text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1988
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1987
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Donald R. Scifres, D. Philip Worland
|Original Assignee
|Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (141), Classifications (22), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to optical systems for producing a bright light output, and in particular to fiberoptic systems having a laser light source.
Many different methods are available for pumping solid state lasers, such as neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. One common technique is to place a rod of solid state material at one focus of a tubular reflector having an elliptical cross section and a flash lamp or other bright light source at the other focus. In such an arrangement, light emitted by the flash lamp and reflected from the reflector walls will impinge on the rod. One problem with this arrangement is that the rod must have a diameter large enough to absorb a substantial portion of the pumping radiation during passage through the rod. If during this initial traverse the pumping illumination is not absorbed, it is likely to be reflected by the reflector walls back to the light source, where it will be reabsorbed, generating heat and reducing the lifetime of the source. Another problem is that much of the optical energy produced by flash lamps and other broadband light sources is wasted, because it does not match the absorption spectrum of the laser medium.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,201, Rosenkrantz et al. disclose a solid state laser in which a Nd:YAG laser rod is end pumped by an array of semiconductor laser sources. The wavelength of the pump light from the diode lasers is selected for optimum absorption, while the increased optical path length of the pump light within the rod from end pumping relative to that from side pumping ensures more complete absorption. The lasers are cryogenically cooled and operate in a pulsed mode with a low duty cycle to enable heat generated by the diodes to dissipate between pulses and thereby maintain the array at a temperature which provides the desired pump wavelength.
Individual diodes and diode lasers, as well as arrays of diode lasers just described, have been directly coupled to the end of solid state rods to achieve low to medium power laser output. However, the power outputs of these solid state lasers are limited by the brightness of the pump light. In order to achieve higher power, brighter pump sources are required along with efficient means for coupling light from these sources into the solid state medium.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,854, Martin discloses a Nd:YAG laser which is side pumped by a plurality of diode laser bars. Each bar contains many diode lasers which in turn circumferentially envelope a Nd:YAG rod or other suitable solid state medium. The bars are driven by a high frequency pulse which is switched so as to drive the bars in any desired combination, but not all at the same time. The laser operates in a continuous wave mode even though any given laser bar is pulsed at a very low duty factor so that the array may operate uncooled.
Diode laser bars with 30 W peak power output, a 50 Hz repeat rate and a 150 μsec pulse length have been demonstrated, and it would be desirable to use laser bars to end pump a solid state laser. However, if one were simply to butt couple a diode laser bar to the end of a solid state rod, the laser would not be efficiently pumped, because of the elongated diode laser bar geometry. Laser bars may have a lateral dimension or width of up to 1 cm, which is too great to form a small enough image to fit within the fundamental mode volume of a solid state rod. Typical rods are 3 mm in diameter and have a fundamental mode volume about 100 μm in diameter.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,056, Baer et al. disclose an intra-cavity frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser which allows efficient coupling by a high power laser diode array, despite the fact that the diode array has an output beam with too much spatial structure and limited focusability. Baer et al. achieve this result by expanding the lasing volume to match the focused image of the laser diode array. A combination of a concave output coupler mirror and a lens-shaped end at the front end of the Nd:YAG rod enables the beam size within the YAG rod to be adjusted to the appropriate volume. For efficient pumping, the pumping volume must overlap and preferably match closely the lasing volume of the rod.
It is not always possible or desirable to change the shape and size of the mode volume to match the pump light of a diode laser bar. Further, it may be desired to further increase the power by using a plurality of diode laser bars for pumping, as taught for example by Martin. Thus, ways of producing a bright source that fits the available mode volume of a solid state laser are sought. It may also be desired to operate a plurality of diode laser bars continuously, but still provide the necessary heat dissipation.
An object of the present invention is to produce an optical system producing a bright light output.
Another object of the present invention is to produce an optical pumping system for end pumping a solid state laser.
The above objects have been met with optical systems in which one or more fiberoptic waveguides receive light from one or more diode lasers or diode laser bars and transmit the light to an output end where it is formed into a bright light image. The input end of a fiberoptic waveguide, which in the prior art is typically round with a diameter substantially equal to that at the output end, has in the present invention elongated core dimensions and lateral and transverse numerical apertures corresponding respectively to the typically elongated emissive area and to the lateral and transverse divergences of the light source to which it is coupled, so as to guide most of the light emitted by that source. In other words, the fiber may be squashed, flattened or otherwise elongated at the input end to match the light output by the diode laser or diode laser bar, and may be tapered to a smaller core area at the output end to match the solid state rod or slab. The optical power emitted at the output end of a fiber waveguide is greater than 50% of the total diode laser power output, and waveguide outputs as high as 88% of total laser output have been demonstrated. However, because the light emitted at the output end of an elongated fiber has a higher power density than that obtained by butt coupling a laser array to a circular core fiber of the same diameter as the laser array, the overall pumping efficiency is improved. Further, because the fiber coupled laser diode can be remotely located, thermal dissipation in the region of a solid state laser medium is not a problem.
In the case in which a plurality of diode laser or laser bar light sources are used, a plurality of fiberoptic waveguides like those just discussed are arranged at their output ends to form a bundle. Focusing optics proximate the output end may be used to image the light into a very bright spot forward of the end of the bundle, or into a collimated beam. Alternatively, butt coupling as an input to another device may be used. Each input end of a fiber waveguide is positioned proximate to one of the light sources for accepting light therefrom. In this manner, the combined optical power from many diode lasers or diode laser bars may be coupled through the fiber bundle into the end of a solid state laser medium.
In another embodiment, light from a fiber bundle is made to impinge on a partially reflecting mirror surface formed or positioned so that some of the light is reflected back into the fibers and ultimately back into the laser diodes. This serves to lock all laser diodes in-phase and creates a multiple laser coherent source. In this embodiment, single mode fibers are preferred and polarization preserving fibers could be used. Fiber ends could also be anti-reflection coated to maximize the throughput.
In a further embodiment, a laser diode bar emitting an array of light elements from an elongated emissive area is coupled into a plurality of fiberoptic waveguides. Each waveguide is positioned proximate to the diode laser bar and has a flattened input end so as to accept light elements from one segment of the array. The waveguides may then be stacked at the output end to emit a less elongated light beam made up of the individual light elements. A lens or other optical means may then couple the light into the cavity mode volume of a solid state laser medium if desired.
The present invention solves the problem of coupling elongated light sources, such as diode laser bars, into the mode volume of a solid state laser. The invention also produces a bright light source, especially where light divergence precludes lenses and where spacing and thermal dissipation problems preclude use of multiple sources. Using fiberoptic waveguides, the problem of increasing brightness is separated from usually related problems of spacing and heat dissipation. In addition to being used to optically pump solid state lasers, the optical system of the present invention, producing bright light output, may be used for surgery, scribing, welding, cutting, illuminator systems, such as beacons, communications links, rangefinders and the like.
FIG. 1 is a simplified side view of an optical system of the present invention with a solid state laser.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a laser light source and the input end of a fiberoptic waveguide in the optical system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a front end view of a fiberoptic bundle of the optical system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a side plan view of the fiberoptic bundle in FIG. 3 butt coupled to an end of a solid state laser medium.
FIG. 5 is a side plan view of a second optical system and solid state laser embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a side plan view of a third optical system and solid state laser embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a side plan view of a fourth optical system and solid state laser embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a diode laser bar and a plurality of fiberoptic waveguides for another optical system of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is an end view of the diode laser bar of FIG. 8 taken along the line 9--9.
FIG. 10 is an end view of the stacked output end of the fiberoptic waveguides of FIG. 8.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the output end of FIG. 10 coupling to a solid state laser slab.
FIGS. 12-16 are side perspective views of embodiments of the output end of a fiberoptic waveguide bundle in accord with the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 1, an optical system for producing a bright light output useful for pumping a solid state laser includes a plurality of semiconductor laser light sources, such as diode lasers or diode laser bars 11, 12 and 13. Typically, there are seven laser light sources, although the number may vary. Each of the laser light sources 11, 12 and 13 emits a light beam 25 which couples into one of a plurality of fiberoptic waveguides, such as waveguides 17, 18 and 19. The waveguides 17, 18 and 19 are arranged to form a bundle 23, and emit the light 25 guided by waveguides 17, 18 and 19 from light sources 11, 12 and 13 and emitted at an output end 27 of the waveguide bundle 23. Optics, such as the lens of lens system 29 in FIG. 1, may be disposed in front of output end 27 to focus the light 25 into a bright light image which may, for example, couple into the end 31 of a solid state laser medium 33. Alternatively, the fiber bundle may be butt coupled to the rod. Note that the solid state laser rod may act as a light guide via total internal reflection in order to confine the diverging pump light rays, thereby allowing for more efficient light absorption.
Each light source 11, 12 and 13 is typically a high power semiconductor diode laser bar, such as any of the (GaAl)As phased array lasers or broad area lasers known in the art. Alternatively, semiconductor diodes and individual diode lasers may be used. Lasers and laser arrays composed of light emitting semiconductor materials other than (GaAl)As, such as InGaAsP, may also be used. Typically, each light source emits with a continuous wave optical power output of at least 200 mW, and preferably at least 500 mW. Semiconductor laser arrays with facet windows fabricated by silicon impurity induced disordering have been demonstrated with continuous power outputs of up to 3 Watts before exhibiting catastrophic facet damage. One such laser is disclosed in an article by R. L. Thornton, et al. in Applied Physics Letters, vol. 49, no. 23, Dec. 8, 1986, pp. 1572-1574. In short pulse operation, i.e. shorter than 1 μs pulse lengths, the catastrophic power limit increases inversely as the square root of the pulse length. Lasers with 100 nsec pulses and 10 kHz repeat rate can be used in the present invention to produce an optical system with 20 W peak power output from the fiber bundle 23. The lasers can be modulated up to gigahertz rates by simply varying the drive current so that the system can be used as part of a communications link.
A power supply 35, in electrical communication with laser light sources 11, 12 and 13, as indicated by arrow 37, supplies electrical power to drive the light sources. Typically, the light sources operate at about 25% electrical to optical overall efficiency. Efficiencies of up to 50% have been achieved. Accordingly, each laser light source producing 500 mW continuous optical power output draws about 1 A current at 2 V. Thus, power supply 35 may be a lightweight portable battery unit delivering at least 14 W. The light sources 11, 12 and 13 may be connected in any of various series-parallel combinations depending on the most convenient power supply. The remaining electrical power drawn by the light source results in heat which is removed by heat sinks 39, 40 and 41. Temperature control may be required in some optical pumping applications to ensure that the wavelength of the laser output coincides with the absorption band of lasing material 33. The system typically operates at the ambient temperature, i.e. about 15� C. to 25� C.
With reference to FIG. 2, each laser light source 11 has an elongated emissive area. For example, the preferred diode laser bar 11, seen in FIG. 2 typically has a substantially rectangular emissive area with a lateral dimension or width of about 100 μm and a transverse dimension or height of about 1 μm. The far field profile of the emitted light 45 from such a laser is characterized by lateral and transverse divergences, typically about 7� and 30� respectively.
In order to efficiently couple light 45 from laser bar 11 into a fiberoptic waveguide 17, the waveguide is squashed at one end into an elongated shape. Waveguide 17 comprises a transparent core 47 characterized by a first index of refraction, and a cladding 49 surrounding core 47 and characterized by a second lower index of refraction. The cladding 49 is preferably thin, i.e. about 2 μm thick. The numerical aperture (N.A.) of a fiberoptic waveguide, i.e. the sine of the half-angle within which the fiber can accept or radiate light guided by the fiber, is a function of the indices of refraction of core 47 and cladding 49 and other factors, and is indicative of the ability of the fiber or waveguide to couple light from laser light sources 11, 12 and 13. Typically waveguide 17 is an 0.3 N.A. waveguide with a 50 μm core diameter circular cross section, which is then elongated at an input end 51 to an elliptical cross section with 120 μm by 20 μm core dimensions. Transition from circular to elliptical cross section is about 0.5 cm but the fiber could be several meters in length. Squashing the fiber waveguide causes the core material to emerge slightly from the cladding in the form of a semiellipsoidal lens. This lens may be retained to further improve coupling into the fiberoptic waveguide 17 or the waveguide end 51 may be mechanically polished flat for butt coupling to laser bar 11. Fiberoptic waveguides with rectangular cross sections may also be used.
The fiberoptic waveguide 17 is shown in FIG. 2 to be spaced proximate to laser bar 11. Typically, however, waveguide 17 abuts laser bar 11 with the major elliptical axis of the waveguide core aligned with the lateral direction of laser bar 11. The waveguide 17 efficiently couples light from laser bar 11 because the elongated core dimensions correspond closely to the dimensions of the laser bar's emissive area. Further, the input numerical apertures measured in both the lateral and transverse directions are altered by the flattening process from the intrinsic numerical aperture of the circular core fiberoptic waveguide from which waveguide 17 is formed. Typically, waveguide 17 has a lateral numerical aperture of about 0.125, corresponding to acceptance of light with up to 14� lateral divergence. Waveguide 17 also has a transverse numerical aperture of about 0.75, corresponding to acceptance of light with up to 97� transverse divergence. These acceptance angles are at least twice the lateral and transverse divergences of the laser bar 11, sufficient to couple most of the light emitted by laser bar 11. Typically, the coupling efficiency is at least 50% and typically about 75%. Coupling efficiencies as high as 88% have been achieved.
With reference to FIG. 3, the plurality of fiberoptic waveguides 17, 18 and 19 in FIG. 1, are arranged into a bundle 23 of waveguides, here indicated by the reference numerals 55a through 55g. Typically, the waveguides 55a-55h are arranged in a hexagonal close packed array for maximum brightness. Seven waveguides, having core diameters of about 50 μm and cladding thicknesses of about 2 μm, produce a bright light source with an effective diameter D of about 170 μm. For lasers with 500 mW continuous output, and a 75% coupling efficiency, the bundle 23 produces a continuous bright output of approximately 2.5 watts. Higher power outputs up to about 7.5 watts continuous wave can be achieved if the individual lasers operate up to their catastrophic limits, or sequentially in a pulsed mode.
With reference to FIG. 4, an output end 27 of a bundle 23 of fiberoptic waveguides is butt coupled to an end 31 of a solid state active lasing medium 33. The medium 33 may be in the form of a cylindrical rod, as shown, or a rectangular slab or other convenient shape. The medium 33 may be any solid material which has been developed for lasers, including neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), Nd:glass, Nd:YLF, Nd:YALO, Er:YAG, ruby, and alexandrite, provided the output wavelength of the fiberoptic bundle 23 matches an absorption band of the medium 33. For example, for Nd:YAG pumping, the light 25 output by laser light sources 11, 12 and 13 and transmitted by fiberoptic bundle 23 has a wavelength of about 0.8 μm. End 31 of medium 33 typically has a coating which is highly reflective at the lasing wavelength, 1.06 μm for Nd:YAG lasers, and which is antireflective and highly transmissive to light 25 at the pumping wavelength, 0.8 μm for Nd:YAG lasers. Butt coupling, as seen in FIG. 4, is adequate for multimode laser operation, but may waste considerable optical energy for single transverse mode laser operation.
Referring again to FIG. 1, in order to efficiently pump medium 33 for single transverse mode operation, it is preferable that the pump light 25 emitted from bundle 23 be focussed to a spot size which substantially matches the mode volume of the desired lasing mode. This mode volume is determined from the resonant optical cavity of the solid state laser defined between end 31 and laser output mirror 57. The mode volume 59 in active medium 33 is a function of the curvatures of end 31 and mirror 57 and the distance between them. Typically, for a 3 mm diameter rod, the lowest order mode volume has a diameter of about 100 μm. A lens 29 or multiple lens system may be used to focus the light from bundle 23. Typically, lens 25 has a focal length of about 6 cm.
Applications other than optically pumping a solid state laser, such as communications, illumination, beacons and the like, require a collimated beam output from bundle 23. To produce a beam divergence comparable to a 1 to 10 mW helium-neon laser, i.e. a 1 mrad divergence, a 17 cm focal length lens 29 is required. Lens 29 should have a diameter of about 10 cm for a bundle of 0.3 N.A. fiberoptic waveguides. Such a system produces an optical power density of about 0.35 μW/cm2 at a distance of 30 km, which is easily detectable by conventional silicon photodetectors.
With reference to FIGS. 5-7, an optical pumping system for pumping a solid state laser includes a semiconductor diode laser bar 61, broad area laser or other elongated light source. Laser bar 61 emits a light beam 62 which is coupled into a fiber optic waveguide 63. The input end of waveguide 63 is elongated, as in FIG. 2, so as to have core dimensions and lateral and transverse numerical apertures which correspond respectively to the emission area and lateral and transverse divergences of laser bar 61. Thus, waveguide 63 butt coupled or otherwise positioned proximate to laser bar 61 guides most of the light 62 emitted by laser bar 61. Various optical means are shown for coupling light 64 emitted from the output end of waveguide 63 into an end 66 of solid state laser material 67. In FIG. 5, a focusing lens 65 couples light 64 into medium 67. In FIG. 6, waveguide 63 is butt coupled to the end 66 of medium 67. In FIG. 7, one or both of end 75 of waveguide 63 or surface 77 of end 66 is curved, thereby effectively focusing light 64 into medium 67. These optical means cooperate with the output end of waveguide 63 to match the light 64 to a desired mode of the resonant optical cavity of the laser. Solid state medium 67 may be in the form of a cylindrical rod, rectangular slab or other convenient shape. Reflective output mirror 69 may have a concave surface 73 or be planar. Medium 67 is typically provided with a coating on end 66 which is highly reflective at the lasing wavelength and antireflective at the pump wavelength. With any of these embodiments, the light from the elongated emissive area of a diode laser bar is efficiently coupled into the mode volume of a solid state laser.
With reference to FIG. 8, a semiconductor diode laser bar 81 may have a width greater than 100 μm up to 1 centimeter or more. The laser bar 81 may thus emit a plurality of light elements ranging from a few to several thousand or more. To date, 100 μm core diameter fibers have been squashed to 460 μm by 18 μm cross sections with a coupling efficiency greater than 50 percent. It may be somewhat difficult to squash a single fiber to dimensions of 1 cm width.
In FIG. 9, laser bar 81 comprises a plurality of contiguous semiconductor layers 83, 85, 87, 89, 91 and 93, of which at least one layer 87 forms an active region for lightwave generation and propagation under lasing conditions. Laser bar 81 may be constructed in any of the known ways for producing a laser bar 81, preferably with stable phase locked output. For example, laser bar 81 may have a plurality of conductive contact stripes 95 for introducing lateral gain guiding. Laser arrays with real refractive index guiding may also be used. Active region 91 together with cladding layers 85 and 89 form an emissive area at reflective facet 97, emitting light elements 99, seen in both FIG. 8 and FIG. 9.
For the purpose of coupling this emissive area to fiberoptic waveguides, the emissive area formed by layers 85, 87 and 89 is divided into a plurality of segments demarcated by dashed lines 101. The divisions may be made anywhere in the emissive area, provided that each segment emits at least one light element 99 in the array of light elements, and provided that the width of each segment does not exceed 200 μm at most and preferably does not exceed 150 μm. In FIG. 8, a plurality of fiberoptic waveguides 103, 105, 107, etc. are disposed in front of the emissive area of laser bar 81 for accepting and guiding light elements 99 from the laser segments. Preferably, the core of each waveguide 103, 105, 107, etc. has a rectangular cross section, although elliptical and circular cross-section waveguides may also be used. The input end of each waveguide has squashed or elongated core dimensions corresponding to the dimensions of the laser segment proximate thereto, and should also have lateral and transverse numerical apertures corresponding to respective lateral and transverse divergences characteristic of the lasing elements 99.
Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, the fiberoptic waveguides 103, 105, 107, etc. are stacked or otherwise arranged at an output end 109 to form a bundle with less elongated dimensions than the laser bar's emissive area. This bundle may be coupled to an end of a solid state laser medium 110, here shown as a rectangular slab. For example, if laser bar 81 has an emission area 1 mm wide and 10 μm high emitting 100 light elements, the emissive area may be divided into 10 laser segments each 100 m wide and each containing 10 light elements. Each fiberoptic waveguide 103, 105, 107, etc. may then be elongated at the input end to 100 μm wide by 20 μm high with core dimensions of about 96 μm wide and 16 μm high. When stacked or arranged into a bundle at the output end as shown in FIG. 10, the bundle measures 100 μm wide by 200 μm high. The elongation of the light emitted by laser bar 81 has thus been reduced in this example from a width to height ratio of 100 to 1 to a ratio of 2 to 1. Other dimensions and other stacking configurations may be used to produce a less elongated light output for optical pumping or other application.
In FIGS. 12-16, various ways of forming the output end of a fiber bundle 111 are seen. In FIG. 12, the end of bundle 111 is fused so as to form a bead 113 of molten core material. When the bead 113 cools and hardens, all of the fiber waveguides of bundle 111 are fused together. Further, the surface 115 of bead 113 is curved so as to function as a convergent lens to light output from the waveguide bundle. In FIG. 13, a greater length of bundle 111 is heated, preferably to the melting point of the fibers. As a result, the fibers are not only fused together, but also air gaps, such as gaps 117 in FIG. 4, between the fibers are removed and a homogeneous rod 119 is formed on the end of bundle 111. Rod 119 functions as a mixing rod to blend the light coming from the individual fiber waveguides of bundle 111 and thereby produce a more spatially uniform light output. Further, because the air gaps have been removed in forming rod 119, the rod 119 has a reduced diameter and greater optical power density than bundles without this rod. The original diameter of bundle 111 is indicated by dashed lines 121 representing the original fiber waveguides from which rod 119 was formed. In FIG. 14, the fiber bundle 111 is further processed by a combination of heating and pulling. A tapered output rod 123 results. Tapered rod 123 is characterized by a diameter which is typically reduced by about one-half compared to mixing rod 119 in FIG. 13. This produces a greater optical power density but also with greater light divergence. For example, a 200 μm diameter bundle of 0.3 NA fibers, when terminated in a rod 123 tapered to 100 μm diameter emits light with a 0.6 NA.
In FIGS. 15 and 16, the output end of fiber bundle 111 is not melted, but instead butted against a glass mixing rod 125. In FIG. 15, rod 125 performs the same function as melted rod 119 in FIG. 13, namely blending the light from the fiber waveguides of the bundle to produce a uniform light output. If desired, an antireflection coating may be applied to the end 126 of rod 125. In FIG. 16, a partial reflector 127 is added to the end of rod 125. Portions of the light rays 129 diverging from fiber waveguides in bundle 111 is reflected by mirror 127 back into the bundle 111. This light is then coupled back into laser light sources on the input ends of the fiber waveguides. Since the light diverges and is mixed in rod 125, a portion of the light originating from one laser ends up being coupled back into another laser, and the lasers can become phase locked. Thus, the embodiment in FIG. 16 produces coherent emission from all the lasers in the bundle. Preferably, the fiberoptic waveguides are polarization preserving single mode fibers. A reflectivity of at least 5% for mirror 127 is sufficient to produce coherent light output.
The present invention produces a bright light output derived from a plurality of light sources or an extremely elongated light source suitable for optical pumping a solid state laser. The invention is also applicable as a communications link for ground-to-ground, ground-to-air, ground-to-space, ship-to-shore communications, as a designator, range finder, illuminator, beacon, welding, cutting, scribing, or any other application requiring a bright collimated light source.
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Owner name: SPECTRA DIODE LABORATORIES, INC., 3333 NORTH FIRST
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SCIFRES, DONALD R.;WORLAND, D. PHILIP;REEL/FRAME:004720/0855
Effective date: 19870424
|Oct 2, 1990
|Reissue application filed
Effective date: 19900816
|Sep 26, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 17, 1992
Owner name: FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON, THE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:SPECTRA DIODE LABORATORIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:006187/0189
Effective date: 19920715
|Jul 7, 2000
Owner name: SDL, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FLEET NATIONAL BANK (FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE FIRST NATIONALBANK OF BOSTON);REEL/FRAME:010958/0310
Effective date: 20000512


text:
Black Bean Pinwheels
Total Time
Prep 20 mins
Cook 0 mins
This a great make ahead appetizer. Serve with Guacamole and/or Salsa and sour cream. Makes about 60 pieces, so its a great crowd pleaser.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3⁄4 cup cooked black beans (can use canned)
- 3 ounces cream cheese
- 2 teaspoons finely chopped jalapenos
- 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese
- 1⁄2 sweet red pepper, finely chopped
- 4 green onions, sliced
- 48 inches flour tortillas
- In a bowl, mash 1/2 cup of the beans.
- Stir in the remaining 1//4 cup of the beans, cream cheese, and jalapenos.
- Spread on tortillas and sprinkle with cheddar cheese, red pepper, and onions.
- Roll up tightly and wrap in plastic wrap.
- Chill for 2 to 8 hours.
- To serve, remove plastic wrap, Slice 1/2 to 3/4 inch thick.
- Place cut side up on serving platter.
Most Helpful
Made this for a Superbowl party and it scored a touchdown! I garnished with sourcream and lime juice by combining them in a ziplock, snipping the corner and squiggling mixture over spirals. I sprinkled with chopped cilantro. Thanks for an easy and tasty app.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Aug 5th, 2005
if you coded test before the cond is 1st checked then perform statement will execute where as in test after the perform statement will execute 1st then the cond is checked
In a COBOL II perform statement, when is the conditional tested, before or after the perform execution?
In COBOL II the optional clause WITH TEST BEFORE or WITH TEST AFTER can be added to all perform statements. By default the test is performed before the perform.
Showing Answers 1 - 1 of 1 Answers
- Identify the mistake
- Mobile testing interview questions
- Perform funnel
- Compressible testing of concrete
- Perform totals on crosstab, list and chart
- Decrease graph execution time
- Define a return statement
- If I will pass null key to join components, then what will be output?
- What is statement and branch coverage for this program?
- Even or odd number
- Last execution time
- Mutating trigger timing
- Email validation via cobol
- To add the runtime property of an object into the excel sheet
- Employee errors and warnings in PS GLobal payroll
- Why are you interested in a job?
- Annual performance review
- Query multiples
- Execution of test cases
- Frequency dependent losses


text:
Green beans are very fibrous, which makes it hard to get a smooth consistency. Straining after pureeing will help remove any stringy pieces. Try using frozen green beans if fresh are not in season.
1 1/2 cups or 6 (1/4-cup) servings (serving size: 1/4 cup)
+ Add To Shopping List
1 pound green beans, trimmed
1. Place green beans in a vegetable steamer. Steam, covered, 15 minutes or until very tender. Remove beans from steamer, reserving cooking liquid.
2. Place beans in a food processor; process until smooth, adding cooking liquid, 1 tablespoon at a time, to reach desired consistency. Strain using a sieve or food mill, if needed; discard solids.
Maintaining Nutrients
You may notice that most of the purees call for steaming rather than boiling. That's because the less water the vegetable or fruit comes in contact with, the more vitamins and minerals the food retains. Some nutrients still leach into the water when you steam, which is why we recommend saving and using the cooking liquid to help smooth and thin your purees.
Created date
January 2011


text:
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I really enjoyed the long and involved debate that followed my article on the small elephant depicted on the wall of Rekhmire's tomb. Thank you to (just about) everyone who contributed. As I tried to make clear in the actual article, we'll likely never know the truth of the matter, and this whole exercise should be seen as a bit of fun speculation [image below © Alessando Mangione and Marco Masseti].
Read the rest of this post... | Read the comments on this post...... Read more »
Todd, N. (2010) New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 293(1), 74-90. DOI: 10.1002/ar.21010
by Sam W in From C to Carnivore
Aren't they adorable? Orcas are beautiful animals and people often try to portray them as nicer animals than they really are (most notably anyone who thinks it is a good idea to keep these animals in an aquarium). Really though, orcas are nasty. That's not to judge, all predators are essentially nasty. They eat other animals (but then again, so do I).... Read more »
Barrett-Lennard, L., Matkin, C., Durban, J., Saulitis, E., & Ellifrit, D. (2010) Predation of gray whales and prolonged feeding on submerged carcasses by transient killer whales at Unimak Island, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series. DOI: 10.3354/meps08906
by Razib Khan in Gene Expression
After 2010′s world-shaking revolutions in our understanding of modern human origins, the admixture of Eurasian hominins with neo-Africans, I assumed there was going to be a revisionist look at results which seemed to point to mixing between different human lineages over the past decade. Dienekes links to a case in point, a new paper in Molecular Biology and Evolution, An X-linked haplotype of Neandertal origin is present among all non-African populations. The authors revisit a genetic lo........ Read more »
Vania Yotova, Jean-Francois Lefebvre, Claudia Moreau, Elias Gbeha, Kristine Hovhannesyan, Stephane Bourgeois, Sandra Bédarida, Luisa Azevedo, Antonio Amorim, Tamara Sarkisian.... (2011) An X-linked haplotype of Neandertal origin is present among all non-African populations. Mol Biol Evol . info:/10.1093/molbev/msr024
by Marc in Teaching Biology
How ants find their way around long distances using their eyes.... Read more »
Wehner, R. (2003) Desert ant navigation: how miniature brains solve complex tasks. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 189(8), 579-588. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-003-0431-1
Ehmer, B. (1999) Orientation in the ant Paraponera clavata. Journal of Insect Behavior, 12(5), 711-722. DOI: 10.1023/A:1020987922344
Mote, M., & Wehner, R. (1980) Functional characteristics of photoreceptors in the compound eye and ocellus of the desert ant,Cataglyphis bicolor. Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A, 137(1), 63-71. DOI: 10.1007/BF00656918
by Sally Church in Pharma Strategy Blog
"Ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms have emerged as essential regulatory elements controlling cellular levels of Smads and TGFβ-dependent biological outputs such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). # In this study, we identify a HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase known as WWP2 (Full-length WWP2-FL), together with … Continue reading →... Read more »
Soond, S., & Chantry, A. (2011) Selective targeting of activating and inhibitory Smads by distinct WWP2 ubiquitin ligase isoforms differentially modulates TGFβ signalling and EMT. Oncogene. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.617
Attisano, L., & Tuen Lee-Hoeflich, S. (2001) The Smads. Genome Biology, 2(8). DOI: 10.1186/gb-2001-2-8-reviews3010
Izzi, L., & Attisano, L. (2004) Regulation of the TGFβ signalling pathway by ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Oncogene, 23(11), 2071-2078. DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207412
Do you write about peer-reviewed research in your blog? Use ResearchBlogging.org to make it easy for your readers — and others from around the world — to find your serious posts about academic research.
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*** *** Week 2 ** *
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Chapter 5 discusses the importance of point of view in literature and, more specifically, in the short story. Choose one short story from the course text about which you have not yet written, and analyze it in terms of point of view.
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The Meaning of PWND
You have found the definitive source for the meaning of PWND. This page contains all the definitions of PWND, crowd sourced, moderated and curated by real people who care about the true definitions of PWND.
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The most popular meaning of PWND is: Owned
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Is there anything in the world I would like more than being nommed on the nose by a baby pygmy hippo? Nope. Can't think of a thing.
These Prairie Dogs are demonstrating how sharing is caring, while they nom the carrot at both ends. What do you think, squeer than Lady and the Tramp?
- Sally Squeeps
Nothing reminds me of summer more than noming on juicy, ripe fruit. Cut it out turtle! You're making me hungry!


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I dream of winning
A miraculous thing happened last night which yours truly may or may not be responsible for. I went to bed as the Blue Jays were losing 3-4, only to wake up this morning and discover that they had clubbed the Mariners 11-4. Could it have been that as I drifted off to dreamland I was secretly willing them to victory? My, the power of the subconscious mind is impressive.
If you watch the post game wrap up from the game, you'll notice that the forgotten art of the shaving cream pie made a return to the Blue Jays clubhouse. Rod Barajas was the target this time, but it's still unknown who the pie-ee culprit is. He was wearing a Blue Jays hat, so automatically A.J. Burnett can be ruled out.
I personally still don't understand the shaving cream pie tradition; why use shaving cream when you can use an edible alternative like whipped cream instead? I've never had the pleasure of having shaving cream thrown in my face, but I'm assuming that it probably doesn't taste very good or feel great if it gets in your eyes. And another thing is that most shaving creams these days are gels which you would have to lather up first to get the desired shaving cream effect. Why not use canned whipped cream which you can just spray into the towel?
Anyway, this is a subject that obviously needs to be delved into further at some point in the future, but for now let's just celebrate this win. But no shaving cream pies, please.
Ian Hunter
Latest posts by Ian Hunter (see all)
- Is Marcus Stroman Being Dangled as Trade Bait for an Outfielder? - December 7, 2016
- Shapiro and the Jays Weighing Two Different Offseason Directions - December 7, 2016
- Ross Atkins Name-Drops Potential Outfield Options for the Blue Jays - December 7, 2016


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Karcher Hose Mender
Karcher Hose Mender, Ideal for connecting 2 garden hoses or repairing a garden hose
- Compatible with all standard garden hoses 1/2", 3/4" & 5/8"
- Guarantee - 1 year Manufacturers warranty
- Next Day Delivery . Order by 7pm (2pm Sunday) for next day delivery (excluding Sunday) (note that this will be subject to different terms and conditions)
Product info
Tech specs
|Brand :
|Material :
|Weight :
|Compatibility :
|Compatible with all standard garden hoses 1/2", 3/4" & 5/8"
More information
- It can make better use of resources to repair rather than replace items.
- Ergonomic design for easy handling


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Tractable Inference for Probabilistic Models by Free Energy Approximations
Probabilistic models explain complex observed data by a set of unobserved, hidden random variables based on the joint distribution of the variables. Statistical inference requires the evaluation of high dimensional sums or integrals. Hence, one has to deal with a vast computational complexity when the number of hidden variables is large and it is important to develop tractable approximations. I will discuss ideas for such approximations which are based on a variational formulation of inference. Quantities of interest, like marginal moments of the distribution are found as minima of an entropic quantity, often called the Gibbs Free Energy. While an exact computation of the Free Energy is computationally intractable, sensible approximations often provide quite accurate results. I will discusss applications of these techniques to the estimation of wind fields from satellite measurements, to a model of an error correcting code in telecommunication and to approximate resampling methods.
Author: Manfred Opper, University Of Southampton


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Audio | Justin Timberlake ft Anna Kendrick � True Colors | Mp3 Download
Justin Timberlake struck gold with his �Can�t Stop The Feeling� song which topped the Billboard Hot 100 back in May.
Today, JT offers another new song from the soundtrack of the upcoming DreamWorks� animated movie Trolls, this time joining forces with singer-actress Anna Kendrick on �True Colors�.
It�s a rendition of the Country classic of the same name originally performed by Cindi Lauper.
Trolls Film trailer:
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Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is a "global security company principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems and products." LMT is in a sector that has been hard-hit twice in a short time span. As the markets were weighing the impact on defense stocks of a change in administration, the credit bubble burst bringing future government spend on the sector into question. LMT stock today is down 35% from its high of $120 (Q3 of 2008) while the S&P is down just 20% in the same period. This leaves LMT trading at around $75 with a P/E of 9.92, well below its long run average of 15. Throughout the current recession, LMT has remained profitable and has had no issues pertaining to credit.
The outlook for the industry is unpredictable at the moment as the recessionary environment is the priority of governments around the world. The United States government, the company's largest customer is also currently occupied with ongoing concerns such as health care reform and energy initiatives in addition to programs to stimulate the economy. Longer term, large annual deficits and federal debt may have an impact on government defense spending. While the ultimate size of future defense budgets is uncertain, it is currently indicated that overall defense spending will continue to increase over the next few years but at a lower rate of growth than has been seen.
LMT's customers are split as follows: 84% of net sales to the US government, 13% to foreign governments, 3% to commercial and other customers. The US government is a very stable customer, as they have a military reputation to uphold and they can print money. Despite all the talk about decreased government spending on defense, this will not be sustained long term as our world slowly returns to a multi-polar system. These developments will only bring an increase in defense spending as governments attempt to maintain their countries' defence capability in the global arena. This is already demonstrated by the high level of negotiated backlog LMT has; approximately $80.9 billion, of which 58% will still be remaining after one year.
Regarding the uncertainty of government spending going forward, LMT feels it is well positioned to take advantage of areas where the government has already indicated increased funding; namely intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support for the warfighter, cybersecurity, helicopter maintenance and training, and lift, mobility, and refueling aircraft. LMT provides a diverse product offering to the industry and is well positioned to take advantage of these areas of increased spending while other segments may suffer. This company may have been knocked for being in an industry with such an uncertain near-term future, but it is well positioned to thrive within it.
Additionally, the company is pursuing a strategy that will see it
expand and complement our existing products and services by moving into adjacent businesses in which we believe that our core competencies will enable us to successfully compete.
Areas of opportunity the company foresees are
the need for more affordable logistics and sustainment, expansive use of information technology and knowledge-based solutions, and vastly improved levels of network and cybersecurity [all national priorities].
The company expects revenue growth to exceed the growth in the Department of Defence's budget, as LMT's revenues historically have not been dependent on supplemental funding requests.
The current debt to capital ratio of approximately 57% is high due to a reliance on one major customer – this affects the estimated equity risk premium. Using 60% as the long run target debt/capital ratio, 5.2% as the cost of debt (current yield to maturity) and 11.1% as the cost of equity (equity risk premium added to cost of debt), yields a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the firm of 6.41%. As a quick return on invested capital (ROIC) is 24.3% for the last 12 months, earnings power on an equity value per share basis (EPV) is expected to be significantly greater than net asset value per share (NAV).
A thorough valuation of LMT shows an EPV of $85.4 and a NAV of $48.5. This is in line with ROIC (replacement value of balance sheet) of 9.27%, which is greater than WACC. The competitive advantage which gives rise to the EPV-NAV discrepancy seems highly sustainable as it is based both on relationships (government connections) and capabilities (proprietary technology). Additionally, there are high barriers to entry in this industry as the government is generally a captive customer of LMT for upgrades, parts and service. It would be very difficult if not impossible for a competitor to take away market share from any of LMT's existing products.
The value of growth plays a part in the valuation of LMT as the company has a stated goal of growth, both organically and through acquisitions, which will add value with ROIC being greater than WACC. The 5-year average growth in net-income of 20%, while likely not sustainable in the long run, lends credibility to assuming a long-run growth rate of 3%. Applying a value of growth multiplier to EPV at this rate of growth yields an intrinsic value for LMT of $108.5 per share.
As always, I recommend incorporating a margin of safety in order to account for sensitivity in my calculations. A reasonable margin of safety implies an entry price of approximately $76. As such, I believe LMT is a great purchase at its current price of around $75.
Disclosure: Long LMT


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Long Lost Family S06E04 WEB x264-ROFL
Long Lost Family S06E04 WEB x264-ROFL | HotSCC.com
Summary: Presented by Davina McCall and Nicky Campbell, the series offers a last chance for people who are desperate to find long lost relatives. The series helps a handful of people, some of whom have been searching in vain for many years, find the family members they are desperately seeking. It explores the background and context of each family's estrangement and tracks the detective work and often complex and emotional process of finding each lost relative before they are reunited. With the help and support of Davina and Nicky, each relative is guided and supported through the process of tracing the member of their family they have been desperately seeking, in some cases for most of their lives.
Get Unlimited Speed with Premium Account - Get it From Below Links
Click the above links to find real Links as they are encrypted


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Cast-Iron Wood Ball Finial Drape Rod
- Overview
With their enduring and classic design, our finials add the warmth of real wood to our Cast-Iron Collection.
- Rod available in four sizes.
- Includes mounting hardware.
- Watch a video on how to hang a drape.
- Imported.
- Dimensions & Care
- Small: 28-48" long
- Medium: 48-88" long
- Large: 60-108" long
- X-Large: 96-120" long
- Rod available in 0.75" or 1" diameter.
- Finial: 2.75" wide x 2.75" deep x 4.3" high
- Projection From Wall: 3.5"
- Wipe with a dry soft cloth.
- To protect finish, avoid the use of household cleaners or abrasives.
- Shipping & Return Info
This is a general shipping item.
Shipping Information
Hassle Free Returns
We take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of each and every Pottery Barn product and we hope you love your purchase. If for any reason you do not, you have 30 days – or 7 days for all Quick Ship upholstery items – to return your purchase for a full refund or exchange. You can return most non-furniture items to your local Pottery Barn store, free of charge.
Delivery fees are non-refundable and prior purchases are not eligible for a price adjustment. The following items are non-eligible for returns or exchanges:
- Monogrammed items
- Mattresses
- Gift cards
- Special-order items (including made-to-order upholstery and custom order rugs)
- Final Sale items (identified by a price ending in $.X7 or $.X9)
- Items damaged through normal wear and tear.
Questions? See our full Return Policy.


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Stock Image
Bibliographic Details
Title: The Deuce
Publisher: Simon & Schuster, Riverside, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Publication Date: 1989
Binding: Hardcover
Book Condition: Fine
Dust Jacket Condition: Fine
Signed: Signed by Author(s)
Edition: First Edition.
Signed by Author 067167093X This hardcover book is square and tight, with a complete number line. The boards, spine, endpages, and gilt/lettering are all pristine. The pages are clean, having no markings or folds. The dustjacket is bright and AS NEW. Original price is intact. Brodart protected. No remainder mark. Not ex-lib. Bookseller Inventory # 000717
Payment Methods
This bookseller accepts the following methods of payment:
AbeBooks Bookseller Since: December 7, 2011
Bookseller Rating:
A. David Ruple. Southron Books, LLC. 602 East Main Street Suite D Lexington SC 29072. email@example.com. (803) 520-8098.
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.
Store Description: We focus primarily on First Editions, Modern Fiction, Southern Fiction, South Caroliniana, and South Carolina authors.


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TRAILER | X360, PS3, PC, PS4, Xbox One Friday, October 24, 2014 | 4:03 PM
Far Cry 4: Welcome to Kyrat #2
Welcome to Kyrat part 2 (EN)
Download: MP4 HD
The Midlands & Himalayas (FR)
Download: MP4 HD
All comments
All the latest videos of FC4 look amazing and each show great features, FC4 has a lot of potential to end up being better than FC3, which is already an epic game.
Hope it delivers and Ubisoft doesn't go crazy on the PC version's system requirements.
I was just so excited for it and i am crazy for FC3, idk guys.
Just don't mess up PC performance and we easily have one of the best games this year.
About the game
- Far Cry 4
- Pc, Xbox360, Ps3, Ps4, Xboxone
- Published by Ubisoft
- Developed by Ubisoft Montreal
- French release: Available
- US release: Available
What's up?
Top stories
- Copyright 2007-2016 Gamersyde SARL
- About gamersyde - Privacy Policy
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Gamersyde LiveNo upcoming streams
Express links
- Rockstar confirms Red Dead Redemption 2, coming Q4 2017
- inXile to launch crowdfunding campaign for Wasteland 3
- Hitman: The Complete First Season coming January 31
- Gran Turismo Sport release date delayed to 2017
- Ubisoft Motion Pictures announces "The Division" film
- Legendary to adapt Life Is Strange into digital series
- Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility
- BioShock: The Collection coming Sept. 13
- Batman: Return to Arkham delayed
- Xbox unveils Project Scorpio
- Koei Tecmo announces Berserk (working title)
- Techland officially becomes a global video game publisher
- No Man's Sky delayed to August 9
- Mass Effect: Andromeda will now ship in early 2017
- EA & Respawn developing a new Star Wars game


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Click here for information about personal leave of absence.
Sometimes, even while making use of the resources available to her, a student may need to take time away from Bryn Mawr so that she can devote more time and energy to dealing with medical or emotional issues. A medical or psychological leave of absence is designed to give a student the time she needs to address the problems that have been interfering with her ability to thrive at Bryn Mawr, whether academically or socially.
Medical and psychological leaves will sometimes begin in the course of the semester. Other times, a student will manage to complete the semester (or complete her work from home), but she will not be well enough to return. When a student needs to go on leave in the middle of the semester, her transcript will include the courses in which she had been enrolled but will list a "WD" in place of a final grade. A "WD" does not affect a student's GPA, and it is not viewed as a "bad grade." It indicates that the student was involved in a serious situation that was out of her control.
To request a medical leave of absence, a student should meet with her dean, who will discuss the situation and expectations for what the student should accomplish during the leave. The dean will also file a Notice of Departure for the student. If a student is unable to meet in person, the dean files the Notice of Departure within 5 business days of notification. A student who begins a medical or psychological leave of absence in the course of a semester may be eligible for a partial tuition refund.
It can be very difficult for friends when a student suddenly leaves campus. Because medical and psychological leaves involve confidential information, friends may feel frustrated and anxious about how little they are told about the situation. Students are encouraged to seek help dealing with these feelings.
A student on medical or psychological leave must apply for re-enrollment. The application process requires a student to answer a set of questions about why she left the College, what she has been doing since she left, why she thinks she is ready to return, and what her plans are for resuming her studies. She must also ask her health care provider to submit a letter to the Bryn Mawr Health Center that attests to her readiness to return to full-time studies. Applications for re-enrollment are due May 20 for return in the fall and November 1 for return in the spring. Please note that medical and psychological leaves of absence generally last one year. Students on leave may obtain a re-enrollment application here.
August 26
Dorms open for returning students at 9:00am
August 29
First day of classes at Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore
BIONIC reopens and PE registration begins (8:00am)
August 30
First day of classes at Penn
September 5
Labor Day (No Classes at Bryn Mawr, Haverford or Penn, Classes at Swarthmore)
September 6
PE classes begin
September 6-7
Confirmation of Registration for returning students
September 16
Last day to sign up for Credit/No Credit for first-quarter classes (deadline at 5:00pm)
Last day to drop a fifth class
October 7
Last day to sign up for Credit/No Credit for semester-long classes (deadline at 5:00pm)
Fall break begins after last class
October 17
Fall break ends at 8am
October 21
First-quarter (including PE) classes end
October 24
Second-quarter classes (including PE) begin
October 21-23
Family Weekend
October 28
Last day to add a second quarter class
November 2
Last day to drop a second quarter class
November 11
Last day to sign up for Credit/No Credit for second quarter classes
November 14-18
Pre-registration for Spring 2017
November 23
Thanksgiving vacation begins after last class
November 28
Thanksgiving vacation ends at 8:00am
December 8
Last day of classes at Bryn Mawr
December 9-10
Review Period
December 11-16
Examination period
December 16
Winter Break Begins. Dorms close at 6:00pm


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Lice Eliminators
Pesticide Free, Safe Lice Treamtent and Repellent That Works!
NIT FREE Products make lice eradication so EASY, almost ridiculously easy!! With Lice Eliminators, you have choices:
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call or text 832-257-9996
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The overuse of pesticide products has essentially created Super Lice. The latest study shows 99.6% resistance to over the counter pesticide lice treatments.
What does NIH (National Institutes of Health) say?
Are there any perils of pesticides?
Copyright Lice Eliminators. All rights reserved.


text:
Category: health
How to Take Back Your Brain From Facebook
by Tevya | May 22, 2016 | communication, essentialism, guides, health, priorities & planning, relationships, social media | 5 |
Facebook is holding your brain hostage. We all know the truth, we've all read the articles....Read More
Become an Early Riser
by Brett McKay | Apr 22, 2012 | health, word of wisdom | 3 |
Cease to be aidle; cease to be bunclean; cease to cfind fault one with another; cease to dsleep...Read More
Be Happy to Enhance Creativity, Productivity, Genius, & More
What if I said there was a simple ingredient that anyone can add to their life that will make you...Read More
Living the Whole Word of Wisdom
by Guest Author | Jan 14, 2011 | health, revelation, word of wisdom | 6 |
…and we're back, with an amazing guest-post by Skip Hellewell from Word of Wisdom...Read More
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You are gonna have to go into Target today! (Dec. 7th only) Target Cartwheel is giving you 50% off Barbie Dreamtopia Rainbow Cove Princess Castle which normally sells for $99.99! It's on sale in stores for $84.99. This makes the price for Barbie Dreamtopia Rainbow Cove Princess Castle only $42.50! THis is an instore deal only and there is a limit of 1 per guest!
See Jo Tinker at the store showing you this and other deals:
View more Target Deals!


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Despite Internet alert, Wisconsin State Patrol still nabs speeders
Kenosha — The 45-year-old woman from Gurnee, Ill., tapped her brakes when she saw the bright blue Wisconsin State Patrol cruiser on the side of Interstate 94.
Too late.
Another State Patrol officer spotted her zooming north through Kenosha County at 85 mph, 20 miles over the speed limit. Like most pulled over Wednesday afternoon, she said she didn't see the bright pink sign. The one that said "Air Enforcement Zone."
A State Patrol inspector at the controls of a Cessna 172 flying 2,000 feet above noticed her making a beeline through the semitrailer trucks, SUVs and cars, recorded her speed and radioed to one of four squad cars to pull her over.
The Wisconsin State Patrol has been conducting aerial enforcement missions for 50 years, but for the first time the agency is publicizing the times and locations of air patrols through Twitter. As the summer driving season begins this week, the State Patrol is hoping motorists will get the hint and slow down.
At 10 a.m. Wednesday, @WisconsinDOT sent out this message: #StatePatrol aircraft looking for speeders on #I94 in #KenoshaCounty late morning/afternoon, weather permitting. #SlowDown!
Judging by the number of vehicles zipping through Kenosha County on I-94, few bothered to slow down until they noticed the large number of law enforcement vehicles. While troopers in cars catch many, the pilots high above are in a unique and lofty position to nab lead-footed drivers.
"At this altitude it's really not that hard to pick out a car that's going so fast or driving aggressively," State Patrol Inspector Derek Schuette said as he banked the plane while keeping an eye out for tailgaters, speed demons and chronic lane-shifters.
On this day Schuette and another State Patrol pilot used a zone between Highways ML and 165 along I-94 marked with white stripes painted on the side of the road, each zone segment one-eighth of a mile apart. When Schuette spied a car traveling way too fast, he waited until the vehicle passed a white stripe and flicked a switch on the yoke, flicking again when it left the zone segment.
A VASCAR — Visual Average Speed Computer And Recorder — device on the Cessna's control panel registered the vehicle's speed. Invented in the 1960s, VASCAR is a fairly simple way to determine speed — by timing a vehicle moving through a known distance, the car's average speed is calculated by dividing distance by time. Radar guns or lasers used by troopers on the ground can't be used from planes.
Federal grant money pays for aerial enforcement missions conducted throughout the state during the summer driving season, usually one pilot in a state-owned plane and four troopers in cars. Most missions last four hours and are publicized by signs on the road and now on social media.
"If you don't see it because you're not paying attention and speeding, then so be it. Those are the ones we're talking to," said Trooper Kyle Amlong, who vividly remembers responding to fatal traffic accidents caused by speeding.
In 64 aerial enforcement missions last year, the State Patrol made 2,040 traffic stops and handed out 1,306 speeding tickets, 51 tickets for failing to fasten seat belts and nine child safety restraint violations. The fastest speeder clocked in at a blistering 108 mph in a 65-mph zone. Officers also made eight criminal drug arrests and five arrests on warrants.
Three Cessna 172s equipped with VASCAR units are based in Madison, Green Bay and Eau Claire.
The State Patrol has six pilots, officers who occasionally fly aerial missions but whose main job is something else. Schuette, for example, is a truck inspector working out of the State Patrol's DeForest office. Schuette, who flew helicopters in the Wisconsin National Guard for 21 years, averages four to eight aerial missions each month during the summer driving season.
Troopers hear plenty of excuses, though they usually boil down to: Hey, I was just traveling with the pack.
"It doesn't matter if you use radar, laser, aircraft, it's not uncommon for people to not believe. You get the response that, 'I was going with traffic' because our cars are down the road from the zone where they're clocked in," said State Patrol Lt. David Fish. "So when they come up to the cars they're no longer speeding, but they were when they went through the zone."
On Wednesday the fastest speeder was clocked at 92 mph with plenty of folks traveling 80-plus in the 65-mph zone. Though quite a few were Illinois drivers, the State Patrol officers all said they don't target vehicles with Illinois plates.
Around 1:35 p.m. Amlong was the next in line of the four troopers waiting on the side of the road, listening to Schuette on the radio say he spotted a yellow Smart car traveling 85 mph.
"Target vehicle will be underneath the bridge in 3, 2, 1," Schuette said as Amlong eased out into traffic. "He'll be out in front of you in Lane One, just moved over to Lane Two."
Amlong watched for the yellow vehicle to pass by.
"Is it a Beetle? Nope, Mini Cooper," Amlong said as the convertible with Illinois vanity plates "MNI MAMA" immediately slowed down and pulled over.
Amlong pulled on his trooper hat, walked slowly toward the car and leaned in the passenger side window to talk to the driver and check her license. The woman was cooperative, told Amlong she was on her way to an appointment and didn't see the aerial enforcement sign. After he typed on a laptop in his squad car, a printer on the seat spit out a speeding ticket for $276.10.
"With the planes people don't know what you've got on them. She said 'I thought I was going 65.' Well, if she was going 65 I really wouldn't stop her," Amlong said. "I told her at 85 mph if she had been 5 miles more (over the limit) she would've lost her license. People don't think about that."


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Miniature 9ct gold blue bird locket with another miniature heart pendant, weight: approx 1.1 grams
Hallmarked sterling silver heart locket
Masonic heart shaped locket, approx 3.5 cm including bale, with carnelian and bloodstone, as inspected
18ct yellow gold heart locket with floral motif approx 5.4 grams
A 9K yellow gold heart shaped locket with two engraved birds sitting on a branch. Hinged with an inside space for photos
A stone set heart locket; 9ct gold-lined.
A silver machine-turned heart locket.
Danish hinged silver heart locket, (with Georg Jensen logo) can be worn open or closed
A 9K gold plated heart locket
Two silver chains one with heart locket
A 9ct gold heart locket
An enamel and diamond locket, the heart shaped hinged locket set with pink enamel, applied gold wirework and diamond detail, suspended on a flat curblink chain, in 18ct gold.
Sterling silver heart shaped locket on a fine double interlinked silver curb link chain. Hallmarked London 1982. Complete with safety chain. (17 grams).
A silver chain & locket; 50 x 40mm heart shape locket on an oval link chain. Length 60 cm. Wt. 21.4g.
An antique diamond pendant/locket and chain, the heart shaped locket set with a principal old European cut diamond weighing 0.45cts, within a surround of further diamonds totalling 2.57cts, in 18ct gold and silver, suspended on a diamond set chain, in 15ct
Gold plated heart locket and chain
Heavy 9ct yellow gold circle link neck chain, with a Georgian yellow gold embossed heart shaped locket mounted with a cabochon cut garnet, 40gm total
Victorian sterling silver Albert watch chain, decorated with engraved baubles and heart shaped locket
A gold muff chain, the rope twist chain in 14ct gold, suspending a diamond set slide and monogrammed heart locket in 10ct gold, total weight 31.1gms, total length 1240mm.
An 18ct gold chain with locket; 41 cm twist chain attached with a 9ct gold back and front heart shape locket. Wt. 10.0gm.
An 18ct gold heart shaped locket, approximately 27 x 22mm, 6.00gms.
Heart shaped hair locket
An antique Regard locket, the heart shaped locket with applied foliate decoration and central cluster of gemstones with glazed panel to reverse, all in 15ct gold.
An Italian painted crystal and silver heart shaped locket, 16th-17th century
An Australian antique 'Regard' locket, the heart shaped locket set with ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst, ruby and diamond in raised floral and foliate decoration with engraved reverse, all in 18ct gold, hallmarked W.A. Jelfs, with original box.
18ct gold heart shaped locket with foliate engraving, made by E & JJ
A 18ct gold Georgian heart shaped chalcedony locket 9.6gms.
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