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ERIC Number: ED393051
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1995-Aug-15
Pages: 17
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
Promoting Agency among Children and Adolescents at the Margins.
Moffett, Patrick Sean
Founded in response to the needs of children left homeless in Italy in the wake of World War II, Boys' and Girls' Towns have become international communities of children and adolescents separated from their families or homelands because of domestic violence, famine, war or other forms of social upheaval. The towns have been less subject to many of the trends in social policy that significantly transformed and eventually closed most of the larger institutions for homeless children Challenged with responsibility for themselves and for the building up of the community, the young people of the towns have produced a constitutional government which continues to evolve; a financial system with taxes, savings accounts, fines and unemployment insurance; a judicial system with trials, a penal code, bar exams, lawyers, and public defenders; and commissioners of public works, sanitation, and labor. Based on personal observation, this paper presents a psychological perspective on the Boys' Town of Rome's citizens response to the numerous challenges they face, and invites reflection on their capacity to be agents in their own development. Examples are presented to illustrate forms of motivation related to propriate striving, personal causation, Locus of Control, perceived self-efficacy, resiliency, and agency. A detailed "Gradient of Belonging" is appended. Contains 16 references. (RB)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers; Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Agency Theory; Boys Town Urban Program; Italy
Note: Invited Address presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (103rd, New York, NY, August 15, 1995).


text:
I didn't spend nearly as much time reading as I wanted to this year. More responsibilities at work, changing responsibilities at /Film, and my new interest in creating original video work have all consumed a great deal of time and energy. But just as 2013 was a fantastic year for film, it was also a great year for quality online journalism and storytelling.
I have a reading backlog that's a mile long, but here are the things I did read that I can unequivocally recommend:
Murder by Craigslist by Hanna Rosin - By far, the single most riveting piece of writing that I've read all year. This piece is so good that I could not put it down until I finished it, even through a dinner and grocery shopping afterwards. The conclusion is totally unexpected and, in some ways, even uplifting. If you read one article from this blog post, make it this one.
Diamonds Are Bullshit by Rohin Dhar - This article explores how/why diamonds are not only artificially inflated, but how their elevated status has been completely manufactured by the diamond industry.
I'm still here: back online after a year without the Internet by Paul Miller - Paul Miller spent a year without internet as an experiment to see how his life would improve. In some ways, it did. But it turned out not to be the Thoreau-style utopia he was hoping for.
How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets by Peter Maass - By now, a significant number of people on this planet know who Edward Snowden is. Fewer know about Laura Poitras, the award-winning filmmaker that has put her livelihood in jeopardy to help tell his story. Great reporting by the Times.
A Day Inside Comic-Con's Hall H: Worshipping the Ultimate Movie Church by Todd VanDerWerff - There's nothing super timely about this piece - it could've been written in any of the past few years, save for some of the specific pop culture references. But it is such a perfect distillation of the agony and ecstasy of attending Comic-Con that I can't help but recommend it.
The Gay Guide to Wedded Bliss by Liza Mundy - As gay marriages have become more mainstream and widely accepted, the resulting family units may have a lot to teach heterosexual couples on how to be more functional.
Copernicus on the Science of Gravity by Andy Howell - An illuminating exploration on the where Gravity gets the science right and wrong (as told by an actual astronomer), and why Cuaron might have made those choices.
What Is It Like to Earn a Living Through Poker? by Michael Shinzaki [Quora post] - A fascinating reflection on the working life of a guy who regularly made $40,000 a week. A great supplement to Jay Caspian Kang's similar piece on this lifestyle.
The Story Behind Why AOL CEO Tim Armstrong Fired an Employee in Front of 1,000 Coworkers by Nicholas Carlson - Carlson provides some fascinating context behind one of the most public tech firings of the year.
Sylvester Stallone's Career Tells A Story of Going the Distance by Matt Singer - Few people are as good as Matt Singer is at wringing meaning out of a celebrity's career choices. This exhaustive retrospective at Stallone's career is both amusing and illuminating.
Honorable Mentions
And Then Steve Said, "Let There Be an iPhone"
Kanye West Knows You Think He Sounded Nuts on Kimmel
The Secrets of Bezos: How Amazon Became the Everything Store
Good Cop, Bad Cop: An Oral History of the Shield
Damon Lindelof Explains the New Rules of Blockbuster Screenwriting
My 10 Favorite Online Reads of 2013
Posted by David Chen Monday, December 23, 2013 3:50 PM
Labels: longreads
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 2000
|Filing date
|Sep 3, 1998
|Priority date
|Sep 3, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kenneth J. Mobley
|Original Assignee
|Enhanced Memory Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (7), Classifications (9), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates, in general, to the field of integrated circuit ("IC") dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to the operational control of DRAM devices utilizing a "boost-on-writes" technique which obviates the need to boost the word line on entry into precharge thereby reducing total precharge time and increasing overall device access time.
Conventional DRAM devices are designed utilizing a volatile, dynamic memory cell memory array architecture, with each cell generally comprising a single transistor and capacitor. Such cells are "volatile" in the sense that upon powerdown, the memory contents is lost and "dynamic" in the sense that they must be constantly refreshed to maintain the charge in the cell capacitor. The refresh operation is accomplished when the memory contents of a row of cells in the memory array is read by the sense amplifiers and the logic states in the cells that have been read are amplified and written back to the cells. DRAM devices are used primarily for memory reads and writes and are relatively inexpensive to produce in terms of die area. They do, however, provide relatively slow access times compared to other memory devices types and refresh, precharge and other DRAM related "overhead" operations must be completed as expeditiously as possible in order to provide acceptable data access times in modern which speed applications.
With respect to precharge operations in a typical DRAM device, the word lines are generally "boosted" above the power supply level (in the case of an N-channel transistor based memory array; or below in the case of a P-channel memory array) to improve the strength of the internal one (or zero) signal. In a representative DRAM design, a P-channel transistor based array is used and the word lines are driven low using an associated N-channel device which is formed in the grounded IC substrate. However, the use of a below circuit ground boost has the undesired effect of causing a forward bias condition to exist on the parasitic diodes of these N-channel devices, thereby limiting both the voltage and duration of the boost. As a consequence, in order to insure that all bits are written fully, prior art techniques have required that the word line be boosted upon each entry into a precharge operation, thereby delaying the duration of the precharge function by the time needed for the additional boost period and effectively decreasing overall device access time.
To avoid this delay, the present invention advantageously discloses a technique to boost the word lines initially upon opening a page in the memory array and then again following each write command, (or following a predetermined number of write cycles in the case of a burst write) in order that the precharge cycle can proceed without delay due to a word line boost, unlike previously implemented techniques. Each boost is applied for a limited duration so that the precharge time is not affected.
Particularly disclosed herein is a method for operatively controlling a dynamic random access memory device incorporating a memory array comprising rows and columns of memory cells, wherein each of the memory cells includes a P-channel access transistor and associated capacitor and the memory device further comprises first and second supply voltage sources. A first terminal of the access transistor is coupled to a bit line selectively couplable to either of the first and second supply voltage sources and a second terminal of the access transistor is coupled to one terminal of the associated capacitor. The associated capacitor has an opposite terminal thereof coupled to the first supply voltage source and the access transistor further has a control terminal coupled to a word line which is also selectively couplable to either of the first and second supply voltage sources. The method comprises the operations of: coupling the bit line to the second supply voltage source to precharge the bit line; subsequently coupling the word line to the first supply voltage source to read a state of the associated capacitor; boosting the word line below a level of the first supply voltage source for a limited duration to restore the state of the associated capacitor; and additionally re-boosting the word line below the level of the first supply voltage source prior to, during, or following each write operation to the memory cell.
Further disclosed herein is a method for boosting a word line in a random access memory device incorporating an N-channel memory array. The method comprises the operations of: coupling a bit line to a low supply voltage source to precharge the bit line; subsequently coupling an associated word line to a high supply voltage to read a state of a memory cell coupled between the bit line and the word line; boosting the word line above a level of the high supply to restore the state of the memory cell; and additionally boosting the word line above the level of the high supply prior to, during, or immediately following, each write operation to the memory cell.
The aforementioned and other features and objects of the present invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a representative integrated circuit dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") device for possible utilization of the word line boost-on-writes technique of the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a typical P-channel transistor having its drain terminal coupled to circuit ground ("Gnd"), its source terminal coupled to an associated capacitor having its opposite terminal coupled to ground and a gate terminal being capable of being pulled to Gnd and a threshold voltage ("Vtp") below Gnd;
FIG. 2B is a corresponding schematic illustration of a conventional DRAM single transistor/single capacitor ("1T/1C") memory cell similar to the configuration of FIG. 2A for use, for example, in the memory array of FIG. 1, illustrating the coupling of the access transistor drain and gate terminals to adjacent bit and word lines respectively; and
FIG. 3 is a simplified representative wave form of the voltage level on the word line of FIG. 2B illustrative of the boost-on-writes technique of the present invention.
With reference now to FIG. 1, a representative integrated circuit ("IC") dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") memory device 10 is shown for possible implementation of the boost-on-writes polLicy of the present invention. The memory device 10 is here shown to be an asynchronous DRAM. A synchronous DRAM could alternately be shown and operation of an embodiment of the present invention could alternately be described with respect to a DRAM. The memory device 10 comprises a memory array 12 including a plurality of individual memory cells (as will be more fully described hereinafter) arranged in rows and columns for retention of data in the form of logic level "1s" and "0s".
Access to selected memory cells within the memory array 12 is afforded by means of an external address bus 14 having a plurality of address lines A0 through AN inclusive dependent upon the physical size of the memory array 12. The address bus 14 is coupled to provide column addresses to a number of column address buffers 16 as well as row addresses to a number of row address buffers 18. The column address buffers 16 store column addresses for input to a column decoder 20 and associated sense amplifiers 22 to access selected columns in the memory array 12. Similarly, the row address buffers store row addresses for input to a row decoder 24 to access selected rows in the memory array 12.
A clock generator 26 is coupled to receive a row address strobe ("/RAS") signal and supply clocking signals to the row decoder 24 and sense amplifiers 22 as well as an output signal to the row address buffers 18. An additional clock generator 28 receives a column address strobe ("/CAS") signal as well as an output signal from the clock generator 26 and the column address buffers 28. The clock generator supplies an output signal to the column decoder 20 as well as a refresh controller 30 which also receives an output from the clock generator 26. The refresh controller 30 operatively controls a refresh counter 32 which is coupled to the row address buffers 18.
Data written to, or read from the memory array 12 is applied to a data input/output ("I/O") bus 34 having a number of bi-directional pins thereof denominated I0 through IN inclusive. Data to be written to the memory array 12 is stored in a number of data in buffers 36 while data read out from the memory array is stored in number of data our buffers 38. The operation of the memory device 10 is controlled by a /WRITE signal applied to the data in buffers 36 and data out buffers 38, the latter also receiving an output of the clock generator 28. The data out buffers 38 also receive an output enable ("/OE") signal to cause them to supply the data then currently retained onto the data I/O bus 34. As shown, the memory device 10 may further include an onchip substrate bias generator 40 having VDD and VSS supply voltage inputs thereto.
With reference now to FIG. 2A, a P-channel transistor 100 is shown having a capacitor 102 coupling its source terminal to circuit ground ("Gnd"). The simplified circuit shown is useful in understanding the principles of the present invention. The drain terminal of transistor 100 is coupled directly to Gnd while the gate terminal is capable of being pulled to a level below Gnd in order to allow the source terminal to reach ground potential.
As background information, all MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors exhibit an inherent threshold voltage ("Vt"). Therefore, if it is desired to pull a given circuit node "high", (such as that node coupling the transistor 100 and capacitor 102) in the case of an N-channel device having a threshold voltage "Vtn", the gate of the transistor must be pulled up to a level of VDD +Vtn to obtain a level of VDD at the circuit node. Alternatively, to pull the same node "low" through a P-channel device having a threshold voltage "Vtp" such as transistor 100 shown in FIG. 2A, the gate must be pulled down to a level of Gnd-Vtp to obtain a level of Gnd at the circuit node. If the gate terminal were only pulled to Gnd, the source terminal would actually only achieve a voltage level of circuit ground ("Gnd") plus Vtp due to the transistor threshold voltage.
With additional reference now to FIG. 2B, a typical DRAM memory cell is shown. The DRAM memory cell comprises an access transistor 100 (for purposes of example only, a P-channel transistor) coupled in series with a capacitor 102 between an associated bit line (or bit\line) 106 and another voltage line at Gnd potential (or "VSS ") The capacitor 102 holds a charge (or the absence of a charge) representative of one of two opposite logic states (a "one" or "zero") which is read out by activating the transistor 100 through the application of an appropriate signal on the word line 104, thus either adding charge to, or removing charge from, the bit line 106. A sense amplifier (not shown) is coupled between the bit (and bit\) line 106.
Because the charge in the capacitor 102 tends to bleed off over time, it must be periodically recharged, or refreshed. Refresh is accomplished when the memory contents of a row of memory cells is read by the associated sense amplifiers and the logic states that were read are amplified and then written back to the memory cells.
In a DRAM memory array 12, word lines 104 are typically "boosted" above (or below for P-channel transistor arrays) the power supply level to improve the strength of the internal one (or zero) signal. As mentioned previously, in at least one conventional DRAM design, a P-channel array is used and the word lines are driven low using an N-channel device which is fabricated in a grounded substrate. The use of a below-ground boost unfortunately causes a forward bias condition to exist on the parasitic diodes of said N-channel device, thereby limiting both the voltage and duration of the boost. To then insure that all bits are written fully, the word lines must be "boosted" upon entry into each precharge operation, thereby delaying the overall precharge time by the duration of the boost period.
In order to obviate the delay incurred due to the "boost" preceding each precharge operation, the present invention is operational to boost the word lines initially upon opening a page in the memory array 12 and then again following each write command (or following a predetermined number of write cycles in the case of a burst write) in order that the precharge cycle can proceed without delay. Each boost may be applied for a limited duration in order that the overall precharge time is not affected.
As shown, the word line 104 is coupled to the transistor 100 gate terminal; the bit line 106 is coupled to the drain terminal and the source terminal is coupled to circuit ground through an associated memory cell capacitor 102. In the case of a P-channel memory array, in order to write as low a level into the cell as possible (assuming a logic "low" state), it is then necessary to drive the word line 104 (coupled to the transistor gate) below ground by at least a Vtp.
Operationally, a determination must be made as to when is the most advantageous time to take the word line 104 to Gnd-Vtp. If the bit lines 106 are precharged to a "high" state when they are idle, and the word line 104 is brought to ground in order to read the state out of the DRAM cell, then because the associated bit line 106 is "high", the transistor 100 terminal coupled to it essentially becomes the source so that the state of the cell can be easily read out without needing to boost the word line. However, in order to ensure that the state is properly written back into the cell during a refresh or write operation, boosting the word line 104 becomes important.
As a consequence, certain conventional techniques allow the word line 104 to remain at circuit ground, while the cell is read and the bit lines 106 are charged to the appropriate levels based on the data in the cell. At this point, the voltage at the transistor 100 source is now at a level somewhat greater than ground and it remains in that state until it is again time to precharge the bit lines 106 and restore the array back to the idle state. Then at that point in time, a command is issued to precharge everything and the word line 104 (currently at ground potential) must then be boosted "low" for a period of time before it can be again brought "high" to allow for the precharge of the bit lines. So from the time the command to precharge has been issued, a word line 104 boost delay is built into the overall precharge time which serves to then prolong each precharge operation. An earlier implemented alternative technique is, upon access of the word line 104, to then drive it below ground and to maintain it at that level for the entire time that the memory array is active.
Among the problems inherent in the former technique is that if the memory array is formed in a well on the IC substrate and the device driving the word line is not in the same well, the device not in the well will exhibit a fixed back bias when the substrate is tied to a power supply voltage level. In the case of an N-channel device, it is, by its very nature one which has its substrate tied to ground. Therefore, any node which is coupled to an N-channel device, if the node goes substantially below ground, begins to form a parasitic diode inherent to that device. So in order to boost the gate of transistor 100 below ground and have it remain low with no leakage for a long period of time, the implication is that it should not be coupled to an N-channel device. This then implies the need for a P-Channel bootstrap driver of one sort or another to drive the gate of transistor 100. Bootstrap drivers are, unfortunately very problematic because they have floating nodes that are undriven during the period of time that the gate is boosted.
With reference additionally now to FIG. 3, a representative waveform of the voltage levels on the word line 104 of the preceding figure is shown illustrative of the boost-on-writes technique of the present invention.
In operation, when a write operation is to be performed, the word line 104 is brought from a level of VDD to Gnd, following which the sense amplifiers 22 are activated at the time "SA" indicated. Thereafter, as soon as the bit line 106 has reached Gnd, the word line 104 is then immediately brought below Gnd for a predetermined period of time before normal precharge operations are undertaken ("Restore"). This serves to restore the values in the memory cells. However, in the event of a subsequent write operation to a particular cell, the cell would not have been restored to its full value as the state of the cell changes and the below Gnd boost would not have been of benefit. To compensate for this situation, the below ground boost is then undertaken on each write cycle ("Write"). Although this potentially serves to require an additional overhead operation on writes, since the duration of the boost is relatively short, driver related concerns are not significant. Moreover, the duration of a conventional precharge operation has now been reduced by eliminating the boost operation during that phase.
While there have been described above the principles of the present invention in conjunction with a specific DRAM memory device and P-channel transistor memory arrays, it is to be clearly understood that the foregoing description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention which is similarly applicable to all DRAM devices, including those utilizing N-channel transistor memory arrays. Particularly, it is recognized that the teachings of the foregoing disclosure will suggest other modifications to those persons skilled in the relevant art. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known per se and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein. Although claims have been formulated in this application to particular combinations of features, it should be understood that the scope of the disclosure herein also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed either explicitly or implicitly or any generalization or modification thereof which would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art, whether or not such relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as confronted by the present invention. The applicants hereby reserve the right to formulate new claims to such features and/or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 10, 1994
|Oct 3, 1995
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Nonvolatile semiconductor memory with selectively driven word lines
|Dec 22, 1994
|Aug 27, 1996
|Matsushita Electronics Corporation
|Semiconductor device for generating high voltage potentials
|Mar 29, 1996
|Sep 30, 1997
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Word line voltage boosting circuit and method thereof
|Feb 13, 1997
|Nov 24, 1998
|Nec Corporation
|Semiconductor memory device capable of high speed operation in low power supply voltage
|Jun 20, 1997
|Jan 26, 1999
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Dynamic random-access memory with high-speed word-line driver circuit
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 21, 2001
|Apr 29, 2003
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for reducing decoder area
|Apr 15, 2004
|Oct 4, 2005
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Memory device and method for writing data in memory cell with boosted bitline voltage
|Apr 5, 2001
|Aug 1, 2006
|Purple Mountain Server Llc
|Method for hiding a refresh in a pseudo-static memory
|Sep 27, 2005
|Nov 18, 2008
|Purple Mountain Server Llc
|Method for hiding a refresh in a pseudo-static memory with plural DRAM sub-arrays and an on-board address decoder
|Nov 18, 2008
|Mar 30, 2010
|Mobley Kenneth J
|Method for hiding a refresh in a pseudo-static memory
|Apr 5, 2001
|Oct 10, 2002
|Mobley Kenneth J.
|Method for hiding a refresh in a pseudo-static memory
|Nov 18, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Purple Mountain Server Llc
|Method for Hiding a Refresh in a Pseudo-Static Memory
|U.S. Classification
|365/189.11, 365/230.06, 365/203
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 3, 1998
Owner name: ENHANCED MEMORY SYSTEMS, INC., COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOBLEY, KENNETH J.;REEL/FRAME:009446/0264
Effective date: 19980901
|Feb 23, 1999
Owner name: RAMTRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, COLORADO
Free format text: FIRST AMENDMENT TO PATENT SEC. AGMNT.;ASSIGNOR:NATONAL ELECTRICAL BENEFIT FUND;REEL/FRAME:009756/0085
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|Apr 12, 2002
Owner name: INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG, GERMANY
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Effective date: 20020328
|Sep 29, 2003
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|Mar 29, 2004
Owner name: RAMTRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, COLORADO
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:NATIONAL ELECTRICAL BENEFIT FUND;REEL/FRAME:014468/0248
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Owner name: RAMTRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, COLORADO
Free format text: AMENDMENT TO SECURITY AGREEMENT AND AMENDMENT TO CERTAIN IP;ASSIGNOR:INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG;REEL/FRAME:014491/0364
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|May 24, 2004
Owner name: PURPLE MOUNTAIN SERVER LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RAMTRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION;ENHANCED MEMORY SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014662/0505
Effective date: 20040413
|Sep 14, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 7, 2010
Owner name: INTELLECTUAL VENTURES I LLC, DELAWARE
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:PURPLE MOUNTAIN SERVER LLC;REEL/FRAME:025467/0102
Effective date: 20101207
|Sep 23, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
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November 13, 2012
SMART OPTIONS, LLC, PLAINTIFF,v.JUMP ROPE, INC., DEFENDANT.
On April 4, 2012, Plaintiff Smart Options, LLC ("Smart Options") filed a complaint against Defendant Jump Rope, Inc. ("Jump Rope") alleging infringement of Smart Options' United States Patent No. 7,313,539 ("'539 patent"). (R. 1, Compl.) On August 20, 2012, Jump Rope moved for summary judgment of non-infringement pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. (R. 24, Mot.) For the following reasons, the Court grants Jump Rope's motion. The Court also grants Jump Rope's motion to strike. (R. 51, Mot. to Strike.)
I. Northern District of Illinois Local Rule 56.1
"For litigants appearing in the Northern District of Illinois, the Rule 56.1 statement is a critical, and required, component of a litigant's response to a motion for summary judgment. The purpose of the local rule is to make the summary judgment process less burdensome on district courts, by requiring the parties to nail down the relevant facts and the way they propose to support them." Sojka v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 686 F.3d 394, 398 (7th Cir. 2012). Local Rule 56.1 assists the Court by "organizing the evidence, identifying undisputed facts, and demonstrating precisely how each side propose[s] to prove a disputed fact with admissible evidence." Bordelon v. Chi. Sch. Reform Bd. of Trs., 233 F.3d 524, 527 (7th Cir. 2000). "The Rule is designed, in part, to aid the district court, 'which does not have the advantage of the parties' familiarity with the record and often cannot afford to spend the time combing the record to locate the relevant information,' in determining whether a trial is necessary." Delapaz v. Richardson, 634 F.3d 895, 899 (7th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).
Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) requires the moving party to provide "a statement of material facts as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue." Cracco v. Vitran Exp., Inc., 559 F.3d 625, 632 (7th Cir. 2009). "The opposing party is required to file 'a response to each numbered paragraph in the moving party's statement, including, in the case of any disagreement, specific references to the affidavits, parts of the record, and other supporting materials relied upon.'" Id. (citing N.D. Ill. R. 56.1(b)(3)(B)). Pursuant to the Local Rules, the Court will not consider any additional facts proposed in the nonmoving party's Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(B) response, but must rely on the non-movant's Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(C) statement of additional facts. See Ciomber v. Coop. Plus, Inc., 527 F.3d 635, 643 (7th Cir. 2008). The Court disregards Rule 56.1 statements and responses that do not cite to specific portions of the record, as well as those that contain factual or legal argument. See Cracco, 559 F.3d at 632 ("When a responding party's statement fails to dispute the facts set forth in the moving party's statement in the manner dictated by the rule, those facts are deemed admitted for purposes of the motion."); Cady v. Sheahan, 467 F.3d 1057, 1060 (7th Cir. 2006) ("statement of material facts did [] not comply with Rule 56.1 as it failed to adequately cite the record and was filled with irrelevant information, legal arguments, and conjecture"); Bordelon, 233 F.3d at 528 (the requirements for responses under Local Rule 56.1 are "not satisfied by evasive denials that do not fairly meet the substance of the material facts asserted"); Cichon v. Exelon Generation Co., L.L.C., 401 F.3d 803, 809-10 (7th Cir. 2005) ("A district court does not abuse its discretion when, in imposing a penalty for a litigant's non-compliance with Local Rule 56.1, the court chooses to ignore and not consider the additional facts that a litigant has proposed.").
II. Smart Options Failed to Comply with Local Rule 56.1
As detailed in Jump Rope's Reply, Smart Options' Local Rule 56.1 statements and responses contain significant problems. (R. 44, Reply at 5-6.) Almost every one of Smart Options' responses to Jump Rope's Local Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts is either unsupported by citations to evidence, or does not constitute a statement of fact at all, but rather legal argument or legal conclusions. (See e.g., R. 41, Pl's. 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 11, 12, 22-37.) Indeed, rather than providing specific references to affidavits or parts of the record as required by Local Rule 56.1, Smart Options repeatedly cites the same 16 paragraphs of the Gartner Declaration. (See id.) Smart Options' repeated response that "SmartOptions further states that JumpRope's accused smartphone applications allow users to buy an option by paying an 'option fee' to gain access to the front of a line at a club, at which time the JumpRope user may pay the 'reservation price' or 'cover charge' to gain access to the club" is improper argument and not tailored to respond to the specific factual assertions. (Id.) As explained above, the purpose of Local Rule 56.1 statements is to identify the relevant admissible evidence supporting the material facts, not to make factual or legal arguments. See Cady, 467 F.3d at 1060; see also Judson Atkinson Candies, Inc. v. Latini-Hohberger Dhimantec, 529 F.3d 371, 382 n. 2 (7th Cir. 2008) ("It is inappropriate to make legal arguments in a Rule 56.1 statement of facts."). As such, for the particular statements of fact that contain such a response from Smart Options without any additional citation, the Court deems Jump Rope's statements of fact as admitted for the purposes of its motion. See Cracco, 559 F.3d at 632; see also Sojka,686 F.3d at 398 ("The obligation set forth in Local Rule 56.1 'is not a mere formality.' Rather, '[i]t follows from the obligation imposed by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) on the party opposing summary judgment to identify specific facts that establish a genuine issue for trial.'") (quoting Delapaz v. Richardson, 634 F.3d 895, 899 (7th Cir. 2011) (internal citations omitted))
Smart Options Additional Facts That Require Denial of Defendant's Summary Judgment Motion are similarly deficient ("Additional Facts"). (Pl.'s 56.1 Resp., Add'l Facts.) Several of Smart Options' additional facts amount to no more than conclusions by a non-expert about the meaning of words in the '539 patent. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16.) As explained above, the Court disregards such improper argument.*fn1
Smart Options also filed supplemental additional facts and a supporting declaration on October 10, 2012, even though briefing closed on September 28, 2012. (R. 49, Pl.'s Sup. Add'l Facts; R. 48, Sup. Decl. G. Baker.) On October 17, 2012, Jump Rope filed a motion to strike these supplemental filings. (R. 51, Mot. to Strike.) Smart Options' supplemental filing were untimely and improper as this Court set a briefing schedule which included an opportunity for Smart Options to make factual assertions under Local Rule 56.1. Though the Court appreciates that Smart Options "didn't wait" and "acted rapidly to supplement the record" after it obtained new information, Smart Options did not seek leave of the Court to make these additional filings even though Local Rule 56.1 does not allow for such supplemental filings. (R. 56, Resp. to Mot. to Strike at 2); see also N.D. Ill. R. 56.1.Additionally, the supplemental factual statements relate to an alleged Jump Rope competitor, Zoomline, not Jump Rope. (Pl.'s Sup. Add'l Facts; Sup. Decl. G. Baker.; see also Resp. to Mot. to Strike.) Factual allegations regarding Zoomline's choice to seek a license from Smart Options are irrelevant and immaterial to whether Jump Rope's product infringes the '539 patent. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). The Court, therefore, grants Jump Rope's motion to strike Smart Options' supplemental filings.
Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute as to any material fact exists if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). In determining summary judgment motions, "facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party only if there is a 'genuine' dispute as to those facts." Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 167 L. Ed. 2d 686 (2007). The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of establishing that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986). After "a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the adverse party 'must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (quotation omitted). "[D]istrict courts presiding over summary judgment proceedings may not weigh conflicting evidence or make credibility determinations, both of which are the province of the jury." Omnicare, Inc. v. UnitedHealth Grp., Inc., 629 F.3d 697, 704-05 (7th Cir. 2011) (internal citations omitted).
Smart Options owns the '539 patent entitled "Method and System for Reserving Future Purchases of Goods and Services." (Uncontested Facts ¶¶ 4-5.)*fn2 Smart Options uses the technology described in the '539 patent to operate the website www.optionit.com. (Comp. ¶7.) It assists consumers who "may be interested in goods or services but [are not] able or willing to purchase the goods or services at the present time." (Uncontested Facts ¶ 6.) Smart Options, for example, may allow a user to purchase an "option" to purchase a DVD player during a 60 day time period at a $170 "reservation price," though the product normally sells for $200. (Id. ¶8.) The purchaser would pay an "option fee" to reserve the right to purchase the DVD player at the reservation price for the duration of that 60 day period. (Id.) The purchaser then may pay the $170 reservation price at any time during that 60 day period to purchase the DVD player. (Id.) The option does not obligate the purchaser to actually purchase the desired good. (Id. ¶ 9.) Rather, "[a] purchaser is risking a small amount of money to potentially purchase desired goods or services at a reservation price at a desired future time." (Id.) If the purchaser opts not to purchase the DVD player during those 60 days, Smart Options does not refund the option fee. (Id. ¶ 8.)
Jump Rope is a company that has produced applications for smart phones, including the iPhone and Android phones, that allow users to bypass the entrance line at certain events or facilities. (Uncontested Facts ¶ 21-22.)A user can, for example, purchase a "Jump" for a particular club. (Id.) The purchaser can show the purchased Jump to the staff at the clubin order to skip the line and enter the club before others who are waiting in the line. (Id. ¶¶ 23-28.) "There is no further purchase required to enter the facility once the user has purchased the [J]ump."*fn3 (Id. ¶ 29); (see also Reply ¶¶ 7, 10-14, 16.) The purchaser can immediately use the Jump to access the club any time that day. (Undisputed Facts ¶ 22; see also Reply ¶¶ 7, 10-14, 16.) In addition, a purchaser can purchase certain Jumps up to six days in advance. (Undisputed Facts ¶ 22.)
The Court must engage in a two-step process to determine whether summary judgment of non-infringement is warranted. See ActiveVideo Networks, Inc. v. Verizon Comm'ns., Inc., 694 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Georgia--Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 195 F.3d 1322, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 1999). First, the Court must determine the proper construction of the claim. (Id.) Second, the Court must compare the properly construed claims to the allegedly infringing device. (Id.)
I. Claim Construction
Before reaching the issue of infringement, the Court must construe the following patent claim language: (1) "option"; (2) "option fee"; (3) "reservation price"; (4) "wherein a provided option fee is not part of a reservation price paid to purchase desired goods or services at a desired future time;" and (5) "wherein the electronic option does not obligate a purchaser to actually purchase the desired goods or services for the reservation price at the desired future time." (See e.g., Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 7-10; Def.'s Mem. at 2-4.)
On May 25, 2012, Smart Options and Jump Rope filed a Joint Initial Status Report ("the Report"). (R. 16, Report.) In the Report, Smart Options proposed that the Court adopt the construction of claim 1 of the '539 patent that Judge Lefkow made in Ticket Reserve Inc. v. OptionIt, Inc., No. 09-7375, (N.D. Ill.). (Id. at 3-4.) Although in the Report Jump Rope objected to such adoption, Jump Rope has accepted Judge Lefkow's construction of "option fee" and "reservation price" in its memorandum supporting its motion for summary judgment. (R. 25, Def.'s Mem. at 9-10; Report, Ex. 1.) In its memorandum, Jump Rope proposes a construction for "option" ("a contract conveying a right to buy or sell a designated item at a specific time during a stipulated period"), a definition which Smart Options previously proposed both to Judge Lefkow and the Patent Examiner. (Id.; Undisputed Facts ¶ 15.) Jump Rope also proposes constructions of "wherein a provided option fee is not part of a reservation price paid to purchase desired goods or services at a desired future time" and "wherein the electric option does not obligate a purchaser to actually purchase the desired goods or services for the reservation price at the desired future time." (Id. at 11-13.) Smart Options has agreed to "adopt the claim construction already determined by Judge Lefkow" or, alternatively, Jump Rope's proposed definitions, for purposes of this motion. (R. 40, Pl.'s Mem. at 1 n.1.) The Court, therefore, adopts Judge Lefkow's construction of "option fee" ("the price of the option set by the purchaser and the supplier") and "reservation price" ("the amount due after the option fee to complete the purchase of the good or service"). (Report, Ex. A.) The Court also adopts, for the purposes of this motion, Jump Rope's construction of the remaining terms which Judge Lefkow did not construe. (See Reply at 4 (summarizing the proposed constructions).)
II. Non-infringement
"A court may determine infringement on summary judgment when no reasonable jury could find that every limitation recited in the properly construed claim either is or is not found in the accused device." McDavid Knee Guard, Inc. v. Nike USA, Inc., No. 08 C 6584, 2012 WL 718821, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 5, 2012) (internal quotations and citations omitted). "If any claim limitation is absent from the accused device, there is no literal infringement as a matter of law." Becton, Dickinson & Co. v. Tyco Healthcare Grp., LP, 616 F.3d 1249, 1253 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Amgen Inc. v. F. Hoffman-LA Roche, Ltd., 580 F.3d 1340, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).
Jump Rope argues that three claim limitations are absent from its smartphone application. Specifically, Jump Rope argues (1) Jump Rope does not provide "options" or "options fees for the goods or services;" (2) Jump Rope's application does not meet the limitation "wherein a provided option fee is not part of a reservation price paid to purchase desired goods or services at a desired future time;" and (3) Jump Rope's application does not meet the limitation "wherein the electronic option does not obligate a purchaser to actually purchase the desired goods or services for the reservation price at the desired future time." (Def.'s Mem. at 13-15.) Smart Options fails to respond to these arguments, instead recasting the issue as limited to whether Jump Rope's application includes an "option fee" and a "reservation price." (Reply at 1.) Under Seventh Circuit law, which governs procedural issues likes waiver in a patent case, Smart Options has waived any arguments regarding the presence of the three limitations Jump Rope argues are absent by not addressing these arguments in its briefs. See e.g., Woods v. DeAngelo Marine Exhaust, Inc., 692 F.3d 1272, 1278 (Fed Cir. 2012) (finding that the court applies the procedural law of the regional circuit for procedural issues not unique to patent law); Riverwood Int'l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("[W]e apply the law of the regional circuit to the procedural question of waiver"); see also LG Elecs. v. Whirlpool Corp., No. 08 C 242, 2009 WL 5579006, *3 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 23, 2009) ("The law is clear in the Seventh Circuit that a party waives arguments not presented to the district court in response to summary judgment motions") (citing Laborers' Int'l Union v. Caruso, 197 F.3d 1195, 1197 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Steen v. Myers, 486 F.3d 1017, 1020 (7th Cir. 2007) (absence of discussion in legal brief amounts to abandonment of claim).
Even if Smart Options had not waived these arguments, there is no material issue of fact regarding whether Jump Rope meets all of the claim limitations. Under the adopted claim constructions, "option" means "a contract conveying a right to buy or sell a designated item at a specified time during a stipulated period." (Def.'s Mem. 9-10.) Unlike Smart Options which sells a purchaser a right to buy a product at a specific price at some point in the future, Jump Rope sells the actual product or service--immediate access to the front of the line plus the entrance fee to the event or facility. (Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 22-26.) A Jump Rope customer owns the Jump as soon as it completes the transaction, whereas a Smart Options customer must make an additional purchase at some point in the future, at the reservation price, to obtain the good or service. (Compare id. ¶¶ 8, 9 with id ¶¶ 22-31.) Because Jump Rope sells a good or service, not a "right" to obtain a good or service, Jump Rope does not sell "options" under the '539 patent.
Jump Rope's application also does not meet the limitation "wherein a provided option fee is not part of a reservation price paid to purchase desired goods or services at a desired future time" because there is no separate fee that Jump Rope purchaser's have to pay to obtain the good or service. (See Undisputed Facts ¶ 29; see also Reply ¶¶ 7, 10-14, 16.) Smart Options argues that the "option fee" is the price of the Jump and the "reservation price" is the additional entrance fee or cover charge a purchaser must pay to enter the event or facility. (Pl.'s Mem. at 2-3.) As previously discussed, this is factually inaccurate. Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Smart Options, there is no dispute that the price of the Jump covers both the ability to skip to the front of the line and the entrance fee to the event or facility. (See Undisputed Facts ¶ 29; see also Reply ¶¶ 7, 10-14, 16.)
Similarly, Jump Rope's application does not meet the limitation "wherein the electronic option does not obligate a purchaser to actually purchase the desired goods or services for the reservation price at the desired future time" because the Jump Rope purchaser actually purchases the goods or service during the transaction. (See Undisputed Facts ¶ 22 (stating that "[o]nce the user has made the purchase the user has the right immediate access (skipping the line) to the event of facility for that day"); see also id ¶ 29-30 (stating that once a purchaser clicks "Complete Purchase" the transaction is complete and there is no further purchase required to enter the facility).) Although a Smart Options "purchaser may choose not to exercise the electronic option," a Jump Rope purchaser faces no such choice as his transaction is complete after he purchases the Jump. (Undisputed Facts ¶ 10.) Because a Jump includes both the ability to jump the line and the fee for entrance, Jump Rope does not meet the limitations included in the '539 patent.
Moreover, Smart Options' infringement claims fail under the doctrine of equivalents as well. (Compl. ¶ 17.) "Under the doctrine of equivalents, 'a product or process that does not literally infringe upon the express terms of a patent claim may nonetheless be found to infringe if there is 'equivalence' between the elements of the accused product or process and the claimed elements of the patented invention.'" SanDisk Corp. v. Kingston Tech. Co., Inc., No. 2011-1346, 2012 WL 4784089, at *12 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 9, 2012) (quoting Warner--Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 21, 117 S. Ct. 1040, 137 L. Ed. 2d 146 (1997)). "To prove infringement under the doctrine, the patentee must show that the accused device 'performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result.'" Textron Innovations Inc. v. Am. Eurocopter Corp., No. 2011-1309, 2012 WL 3871717, *7 (Fed. Cir. Sept. 7, 2012) (quoting Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods. Co., 339 U.S. 605, 608 (1950)). Jump Rope argues that Smart Options cannot prevail under the theory of equivalence because such a finding would "vitiate terms of the claim, including that the option does not obligat[e] the user to 'actually purchase' the goods or service." (Def.'s Mem. at 14 n. 2) The Court agrees.
As a threshold matter, in its Initial Infringement Contentions, Smart Options failed to assert that any element of the claim was present under the doctrine of equivalents rather than under direct infringement. See N.D. Ill. P. R. 2.2(d). Specifically, Smart Options did not "include an explanation of each function, way and result that is equivalent and why any differences are not substantial" as required under Local Patent Rule 2.2(d). Id.
Additionally, "[t]he all-elements rule bars a patentee from asserting a theory of equivalence that would entirely vitiate a particular claim element." Textron, 2012 WL 3871717 at *7 (internal quotations omitted). As discussed above, the Jump Rope patron does not have a future choice whether to purchase the good or service because he actually purchases the good or service at the moment he purchases the Jump. Finding that Jump Rope's application is the equivalent of the service outlined in the '539 patent would vitiate (1) the "options" and "option fee" elements, which require there be a right to a future purchase, and (2) the limitation that an "option does not obligate a purchaser to actually purchase the desired goods or services." As a result, Smart Options' allegations under the doctrine of equivalents fail as a matter of law.
For the for the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Defendant Jump Rope Inc.'s motion for summary judgment of non-infringement and grants Jump Rope's motion to strike Smart Options' supplemental filings.
United States District Court Judge AMY J. ST. EVE
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text: 000 FXUS61 KPHI 040212 AFDPHI Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Mount Holly NJ 912 PM EST Sat Dec 3 2016 .SYNOPSIS... High pressure will build across the area on Sunday. A disturbance will affect the area on Sunday night into early Monday, before high pressure briefly builds in again Monday night. Tuesday and Tuesday night, an area of low pressure will move into south central Canada, while a second passes to the south of our area as it moves offshore. A new low will form to our north as these two lows weaken then combine with each other. This low will strengthen to our north Thursday through Saturday. && .NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 AM SUNDAY MORNING/... Low pressure just east of the Canadian Maritimes will continue to move offshore and depart tonight. Meanwhile, surface high pressure over the TN/OH Valleys will build east. Pressure gradient over the area will relax through this evening, and winds drop off fairly quickly to 5-10 MPH this evening. After midnight, winds diminish even further to 5 MPH or less. Strato CU streaming in from the NW will impact most of the western portions of the CWA with BKN-OVC skies at 4000-5000 feet for much of tonight. Otherwise, skies clear out. Going towards daybreak, skies become mainly clear. Temps this evening will slowly drop off, but it looks as if sometime between midnight and 6 am, skies should clear out enough and winds will diminish enough for strong radiational cooling conditions to develop. As a result, overnight lows will drop into the mid and upper 20s across the Poconos and northern NJ, and in the low 30s for most of NJ/PA. Temps along the urban corridor of I-95 and along the Atlantic coast, as well as the Delmarva, will drop into the mid 30s. && .SHORT TERM /6 AM SUNDAY MORNING THROUGH 6 PM SUNDAY/... The center of the high will move towards the Delmarva by Sunday morning, and then throughout the day, will move offshore. Meanwhile, low pressure to the west will develop and organize as it presses east. Sunday will be dry with no precip, but will expect mid and high clouds to increase during the afternoon hours. Highs on Sunday will be a few degrees short of normal. && .LONG TERM /SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/... The high pressure retreats northward early Sunday evening before a weak surface trough and associated mid/upper disturbance approach the area. Low-mid level moisture and lift will increase across the area as this disturbance moves across the area overnight into Monday morning. We expect precipitation chances to increase from the southwest after midnight and spread northeastward through the overnight into Monday morning. It could be cold enough for some snow or sleet to mix in for the southern half/two-thirds of the area while the northern third of the area may stay snow for the entire time, and have the best chance to see accumulating snowfall. QPF amounts are relatively light, so we only expect around a half inch to one and a half inches at across the northern areas, with a little dusting elsewhere. As both the surface trough and the short mid/upper disturbance pass to our northeast during the day, precipitation chances will diminish by midday. Dry weather will then remain for the remainder of the afternoon and continue into Monday night as high pressure briefly builds across the area. This dry weather will only be temporary as the high pressure will be retreating during the afternoon ahead of an approaching storm system. An area of low pressure will be lifting through the northern Mississippi River Valley and into south central Canada, while another will be moving across the Appalachians to our south. As the southern low lifts northward, we expect enhanced moisture and lift to spread across our area as several short waves aloft move across the area. Low clouds and precipitation chances will increase from south to north late in the day into the evening, and continue during the overnight. By Wednesday morning, the southern low will have moved offshore and will be east of the area. However, we may still be under the influence of a surface trough associated with this low through the day Wedensday into Wednesday night. As a couple of short wave/vorticity impulses slide across the area, we could continue to have low clouds and precipitation affect the area. By early Thursday, the low pressure across southern Canada and the low offshore weaken. They then combine to our north during the day Thursday into Thursday night, before strengthening and slowly lifting northward Friday into Saturday. A strong west to northwest flow will develop across the area. With steep lapse rates across the northern portions of the area and enhanced low- mid level moisture forecast to remain, especially across the northern portions of the area and farther north, we could continue to see snow or rain showers Thursday through Friday, and possibly continue into Saturday. One thing for sure for the end of the week, regardless of precipitation, is it will get cold and windy for the latter portion of Thursday, but especially Friday and Saturday. Wind chills will likely get into the single digits to lower teens for many areas overnight each morning Thursday night through Saturday morning when the temperatures are the lowest. && .AVIATION /02Z SUNDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/... The following discussion is for KPHL, KPNE, KTTN, KABE, KRDG, KILG, KMIV, KACY and surrounding areas. VFR conditions with BKN-OVC ceilings at 4000-5000 FT through this evening. Ceilings will scatter out late tonight. FEW clouds at 4000- 5000 FT expected Sunday morning. Surface winds 15-20 KT with 20-30 KT gusts will diminish quickly this evening to less than 10 KT, and then winds diminish to 5 KT or less late tonight. W-NW winds increase to 5-8 KT Sunday morning. OUTLOOK... Sunday night-Monday...VFR early, becoming MVFR or IFR overnight and continuing into Monday. Snow possible for the northern half/two- thirds of the area, with rain for the southern areas. Precipitation ends by midday, but clouds likely to linger through the day. Monday night...Conditions may improve to VFR for a period overnight. Tuesday-Wednesday...Conditions lowering to MVFR/IFR during the morning with periods of rain/fog/drizzle likely. Snow also possible for northern areas. Winds likely become gusty 15-20 knots out of the northwest late in the day. Wednesday night...Steady rain likely ends during the evening, but lower clouds may linger into the night. Gusty northwest winds 20-25 knots possible. Thursday...Generally VFR, but scattered showers are possible during the day which may temporarily lower conditions. Gusty northwest winds 25-30 knots. && .MARINE... SCA conditions will continue on the ocean waters through 06Z. Tranquil conditions then expected through Sunday as high pressure builds in from the west. Sunday night-Tuesday...Sub-Small Craft Advisory conditions expected. Tuesday night-Wednesday...Small Craft Advisory winds likely, with conditions approaching gale force. Wednesday night...Winds likely drop below advisory levels, but seas could remain above 5 feet. Thursday...Northwest winds increase to Small Craft Advisory levels during the day. && .PHI WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... PA...None. NJ...None. DE...None. MD...None. MARINE...Small Craft Advisory until 1 AM EST Sunday for ANZ450>455. && $$ Synopsis...Robertson Near Term...MPS/NRR Short Term...MPS Long Term...Robertson Aviation...Robertson/MPS Marine...Robertson/MPS


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Registered 2007-12-13 by Jamie Strandboge
Ufw stands for Uncomplicated Firewall, and is program for managing a netfilter firewall. It provides a command line interface and aims to be uncomplicated and easy to use.
Project information
- Maintainer:
- Jamie Strandboge
- Driver:
- Jamie Strandboge
- Licence:
- GNU GPL v3
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trunk series is the current focus of development.
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ufw source package in Zesty
Version 0.35-2 uploaded on 2016-05-12
ufw source package in Yakkety
Version 0.35-2 uploaded on 2016-05-12
ufw source package in Xenial
Version 0.35-0ubuntu2 uploaded on 2016-04-14
ufw source package in Wily
Version 0.34-2 uploaded on 2015-08-31
ufw source package in Vivid
Version 0.34~rc-0ubuntu5 uploaded on 2015-03-03
All bugs Latest bugs reported
Bug #1633698: ufw before6.rules adds echo-request and echo-response rules to wrong chain
Reported on 2016-10-25
Bug #1621294: Toggling firewall is (too) slow
Reported on 2016-09-08
Bug #1606353: Rules for DROP actions are inserted after allow actions in user.rules and thus do not work
Reported on 2016-07-25
Bug #1595046: UFW and saned... not working togheter...
Reported on 2016-06-22
Bug #1586258: Rule insertion fails if ruleset is empty
Reported on 2016-05-27
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- Moo 164 points
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- Andi Chandler 10 points


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Studies on the Cultivation of the Virus of Vaccinia
Edna Steinhardt, C. Israeli and R. A. Lambert
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Vol. 13, No. 2 (Sep., 1913), pp. 294-300
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30073371
Page Count: 7
Subjects: Health Sciences
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This item contains 5 references.
1Studies from the Rockefeller Institute, 1905, 3, p. 146.
2Jour. Infect. Dis., 1912, II, p. 459.
1Jour. Infect. Dis., 1913, 12, p. 202.
1Bull. 4, International Association of Medical Museums, 1913.
Ann. de VInst. Pasteur, 1905, 19, p. 317.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases


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YTCA: What is it
Our kids are growing surrounded by hundreds of electronic devices that they interact with in an everyday base. We, Young Tunisian Coders Academy team, are well aware of this fact and as a consequence, have put our efforts together in order to make kids take advantage of that surrounding technology, starting with his computer, and make it not only a source of consumption but also a source of self- development. We aim to introduce youngsters to basic programming skills at an early age. We want to show them that coding can be fun and it can broaden the mind and open new possibilities to the kid.
YTCA: The Vision
To raise generations who will lead the technological revolution in Tunisia and pave the way onto the Information Age.
YTCA: The Way
We chose to do it differently. Unlike the boring traditional code lines, we are offering interactive trainings that are able to attract a kid attention and bring him to embrace a new spirit of competitiveness and challenge that YTCA will instore via regional and national competitions.
With scratch you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations — and share your creations with others in the online community. Scratch helps young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively — essential skills for life in the 21st century.
S4A is a Scratch modification that allows for simple programming of the Arduino open source hardware platform. It provides new blocks for managing sensors and actuators connected to Arduino and allows you to bring your latest ideas and innovations to life .
INTRODUCING App Inventor
App Inventor is an innovative beginner's introduction to programming and app creation that transforms the complex language of text-based coding into visual, drag-and-drop building blocks which are inspired by the scratch graphical programming language. The simple interface grants most students the ability to create a basic, fully functional app within an hour or less and allows them to unlock the frontiers of their imagination using a simple web browser and their Android phone .
Essential Programming Skills
Interactive Training
Adavanced HI TECH
Young Tunisian Coders Academy is one winner project of Alumni Engagement and Innovation Fund (AEIF) among 43 projects worldwide out of more than 800 proposal submitted. AEIF is sponsored by the US Department of State in order to carry-out innovative projects of global significance.
Ambassador Walless met with the team on June 17th, 2016 to congratulate the second Tunisian team ever to win the grant.
We believe that dedication and hardwork are the key to success and we are committed to make it happen.


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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from essay:
(Heal and Rusch, 1995)
In a separate study entitled: "Improving graduation and employment outcomes of students with disabilities" Predictive factors and student perspectives" Benz, Lindstrom, and Yovanoff (2000) report findings from two studies that examined secondary and transition practices. The first of the two studies made an examination of students factors as well as program factors that served to predict the graduation of participants with a standard high school diploma and placement in employment and continuing education while the second of these studies conducted an examination of the perceptions of participants of the characteristics of the program and staff that they felt were most important in assisting them in achieving their education and transition goals. Benz, Lindstrom, and Yovanoff report that "career-related work experience and completion of student-identified transition goals were highly associated with improved graduation and employment outcomes. Individualization of services around student goals and personalized attention from staff were highly valued by participants." (2000)
The work of Michael Bangser entitled: "Preparing High School Students for Successful Transition to Postsecondary Education and Employment "reports that "transitions "from high school to postsecondary education and employment can be particularly challenging for students with disabilities. Although there has been an increase in postsecondary attendance (especially at community colleges) by students with disabilities, their enrolment rate is still well below that of their peers in the general population. The employment rate of students with disabilities soon after leaving high school also remains well below that of their same-age peers. Moreover, students with disabilities are faced with fragmented services, limited program accessibility, and training that too often focuses on low-paying jobs." (2004) Bangser states that students with disabilities are "…a diverse population with multidimensional needs." (2004) IDEA 2004 makes it a requirement that students who are sixteen years of age or older received "Individualized Education Programs (IEPS) that include appropriate measurable postsecondary goals, based on age-appropriate transition assessments. States are required to report on the "[percent of youth aged 16 and above with an [IEP] that includes coordinated, measurable, annual IEP goals and transition services that will reasonably enable the student to meet postsecondary goals [(20 U.S.C. 1416(a)(3)(B)]." (Bangser, 2004) Specific transitions requirements under IDEA 2004 are the following:
(1) An assessment process that focuses on identifying one or more postsecondary goals for students;
(2) Specification of one or more postsecondary goals in the areas of education/training, employment, and/or independent living, as appropriate;
(3) Specification of one or more annual IEP goals that are directed to assist students to meet their postsecondary goals; and (4) Specification of transition services in the IEP (including instruction, community experiences, and other activities as appropriate) that are designed to facilitate the transition from school to anticipated post school environment(s) and the achievement of postsecondary goals." (Bangser, 2004)
Bangser reports that transition planning for students with disabilities should contain the considerations as follows:
(1) A different postsecondary environment - the high school experience of student should be "gradually adjusted to fit what they will encounter in postsecondary activities. To the extent possible, the transition planning process should reflect an assessment of the postsecondary education or workplace environments that the students will encounter;
(2) Early and active participation by students in transition planning - The transition process should begin early in high school and embody student-focused planning that enables them to participate actively in the process. During the transition process, students should work with a variety of individuals, including psychologists, general and special educators, administrators, counselors, and parents -- and also reflect on their progress during the past year;
(3) Development of self-determination, self-advocacy, and other skills - When students with disabilities enter postsecondary education or employment, they will be expected to play an increased role in identifying necessary supports. This underscores the importance of including the development of self-determination and self-advocacy skills as part of the high school transition planning process. Students with disabilities may also need to develop other educational, employment, and life skills. This should be done in both school-based and community settings and include identification of the accommodations or supports that students will need. Work experience, combined with post school supports, academic skills, social skills, and job search skills, can improve employment outcomes;
(4) Family and community involvement in an inclusive transition planning process - In addition to student participation, the transition planning process should also include parents and other family members, educators representing multiple disciplines, a transition specialist and community stakeholders such as employers with an interest in the transition planning;
(5) A coordinated, collaborative effort among community agencies -. Transition goals are more likely to be achieved when schools and communities build capacity together to serve students' transition needs;
(6) Appropriate use of technology - There should be careful planning for the provision and/or transfer of technology, as needed. The transition process should include identification of funding sources for the technology, as well as timely training for students in the use of the technology. (Bangser, 2004, paraphrased)
The work of Diane Lapp (2004) entitled: "Teaching all the Children" states that graduation rates for students with disabilities "continue to lag well behind the national averages. Lapp states that 57.4% of special education students graduated from high school in the 1990s with diplomas and 29% of special education students dropped out of high school. Lapp states that employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities are "grim…sixty-three percent of people with disabilities were unemployed in 1994-1995…" and a survey conducted among employers reports that 43% of employers surveyed revealed that "attitudes and stereotypes in the workplace about people with disabilities made it difficult for them to hire members of this population." (Lapp, 2004) T
Stages of Transition
The work of Fritz (2004) entitled: "Graduation Considerations for Students with Disabilities" states the guidelines for transition and the different stages of transition of students with disabilities. The following figure contains a listing of these stages of transitions that the following guidelines are applicable to the student with disabilities in terms of their transition planning.
Figure 1
Transition Planning Stages & Descriptions
Source: Fritz (2004)
Best Practices
Best practices identified by Fritz (2004) include those which make the provision of: "…consistency and meaningful decision-making processes regarding graduation that:
(1) Apply to the range of special education students who move from public education and may or may not enter adult services such as those in the Developmental Disabilities System, Behavioural Health System, Vocational Rehabilitation or others; and (2) Reflect a transition planning continuum involving academic, life, social, emancipation and other skill development or preparation in a variety of learning/experiential settings; and (3) Are driven by the importance of: (a) Flexible, individualized, student-centered progress; (b) Maturational, social, life/functional, and/or vocational skills, information, tools and experience; (c) Coordinated, two-way, geographically realistic and early cross-system involvement and information exchange; (d) Positive experience that enhances opportunities for success as a productive community member and minimizes trauma; (e) Student input (wants, interests, concerns and dreams); (e) Multiple perspectives and mutual support for students' benefit; (f) Parent/family input (wants, interests, concerns, dreams and observations); and (g) A planning and decision-making process that fosters more clarity and predictability." (Fritz, 2004)
According to Fritz (2004) the foundation for an exploration that is thorough investigating factors that affect student transition and readiness for graduation are is one that is "consistent with these criteria…"
Inclusion: Necessary Factors for Success
The work of Mamlin (1999) entitled: "Despite Best Intentions: When Inclusion Fails" states that a review of the literature "indicated that numerous factors are necessary for inclusion to have the greatest chance of success" and that three of these factors are identified as: (1) administrator preparation; (2) teamwork among educators; and (3) professional input. The work of McDonnell, McLaughlin, and Morison (2000) entitled: "Educating One & All" states that research has indicated that students with disabilities who "were successful in obtaining and maintaining paid work in the community after they exited high school were those who received ongoing opportunities for direct training in community employment sites throughout their high school careers and obtained a paying job prior to graduation." (McDonnell, McLaughlin, and Morison, 2000)
Effective Preparation Programs
Effective preparation programs for employment of students with disabilities includes those in which: (1) the curriculum reflects the job opportunities available in the local community; (2) training that takes place in actual job sites; (3) training that is designed to sample the individual's performance across a variety of economically viable alternatives; (4) training that provides opportunities for interaction with people without disabilities in a work setting; and (5) training that culminates in a specific job placement. (McDonnell, McLaughlin, and Morison, 2000)
High school inclusion of special-needs students presents a unique opportunity to either positively or negatively affect the student with disabilities in terms of their entering the real world upon graduation.
Research Questions
The research questions in this study are those stated as follows:
(1) What specific factors in the provision of inclusion in today's classroom specifically relating to students…[continue]
"Formality Is Inclusion The Answer" (2009, July 22) Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/formality-is-inclusion-the-answer-20423
"Formality Is Inclusion The Answer" 22 July 2009. Web.5 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/formality-is-inclusion-the-answer-20423>
"Formality Is Inclusion The Answer", 22 July 2009, Accessed.5 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/formality-is-inclusion-the-answer-20423
Quality of Life Among Tawau Hospital Sufering From Knee Osteoarthritis With Physiotherapy Qualitative study of How Quality of Life of Tawau Hospital Staff Suffering from Knee Osteoarthritis have been improved at Physiotherapy Unit. To investigate how the Quality of Life among Tawau Hospital staff suffering from Osteoarthritis (knees) have been improved using Physiotherapy intervention. The study employs qualitative techniques to collect data. The sample population is selected from people and Tawau Hospital staff visiting the
The protester then has an opportunity to file written comments on the report. Utilizing Debriefings to Prevent Bid Protests Officially, Post-Award debriefings are meant to provide transparency to the unsuccessful candidates. Although the prescribed requirements of the briefings are very rigid and formal, agencies should resist the temptation to meet the bare minimum required by the formalities. Agencies should pay special attention to Requirement 1, the "evaluation of the significant weak
Enron could engage in their derivative trading strategy with no fear of government intervention because derivative trading was specifically exempted from government regulation. Due in part to a ruling by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) chairwoman, Wendy Graham, derivatives remained free of regulatory oversight. Ms. Graham, wife of Texas senator Phil Graham, made this ruling 5 weeks before resigning as chairwoman of the CFTC and joining the Enron Board
" (Halpin and Burt, 1998) DuBois states: "The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife -- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He would not bleach
The main idea in call centers when they use the concept of CA is that, at its core, all the conversation and discussions that take place between the caller and the company respondent can be very easily constructed, referenced and supervised to help the company as well as the caller come to common grounds of mutual understanding. Also, most of the implementers of the CA concept in a call centre
grants would also be offered under revitalization measures and for the support of local enterprises either small or medium, and improve the company's access to finances and to credit, giving direct aid to certain investments, etc. (Structural Funds) Cohesion Funds are those granted to those states that are lagging behind in terms of economic development concerning areas like transport and the environment so that their chances of integration into
Health Care More area is dealt by Human Resource Management than people originally thought of. Some may explain it as the exchanges between boss and worker in the time period between which a worker is employed, until they are eliminated. It is true human resources management starts even before this, with the strategies that are formed by the institution, and the laws that govern workplace institutions. Human Resource Management is the


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Supreme Court of New York, Second Department
June 26, 2013
In the Matter of Evelyn Shields, respondent,v.Gary Brown, appellant. (Docket No. O-2883-11)
Tennille M. Tatum-Evans, New York, N.Y., for appellant.
Janis A. Parazzelli, Floral Park, N.Y., for respondent.
Simone Gordon, Jamaica, N.Y., attorney for the child.
In a family offense proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act article 8, Gary Brown appeals from an order of protection of the Family Court, Queens County (Lebwohl, J.), dated February 23, 2012, which, after a hearing, in effect, determined that he committed the family offenses of harassment in the second degree and disorderly conduct, and directed him, inter alia, to refrain from harassing, intimidating, or threatening the petitioner.
ORDERED that the order of protection is affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
"The determination of whether a family offense was committed is a factual issue to be resolved by the hearing court (see Family Ct Act §§ 812, 832; Matter of Halper v Halper, 61 A.D.3d 687; Matter of Lallmohamed v Lallmohamed, 23 A.D.3d 562), and that court's determination regarding the credibility of witnesses is entitled to great weight on appeal unless clearly unsupported by the record (see Matter of Gray v Gray, 55 A.D.3d 909; Matter of Wallace v Wallace, 45 A.D.3d 599)" (Matter of Creighton v Whitmore, 71 A.D.3d 1141, 1141; see Matter of Kaur v Singh, 73 A.D.3d 1178, 1178). Here, a fair preponderance of the credible evidence elicited at the fact-finding hearing supports the hearing court's determination that Gary Brown committed the family offenses of harassment in the second degree and disorderly conduct, warranting the issuance of an order of protection (see Penal Law §§ 240.20, 240.26; Family Ct Act § 812[1]; Matter of Smith v Amedee, 101 A.D.3d 1033, 1033; Matter of Scanziani v Hairston, 100 A.D.3d 1007, 1008; Matter of Cruz v Rodriguez, 96 A.D.3d 838, 838; Matter of Yalvac v Yalvac, 83 A.D.3d 853, 854; Matter of Kaur v Singh, 73 A.D.3d at 1178; Matter of Creighton v Whitmore, 71 A.D.3d at 1141; Matter of Gray v Gray, 55 A.D.3d 909, 910; Matter of Robbins v Robbins, 48 A.D.3d 822, 822).
RIVERA, J.P., DILLON, DICKERSON and AUSTIN, JJ., concur.
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Taco Air Separator Solves High School's System
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Air elimination in hydronic systems is an important requirement in terms of system efficiency and comfort. The presence of tiny air bubbles in system water causes noise and also contributes to equipment degradation over time due to corrosion caused by bacteria growth. Purging the system repeatedly of unwanted air requires annoying contractor call backs.
This is was exactly what happened within a hydronic heat pump system installed in Montwood High School, part of the Socorro Independent School District in El Paso, Texas. The school's heating system was installed almost fifteen years ago and almost immediately began to cause problems. Built in stages, the school is a three-story building, contributing to the problem. According to school maintenance engineer Tony Regalado the system never flushed properly and regularly "burped' as air built up in the system's 218 heat pumps. Algae also began to grow whenever system water temperatures dipped below 70°F.
As a result, the system required constant servicing to drain water from the loop and treat system water for unwanted algae growth. Air separators were placed along the loop to eliminate the air but proved ineffective. The water treatment contractor advised the school district that they could not treat the water because they couldn't first get the air out of it.
"Basically," says Tony Regalado, "we were left with a system that constantly developed unwanted air and bacteria growth that we couldn't get rid of because there was nothing on the market to fix the problem."
That was until last year when Regalado was introduced to the Taco 4900 Series Air Separator. Taco's 4900 Series was specifically designed for hydronic systems like the one at Montwood High School, because it provides complete air elimination. Within the first thirty days after its installation, the 4900 Series Air Separator successfully flushed out both air and the algae buildup.
The key behind the 4900 Series' claim to complete air elimination is its patented PALL ring process. Inside the 4900 unit is a PALL ring chamber containing a dense pack of stainless steel PALL Rings. The PALL Ring chamber optimizes a collision of flowing system water with the PALL Rings. As a result of this collision, all of the gas containing water particles are brought into contact with the entire PALL Ring surface area. Even the smallest micro-bubble present in the water adheres to the surface of a PALL Ring, allowing coalescence to occur and air to be removed.
The tiniest air bubbles that adhere to the surfaces of the PALL Ring join together to form larger air bubbles. These combined bubbles then traverse up through the water and into the air chamber to be released from the unit's conical venting chamber.
Taco's 4900 Series Air Separator was originally developed in the Netherlands, and Taco purchased exclusive licensing rights to manufacture and sell the unit within the U.S. Tests carried out at Delft Technical University have unequivocally proved that 4900 Series Air Separators remove all micro-bubbles from 15-20 microns and up to three times more effective than comparable air separators currently available.
With the installation of the Taco 4900 Series the school's system has operated perfectly without any air bound problems and water treatment has been successful as well. "The 4900 Series Air Separator was the answer to our longstanding problem," says Tony Regalado.


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Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 1: Kurrent Letters
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to do the following: 1. Recognize the differences between upper and lower case letters. 2. Correctly identify each letter in an "ideal" form. 3. Identify correctly the three forms of the lower case letter "s". 4. Recognize the use of diacritics and other special marks.
Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 2: Making Words in Kurrent
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to do the following: 1. Identify letters that do not end on the writing line. 2. Recognize the different ways letters connect. 3. Recognize the different abbreviations and symbols commonly used in genealogical documents.
Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 3: Reading Kurrent Documents
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to do the following: 1. Identify different formats of genealogical documents, such as paragraph, column and form documents. 2. Identify specific phrases in genealogical documents such as dates, names, places and keywords.
Reading Gothic Handwriting for Swedish Genealogy
Teaches how to read Gothic handwriting in Swedish records. The 1st lesson in a 3 part series. This presentation is focused on the letters that people struggle with the most.
En esta clase hablaremos de diferentes sitios de historia familiar para Espana. Hablaremos de cómo encontrar estos sitios, el uso básico de estos sitios, y cómo encontrar algunos otros.
Relatives Masked in the Indexes of Ancestry
Explore the collections of Mexico and Puerto Rico on Ancestry.mx and learn strategies to find those ancestors that have been difficult to find. This class will analyze the available collections, their coverage and teach how to navigate the indexes in such a way that you can have success in the search for your family.
The first step in discovering your story is reaching out to parents, grandparents—any relative that can share stories, photos, or other information with you. Using the FamilySearch Photos and Stories, you can capture, preserve, and share what you find. As you do, you will find yourself on the path to discovering your own story.
Step three is to grow your family tree by searching historical records on FamilySearch.org. Your ancestors' everyday milestones and experiences—like birth, marriage, and death—often created historical records that have been indexed and made searchable online. Use Search to find more details about the people in your family story.
Switzerland Compiled Genealogies
Over the last century, over 3,000 family genealogies have been compiled from Swiss records. This class discusses how to find out if your family has a compiled genealogy. Then, follow along a case study that highlights the strengths and weaknesses of these genealogies.
Switzerland Records Online: Resources for Swiss Genealogy
This course explores how to find and use online records for Swiss research. We look at what is available from FamilySearch Wiki, how to find and use the website for a Swiss Canton, and what records are available online from FamilySearch.