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December 19, 2008
ANITA DEVI AND KUNAAL VENKAT, PETITIONERS,v.MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, ETC., ET AL., RESPONDENTS.
Petitioners are civil detainees presently detained in the Yuba County Jail pursuant to a final order of removal. The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). Petitioners' motion for preliminary injunction came on regularly for hearing December 18, 2008. Jagdip Singh Sekhon appeared for petitioners. Audrey B. Hemesath, Assistant United States Attorney, appeared for respondents. Upon review of the motion and the documents in support and opposition, upon hearing the arguments of counsel and good cause appearing therefor, THE COURT FINDS AS FOLLOWS:
Petitioners Anita Devi and Kunaal Venkat are citizens and nationals of Fiji. They are subject to a final order of removal, and based on that order, respondents are detaining them pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") § 241(a)(6), 8 U.S.C. § 1231 (a)(6). Petitioners are currently challenging the denial by the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") of their motion to reopen their removal proceedings through a petition for review pending with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. See Devi, et al., v. Mukasey, 08-72786. The Court of Appeals has stayed their removal pending the adjudication of their petition for review, and respondents have detained petitioners in the Yuba County Jail since May 27, 2008, and intend to detain them during the pendency of the adjudication of their petition for review. See id. Petitioners are thus facing prolonged detention. See Casas-Castrillon v. DHS, 535 F.3d 942, 949-50 (9th Cir. 2008)(detention pending judicial review, although not indefinite, is prolonged.)
Petitioners' habeas petition challenges the legality of their prolonged detention as well as their prolonged detention without being afforded a bond hearing. Petitioners have also filed a motion for preliminary injunction seeking to enjoin respondents from further detaining them without granting them a hearing before a neutral decision maker -- an immigration judge -- for the purpose of determining whether their prolonged detention during the course of the adjudication of their petition for review is warranted either because they pose "a risk to the community" or because they are "unlikely to comply with the order of removal." See INA § 241(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(3).
Petitioner Anita Devi and Kunaal Venkat are both citizens and nationals of the Fiji Islands. Ms. Devi is a divorced mother of two children, and one of her children is her son Kunaal, age nineteen. Ms. Devi and Kunaal left Fiji on March 18, 1993, and that same day arrived in the United States at San Francisco, California. The immigration authorities admitted Ms. Devi and Kunaal as visitors until September 17, 1993. They have remained in the United States ever since.
Ms. Devi left Fiji with Kunaal because she was fleeing persecution on account of her South Asian ethnicity. Within one-year of her arrival in the United States, in mid-1994, Ms. Devi applied for asylum with the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). INS referred her application to the Office of the Immigration Judge (IJ). Ms. Devi hired attorney Miguel Gadda who represented Ms. Devi from 1994 until 2002, when the State Bar of California disbarred him. Petitioners contend Mr. Gadda represented her ineffectively.
The administrative agency denied Ms. Devi's application for asylum and related relief, resulting in a final order of removal in October 28, 1997. The Court of Appeals denied Ms. Devi's petition for review of the agency's decision on March 2, 1999. Mr. Gadda filed a motion to reopen with the BIA in July 1999 that the BIA denied on December 14, 1999. Mr. Gadda filed a second motion to reopen with the BIA on July 20, 2000; the BIA denied this motion on January 30, 2003. Mr. Gadda was disbarred in 2002 while the second motion to reopen was pending.
Ms. Devi hired Martin Rezendez Guajardo to replace Mr. Gadda. Mr. Guajardo did nothing until the BIA denied Ms. Devi's second motion to reopen. Then, on Ms. Devi's behalf, Mr. Guajardo petitioned the Court of Appeals to review the BIA denial. The Court of Appeals dismissed Ms. Devi's petition for review on August 17, 2004.
In September 2004, more than two and one-half years after he began representing Ms. Devi, Mr. Guajardo moved the BIA to reopen Ms. Devi s removal proceedings, and the BIA denied it stating that the motion to reopen was filed beyond the ninety day regulatory deadline, and petitioners were not entitled to equitable tolling of the deadline until September 2004. Mr. Guajardo filed a petition for review challenging the denial of the motion to reopen, and on December 13, 2006, the Court of Appeals denied it. Mr. Guajardo filed another motion on behalf of petitioners, their fourth motion and the second motion prepared by Mr. Guajardo. The BIA denied the motion in December 2007. Mr. Guajardo advised petitioners to seek Court of Appeals review of the BIA s denial of the motion to reopen, took petitioners' money, but did not file the petition for review. Mr. Guajardo was disbarred on April 17, 2008.*fn2 Ms. Devi learned of Mr. Guajardo's failure to file on February 22, 2008.
On February 22, 2008, Ms. Devi met with present counsel with her case file, and recounted its history. After reviewing the case file, petitioners' present counsel advised petitioners they may have a viable motion to reopen based on the ineffective representation of Messrs. Gadda and Guajardo.
On or about May 19, 2008, Ms. Devi and Kunaal filed a motion to reopen with the BIA based on the ineffective assistance of Messrs. Gadda and Guajardo. They also filed a motion to stay their removal with the Board pending the adjudication of their motion to reopen. They subsequently filed a request with DHS, specifically its San Francisco District Director, seeking the same relief. The BIA first denied the motion for stay, and then denied petitioners' motion to reopen. The BIA did not express doubt regarding the ineffective representation of Messrs. Gadda and Guajardo. The BIA, however, held that petitioners failed to demonstrate the prejudice necessary to support a motion to reopen. Petitioners are seeking judicial review of the denial of the motion to reopen, and the Court of Appeals has stayed their removal pending review.
Immediately following the filing of their motion to reopen, on or about May 19, 2008, DHS, unannounced, raided petitioners' home ostensibly to apprehend and remove them. Ms. Devi and Kunaal eluded DHS at that time. Petitioners then called their present counsel who arranged for them to surrender to DHS on May 27, 2008. DHS took Ms. Devi and Kunaal into custody on the grounds that their removal was imminent.
In August 2008, DHS referred the case to the IJ for a hearing to review Petitioners' custody status. DHS did so pursuant to Casas-Castrillon, which held that non-citizens in DHS custody seeking direct review of a final order of removal are detained under INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), and are entitled to such a hearing. The hearing was scheduled for October 23, 2008.
Prior to the October 23rd hearing, the Court of Appeals decided Diouf.*fn3 Diouf held that Casas-Castrillon v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2008) did not address whether non-citizens such as petitioners are entitled to a hearing to review their custody status, because DHS's authority to detain them was not based on INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). Diouf, 542 F.3d at 1229-30. DHS's authority to detain petitioners and non-citizens like them, instead rested on INA § 241(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a), because they were seeking review of an agency's denial of a motion to reopen removal proceedings, and not seeking direct review of a final order of removal. Id. Diouf left open the question of whether non-citizens in petitioners' circumstance were entitled to a hearing to review their custody status. Id.
At the October 23, 2008, hearing, the IJ summarily held that he did not have jurisdiction to review petitioners' custody status, citing Diouf.
On November 7, 2008, petitioners filed the instant petition.
Habeas corpus relief is appropriate when a person "is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). Habeas corpus proceedings are available as a forum for statutory and constitutional challenges to the authority of the Attorney General to order detention of a person. See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 688, 121 S.Ct. 2491 (2001); Nadarajah v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1069, 1075 (9th Cir.2006). The REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-13, Div. B., 119 Stat. 231, does not divest this court of jurisdiction over habeas petitions that do not involve final orders of removal. Nadarajah, 443 F.3d at 1075. As petitioners are challenging their continued detention and not an order of removal, this court has habeas corpus jurisdiction over the claims related to their detention.
Petitioners and respondents do not dispute the facts of this case and also agree that this case presents the question left unresolved in Diouf, 542 F.3d at 1222.
Respondents contend that aliens seeking collateral review of their removal orders are not similarly situated to aliens seeking direct review of their removal order and that there is nothing extraordinary about this case to distinguish it from Diouf. Respondents maintain that the ICE post-order review scheme is adequate and that aliens detained pursuant to § 241(a) are not entitled to a bond hearing before an immigration judge.
Petitioners argue that the governing statute does not authorize the prolonged detention of petitioners without providing them a bond hearing before an immigration judge and that, even assuming the statute authorizes their prolonged detention, the prolonged detention violates their constitutional right to due process unless they are granted a bond hearing. Petitioners contend they have a due process right to a bond hearing before a neutral decision maker to determine whether petitioners pose a flight risk or a danger to the community because the pending petition for review will not be decided in the foreseeable future.
Zadvydas concerned the indefinite detention of aliens pursuant to the post-removal-order detention statute, INA § 241(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a), following a final order of removal. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 678. Section 241(a)(1)(A) states that "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this section, when an alien is ordered removed, the Attorney General shall remove the alien from the United States within a period of 90 days (in this section referred to as the 'removal period')." INA § 241(a)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A). The removal period begins on the latest of the following:
(i) The date the order of removal becomes administratively final.
(ii) If the removal order is judicially reviewed and if a court orders a stay of the removal of the alien, the date of the court's final order.
(iii) If the alien is detained or confined (except under an immigration process), the date the alien is released from detention or confinement.
8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(B). During the removal period, continued detention is required. INA § 241(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(2) ("During the removal period, the Attorney General shall detain the alien."). Under Section 241(a)(6), the Attorney General may detain an alien beyond the 90-day removal period. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6).
The Supreme Court has considered whether INA § 241(a)(6) authorizes the government "to detain a removable alien indefinitely beyond the removal period or only for a period reasonably necessary to secure the alien's removal." Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 682. The Zadvydas petitioners could not be removed because no country would accept them. Id. Therefore, removal was "no longer practically attainable," and the period of detention at issue was "indefinite" and "potentially permanent." Id. at 690-91. The Supreme Court held that INA § 241(a)(6), which permits detention of removable aliens beyond the 90-day removal period, does not permit "indefinite detention." Id. at 689-690. "[O]nce removal is no longer reasonably foreseeable, continued detention is no longer authorized by statute." Id. at 699.
Zadvydas further held that detention remains presumptively valid for a period of six months. Id. at 701. After this six-month period, an alien is eligible for conditional release upon demonstrating "good reason to believe that there is no significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future." Id. at 701. At that time, the burden shifts to the Government to respond with sufficient evidence to rebut that showing. Id. at 701. The six-month presumption does not mean that every alien not removed must be released after six months. To the contrary, an alien may be held in confinement until it has been determined that there is no significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future.
Id. at 701.
The Supreme Court later held that Zadvydas applied to inadmissible aliens as well. Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371 (2005).*fn4 The Clark Court found it could not justify giving the same statutory text a different meaning depending on the characteristics of the aliens involved, citing Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22, 52 S.Ct. 285 (1932), Raygor v. Regents of Univ. of Minn., 534 U.S. 533, 122 S.Ct. 999 (2002), and Jinks v. Richland County, 538 U.S. 456, 123 S.Ct. 1667 (2003)(distinguished). Clark, 543 U.S. at 372.
Zadvydas did not hold that the statute authorizes detention until it approaches constitutional limits; it held that, since interpreting the statute to authorize indefinite detention (one plausible reading) would approach constitutional limits, the statute should be read (in line with the other plausible reading) to authorize detention only for a period consistent with the purpose of effectuating removal.
Clark, 543 U.S. at 372, citing Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 697-699.
In Casas-Castrillon v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2008), the Court of Appeals held that certain aliens detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) pursuant to INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), must be given a bond hearing before an Immigration Judge, rather than the post-order detention review scheme previously employed by ICE. The certain aliens affected by the Casas case are aliens who (1) have filed a Court of Appeals petition for review of their final order of removal; (2) have obtained a stay of removal in conjunction with that petition; and (3) have been in detention in excess of the six-month time-frame set forth in Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001).
In Diouf, the Court of Appeals considered the plight of aliens situated identically to those in Casas, but with one exception: the aliens are seeking review of a denial of an administrative motion to reopen, rather than the removal order itself. Diouf, 535 F.3d 942. The Diouf Court clarified that these aliens who are pursuing a collateral challenge to their removal order are detained pursuant to INA § 241(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a). In Casas, by contrast, the Court held that the direct petition for review aliens are detained pursuant to INA § 236(a); 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). The Diouf Court did not go on to decide the ultimate question of whether aliens detained pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a) must also be provided a bond hearing before the Immigration Judge rather than the post-order detention review scheme employed by ICE. The Court remanded that question to the district court, to consider in light of the circumstances of that case.
The legal principles applicable to a request for preliminary injunctive relief are well established. "The traditional equitable criteria for granting preliminary injunctive relief are (1) a strong likelihood of success on the merits, (2) the possibility of irreparable injury to plaintiff if the preliminary relief is not granted, (3) a balance of hardships favoring the plaintiff, and (4) advancement of the public interest (in certain cases)." Dollar Rent A Car v. Travelers Indem. Co., 774 F.2d 1371, 1374 (9th Cir. 1985). The criteria are traditionally treated as alternative tests. "Alternatively, a court may issue a preliminary injunction if the moving party demonstrates 'either a combination of probable success on the merits and the possibility of irreparable injury or that serious questions are raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in his favor.'" Martin v. International Olympic Comm., 740 F.2d 670, 675 (9th Cir. 1984) (quoting William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 526 F.2d 86, 88 (9th Cir. 1975)).
Title 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6) provides that "[a]n alien ordered removed who is inadmissible . . . or removable [under this title] may be detained beyond the removal period." As noted by the United States Supreme Court, this statute is ambiguous because "[t]he statute's use of "may" is ambiguous and does not necessarily suggest unlimited discretion." Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 697. Because of this ambiguity, and because petitioners' personal liberty is at stake, the instant case presents the serious question of whether a removable alien can be detained for a prolonged period without benefit of a bond hearing before a neutral decision-maker to determine whether the alien is a flight risk or a danger to the community.
A statute permitting indefinite detention of an alien would raise a serious constitutional problem. The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause forbids the Government to "depriv[e]" any "person . . . of . . . liberty . . . without due process of law." Freedom from imprisonment-from government custody, detention, or other forms of physical restraint-lies at the heart of the liberty that Clause protects. See Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80, 112 S.Ct. 1780 . . . (1992). And this Court has said that government detention violates that Clause unless the detention is ordered in a criminal proceeding with adequate procedural protections, see United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746, 107 S.Ct. 2095 . . . (1987), or, in certain special and "narrow" non-punitive "circumstances," Foucha, supra, at 80, 112 S.Ct. 1780, where a special justification, such as harm-threatening mental illness, outweighs the "individual's constitutionally protected interest in avoiding physical restraint." Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 356, 117 S.Ct. 2072 . . .(1997).
Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 690.
Section 1231(a)(6) provides the Attorney General with the authority either to detain an alien beyond the removal period or to release him or her subject to the terms of supervision specified under § 1231(a)(3). The Court of Appeals has construed § 1231(a)(6) to permit release on bond. See Doan v. INS, 311 F.3d 1160, 1162 (9th Cir.2002). Moreover, the regulations that implement the statute also expressly permit bond as a condition of release. See 8 C.F.R. § 214.5(b).
The Diouf court noted it "considered a somewhat similar question in Casas-Castrillon." Diouf, at 1234-35. In Casas-Castrillon, the court considered whether § 1226(a) authorized lawful permanent residents to be subjected to prolonged detention pending judicial review of a final order of removal without being provided a due process hearing before a neutral decision maker. Id., 535 F.3d at 949-50. The court found that prolonged detention of a lawful permanent resident would be "constitutionally doubtful," and construed § 1226(a) as "requiring the Attorney General to provide the alien with . . . a [bond] hearing." Id. at 951 (emphasis in original).
The Diouf court stated
Given the limited holding of Casas-Castrillon, it remains unclear whether due process concerns would require a similar construction of § 1231(a)(6) in a case involving an alien, such as Diouf, who is not a legal permanent resident and who, unlike the alien in Casas-Castrillon, has been ordered removed by the BIA, has exhausted his opportunities to challenge that final order of removal directly, and has previously been granted release on bond and had the bond cancelled for failure to timely depart.
Diouf, at 1234-35.
In light of the above authorities, it is clear that the statute provides for detention of petitioners beyond the 90 day removal period. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6). The sole question here, then, is whether respondents may hold petitioners beyond the removal period without affording them a bond hearing before a neutral decision-maker
Given the Supreme Court's language in Zadvydas and its clarification in Clark, this court is not persuaded that respondents may detain petitioners without a bond hearing simply because their petition for review challenges the BIA's denial of their motion to reopen rather than seeking direct review. It is the prolonged civil detention without benefit of a bond hearing before a neutral decision-maker that runs afoul of the constitutional right to due process. The same important interest -- freedom from detention -- is at stake, no matter the nature of the legal challenge.
While respondents have an interest in ensuring petitioners are available for deportation if the Court of Appeals denies petitioners' petition for review, that interest is protected by virtue of a neutral decision-maker holding a bond hearing to determine whether, in fact, petitioners pose a flight risk or a danger to the community. Whether or not the alien is challenging the order of removal on direct review or seeking to reopen on collateral review, in both instances, the Court of Appeals has found it appropriate to stay the alien's removal.*fn5 As noted above, it is clear that an alien's detention pending resolution of a petition for review will be prolonged, in many cases, for a number of years.
The outcome in both instances is also similar. If the petition for review of the removal order is denied, the alien will be removed. If the petition for review of the denial of the motion to reopen is denied, the alien will be removed. However, in both circumstances, if the petition for review is granted, the removal order will be dissolved.
Petitioners are similarly-situated to Diouf in that they were admitted to the United States as visitors and overstayed the September 17, 1993 expiration of their visitor visa. Like Diouf, they have availed themselves of the legal process available to attempt to remain in the United States. They are also similar to Diouf in that the Court of Appeals granted their motion to stay their removal pending resolution of the petition for review of the BIA's denial of their motion to reopen.
Petitioners differ from Diouf, however, because they have not been granted a bond hearing. Ironically, both Diouf and Casas-Castrillon were provided bond hearings before a neutral decision-maker. Id. Moreover, unlike Diouf, petitioners have not failed to report for deportation and, although they initially fled their home when DHS arrived unannounced, they immediately arranged through their lawyer to voluntarily surrender and were taken into custody just a week later.*fn6 Apparently petitioners have cooperated with immigration as respondents concede they are in possession of travel documents to facilitate petitioners' deportation should the Court of Appeals deny their petition for review. Finally, unlike Diouf, petitioners have not been accused or convicted of criminal activity during their presence in the United States.
This court finds that aliens subject to removal who have been detained beyond the statutory 90 day removal period but whose removal have been stayed pending review of the denial of their motion to reopen are similarly-situated to those aliens challenging their removal order on direct review. See Casas-Castillon, 535 F.3d at 950; see also Diouf, 542 F.3d at 1234-35 (citations omitted). Because they are similarly-situated, they are entitled to a bond hearing before a neutral decision-maker to ensure their due process rights are protected. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 699.*fn7
The court turns now to petitioners' request for injunctive relief. The holding of Casas-Castrillon that non-citizens detained under INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1236(a) are entitled to hearings before an IJ to determine whether their prolonged detention is necessary establishes that non-citizens detained under INA § 241, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a) and seeking the same relief as that extended to the non-citizens in Casas-Castrillon presents a serious question.
Further detention of petitioners without a bond hearing, will irreparably harm them as they are being held in the Yuba County Jail without a determination from a neutral decision-maker that their detention is necessary. See Casas-Castrillon, 535 F.3d at 950-51. Such civil detention imposes the hardships that are typically associated with detention. See, e.g., National Center for Immigrant Rights, Inc., 743 F.3d 1365, 1369 (1984). In addition, such civil detention without a hearing before a neutral decision-maker that addresses its necessity implicates due process concerns under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
See Casas-Castrillon, 535 F.3d at 950-51; see also Diouf, 542 F.3d at 1234-35 (9th Cir. 2008)(detaining a noncitizen under INA § 241, 8 U.S.C. § 1231, raises similar due process concerns raised by the detention of a non-citizen under INA § 236, 8 U.S.C. § 1226).
The denial of petitioners' motion for preliminary injunction will result in their continued detention that may be in violation of due process rights.
Respondents, in turn, will suffer relatively little hardship if petitioners are granted the hearing before the IJ that they seek. Respondents contend they will be burdened by "providing an Immigration Judge hearing, which requires coordination between the Department of Homeland Security and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (part of the Department of Justice). As well as providing a hearing in this case would result in uncertainty in other collateral challenge detention cases, inviting a rush of litigation." (Opp'n at 7.) However, presumably the Immigration Judge has a regularly scheduled detention calendar such that adding two hearings with their attendant coordination would be of little consequence as compared to a possible constitutional violation. Respondents have provided no support for the alleged threat of a "rush of litigation," that would occur should these petitioners be granted such a hearing.
Respondents also relied on the "Interoffice Memorandum" to demonstrate ICE considered three factors supporting its decision to continue detention: (1) petitioners absconded when DHS first attempted to bring petitioners into ICE custody; (2) petitioners have attempted to delay removal several times by court filings; and (3) ICE is currently in possession of a valid travel document such that removal can be executed immediately upon the lifting of the judicial stay. (Opp'n., Ex. A.) However, as noted by petitioners, this memo fails to demonstrate ICE's conclusion "was reached after a meaningful consideration of the prescribed factors set forth under 8 C.F.R. § 241.4(f) or agency precedent relevant to determine whether . . . petitioners' prolonged detention is warranted either because they represent a 'danger to the community' or a 'flight risk.'" (Reply, at 5, citing see 8 C.F.R. § 241.4(f).) There is also no reference to consideration of factors favoring supervised release under INA § 241(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(3), for example, petitioner Devi's home ownership and lack of criminal record or both petitioners' community and familial ties. In addition, the memo fails to specifically address petitioner Venkat at all. Petitioner Venkat has been in the United States for 16 of his 19 years and was attending college at the time of his detention. It appears petitioner Venkat has received no process at all.
The balance of hardships thus weighs heavily in petitioners' favor.
Finally, the Diouf Court acknowledged that the issue of whether INA § 241, 8 U.S.C. § 1231, authorizes respondents' prolonged detention of non-citizens in petitioners' circumstance raises issues similar to those presented in Casas-Castrillon. Diouf, 542 F.3d at 1234-35. Casas-Castrillon held that legal permanent residents facing removal and detained under INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1236(a), were entitled to a hearing as to whether their prolonged detention pending judicial review was necessary on the grounds that they posed a "danger to the community" or "flight risk." Casas-Castrillon, 535 F.3d at 950-51. Otherwise, the detention of the non-citizens would raise due process concerns. Id.
Because the balance of hardships weighs heavily in petitioners' favor and their underlying petition for habeas corpus raises serious questions, petitioners' motion for preliminary injunction will be granted.
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that petitioners' motion for preliminary injunction (docket no. 7) is granted. Respondents shall forthwith schedule a bond hearing before the Office of the Immigration Judge to determine whether the continued detention of either petitioner presents a danger to the community or a risk of flight.
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How to Woo Shoppers Who Say, 'Just Looking'
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- Temporary (4 to 12 months)
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My availability is valid through 11/27/15
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Additional Services:
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Marine Trader
Marine Trader boats for sale
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Marine Trader 48 (1)
Marine Trader 50 Motor Yacht (2)
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Boats of Interest
Selection of boats that may be of interest from the list of available boats for sale above.
View Video
50 ft
1981 Marine Trader 50 Motor Yacht
Slidell, LA, United States
Frank Gordon Yacht Sales
Marine Trader 50' Stabilized Trawler Yacht flush deck cruiser 1981.... Full walk around side decks, 1000 mile crusing range.... Wesmar Active Hydraulic Stabilizers w/ 6-sf fins = no rolling (value @ 3
50 ft
1986 Marine Trader 50 Motor Yacht
Sale Pending
Silver Seas Yachts
Talk about a lot of boat for the money!! This wide body has enormous living space and all the upgrades to make her a comfortable coastal cruiser. Three staterooms (two master state
50 ft
1981 Marine Trader 50 Trawler
Poquoson, VA, United States
Bluewater Yacht Sales
Wonderful 3 stateroom layout with 2 Huge Queen cabins, plus forward V-berth stateroom. Ensuite heads for the 2 Queen cabin, Plus a 3rd head for the V-berth. Tremendous space on the main level with coc
View Video
50 ft
1985 Marine Trader 50 Wide Body
Sale Pending
Little Yacht Sales
ALL TRADES CONSIDERED!! Two boat owner - Ready for this one to go.Come make us an offer! Grass Skirt is a True Classic Beauty with many Amenities - Twin 135 Lehman Diesels, Marine Air Conditioning/Hea
50 ft
1982 Marine Trader Aft Cabin Moter Yacht
San Diego, CA, United States
CFB Marine Group
This West Coast veteran has the ability to cruise Alaska to Panama. Practical 3 stateroom 3 head layout extended cruising or livaboard. Economical Ford Lehman 6 cyl. twin d
50 ft
1984 Marine Trader Walkaround
New Orleans, LA, United States
Seahorse Marine Inc. Yacht Sales
WORK IN PROGRESS, NEW FUEL TANKS 3 @ 1020 GLS AND MUCH MORE !!!!!This vessel would make a great liveaboard with it's spacious and very comfortable accommodations. It has a three stateroom layout and t
48 ft
1983 Marine Trader 48
New Rochelle, NY, United States
Staten Island Yacht Sales
LISTING JUST REDUCED!!! If you've been looking for a classic live-aboard, look no further! Lovingly and artfully restored interior with photo documentation as well as a recent survey to back
View Video
47 ft
1989 Marine Trader Trade Winds
Key Largo, FL, United States
Grand Slam Yacht Sales
This Marine Trader Tradewinds 47 features the popular tri-cabin layout. She's a roomy and comfortable voyager with a cruising speed of 8 knots using less than 5 gallons per hour. T
47 ft
1986 Marine Trader Tradewind
Kemah, TX, United States
HSH Yacht Sales
Bow Thruster No Teak Decks!! Custom Fiberglass Hardtop Over Flybridge (2013) New Aluminum Fuel Tanks New Water Tanks & New Holding Tanks New Prop Shafts New Motor Mounts Huge Sundeck &
47 ft
1985 Marine Trader Tradewinds
Key West, FL, United States
Stellar Yacht Sales
A PROVEN CLASSIC DESIGN Second Wind, the perfect liveaboard with all the comforts of home. She has the ability for long distance cruising. New Electronics, Rebu
View Video
47 ft
1987 Marine Trader Tradewinds
Sale Pending
Island Yacht Sales
NO TEAK DECKS!!! Very clean 3 stateroom layout! Galley down with a convertible dinette. Spacious salon with a lower station with a sliding door. Huge aft deck with enclosure and hard wing doo
47 ft
1987 Marine Trader Tradewinds
Reedville, VA, United States
C. Scott Vail Yacht Brokerage LLC.
The Tradewinds 47 represents the top of the line trawler built by Lien Hwa in Taiwan . Built on a solid fiberglass hull, this trawler has a--No Teak Exterior and built to very high standards. The li
47 ft
1989 Marine Trader Tradewinds 47
Vero Beach, FL, United States
Boylan Yacht Sales & Management
This Great Loop veteran is more than equipped for her next journey. The current owners have performed a long list of upgrades and improvements in recent years which includes overhaul of main engines,
47 ft
1994 Marine Trader Tradewinds 47
Goderich, ON, Canada
Harris & Ellis Yachts
THE OWNERS HAVE JUST REDUCED THIS BOAT TO JUST $ 115,000.00 CDN - FIRM THEY WANT IT SOLD NOW THIS IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY On the fresh water of Lake Huron EXTREMELY MOTI
47 ft
1987 Marine Trader Tradewinds FB MY
MD, United States
Coastline Yacht Sales
Built by Lien Hwa in Taiwan on a solid fiberglass hull, the original Tradewinds 47, is designed with hugh full width aft deck and a two stateroom interior, galley down floorplan to retain a dinette wh
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text: With a stay at Klamath Travel Inn in Klamath Falls, you'll be within the vicinity of Klamath County Museum and Baldwin Hotel Museum. This motel is within the vicinity of Favell Museum of Western Art and Indian Artifacts and Klamath Falls Children's Museum. Make yourself at home in one of the 34 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Bathrooms with shower/tub combinations are provided. A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily. Free self parking is available onsite.


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Reissue of the gripping tale of sabotage at sea, from the acclaimed master of action and suspense.
In the heart of the Aegean Sea, a luxury yacht is on fire and sinking fast. Minutes later, a four-engined jet with a fire in its nose-cone crashes into the sea.
Is there a sinister connection between these two tragedies? And is it an accident that the Ariadne, a NATO spy ship, is the only vessel in the vicinity - the only witness?
Only Commander Talbot of the Ariadne can provide the answers as he uncovers a deadly plot involving drugs and terrorism - leading to the heart of the Pentagon.
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text: There might be some truth to the signal strength bit.... I was with orange - had to cut up the sim and found out that I'm affected Please Register or Log in to view images. Now I switched to t-mobile as I got a better deal, and the problem is gone. Just been holding the phone in my left hand covering the antena bit, and the phone is still showing 5 bars Please Register or Log in to view images (before it took like 15secs before I lost all bars). I'm glad it's better now and hope apple will fix it for the rest of you with a software update.


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Skolatis Llc
8176 Palmetto Ct Daphne, Alabama 36526(251) 626-0331
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AboutSkolatis Llc is located at the address 8176 Palmetto Ct in Daphne, Alabama 36526. They can be contacted via phone at (251) 626-0331 for pricing, hours and directions.
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EverSaw 8.0 Folding Hand Saw. All Purpose, Wood, Bone, PVC. Best for Tree Pruning, Camping, Hunting, Toolbox. Rugged 8" Blade, Solid Grip. By Home Planet Gear
RUGGED 8" BLADE, Triple-cut razor teeth hardened to stay sharp for smooth, fast sawing
EASILY CUTS wood, bone & plastic. MULTI-PURPOSE utility job saw. Easy and safe to carry
ERGONOMIC, slip-resistant, comfort grip handle. Gear style lock for safety. Adjustable blade
SUPERIOR DESIGN to reduce friction and binding with Japanese style pull cut sawing
CUSTOMER CARE PROMISE: Home Planet Gear guarantees 100% CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. If you aren't completely happy with your EverSaw 8.0, we will replace or refund your order, no questions asked. EverSaw 8.0 has a Lifetime Warranty. For MULTI-UNIT DISCOUNTS: Scroll down to Special Offers & Product Promotions area. Up to 20% off of today's order.
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Stanley 20-045 15-Inch Fat Max Hand Saw
15-inch hand saw with a 9 TPI blade
SharpTooth technology cuts 50% faster than conventional saws
Induction-hardened teeth stay sharp up to 5 times longer than standard teeth
Thick, ergonomically designed grip resists slipping and adds comfort
15-inch blade, 8 TPI / 9 PPI ; limited lifetime warranty
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Sportsman Pocket Chainsaw 36 Inches Long With FREE Fire Starter! This Hand Chain Saw Tool is Best for Survival Gear - Camping - Hunting or any Home Owner. Replaces a Pruning or Pole Saw.
SPORTSMAN INDUSTRIES - AS SEEN ON *FOX NEWS *CBS *NBC *ABC. We are 100% focused on authentic connections and communication. We believe in engineering our outdoor products with the customer experience in mind, and if needed, open mindedness to innovate breakthrough designs contingent on customer feedback. This tree saw is perfect for Boy Scouts, Bug Out Bag, Emergency Gear. Use it to clear mountain bike / ATV trails or when off-roading. Makes a great gift!
BEST VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY! - World class quality, longer 36 inch chain (excluding handles), bi directional, self cleaning chainsaw style cutting teeth tears through wood cutting both ways! Made of high strength super strong heat treated steel. Extremely light weight, versatile, flexible, compact and cuts a 3" limb in less than 10 seconds! The longer chain equals incredibly fast cutting time with razor sharp blades sawing 3 sides of a thick limb at once clearly outclassing the competition!
TOUGHEST & MOST DURABLE SURVIVAL SAW ON AMAZON!! - rips through anything from thin branches to large tree trunks in seconds and cuts over head branches with ease. Our Saw has heavy duty rugged handles with metal brackets and can easily be re-sharpened unlike other sharp pointed pocket saws. The Sportsman Pocket Chainsaw comes with a tough nylon front snap carrying case and can be sharpened with a regular 5/32 round chainsaw file.
?AUTUMN SPECIAL! SAVE 43% OFF NOW? - You can find Saws for less, but they offer you MUCH less. FREE BONUS!- Magnesium Fire Starter (8 mm DIAMETER ROD) - fireproof, water-resistant and shatterproof. The Fire Starter contains everything you need to get a fire going, Perfect for your Bushcraft needs. Our gift to you!
OUR 100% GUARANTEE COMMITMENT TO YOU! - We fully stand behind our Top Rated Saw. If we didn't we wouldn't offer you a LIFETIME GUARANTEE! If you're not impressed or satisfied after using our cool saw, Sportsman Industries offers a full 100% Money Back Guarantee. (Find another vendor that'll do that)
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Black & Decker PHS550B 3.4 Amp Powered Handsaw with Storage Bag
Powerful 3.4 amp, 4,600 SPM motor
Cuts wood and metal; patented tool-free blade changes
6-foot cord; compact and lightweight design
2-year limited warranty
Powerful 3.4 amp, 4,600 SPM motor
Cuts wood and metal; patented tool-free blade changes
6-foot cord; compact and lightweight design
2-year limited warranty
Included with handsaw: large capacity blade, metal cutting blade, and storage bag
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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IRWIN Tools Universal Handsaw, 15-Inch (1773465)
Featuring triple-ground teeth, this handsaw cuts up to 3 times faster than traditional handsaws
This handsaw utilizes a universal tooth grind to remove material quickly
A tapered-pitch nose improves clearance and adds stability
The thick-body handsaw blade incorporates a water-based lacquer coating to help deliver fast, controlled cuts
A comfort grip is made from high-density resin and molded into an ergonomic shape for less hand fatigue
Unique handle design eliminates binding and delivers full blade strokes for an efficient cut
Patented universal tooth grind delivers coarse saw speed with a fine cut finish
comfortable grip handle
blade profile has tapered-pitch nose for improved clearance and stability
.85 MM blade with water-based lacquer coating for speed and control
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Bukm Portable Stainless Steel Multipurpose Tool Multifunctional Needle Nose Plier,Pocket Screwdriver,Claw Hammer Knife,Bottle Opener,Survival Camping Knife,Axe Multitool,Hand Saw,Car Safety Air Hammer
You can use this small axe for little branches and small twigs for fire starters when you are camping. The other tools that are included hammer, pliers, Phillips head screwdriver, knife, flat head screwdriver, bottle opener, wrench and nail file. All of the mini tools fit securely into the base of the tool and the handle is secured by a little loop of metal at the bottom.
Different types of knives, screw-drivers, a file, a bottle opener, and you can find multiple uses for each of those items. They all collapse nicely on top of each other into the wood handle. It was easy to pull them all out, but it's easier to do it that way and choose what you need and put the rest back in, than it is to try to just pull one out.
The handle is covered in wood, and the end of the handle has a metal attachment point for a line or wrist strap. The hatchet blade is sharp, a good reason for the silicone cap that comes on it. As a survival or escape tool this would make a great addition to your kit. The tool comes with a simple nylon sheath with a belt loop.
The portable multi-purpose tool would be great for car camping or hunting. Tools include hammer, hatchet, and pliers on one end, and a handle that contains folding knife blade, phillips screwdriver, saw blade, bottle opener/wrench combination blade, and file/slotted screwdriver/saw blade combination.
The multi-tool are very durable and heavy duty, it is a good tool to have around for occasional use and light household tasks, and it will be a great item to make a permanent part of your camping accessories.
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Wicked Hand Saw
Impulse hardened high carbon steel blade
Comfortable non-slip rubber over-mold grip design - ergonomically designed to fit your hand
Rugged Cast aluminum handle construction
Fail safe blade lock design - hardened steel lock-pin & hardware, no plastic to break
Closed length: 8.25 in. - blade length: 7.0 in
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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Bosch FS180ATU Power Handsaw 5-3/4" Fine-Tooth General Purpose Blade
Blades for 1640VS FineCut Power Handsaw
Ideal for thick and thin materials
High-alloy steel (HAS) blades with hardened ground teeth
Fine-tooth design for cutting wood, PVC and plastic
Click here for details - reviews, specs and more.
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ALL PURPOSE FOLDING HAND SAWS - 17" Rugged Tree Trimming, Razor Tooth Pruning Saw - Power Trimmer for Gardening, Wood, PVC, Camping - Lightweight, Durable 8" Steel Blade
? PORTABLE, POCKET-SIZED POWER - We Wanted An All-purpose, Easy To Carry, Always Convenient Pruning Tool For Backpacking And Camping, Hiking, Biking, Gardening And Everywhere In-between - So We Engineered It, And 1000s Of Homeowners Love It
? SHARP, EFFICIENT CUTS - Portable 8" All-Purpose Handsaws For All Outdoor Needs. Prune Trees, Trim Bushes And Cut Firewood, All With An Easily Affordable Price!
? LONG LASTING PERFORMANCE STEEL - 44 Razor Sharp Saw Teeth Easily Slice Through Branches With Dual Action, Push-pull Cutting Designed To Last. Save Money On Costly Replacements
? COMFORT GRIP DESIGN - Imagine An Easy Day Of Hard Yard Work. Feel The Blade Rip Through Branches Like They're Nothing - No More Blisters, No More Bruises. Soft Textured Handle And Efficient Dual Cut Saw Teeth Help Finish Weekend Projects Faster - And Easier.
?????100% MONEY BACK GUARANTEE - LOVE Your Folding Saw Or Your Money Back, No Questions Asked - A Prompt And Courteous Refund. We're A Company By And For Homeowners, Growers And Flower Fanatics And We're Here 7 Days A Week To Deliver You Unsurpassed Service, Answer Any Pruning, Trimming Or Gardening Questions And Ultimately Help You Get Your Garden Hands Dirty Doing What You Love! PLUS SEE OUR PROMOS BELOW FOR MORE GREAT GARDEN DISCOUNTS! ORDER TODAY.
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Centurion 10" Pruning Folding Saw - Tree Hand Saw With Rugged Steel Blade is Great For Cutting, Clearing or Trimming Branches at Home & Camping - Perfect for Survival Gear and Gardening Tools
ERGONOMIC DESIGN - Easy to grip non-slip cushion handle is designed for men & women. Easily folds up and is equipped with push button blade lock for safety & storage
THE CENTURION PROMISE - The Centurion manufacturer saw comes with a 100% Money Back Guarantee if you don't love it. You can trust the Centurion Brand
PERFECT GIFT FOR CHRISTMAS - Stocking stuffer ideas, Birthday gift for dad, brother or husband. A must have tool for camping, hunting, Hiking, outdoor enthusiast & gardening lovers.
10" SAW CUTS WITH EASE & PRECISION - Steel Blade with 57 razor sharp teeth provides push pull cutting on bone, plastic & wood. Gives you the confidence to cut what you need in any emergency situation
LEADER IN HOME AND GARDEN SUPPLIES - This hand saw was designed to be the best most durable garden saw on the market - Designed to make cutting and pruning a little easier - A must have for emergencies, storms and survival
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Having undesirable fat in various locations of your body can have a considerable influence on your health and self-confidence. While traditional weight-loss through exercise and diet is an excellent way to lose weight overall, even the best workouts can't target issue areas like the belly, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time evaluated treatment that is used to get rid of excess fat from specific locations of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are lots of advantages to this cosmetic procedure, consisting of:
• Instantly obvious modifications. Unlike traditional weight loss, liposuction produces modifications that are instantly noticeable in the body. Some difference is visible right away, and the preferred results are usually attained in simply a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic treatment has been performed by seasoned specialists all over the world for several years and the technique has been fine-tuned over and once again to be safe and efficient.
• Recovery time is normally fast. The downtime needed after having this kind of treatment is generally much less than what is required for other types of cosmetic treatments, including tummy tucks, breast reduction, and more. Individuals who have had the treatment can often go back to work a lot more rapidly than they expected and can get back to living a healthy, active lifestyle.
• Weight reduction can be long-term. With the best upkeep techniques, the fat that was gotten rid of throughout the liposuction treatment will not return.
• Complete control over your body. With liposuction, a person can have complete control over how they want to look, beyond what standard diet and exercise can supply. Offering people this power over their bodies increases self-confidence and assistance individuals feel their very best.
While there many advantages to liposuction, there are naturally a few caveats that must be taken into account before making the final decision to progress with the treatment.
Cons of Liposuction
Before having liposuction done, it is essential to examine the possible disadvantages of the procedure and figure out if the benefits surpass the risks in your certain case. Your surgeon can assist you learn more about the risks connected with the treatment and can assist you decide if moving on is the ideal thing for you.
• Problems with general anesthesia. Since liposuction is carried out under basic anesthesia, the treatment carries the very same threats as other kind of surgical treatment where basic anesthesia is utilized. Underlying medical conditions might increase these risks.
• Adverse responses. Bruising, bleeding, and discomfort are all to be expected, nevertheless, in uncommon cases can trigger more significant issues.
• The prospective to acquire the weight back. After having liposuction done, it is crucial to keep a healthy diet and exercise correctly as suggested by your physician. Failure to do so might cause getting back the weight that was lost or perhaps much more.
Although there are risks associated with liposuction, for many individuals, the advantages far exceed them. Educate yourself about the treatment by having extensive conversations with your surgeon and consider how liposuction has the prospective to affect you as a special person. Only you and your surgeon can figure out if liposuction will supply you with the outcomes you are looking for within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Natural Bridge VA
Laser liposuction is a newer, minimally intrusive treatment that involves heating the fat cells to melting point and eliminating the melted fat through a little cannula. The procedure is generally done right in your doctor's office and is an excellent alternative for individuals who have less than 500 ml of fat to remove from any one location. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary procedure to weight reduction in order to shape the body you have actually constantly desired.
Contact a Cosmetic surgeon in your Natural Bridge VA today.
If you're considering liposuction as a weight-loss solution, it is essential that you discuss your desires with a certified plastic surgeon in your location. Your specialist will perform a complete examination and health history questionnaire to identify if liposuction can benefit you and help you reach your physical and psychological goals. Call today for an examination and learn more about how liposuction can assist you accomplish the body of your dreams.


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Conceived and designed the experiments: RS TT. Performed the experiments: RS TT. Analyzed the data: RS TT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RS TT. Wrote the paper: RS TT.
Interactions between viral glycoproteins, matrix protein and nucleocapsid sustain assembly of parainfluenza viruses at the plasma membrane. Although the protein interactions required for virion formation are considered to be highly specific, virions lacking envelope glycoprotein(s) can be produced, thus the molecular interactions driving viral assembly and production are still unclear. Sendai virus (SeV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) are highly similar in structure, however, the cytoplasmic tail sequences of the envelope glycoproteins (HN and F) are relatively less conserved. To unveil the specific role of the envelope glycoproteins in viral assembly, we created chimeric SeVs whose HN (rSeVhHN) or HN and F (rSeVh(HN+F)) were replaced with those of hPIV1. rSeVhHN grew as efficiently as wt SeV or hPIV1, suggesting that the sequence difference in HN does not have a significant impact on SeV replication and virion production. In sharp contrast, the growth of rSeVh(HN+F) was significantly impaired compared to rSeVhHN. rSeVh(HN+Fstail) which expresses a chimeric hPIV1 F with the SeV cytoplasmic tail sequence grew similar to wt SeV or rSeVhHN. Further analysis indicated that the F cytoplasmic tail plays a critical role in cell surface expression/accumulation of HN and F, as well as NP and M association at the plasma membrane. Trafficking of nucelocapsids in infected cells was not significantly affected by the origin of F, suggesting that F cytoplasmic tail is not involved in intracellular movement. These results demonstrate the role of the F cytoplasmic tail in accumulation of structural components at the plasma membrane assembly sites.
Sendai virus (SeV), the prototypical parainfluenza virus is composed of six major structural proteins: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F), matrix (M), nucleocapsid (NP), phospho (P) and large (L) proteins. The two surface glycoproteins, HN and F, are responsible for attachment and fusion, and the M protein acts as a scaffold that bridges interactions between the viral envelope proteins and viral nucleocapsid (vRNP) that is composed of genomic RNA encapsidated with NP and associated with the polymerase P-L complex [1], [2]. The assembly process of parainfluenza virus involves multiple viral components with coordinated localizations. These components include the viral glycoproteins, which are transported to the plasma membrane through the exocytic pathway [3], [4], [5], and other viral proteins, such as the vRNPs, which utilize the recycling endosome pathway to reach the cell surface [6]. Role of recycling endosomes in virus assembly has also been suggested in some negative strand RNA viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus [7]. M proteins are likely to be transported to the plasma membrane in part by an association with envelope glycoproteins [8]. In virions, the M protein is found underneath the envelope and interacts with both envelope glycoproteins and vRNPs [9]. This would suggest that the M protein acts as an organizer of viral components to concentrate the proteins at a defined budding site at the plasma membrane [3]. M protein binds lipid membranes both in vitro and in vivo and when purified singly the M protein self-assembles into ordered structures [10], [11]. A recent study using cryoelectron tomography showed that M dimers assemble into psudotetrameric arrays in the virions [9]. Co-expression of M and NP results in the production of virus-like particles (VLP) containing vRNP-like structures [12]. In SeV, with temperature sensitive M protein, the absence of M protein at non-permissive temperatures inhibits viral assembly [13], [14], [15]. Other studies with cells persistently infected with SeV, which expressed an unstable M protein showed a correlation with reduced virion formation [16].
The role of envelope glycoproteins in virus assembly is less clear, although a specific interaction between the glycoprotein cytoplasmic tails and the M protein of parainfluenza viruses has been thought to be important in the assembly and budding processes. In the case of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), M and glycoproteins co-localize unless the cytoplasmic tail of HN or the cytoplasmic tails of both HN and F have been truncated [17], [18], [19]. SeV M becomes raft-associated only when co-expressed with the glycoproteins, which intrinsically sort to raft membranes [4]. These results suggest that M and glycoproteins assemble at specific locations on plasma membranes through interactions between M and the glycoprotein cytoplasmic tails. However, the contribution of HN and F in virus budding and virion formation is likely to differ between viruses. Previous studies showed that SeV HN was superfluous for virion budding [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]. In contrast, lack of SeV F reduced production of virions from infected cells, highlighting differences in the role of glycoproteins in virion formation and release [24]. Experiments involving use of recombinant SeV (rSeV) generated to express F and HN glycoproteins containing various truncations or amino acid substitutions in the cytoplasmic tail domains showed that loss of the cytoplasmic tail of F protein severely reduced virion production [25]. Other paramyxoviruses have also been shown to require the F protein cytoplasmic tail. Deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of the RSV F protein resulted in a failure to assemble RSV proteins into virus-like filaments, causing a reduction of viral titers by up to 1,000 fold [26], [27]. Similarly, mumps virus also requires the F protein cytoplasmic tail [28], and the cytoplamic tail of F with full length G protein was shown to be required for assembly in Hendra virus infections [29]. However, studies of PIV5 suggest a marked defect in virus budding and release when the HN cytoplasmic tail was deleted, while F cytoplasmic tail was dispensable for normal viral budding [19]. These studies highlight the role of glycoprotein cytoplasmic tails in virion production, but it is unclear how the HN or F cytoplasmic tails individually contribute to virus assembly and production and the contribution differs among paramxyoviruses.
In this study, we determined the role and specificity of the glycoprotein cytoplasmic tail sequences in virus assembly using closely related SeV and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1). We rescued and characterized various recombinant SeVs containing hPIV1 HN or both HN and F. Our data indicate the critical role of the F cytoplasmic tail in accumulation of viral envelope proteins and vRNP at the plasma membrane, which is essential for efficient virion assembly and release.
SeV and hPIV1 are highly homologous, and the overall homology of the glycoproteins is high (68% for F and 72% for HN). However, the amino acids in the cytoplasmic domains of F and HN are not well conserved (28% for F and 23% for HN, Fig. 1A) [30], [31]. The HN cytoplasmic tails of SeV and hPIV1 contain the an identical SYWST sequence in the middle of the tail domain, which we previously showed to be required for specific incorporation of HN to SeV [32]. The cytoplasmic tail of SeV and hPIV1 F protein also shares the TYTLE sequence, which may play a similar role as HN for specific incorporation into virions [32]. To determine the role and requirement of cytoplasmic tail sequences in the glycoproteins for assembly and virion formation, we created chimeric SeVs which contain hPIV1 HN (rSeVhHN) or both HN and F (rSeVh(HN+F)), in place of the SeV HN, or HN and F genes, respectively. In addition, rSeVh(HN+Fstail), containing a chimeric F composed of external and transmembrane domains from hPIV1 and the cytoplasmic tail (shown in Fig. 1A) from SeV, was created (Fig. 1B). We did not attempt to rescue rSeV containing only replacement of hPIV1 F because our previous study indicated that SeV HN is unable to promote fusion induced by hPIV1 F [33]. The HN and F regions of the recombinant viruses were sequenced and the presence of the designed HN and F genes was confirmed (data not shown). The expression of the specific viral proteins was confirmed by immunofluorescent (IF) assay of the cells infected with the viruses using monoclonal antibodies specific or cross-reactive to hPIV1 or SeV HN and F proteins (Fig. 1C).
Next, we compared the growth kinetics of the chimeric viruses to wt SeV and hPIV1 in LLC-MK2 cells. Cells infected at an MOI of 0.01 were cultured in the presence of trypsin for 72 h at 34°C, which is the optimum temperature for hPIV1 growth due to HN heat stability [34]. Infectious virus at each time point was quantitated. The rSeVhHN and rSeVh(HN+Fstail) grew to similar titers as wt SeV and hPIV1, but the rSeVh(HN+F) showed delayed growth and an overall decrease in infectious virus yield (Fig. 2A). Consistent with the virus growth curve, the rSeVh(HN+F) exhibited a small plaque phenotype compared with rSeVhHN in a plaque assay (Fig. 2B). Plaque size of rSeVh(HN+Fstail) was apparently larger than rSeVh(HN+F), although it is still smaller than rSeVhHN. These data suggest that the difference in the HN cytoplasmic tails between SeV and hPIV1 has little effect on SeV production. In contrast, F cytoplasmic tail plays an important role in SeV growth and spread.
To further characterize viral replication and production from cells, we determined the amounts of virions produced from infected cells, as well as viral protein levels in infected cells (Fig. 3). As with the virus growth curve and plaque phenotypes, virion production in cells infected with rSeVh(HN+F) (Fig. 3A, lane 3) was significantly lower than wt SeV (lane 1) or rSeVhHN (lane 2). The result was confirmed with three independent assays (Fig. 3C). rSeVh(HN+Fstail) which contains the cytoplasmic tail of SeV F was produced in a greater quantity than rSeVh(HN+F), highlighting the critical role of the F cytoplasmic tail in virus assembly and release. Cells infected with rSeVhHN, rSeVh(HN+F) and rSeVh(HN+Fstail) produced similar levels of NP to wt SeV, confirming the same level of viral infection. However, in contrast to NP, HN and F levels in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cell lysates was significantly less than rSeVhHN. Expression of hPIV1 F from rSeVh(HN+F) is expected to be less than that of SeV F because of the long non-coding region of the hPIV1 F gene [35]. Level of hPIV1 F in cell lysate was significantly higher in rSeVh(HN+Fstail)-infected cells (Fig. 3B, lanes 3 and 4). Similarly, more hPIV1 HN was detected in rSeVh(HN+Fstail)-infected cells than in that of rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells. Because rSeVh(HN+F) and rSeVh(HN+Fstail) differ only in the sequence of the F cytoplasmic tail, the result indicates a major contribution of the F cytoplasmic tail sequence for accumulation of both envelope glycoproteins. Our data also suggest that stable expression/accumulation of the envelope glycoproteins is required for efficient virion production from infected cells.
We next visualized the localization of HN or F in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane in infected cells by IF. A549 cells were infected with the recombinant viruses and either permeabilized to observe intracellular protein localization or non-permeabilized to detect cell surface localization. The cell surface staining of F in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells showed very limited F at the plasma membrane compared with the F punctae staining visualized in hPIV1- or rSeVh(HN+Fstail)-infected cells (Fig. 4A). This shows that, in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells, F did not accumulate at the cell surface. Interestingly, the results for HN protein localization resembled that of F (Fig. 4B), suggesting that the HN in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells is unable to accumulate stably at the cell surface.
Progeny virions are formed at the plasma membrane budding sites, and specific interactions between structural components, vRNP, M and envelope glycoproteins are considered to be essential. Since surface glycoproteins were limited in cells infected with rSeVh(HN+F), we next determined whether M and vRNP were accumulated below the plasma membrane in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells. A549 were infected with wt or recombinant viruses, the cell surface was biotinylated and processed for IF analysis using anti-SeV NP (Texas Red) or SeV M (FITC) Ab and streptavidin conjugated to Cy5 for cell surface staining. Using a confocal microscope, 3D reconstructions from deconvoluted z-stack images of the xy plane were analyzed and reconstructed to allow a lateral view of the cell (Fig. 5). In cells infected with wt SeV or hPIV1, accumulation of both M and NP was clearly detected. Similarly, rSeVhHN showed similar patterns of M and NP localization, suggesting that the difference in HN sequence between SeV and hPIV1 does not have a significant impact on the accumulation of M and NP in infected cells. As seen with the HN and F surface staining in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells, the localizations of NP and M below the plasma membrane were limited, signifying that the viral protein interactions necessary for assembly and virion formation are suboptimal in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells. Additionally, the NP and M in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells formed large aggregates within the cytoplasm, which differs from the more evenly distributed pattern observed with the other recombinant viruses. These results suggest that lack of envelope glycoproteins at the plasma membrane also affects the localization of vRNP and M.
In our previous study, we rescued a rSeV with eGFP fused to the L protein (rSeVLeGFP), and used live cell digital video microscopy to visualize movement of vRNP [6]. Using this virus, we showed that vRNP transport is microtubule dependent and involves the recycling endosome pathway. To determine if the reduced vRNP accumulation at the plasma membrane and formation of large vRNP aggregates in the cytoplasm of rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells were due to inefficient vRNP transport, we rescued a rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP, which expresses L fused to eGFP in the background of rSeVh(HN+F). The accumulation of vRNP-M complexes and vRNP movement were compared between rSeVLeGFP and rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP at different times after infection. At 12 h p.i., vRNP-M complexes had already formed in the cytoplasm of the rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected cells, unlike rSeVLeGFP nucleocapsid, which exhibited a primarily punctate appearance with some larger areas of accumulated vRNP (Fig. 6). In spite of the large vRNP accumulations, small punctae were also present in the rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected cells and the movement of these nucleocapsids was similar to that of rSeVLeGFP (Videos S1 and S2). The average velocities of LeGFPs which traveled greater than 2 µm in length in rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected cells were 0.24–0.73 µm/sec, which is similar to the kinetics observed for rSeVLeGFP [6]. The movement of these vRNPs was indicative of movement along microtubules, similar to that of rSeVLeGFP. These results suggest that trafficking of vRNPs in the cytoplasm of rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected cells is unaffected, however, the vRNPs are recycled back into the cytoplasm due to a deficiency in the accumulation of M and envelope glycoproteins at the plasma membrane.
In this study, we determined the role of glycoproteins in virus assembly and formation in the context of an infection by taking advantage of the low amino acid homology of HN and F cytoplasmic tail sequences between SeV and hPIV1, which share only 23 and 28% identity, respectively. Our data indicate that 1) the difference in the HN cytoplasmic tail sequence does not affect SeV growth and virion formation, 2) the F cytoplasmic tail sequence plays a major role in accumulation of both HN and F at the cell surface, and 3) lack of a specific F cytoplasmic sequence results in a reduction in the accumulation of M and vRNP at the plasma membrane and overall virion production. These findings highlight the critical role of F cytoplasmic tail in virus assembly and suggest that specific interactions between F cytoplasmic tail and M are a key factor for recruiting all viral structural components to plasma membrane budding sites.
The important role of SeV F in virus budding is consistent with our previous study showing that expression of SeV F, but not HN by itself induced VLP formation [36]. The major contribution of F, but not HN in SeV virion production was also suggested in a previous study using siRNA to knock down HN or F protein expression [24]. Comparison of virion production from cells infected with rSeVh(HN+F) and rSeVh(HN+Fstail) clearly indicates that the SeV F cytoplasmic tail includes a critical domain necessary for the formation of progeny virions (Fig. 2). Replacement of the hPIV1 F cytoplasmic tail with that of SeV significantly increased HN and F cell surface accumulation (Fig. 4) and virion production (Fig. 3), suggesting that a specific interaction between F cytoplasmic tail and M plays a major role in virus assembly and budding site formation. Although SeV and hPIV1 F share the TYTLE sequence in the cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A), other parts of the sequence are likely to be responsible for the lack of hPIV1 F accumulation at the surface of rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells. F proteins located at the cell surface could be internalized through lack of a specific interaction with M, and due to the specific HN-F interaction, HN may also be internalized in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells resulting in reduced accumulation of both HN and F proteins at the cell surface. Alternatively, it is also possible that efficient translocation of F to the plasma membrane through the exocytic pathway may require a stable interaction with a specific viral M protein.
In sharp contrast, rSeVhHN which expresses hPIV1 HN and other components of SeV, replicated and assembled virions as efficiently as wt SeV. SeV and hPIV1 HN cytoplasmic tails share no identity except the SYWST sequence (Fig. 1A), which we previously identified to be required for specific incorporation of HN proteins into progeny SeV [32]. It is possible that the common SYWST sequence is responsible for the interaction with both SeV and hPIV1 M proteins. Our previous data support this possibility since chimeric Newcastle disease virus HN containing the cytoplasmic SYWST sequence was incorporated into progeny SeV virions [32]. The hPIV1 HN and SeV F are considered to function coordinately for infection, because expression of hPIV1 HN and SeV F from cDNAs induced membrane fusion [33]. However, in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells, reduction in both HN and F surface expression suggests that SeV M-hPIV1 HN interaction may not be sufficient to retain hPIV1 HN at the surface. In other words, HN may be able to accumulate at the surface through interactions with F, which can be accumulated at the surface through the interaction of its cytoplasmic tail and M. In this case, a specific F cytoplasmic tail and M interaction is the major factor for accumulation of envelope proteins at the budding site, which is likely to be required for efficient budding and virion production.
Although our data and previous studies support a major role for F in virus assembly and budding, contribution of the envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic tails in virus budding seems to differ between paramyxoviruses. In the case of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), truncation of F cytoplasmic tail affects budding less than that of truncations in HN cytoplasmic tail in reducing viral budding and production [17], [19]. IF study of the cells infected with HN cytoplasmic tail-truncated viruses showed HN and F distributed all across the cell surface, unlike wt PIV5-infected cells where HN and F formed highly localized patches on the cell surface, suggesting that reduced budding could be due to redistribution of the membrane glycoproteins at the surface [17].
It is well established that viral M protein is the key driver of virus assembly and budding. M protein links together the major structural components of the virus through interaction with vRNP and envelope glycoproteins via their cytoplasmic tails. In rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells, in addition to HN and F, M and vRNP accumulation at the plasma membrane was reduced (Fig. 5). IF analysis of cells infected with rSeVh(HN+F) showed extensive localization of M with vRNP in the cytoplasm as large aggregates. This lack of accumulation of vRNP at the plasma membrane is unlikely due to a defect in vRNP trafficking to the plasma membrane, because movement of vRNP in rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected cells seems to be as efficient as rSeVLeGFP (Videos S1 and S2). M and vRNP showed extensive co-localization at the plasma membrane of cells infected with SeV, hPIV1, rSeVhHN, and rSeVh(HN+Fstail), but not with rSeVh(HN+F) (Fig. 5). M and vRNP co-localize mainly in large clusters in the cytoplasm in rSeVh(HN+F)-infected cells. Therefore, vRNP accumulation at assembly sites may require a stable interaction with M at the plasma membrane, which could be provided by specific interaction of M with the F cytoplasmic tail. It is not known if F cytoplasmic tail directly interacts with vRNP at the plasma membrane. A recent cryoelectron tomography study of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) showed that the glycoproteins were anchored in the gaps between repeating units in the matrix array [9]. The helical vRNP were also detected in association with the matrix arrays, which is consistent with the idea that M protein is a key organizer of virus assembly. Although vRNP association to the glycoprotein tails in the membrane lacking matrix arrays was not described in this study, it is also possible that F cytoplasmic domain contributes to vRNP association to the matrix array.
Overall, characterization of the recombinant SeVs containing envelope glycoproteins from hPIV1 highlights the importance of the F cytoplasmic tail in recruitment/accumulation of viral structural components at assembly sites on the infected cell membrane. Clearly, our study indicates that the F cytoplasmic domain critical for virion production is not shared between SeV and hPIV1. It is predicted that lack of a specific interaction between the F cytoplasmic tail with M causes inefficient recruitment and enrichment of structural components at budding sites, which is essential for virion assembly and production.
LLC-MK2, A549, HeLa and HeLa T4+ [37] cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 8% fetal calf serum (FCS). SeV (strain Enders), hPIV1 (strain C-35) and the recombinant SeVs: rSeVhHN, rSeVh(HN+F), rSeVh(HN+Fstail), rSeVLeGFP [6], and rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP were grown in LLC-MK2 cells in DMEM supplemented with acetylated trypsin (2 μg/ml). Recombinant vaccinia virus vTF7.3, which expresses T7 polymerase [38] was grown in HeLa cells.
The full genome cDNA of rSeV (pSeV(E), strain Enders) [39] was mutated at the non-coding regions between M and F, F and HN, and HN and L to include unique restriction sites for FseI, NotI, and AscI, respectively. The SeV HN and F genes in pSeV(E) were replaced with those of hPIV1 HN and F cDNAs produced by PCR using primers containing appropriate restriction sites. The SeV cDNAs containing the hPIV1 HN gene, and both hPIV1 HN and F, were designated as pSeVhHN and pSeVh(HN+F). The hPIV1 F cDNA encoding the SeV cytoplasmic tail sequence was constructed using PCR for gene splicing by overlap extension [40]. pSeVh(HN+Fstail) was produced by replacing the hPIV1 F gene in pSeVh(HN+F) with that of the chimeric F cDNA. The pSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP was constructed by replacing the XhoI/KpnI fragment of pSeVh(HN+F) with that of pSeVLeGFP, which included the L gene tagged with eGFP [6].
The recombinant SeVs were rescued as described previously [35]. Briefly, HeLa T4+ cells infected with vTF7.3 were transfected with 2 μg of pSeVhHN, pSeVh(HN+F), pSeVh(HN+Fstail), or pSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP together with supporting plasmids pTF1SeVNP (1μg), pTF1SeVP (1 μg), and pTF1SeVL (0.1 μg) by Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). After 36 h incubation in DMEM supplemented with 0.15% bovine serum albumin plus araC (40 µg/ml), the cells were treated with trypsin and overlayed onto LLC-MK2 cells and cultured in DMEM containing trypsin. The rescued viruses were plaque purified in LLC-MK2 cells, and the stock viruses were grown in LLC-MK2 cells.
Cells in a six-well plate were infected with the recombinant SeVs at an MOI of 0.01 and incubated at 34°C in 2 ml DMEM containing 0.15% BSA and acetylated trypsin (2 µg/ml). Culture medium (200 µl) was harvested every 12 h after infection. Virus titers in the supernatant were determined by tissue culture infection in LLC-MK2.
LLC-MK2 cells were infected with the viruses and cultured at 34°C with medium containing acetylated trypsin (2 µg/ml) and 0.9% SeaKem LE agarose (Lonza). Plaques were identified using crystal violet staining.
LLC-MK2 cells infected with the viruses at MOI 1 for 16 h were labeled with [35S] Met/Cys (Perkin Elmer) for an additional 16 h. The supernatants were collected and purified by ultracentrifugation over 40% glycerol cushions at 190,000× g for 2 h at 4°C. The virus pellet was resuspended in Laemmli sample loading buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. For immunoprecipitation of viral proteins, labeled cells were lysed with TNE buffer (10 mM Tris [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, and 1 mM EDTA) and incubated with Protein G-Dynabeads pre-incubated with anti-SeV NP (M52), HN (M2) or F (M38) or hPIV1 NP (P19), HN (P24) or F (P12) monoclonal antibody (mAb). The samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Band intensities were quantified with BioRad Quantity One software and the amount of NP detected in purified virions was normalized to NP expressed in cell lysates.
Localization of viral proteins in cells infected with wt and recombinant SeVs was determined by IF assay using confocal microscope. A549 cells were infected with SeV, rSeVhHN, rSeVh(HN+F), rSeVh(HN+Fstail) or hPIV1 at MOI 0.8. After 16 h, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 15 min and either permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min at room temperature (RT) or left unpermeabilized. HN and F proteins were detected by reaction with α-hPIV1 HN (P24), α-SeV HN (M2), α-hPIV1 F (P12) and α-SeV F (M38) followed by goat anti-mouse Texas Red (Molecular Probes) 41,42,43. For detection of M and NP, permeabilized cells were reacted with anti-M rabbit serum followed by anti-rabbit IgG-FITC, and anti-NP mAb followed by anti-mouse Texas Red. Z-stack reconstructions of the samples were obtained using an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope with a 63× oil immersion objective. These experiments were repeated at least three times and representative images are shown in the Figures. Parameters for each experiment, such as exposure length and laser power, were kept the same by re-loading the specific parameters from previous experimental files.
HeLa cells in a ΔT35 dish (Bioptechs) were infected with rSeVLeGFP or rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP for 18 h, then the movement of LeGFP was recorded using a Leica DMIRB inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with Image-Pro Plus software (Mediacybernetics) while maintaining the cells at 37°C on a ΔTC3 temperature-controlled stage. The video image data were analyzed using NIH ImageJ software.
Movement of LeGFP in rSeVLeGFP-infected A549 cells. Live infected cells were observed using a Leica DMIRB inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with Image-Pro Plus software. The movements of LeGFP were recorded while maintaining the cells at 37°C.
Movement of LeGFP in rSeVh(HN+F)LeGFP-infected A549 cells. Live infected cells were observed using a Leica DMIRB inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with Image-Pro Plus software. The movements of LeGFP were recorded while maintaining the cells at 37°C.
We thank Allen Portner (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital) for providing antibodies and Leslie MacDonald for technical assistance. For the microscopy data, we would like to thank Linda Callahan for the use of the URMC Confocal and Conventional Microscopy Core and Brian Ward for the use of his Leica DMIRB inverted light microscope.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01AI081779. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Actor/comedian Martin Lawrence's ex-wife Shamicka Lawrence sat down with HipHollywood.com and dished on her recent divorce and joining the cast Of VH1's 'Hollywood Exes.'
Theballerlife.com just got word that Martin Lawrence and his wife of 2 years, Shamicka Lawrence, have decided to pull the plug on their marriage.
Comedian/Actor Martin Lawrence married his longtime girlfriend Shamicka Gibbs on July 10, 2010 at Lawrence's Beverly Hills home. The couple's daughters, Lyana (age 9) and Ameria (age 7), acted as flower girls, alongside their big sister Jasmine, 14, from Lawrence's previous marriage to Patricia Southall. Actors Eddie Murphy and Denzel Washington were among the 120 wedding guests. The couple's wedding was coordinated by celebrity event designer Diann Valentine and featured a four-course sit-down dinner catered by Tres-LA.
Lawrence was engaged to actress Lark Voorhies (below) in 1993.
He married Patricia Southall (below), a former Miss Virginia USA, in 1996. The couple had one child, Jasmine.
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Articles tagged with: World War II
Features and such, Week in Review »
It was, as usual, a busy week here at First Arkansas News. We learned about the perils of moving a yard in Arkansas, innovation in the Natural State, discussed Wal-Mart and its "buy American/hire veterans" initiative the fact that bulletin board systems (BBS) are still alive although the Internet made dialing into local services obsolete, etc.
It would be a tragedy if our tens of fans missed a single thing that was posted in the past week. To avoid such unspeakable tragedy, then, we've made it easy to catch up on …
Arts & Entertainment, Holiday OTR, Old time radio (OTR), Weekend OTR »
Here's a dandy bonus for the tens of fans of our Weekend OTR series in observance of D-Day. The allies, of course, invaded Normandy on June 6, 1944 — an operation that set the table for the surrender of Germany on April 29, 1945.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the World War II era is how the United States and her allies viewed the Axis powers. The enemy was outright detested and rare were the suggestions that the Axis powers and her citizens deserved of mercy or understanding — …
iPhone, Technology »
Anyone remember those strategy board games that were all the rage in the 1970s and 1980s?
We're talking about those games by the likes of Avalon Hill that typically utilized huge maps divided into hexagons that simulated historic battles. We're talking about those games that could take days to finish and were reminiscent of very sophisticated games of risk
Those of us who stayed up until the wee hours playing those games with friends might still be on the hunt for a good turn-based strategy game for the iPhone, iPad or iPod …
Arts & Entertainment, Holiday OTR, Old time radio (OTR), Weekend OTR »
It's time for the weekend so that means we've got another installment in our Weekend OTR series ready here at First Arkansas News.
Of course, we're sticking with a holiday theme seeing how this is Memorial Day Weekend. In observance of the holiday, then, we've selected a fascinating episode — Norman Corwin's highly dramatic special that was released after Germany surrendered to the Allies. The thing rolls on for about an hour, but this episode is hard to beat for those who are curious about how Americans viewed the Nazis after years …
Arts & Entertainment, Old time radio (OTR), Weekend OTR »
It's been a dreary, rain-soaked week featuring a lot of flooding in this part of the world.
It's time to relax and have a little fun, huh? That being the case, we're rolling out an episode from the Sad Sack old time radio series. Sad Sack, of course, started out as a comic strip character character created by Sgt. George Baker who entertained troops during World War II as he was constantly humiliated and thrown into one ridiculous situation after another. The OTR episode offered up for your listening pleasure this …
Arts & Entertainment, Old time radio (OTR), Weekend OTR »
There's just something about American World War II-era entertainment, isn't there?
Some of the shows from that era were straight-up propaganda while others merely heaped on the patriotism in an attempt to boost morale and paint the Axis as the embodiment of pure evil. Wings to Victory was one of those gung-ho radio programs that was put out there to boost morale and gain recruits. The stories were based on military reports, but the names of the players were changed and there was — no doubt — more than a little …
Arts & Entertainment, Old time radio (OTR), Weekend OTR »
Another weekend and another episode of the (soon to be famous) Weekend OTR series here at First Arkansas News.
Yes, what could be more fun than kicking back and listening to a fun-filed old time radio program? This week's episode is from the I Was a Communist for the FBI series which was produced in the 1950s and based on the life and times of Matt Cvetik.
Cvetik tried to join the Army, but he was turned down for being two inches too short. The FBI convinced him to infiltrate the Communist …


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Green Tree Inn (Yancheng Dafeng): Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Yancheng, China.
Green Tree Inn is located in Yancheng and offers guests internet. It also offers laundry facilities, a 24-hour reception and a safe.
Hotel description
There are a variety of amenities on offer to guests of GreenTree Inn Yancheng DaFeng, such as a TV room, luggage storage and a tour desk. The multilingual staff are on hand to make sure guests have a comfortable and enjoyable stay at the hotel.
Greentree Inn Yancheng Dafeng Business Hotel has 120 rooms, all of which are equipped with a range of amenities to ensure a comfortable stay. There is also a bathtub and bottled water.
To start the day, guests can wake up to breakfast served by Green Tree Inn before heading off to discover what the surrounding region has to offer. There is also the added advantage of an in-house restaurant.
Hotel features
Restaurant, Air Conditioned, Cable / Satellite TV, TV
Business Center, Elevator / Lift, 24 Hour Reception, Conference Room(s), Multilingual Staff, Safe-Deposit Box, Laundry service, Photocopier, Luggage Storage, Self Laundry
Tour Desk, Bath / Hot Tub
High-speed Internet
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