takao
It is shown using a capillary viscometer that the viscosity of a dilute aqueous solution of sodium-polyacrylate at 20°C decreases gradually for each flow time measurement and also decreases with the time of rest. Assuming that the polymer degradation is caused by shearing stress and oxidation, their effects are discussed with the data obtained using a closed-type capillary viscometer derived for this investigation. It is proved from the results that rupture of the Na-PAA molecule is caused by mechanochemical degradation, and also photo-degradation under the usual illumination and sunlight in a laboratory.
VUV irradiation studies of plasmid DNA in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Interactions of VUV light and DNA samples in aqueous solutions are reported. The damage induced by such radiation is quantified by monitoring both loss of supercoiled DNA and formation of single and double strand breaks using agarose gel electrophoresis. Irradiations were performed using synchrotron VUV photons of 130, 150, 170 and 190 nm. VUV irradiation experiments revealed enhanced damage upon irradiation with 170 nm photons as compared with irradiations with photons of 150 nm and 130 nm. Irradiations carried at 190 nm caused the least damage
Impact of Deepwater Horizon Oil Contamination on the Aqueous Geochemistry of Salt Marsh Sediment/Seawater Microcosms
Rentschler, E. K.; Donahoe, R. J.
On April 20th, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig, located in the Gulf of Mexico about 41 miles off the Louisiana coast, exploded, burned for two days, and sank. Approximately 4.9 million gallons of crude oil were released and traveled with ocean currents to reach the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Previous studies have primarily considered the direct impact of oil and dispersant contamination on coastal ecosystems, but have not examined the potential impact of the accident on the inorganic geochemistry of coastal waters and sediments. In this study, microcosm experiments were conducted to determine how oil contamination will affect the concentration and distribution of trace elements in a salt marsh environment. Uncontaminated sediment and seawater, collected from a salt marsh at Bayou la Batre, Alabama, were measured into jars and spiked with 500 ppm MC-252 oil. Twenty jars, including duplicates and both sterile and non-sterile controls, were placed on a shaker table at 100 rpm. The jars were sacrificed at predetermined time intervals (0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 7 d, and 14 d), and the aqueous samples prepared for analysis by ICP-OES and IC. The pH for the water in the time series experiment ranged from 7.16 to 8.06. Seawater alkalinity was measured at 83.07 mg CaCO3/L. ICP-OES data show variations in aqueous element concentrations over the 14 day microcosm experiment. Significant positive correlations (>0.75) were found for the following pairs of elements: calcium and magnesium, calcium and sodium, magnesium and sodium, silica and boron, beryllium and boron, iron and silica, manganese and silica, boron and manganese, arsenic and nickel, beryllium and selenium, beryllium and zinc, copper and chloride, bromide and sulfate. Aqueous iron concentrations were highly correlated with solution pH. The presence of iron oxide and clays in the sediment indicates a potential for adsorption of trace elements sourced from the environment and
Determination of deuterium in brines and in hypersaline aqueous solutions by mass spectrometry using zinc as reducing agent
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A procedure was developed for the determination of deuterium concentration in brines and in hypersaline aqueous solutions, without the removal of alkaline earth metal cations. Aqueous salt solutions of nine salts, LiCl, NaCl, NaI, Na2CO3, KCl, K2SO4, CsCl, CaCl2 and Mg(ClO4)2, with molalities ranging from 0.5 to 11.8 mol kg-1 were prepared by dissolving the dry anhydrous salts in de-ionized water of known isotopic composition. Only 8 μl of sample were required to be reduced with zinc metal at 460oC in a special glass container equipped with a Teflon stopper, to prepare hydrogen for isotopic analysis. The salts NaCl, NaI, Na2CO3, KCl, K2SO4 and CsCl required 0.25 g, LiCl and CaCl2 0.75 g and Mg(ClO4)2 1.00 g of zinc for complete reduction. Deuterium concentrations in brines containing large amounts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- ions were measured with an accuracy of ±1%o (1σ). In addition, the deuterium content in Dead Sea water was determined with the same method and gave δD = + 5.4 ±0.3%o using 1.50 g of zinc. (author)
Radiolysis of berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Marszalek, Milena [Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz (Poland); Wolszczak, Marian, E-mail: email@example.com [Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz (Poland)
The reactions of hydrated electron (e{sub aq}{sup -}), hydrogen atom (H{sup {center_dot}}) (reducing species) and Cl{sub 2}{sup {center_dot}}{sup -},Br{sub 2}{sup {center_dot}}{sup -},{sup {center_dot}}N{sub 3},{sup {center_dot}}OH radicals (oxidizing species) with berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution have been studied by steady-state and pulse radiolysis. The spectra of transient intermediates, leading to the final products, are presented. The rate constants of the reaction of e{sub aq}{sup -} and {sup {center_dot}}OH radical with both alkaloids in the homogenous solution and in the presence of DNA are reported. It is demonstrated that the primary products of the reaction of berberine and palmatine with e{sub aq}{sup -} and radicals generated during radiolysis are unstable and undergo further reactions.
Rheological properties of aqueous solutions of biopolymeric hyaluronan
Szwajczak, Elzbieta
Aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) were studied. The HA compound is a natural polysaccharide, bipolymer. It plays an important role in numerous biological processes as a component of the extracellular matrix, connective tissues and, especially, human and animal synovial joints. Natural and artificial solutions of the HA have demonstrated the viscoelastic nature. These properties are shown to be related to the microstructure parameters (bulk concentration, molecular weight) and external parameters (temperature, stress, shear rate). We emphasize the role of the flow properties of polymeric systems. It is found a liquid crystalline "order" can be "induced" during the material flow. The dynamic properties, such as the elastic shear modulus and viscous shear modulus, are given. These results are discussed in relation to the postulated function of hyaluronic acid in synovial joint and with respect to possibilities o their application in medicine and pharmacology.
Dielectric properties of aqueous solutions of holmium formates
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
SHF-dielectric properties in the range of free-quenches 7-23.5 GHz and electric conductivity of aqueous solutions of holmium formates in the temperature range from 10 to 40 deg C were studied. Parameters of the process of dipole relaxation of water molecules: static dielectric constant, relaxation time and parameters of relaxation time distribution have been ascertained. Activation characteristics of the dipole relaxation and specific electric conductivity have been calculated. The change in the structural-kinetic state of water H-bond net in solution under the action of Ho3+ and HCOO- ions is considered on the basis of the data obtained. 10 refs., 2 figs.; 3 tabs
Influence of coal properties on mercury uptake from aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lakatos, J.; Brown, S.D.; Snape, C.E. [Miskolc University, Miskolc-Egyetemvaros (Hungary). Research Inst. of Applied Chemistry
The uptake of mercury (II) from aqueous solution by a range of coals has been studied and the results have been compared to those for a number of other sorbents, including commercial active carbons and cation-exchange resins. At pH 5 in a buffer medium, the capacities for mercury removal of the low-rank coals and the oxidized bituminous coals investigated are comparable to those of the other sorbents tested. For the lignites investigated, a high content of organic sulfur does not markedly affect the capacity for mercury uptake in relatively neutral and low chloride media, owing to redox reactions being the most likely mechanism involved. However, in highly acidic solutions, the capacities for mercury uptake are considerably greater for the high-sulfur coals investigated than for their low-sulfur counterparts due to chelation being the major sorption process involved. 36 refs., 4 figs., 7 tabs.
Molybdenum trioxide reaction kinetics with magnesium molybdate aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The influence of temperature (40, 60, 75, 100 deg C) and concentration of aqueous solution of magnesium molybdate on kientics of MoO3 interaction with MgMoO4 solution was studied. It is shown that interaction between MoO3 and MgMoO4 proceeds by the following mechnism: molybdenum trioxide interacts with water with formation of molybdate-ion, and MgMoO4 dissociates with formation of MoO42- and Mg2+ ions. Appearance of excess molybdate-ions breaks the equilibrium between MoO42-and Mg2+, which is restored at the expense of polymerization of molybdate-ions and their transfer to dimolybdate-ions
Radiation chemistry of amino acids and peptides in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Radiation chemistry relevant to radiation preservation of high protein foods is reviewed. Some conclusions concerning the chemistry of irradiated amino acids, peptides, and proteins have been derived from product analysis of γ-irradiated solutions while the main mechanistic considerations result from the chemistry and kinetics of free radical intermediates observed by pulse radiolysis. The precursors of chemistry in not too concentrated solutions (-, OH, and H. Their reactivity with molecules and their preference for characteristic groups within the molecule are discussed. The reviewed reactions of the model systems are accountable for a variety of radiolytic products found in irradiated foods. From detailed understanding of radiation chemistry in aqueous and frozen systems formation of many classes of compounds can be predicted or entirely eliminated in order to corroborate and extend the conclusions reached from the animal feeding experiments concerning the formation of toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds and/or reduction of the nutritional value of foods
A Layout for the Carbon Capture with Aqueous Ammonia without Salt Precipitation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bonalumi, Davide; Valenti, Gianluca; Lillia, Stefano;
Post-combustion carbon capture technologies seem to be necessary to realize the CO2 mitigation policies internationally shared for the next future, despite none of them appears to be ready for full-scale applications. This work considers the aqueous ammonia based process for a coal-fired Ultra...... Super Critical power plant. Two layouts are simulated with Aspen Plus employing the recently recalibrated Extended UNIQUAC thermodynamic model. The first one operates at chilling conditions, which yield to salt precipitation, and is taken as reference because already analyzed in previous studies......, a lower SPECCA of 2.58 MJ/kgco2. The latter layout is a better choice also from the perspective of the plant operation since it does not present the salt precipitation....
Sorption of 137Cs from Aqueous Waste Solutions using Pottery
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A simple and inexpensive method for sorption of 137Cs from aqueous solutions using a highly available vase shape pottery material has been investigated. Porosity of the used pottery allowed for the penetration of the radioactive solution through its permeable body. Two routes had been investigated for cesium removal from the radioactive solutions. In the first one, pottery bodies were immersed into the radioactive solutions. In the second method; the radioactive solutions were filled the inner volumes of the pottery bodies. Vase shape pottery showed higher sorption capability for 137Cs much more than its powder forms, especially in the alkaline medium. Pottery bodies showed high potential for 137Cs removal. Adsorption isotherms revealed good lit to the Freundlich and Langumir isotherms. During sorption processes outside and inside the pottery body, 137Cs was well captured inside the amorphous microstructure of the pottery body. In this respect, micro filtration of cesium radionuclides through the used pottery could be postulated. Desorption experiments indicated higher immobilization affinity for radiocesium into pottery bodies, which indicates a high containment for 137Cs with an irreversible fixation mechanism
The radiation chemistry of aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiation chemistry of cobalt-60 gamma-irradiated aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions has been studied. In aerated 4 x 10-4M sodium hydroxide solutions, the main products are hydroxyterephthalate (HTA) (G = 0.99 +- 0.01), carbonate (G = 1.31 +- 0.08), and peroxides (G = 2.84 +- 0.04). The HTA and carbonate species are both formed as a result of hydroxyl radical attack and account for approximately 90 per cent of hydroxyl radical reactions. Oxygen needs to be present for efficient conversion of the terephthalate-OH radical adduct to HTA and oxygenation increases G(HTA) above the aerated solution value. G(HTA) is unaffected by changes in terephthalate concentration between 1 x 10-4M and 1 x 10-2M in sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 10. Decreasing the solution pH does however affect G(HTA). In phosphate buffered solutions pH 6.85, G(HTA) is 0.93 +- 0.01 and lower values are obtained with further decrease in solution pH. The lowering of the G(HTA) value is attributed to recombination reactions between the terephthalate-OH radical products and reducing radical products. Experimental evidence supporting the recombination postulate was obtained from the measurement of a parallel decrease in the peroxide yield and the observation of a dose rate effect on G(HTA). Competition kinetic studies with the added solutes carbonate and bicarbonate gave the rate ratios k (OH + TA2-) : k(OH + CO32-) : k(OH + HCO3-) = 1 : 0.105 : 0.0036
Preparation of metallic nanoparticles by irradiation in starch aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nemţanu, Monica R., E-mail: email@example.com; Braşoveanu, Mirela, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Iacob, Nicuşor, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Electron Accelerators Laboratory, 409 Atomiştilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125, Bucharest-Măgurele (Romania)
Colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in a single step by electron beam irradiation reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution containing starch. The nanoparticles were characterized by spectrophotocolorimetry and compared with those obtained by chemical (thermal) reduction method. The results showed that the smaller sizes of AgNPs were prepared with higher yields as the irradiation dose increased. The broadening of particle size distribution occurred by increasing of irradiation dose and dose rate. Chromatic parameters such as b* (yellow-blue coordinate), C* (chroma) and ΔE{sub ab} (total color difference) could characterize the nanoparticles with respect of their concentration. Hue angle h{sup o} was correlated to the particle size distribution. Experimental data of the irradiated samples were also subjected to factor analysis using principal component extraction and varimax rotation in order to reveal the relation between dependent variables and independent variables and to reduce their number. The radiation-based method provided silver nanoparticles with higher concentration and narrower size distribution than those produced by chemical reduction method. Therefore, the electron beam irradiation is effective for preparation of silver nanoparticles using starch aqueous solution as dispersion medium.
Gamma radiolytic degradation of naphthalene in aqueous solution
Chu, Libing; Yu, Shaoqing; Wang, Jianlong
The decomposition of naphthalene in aqueous solution was studied using gamma irradiation combined with both H2O2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Gamma irradiation led to a complete degradation of naphthalene and a partial mineralization. With initial concentration of 5-32 mg/L, more than 98% of naphthalene was removed and TOC reduction reached 28-31% at an absorbed dose of 3.0 kGy. The degradation of naphthalene was faster at neutral pH and the initial degradation rate increased with increasing the initial concentration of naphthalene. Addition of H2O2 and TiO2 nanoparticles all enhanced the degradation and mineralization of naphthalene. TOC removal efficiency increased from 28% (irradiation alone) to 35% with addition of H2O2 (40 mg/L), and to 48% with addition of TiO2 (0.8 g/L). The degradation of naphthalene in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation was mainly through the oxidation by ·OH radicals. The intermediate naphthol and carboxylic acids such as formic acid and oxalic acid were identified by LC-MS and IC.
New terahertz dielectric spectroscopy for the study aqueous solutions
George, Deepu K; Vinh, N Q
We present a development of a high precision, tunable far-infrared (terahertz) frequency-domain dielectric spectrometer for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in aqueous solutions in the gigahertz-to-terahertz frequency. As a first application we report on the measurement of the absorption and refractive index for liquid water in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 1.12 THz (0.17 to 37.36 cm-1 or 0.268 to 60 mm). The system provides a coherent radiation source with a power up to 20 mW in the gigahertz-to-terahertz region. The power signal-to-noise ratio of our instrument reaches 1015 and the system achieves a spectral resolution of less than 100 Hz. The temperature of samples can be controlled precisely with an error bars of 0.02 oC from above 0 oC to 90 oC. Given these attributes, our spectrometer provides unique capabilities for the accurate measurement of even very strongly absorbing materials such as aqueous solutions.
Removal of Some Chelators from Aqueous Solutions Using Polymeric Ingredients
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This work tries to throw a light on the removal of thenoyl trifluoroacetone (TTA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), extractants extensively used in many nuclear facilities, from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions using Amberlite XAD resins. The applied resins exhibit high retention ability for the studied chelators with a maximum sorption capacity has the values of 23.9 and 38.0 mgg-1 for sorption of TTA and EDTA on Amberlite XAD4 and 18.6 and 21.2 mgg-1 for their sorption of on Amberlite XAD7. Factors affecting the resin retention ability such as ph value of aqueous solution and presence of co solvent have been studied. The kinetics of sorption behavior, in the applied system, indicate the process to be controlled by more than one diffusion mechanism. Therefore, two diffusion models were utilized to understand and verify the mechanism of sorption processes; they are the film mass transfer model and the interparticle diffusion model. The first model, based on film resistance, gave a successful depiction for sorption of TTA onto Amberlite XAD4 and XAD7 and the second one displayed an acceptable prediction for sorption of EDTA onto Amberlite XAD4
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium tetraphenylborate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In previous work on the 60Co γ-radiolysis of aqueous tetraphenylborate (TPB-) solutions carried out in this laboratory, it was found that several organic products, including benzene, phenol and biphenyl, are produced with substantial yield. However, the reaction mechanism was not established. In the present study, reactions initiated by OH· radicals, N3· radicals and e-aq in aqueous TPB- solutions were studied by pulse radiolysis using a 600 keV Febetron electron accelerator. The lack of reactivity between TPB- and e-aq was demonstrated by directly monitoring the transient optical absorbance of e-aq. Concerning the reaction with OH·, two schemes were considered: (1) electron transfer from B(C6H5)4- to OH·; or (2) OH· addition to B(C6H5)4-. Comparison of observed transient absorption spectra with expectations based on the two different schemes suggests that OH· addition is the dominant reaction pathway under conditions of N2O saturation, with an experimentally determined second-order rate constant of 6.2 x 109 M-1 s-1. A mechanism based on an initial first-order self-decomposition of the OH· adduct, (C6H5)3BC6H5OH·-, with measured rate constant of 4 x 104s-1 is proposed. Kinetic modeling on the proposed mechanistic scheme gives good agreement with our experimental results. (author)
New terahertz dielectric spectroscopy for the study of aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
George, Deepu K.; Charkhesht, Ali; Vinh, N. Q., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (United States)
We present the development of a high precision, tunable far-infrared (terahertz) frequency-domain dielectric spectrometer for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in aqueous solutions in the gigahertz-to-terahertz frequency. As an important benchmark system, we report on the measurements of the absorption and refractive index for liquid water in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 1.12 THz (0.17–37.36 cm{sup −1} or 0.268–60 mm). The system provides a coherent radiation source with power up to 20 mW in the gigahertz-to-terahertz region. The dynamic range of our instrument reaches 10{sup 12} and the system achieves a spectral resolution of less than 100 Hz. The temperature of samples can be controlled precisely with error bars of ±0.02 °C from 0 °C to 90 °C. Given these attributes, our spectrometer provides unique capabilities for the accurate measurement of even very strongly absorbing materials such as aqueous solutions.
Examination of rheological properties of aqueous solutions of sodium caseinate
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Jolanta Gawałek
Full Text Available Application of sodium caseinate as a functional additive in manufacturing processes requires production of its concentrated aqueous solutions which, in industrial conditions, presents a number of difficulties. In order to develop an effective and optimal industrial process of mixing – manufacturing a concentrated solution of sodium caseinate, it is essential to know rheological properties in a definite range of concentrations changing in the course of the dissolving process. The material for investigations was typical commercial sodium caseinate in the form of dry powder manufactured in Poland from acid casein using the method of extrusion. The objective of the undertaken empirical studies was the assessment of the impact of the concentration on rheological properties of sodium caseinate concentrates. Investigations were carried out for five concentrates manufactured in a mixer equipped in a mechanical agitator at concentrations ranging X (% Î (2.5¸12.5 and changing mass proportions of sodium caseinate in the aqueous solution as follows: GS/G (kgS·kg-1 = 0.025. On the basis of the obtained research results, classical flow curves were plotted for individual concentrates. The determined values of viscosity and density of the examined solutions were correlated in the form of h = f(GS/G and r = f(GS/G dependencies which were used during the determination of classical characteristics of mixing forces essential for the assessment of energetic expenditures required to manufacture concentrates in a mixer equipped in a mechanical agitator. The density of the examined concentrates increased in a way directly proportional, while the dynamic viscosity coefficient increased exponentially together with the increase of sodium caseinate concentration. Sodium caseinate concentrates exhibited Newtonian character in the examined range of concentrations.
Salt dependent stability of stearic acid Langmuir-Blodgett films exposed to aqueous electrolytes
Kumar, Naveen; Wang, Lei; Siretanu, Igor; Duits, Michel; Mugele, Frieder
We use contact angle goniometry, imaging ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy to study the stability and wettability of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayers of stearic acid on silica substrates, upon drying and exposure to aqueous solutions of varying salinity. The influences of Ca2+ and Na+ ions
Method of precipitating uranium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment
Tokunaga, Tetsu K; Kim, Yongman; Wan, Jiamin
A method for precipitating uranium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment comprising uranium and/or vanadium is presented. The method includes precipitating uranium as a uranyl vanadate through mixing an aqueous solution and/or sediment comprising uranium and/or vanadium and a solution comprising a monovalent or divalent cation to form the corresponding cation uranyl vanadate precipitate. The method also provides a pathway for extraction of uranium and vanadium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment.
Investigation of heterogeneous equilibria in saturated aqueous solutions of uranosilicates of uranophane-kasolite group
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
State of mineral-like uranosilicates of uranophane-kasolite group in saturated aqueous solutions at 25 Deg Cis investigated. Using experimental data on solubility quantitative physicochemical model of state of heterogeneous crystalline uranosilicate - aqueous solution system is built. Using this model equilibrium constants of solution reactions and formation standard Gibbs functions of the investigated compounds are calculated. The model permits forecasting the processes of solution of uranosilicates in a wide range of aqueous phase acidity at standard conditions
A procedure for preferential trapping of cesium cations from aqueous solutions and their separation from other inorganic cations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The title procedure is as follows. Deltahedral heteroborane anions are added to the aqueous solution containing cesium ions, precipitate (if any) is separated off, and the cesium salts involving the deltahedral heteroborane anions are trapped on activated carbon. The cobaltocarborane anion [3-Co-(1,2-C2B9H11)2] and/or its substitution derivatives are particularly well suited to this purpose. The process can find use in the separation of radionuclides present in waste solutions arising from spent nuclear fuel treatment. (P.A.). 1 fig
Biochar from malt spent rootlets for the removal of mercury from aqueous solutions
Boutsika, Lamprini; Manariotis, Ioannis; Karapanagioti, Hrissi K.
, and 95%, respectively. Finally, the influence of solution salinity in mercury sorption onto biochar was tested by adjusting the solution ionic strength with two different salts, NaCl and NaNO3. The salts were added at concentrations 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 mol/L. Mercury removal was not affected by the presence of NaNO3 and high metal removal percentages were obtained even at high NaNO3 concentrations (about 53% at concentration 1 mol/L NaNO3). However, a significant decrease of mercury adsorption was observed with the increase of NaCl concentration, i.e. from 55% removal at concentration 0.0001 mol/LNaCl, it reached 20% removal at a concentration of 1 mol/L NaCl. These differences can be related to the different counter ion present in the salts. NO3- does not interfere in mercury sorption but Cl- forms mercury species with negative charge, which do not favor the sorption process. Generally, biochar from malt spent rootlets seemed as a promising novel sorbent that could be used for aqueous system remediation under most environmental conditions.
Compressibility and volumetric studies of polyethylene-glycols in aqueous, methanolic, and benzene solutions at T=298.15K
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The speed of sound and density measurements in water, methanol, and benzene solutions for the solutes PEG-400, PEG-1000, and PEG-4000 at T=298.15K (0.05 to 0.5mol.kg-1) are reported. The data obtained are used to calculate thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic (isentropic) compressibility of solutions (βad), apparent molar volume (φV) and apparent molar compressibility (φK) for solute molecules in all the solvent media. The limiting partial molar volume (φVo) and limiting partial molar compressibility (φKo) of solute molecules are used to estimate volume of transfer and compressibility of transfer for PEG molecules from methanol to aqueous and benzene to aqueous media. The high observed negative (φKo) values in methanol are interpreted in terms of breakdown of one-dimensional H-bonded structure of methanolic molecules. The (φKo) values observed in water although negative but of small magnitude as compared to salts in water. Attempt is made to estimate hydration number for these molecules in aqueous solutions by applying Shiio's method and it is observed that PEG-4000 is hydrated most. These results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and hydrophobic interactions and effects due to conformational characteristic of high molecular weight glycol molecules
Detection of salt bridges to lysines in solution in barnase
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Poul Erik; Williamson, Michael P.; Hounslow, Andrea M.; Ford, Joe; Fowler, Kyle; Hebditch, Max
We show that salt bridges involving lysines can be detected by deuterium isotope effects on NMR chemical shifts of the sidechain amine. Lys27 in the ribonuclease barnase is salt bridged, and mutation of Arg69 to Lys retains a partially buried salt bridge. The salt bridges are functionally important....
Homogeneous aqueous solution nuclear reactors for the production of Mo-99 and other short lived radioisotopes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Technetium-99m (99mTc), the daughter of Molybdenum-99 (99Mo), is the most commonly used medical radioisotope in the world. It accounts for over twenty-five million medical procedures each year worldwide, comprising about 80% of all radiopharmaceutical procedures. 99Mo is mostly prepared by the fission of uranium-235 targets in a nuclear reactor with a fission yield of about 6.1%. Currently over 95% of the fission product 99Mo is obtained using highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets. Smaller scale producers use low enriched uranium (LEU) targets. Small quantities of 99Mo are also produced by neutron activation through the use of the (n, γ) reaction. The concept of a compact homogeneous aqueous reactor fuelled by a uranium salt solution with off-line separation of radioisotopes of interest (99Mo, 131I) from aliquots of irradiated fuel solution has been cited in a few presentations in the series of International Conference on Isotopes (ICI) held in Vancouver (2000), Cape Town (2003) and Brussels (2005) and recently some corporate interest has also been noticeable. Calculations and some experimental research have shown that the use of aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHRs) could be an efficient technology for fission radioisotope production, having some prospective advantages compared with traditional technology based on the use of solid uranium targets irradiated in research reactors. This review of AHR status and prospects by a team of experts engaged in the field of homogeneous reactors and radioisotope producers yields an objective evaluation of the technological challenges and other relevant implications. The meeting to develop this report facilitated the exchange of information on the 'state of the art' of the technology related to homogeneous aqueous solution nuclear reactors, especially in connection with the production of radioisotopes. This publication presents a summary of discussions of a consultants meeting which is followed by the technical presentations
Characterization of Swollen States of Polyelectrolyte Brushes in Salt Solution by Neutron Reflectivity
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kobayashi, Motoyasu; Mitamura, Koji; Takahara, Atsushi [Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan); Terada, Masami [JST, ERATO (Japan); Yamada, Norifumi L, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) (Japan)
Cationic and zwitterionic polyelectrolyte brushes on quartz substrate were synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MTAC) and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC). The effects of ionic strength on brush structure are investigated by neutron reflectivity (NR) in NaCl deuterium oxide (D{sub 2}O) solutions. We observed that poly(MTAC) chains were drastically shrunk at concentrations above 0.1 M NaCl/D{sub 2}O, which may be the change in charge-screening effect against ions on poly(MTAC). On the other hand, effect of salt concentration on a swollen state of poly(MPC) brush was negligible, even at the high concentration (5.0 M) close to saturation. The behaviour of poly(MPC) in salt aqueous solution is completely different from that of poly(MTAC), which may arise from the unique interaction properties, neutral nature, and hydrated water structure of phosphorylcholine units.
Melittin Aggregation in Aqueous Solutions: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
Liao, Chenyi; Esai Selvan, Myvizhi; Zhao, Jun; Slimovitch, Jonathan L; Schneebeli, Severin T; Shelley, Mee; Shelley, John C; Li, Jianing
Melittin is a natural peptide that aggregates in aqueous solutions with paradigmatic monomer-to-tetramer and coil-to-helix transitions. Since little is known about the molecular mechanisms of melittin aggregation in solution, we simulated its self-aggregation process under various conditions. After confirming the stability of a melittin tetramer in solution, we observed—for the first time in atomistic detail—that four separated melittin monomers aggregate into a tetramer. Our simulated dependence of melittin aggregation on peptide concentration, temperature, and ionic strength is in good agreement with prior experiments. We propose that melittin mainly self-aggregates via a mechanism involving the sequential addition of monomers, which is supported by both qualitative and quantitative evidence obtained from unbiased and metadynamics simulations. Moreover, by combining computer simulations and a theory of the electrical double layer, we provide evidence to suggest why melittin aggregation in solution likely stops at the tetramer, rather than forming higher-order oligomers. Overall, our study not only explains prior experimental results at the molecular level but also provides quantitative mechanistic information that may guide the engineering of melittin for higher efficacy and safety. PMID:26208115
Lead and copper removal from aqueous solutions by porous glass derived calcium hydroxyapatite
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: . Adsorption of Pb2+ increases with the increase in NaCl volume percentage (1:0%, 2:30%, 3:40%, 4:40%) of the Glass Derived Hydroxyapatite and reaches equilibrium after 24 h. Highlights: → Novel porous glass derived hydroxyapatite matrix is prepared. → Glass derived hydroxyapatite matrix adsorbs lead and copper ions in solutions effectively. → Two adsorption mechanisms including ion exchange theory and the dissolution and precipitation theory are involved in removal of the heavy metal ions from the solutions. - Abstract: A porous glass was prepared by sintering Na2O-CaO-B2O3 glass powder with powdered sodium chloride. Subsequently, the sodium chloride was dissolved in water resulting in a highly porous material. A sample was prepared consisting of 60 vol% glass and 40 vol% salt which both had particle sizes 2HPO4 solutions at room temperature for 1 day. The porous glass derived hydroxyapatite matrix was then processed for removing lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the glass derived calcium hydroxyapatite matrix effectively immobilizes lead and copper ions in solution. The adsorption mechanism was investigated by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy including Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX).
Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Aniline and Substituted Anilines
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The primary reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals with aniline and the aniline cation in aqueous solutions have been studied by the technique of pulse radiolysis and by determination of end products after y-radiolysis. Hydrogen atoms and hydrated electrons react with aniline under formation of the cyclohexadienyl type radical with absorption maximum at 355 nm and an extinction coefficient of 4100/M/cm. A similar radical formed by reaction of hydrogen atoms with the aniline cation has its absorption maximum at 31 0 nm and an extinction coefficient of 3200/M/cm. Hydrogen atoms react with the acid and neutral forms of aniline with rate constants of (1.3 ± 0.2 ) x 109/M/s and (2.9 ± 0.7) x 109/M/s, respectively. OH radicals react with aniline with a rate constant of (1.4 ± 0.3) x 1010/M/s under formation of the cyclohexadienyl radical with absorption maximum at 355 nm and the anilino radical with absorption maxima at 300 and 400 nm. The cyclohexadienyl radical decayed in a first order process with a rate constant of 1.4 x 105/s by elimination of NH3, whereas the anilino radical disappeared in a second order reaction under formation of hydrazobenzene. O- radicals react with aniline at pH 13.3 with a rate constant of (3.1 ± 0.6) x 109 under formation of anilino radicals. The reaction of OH radicals with the aniline cation produced the anilino radical cation with a rate constant of (4.8 ± 0.8) x 109 . The absorption maximum was placed at 415 nm, The cyclohexadienyl type radical with absorption maximum at 350 nm was also found in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-1,3-dimethylbenzene but was not formed in solutions of N,N' -dimethylaniline
The effect of magnesium ions on dielectric relaxation in semidilute DNA aqueous solutions
Grgičin, Danijel; Ivek, Tomislav; Tomić, Silvia; Podgornik, Rudi
The effect of magnesium ion Mg2+ on the dielectric relaxation of semidilute DNA aqueous solutions has been studied by means of dielectric spectroscopy. Two dielectric relaxations in the 100 Hz - 100 MHz frequency range, originating in the motion of DNA counterions, were probed as a function of DNA and Mg2+ ion concentration in added MgCl2 salt. The high-frequency mode in the MHz range, stemming from the structural organization of the DNA network, reveals de Gennes-Pfeuty-Dobrynin correlation length as the pertinent fundamental length scale for sufficiently low concentration of added salt. No relaxation fingerprint of DNA denaturation bubbles, leading to exposed hydrophobic core scaling, was detected at low DNA concentrations, thus indicating an increased stability of the double-stranded conformation as compared to the case of DNA solutions with univalent counterions. The presence of Mg2+ does not change qualitatively the low frequency mode in the kHz range correlated with single DNA conformational properties....
Sorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution onto magnesium silicate hollow spheres
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The sorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated using synthesized magnesium silicate hollow spheres as a novel adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of initial pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time and initial U(VI) concentrations on uranium sorption efficiency. The desorbing of U(VI) and the effect of coexisting ions were also investigated. Kinetic studies showed that the sorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir sorption isotherm model correlates well with the uranium sorption equilibrium data for the concentration range of 25-400 mg/L. The maximum uranium sorption capacity onto magnesium silicate hollow spheres was estimated to be about 107 mg/g under the experimental conditions. Desorption of uranium was achieved using inorganic acid as the desorbing agent. The practical utility of magnesium silicate hollow spheres for U(VI) uptake was investigated with high salt concentration of intercrystalline brine. This work suggests that magnesium silicate hollow spheres can be used as a highly efficient adsorbent for removal of uranium from aqueous solutions. (author)
Volumetric properties of MES, MOPS, MOPSO, and MOBS in water and in aqueous electrolyte solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES), 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), 3-morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO), and 4-(N-morpholino)butanesulfonic acid (MOBS), are useful for pH control as standard buffers in the physiological region of 5.5-6.7 for MES, 6.5-7.9 for MOPS, 6.2-7.6 for MOPSO, and 6.9-8.3 for MOBS, respectively. On the basis of density measurements at 298.15 K, the apparent molar volumes, Vφ, of the above-mentioned buffers in water and in (0.05, 0.16, and 0.25) mol kg-1 aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, KBr, and CH3COOK have been calculated. The partial molar volumes at infinite dilution, Vφo, obtained from Vφ, have been used to calculate the volume of transfer, ΔtrVφo, from water to aqueous electrolyte solutions. It was found that both Vφo and ΔtrVφo vary linearly with increasing the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group side chain of the zwitterionic buffers. These linear correlations have been utilized to estimate the contributions of the zwitterionic end group (morpholinium ion, -SO3-) and -CH2- group to Vφo and ΔtrVφo. The values of Vφo and ΔtrVφo for some functional group contributions of the zwittierionic buffers with salts have also been reported.
Micro-dynamics studies in aqueous solutions by inelastic scattering of cold neutrons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this work an analysis of the frequency spectra of pure and hydration water in ZnCl2 aqueous solutions of 2 M, 6 M and 12.6 M concentrations is presented. The study of microscopic structure and of the dynamics in ionic liquids, particularly in aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, is carried out by means of neutron diffraction and cold neutron inelastic incoherent and quasi-elastic scattering. For the first time direct information concerning the local ionic structure and its correlation range are obtained. So, as the frequency spectra show, at concentrations close to saturation the local order is increasingly dependent on salt structure. The width of the first translation mode, at hω 7 - 8 meV, corresponding to the O-O-O liaison angle of the oxygen atoms, decreases with increasing concentration. This indicates an at least partial break of the hydrogen liaison. Other information concerning the correlation effects are obtained from the velocity self-correlation function , as obtained by Fourier transformation of the frequency spectrum p(hω). Concentration dependence of this function can by explained by the interaction potential of the chlorine in the first coordination sphere. The structure of p(hω) becomes increasingly complicated as the concentration increases what indicates existence of polynuclear species with chlorine incorporated
Electrochemical treatment of aqueous radioactive solutions containing 137Cs and 260Co radionuclides
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electrochemical treatment of simulated aqueous radioactive solutions containing 137Cs /or 60Co radionuclides had been investigated. In this study, the used electrolytic cell was made from plexiglas of outer and inner dimensions 12.5x5.8x6.5 cm, and 11.2x4.8x5.7 cm, respectively. In the cell, the employed anodes were of the shape of metal plates fabricated from industrial wastes of Al, Fe, and Cu with effective dimensions of 4.0x2.8x0.1 cm (surface area = 11.2 cm2). The used cathode was made from a platinum sheet of dimensions 4.0x0.5x0.05 cm(surface area = 2.0 m2). the distance between the electrodes was kept constant at 10 cm. Direct electric current was supplied from a digital DC-power supply of maximum applied voltage 30V and electric current 3A. In this work, the investigated factors were: applied voltage and the type of the used anode, treatment duraton, hydrogen ion concentration, salt content of the aqueous solution, and the effect of the presence of different concentrations from the non-active cesium and cobalt salts. It was observed that the highest percent of removal (Pr) for 137Cs after a treatment duration of 20 minutes was 79%, 69% and 60% using AI, Fe, and Cu anodes, respectively. Also, the highest Pr values for 60Co after 15 minutes were 98%, 95% and 93%, reached using Al, Fe, and Cu anodes, respectively
Phase Changes of Monosulfoaluminate in NaCl Aqueous Solution
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Seyoon Yoon
Full Text Available Monosulfoaluminate (Ca4Al2(SO4(OH12∙6H2O plays an important role in anion binding in Portland cement by exchanging its original interlayer ions (SO42− and OH− with chloride ions. In this study, scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD were used to investigate the phase change of monosulfoaluminate due to its interaction with chloride ions. Pure monosulfoaluminate was synthesized and its powder samples were suspended in 0, 0.1, 1, 3, and 5 M NaCl solutions for seven days. At low chloride concentrations, a partial dissolution of monosulfoaluminate formed ettringite, while, with increasing chloride content, the dissolution process was suppressed. As the NaCl concentration increased, the dominant mechanism of the phase change became ion exchange, resulting in direct phase transformation from monosulfoaluminate to Kuzel's salt or Friedel's salt. The phase assemblages of the NaCl-reacted samples were explored using thermodynamic calculations and least-square linear combination (LC fitting of measured XANES spectra. A comprehensive description of the phase change and its dominant mechanism are discussed.
Ion exchange method for calcium isolation from solutions of zinc, cadmium, and cobalt salts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A method for isolating impurity amounts of calcium from zinc, cadmium and cobalt salts has been suggested. The method consists in dissolution of the above-mentioned metal salts in ammonia solution, selective sorption of calcium impurities from solutions prepared on carboxylic cationite with subsequent calcium desorption by mineral acid solution. 4 refs.; 2 figs
General electrokinetic model for concentrated suspensions in aqueous electrolyte solutions: Electrophoretic mobility and electrical conductivity in static electric fields.
Carrique, Félix; Ruiz-Reina, Emilio; Roa, Rafael; Arroyo, Francisco J; Delgado, Ángel V
In recent years different electrokinetic cell models for concentrated colloidal suspensions in aqueous electrolyte solutions have been developed. They share some of its premises with the standard electrokinetic model for dilute colloidal suspensions, in particular, neglecting both the specific role of the so-called added counterions (i.e., those released by the particles to the solution as they get charged), and the realistic chemistry of the aqueous solution on such electrokinetic phenomena as electrophoresis and electrical conductivity. These assumptions, while having been accepted for dilute conditions (volume fractions of solids well below 1%, say), are now questioned when dealing with concentrated suspensions. In this work, we present a general electrokinetic cell model for such kind of systems, including the mentioned effects, and we also carry out a comparative study with the standard treatment (the standard solution only contains the ions that one purposely adds, without ionic contributions from particle charging or water chemistry). We also consider an intermediate model that neglects the realistic aqueous chemistry of the solution but accounts for the correct contribution of the added counterions. The results show the limits of applicability of the classical assumptions and allow one to better understand the relative role of the added counterions and ions stemming from the electrolyte in a realistic aqueous solution, on electrokinetic properties. For example, at low salt concentrations the realistic effects of the aqueous solution are the dominant ones, while as salt concentration is increased, it is this that progressively takes the control of the electrokinetic response for low to moderate volume fractions. As expected, if the solids concentration is high enough the added counterions will play the dominant role (more important the higher the particle surface charge), no matter the salt concentration if it is not too high. We hope this work can help in
DNA dynamics in aqueous solution: opening the double helix
Pohorille, A.; Ross, W. S.; Tinoco, I. Jr; MacElroy, R. D. (Principal Investigator)
The opening of a DNA base pair is a simple reaction that is a prerequisite for replication, transcription, and other vital biological functions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of biological reactions is crucial for predicting and, ultimately, controlling them. Realistic computer simulations of the reactions can provide the needed understanding. To model even the simplest reaction in aqueous solution requires hundreds of hours of supercomputing time. We have used molecular dynamics techniques to simulate fraying of the ends of a six base pair double strand of DNA, [TCGCGA]2, where the four bases of DNA are denoted by T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and A (adenine), and to estimate the free energy barrier to this process. The calculations, in which the DNA was surrounded by 2,594 water molecules, required 50 hours of CRAY-2 CPU time for every simulated 100 picoseconds. A free energy barrier to fraying, which is mainly characterized by the movement of adenine away from thymine into aqueous environment, was estimated to be 4 kcal/mol. Another fraying pathway, which leads to stacking between terminal adenine and thymine, was also observed. These detailed pictures of the motions and energetics of DNA base pair opening in water are a first step toward understanding how DNA will interact with any molecule.
A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 1 – bromide solutions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
C. Anastasio
Full Text Available Reactive halogen species (X*=X●, ●X2−, X2 and HOX, where X=Br, Cl, or I in seawater, sea-salt particles, and snowpacks play important roles in the chemistry of the marine boundary layer. Despite this, relatively little is known about the steady-state concentrations or kinetics of reactive halogens in these environmental samples. In part this is because there are few instruments or techniques that can be used to characterize aqueous reactive halogens. To better understand this chemistry, we have developed a chemical probe technique that can detect and quantify aqueous reactive bromine and chlorine species (Br*(aq and Cl*(aq. This technique is based on the reactions of short-lived X*(aq species with allyl alcohol (CH2=CHCH2OH to form stable 3-halo-1,2-propanediols that are analyzed by gas chromatography. Using this technique in conjunction with competition kinetics allows determination of the steady state concentrations of the aqueous reactive halogens and, in some cases, the rates of formation and lifetimes of X* in aqueous solutions. We report here the results of the method development for aqueous solutions containing only bromide (Br−.
Comparison of Photochemical Reactions of m-Cresol in Aqueous Solution and in Ice
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
PENG Fei; XUE Hong-hai; TANG Xiao-jian; KANG Chun-li; LI Lin-lin; LI Zhe
We compared the photochemical reaction of m-cresol containing OH precursors such as H2O2,NO2- and NO3- in aqueous solution with those in ice.The results show that the conversion rate of m-cresol in aqueous solution was higher than that in ice,H2O2,NO2- and NO3- all accelerated the photoconversion of m-cresol in both aqueous solution and ice.The photochemical reactions of m-cresol obeys the first order kinetics equation.According to the photoproducts identified by GC-MS,we proposed that hydroxylation and nitration reactions occurred in both aqueous solution and ice.Coupling reaction was common in ice,however,in aqueous solution it was found only in UV system.Our results suggest that the photochemical reactions of m-cresol were different in aqueous solution and in ice.
The Unusual Conformational Behavior of Polyzwitterionic Brushes in Aqueous Solutions
Mao, Jun; Chen, Wei; Yuan, Guangcui; Yu, Jing; Tirrell, Matthew
Polyzwitterions constitute a peculiar class of polyelectrolytes, which are electrically neutral polymers containing both a positive and a negative charge on each repeating unit. Surfaces coated with polyzwitterionic brushes are resistant to the nonspecific accumulation of proteins and microorganisms, making them excellent candidates for a wide range of antifouling applications, from biocompatible medical devices to marine coatings. The surrounding environment can dramatically influence the conformational behavior of polyzwitterionic brushes. High-density polyzwitterionic brushes poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) were synthesized using surface initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization, and neutron reflectivity (NR) measurements were performed to investigate the ionic strength dependence of the conformational behaviors of PMPC brushes in monovalent salt solutions. Despite the numerous observations of normal pure polyelectrolyte brushes, NR results showed that both the densely concentrated layer near the substrate surface and the relatively swollen layer into the solution have been observed in different q range in a single neutron reflectivity profile. These results will definitely help us to better understand the relationship between the solution behaviors of zwitterionic polymer brushes and their antifouling properties.
Soret diffusion processes in aqueous sodium chloride solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cygan, R.T.
The mass transport of chemical species induced by a temperature gradient, commonly known as Soret diffusion, has been examined for the case of the sodium chloride and water system. The occurrence of significant thermal gradients in geological media, especially those associated with radioactive waste disposal sites, can produce a measurable flux of sodium chloride and therefore enrich the local solutions. Soret coefficients, or the ratio of thermal to isothermal mass transport factors, describe this rate of mass transfer and are necessary for evaluating certain nonequilibrium processes, such as the migration of fluid inclusions in rock salt. Experimental Soret coefficients for the NaCl-H/sub 2/O system were obtained by the use of a conductimetric thermal diffusion cell. This approach relies on monitoring the electrical conductivity change of two separate isothermal reservoirs which are maintained at different temperatures. The Soret cell is situated between the reservoirs and is comprised of an inert matrix of glass beads in order to minimize any solution convection. The utilization of this porous medium requires corrections for porosity and tortuosity. Measurements were made for 0.1 and 1.0 N NaCl solutions at mean temperatures of 40/sup 0/C and 50/sup 0/C with the mass transport induced by a thermal gradient of 2.6/sup 0/C/cm. The preliminary results indicate a Soret separation on the order of 1 to 2 percent with the attainment of a steady state in approximately 15 hours.
Characterization of the deviation to the ideality of concentrated actinide and lanthanide salt solutions: contribution of the Bimsa theory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The aim of this work is to describe the mean stoichiometric activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients or water activities of aqueous actinide nitrate salt solutions up to high concentration. These sets of data are required for a better control of the equilibria occurring in liquid-liquid extraction processes. Experimental acquisition of these thermodynamic properties, in the case of some actinide nitrates, is possible and was conducted before.But, many actinide salt solutions cannot be experimentally handled up to high concentration because of unstable oxidation state or very high radioactivity. As a consequence, a suitable predictive theory is necessary for the description of these nitrate salt solutions (such as Am (NO3)3, Cm (NO3)3). The BIMSA ('Binding Mean Spherical Approximation') was chosen for this purpose. This theory, unlike other methods, uses a set of microscopic parameters that have some physical meaning, for the description of macroscopic thermodynamic properties (osmotic coefficients, activity coefficients).The following manuscript is divided by 4 chapters, corresponding to 4 articles accepted in the scientific journal 'Journal of Physical Chemistry'. Chapter 1 first reviews the basic thermodynamic concepts before describing the issues involved in acquiring actinides binary data. An approach based on the thermodynamic concept of simple solutions, the notion of fictive binary data, is described. Within this approach, the activity coefficient of an aqueous phase constituent depends on two parameters: the water activity of the system and total concentration of dissolved constituents. As a first application, new fictive binary data of uranyl nitrate are proposed from measurements on the ternary system UO2(NO3)2/HNO3/H2O.Chapter 2 gives the main principles of the BIMSA theory. It shows also preliminary promising results obtained when modeling lanthanide(III) salt properties. Then, in chapter 3, two predictive capabilities of the theory are shown. One of
Adsorption of Anthraquinone Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Penicillium Terrestre
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
XIN Bao-ping; LIU Xiao-mei
Penicillium terrestre was used for removing four anthraquinone dyes from aqueous solution. The experiments were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks and spore suspension was used for inoculation. The results show that the mechanism of dye removal by penicillium terrestre is biosorption and the growing pellets exhibit higher adsorptive capacity than the resting or dead ones. The maximum removals of disperse blue 2BLN, reactive brilliant blue KN-R, acid anthraquinone blue and bromamine acid at the concentration of 120 mg/L by biosorption of growing pellets are 100 %, 100 %, 96 % and 91%, respectively. The 100.0 % and 91.4 % KN-R removals are achieved respectively at the much higher concentration of 250 and 400 mg/L. 2.5 g/L glucose is sufficient for 100% KN-R removal by growing pellets. Salinity (NaC1) increase from 0 to 2% (W/V) moderately accelerates both mycelium growth and KN-R removal.
Degradation of chlorophenols in aqueous solution by {gamma}-radiation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hu Jun [INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Wang Jianlong [INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China)
Degradation of chlorophenols (CPs) in aqueous solutions by {gamma}-radiation was studied. The effect of absorbed dose on degradation, dechlorination and mineralization of CPs were investigated. The results indicated that the degradation of CPs, Cl{sup -} release and mineralization increased with increase in absorbed dose. When the initial concentration was 100 mg L{sup -1} and the dosage was 6 kGy, the removal efficiencies of CPs were 44.54% for 2-CP, 91.46% for 3-CP, 82.72% for 4-CP and 93.25% for 2,4-DCP, respectively. The combination of irradiation and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} leads to a synergistic effect, which remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of CPs and TOC removal. The kinetics of CPs during irradiation are also mentioned.
Degradation of chlorophenols in aqueous solution by γ-radiation
Hu, Jun; Wang, Jianlong
Degradation of chlorophenols (CPs) in aqueous solutions by γ-radiation was studied. The effect of absorbed dose on degradation, dechlorination and mineralization of CPs were investigated. The results indicated that the degradation of CPs, Cl - release and mineralization increased with increase in absorbed dose. When the initial concentration was 100 mg L -1 and the dosage was 6 kGy, the removal efficiencies of CPs were 44.54% for 2-CP, 91.46% for 3-CP, 82.72% for 4-CP and 93.25% for 2,4-DCP, respectively. The combination of irradiation and H 2O 2 leads to a synergistic effect, which remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of CPs and TOC removal. The kinetics of CPs during irradiation are also mentioned.
Radiation-induced degradation of 4-chloroaniline in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiation-induced decomposition of 4-chloroaniline (4-ClA) was studied under steady-state conditions using aqueous solutions saturated with air, pure oxygen, N2O, argon and argon in the presence of t-Butanol. Using HPLC-method, the initial G-values of the substrate degradation as well as of a number of radiolytic products were determined. The formation of aminophenols, chlorophenols, aniline and phenol in addition to chloride, ammonia, formaldehyde and mixture of aldehydes as well as carboxylic acids was studied as a function of absorbed dose. Based on the experimental data, probable reaction mechanisms for the degradation of 4-ClA by γ-rays and the formation of the identified products are presented
Photo-degradation behaviour of roseoflavin in some aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Tyagi, A. [Institut II - Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg (Germany); Penzkofer, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institut II - Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg (Germany); Mathes, T.; Hegemann, P. [Institut fuer Biologie/Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, D-10115 Berlin (Germany)
An absorption and emission spectroscopic characterization of roseoflavin (8-dimethylamino-8-demethyl-riboflavin, RoF) in aqueous solutions was carried out. The studies were concentrated on roseoflavin in pH 8 phosphate buffer. Absorption cross-section spectra, fluorescence excitation spectra, fluorescence quantum distributions, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes were determined. The fluorescence of RoF is quenched by photo-induced intra-molecular charge-transfer at room temperature. The photo-degradation of RoF in un-buffered water, in Tris-HCl buffer, and in phosphate buffer was studied. Phosphate buffer and to a smaller extent Tris buffer catalyse the RoF photo-degradation. Photo-excitation of the primary photoproduct, 8-methylamino-riboflavin (8-MNH-RF), enhanced the RoF degradation by triplet 8-MNH-RF - singlet RoF excitation transfer with subsequent triplet-state RoF degradation.
Gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Negron-Mendoza, A.; Graff, R.L.; Ponnamperuma, C.
The gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions was studied under initially oxygenated and oxygen-free conditions in an attempt to determine the possible interconversion of malic acid into other carboxylic acids, specifically those associated with Krebs cycle. The effect of dose on product formation of the system was investigated. Gas-liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was used as the principal means of identification of the nonvolatile products. Thin layer chromatography and direct probe mass spectroscopy were also employed. The findings show that a variety of carboxylic acids are formed, with malonic and succinic acids in greatest abundance. These products have all been identified as being formed in the gamma-irradiation of acetic acid, suggesting a common intermediary. Since these molecules fit into a metabolic cycle, it is strongly suggestive that prebiotic pathways provided the basis for biological systems.
Hydrate-based heavy metal separation from aqueous solution
Song, Yongchen; Dong, Hongsheng; Yang, Lei; Yang, Mingjun; Li, Yanghui; Ling, Zheng; Zhao, Jiafei
A novel hydrate-based method is proposed for separating heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. We report the first batch of experiments and removal characteristics in this paper, the effectiveness and feasibility of which are verified by Raman spectroscopy analysis and cross-experiment. 88.01–90.82% of removal efficiencies for Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were obtained. Further study showed that higher R141b–effluent volume ratio contributed to higher enrichment factor and yield of dissociated water, while lower R141b–effluent volume ratio resulted in higher removal efficiency. This study provides insights into low-energy, intensive treatment of wastewater. PMID:26887357
Radiolysis of Aqueous Benzene Solutions at higher temperatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aqueous solutions of benzene have been irradiated with Co γ-rays with doses of up to 2.3 Mrad in the temperature region 100 - 200 C. At 100 C a linear relationship between the phenol concentration and the absorbed dose was obtained, but at 150 C and at higher temperatures the rate of the phenol formation increased significantly after an initial constant period. With higher doses the rate decreased again, falling almost to zero at 200 C after a dose of 2.2 Mrad. The G value of phenol in the initial linear period increased from 2.8 at 100 C to 8.0 at 200 C. The reaction mechanism is discussed and reactions constituting a chain reaction are suggested. The result of the addition of iron ions and of a few inorganic oxides to the system is presented and briefly discussed
Angular correlation of annihilation photons in frozen aqueous solutions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Milosevic-Kvajic, M.; Mogensen, O. E.; Kvajic, G.; Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard
Linear‐slit angular correlation curves were obtained at about −140°C for frozen aqueous solutions of HF, HCl, HBr, HI, NH3, FeCl2, FeCl3, NaI, H2SO4, NHO3, MnSO4, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, NaOH, and LiOH. We found no appreciable influence of a 4% concentration of the last seven impurities. Only halide......‐containing impurities strongly changed the form of the curves; ppm concentrations of HCl and HF could be seen. The main change was a broadening of the part of the curve where the narrow and broad components meet. This fact is interpreted as being caused by trapping of para‐positronium in holes in the structure created...
Protein thermal stabilization in aqueous solutions of osmolytes.
Bruździak, Piotr; Panuszko, Aneta; Jourdan, Muriel; Stangret, Janusz
Proteins' thermal stabilization is a significant problem in various biomedical, biotechnological, and technological applications. We investigated thermal stability of hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solutions of the following stabilizing osmolytes: Glycine (GLY), N-methylglycine (NMG), N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG), N,N,N-trimethylglycine (TMG), and trimethyl-N-oxide (TMAO). Results of CD-UV spectroscopic investigation were compared with FTIR hydration studies' results. Selected osmolytes increased lysozyme's thermal stability in the following order: Gly>NMG>TMAO≈DMG>TMG. Theoretical calculations (DFT) showed clearly that osmolytes' amino group protons and water molecules interacting with them played a distinctive role in protein thermal stabilization. The results brought us a step closer to the exact mechanism of protein stabilization by osmolytes. PMID:26495438
Degradation of aqueous solutions of camphor by heterogeneous photocatalysis.
Sirtori, Carla; Altvater, Priscila K; de Freitas, Adriane M; Peralta-Zamora, Patricio G
In this study the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solutions of camphor was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts. In the presence of artificial UV-light the highly photosensitive camphor was almost totally degraded after reaction times of 60 min. However, under these conditions the mineralization degree was lower than 25%. In the presence of semiconductors the degradation was complete after a treatment time of about 30 min. Moreover, the mineralization was considerably greater, mainly with the use of TiO2 (> 80% at reaction time of 60 min). Heterogeneous photocatalytic processes applied in the presence of solar radiation show a promising degradation capability. TiO2-based processes afforded mineralization degrees of about 90% after a reaction time of 120 min, when the system was assisted by aeration. PMID:16221528
Experimental study on thermophoresis of colloids in aqueous surfactant solutions
Dong, Ruo-Yu; Zhou, Yi; Yang, Chun; Cao, Bing-Yang
Thermophoresis refers to the motion of particles under a temperature gradient and it is one of the particle manipulation techniques. Regarding the thermophoresis of particles in liquid media, however, many open questions still remain, especially the role of the interfacial effect. This work reports on a systematic experimental investigation of surfactant effects, especially the induced interfacial effect, on the thermophoresis of colloids in aqueous solutions via a microfluidic approach. Two kinds of commonly used surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), are selected and the results show that from relatively large concentrations, the two surfactants can greatly enhance the thermophilic mobilities. Specifically, it is found that the colloid-water interfaces modified with more polar end groups can potentially lead to a stronger thermophilic tendency. Due to the complex effects of surfactants, further theoretical model development is needed to quantitatively describe the dependence of thermophoresis on the interface characteristics.
Micellar effects on positronium lifetime in aqueous SDS solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Positron lifetime measurements have been performed in aqueous SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) solutions. The lifetime distributions measured by fast-slow coincidence technique have been found to be influenced by surfactant concentration, which varied in the range of 1.25x10-3 - 3.2x10-1 mol/dm3 (i.e. 2.27x10-5 - 5.82x10-3 mole fractions). The lifetime of the long living component connected to positronium formation and decay increases with increasing surfactant concentration. Lifetime data suggest that a direct positronium-micelle electron-exchange reaction leading to pick-off annihilation is contraindicated. (author)
Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto fly ash
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
J.X. Lin; S.L. Zhan; M.H. Fang; X.Q. Qian; H. Yang [Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (China). College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
The fly ash treated by H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} was used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a typical dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution. An increase in the specific surface area and dye-adsorption capacity was observed after the acid treatment. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the treated fly ash were studied. The experimental results were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It shows that the Freundlich isotherm is better in describing the adsorption process. Two kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model is the better choice to describe the adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic study reveals that the enthalpy ({Delta}H{sup 0}) value is positive (5.63 kJ/mol), suggesting an endothermic nature of the adsorption.
Dual fluorescence of naphthylamines in alkaline aqueous solution
Ma, Li-Hua; Wen, Zhen-Chang; Lin, Li-Rong; Jiang, Yun-Bao
Dual fluorescence was observed with N-(1-naphthyl)aminoacetate (1-NAA) in aqueous solution of pH 13.0 in the presence of cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloride (CTAC), below and after the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Similar dual fluorescence was also found with 1- and 2-naphthylamine (1-NA, 2-NA), N-(2-naphthyl)aminoacetate (2-NAA) and (1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (1-NEDA), in the presence and absence of the cationic surfactants, but not with N, N-disubstituted 1- and 2-NAs. We concluded that the dual fluorescence was due to the excited-state deprotonation of the amino group in these NAs. The p Ka*s of the dual fluorescent NAs were estimated to be around 14 from the dual fluorescence pH titrations. No clear correlation was found for p Ka* with the amino substitution and the presence of cationic micelle.
The radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing dithiothreitol and oxidized dithiothreitol
John Elliot, A.; Sopchyshyn, Frederick C.
The radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions (pH 1-9) of dithiothreitol (DTT) has been investigated by pulsed and steady-state techniques. From G( H2S) in N 2- and N 2O-saturated solutions it was concluded for pH 5-9 that the majority of the solvated electrons and 25-40% of the hydroxyl radicals reacted with DTT to form H 2S. Oxidized dithiothreitol (DTT- ox) was the other major product observed for pH 5-9. However, DTT- ox was not formed when DTT solutions were irradiated at pH 1 and 2. When nitrate ions were added as an electron scavenger over the pH range 5-9, G( DTT- ox) was not affected; at pH 9.0 G( H2S) decreased slightly but at pH 5-6, G( H2S) was reduced to that arising from the reaction of the hydroxyl radical. The reaction of CO 2- with DTT- ox was studied at pH 4.6 and pH 9.0. At pH 9.0 the G( DTT)=3.3-0.2 indicated a simple two electron reduction of DTT- ox while at pH 4.6 the G( DTT) >25 implied a chain reaction had occurred.
The radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing dithiothreitol and oxidized dithiothreitol
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions (pH 1 to 9) of dithiothreitol (DTT) has been investigated by pulsed and steady-state techniques. From G(H2S) in N2- and N2O-saturated solutions it was concluded for pH 5 to 9 that the majority of the solvated electrons and 25 to 40% of the hydroxyl radicals reacted with DTT to form H2S. Oxidized dithiothreitol (DDT-ox) was the other major product observed for pH 5 to 9. However, DTT-ox was not formed when DTT solutions were irradiated at pH 1 and 2. When nitrate ions were added as an electron scavenger over the pH range 5 to 9, G(DTT-ox) was not affected; at pH 9.0 G(H2S) decreased slightly but at pH 5 to 6, G(H2S) was reduced to that arising from the reaction of the hydroxyl radical. The reaction of CO2- with DTT-ox was studied at pH 4.6 and pH 9.0. At pH 9.0 the G(DTT) = 3.3 +- 0.2 indicated a simple two electron reduction of DTT-ox while at pH 4.6 the G(DTT) > 25 implied a chain reaction had occurred. (author)
Electron beam induced degradation of clopyralid in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The degradation characteristics of clopyralid irradiated by electron beam (EB) was studied in aqueous solutions. The effects of factors, such as initial clopyralid concentrations, addition of radicals scavenger, initial solution pH and addition of H2O2, were investigated on clopyralid degradation efficiency and mechanism. It was found that the EB-radiolysis was an effective way to degrade clopyralid and its degradation rate decreased with the increasing of substrate concentration. In the investigated initial concentrations range of 100-400 mg L-1, the radiolytic degradation of clopyralid followed a pseudo-first kinetic order. The results from addition of radicals scavenger indicated that both ·OH and eaq- played significant roles in the degradation of clopyralid. Furthermore, the alkaline condition and addition of H2O2 (<10 mM) in the solution also slightly enhanced the efficiency of clopyralid degradation. The ion chromatography analysis showed that some organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were formed, while the completely dechlorination of the substrate was achieved and organic nitrogen was recovered in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions during the irradiation process. (author)
Extraction of certain radionuclides from aqueous schungite solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The sorption of 90Sr, 106Ru, 137Cs, and 238Pu from aqueous solutions over a wide pH range was studied. Swelled schungite chips (Nigozero, Kondopozhsk region) (1) and schungite (Onezhsk lake) (2) were tested as sorbents. The minerals were used both untreated and after oxidation (HNO3, 1:1, contact time 1 day). The oxidation, judging from the literature, facilitates the formation of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups on the surface of the carbon-containing sorbents. The presence of such groups is responsible for the high selectivity of the sorbents for multicharged cations. Futhermore, the hydrophobicity of the schungites enormously decreases after the oxidation. The studied sorbents had an average particle size of 0.08-0.1 mm. The schungite was contacted with the solution under static conditions with periodic stirring in order to establish equilibrium. The concentration of the radionuclides was 2-4 MBq/liter. The solution volumes were 10 ml. The sorbent content was 0.01 g. The required pH was set by adding HCl or NaOH
Aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Hasan M. KHAN; Shagufta NAZ
Dosimetric characterization of aqueous solution of basic fuchsin was studied spectrophotometrically for possible application in the low-dose food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated solutions were determined and the decrease in absorbance with the dose was noted down. Radiation-induced bleaching of the dye was measured at wavelengths of maximum absorption λmax (540nm) as well as 510nm and 460 nm. At all these wavelengths, the decrease in absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 50 Gy to 600 Gy. The stability of dosimetric solution during post-irradiation storage in the dark at room temperature showed that after initial bleaching during first ten to twenty days, the response was almost stable for about 34 days. The study on the effect of different light and temperature conditions also showed that the response gradually decreased during the storage period of 34 days, which shows that basic fuchsin dye is photosensitive as well as thermally sensitive.
Experimental tests for 36cl removal from aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper presents the experimental tests of a chlorine separation and purification method from aqueous samples with knowing content of Co, Cs, Eu, Ni and Sr stable elements. The method is based on the property of chloride ions to form a silver chloride white precipitate, followed by the use of the extraction chromatography on the strong anionic resin (Bio-Rad AG® 1-X4) to purify chlorine. The concentrations of Co, Cs, Eu, Ni and Sr (separated from Cl by using precipitation method) were measured by ICP-OES. The silver chloride precipitate was dissolved in 25 % NH3 solution and loaded onto the anionic resin. The chloride ions were strongly retained on the resin and eluted with a proper solution. The final solution, containing chloride ions, was converted to a form compatible with the spectrophotometric and Mohr titration techniques, which were used to determine chloride concentration. The separation yields of Co, Cs, Eu, Ni and Sr from Cl are very good. More than 98 % from the initial concentration of chlorine was recovered. (authors)
Cr(VI) reduction in aqueous solutions by siderite.
Erdem, Mehmet; Gür, Faruk; Tümen, Fikret
Hexavalent chromium is a common and toxic pollutant in soils and wastewaters. Reduction of the mobile Cr(VI) to less mobile and less toxic Cr(III) is a solution for decontamination of industrial effluents. In this study, the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by siderite was investigated. The influences of amount of acid, contact time, siderite dosage, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and particle size of siderite have been tested in batch runs. The process was found to be acid, temperature and concentration dependent. The amount of acid is the most effective parameter affecting the Cr(VI) reduction since carbonaceous gangue minerals consume acid by side reactions. The highest Cr(VI) reduction efficiency (100%) occurred in the 50 mg/l Cr(VI) solution containing two times acid with respect to stoichiometric amount of Cr(VI) and at the conditions of siderite dosage 20 g/l, contact time 120 min and temperature 25 degrees C. Reduction efficiency increased with increase in temperature and decrease in particle size. The reduction capacity of siderite was found to be 17 mg-Cr(VI)/g. PMID:15363534
The autoreduction of pertechnetate in aqueous, alkaline solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The autoreduction of pertechnetate (99TcO4-) to Tc(IV/V) alkoxide complexes in aqueous, alkaline, solutions is described. Solutions of sodium pertechnetate (0.01M) reacted with nitrogen and oxygen donor ligands (1.0M) in 2M sodium hydroxide. Solutions containing nitrogen donor ligands (e.g., EDTA) showed the initial formation of lightly colored complexes followed by rapid decomposition in air. In contrast, stable, reduced complexes were formed within minutes of mixing pertechnetate with mono- and disaccharides in strong base, as indicated by a persistent color change. Chemical yields of these reactions were determined by thin layer chromatography or paper chromatography and radiochemically assayed with a Bioscan imaging scanner. Analysis by UV-vis spectroscopy suggested that Tc(IV) or Tc(V) complexes were produced, with the oxidation state dependent on the reducing ligand. These experiments may help explain the reduction of pertechnetate to the soluble complexes that have been found in the Hanford nuclear waste tanks. (author)
Ultrasonic Measurements of Temperature in Aqueous Solutions: Why and How
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A. Afaneh
Full Text Available The paper describes two different approaches to ultrasonic measurements of temperature in aqueous solutions. The first approach uses two narrowband ultrasonic transducers and support electronics that form an oscillating sensor which output frequency is related to the measured temperature. This low-cost sensor demonstrated sensitivity of about 40 Hz/K at the distance of 190 mm and the operating frequency of about 25 kHz. The second approach utilised pulse-echo mode at the centre frequency of 20 MHz. The reflector featured a cavity that was filled with deionised water. The ultrasound propagation delay in the cavity was related to the temperature in the solution. The experiments were conducted for deionised water, and solutions of sodium persulfate, sodium chloride, and acetic acid with concentrations up to 0.5 M. In the experiments (conducted within the temperature range from 15 to 30°C, we observed increases in the ultrasound velocity for increased temperatures and concentrations as was expected. Measurement results were compared with literature data for pure and seawater. It was concluded that ultrasonic measurements of temperature were conducted with the resolution well below 0.1 K for both methods. Advantages of ultrasonic temperature measurements over conventional thermometers were discussed.
Effect of gamma irradiation on viscosity of aqueous solutions of some natural polymers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Effect of gamma irradiation on viscosity of aqueous solution of alginate and carbon xylmethyl cellulose (CMC) irradiated in solid state has been carried out. the viscosity of aqueous solution of alginate and CMC decreased remarkably with increasing dose and the viscosity of 2% solution of above polymers irradiated at 50 kGy was about 100 times lower than the original one. (author)
Catalytic destruction of hazardous organics in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Baker, E.G.; Sealock, L.J. Jr.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is developing a process for destroying hazardous organics and chlorinated organics in aqueous solutions. The process is targeted at liquid waste streams that are difficult and costly to treat with conventional or developing technologies. Examples of these waste streams include contaminated groundwater and surface water and industrial wastewater. Aqueous solutions are treated with a transition metal catalyst at 300/degree/C to 460/degree/C and 2000 to 5000 psig pressure to convert the wastes to innocuous gases. During proof-of-principle tests conducted in a 1-L batch reactor, destruction of over 99/percent/ (in most cases approaching 99.9/percent/) of the organic material was achieved. Hexone (methyl is isobutyl ketone, MIBK), p-cresol, hexane, benzene, and naphthalene were used as model waste materials. The only major product with all of the organic compounds was a gas containing 50/percent/ to 75/percent/ methane, 25/percent/ to 45/percent/ carbon dioxide, and 0/percent) to 5/percent/ hydrogen. Reduced nickel was the only effective catalyst and that the optimal operating conditions for destroying nonchlorinated organics were 350/degree/C to 400/degree/C, 2000 to 4000 psig, and 30/endash/ to 60/endash/min residence time. These tests also indicated that catalyst deactivation or fouling would not be a problem at these conditions. Chlorobenzene and trichloroethylene (TEC), were also tested. Destruction of both compounds was 99/percent/ or greater, but the products were different from those obtained from hydrocarbons. With TCE, the major product was carbon dioxide; with chlorobenzene the major product identified was benzene. In the tests with the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the chlorine was converted to HC1 and the reduced nickel was converted to nickel hydroxide, which may be detrimental to long-term catalyst activity. (15 refs., 8 figs., 6 tabs).
Adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solutions onto dolomite
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Full text of publication follows: The release of radioactive substances into aqueous media is a very important subject in the context of high-level nuclear waste geologic repositories. Adsorption onto mineral surfaces is a very important process leading to the reduction of radionuclide concentrations in solution. Uranium is one of the well known radioactive substance whose adsorption behaviour may strongly vary depending on the environmental conditions such as adsorbent type and pH. Dolomite is a major and cheap source of magnesium and calcium. It is generally used in food and pharmaceutical industries, glass and building materials. In some conditions, dolomite can be used as an appropriate adsorbent for removal of some metal ions. Metal removal occurs because of the dual effect of electrostatic and chemical forces between mineral surfaces and ions. Adsorption of U(VI) onto dolomite is investigated by varying parameters such as solid to liquid ratio, contact time, pH and concentration of U(VI). 238U as uranyl nitrate is used for the experiments. The optimum solid to liquid ratio and contact time are found as 0.04 and 1 h, respectively. Formation of insoluble aqueous complexes of the U(VI) at higher pH values (pH>5), may change the mechanism of the adsorption phenomena on dolomite. Precipitation may occur at high pH values at studied uranium concentration (1.10-3 moL-1). The maximum adsorption is observed near pH 3. At this pH value UO22+ is dominant species in the solution. The data obtained from adsorption experiments are fitted to Frumkin, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The results calculated from adsorption isotherms evaluate the type of the adsorption. The adsorption dependence of uranium on temperature is investigated and thermodynamic parameters ΔHo, ΔSo and ΔGo are calculated. (authors)
Humic acid removal from aqueous solutions by peroxielectrocoagulation process
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Ahmad Reza Yazdanbakhsh
Full Text Available Background: Natural organic matter is the cause of many problems associated with water treatment such as the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs and membrane fouling during water filtration. In this study, the performance of the peroxi-electrocoagulation process (PEP was investigated for the removal of humic acids (HAs from aqueous solutions. Methods: PEP was carried out for the removal of HA using a plexiglas reactor with a volume of 2 L and fitted with iron electrodes and a direct current supply (DC. Samples were taken at various amounts of pH (2-4, current density (1 and 2A/cm2, hydrogen peroxide (50-150 mg/L and reaction time (5-20 minutes and then filtered to remove sludge formed during reaction. Finally, the HA concentration was measured by UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254. Results: Results indicated that increasing the concentration of H2O2 from 50 to 150 mg/L increased HA removal efficiency from 83% to 94.5%. The highest removal efficiency was observed at pH 3.0; by increasing the pH to the alkaline range, the efficiency of the process was reduced. It was found that HA removal efficiency was high in current density 1A/cm2. Increasing current density up to 1 A cm-2 caused a decrease in removal efficiency. Results of this study showed that under the optimum operating range for the process ([current density] = 1A/cm2, [hydrogen peroxide concentration] = 150 mg/L, [reaction time]= 20 minutes and [pH]= 3.0, HA removal efficiency reached 98%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that PEP has the potential to be utilized for cost-effective removal of HA from aqueous solutions.
Biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution using dye waste.
Nigam, Shubha; Vankar, Padma S; Gopal, Krishna
The purpose of this study is to examine on removal of arsenic from water by biosorption through potential application of herbal dye wastes. Four different flower dye residues (after extraction of natural dye) viz. Hibiscus rosasinensis, Rosa rosa, Tagetes erecta, and Canna indica were utilized successfully for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solution. Batch studies were carried out for various parameters viz. pH, sorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. Data were utilized for isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses of biomass were performed. The results showed that 1 g/100 ml for 5.0-5.5 h contact time at pH 6.0-7.5 with agitation rate 150 rpm provided 98, 96, 92, and 85 % maximum absorption of arsenic by R. rosa, H. rosasinensis, T. erecta, and C. indica, respectively, at initial concentration of 500 ppb. Data followed Langmuir isotherm showing sorption to be monolayer on heterogeneous surface of biosorbent. Negative values of ΔG° indicated spontaneous nature, whereas ΔH° indicates exothermic nature of system followed by pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics. FTIR results showed apparent changes in functional group regions after metal chelation. SEM and EDAX analyses showed the changes in surface morphology of all test biosorbents. Herbal dye wastes, used as biosorbent, exhibited significant (85-98 %) removal of arsenic from aqueous solution. Hence, these biosorbents are cost-effective, easily available, eco-friendly, and comparatively more effective than other biosorbents already in use. These may be used to remove arsenic and other toxic metals from water. PMID:22661261
Thermodynamics of dilute aqueous solutions of imidazolium based ionic liquids
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Research highlights: → The thermodynamic behaviour of aqueous imidazolium ILs has been investigated. → Volumetric and ultrasonic results indicated the hydrophobic hydration of ILs. → Viscometric studies revealed studied ionic liquids as water-structure makers. → Hydration number increased with increase in alkyl chain length of the cation. - Abstract: Experimental measurements of density ρ, speed of sound u, and viscosity η of aqueous solutions of various 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquid (IL) solutions have been performed in dilute concentration regime at 298.15 K to get insight into hydration behaviour of ILs. The investigated ILs are based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, [Cnmim] having [BF4]-, [Cl]-, [C1OSO3]-, and [C8OSO3]- as anions where n = 4 or 8. Several thermodynamic parameters like apparent molar volume φV, isentropic compressibility βs, and viscosity B-coefficients have been derived from experimental data. Limiting value of apparent molar volume has been discussed in terms of intrinsic molar volume (Vint) molar electrostriction volume (Velec), molar disordered (Vdis), and cage volume (Vcage). Viscosity B-coefficients have been used to quantify the kosmotropic or chaotropic nature of ILs. Hydration number of ILs obtained using elctrostriction volume, isentropic compressibility, viscosity, and differential scanning calorimetry have been found to be comparative within the experimental error. The hydrophobic hydration has found to play an important role in hydration of ILs as compared to hydration due to hydrogen bonding and electrostriction. Limiting molar properties, hydration numbers, and B-coefficients have been discussed in terms of alkyl chain length of cation or nature of anion.
Electron beam irradiation induced degradation of polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Background: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been widely used in the industry of textile, however, its aqueous solution was difficult to be biodegraded under natural conditions. Purpose: In this study, the PVA in aqueous solution was degraded by electron beam irradiation. Methods: Radioactive ray from electron accelerator was used for degradation of PVA aqueous solution. The effects of different radiation dose and pH on the CODCr and BOD5 values of PVA aqueous solution were investigated. The precipitation generated from acidic irradiated PVA aqueous solution was used for infrared spectroscopy analysis. Results: CODCr values of neutral and alkaline PVA aqueous solution were not significantly changed in the radiation dose range of 0-30 kGy. Acidic PVA aqueous solution after 20-30 kGy dose irradiation produced precipitation obviously. The CODCr values were significantly reduced by 97%-98%. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that precipitation was cross-linked PVA. With radiation dose increasing, BOD5 values of different pH of PVA aqueous solution was gradually reduced, the acidic BOD5 values were minimal under the same radiation dose. The B/C values of neutral and alkaline PVA aqueous solution irradiated by the dose range of 0-30 kGy was no significantly changed. However, the B/C values of acidic PVA aqueous solution increased obviously after 20-30 kGy irradiation, and it increased 14-16 times. Conclusions: This study indicated that under the acidic circumstance, the CODCr values of PVA aqueous solution decreased significantly, PVA in aqueous solution was removed efficiently by electron beam irradiation, and the potential of biodegradation was also improved. (authors)
The Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Low Cost Adsorbents
J. J. Chamargore; Bharad, J. V.; Madje, B. R.; Ubale, M. B.
Removal of color from aqueous solution by using low cost easily available adsorbent was conducted by batch experiment. The potential of the low cost adsorbent (Marble powder-treated and untreated) to remove methylene red from aqueous solution were assessed at room temperature. Laboratory investigation of the potential of marble powder and sulphuric acid treated marble powder to remove dye color from aqueous solution has been studied. Parameters studied included pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye...
Solubility of proline-leucine dipeptide in water and in aqueous sodium chloride solutions from T = (288.15 to 313.15) K
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Solubility of proline-leucine dipeptide, in water and in aqueous sodium chloride solutions, was measured at T = (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K as a function of electrolyte concentration m = (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) mol . kg-1 of water. Solubility data has been evaluated from density measurements using a vibrating tube densimeter. It has been observed that sodium chloride renders the dipeptide proline-leucine more soluble in water. Salting-in coefficients and standard free energies of transfer of proline-leucine, from water to aqueous sodium chloride solutions, have been calculated from the solubility data. Standard enthalpies and entropies of transfer have also been estimated and interpreted in terms of electrostatic and hydrophobic perturbed domains in the hydration shells of the dipeptide and of the cation and anion of the salt, as a function of temperature and salt concentration
Viscosity Behavior of α-Amino Acids in Acetate Salt Solutions at Temperatures (303.15 to 323.15) K
Siddique, Jamal Akhter; Naqvi, Saeeda
Viscosities of l-lysine monohydrochloride, l-histidine, and l-arginine in 1 m (mol · kg-1) aqueous solutions of sodium acetate, potassium acetate, and calcium acetate salts has been determined at (303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, and 323.15) K. The Falkenhagen coefficient, A, and Jones-Dole coefficient, B, relative viscosity, and specific viscosity of the solutions have also been determined using the measured viscosities. The results are interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions occurring in the system under investigation and also discussed in terms of the structure-making/breaking ability of the solute in these salt solutions. The structure making/breaking abilities of the solutes in the studied systems are strongly influenced by temperature.
Extraction of scandium from various media with triisoamyl phosphate. Communication 1. extraction of Sc and impurity metals from aqueous nitric acid solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The main features of extraction of Sc from aqueous nitric acid solutions with triisoamyl phosphate (TIAP) were studied. It was shown that Sc passes into the organic phase in the form of Sc(NO3)3·3TIAP. The extraction isotherms of Sc from its aqueous HNO3 solutions and from those containing salting-out agents (LiNO3, NH4NO3) with TIAP in dodecane were obtained. The distribution factor of Sc was studied in relation to the concentrations of TIAP, salting-out agent, and HNO3. The extraction of Sc and impurity metals (Zr, Th, REE) with TIAP was studied using a tracer technique at widely varied HNO3 concentration in the aqueous phase. The separation factors of Sc from impurity metals were determined
Measurement and correlation of physical properties of aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, piperazine and their aqueous blends
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Rizwan Safdar; Abdul Aziz Omar; Lukman B Ismail; Arhama Bari; Bhajan Lal
The density, viscosity and refractive index of aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), pi-perazine (PZ) and their aqueous blends are determined at several temperatures (303.15 to 333.15 K). All these measured physicochemical properties decreases with an increase in temperature. The density data is used to cal-culate the coefficient of thermal expansion and excess molar volume of al aqueous binary and ternary solutions. The coefficient of thermal expansion increases with increase in temperatures and concentrations. The negativity of excess molar volume for al the aqueous solution decreased with increase in temperature. Each physical prop-erty is correlated with temperature by least square method and the corresponding coefficients for each property are presented. The prediction values from correlations for the physical properties are in good agreement with the experimental values.
Adsorption of cesium on cement mortar from aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Volchek, Konstantin, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 (Canada); Miah, Muhammed Yusuf [Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 (Canada); Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Noakhali Science and Technology University (Bangladesh); Kuang, Wenxing; DeMaleki, Zack [Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 (Canada); Tezel, F. Handan [Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 (Canada)
Highlights: {yields} The adsorption of cesium on cement mortar was investigated in a range of temperatures and cesium concentrations. {yields} The pseudo-second order kinetic model produced a good fit with the experimental kinetic data. {yields} Equilibrium test results correlated well with the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model. {yields} The interaction between cesium ions and cement mortar was dominated by chemical adsorption. - Abstract: The adsorption of cesium on cement mortar from aqueous solutions was studied in series of bench-scale tests. The effects of cesium concentration, temperature and contact time on process kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated. Experiments were carried out in a range of initial cesium concentrations from 0.0103 to 10.88 mg L{sup -1} and temperatures from 278 to 313 K using coupons of cement mortar immersed in the solutions. Non-radioactive cesium chloride was used as a surrogate of the radioactive {sup 137}Cs. Solution samples were taken after set periods of time and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Depending on the initial cesium concentration, its equilibrium concentration in solution ranged from 0.0069 to 8.837 mg L{sup -1} while the respective surface concentration on coupons varied from 0.0395 to 22.34 {mu}g cm{sup -2}. Equilibrium test results correlated well with the Freundlich isotherm model for the entire test duration. Test results revealed that an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in adsorption rate and a decrease in equilibrium cesium surface concentration. Among several kinetic models considered, the pseudo-second order reaction model was found to be the best to describe the kinetic test results in the studied range of concentrations. The adsorption activation energy determined from Arrhenius equation was found to be approximately 55.9 kJ mol{sup -1} suggesting that chemisorption was the prevalent mechanism of interaction between cesium ions and cement mortar.
Fabrication of platinum nanoparticles in aqueous solution and solid phase using amphiphilic PB-b-PEO copolymer nanoreactors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: TEM image of Pt nanoparticles produced by reducing by NaBH4 within PB-b-PEO micelles in aqueous media (scale bar 1 nm). - Highlights: • Pt nanoparticles were synthesized within amphiphilic diblock copolymer micelles. • The effects of reducing agents and precursor dose on Pt np size were investigated. • The effect on fabrication of Pt np by reducing in aqueous and solid phases was compared. • The size of nanoparticles was about 1.4 nm for all doses and reducing agents types. - Abstract: Fabrication of Pt nanoparticles using an amphiphilic copolymer template in aqueous solution was achieved via polybutadiene-block-polyethyleneoxide copolymer micelles, which acted as nanoreactors. In addition, Pt nanoparticles were synthesized using hydrogen gas as the reducing agent in solid state for the first time to compare against solution synthesis. The influences of loaded precursor salt amount to micelles and the type of reducing agent on the size of nanoparticles were investigated through transmission electron microscopy. It was found that increasing the ratio of precursor salt to copolymer and using different type of reducing agent, even in solid phase reduction, did not affect the nanoparticle size. The average size of Pt nanoparticles was estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.1 nm. The reason for getting same sized nanoparticles was discussed in the light of nucleation, growth process, stabilization and diffusion of nanoparticles within micelles
Fabrication of platinum nanoparticles in aqueous solution and solid phase using amphiphilic PB-b-PEO copolymer nanoreactors
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hoda, Numan, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya (Turkey); Budama, Leyla; Çakır, Burçin Acar; Topel, Önder [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya (Turkey); Ozisik, Rahmi [Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Renssleaer Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (United States)
Graphical abstract: TEM image of Pt nanoparticles produced by reducing by NaBH{sub 4} within PB-b-PEO micelles in aqueous media (scale bar 1 nm). - Highlights: • Pt nanoparticles were synthesized within amphiphilic diblock copolymer micelles. • The effects of reducing agents and precursor dose on Pt np size were investigated. • The effect on fabrication of Pt np by reducing in aqueous and solid phases was compared. • The size of nanoparticles was about 1.4 nm for all doses and reducing agents types. - Abstract: Fabrication of Pt nanoparticles using an amphiphilic copolymer template in aqueous solution was achieved via polybutadiene-block-polyethyleneoxide copolymer micelles, which acted as nanoreactors. In addition, Pt nanoparticles were synthesized using hydrogen gas as the reducing agent in solid state for the first time to compare against solution synthesis. The influences of loaded precursor salt amount to micelles and the type of reducing agent on the size of nanoparticles were investigated through transmission electron microscopy. It was found that increasing the ratio of precursor salt to copolymer and using different type of reducing agent, even in solid phase reduction, did not affect the nanoparticle size. The average size of Pt nanoparticles was estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.1 nm. The reason for getting same sized nanoparticles was discussed in the light of nucleation, growth process, stabilization and diffusion of nanoparticles within micelles.
Resonant X-ray scattering studies of concentrated aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The microscopic structure of concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions has been studied by resonant X-ray diffraction (RXD). This technique provides a method for the measurement of the structure around a specific atom or ion in solution. In that sense, RXD is the X-ray equivalent of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS). The use of RXD as an alternative to NDIS has been considered of interest for some time; it is potentially one of the best methods for overcoming the most important limitation of the neutron diffraction technique, i.e. the lack of suitable isotopes for every atomic species. Third generation synchrotron sources offer an unprecedented opportunity for the further development of RXD to study the microscopic structure of liquids and amorphous materials. One of the main aims of this thesis was to check whether it could be possible to obtain results of comparable accuracy to those of NDIS. In this work, the hydration structures of Br-, Rb+, Sr2+ and Y3+ in concentrated aqueous solutions have been studied by RXD. A detailed account of how the experiments were carried out and the data analysis procedure is given. The results are compared with those obtained for the same ion by other techniques and to those obtained for similar systems by NDIS. The reliability of these results and the observed trends in the measured structure when compared to other ions in the same series are discussed. A comparative study of the structure of the three cations is also presented in this thesis. This work illustrates one of the main advantages of RXD: the possibility of carrying out systematic structural studies on all elements with atomic number greater than 28 (Ni). Finally, a critical discussion on the actual stage of development of RXD is presented. The results shown offer evidence of the future prospects of the technique and justify further efforts to develop it to the level of reliability and ease of use that NDIS has reached after more than three decades
Micellization properties of cationic gemini surfactants in aqueous solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Łudzik, K., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 165, 90-236 Łódź (Poland); Piekarski, H.; Kubalczyk, K.; Wasiak, M. [Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 165, 90-236 Łódź (Poland)
Highlights: ► We measured the d and c{sub p} of for the aqueous solutions of 8-6-8 and 8-12-8 surfactants. ► We analyzed the α{sub T} = f (m), V{sub ϕ} = f (m), c{sub p} = f (m) and C{sub p,ϕ} = f (m). ► The inflection point in the curves of the C{sub p,ϕ} = f (m) corresponds to the c.m.c. ► We analyzed thermodynamics parameters of the micellization for the surfactants. - Abstract: The main goal of this work was to investigate the self-assembly process for water solutions of two gemini surfactants, which differ in spacer chain length, at wide range of temperatures. For this reason the aqueous solutions of hexylene-1,6-bis(dimethyl-octylammonium bromide) and dodecylene-1,12-bis(dimethyloctylammonium bromide) have been examined by the calorimetric (DSC) and densimetric methods within the 293–323 K and 288–323 K temperature range, respectively. The analysis of c{sub p} values obtained for the examined systems allowed to propose an alternative way to estimate the region where micellization process can occur. The observed temperature dependence of the c.m.c. for surfactants investigated shows a typical shape for ionic gemini surfactants. This behavior was explained as a resultant of two competing effect: decrease in the hydrophilic properties of the surfactant molecule and decrease in the hydrophobic hydration of the alkyl chain along with the temperature increase. The enthalpy of micellization ΔH{sub mic} and other thermodynamics parameters associated with the micellization process: ΔG{sub mic}, ΔS{sub mic} and ΔC{sub p} {sub mic} were calculated on the base of the pseudo-phase separation model. As expected, more exothermic enthalpies of micellization are observed with increasing temperature for both the surfactants investigated in this work.
Sorption characteristics of technetium on crosslinked chitosan from aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Removal of radioactive ions from the wastewaters is a huge problem because these ions are extremely dangerous for environment and human health by their high toxicity at very low concentrations and long half lives. These pollutants arise into the wastewaters as a result of different industrial activities like: mining, production of nuclear fuels, laboratory investigations, etc. The methods developed for removal of radioisotopes from wastewaters include: chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane-related processes, biological processes and electrochemical techniques. The application of polymer such as chitosan is one of the emerging adsorption methods for removal of dyes and heavy metal ions, even at low concentrations. Chitosan is a type of natural polyaminosaccharide, synthesized from deacetylation of chitin. It is composed of β (1→4) linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units. Chitosan is very sensitive to pH as it can either form gel or dissolve depending on the pH values. To improve chitosan's performance as an adsorbent, cross-linking reagents such as glyoxal, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin have been used. Cross-linking agents do not only stabilize chitosan in acid solutions so that is becomes insoluble but also enhance its mechanical properties and adsorption capacity. Crosslinked chitosan is suitable for the sorption of radionuclides from aqueous solutions, such as cesium, cobalt, europium, uranium, thorium, technetium, plutonium, and americium due to the presence of amino and hydroxyl groups, which are the active sites. Technetium has no stable isotope in nature, it has essentially all been created by human activities. Among radioactive isotopes, 99Tc has a half-life 2.1·105 years sufficiently long enough to warrant concern and it is produced in the fission of 235U and 239Pu with a relatively high yield of about 6 %. The radionuclide, 99Tc, has been released into the environment during nuclear weapons testing. Since discharges
Lead removal from aqueous solutions by a Tunisian smectitic clay
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chaari, Islem [Laboratoire de Georessources CERTE BP 95, 2050 Hamam-Lif (Tunisia)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Fakhfakh, Emna; Chakroun, Salima [Laboratoire de Georessources CERTE BP 95, 2050 Hamam-Lif (Tunisia); Bouzid, Jalel; Boujelben, Nesrine [Laboratoire Eau Energie et Environnement, departement de genie geologique, Ecole Nationale d' Ingenieurs de Sfax, BP W 3038 Sfax (Tunisia); Feki, Mongi [Unite de chimie industrielle I, Ecole Nationale d' Ingenieurs de Sfax, BP W 3038 Sfax (Tunisia); Rocha, Fernando [MIA, Universite d' Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro (Portugal)], E-mail: email@example.com; Jamoussi, Fakher [Laboratoire de Georessources CERTE BP 95, 2050 Hamam-Lif (Tunisia)
The adsorption of Pb{sup 2+} ions onto Tunisian smectite-rich clay in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system. Four samples of clay (AYD, AYDh, AYDs, AYDc) were used. The raw AYD clay was sampled in the Coniacian-Early Campanian of Jebel Aidoudi in El Hamma area (South of Tunisia). AYDh and AYDs corresponds to AYD activated by 2.5 mol/l hydrochloric acid and 2.5 mol/l sulphuric acid, respectively. AYDc corresponds to AYD calcined at different temperatures (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 deg. C). The raw AYD clay was characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy and coupled DTA-TGA. Specific surface area of all the clay samples was determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Preliminary adsorption tests showed that sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid activation of raw AYD clay enhanced its adsorption capacity for Pb{sup 2+} ions. However, the uptake of Pb{sup 2+} by AYDs was very high compared to that by AYDh. This fact was attributed to the greater solubility of clay minerals in sulphuric acid compared to hydrochloric acid. Thermic activation of AYD clay reduced the Pb{sup 2+} uptake as soon as calcination temperature reaches 200 deg. C. All these preliminary results were well correlated to the variation of the specific surface area of the clay samples. The ability of AYDs sample to remove Pb{sup 2+} from aqueous solutions has been studied at different operating conditions: contact time, adsorbent amount, metal ion concentration and pH. Kinetic experiments showed that the sorption of lead ions on AYDs was very fast and the equilibrium was practically reached after only 20 min. The results revealed also that the adsorption of lead increases with an increase in the solution pH from 1 to 4.5 and then decreases, slightly between pH 4.5 and 6, and rapidly at pH 6.5 due to the precipitation of some Pb{sup 2+} ions. The equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q{sub 0
Structure and phase behavior of aqueous methylcellulose solutions
McAllister, John; Schmidt, Peter; Lodge, Timothy; Bates, Frank
Cellulose ethers (CE) constitute a multi-billion dollar industry, and have found end uses in a broad array of applications from construction materials, food products, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals for more than 80 years. Methylcellulose (MC, with the trade name METHOCEL™) is a CE in which there is a partial substitution of -OH groups with -OCH3 groups. This results in a polymer that is water-soluble at low temperatures, and aqueous solutions of MC display gelation and phase separation at higher temperatures. The nature of MC gelation has been debated for many years, and this project has made significant advances in the understanding of the solution properties of CEs. We have characterized a fibrillar structure of MC gels by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Using light scattering, turbidity measurements, and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) we report that MC microphase separates by nucleation and growth of fibril aggregates, and is a different process from LCST phase separation.
Photocatalytic decomposition of cortisone acetate in aqueous solution.
Romão, Joana Sobral; Hamdy, Mohamed S; Mul, Guido; Baltrusaitis, Jonas
The photocatalytic decomposition of cortisone 21-acetate (CA), a model compound for the commonly used steroid, cortisone, was studied. CA was photocatalytically decomposed in a slurry reactor with the initial rates between 0.11 and 0.46 mg L(-1)min(-1) at 10 mg L(-1) concentration, using the following heterogeneous photocatalysts in decreasing order of their catalytic activity: ZnO>Evonik TiO2 P25>Hombikat TiO2>WO3. Due to the lack of ZnO stability in aqueous solutions, TiO2 P25 was chosen for further experiments. The decomposition reaction was found to be pseudo-first order and the rate constant decreased as a function of increasing initial CA concentration. Changing the initial pH of the CA solution did not affect the reaction rate significantly. The decomposition reaction in the presence of the oxidizing sacrificial agent sodium persulfate showed an observed decomposition rate constant of 0.004 min(-1), lower than that obtained for TiO2 P25 (0.040 min(-1)). The highest photocatalytic degradation rate constant was obtained combining both TiO2 P25 and S2O8(2-) (0.071 min(-1)) showing a synergistic effect. No reactive intermediates were detected using LC-MS showing fast photocatalytic decomposition kinetics of CA. PMID:24953705
Single Molecule Electrochemical Detection in Aqueous Solutions and Ionic Liquids.
Byers, Joshua C; Paulose Nadappuram, Binoy; Perry, David; McKelvey, Kim; Colburn, Alex W; Unwin, Patrick R
Single molecule electrochemical detection (SMED) is an extremely challenging aspect of electroanalytical chemistry, requiring unconventional electrochemical cells and measurements. Here, SMED is reported using a "quad-probe" (four-channel probe) pipet cell, fabricated by depositing carbon pyrolytically into two diagonally opposite barrels of a laser-pulled quartz quadruple-barreled pipet and filling the open channels with electrolyte solution, and quasi-reference counter electrodes. A meniscus forms at the end of the probe covering the two working electrodes and is brought into contact with a substrate working electrode surface. In this way, a nanogap cell is produced whereby the two carbon electrodes in the pipet can be used to promote redox cycling of an individual molecule with the substrate. Anticorrelated currents generated at the substrate and tip electrodes, at particular distances (typically tens of nanometers), are consistent with the detection of single molecules. The low background noise realized in this droplet format opens up new opportunities in single molecule electrochemistry, including the use of ionic liquids, as well as aqueous solution, and the quantitative assessment and analysis of factors influencing redox cycling currents, due to a precisely known gap size. PMID:26398675
Columnar molecular aggregation in the aqueous solutions of disodium cromoglycate
Agra-Kooijman, Dena M.; Singh, Gautam; Lorenz, Alexander; Collings, Peter J.; Kitzerow, Heinz-S.; Kumar, Satyendra
Stack, chimneylike, and threadlike assemblies have previously been proposed for the structure of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) aggregates in aqueous solutions. The results of the synchrotron x-ray scattering investigations reported here reveal the formation of simple columnar assemblies with π-π stacking at a separation of 3.4 Å between the DSCG molecules. Lateral separation between the assemblies is concentration and temperature dependent, varying from ˜35 to 42 Å in the orientationally ordered nematic (N) phase and from 27 to 32 Å in the columnar or middle (M) phase having long range lateral positional order. The assemblies' length depends on concentration and consists of ˜23 molecules in the N phase, becoming three to ten times larger in the M phase. The scission energy is concentration dependent in the N phase with values ˜7.19 ± 0.14 kBT (15 wt %), 2.73 ± 0.4 kBT (20 wt %), and 3.05 ± 0.2 kBT (25 wt %). Solutions of all concentrations undergo a spinodal decomposition at temperatures above ˜40 °C, resulting in DSCG-rich regions with the M phase and water-rich regions in the N and isotropic phases.
Hydroxyl radical induced degradation of salicylates in aerated aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ionizing radiation induced degradation of acetylsalicylic acid, its hydrolysis product salicylic acid and a salicylic acid derivative 5-sulpho-salicylic acid, was investigated in dilute aqueous solutions by UV–vis spectrophotometry, HPLC separation and diode-array or MS/MS detection, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon content and by Vibrio fischeri toxicity measurements. Hydroxyl radicals were shown to degrade these molecules readily, and first degradation products were hydroxylated derivatives in all cases. Due to the by-products, among them hydrogen peroxide, the toxicity first increased and then decreased with the absorbed dose. With prolonged irradiation complete mineralization was achieved. - Highlights: • In OH induced reactions of salicylates first products are hydroxylated derivatives. • With prolonged irradiation dihydroxy derivatives also form. • In aerated solutions the one-electron oxidant OH induces 3–4 oxidations. • Toxicity first increases and then decreases with dose mainly due to H2O2 formation. • The toxicity in tap water is smaller than in pure water
Adsorption of itaconic acid from aqueous solutions onto alumina
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available Itaconic acid, IA (C5H6O4, was investigated as a potential flocculant for the aqueous processing of alumina powders. The adsorption of IA, as a function of its concentration and pH value of the solution, onto the alumina surface was studied by the solution depletion method. The stability of the suspensions in the presence of itaconic acid was evaluated in light of the surface charge of the alumina powder used, the degree of dissociation of IA, as well as the sedimentation behavior and rheology of the suspensions. It was found that the adsorption process is extremely pH dependent; the maximum adsorption of IA onto alumina surface occurring at a pH close to the value of the first IA dissociation constant, pKa1. Also, IA does not influence the value of the point of zero charge of alumina. It was shown that IA represents an efficient flocculant for concentrated acidic alumina suspensions.
Speciation of aluminum in aqueous solutions using ion chromatography
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bertsch, P.M.; Anderson, M.A.
An ion chromatographic method in which aluminum (AI) is quantitatively determined via postcolumn derivatization with Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-m-benzenedisulfonic acid) was evaluated for its utility as a method for speciating AI in aqueous solutions. Fluro-, oxalato-, and citratoaluminum complexes were identified by distinct peaks within chromatograms of AI solutions when the appropriate ligand was added. Excellent quantitative agreement between predicted species concentrations (via the thermodynamic speciation model GEOCHEM) and those determined by ion chromatography was obtained for samples prepared in the eluent matrix. The predominantly outer sphere sulfatoaluminum complexes were not observed to elute as singly charged species, but rather exhibited a retention time indistinguishable from the AI(H/sub 2/O)6(3+) species. It is concluded that inner sphere AI complexes (generally possessing relatively high association constants) possess adequate kinetic stability to withstand degradation during the ion exchange process, whereas outer sphere complexes apparently readily dissociate in the presence of the sulfonate exchange sites. Deviations in sample ionic strength (mu) and pH from that of the eluent resulted in some redistribution among species, the degree of which was ligand specific.
Processes for working-up an aqueous fluosilicic acid solution
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alpha O. Toure
Full Text Available Aqueous fluosilicic acid solutions were once considered to be only adverse by-products of phosphoric acid production, which required treatment to prevent ecosystem destruction when discharged into the sea. However, a range of chemicals can be generated by the transformation of this industrial waste product. Through experiments undertaken in the laboratory, we have shown the possibility of caustic soda production. Volumetric analysis showed caustic soda to be present as a 6%– 7%solution with yields of about 70% – 80%by weight. Two processes were investigated for the caustification of sodium fluoride, using different precipitates: sodium chloride and ethanol and are described by modelling caustification curves. The activation energies of precipitation determined by semi-empirical correlations showed that precipitation by ethanol (EA = 933.536 J/mol was more successful than precipitation by sodium chloride (EA = 7452.405 J/mol. Analyses performed on the precipitates highlighted compositions that are essential and useful constituents in the cement industry.
Removal of Nitrate From Aqueous Solution Using Rice Chaff
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available Background Nitrate is largely dissolved in the surface and ground water, due to its high solubility. Continual uptake of nitrite through drinking water can lead to problems and diseases (such as blue baby for humans, especially children. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a new and inexpensive method for the removal of nitrate from water. In this regard, the possibility of using chaff for removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions was studied and the optimum operating conditions of nitrate removal was determined. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted in laboratory scale. The UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of maximum absorbance (220 nm was used to determine the nitrate concentration. The effect of pH, amount of chaff, temperature, and contact time were investigated. Results The result of this study revealed that chaff as an absorbent could remove nitrate from solutions, and the efficiency of adsorption increased as contact time increased from 5 to 30 minutes, amount of chaff increased from 1 to 3 g, temperature increased in a range of 300 - 400°C and the amount of pH decreased from 10 to 3. The maximum adsorption rate was around pH 3 (53.14%. Conclusions It was shown that the removal efficiency of nitrate was directly proportional to the amount of chaff, temperature, and contact time but inversely to the pH. This study showed that nitrate removal by chaff is a promising technique.
From solution to oxide. Cations condensation in aqueous solution. Surface chemistry of oxides
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
How is formed a solid from a solution? What are the properties of a dispersion of particles? The aim of this book is to answer to these questions. From an overview of the condensation processes of the cations in aqueous solution and the revealing of the structural relationships between species in solution and the formed solids, this book gives a logic in the phenomenon of oxides precipitation. The relationship that is established between the solutions chemistry and the solid chemistry allows to rationalize the behaviour of cations and to discuss the various factors whose structure, morphology and particles size are depending. It is from basic concepts relative to the oxide - aqueous solution interface that is presented the surface chemistry of oxides nano-particles. This one establishes the properties and the behaviour of the dispersions. Different phenomena bound to adsorption (arranged aggregation, control of particles size, interfacial electronic transfer, magnetic interactions between particles...) are studied. This book develops some aspects of the chemistry of metallic cations which is very important in a fundamental and technological point of view (synthesis of nano-materials, ceramics powders, catalysts, geochemical processes, biological phenomena, sol-gel techniques...). It is intended for university or engineers students and industrial searchers. (O.M.)
Results for the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 Tank 50H Salt Solution Sample
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this memorandum, the chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 (CY15) sample of Tank 50H salt solution are presented in tabulated form. The Fourth Quarter CY15 Tank 50H samples were obtained on October 29, 2015 and received at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) on October 30, 2015. The information from this characterization will be used by Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) & Saltstone Facility Engineering for the transfer of aqueous waste from Tank 50H to the Salt Feed Tank in the Saltstone Production Facility, where the waste will be treated and disposed of in the Saltstone Disposal Facility. This memorandum compares results, where applicable, to Saltstone Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) limits and targets. Data pertaining to the regulatory limits for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals will be documented at a later time per the Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP) for the Tank 50H saltstone task. The chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the characterization of the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 (CY15) sampling of Tank 50H were requested by SRR personnel and details of the testing are presented in the SRNL Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan.
Results for the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 Tank 50H Salt Solution Sample
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Crawford, C. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL)
In this memorandum, the chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 (CY15) sample of Tank 50H salt solution are presented in tabulated form. The Fourth Quarter CY15 Tank 50H samples were obtained on October 29, 2015 and received at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) on October 30, 2015. The information from this characterization will be used by Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) & Saltstone Facility Engineering for the transfer of aqueous waste from Tank 50H to the Salt Feed Tank in the Saltstone Production Facility, where the waste will be treated and disposed of in the Saltstone Disposal Facility. This memorandum compares results, where applicable, to Saltstone Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) limits and targets. Data pertaining to the regulatory limits for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals will be documented at a later time per the Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP) for the Tank 50H saltstone task. The chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the characterization of the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2015 (CY15) sampling of Tank 50H were requested by SRR personnel and details of the testing are presented in the SRNL Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan.
Precipitation of calcium carbonate in aqueous solutions in presence of ethylene glycol and dodecane.
Natsi, Panagiota D.; Rokidi, Stamatia; Koutsoukos, Petros G.
The formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in aqueous supersaturated solutions has been intensively studied over the past decades, because of its significance for a number of processes of industrial and environmental interest. In the oil and gas production industry the deposition of calcium carbonate affects adversely the productivity of the wells. Calcium carbonate scale deposits formation causes serious problems in water desalination, CO2 sequestration in subsoil wells, in geothermal systems and in heat exchangers because of the low thermal coefficient of the salt. Amelioration of the operational conditions is possible only when the mechanisms underlying nucleation and crystal growth of calcium carbonate in the aqueous fluids is clarified. Given the fact that in oil production processes water miscible and immiscible hydrocarbons are present the changes of the dielectric constant of the fluid phase has serious impact in the kinetics of calcium carbonate precipitation, which remains largely unknown. The problem becomes even more complicated if polymorphism exhibited by calcium carbonate is also taken into consideration. In the present work, the stability of aqueous solutions supersaturated with respect to all calcium carbonate polymorphs and the subsequent kinetics of calcium carbonate precipitation were measured. The measurements included aqueous solutions and solutions in the presence of water miscible (ethylene glycol, MEG) and water immiscible organics (n-dodecane). All measurements were done at conditions of sustained supersaturation using the glass/ Ag/AgCl combination electrode as a probe of the precipitation and pH as the master variable for the addition of titrant solutions with appropriate concentration needed to maintenance the solution supersaturation. Initially, the metastable zone width was determined from measurements of the effect of the solution supersaturation on the induction time preceding the onset of precipitation at free-drift conditions. The
The reducibility of sulphuric acid and sulphate in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In connection with the Swedish project for final storage of spent fuel elements it was necessary to assess whether dissolved sulphate can corrode the copper canister. A simple reaction between copper and sulphate is thermodynamically impossible, but copper can react to give copper sulphide if an additional electron donor such as iron(II) is available. The problem was extended to the more general question of the reducibility of sulphur(VI) in dilute aqueous solution. Chemical reduction of sulphate does not take place in dilute solution at temperatures below 100oC. In experiments on the reduction of sulphates under hydrothermal conditions a reaction only takes place at temperatures above 275-300oC. The oxidising action of sulphuric acid on metals becomes perceptible only at acid concentrations over 45-50%. In experiments on the cathodic reduction of 74% sulphuric acid the formation of hydrogen sulphide and elementary sulphur starts, depending on the current density, at 50-130oC, and polarographic measurements suggest that the reducible species is not the hydrogen sulphate ion but molecular sulphuric acid. The resistance of copper to oxygen-free sulphuric acid up to a concentration of 60% is well-known. Numerous processes in industrial electrochemistry take place in sulphuric acid or sulphate electrolytes. The reversible metal/metal-sulphate electrodes of lead and cadmium are unstable relative to the corresponding metal sulphides. Nevertheless the reversible lead sulphate electrode does not fail from sulphide formation. All these facts confirm that sulphur(VI) in dilute solution is completely inert towards chemical reducing agents and also to cathodic reduction. Thus corrosion of copper by sulphate under final-storage conditions and in the absence of sulphate reducing bacteria can be almost certainly be ruled out. (author) 5 figs., 85 refs
Phase Diagrams of the Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of Poly(ethylene glycol)/Sodium Polyacrylate/Salts
Adalberto Pessoa Junior; Hans-Olof Johansson; Eloi Feitosa
Aqueous two-phase systems consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), and a salt have been studied. The effects of the polymer size, salt type (NaCl, Na2SO4, sodium adipate and sodium azelate) and salt concentrations on the position of the binodal curve were investigated. The investigated PEG molecules had a molar mass of 2,000 to 8,000 g/mol, while that of NaPAA was 8,000 g/mol. Experimental phase diagrams, and tie lines and calculated phase diagrams, based on Flory...
Local structures and the dissolving behavior of aqueous ammonia and its KCl and NH4Cl solutions: A Raman spectroscopy and X-ray scattering study.
Li, Shenyu; Yuan, Junsheng; Li, Fei; Liu, Ziyu
The aqueous ammonia (5%-15%) and its KCl and NH4Cl solutions have been studied by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. The microscopic structures in these solutions were proposed. The addition of KCl reinforced the hydrogen bond between NH3 and H2O. On contrary, NH4Cl destroyed this interaction by forming hydrogen bond NH4(+)-NH3. This study gave an interpretation of the different dissolving behavior of KCl and NH4Cl in aqueous ammonia, which may have important implications in the separation of potassium and ammonium salt during the industrial production. PMID:26974475
Large-scale dosimetry using dilute methylene blue dye in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The radiolytic bleaching of neat aerated methylene blue solutions is relatively stable, when irradiated to doses in the range of 50 to 500 Gy and measured at the main peak of absorption band of the dye (664 nm). The useful range can be extended up to about 5 kGy if the aqueous dye solution contains about 0.1% ethanol by volume and to 10 kGy with 5% ethanol. By increasing the concentration of the dye in the presence of 5% ethanol doses up to about 30 kGy can be measured. The spectrophotometric readings have to be made during a period of post irradiation stability of 24 hours, after which there is about a 10% increase in absorbance over the next three days due to regeneration of the dye by spontaneous oxidation. Since the industrial grade monovalent dye salt is very inexpensive and is relatively non-toxic, it may be used for dosimetry studies in quality control tests of electron beam processing of large volumes of waste water, when typical doses in the range of 5-30 kGy are required. The influences of dose, dose rate and solute concentration on the bleaching process have been investigated in terms of the decrease of the absorbance of the dye
Extraction of anionic dye from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane.
Dâas, Attef; Hamdaoui, Oualid
In this work, the extraction of Congo red (CR), an anionic disazo direct dye, from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated. The important operational parameters governing emulsion stability and extraction behavior of dye were studied. The extraction of CR was influenced by a number of variables such as surfactant concentration, stirring speed, acid concentration in the feed solution and volume ratios of internal phase to organic phase and of emulsion to feed solution. Under most favorable conditions, practically all the CR molecules present in the feed phase were extracted even in the presence of salt (NaCl). At the optimum experimental conditions, total removal of antharaquinonic dye Acid Blue 25 was attained after only 10 min. Influence of sodium carbonate concentration as internal receiving phase on the stripping efficiency of CR was examined. The best sodium carbonate concentration in the internal phase that conducted to excellent stripping efficiency (>99%) and emulsion stability was 0.1N. The membrane recovery was total and the permeation of CR was not decreased up to seven runs. ELM process is a promising alternative to conventional methods and should increase awareness of the potential for recovery of anionic dyes. PMID:20211520
Measurement and Correlation on Liquid Diffusion Coefficients of Aqueous L-Threonine Solutions from 298.15K to 328.15 K
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
赵长伟; 马沛生
The diffusion coefficients of aqueous L-threonine solutions were determined from 298.15K to 328.15K by the metallic diaphragm cell method with accuracy, promptness and convenience. Meanwhile, the densities and viscosities of the solutions were also determined and correlated. Based on a seml-empirical model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of some amino acids in their aqueous solutions, a new semi-empirical model for correlating the diffusion coefficients involving temperature was provided, which is more comprehensive and less experiment dependent compared to the previous model. The fitting results are satisfactory. Compared to a former model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of solid organic salts in their aqueous solutions, this model provides significant improvement in correlation of diffusion coefficients with different temperatures avoiding arduous work.
Effect of alkyl chain length and temperature on the thermodynamic properties of ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions at different temperatures
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sadeghi, Rahmat [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], E-mail: email@example.com; Shekaari, Hemayat [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Hosseini, Rahim [Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
The alkyl chain length of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Rmim][Br], R = propyl (C{sub 3}), hexyl (C{sub 6}), heptyl (C{sub 7}), and octyl (C{sub 8})) was varied to prepare a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), and experimental measurements of density and speed of sound at different temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 308.15) K for their aqueous and methanolic solutions in the dilute concentration region (0.01 to 0.30) mol . kg{sup -1} were taken. The values of the compressibilities, expansivity and apparent molar properties for [C{sub n}mim][Br] in aqueous and methanolic solutions were determined at the investigated temperatures. The obtained apparent molar volumes and apparent molar isentropic compressibilities were fitted to the Redlich-Mayer and the Pitzer's equations from which the corresponding infinite dilution molar properties were obtained. The values of the infinite dilution molar properties were used to obtain some information about solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions. The thermodynamic properties of investigated ionic liquids in aqueous solutions have been compared with those in methanolic solutions. Also, the comparison between thermodynamic properties of investigated solutions and those of electrolyte solutions, polymer solutions, cationic surfactant solutions and tetraalkylammonium salt solutions have been made.
Theoretical and experimental studies on freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit as methods to measure osmotic pressure of aqueous polyethylene glycol and bovine serum albumin solutions.
Kiyosawa, Keitaro
For survival in adverse environments where there is drought, high salt concentration or low temperature, some plants seem to be able to synthesize biochemical compounds, including proteins, in response to changes in water activity or osmotic pressure. Measurement of the water activity or osmotic pressure of simple aqueous solutions has been based on freezing point depression or vapor pressure deficit. Measurement of the osmotic pressure of plants under water stress has been mainly based on vapor pressure deficit. However, differences have been noted for osmotic pressure values of aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions measured by freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit. For this paper, the physicochemical basis of freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit were first examined theoretically and then, the osmotic pressure of aqueous ethylene glycol and of PEG solutions were measured by both freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit in comparison with other aqueous solutions such as NaCl, KCl, CaCl(2), glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. The results showed that: (1) freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit share theoretically the same physicochemical basis; (2) theoretically, they are proportional to the molal concentration of the aqueous solutions to be measured; (3) in practice, the osmotic pressure levels of aqueous NaCl, KCl, CaCl(2), glucose, sucrose, and raffinose solutions increase in proportion to their molal concentrations and there is little inconsistency between those measured by freezing point depression and vapor pressure deficit; (4) the osmotic pressure levels of aqueous ethylene glycol and PEG solutions measured by freezing point depression differed from the values measured by vapor pressure deficit; (5) the osmotic pressure of aqueous BSA solution measured by freezing point depression differed slightly from that measured by vapor pressure deficit. PMID:12834836
Xanthan Rheological: a review about the influence of electrolytes on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of xanthan gums
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
João Luiz Silva Vendruscolo
Full Text Available Several strains of Xanthomonas campestris are able to produce a bacterial biopolymer called xanthan which is widely used in the food industry. In order to have an effective use of the xanthan in the industry, not only the studies concerning the chemical properties of the xanthan should be considered, but also the studies related to its addition of electrolytes, and its effects in the rheological behaviour. When a new bacterial biopolymer is sinthetized, new rheological behaviours appear. This study aims at review the influence of the chemical structural and addition of salts to the rheological behaviour of the xanthan aqueous solution.
Effect of salt solutions on chain structure of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张青; 周吉生; 翟永爱; 刘凤岐; 高歌
The effect of salt solutions(NaCl,Na2SO4 and CaCl2) on the conformational properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) was investigated by using static laser light scattering(SLLS).The special interaction between CaCl2 solution and HPAM was also researched.Experimental results show that the chain structure of HPAM is interrelated with the charge density,the kind and the concentration of salt solutions.The mean-square radius of gyration(Rz) and the second virial coefficient(A2) of HPAM decrease with increasing concentration of salt solutions,and the salt effect tends towards the maximum when the concentration of salt solution is increased to some amount.
Formation of quasi-free and bubble positronium states in water and aqueous solutions
Stepanov, Serge V; Byakov, Vsevolod M; Zvezhinskiy, D S; Subrahmanyam, V S
It is shown that in aqueous solutions a positronium atom is first formed in the quasi-free state, and, after 50-100 ps, becomes localized in a nanobubble. Analysis of the annihilation spectra of NaNO3 aqueous solutions shows that the hydrated electron is not involved in the positronium (Ps) formation.
Effect of Conductivity of the Aqueous Solution on the Size of Printable Nanoparticle
Mi-Hyun Oh; Nam-Soo Kim; Sun-Mee Kang
Direct writing technology using nano/microsize particles in aqueous solution is currently one of the leading candidates to bring a substantial advancement to the technical arena. However, little is known about an effect of conductivity of the solution including metal ions on nanoparticle size for the direct writing technology. It is believed that conductivity of solution can influence the size of particles in reducing environmental of aqueous solutions. In this study parameters which affect e...
Optical properties of chitosan in aqueous solution of L- and D-ascorbic acids
Malinkina, Olga N.; Shipovskaya, Anna B.; Kazmicheva, Olga F.
The optical properties of aqueous chitosan solutions in L- and D-ascorbic acids were studied by optical rotatory dispersion and spectrophotometry. The specific optical rotation [α] of all chitosan solutions tested was positive, in contrast to aqueous solutions of the ascorbic acid enantiomers, which exhibit an inverse relationship of [α] values. Significant differences in the absolute values of [α] of the chitosan solutions at polymer-acid ratios exceeding the equimolar one were found.
Uranium biosorption from aqueous solution onto Eichhornia crassipes.
Yi, Zheng-ji; Yao, Jun; Chen, Hui-lun; Wang, Fei; Yuan, Zhi-min; Liu, Xing
Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the biosorption of U(VI) from aqueous solutions onto the nonliving biomass of an aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes. The results showed that the adsorption of U(VI) onto E. crassipes was highly pH-dependent and the best pH for U(VI) removal was 5.5. U(VI) adsorption proceeded rapidly with an equilibrium time of 30 min and conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm model was determined to best describe U(VI) biosorption with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 142.85 mg/g. Thermodynamic calculation results indicated that the U(VI) biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis implied that the functional groups (amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl) may be responsible for the U(VI) adsorption process, in which the coordination and ion exchange mechanisms could be involved. We conclude that E. crassipes biomass is a promising biosorbent for the removal of uranium pollutants. PMID:26854553
Biosorption of carbaryl from aqueous solution onto Pistia stratiotes biomass
Chattoraj, Soumya; Mondal, Naba Kumar; Das, Biswajit; Roy, Palas; Sadhukhan, Bikash
In this work, adsorption of carbaryl from aqueous solution on Pistia stratiotes biomass was investigated. The effects of operating parameters such as initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on the adsorption of carbaryl were analyzed using response surface methodology. The proposed quadratic model for central composite design fitted very well to the experimental data that it could be used to navigate the design space according to analysis of variance results. Response surface plots were used to determine the interaction effects of main factors and optimum conditions of the process. The optimum adsorption conditions were found to be initial carbaryl concentration = 15.57 mg L-1, pH 2.01, adsorbent dose = 0.72 g and contact time = 30 min. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The maximum biosorption capacity of P. stratiotes biomass for carbaryl was found to be 3.1 mg g-1. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the carbaryl biosorption process with a good fitting.
Absolute rate constants of alkoxyl radical reactions in aqueous solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The pulse radiolysis technique was used to generate the alkoxyl radical derived from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (/sup t/BuOOH) in aqueous solution. The reactions of this radical with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethyl-6-benzothiazolinesulfonate) (ABTS) and promethazine were monitored by kinetic spectroscopy. The unimolecular decay rate constant of the tert-butoxyl radical (/sup t/BuO) was determined to be 1.4 x 106 s-1. On the basis of this value, the rate constants for /sup t/BuO attack on quercetin, crocin, crocetin, ascorbate, isoascorbate, trolox c, glutathione, thymidine, adenosine, guanosine, and unsaturated fatty acids were determined. In addition, the reaction of /sup t/BuO with the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was observed by directly monitoring the formation of the fatty acid pentadienyl radicals. Interestingly, the attack of /sup t/BuO on PUFA was found to be faster by about one order of magnitude as compared to the same reaction in a nonpolar solvent
Photo-induced reduction of flavin mononucleotide in aqueous solutions
Song, S.-H.; Dick, B.; Penzkofer, A.
The photo-induced reduction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in aqueous solutions is studied by absorption spectra measurement under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Samples without exogenous reducing agent and with the exogenous reducing agents ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) are investigated. Under anaerobic conditions the photo-induced reduction with and without reducing agents is irreversible. Under aerobic conditions the photo-reduction without added reducing agent is small compared to the photo-degradation, and the photo-reduction of FMN by the reducing agents is reversible (re-oxidation in the dark). During photo-excitation of FMN the dissolved oxygen is consumed by singlet oxygen formation and subsequent chemical reaction. After light switch-off slow re-oxidation (slow absorption recovery) occurs due to air in-diffusion from surface. EDTA degradation by FMN excitation leads to oxygen scavenging. The quantum efficiencies of photo-reduction under aerobic and anaerobic conditions are determined. The re-oxidation of reduced FMN under aerobic conditions and due to air injection is investigated.
Photo-induced reduction of flavin mononucleotide in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Song, S.-H.; Dick, B. [Institut fuer Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universitaet Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg (Germany); Penzkofer, A. [Institut II - Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg (Germany)], E-mail: email@example.com
The photo-induced reduction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in aqueous solutions is studied by absorption spectra measurement under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Samples without exogenous reducing agent and with the exogenous reducing agents ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) are investigated. Under anaerobic conditions the photo-induced reduction with and without reducing agents is irreversible. Under aerobic conditions the photo-reduction without added reducing agent is small compared to the photo-degradation, and the photo-reduction of FMN by the reducing agents is reversible (re-oxidation in the dark). During photo-excitation of FMN the dissolved oxygen is consumed by singlet oxygen formation and subsequent chemical reaction. After light switch-off slow re-oxidation (slow absorption recovery) occurs due to air in-diffusion from surface. EDTA degradation by FMN excitation leads to oxygen scavenging. The quantum efficiencies of photo-reduction under aerobic and anaerobic conditions are determined. The re-oxidation of reduced FMN under aerobic conditions and due to air injection is investigated.
Direct Photolysis of Chlorophenols In Aqueous Solution By Ultraviolet Excilamps
Matafonova, Galina; Philippova, Natalya; Batoev, Valeriy
The direct photolysis of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in model aqueous solution was studied using UV XeBr (282 nm) and KrCl (222 nm) excilamps. The highest pseudo-first order rate constants and quantum yields were found for molecular form of 4-CP (at pH 2 and 5.7) and anionic forms of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP (at pH 11) when irradiated by XeBr excilamp. The maximum removal efficiency of molecular form of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP with the lowest UV dose of absorbed energy was observed using KrCl excilamp. On the contrary, the XeBr excilamp required the lowest dose (˜2 Jṡcm-2) for complete degradation of molecular 4-CP and anionic 2-CP. The highest removal efficiency of anionic form of 4-CP (65%) was achieved when using KrCl excilamp.
Pulse radiolysis study of 5-amino tetrazole in aqueous solutions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dey, G.R.; Naik, D.B.; Kishore, K.; Moorthy, P.N. [Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay (India). Chemistry Div.
Reactions of e{sub aq}{sup -}, H-atoms and {sup .}OH radicals have been studied with 5-amino tetrazole (ATZ) in aqueous solution. e{sub aq}{sup -}reaction in the pH range 4.5-9 did not give any light absorbing transient species but NH{sub 3} was obtained as a product indicating that the site for e{sub aq}{sup -} reactions is the -NH{sub 2} group. In the case of {sup .}OH radical reaction, a transient spectrum with {lambda}{sub max} at 340 nm was obtained at pH 7.5. An identical spectrum was produced by the reaction of SO{sub 4}{sup -.} radicals with ATZ at neutral pH indicating that both {sup .}OH radical and SO{sub 4}{sup -.} radical react by one electron oxidation. The rate constants for the reactions of e{sub aq}{sup -} and {sup .}OH with ATZ at pH 7.5 were found to be 6 x 10{sup 7} and 5.2 x 10{sup 9} dm{sup 3} mol{sup -1} s{sup -1} respectively, whereas the rate constant for H-atom reaction may be < 10{sup 7} dm{sup 3} mol{sup -1} s{sup -1}. (author).
Pulse radiolysis study of 5-amino tetrazole in aqueous solutions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Reactions of eaq-, H-atoms and .OH radicals have been studied with 5-amino tetrazole (ATZ) in aqueous solution. eaq-reaction in the pH range 4.5-9 did not give any light absorbing transient species but NH3 was obtained as a product indicating that the site for eaq- reactions is the -NH2 group. In the case of .OH radical reaction, a transient spectrum with λmax at 340 nm was obtained at pH 7.5. An identical spectrum was produced by the reaction of SO4-. radicals with ATZ at neutral pH indicating that both .OH radical and SO4-. radical react by one electron oxidation. The rate constants for the reactions of eaq- and .OH with ATZ at pH 7.5 were found to be 6 x 107 and 5.2 x 109 dm3 mol-1 s-1 respectively, whereas the rate constant for H-atom reaction may be 7 dm3 mol-1 s-1. (author)
Removal of uranyl ions from aqueous solutions using barium titanate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Remediation of water sources contaminated with radioactive waste products is a major environmental issue that demands new and more efficient technologies. For this purpose, we report a highly efficient ion-exchange material for the removal of radioactive nuclides from aqueous solutions. The kinetic characteristics of adsorption of uranyl ions on the surface of barium titanate were investigated using a spectrophotometric method under a wide range of conditions. By controlling the pH it was possible to exert fine control over the speciation of uranium, and by optimizing the temperature and grain size of the exchanger, almost total removal was achieved in a matter of just hours. The highest efficiency (>90 % removal) was realized at high temperature (80 deg C). Moreover, the effect of competitive ion adsorption from a range of different cations and anions was quantified. Adsorption was found to follow first-order kinetics and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms could be applied to this system. The results of a mathematical treatment of the kinetic data combined with the observation that adsorption was independent of stirring speed and dependent on the ion-exchanger grain size, indicate that the dominant mechanism influencing adsorption is particle spreading. The adsorption behavior was not influenced by exposure to high-intensity gamma radiation, indicating potential for use of this ion-exchanger in systems containing radioactive material. These results will be of use in the development of uranium extraction systems for contaminated water sources. (author)
Intrinsic viscosity and related parameters of PEOX aqueous solutions
Tothova, J.; Paulovicova, K.; Kopcansky, P.; Timko, M.; Lisy, V.
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) is a polymer used in many applications. In this work we present the steady-state shear viscosity experiment on low-concentrated high-molecular PEOX aqueous solutions near the presumed theta temperature. In the interpretation of these experiments we consider the polymer being partially permeable to water, with a finite draining parameter h, contrary to the usual approach when the polymer coil is assumed to be impermeable and h approaches the infinite value. By this way we have determined important polymer parameters, such as the gyration and hydrodynamic radii. The calculated Huggins coefficient kH was compared to its value extracted from the measured intrinsic viscosity. We have found that at the temperature 20°C the theoretically predicted kH(h) agrees with the experiment. Since the theory is built for the theta condition, we propose that the theta temperature for PEOX is notably lower than 25°C known from the previous studies. This finding is supported by our measurements of the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the PEOX molecular weight.