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Having undesirable fat in various locations of your body can have a substantial impact on your health and self-confidence. While standard weight-loss through exercise and diet plan is a great way to lose weight in general, even the very best exercises can't target problem locations like the stomach, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time evaluated treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from particular locations of the body, permitting an individual to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are numerous advantages to this cosmetic treatment, consisting of:
• Immediately obvious changes. Unlike standard weight-loss, liposuction creates changes that are right away visible in the body. Some distinction is noticeable right away, and the preferred outcomes are typically achieved in simply a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic procedure has actually been performed by knowledgeable specialists all over the world for years and the method has been improved over and once again to be safe and reliable.
• Healing time is normally quick. The downtime required after having this kind of procedure is usually much less than exactly what is required for other types of cosmetic treatments, including abdominoplasty, breast reduction, and more. Individuals who have had the procedure can typically return to work a lot more quickly than they expected and can return to living a healthy, active way of life.
• Weight loss can be long-term. With the ideal maintenance techniques, the fat that was removed throughout the liposuction treatment will not return.
• Complete control over your body. With liposuction, a person can have complete control over how they want to look, beyond what traditional diet plan and workout can offer. Giving people this power over their bodies increases self-confidence and assistance people feel their best.
While there many benefits to liposuction, there are of course a few caveats that should be thought about before making the final decision to move on with the treatment.
Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having liposuction done, it is necessary to examine the prospective disadvantages of the treatment and identify if the benefits surpass the dangers in your specific case. Your cosmetic surgeon can assist you learn more about the threats associated with the treatment and can help you choose if moving forward is the right thing for you.
• Complications with general anesthesia. Due to the fact that liposuction is performed under general anesthesia, the procedure carries the very same risks as other kind of surgical treatment where general anesthesia is utilized. Hidden medical conditions might enhance these dangers.
• Negative reactions. Bruising, bleeding, and discomfort are all to be anticipated, however, in rare cases can trigger more substantial issues.
• The prospective to get the weight back. After having actually liposuction done, it is crucial to maintain a healthy diet and workout properly as recommended by your physician. Failure to do so might cause getting back the weight that was lost or possibly a lot more.
There are dangers associated with liposuction, for numerous individuals, the advantages far outweigh them. Educate yourself about the procedure by having thorough conversations with your cosmetic surgeon and think about how liposuction has the prospective to affect you as a distinct person. Only you and your surgeon can identify if liposuction will offer you with the outcomes you are trying to find within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Bristow Iowa
Laser liposuction is a more recent, minimally invasive procedure that involves heating the fat cells to melting point and getting rid of the melted fat through a small cannula. The treatment is usually done right in your physician's workplace and is an outstanding choice for people who have less than 500 ml of fat to eliminate from any one location. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary treatment to weight-loss in order to shape the body you've always desired.
Contact a Cosmetic surgeon in your Bristow Iowa today.
If you're thinking about liposuction as a weight-loss option, it is essential that you discuss your desires with a certified plastic surgeon in your location. Your cosmetic surgeon will perform a complete examination and health history survey to identify if liposuction can benefit you and help you reach your physical and emotional goals. Call today for an assessment and find out more about how liposuction can help you achieve the body of your dreams.


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Nice duplex unit A, three bedrooms and two bathrooms with private fenced in back yard. Rent $750.00 Deposit $650.00 Includes refrigerator and stove. Available NOW!
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- Overview
In a world where people are saying that music should be heard and not seen. Aaron has the complete solution. When used in conjunction with Aaron Satellites the SUB Series will merge into your decor but still deliver a sound that will satisfy even the most discerning audiophile. The many possible benefits from owning an Aaron sub-woofer don't end there. If your home theatre system doesn't shake the furniture in an earthquake scene or you have small speaker that can't produce those lower octaves then the Aaron SUB series is the solution. Our models have the kind of dynamic bass that's sure to bring your favourite form of entertainment to life. Because these systems each have their own built-in amplifier the sub-woofer is self contained and simple to add to any system especially since they have a circuit that senses when your stereo is in use so it turns itself on and off. There are of course many other features built into the Aaron sub-woofers such as the active rest of your stereo system. A volume control with which you can tailor the sound level to your personal taste and a servo active loudness control that contours the bass as you turn the stereo's volume control down. Best of all with our unique 'Low Q Ratio' technology you can be assured of fast deep clean bass. With our sub-woofers remote switching and servo control we have done our best to make our sub-woofer the box that hides from sight but not from sound.
- Specifications
DetailsTechnical specifications for SW-200
- Model: SW-200 Woofer: 1 x 265 (mm) MR: (mm) Tweeter: (mm)
- Frequency: 20-150Hz Adjustable (Hz - kHz)
- Sensitivity: (dbSPL)
- Nominal Impedance: (ohms)
- Cabinet Dimensions: 31.5 x 44.5 x 46 (WxDxH)
- Amplifier Power: 150 (Watts)
- Bi Wire: No
- Shielded: Yes
- Spikes: Yes
- Bass: Bass Reflex
- Weight: 23.00 (Kg)
- WARRANTY: 2 Years


text:
Untold Stories of Video Game Remasters – the Good, Bad, and Ugly
In today's video, we discuss something subjective – are video game remasters good or bad? And...
From Software has announced by way of Famitsu magazine, that Armored Core 5 (the latest in the series of mech combat games) will be getting a sequel/expansion called Armored Core 5: Verdict Day.
Armored Core 5: Verdict Day is a new game that is set in the same world as the original game and is also closely tied to it. Apparently, the title will feature a new take on the old game's online multiplayer.
It will still be a bit team-centric but now, online play will feature players joining one of the game's world powers. Similar to a lot of MMO games, the balance of global superpowers will constantly shift on the world map depending on which side performs better in battle.
As with most sequels, we can expect new mechs and parts as well as a new story mode campaign. You'll also be able to with bots and Armored Core 5 players will be able to import save data into the game.
The Armored Core 5: Verdict Day comes out September 26th for the PS3 and Xbox 360 in Japan.
Source: Famitsu


text:
Mulberry has pulled out of showing at London Fashion Week next February while it continues the hunt for a new creative director.
Mulberry has cancelled its London Fashion Week show for next season.
The British fashion house will not stage a runway show at the bi-annual event in February 2014 because the brand is yet to find a replacement creative director following the departure of Emma Hill.
A spokesperson told WWD: ''Mulberry has not finalized its creative director search and will therefore exceptionally not stage a catwalk show this February.''
However, they added it would ''definitely be participating in London Fashion Week and details of this will be released in the near future.''
Head designer Emma left the brand in September after six years at its helm, after a triumphant Spring/Summer 2014 swan song in the English capital.
Erdem Moralioglu, Roland Mouret, Mary Katrantzou and Sophie Hulme are rumoured to be hot contenders to replace Emma, but a replacement has yet to be announced.
Emma told The Daily Telegraph newspaper ahead of her departure: ''I've been here almost six years - the longest I've been anywhere. In that time the company has changed hugely ... But I'm not dropping off the face of the earth.
''The market is even tougher than it was five years ago because there's far more competition. But Mulberry has got something really special. So, yes, it can [become global] - and I'll enjoy watching it grow''.
The actress spoke about raising her 11 year old daughter Matilda in the wake of Heath Ledger's death eight years ago.


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Carlotta Mercedes McCambridge (March 16, 1916-March 2, 2004) was an American actress. Orson Welles called her 'the world's greatest living radio actress.' McCambridge was born in Joliet, Illinois, the daughter of Irish American Catholic parents Marie (nee Mahaffry) and John Patrick McCambridge. She graduated from Mundelein College in Chicago before embarking on a career. She began her career as a radio actor during the 1940s while also performing on Broadway.
Contributions by Wildhartlivie, Pepso2, and Pinkadelica.


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text: Vault 146 delivers classic American cuisine ... with a twist or two. The setting in an old Bank gives the space an open and expansive feeling with high ceilings and columns and has plenty of booths and tables. Service was also excellent; friendly, welcoming and prompt. The food was also pretty good. The Cauliflower Latkes were an unusual appetizer and... More


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2910 Columbia Pike, Arlington, VA (map)
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Hi, So currently I'm doing Irish (HL) , English (HL) and French (OL) for my junior cert but when I get to LC I want to drop french but for me to become a secondary teacher the colleges require you to have a third language. I'm Polish so would Polish count as my third language or does it have to be a language that is being thought in school? Thanks
It has to be a third language in the leaving cert I'm afraid
Polish isn't on the Leaving Cert Syllabus.
I didn't know there was an exam but if there is and your a fluent speaker absolutely do it itll be easy points for you. I'd say it does if there's an exam for it ask the guidance counsellor in your school
Extra cirricular means you have to do the subject in your own time not in school but you can still take the exam and it qualifies as a third language I believe.
Amanda April
Any language that is made available to sit a Leaving Certificate exam for qualifies as a language requirement. It does not matter if it is a curricular (taught) or non-curricular (self-taught/native) language.
So yes, you can use Polish as a third language requirement.
However, look into what want to teach and what requirements there are for teaching courses. For example, if you want to teach a language in the future in secondary level, you would find that course requirements are sometimes limited to curricular subjects only for a third language (usually French/German/Italian).


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Member since Feb 2012
Just Breathe To This.
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text:
the train of ICE and FIRE
The Train of Ice and Fire
By Ramon Chao
Translated by Ann Wright
First Edition Hardback
Hardback Edition
Post and Packing included
Official Release February 2009.
Advanced copies are now available to order direct from this website.
'Maybe it was the best adventure I ever had.' - Manu Chao
Colombia, November 1993: a reconstructed old passenger train, bespangled with yellow butterflies, is carrying one hundred musicians, acrobats and artists on a daring adventure through the heart of a country soaked in violence. The intention is to put on free shows for locals at railway stations along the way: vibrant spectacles involving music, trapeze, tattoo-art, an ice museum and, star of the show, Roberto the fire-breathing dragon. Leading this crusade of hope is Manu Chao with his band Mano Negra.
Ramon Chao is on board to chronicle the journey. As the train climbs 1,000 kilometres from Santa Marta on the Caribbean Coast to Bogotá in the Altiplano, Ramón keeps one eye on the fluctuating morale of the train's eccentric cargo, and the other on the ever-changing physical and social landscape. As the papa of the train, he endures personal discomfort, internal strife, derailments, stowaways, disease, guerrillas and paramilitaries. When the train arrives in Aracataca, the real-life Macondo of One Hundred Years of Solitude, Mano Negra disintegrates, leaving Manu to pick up the pieces with those determined to see this once-in-a-lifetime adventure through to the end.
The Train of Ice and Fire is a book about hope and dreams in troubled times. It is about a father accompanying his son through an experience which will change his life. But most of all it is about Colombia, the flora, the fauna, the history, the politics and, more than any of that, it is a book about people.
Foreword by Ignacio Ramonet
Ramon Chao (Villalba, Lugo 1935) is a distinguished writer and journalist. He was chief editor for the Latin American service of Radio France Internationale, and worked for Le Monde and Le Monde Diplomatique. He is the French correspondent for Radio Colifata in Buenos Aires. In 1984 he created the prestigious Juan Rulfo Prize, an award for new Spanish language writers. He has written numerous essays and novels in French, Spanish and Galician. Amongst his works are Las Travesias de Luis Gontan, Las Andaduras del Che, El Lago de Como and Porque Cuba Eres Tu. He lives in Paris.
Ann Wright has translated fourteen books from Spanish and French including Motorcycle Diaries, The Fragrance of Guava and I, Rigoberta Menchu. She is a human rights activist and lectures on the theory and practice of civilian protection. She lives in London.
Train of Ice and Fire
'Maybe it was the best adventure I ever had' – Manu Chao
The Train of Ice and Fire – Mano Negra in Colombia
Ramon Chao's account of this life-changing journey through the heart of an exotic and dangerous country, from Santa Marta on the Caribbean Coast to Bogota in the Altiplano.
Ramon Chao – biographical information
Ramon Chao is a distinguished writer and journalist.
Ramon Chao will be giving talks at the Instituto Cervantes in Leeds and Manchester on October 23-24. Follow this link for more details.


text:
06 Jun 2006
Sumi Jo at the Kennedy Center
Raphaela Papadakis seems to like 'playing with fire'. After her acclaimed performance as the put-upon maid, Anna, in Independent Opera's production of Šimon Voseček's Beidermann and the Arsonists at Sadler's Wells last year, she is currently rehearsing for the premiere this week of And London Burned, a new opera by Matt Rogers which has been commissioned by Temple Music Foundation to commemorate the 350th anniversary of The Great Fire of London.
Charles Downey [DCist, 6 June 2006]
Sunday night, celebrated coloratura Sumi Jo gave a recital in the Kennedy Center Concert Hall. This concert, which should have been a major musical event, was not publicized well -- I did what I could by recommending it the previous Sunday -- and therefore sadly undersold. Jo is celebrating her 20th anniversary as an opera singer with a recital tour, apparently self-funded. In true diva style, she wore three different gowns, of increasing levels of outrageousness, over the course of thirteen pieces of music.


text: This place has opened in the last month. Come to Jackson once a month on business. Many choices for Mexican food on this side of town. Nice to see service with quality food. Not sure what the other reviewer was talking about concerning service. It was better than expected. Will spread the word. A new place is in town. Congrats... More


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Most listings are in the $10's per square foot per year. The Warren submarket is going through a a boost in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate rose $1 per sqft per year. That's a 7% rise in rent.
Compared to the rest of the Metro Detroit market, the Warren region has lower rates, so you should have no trouble finding a great deal in this discounted submarket.
In the last 90 days, 42 listings have been made available, so you'll want to check back regularly for new listings. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet available, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around 1,432 sqft. Most properties in this area are close to 1 stories. Most buildings in this area were built in 1970 and are Class B.
Not much of the real estate is used for commercial space, so it might be hard to find office space. Agriculture is the dominant industry in this region. Commute by taxi is the most popular way to get to work amongst Warren residents. Commuting under 5 minutes a day is the norm for those who opt to reside in this part of town.
Trends and status of the commercial real estate market in Warren.
Market Report
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Warren.


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decided: May 10, 1960.
APPLICATION OF DAVID KAMERMAN, AS ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR AT LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, PETITIONER-APPELLANT, FOR AN ADJUDICATION OF SAID ATTORNEY'S RIGHTS IN THE ACTION OF JBP HOLDING CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.
Before MOORE, Circuit Judge, and SMITH and HERLANDS, District Judges.
HERLANDS, District Judge.
The dispositive question upon this appeal is whether the appellant, an attorney, may have an attorney's lien for his professional services computed on the basis of quantum meruit despite the fact arguendo that his written retainer agreement with the respondent, pursuant to which he rendered the services, was champertous.
The appellant (referred to herein as the "petitioner") is a certified public accountant and a member of the Bar of the State of New York, with offices in New York City. The respondent, JBP Corporation (a Virginia corporation, hereinafter referred to as "JBP"), was one of the petitioner's accounting clients since 1946. As part of his accounting services, the petitioner prepared JBP's federal income tax return for the fiscal year ending February 28, 1951; and JBP paid the tax indicated therein.
In 1953, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed a deficiency in income tax due for said period. With interest, this amounted to $17,491.77. On July 20, 1953, an application for claim for refund was prepared by the petitioner, as JBP's accountant, and filed by JBP. The claim for refund was rejected on April 5, 1956. On October 15, 1956, the Appellate Division of the Regional Commissioner's Office affirmed the rejection of the refund claim.
About October 22, 1956, JBP's president, Joseph Shapiro, signed a letter agreement retaining the petitioner as attorney to prosecute an action for tax refund. The retainer agreement read as follows:
"David Kamerman
"Certified Public Accountant
"27 William Street
"New York
"WHitehall 3-5616
"October 22, 1956
"Mr. Joseph Shapiro
"115 Central Park West
"New York, New York
"Dear Joe:
"We are planning to file suit for a refund of about $17,000.00 on account of taxes paid by J.P.B. This involves the issue of rent income and depreciation for 1951. The chief question involved is the valuation of the factory and in order to sustain our case, we expect to engage an expert who will be able to give convincing evidence in court.
"We would be willing to bring this suit on a contingent basis with our fee to be 50% of the total recovery. We will of course, bear the expense of the expert.
"We would appreciate your signing the original of this letter to signify your consent to this proceeding. Will you please return the signed letter as soon as possible, and retain the duplicate for your files.
"Very truly yours,
"By: Jerome Kamerman
"Jerome Kamerman
"(Sgd.) Joseph Shapiro
"Approved by. Joseph Shapiro subject to above deletion as discussed with Mr. David Kamerman
In December 1956, a tax refund action was commenced in the District Court for the Southern District of New York against The United States of America. On June 9, 1958, the action was settled for $7,822.23. A Government check for that amount, payable to JBP, was delivered to the petitioner, as attorney. The said sum of $7,822.23 represented the actual tax refund of $6,054.49, plus statutory interest thereon in the amount of $1,767.74. Pursuant to a stipulation of settlement and discontinuance, the tax refund action was dismissed.
The petitioner thereupon demanded, as his fee under the retainer, fifty percent of $7,822.23, the total amount recovered. JBP was willing to apply the retainer percentage of fifty percent on the actual tax refund of $6,054.49, but not on the interest of $1,767.74. Thus, the sum of $883.87 (fifty percent of $1,767.74) became the bone of contention.
On July 8, 1958, the petitioner applied to the court below for an order "making an allowance" to him "under section 475 of the Judiciary Law of the State of New York [McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 30, § 475]."*fn1 He requested the court to determine his attorney's lien on the check to be $3,911.11 "on such terms and conditions" as the court "may deem just" and to permit the petitioner to issue execution for that sum, with interest thereon from June 9, 1958.
JBP opposed the petition and crossmoved for an order directing the petitioner to pay over the check to it. On September 17, 1958, the District Court denied the petition and granted JBP's cross-motion. Upon reargument the court adhered to its original determination.
The District Judge held sua sponte that the retainer agreement was champertous and that the petitioner's "action in entering into this champertous contract precludes his seeking equitable relief from this court" but that "this does not bar recovery on a quantum meruit basis" (166 F.Supp. at page 327). The view thus expressed may be taken to intimate that the petitioner's only remedy was to sue at law in a plenary action,*fn2 inasmuch as he was disentitled to any equitable relief in the District Court incidental to the tax refund case.
At this time, it is not necessary to decide whether the retainer agreement was champertous. If it be assumed arguendo that the agreement was champertous, in the particular circumstances of this case the petitioner would have a lien for the reasonable value of his services.
While the authorities are divided,*fn3 the more widely supported view is that an attorney may recover upon the basis of quantum meruit for professional services rendered by him under a champertous retainer agreement.
The next proposition - that the attorney has a lien for an amount computed on a quantum meruit basis, notwithstanding the champertous retainer agreement - was squarely adopted in McCoy v. Gas Engine & Power Co., 2d Dept. 1912, 152 App.Div. 642, 137 N.Y.S. 591, affirmed unanimously without opinion 1913, 208 N.Y. 631, 102 N.E. 1106. In McCoy, the attorney had been retained under a written agreement providing inter alia for the attorney to pay all expenses of every kind involved in the litigation, including fees of expert witnesses. The attorney succeeded in obtaining an award from the New York City Board of Assessors. The corporate client joined one of its stockholders in an equity action to rescind and annul the retainer on the ground that the retainer violated the champerty prohibition of section 74 of the then Code of Civil Procedure*fn4 [now section 274 of the New York Penal Law, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 40 § 274]. The retainer was set aside but the attorney was awarded $30,000. "as the reasonable value of the services performed by him" and "the sum so fixed" was "to be a lien upon the award" (152 App.Div. at pages 644, 646, 137 N.Y.S. at page 593).
Accordingly, the order denying petitioner-appellant's motion for an allowance of counsel fees under Section 475 of the Judiciary Law of the State of New York and granting the cross-motion of plaintiff-respondent is reversed and the case remanded to the district court for a determination of the amount, if any, of petitioner's lien on the basis of quantum meruit.
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July 28, 1959
FIRST NATIONAL BANK IN YONKERS, Plaintiff,
CITY OF NEW YORK, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, William Casey & Sons, Inc., Maryland Casualty Company, United States of America, Charles M. Hanson, Charles W. Grant, James Martin, Robert M. Johnson, as Trustees of the New York City Carpenters' Welfare and Pension Fund, Defendants
On or about October 18, 1955, defendant, The City of New York (City), acting through the Commissioner of Public Works, entered into Contract No. 179464 with defendant, William Casey and Sons, Inc. (Casey), whereby Casey was to construct certain sewers. In connection with the construction contract, performance and payment bonds were executed by Casey, as principal, and defendant Maryland Casualty Company (Maryland), as surety, on October 4, 1955. On February 7, 1956 Casey gave an 'all-moneys' assignment of moneys due or to become due under the contract to plaintiff, First National Bank in Yonkers (Bank).
Casey commenced work on the contract and for a time performed satisfactorily. In accordance with the terms of the contract, five partial or progress payments were made by the City, some to Casey and some to the Bank as per the assignment. Under the payment clause of the contract, a requisition for such payments could be made no oftener than once a month. After the requisition was submitted, the Engineer, if the requisition were satisfactory, would, within 8 days of the submission, certify a voucher for the payment which the Commissioner would approve. Thereupon the voucher would be delivered to the Comptroller for payment within 15 days from the filing of the voucher in his office. Not the entire amount of the requisition would be certified for payment, however. Rather, 5 percent of the value of the work performed would be retained by the City pending final acceptance of the entire job. Payment Estimate No. 6 was so submitted and a voucher theron certified and approved, which voucher was received in the Comptroller's office on either May 28 or May 29, 1956. This voucher was in the amount of $ 47,133.90.
However, in the middle of May 1956 Casey experienced financial difficulties and notified the surety that it would need financial assistance in completing the contract. The surety thereupon set up a program whereby it advanced funds for payroll and material bills of the contractor with relation to the job. Despite the assistance of the surety, the City was not satisfied with Casey's performance and, on June 6, 1956, notified Casey to appear before the Commissioner to explain why it should not be held in default. On June 13, 1956, after Casey had been heard on both June 11 and June 13, a formal default of the contract was declared.
By the time Casey was declared in default, Maryland had advanced for payroll and material bills, the sum of $ 57,993.91. Maryland completed the contract at a net loss of $ 682,637.52. As of the same time the Bank had advanced $ 50,000 to Casey, which, for the purpose of these motions, will be assumed to have been expended in connection with the contract under question.
Assessments for withholding taxes were made by the defendant United States of America (Government), demands given and liens filed according to the following table:
Assessment Outstanding Notice Tax
Type of Tax Amount & Demand Lien
Tax Period Date Assessed Balance Given File d
Withholding 9/30/55 4/11/55 $773.43 $773.43 5/4/56 1/25/57
Withholding 12/31/55 2/29/55 38,957.89 38,957.89 3/15/56 1/25/57
Withholding 3/31/55 5/31/55 42,222.42 41,598.45 7/13/56 8/16//56
Withholding 6/30/55 8/23/55 29,139.40 29,061.12 9/19/56 8/24//56
Total Amount Outstanding -- $110,390.83.
Defendant, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty), furnished workmen's compensation and public liability insurance coverage to Casey for the project. Liberty claims it is due, for unpaid insurance premiums, the amount of $ 39,903.24.
Defendants, Charles M. Hanson, Charles W. Grant, James Martin and Robert M. Johnson, as Trustees of the New York City Carpenters' Welfare and Pension Fund (Trustee) obtained a judgment against Casey in the amount of $ 4,109.76 for welfare and pension fund contributions due for the years 1955 and 1956. A subpoena with injunction was served upon the City on August 28, 1956.
The action was originally instituted in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, for the amount covered by Payment Estimate No. 6. However, subsequent pleadings by way of cross-claims have brought before the court the entire amount of the contract price remaining in the hands of the City. Apart from the payment covered by Estimate No. 6, there is due under the contract, or will become due upon final acceptance, an additional sum of $ 9,715.24 for work done by Casey subsequent to the date of submission of requisition No. 6 and prior to the date of formal default. There is, or will be, due also the amount of $ 77,789.43 representing retained percentages, $ 60,434.60 of which is allocable to the partial payments earned by Casey prior to formal default.
Presently before the court are motions for summary judgment brought on by the Government and by Maryland. Maryland demands the entire contract balance of $ 117,283.74. The Government demands so much of the sum as will compensate it for its unpaid taxes plus interest and penalties. The Bank opposes summary judgment on the ground that there are triable issues of fact and that, in any event, its rights are superior to the Government's and Maryland's. Liberty supports Maryland in its argument that it is entitled to summary judgment as against the Government and the Bank. Liberty argues further, however, that its claims against Casey are within the terms of Maryland's payment bond and that, therefore, Maryland, as a condition to obtaining summary judgment, should be ordered to pay Liberty's claim. The Trustee contends that its judgment is in the nature of wages and thus is entitled to priority.
The Government bases its right to priority over the competing claim of Maryland on the provisions of 26 U.S.C. § 6321, which reads as follows:
'Lien for taxes
'If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.'
It is not argued by the Government that the section quoted creates any rights to which a tax lien can attach. Rather, the existence of property rights to which a tax lien can attach is a question of state law.
It is argued by the Government that if the law of the State of New York (obviously applicable here since the contract was made in New York, to be performed in New York, with payment to be made in New York) vested in Casey a 'right to property' in any funds in the hands of the City at a time when the possibility of a tax lien under 26 U.S.C. § 6321 existed, no subsequent condition such as a default on the part of the contractor giving rise to claims on the part of the City for excess costs, would act to divest the Government of its lien rights.
This, the Government further argues, follows since the doctrine of relationship back has been completely rejected by the Supreme Court where such relationship back would act to defeat a tax lien. True it is that the doctrine of relationship back of state created liens has been rejected by the Supreme Court in some instances.
However, under the facts of the instant case, the problem of whether a similar treatment will be given to the rights of a surety arising after the attachment of tax liens is not presented.
Under the terms of the construction contract, the City had the right to declare the contractor in default in the event of the happening of certain specified contingencies. It is undisputed that the formal declaration of default did not occur until June 13, 1956, since it was on this date that the letter declaring Casey in default was dispatched, and on this date that Maryland was notified that the City would look to it for completion of the contract. It is equally true that prior to this declaration of default there was in the hands of the City a voucher based upon Estimate No. 6 certifying that the amount of $ 47,133.90 was due and payable to Casey or his assignee, the Bank. A blind adherence to mere form would compel the conclusion that the Government's lien, good at least as against Maryland, attached to the fund covering Estimate No. 6 at least on June 13, 1956, i.e., fifteen days subsequent to the last possible date the voucher could have been filed in the office of the Comptroller. Slavish formalism need not, however, bind the court under the circumstances here present.
In the middle of May 1956 Casey found himself in financial difficulties. Accordingly, a program was set up whereby the surety advanced funds to the contractor for the payment of labor and materials. As of the date of formal default, the amount so advanced was $ 57,993.91. Nor was the date of default, June 13, 1956, the date when the City first became dissatisfied with the performance of Casey. Rather, on June 6, notification was sent to Casey to appear before the Commissioner of Public Works to explain why he should not be held in default. Casey did so appear on June 11 and June 13 but his explanation apparently was not availing since on the latter date the formal notification of default was dispatched. The very letter of notification speaks of a telegraphic explanation on June 4, 1956 by Casey of suspension of operations, which suspension presumably happened previously.
Under these circumstances, I find that the contractor was legally in default, at least as early as June 6, 1956. I further find that as of that date there was no obligation presently payable from the City to Casey and thus nothing to which the Government tax lien could attach.
A case strikingly similar to the instant case has, in the comparative recent past been decided by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In that case
a contractor held two construction contracts from the United States, on each of which Massachusetts Bonding & Insurance Company was the payment and performance surety. During the performance of the work on both projects, the contractor found itself in financial difficulty and so notified the surety. The surety then set up a program whereby the surety advanced funds for use on the projects by depositing the funds in a joint bank account with the contractor. Certain mortgages of tangible property were given as security to the surety by the contractor and its principal stockholder and, as additional security, the attorney for the surety was authorized to receive checks of the Government for partial payments on one of the projects. In breach of its agreement with the surety, the principal obtained one payment check, part of the receipts of which were ultimately traced and recovered. Both the surety and the Government sought these funds, the surety by subrogation to the owner's rights and the Government for unsatisfied tax liens representing social security, withholding and unemployment taxes. The Court of Appeals noted that there was never any formal default but held that in legal contemplation a default occurred as soon as the surety stepped in even though its activities consisted merely of advancing funds, albeit, rather substantial sums. The unequivocal language of the Court of Appeals leaves no doubt as to the basis of its decision, for it said in Massachusetts Bonding & Insurance Company v. State of New York, supra, 259 F.2d 33, at page 38:
'The nub of the bankrupt's (contractor's) default was its inability to continue paying its bills. Whether the surety stepped in prior to or after the bankrupt failed to pay these bills is of little moment. The important fact is that the surety expended large sums of its own money to complete the contracts for which it has not been recompensed.'
The Government argues strenuously that the cases supporting priority of the rights of a surety over a tax lien are distinguishable on the ground that in those cases
the contract provisions all gave the owner-obligee the right upon default to withhold from the contractor-obligor moneys both due and to become due. In the instant case, on the other hand, the contract provides only for the withholding of 'such moneys as would have been payable to the contractor if he had completed the work'. As shown above, however, the actual default of the contractor happened prior to the time the payment on Estimate No. 6 ever became due. Thus, the right of the contractor to withhold and the derivative rights of the surety preclude the attachment of the tax liens to any of the funds covered by Estimate No. 6.
Whatever has been said of the rights of the surety vis-a-vis the Government as to the funds covered by Estimate No. 6 applies, a fortiori, to the so-called earned moneys before default and to the retained percentages, since these funds were never payable to the contractor even if the date of formal default be considered the vital date for determining the rights of the parties.
The Government also places great reliance on the case of United States v. R. F. Ball Construction Co., Inc.
However, that case is not apposite. The opinion of the District Court
makes it clear that the same company was the surety for the principal on two separate projects. In connection with the suretyship contract on the second of the projects, the principal assigned the retained percentages on the first project. The principal completed the first project but defaulted on the second, which the surety then completed at a loss. The surety and the Government competed for the funds due under the contract for the first project. Thus, it is clear that the surety was not seeking to avail itself of the rights of a completing surety which it obtained by way of subrogation to the contractee's rights against a defaulting contractor. Rather, it was seeking to enforce its rights as an assignee.
In its supplemental brief submitted after the argument of the motion, the Government, for the first time, raised the argument that, in the event Maryland is entitled to any of the funds held by the City, Maryland should be held liable for the Government's tax liens. The Government seems to support this conclusion by two theories:
1st. that Casey's bond required it to pay taxes on wages; and
2nd. that Casey's use of the withheld funds prior to default on other obligations reduced the surety's loss. The first argument is disposed of by uncontradicted authority.
The second argument would appear to be merely a restatement of the first argument. However, if the argument has any separate vitality because of the provisions of 26 U.S.C. § 7501 to the effect that taxes on wages which are withheld are to be considered trust funds, it would appear that the Government, if it has any standing to trace the trust funds into the hands of third parties, cannot possibly find the funds in the hands of one who has suffered a loss on the transaction.
Of course, the holding made above that there was never any debt due to Casey from the City disposes of the claim of the Bank since an assignee can have no greater right than his assignor. However, as between the surety and the Bank, the surety would seem to have priority even if the date of formal default be considered as the time as of which the competing rights arose. This follows because '* * * if the payment is still in the hands of the principal, its trustee in bankruptcy, or a stakeholder, the surety's rights are superior even to those of formal assignees of the proceeds of the contract, for its rights arise at the time of the making of the surety contract.'
The New York Court of Appeals also has set down the same rule. Thus, in Scarsdale Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co.,
the completing surety's rights were held superior to those of an assignee of the proceeds of the contract. While it is true that the decision, on the facts of the case, was supportable under the 'no debt' theory, still the court adverted to the doctrine of relationship back of the rights of the surety to the time of the making of the suretyship contract. In addition, it stated that the same result would probably follow if the clause of the construction contract authorizing the retention of earned moneys by the owner in case of default had not been present.
Since it has been decided that Maryland is entitled to the entire fund in the hands of the City as against the Government and the Bank, it becomes necessary to consider the derivative rights of Liberty. Apart from its contentions in the instant action, Liberty has brought suit against Casey and Maryland, among others, in this Court for the unpaid premiums which are the basis of its claims in the present action. Involved in this action is only a fund in the hands of the City. Liberty does not assert any lien on the funds. It does assert an in personam right against Maryland on the payment bond. Whether the in personam right exists is not before me. I will merely hold that there is no authority to condition the right of Maryland to receive the fund on its payment to a third party of a debt which is not clearly existing.
The rights of the Trustee are on the same footing as the rights of Liberty. The judgment lien against funds arose subsequent to the time of the default and the expenditures by the surety. Thus the rights of the Trustee to the fund, if there are any at all, are inferior to the rights of the surety.
The City has requested that any order to be entered herein shall apply only to the funds covered by Estimate No. 6 since only that amount was due at the time of the argument of the motion. Accordingly, an order may be settled dismissing all of the claims except that of Maryland, granting Maryland summary judgment and ordering the payment to Maryland by the City of whatever funds are payable under the contract. If a further order is necessary at a subsequent time to cover funds later becoming due, such an order may be settled between City and Maryland only.
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by Michael Stanwick
(1) The purpose of this site is to provide information about the Mahjong tile set for interested collectors, researchers and students of the game, as well as anyone who would like to know more about a tile set in their possession.
(2) In the Navigation Bar across the top of this page you will see links to the major sections of this site.
These links are described below to help you navigate this site. Please read these descriptions before you proceed.
(3) Immediately below this Quick Introduction is a News section where you can catch up on current additions, as well as the latest events happening in the world of the Mahjong tile set for researchers and collectors.
(4) At the bottom of this page I have given a brief synopsis of, and Useful Links to, other web sites devoted to the tile set.
(5) If you have any questions please feel free to contact me using the Contact link button in the Navigation Bar.
The tile set is one component of a game that is known by many different names, pronunciations and spellings. For example:
Greetings. For the past few months I have been working on constructing a new section to this site. Titled 'Private Collections', this section will be devoted to the Mahjong collections of individual collectors, with photographs taken by the collectors themselves. At present I am uploading pictures of the 1st Private Collection of which there are approximately 250 sets. The next issue of The Mahjong Collector…Read More
Welcome! Issue 2 of THE MAHJONG COLLECTOR is now out. See below for details. A forthcoming addition to this site will be another bone and bamboo tile set in a flat wooden box with a slide-top lid. This set was purchased by the owner in Penang, Malaysia, in 1961. These details are from the original sale receipt that came with the set. Receipts such as this are…Read More
Greetings. Issue 2, 2016, of The Mahjong Collector magazine will soon be published! Scroll down for further details. Following ongoing research, various small upgrades have been added to articles on this site.
Welcome. To begin this month, a new tile set has been added to the Tile Set Galleries section. This set features small tiles sporting an uncommon and unusual tile Pattern and style of engravings for the 'Flowers'. Go to Tile Set Galleries/Category 2.0/Bone and Bamboo Slide-top boxes. Scroll down to the last set in the Gallery.
The early appearances and developments of the tile set are presented in six articles using documentary evidence, with pictures of key tile sets – among them the earliest so far discovered and documented. These articles originally appeared in The Playing-card, the Journal of the International Playing Card Society. The last article argues for a link between the suits of early Chinese playing cards and the suits of the early ma qiao tile set(what became known as Mahjong). Another link may also be found in the names used for an 18th century card game and the 19th century ma qiao game, and this is introduced in the next article 'Pre 1920 Names', which should be read next.
In this article, starting from the 1780s, you can follow the various documented names that have been associated with the game of ma qiao, up until the appearance of the name of Mahjong(g) in the early 1920s.
This article documents the introduction to the West of one of the most popular versions of the Chinese game of 麻雀, má qiǎo (sparrow(s), má què in modern Pinyin).
This introduction is explained via the fortuitous meetings of J. P. Babcock, A. R. Hager and A. N. Lethin and their formation of the Mah-Jongg Company of China, of San Francisco and the Continental Mah-Jongg Sales Co., – as well as their patents and trademarks.
This article is thoroughly referenced throughout and also features photos of the individuals mentioned above.
This section describes and illustrates Chinese money-suited playing cards from which the tile set suits most probably were derived. Some of these examples date from the 19th century. Also featured is an example of a Late Qing four suited ma diao deck. A brief introduction describes the construction and explains the meaning of the names of the individual suits.
Gallery 1.0. Tile sets that share the same structure as the Himly/Glover sets (1868 – 1876).
Gallery 1.1. Tile sets that share the structure of Wilkinson/Laufer sets (1889 – 1901).
Gallery 2.0. Tile sets that share the same structure as the Culin tile set (1909). This Gallery is in turn divided into 5 Sub-galleries, based on tile material composition;
1. Bamboo.
2. Bone and Bamboo. Because sets of this composition were so plentiful, this Sub-gallery is further divided up into Galleries based on container types. Thus;
3. Ivory and Bamboo.
4. Bone and Ebony.
5. Synthetic.
Guest Contributions.
1. Alternative Tile Sets.
Presented here, in three categories, are illustrations of key research documents and texts, including additional books on Chinese symbolism and character translation for the novice. Also included are examples of the booklets commonly found with tile sets exported from China, as well as some of the earliest key texts and manuals in English.
This section features a catalogue of materials used in tile manufacture. The list – consisting of pictured examples and detailed texts describing their properties, manufacturing history and use – is probably not exhaustive. An excellent introduction into the diversity of materials for making tiles. (A page featuring key tiles and the translations of their sinograms will be added in due course.)
This Gallery contains a small selection of Tile Racks composed of mainly wood – either plainly painted or lacquered or painted and lacquered with intricate designs overpainted into the paint or lacquer. Also featured are Racks of a very simple design and made of metal and varnished wooden Racks of complex construction.
This site is run by James Peirce. Highly recommended.www.kongming.net
This site showcases examples from the collection of a European collector. The examples highlight materials, locations and companies that produced tile sets. Easy to navigate with a mouse-over zoom facility for the tile set displays, accessories and books.http://www.mahjonggsite.com/here/en/
A comprehensive resource for those interested in the many card and tile games from around the world. Highly recommended.http://www.pagat.com
This is the parent site that has excellent displays of Chinese playing cards as well as examples from S. E Asia.
A link to a more specific part of the site is listed below.
An excellent pictorial site that hosts some good examples of Chinese Playing cards.http://perso.numericable.fr/onebadcards/g-suits.htm
This important site provides access to Culin's major contributions to Chinese games and, in particular, to his 1924 paper on Mah Jong. Also featured is a paper that describes Glover's 1875 tile set.http://gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Culin/index.html
Sir W. H. Wilkinson's paper form the 1885 American Anthropologist Journal. This is one of the earliest papers in English that deals with Chinese money-suited playing cards, and provides an insight into the probable link between these cards and the Mah Jong tile set.http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Wilkinson/index.html
A website showcasing mahjong sets, with interpretations of the art on the tiles, racks and boxes. Translations of the Flower tiles, and the stories behind them will also be featured when appropriate. When possible, sets will be placed in their historical context.
Submissions of photographs and ideas for articles are welcome.
This site has a Museum containing examples of many types of tile sets and their boxes. Also available is a facility to help people replace missing tiles and acquire "simply the best" joker stickers, as well as a service for making stickers for missing tiles – if an exact tile is not available from the site's owner. There is a section where people can identify the label of a typical American set and also included are some helpful hints on buying and cleaning tiles.
Tile sets are also for sale from time to time.
This American site has answers to all the most frequently asked questions about mah-jongg. It also includes bulletin boards for getting answers and finding players or teachers."http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq.html
Please note that I hold the Copyright to all material on this site. If you wish to use or quote any material please feel free to ask me and, if granted, credit me in the appropriate reference. I constructed this web site to disseminate the knowledge it contains to those interested in the subject. Please feel free to donate to help me maintain this service.


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FM, top industry honchos to attend Make in Odisha ConclaveFinance Minister Arun Jaitley and top industrialists Aditya Birla Group Chairman Kumar Mangalam Birla and Adani Group chief Gautam Adani will be among key participants in the 'Make in Odisha' Conclave due to start on November 30 here. Besides, SBI ... Business Standard, 2 weeks ago
Aditya Birla Group to set up apparel manufacturing unit in Odisha - OdishaSunTimes.com, 1 week ago
Aditya Birla Retail posts 21% sales growth, losses pile up - Economic Times, 5 days ago
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Good News for CAT 2016 aspirants: Kumar Mangalam Birla is new Chairman of IIM Ahmedabad BoG
IIM Ahmedabad has finally got K M Birla as its new Chairman, after many months of uncertainty and speculation Related Articles Mr Kumar Mangalam Birla is expected to bring greater industry connect, spearhead management education which will help ...MBAUniverse.com, 1 month ago IIM Ahmedabad gets KM Birla as new Chairman weeks before CAT 2016 India.com, 1 month ago Kumar Mangalam Birla appointed as new chairman of IIM-A Indian Express, 1 month ago Kumar Mangalam Birla takes over as new chairman of IIM-A United News of India, 1 month ago
STANDING STRONG Hindalco's Profit Beats Estimates For Fifth Time In A Row
Billionaire Kumar Mangalam Birla-owned Hindalco Industries Ltd. reported almost a four-fold increase in second-quarter profit, aided by lower costs and higher production of aluminium used in everything from beer cans to cars. Net profit rose to ...Bloomberg-Quint, 3 weeks ago Hindalco Q2 profit rises more than three times to Rs439.74 crore Livemint.com, 4 weeks ago Hindalco's Second Quarter Net Profit Expected To Jump Three Times Bloomberg-Quint, 4 weeks ago Hindalco will cut debt even as operating profit improves Economic Times, 3 weeks ago
I am following my dream: Ananya Birla
She is someone who is much more than just her surname. 22-year-old Ananya Birla, daughter of Kumar Mangalam Birla, is all set to turn into a popstar with her debut single Livin the Life. Living the life A mix of EDM and pop, Ananya's ...Deccan Chronicle, 3 weeks ago Ananya Birla is young, smart and raring to go Femina, 3 weeks ago Ananya Birla launched a single in collaboration with Afrojack and Jim Beanz HT Syndication, 3 weeks ago Ananya Birla set to launch her debut single Mid Day, 3 weeks ago
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It was a starry affair as Ananya Birla performed at a concert in Mumbai recently. Proud parents Kumar Mangalam and Neerja Birla were joined by celebrities like Hrithik Roshan in cheering the debutante. Celebrities from the film fraternity like ...Economic Times, 3 weeks ago PIX: Hrithik cheers for Ananya Birla Rediff.com, 3 weeks ago
From being an Entrepreneur to India's Pop Diva; Meet India's Billionaire Daughter, Ananya Birla!
One of India's wealthiest billionaires, Kumar Mangalam Birla's daughter, Ananya Birla has dawned headlines yet again. While being a billionaire's daughter alone gets you under the radar of the paparazzi, Ananya managed to gather headlines ...Daily Bhaskar, 3 weeks ago Meet India's Young & Successful Heiresses Luxpresso, 2 months ago KM Birla's Daughter Didn't Enter Family's Billion Dollar Business Because of This One Decision She Made as a Student Daily Bhaskar, 2 months ago
For Kumar Mangalam Birla, trendsetters are innovative, definite & passionate about their dreams!
Been there, achieved that. As industry leaders handed the trophies to the winners at the recent ETPanache Trendsetter Awards, a few shared some insights about the uniqueness of the categories they awarded. AWARDING TRENDSETTING CEO N ...Economic Times, 1 month ago From Birlas to Viswanathan Anand, titans ruled at ET Panache Awards Economic Times, 1 month ago Candid camera! Best pictures from the night of the ETPanache Trendsetter Awards Economic Times, 1 month ago
Idea Cellular offers flexi hours, face masks to employees battling Delhi pollution
MUMBAI: Kumar Mangalam Birla owned Idea Cellular has rolled out a series of initiatives for its employees battling Delhi pollution. "In view of the present weather condition and the poor air quality in Delhi NCR, Idea Cellular, which has ...Economic Times, 1 month ago Idea Cellular offers flexible hours, face masks to employees struggling with Delhi pollution Times of India, 1 month ago
Kumar Mangalam Birla plans to reorganise his telecom infrastructure and towers business
MUMBAI: After Grasim and Aditya Birla Nuvo, Kumar Mangalam Birla is planning to reorganise his telecom infrastructure and towers business with an aim to simplify the holding structure by consolidating its scattered tower holdings into a single ...Times of India, 2 months ago What an idea! KM Birla plans big recast of telecom infrastructure Economic Times, 2 months ago
Indore Summit showcases India's industrial prowess
Global Investors Summit 2016 concluded here on Sunday. India Inc. was represented by Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman Aditya Birla Group, Dileep Sanghvi, Chairman Sun Pharma, GP Hinduja, Co-Chairman Hinduja Group, Shashi Ruia, Chairman Essar Group, ...New Delhi Pioneer, 1 month ago GIS 2016: Tax rebate to industries to continue even after GST The Freepress Journal, 1 month ago Eye on big-ticket investors Calcutta Telegraph, 1 week ago MP gets investment proposals over Rs 5,62,000 crore Central Chronicle, 1 month ago
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Free Worldwide Delivery : Flora the Fairy's Magic Spells : Paperback : Egmont UK Ltd : 9781405242325 : 1405242329 : 01 Oct 2009 : Flora the Fairy enjoys school. But one day,...
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Jo Lo is back! Via StyleList: The 41-year-old pop culture icon has just signed a multi-million dollar contract to become the new global brand ambassador of L'Oréal Paris, where her first campaign will tout EverSleek, a new smoothing line debuting under the brand's Ever franchise of hair care products.
"You can't help that when you work collaboratively with a team where you are the focus, that how you look and feel is very important to how you portray something," Lopez told WWD. "So what I wear and how the hair and makeup is and how I move...says a lot for the product and what we are trying to portray." The ad was shot on November 13 and 14 in New York's Silvercup Studios, and will first air on January 16, during the annual Golden Globes telecast. Print ads will make their debut in February's fashion magazines.
Brand execs say that Lopez's campaign will signal a change in tone for L'Oréal's advertising outreach in 2011, which they are aiming to make more personal and conversational. "The script was written from day one with Jennifer in mind. It was never just another commercial, it was designed for Jennifer's personality. She is the one speaking directly to the camera, there is no voice-over, and she speaks in her own words," Global Brand President of L'Oréal Paris Cyril Chapuy told WWD.
While the L'Oréal Paris contract marks the first of the cosmetics kind for the singing diva, Lopez has already made a very profitable step into the fragrance industry. After debuting her first scent Glow in 2002 under the wings of beauty giant Coty Inc., Lopez has netted $150 million in retail sales for the best-seller since. Her fragrance empire has gone on to include about 16 scents, for a cumulative sales number of approximately $1 billion over the years.
Via StyleList.com.


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Listed is a beautiful tract of land with several potential home sites! This property has paved road frontage on Wroten Lane as well as Palmetto Trail. It has a good standing mix of pine and hardwood timber that provides good deer and turkey hunting. The property has a good interior road leading to an open food plot with a shooting house. The gravel road leads back to the middle of the property that would make the perfect quiet and remote home site. This tract is offered as two 10.67 separate tracts or can be bought as a whole containing 21.34 acres that offers an abundance of road frontage with many options! If you are looking for a tract of land to build a home, camp site or even develop into lots for home sites this is the perfect property!
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text: Foster the People performs live in The Current studio by Mark Wheat April 8, 2011 the current live performances Foster the People - Pumped Up Kicks (Nate Ryan) Listen: Foster the People in The Current Studio | 20:05 After a whirl-wind year of touring Foster the People, known for their synth-laced hazy pop, brought an acoustic set to The Current studio. The California trio spoke to Mark Wheat about their love of surfing, touring, and the German website that kick started their internet buzz. Songs Played: "Pumped Up Kicks," "Houdini," and "Helena Beat." Tweet


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The Russian Economic Crisis: How Severe and How Long?
The economy of Russia contracted by almost 4% last year and is expected to decline further this year, according to the IMF (Economist 2016a). Russia being a resource driven economy and one of the top oil exporters globally, a large part of the downturn can certainly be explained by the collapse in oil price. Western sanctions following the illegal annexation of Crimea have apparently also contributed further to dampening economic activity.
An important question is how severe the downturn will be and how long will it last? A related question is whether one can observe external or internal economic imbalances in Russia that could trigger an abrupt further collapse.
Oil and the ruble
One thing that has collapsed already is the value of the ruble. The USDRUB exchange rate almost perfectly mirrors the decline in oil price (see the chart below). As the oil price has dropped to about half its earlier level, the ruble price of the dollar has approximately doubled.
As a result of the collapse in the USDRUB exchange rate, the USD-equivalent income of the average Russian in the third quarter of 2015 had fallen by more than one third compared to the summer of 2014. Thus, fewer Russians can now afford to go abroad or buy imported goods. However, the domestic purchasing power had declined relatively little – by about 10% (see the chart below, we were not able to adjust it for the peak/trough at the end of the year). According to the World Bank, the average consumer price inflation in Russia in 2015 reached about 15% while the nominal average income in rubles was growing.
Oil prices are volatile and difficult to predict, but the recent decline reminds observers of the severe and protracted decline that began in 1980. In terms of 2015 dollars, the oil price fell from around USD100 per barrel in 1980, and it did not return to USD100 until 2008. The price dropped below USD40 by 1986, and it did not rise to USD40 again until 2004 (Grennes and Goodwin). This extended period of cheap oil coincided with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. History is not destiny, but large and persistent swings in oil prices have not been uncommon.
Economic growth as a way to legitimize power
When Vladimir Putin rose to power in 2000, he inherited severe economic problems. Since then, the Russian economy has grown, real wages increased consistently from 2000 to 2013, but they have declined in 2014-15 (Economist 2016a). However, people have come to expect further success. After all, economic growth is one of the ways to legitimize power (another one being free and democratic elections). Various Russian economists and officials have warned that conditions may get worse (Zubarevich). It remains to be seen, how much economic hardship the Russian people will tolerate.
A reduction in the percentage of Russians living in poverty was a major achievement of the Putin administration until 2014. However, that trend has now reversed. Russian government data show that the share of Russians in poverty has risen since the oil crisis (Guardian). However, some wealthy Russians appear to be protected from the adverse effects of the crisis. The Economist has constructed an index of crony capitalism based on the wealth of oligarchs relative to GDP, and Russia is the most extreme crony capitalist in the world (Economist 2016b). Moreover, Russia is a country with relatively many billionaires, but relatively few millionaires. Russian officials are now considering raising the current flat income tax rate from 13% to 20% or moving to a progressive income tax (Wall Street Journal 2016b).
Russia also faces debt problems for some important financial institutions, such as the Vneshekonombank (VEB). Since becoming Russia's development bank in 2007, it has made many bad loans, and may not survive without a bailout (Wall Street Journal 2016a).
The low oil price is a fundamental problem for the Russian economy, but it is largely beyond the control of Russian officials. The entire world energy economy has become more competitive due to improved energy efficiency and innovations such as the shale revolution. However, the government of Russia has at the same time failed to break the so-called resource curse and diversify the economy away from dependence on export of natural resources.
Internal and external equilibria
The above might lead one to think that a yawning gap has opened up in the public finances of Russia. The budget deficit has indeed increased. However, since a significant part of the budget income is oil based and USD denominated, the declining exchange rate has largely meant that the fall in USD revenue has been compensated by exchange rate adjustment. The result has been a budget deficit of slightly over 3% of GDP in 2015 (see the chart below) while the non-oil deficit has been relatively stable at 10-11% of GDP. The public debt to GDP is low at just above 15%.
Russia has been running a current account surplus for many years, as a result of which its net international investment position is positive. In addition, its foreign liabilities are largely in the form of equity investment. Issuing equity rather than debt protects against having to pay more rubles to service dollar-denominated debt when the ruble depreciates. This explains why the net foreign assets are the highest in the years of downturn when the stock market indexes are collapsing (see the chart below). Thus, also on the external front the economy of Russia is rather balanced.
In 2014 the Central Bank of Russia initially attempted to mitigate the collapse of the ruble by selling its foreign reserves. By 2015 it had largely stopped doing that, and allowed greater flexibility of the exchange rate. In fact, there has been more than one episode in both 2015 and the first quarter of 2016 when the Central Bank of Russia has bought foreign exchange on the currency market and kept the USDRUB rate below its market value. The reserve position of the Central Bank has stabilized as a result (see the chart below).
The economy of Russia has clearly been negatively affected by the collapse of the oil price. The corresponding fall of the ruble, however, while significantly reducing the external purchasing power of the average Russian, has also had the positive side effect of helping Russia keep its budget deficit at a moderate level. In addition, the Net International Investment Position of Russia is positive and has been strengthened further by the decrease in its stock market capitalization. The important remaining question is whether the remaining decline in the Russian economy will be mild and brief or severe and long-lasting. The answer depends partly on developments in Russia, but it also depends heavily on developments in world energy markets Currently the baseline scenario appears to be that of a prolonged moderate decline or stagnation rather than an abrupt collapse.
Economist 2016a. "Russia's Economy: Phase Two". January 23.
Economist. 2016b. "Our Crony Capitalism Index: the Party Winds Down". May 7.
Grennes, Thomas, and Barry K. Goodwin. 2015. "Perspectives on Food, Water, and Agricultural Trade in the Gulf Cooperation Council". DERASAT Journal, December.
Guardian. 2016. "Millions More Russians Living in Poverty as Economic Crisis Bites". March 21.
Moscow Times. 2016. "How Putin's Bank Became Russia's $20 billion Problem". March 3.
Wall Street Journal. 2016a. "Key Russian Bank Needs Bailout". April 11.
Wall Street Journal. 2016b. "Russia Weighs Tough Steps to Fill Budget Gap". May 16.
Zubarevich, Natalya. 2016. "Russian Economic Crisis Risks Stagnation, Degradation". Moscow Times, March 25.
10 Responses to "The Russian Economic Crisis: How Severe and How Long?"
work for education. • May 20th, 2016 at 1:49 am
taras_khalupa • May 20th, 2016 at 9:55 am
OK, but this article tolds about new russian leading industries: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17…
ThomasGrennes • May 20th, 2016 at 10:51 pm
Yes, the structure of production in Russia did change, but the expansion in some sectors was dominated by contraction in other sectors with the net effect of a decline in total GDP of
3.7% in 2015. Russia continues to be primarily an extractive economy based on exports of natural resources. As long as prices for oil, natural gas, and other minerals remained high, the economy grew. However, specialization in energy made the economy vulnerable to a price decline, and the economy is now suffering. The Russian economy would benefit from more entrepreneurs like Mr. Kaspersky.
agilfarma • May 22nd, 2016 at 11:21 am
I think the oil price crisis is not only russian problem. My Country : Indonesia also get the same problem since oil price is dropping
ThomasGrennes • May 23rd, 2016 at 2:53 pm
Indonesia was a longtime exporter of oil and traditional member of OPEC. However, rapid growth in the demand for oil resulted in Indonesia becoming a net importer of oil. Because of its new status as a net importer, Indonesia withdrew from OPEC, although in 2015, Indonesia rejoined OPEC. Thus, the current low price is harmful to Indonesian sellers of oil, but it is beneficial to all Indonesians who buy oil and products that use oil as a component. Perhaps you could help us, but I think the Indonesian oil company is a state-owned enterprise, and its revenue may be an important source of the government's tax revenue.
Cost of tuition at universities may double this year – Uni Education • June 20th, 2016 at 11:16 pm
[…] in Russia the economy contracted by 4% last year and is expected to contract further this year according to the International Monetary Fund and the recently tightened state requirements on the quality of higher education. The latter […]
Trump Hates Democracy • June 21st, 2016 at 3:51 pm
[…] value against the dollar in the past two years. The national economy contracted by 4% in 2015, and it's worse this year. The Russian stock market has lost two-thirds of its value since […]
5 Reasons to Visit Russia Now – And Bring the Kids – Trains, Planes And Kids • June 29th, 2016 at 1:24 pm
[…] its role in Ukraine, and how this affects Russian's lives, here are a couple of good reads: The Russian Economic Crisis: How Severe and How Long? or this op-ed piece in The Moscow Times Russia Economic Crisis Risks Stagnation, […]
"The Greatest Nation on Earth": Does it exist? – Rambling around at the speed of sound • July 7th, 2016 at 8:31 am
[…] although Big Vlad may be making Russia look like a big scary bear on the international stage, the economy's gone to pot, the population is declining, and political freedoms are severely restricted compared to Western […]
Conducting Business in Russia - Cultural Candor • July 13th, 2016 at 3:40 pm
[…] has faced some economic hardships over the last few months due to falling oil prices and sanctions created after the annexation of […]


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British acquisitions
...the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846. The British feared to annex outright a region full of former soldiers and wished to retain a buffer state against possible attack from the northwest. By the Treaty of Lahore they took Kashmir and its dependencies, with the fertile Jullundur (now Jalandhar) area, reduced the regular army to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, and exacted a sizable cash...


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I was ten years old when I came across Boadicea, and she became the first woman to make me realise that the designated future of a girl born in 1950 to be sweet, domesticated, undemanding and super feminine was not necessarily the case.Boadicea battled the Romans. Nancy Astor fought in Parliament. Emmeline Pankhurst campaigned for female suffrage. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became a pioneering physician in a man's profession. Mary Quant revolutionised the fashion industry.Britain has traditionally been defined by its conflicts, its conquests, its men and its monarchs. It's high time that it was defined by its women. In this unique history, Jenni Murray tells the stories of twenty-one women who refused to succumb to the established laws of society, whose lives embodied hope and change. Famous queens, forgotten visionaries, great artists and trailblazing politicians all pushed back boundaries and revolutionised our world. In Murray's hands their stories are enthralling and beguiling; they have the power to inspire us once again.


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Here's another update on the patching status of Fallout: New Vegas.
The 1.01 patch has been released for the PS3 in Europe and North America (it was previously released on the PC and 360 as well). It fixes around 200+ quest and scripting-related bugs in the game.
Meanwhile, Nvidia has released the 260.99 WHQL drivers, which improve the performance of Fallout: New Vegas and Fallout 3 on the PC:
- Increases performance vs. v260.99 drivers in the following PC games: Civilization V (SLI), Fallout 3, Final Fantasy XIV, and Formula 1 Racing (DX11).
- Adds SLI profiles for the following PC games:
- Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit
- Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II
- Fallout: New Vegas
- Improves compatibility for Fallout 3: New Vegas with antialiasing enabled.
Also, after a delay of several days, the 1C/Cenega edition of Fallout: New Vegas, available in Poland, Russia and Czech Republic, has finally been patched.


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WE ARE ALMOST THERE - only 18% left to go!
The Rohr Chabad Student Center at McGill University is an independent organization affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement: Chabad at McGill is dedicated to serving the educational and social needs of every Jewish student, faculty, staff and community resident, regardless of background or affiliation.
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Dahl swaps Putnam for Bear Stearns
22 September 2005
Knut Dahl has quit investment bank Putnam Lovell NBF to become managing director in charge of European asset management at Bear Stearns.
Dahl looked after transactions in continental Europe, including hedge funds, at Putnam Lovell, which is a specialist in fund management.
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Dahl will report to Paul Abecassis, Bear Stearns' head of investment banking in Europe, and Yves Lehsen, who heads its fixed income division.
Dahl is the latest to quit Putnam now that handcuffs put in place following its takeover by National Bank Financial three years ago are falling away.
Putnam's founder, Don Putnam, recently quit the bank to start a new boutique called Grail Partners.


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Party Gras 2009 at Harrah's Atlantic City
February 14, 2009
Filed under Entertainment
Just one of the I'm sure many Super Mardi Gras Bash! On Wednesday, February 25, 2009 with doors open at 10pm.Hosted by Aubrey O'Day, formerly of Danity Kane and Rock, pop and hip hop by DJ Eddie Edge. This should be a great time at The Harrah's Casino pool. You don't want to miss out and it's free to get in!
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Calgary, Alberta
- 4 Chambre(s) à coucher
- 4 Salle(s) de bain
- 1 Salle(s) d'eau
A propos de cette propriété
Incredible custom built home w/ 6000sq ft of living space on over 1/2 acre lot backing WEST onto Lynx-Ridge-Golf Course. Fully developed WALKOUT features grand entry, bright open floor plan w/ 10' high ceilings(9'upper level), exquisite architectural details & mill work, dream kitchen w/ cherry cabinets, high end appliances, granite counters throughout, extensive wood built-ins, elegant circular staircase, Brazilian cherry hard wood floor on main, heated porcelain & ceramic tiled floors, architecturally designed feature fireplace in the living room, master en suite has his & her sinks, cherry built ins & Jacuzzi tub. whole home speakers, high velocity fan coil boiler heating system, air conditioning, in floor heat in basement & garage, theater room, stunning cherry wet bar, wine room, three large decks to enjoy mountain views & sunsets, beautifully landscaped and room to breathe. Too many features to highlight. 19 Lynx Meadows Dr. NW
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- 4,040 pi2 / 375.32 m2 - Aire habitable
- 2,190.00 m2 / 203.45 m2 - Grandeur du terrain
- Construit en 2005
- 6 113$ Taxes autres 2016
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