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March 8, 2010
JOEL MURRAY, PLAINTIFF,v.WILLIAM F. HULIHAN, SUPERINTENDENT, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; M. DEBRACCIO, CORRECTION COUNSELOR, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; R. FERRARO, CORRECTION COUNSELOR, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; W. KOAGLE, CORRECTION COUNSELOR, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; S. MOORE, CORRECTIONAL COUNSELOR, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; B. SIMONS, SENIOR CORRECTION COUNSELOR, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; C. CHEYNE, SOCIAL WORKER, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; M. STRUMLOFLER, MID-STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, DEFENDANTS.
This matter was referred to Magistrate Judge Gustave J. Di Bianco for Report and Recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and Local Rules N.D.N.Y. 72.3(c). Upon Magistrate Judge Di Bianco's retirement, the case was reassigned to me on January 4, 2010 by Norman A. Mordue, Chief United States District Judge. (Dkt. No. 33).
Plaintiff filed his complaint*fn1 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 & 1985 while plaintiff was an inmate in the custody of the Department of Correctional Services ("DOCS") at Mid-State Correctional Facility ("Mid-State"). (Compl. ¶ 5).*fn2 Plaintiff's complaint lists eight causes of action. The first and second causes of action allege conspiracy and retaliation, relating to defendants Debraccio, Ferraro, Koagle, Moore, Simons, and Strumlofler. The third and fourth causes of action allege "deliberate indifference" and relate to defendant Hulihan. The fifth and sixth causes of action allege conspiracy and retaliation against defendant Cheyne. The seventh and eighth causes of action relate to all defendants and allege cruel and unusual punishment and denial of due process. (Compl. ¶¶ 23--30). Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. (Compl. ¶ 32).
Presently before this court are two motions: plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction (Dkt. No. 22), and defendants' cross motion for a judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). (Dkt. No. 24). Defendants' motion also responds to plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction, and plaintiff has responded in opposition to defendants' motion. (Dkt. No. 27). For the following reasons, this court recommends denying plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction and granting defendants' cross motion for judgment on the pleadings.
I. Facts
Plaintiff's causes of action arise from a period of time when he was enrolled in a residential treatment program at Mid-State, known as the Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment ("ASAT") program. (Def.'s Mem. of Law 1). In January of 2008, plaintiff had recently restarted the ASAT program when he was called into a correctional officer's ("CO") office by defendants Ferraro and Debraccio. (Compl. ¶ 14). Ferraro and Debraccio brought to plaintiff's attention some "pull-ups"*fn3 and a "refuse to do a detail" order. Id. Plaintiff responded that he was not "orientated" and had not signed a contract. Id. On January 8, 2008, plaintiff alleges that defendant Koagle deliberately moved plaintiff's bed so that plaintiff's shoes would not be lined up and then gave plaintiff a pull-up for failing inspection. (Compl. ¶ 15). Plaintiff filed a grievance for receiving this pull-up. Id. The next day, plaintiff received another pull-up for having his typewriter on his bed and after objecting to that pull-up, received another pull-up for a "negative attitude." (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 4).*fn4
Defendant Strumlofler conducted the Inmate Grievance Committee hearing on February 14, 2008, regarding the grievance plaintiff filed after defendant Koagle's January 9, 2008 pull-up. (Compl. ¶ 16). Plaintiff states that defendant Strumlofler didn't want to call plaintiff's witnesses, read plaintiff's grievance on the record, or have plaintiff's representative present. Id. Plaintiff then alleges that, "As a result, the [plaintiff] became argumentative with [Strumlofler] and [Strumlofler] throw [sic] the [plaintiff] out of the hearing." (Compl. ¶ 24).
After leaving the grievance office, plaintiff was called by defendant Moore to go to an interview with the ASAT committee. (Compl. ¶ 17). The committee was comprised of defendants Simons, Ferraro, Debraccio and Strumlofler. Id. Plaintiff alleges that the committee "started threating [sic] to remove me from [the] ASAT program if I write any more grievances and that this will be my last chance." Id. Plaintiff submitted another grievance, "disregarding this threat." Id.
Later that same day, defendant Moore was teaching members of the ASAT program and gave them a five-minute break. (Compl. ¶ 18). When plaintiff returned from the break, defendant Moore told him that he was late, to which plaintiff replied that he knew Moore was "acting actively in cohoots [sic] with Mr. Simons, Mr. Ferraro, and Ms. Debraccio, to throw [plaintiff] out of ASAT." Id. Defendant Moore then placed plaintiff on a "contract."*fn5 Id.
Two weeks later, around February 28, 2008, after plaintiff had been removed from the ASAT program and was awaiting placement to another housing unit, he was called in to the corrections officer's office by defendant Debraccio. (Compl. ¶ 19). Plaintiff alleges that the corrections officer raised his voice and approached plaintiff in a threatening manner. Id. Plaintiff "stood-up [sic] and defended [himself]." Id. Plaintiff was then given a misbehavior report. Id. Plaintiff was found guilty after a hearing, and as a result, he lost package, commissary, phone and recreation privileges for 30 days to "impress upon [inmate] that this type of behavior will not be tolerated." (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 41--42).
One week later, on March 10, 2008, plaintiff met with defendant Cheyne on a mental health callout. (Compl. ¶ 20). Plaintiff alleges that he told defendant Cheyne about his concern that the ASAT staff members "during [sic] something to me when I walk down the walkway," and he requested a transfer to Marcy Correctional Facility. Id. Plaintiff attached a copy of a memorandum written by defendant Cheyne to his complaint. (Comp. Ex. B-2 at 38). The memorandum states that when defendant Cheyne refused plaintiff's request to be transferred to Marcy Correctional Facility and refused to grant him other mental health services, he responded, "What if one day something just sets me off and I lose it[?] I see all the civilians walking up and down that road. There are no [corrections officers] around. By the time you pressed the button and someone got to you, who knows what could happen[?]" (Comp. Ex. B-2 at 38).
As a result of defendant Cheyne's memorandum, plaintiff received a Tier III*fn6 disciplinary hearing on March 19, 2008, after which he lost commissary, phone, and package privileges for two months and was placed on "keeplock" for two months. (Id. at 43). However, these punishments were suspended for one month and deferred for six months. Id. This hearing was reviewed and reversed by the director of the Special Housing/Inmate Disciplinary Program on May 5, 2008. (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 47).
Plaintiff received a memorandum dated May 22, 2008, which apparently was in response to a letter written by plaintiff to defendant Simons. (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 36). The memorandum informed plaintiff that his name had been added back to the ASAT programs need list, but due to plaintiff's "previous past two unsatisfactory removals from ASAT, (10/29/07 and 3/2/08), your name was placed on the bottom of ASAT programs [sic] needs list." Id.
Plaintiff has now been transferred to Marcy Correctional Facility and is apparently in an ASAT Dorm. (Pl.'s Decl. of Service at Dkt. No. 27; Defs.' Mot. Ex. 1).
II. Judgment on the Pleadings
After the pleadings are closed, a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is properly brought as a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). Maggette v. Dalsheim, 709 F.2d 800, 801 (2d Cir. 1983) (citations omitted). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b), 12(c) and 12(h)(2). The motion for judgment on the pleadings is then treated according to the same standard as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Id.
To survive a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must provide "the grounds upon which his claim rests through factual allegations sufficient 'to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.'" Camarillo v. Carrols Corp., 518 F.3d 153, 156 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting inter alia ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007)). See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Plaintiff's factual allegations must be sufficient to give the defendant "fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Id. (citing Port Dock & Stone Corp. v. Oldcastle Ne., Inc., 507 F.3d 117, 121 (2d Cir. 2007)). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007) (citations omitted). The court must heed its particular obligation to treat pro se pleadings with liberality. Phillips v. Girdich, 408 F.3d 124, 128 (2d Cir. 2005); Tapia-Ortiz v. Doe, 171 F.3d 150, 152 (2d Cir. 1999) (per curiam).
In deciding a motion to dismiss, the court may review documents integral to the complaint upon which the plaintiff relied in drafting his pleadings, as well as any documents attached to the complaint as exhibits and any statements or documents incorporated into the complaint by reference. Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2000) (citing Cosmas v. Hassett, 886 F.2d 8, 13 (2d Cir. 1989)). In this case, plaintiff has attached a myriad of documents to his complaint. (Pl. Ex. B-2) (Dkt. No. 1-1). These documents consist mainly of plaintiff's grievances and disciplinary records relating to this action. This court has considered these documents in making its determination.
III. Retaliation
In order to establish a claim of retaliation for the exercise of a constitutional right, plaintiff must show first, that he engaged in constitutionally protected conduct, and second, that the conduct was a substantial motivating factor for "adverse action" taken against him by defendants. Bennett v. Goord, 343 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing Gayle v. Gonyea, 313 F.3d 677 (2d Cir. 2002); Hendricks v. Coughlin, 114 F.3d 390 (2d Cir. 1997)). Third, the plaintiff must establish a causal connection between the protected conduct and the adverse action. Gill v. Pidlypchak, 389 F.3d 378, 380 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). The court must keep in mind that claims of retaliation are "easily fabricated" and thus, plaintiff must set forth non-conclusory allegations. Id. (citing Dawes v. Walker, 239 F.3d 489, 491 (2d Cir. 2001), overruled on other grounds, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema, N.A., 534 U.S. 506 (2002)). Finally, even if plaintiff makes the appropriate showing, defendants may avoid liability if they demonstrate that they would have taken the adverse action even in the absence of the protected conduct. Bennett, 343 F.3d at 137.
The Second Circuit has defined "adverse action" in the prison context as "retaliatory conduct 'that would deter a similarly situated individual of ordinary firmness from exercising . . . constitutional rights.'" Gill v. Pidlypchak, 389 F.3d 379, 381 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Davis v. Goord, 320 F.3d 346, 353 (2d Cir. 2003), superseded by 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 13030, 2003 WL 360053 (2d Cir. Feb. 10, 2003)) (omission in original). This objective test applies even if the plaintiff was not himself subjectively deterred from exercising his rights. Id.
Here, it appears plaintiff argues that the constitutionally protected conduct is his right to file grievances, as protected by the First Amendment. Plaintiff argues that the defendants conspired to remove him from the ASAT program "as a direct result of [plaintiff] filing inmate grievances." (Compl. ¶ 24). Plaintiff's claims of a causal connection between his grievances and the conduct of the defendants, however, are conclusory. Moreover, as plaintiff's own complaint indicates, what he characterizes as retaliatory actions by the defendants were, in fact, remedial and didactic measures integral to the ASAT program:
[O]nce in [the] ASAT program, you are required to have your shoes lined together, nothing on your lockers or beds, beds made with hospital corners . . . any one of these violations can get you removed from the program. When [an] ASAT counselor give [sic] you a pull-up or contract, you are prohibited from protesting or contesting any pull-ups or contracts, regardless if you're wrong or right. The inmates in New York State Department of Correctional Facilities/Services in ASAT program [sic] encounter this type of abuse from ASAT staff members on a daily situations [sic] and circumstances, which only foster [sic] hate and resentment towards those in authority.*fn7 (¶ 3). Although plaintiff refers to these rules as "abuse," the fact that one's shoes must be in line or that one's bed must be made in a particular way cannot be plausibly characterized as "abuse," regardless of plaintiff's disagreement with these requirements. Plaintiff's main issue seems to be with the ASAT program itself and with rules that he finds unnecessary, annoying, or detrimental to his recovery. In his "Prayer for Relief" that comprises pages 14 through 18 of his complaint, plaintiff delineates what seem to be his own proposed standards for how the ASAT program should be run. (Compl. pgs. 14--18).
Plaintiff concedes that he violated the rules and became argumentative with the staff. However, he blames the staff for his inappropriate reactions. He states, for example, that one of the officers moved plaintiff's bed so that his shoes would be out of line. (Compl. ¶ 15). Plaintiff alleges that he became argumentative with defendant Strumlofler when he refused to read plaintiff's grievance into the record. (Compl. ¶ 24). On February 28, 2008, plaintiff states that a "CO" took off his glasses and "raised his voice," and approached plaintiff "in a threatening manner," causing plaintiff to stand up and defend himself. (Compl. ¶ 19). Plaintiff appears to be surprised that he received a misbehavior report for that conduct. Id. Plaintiff's argumentative behavior at the grievance hearing on February 14, 2008, was the reason he was "kicked out" of the hearing.
From the ASAT standards plaintiff himself includes in his complaint, is it clear that the defendants would have acted similarly even if plaintiff had not filed grievances. Argumentative behavior, having one's shoes out of line, and putting items on one's bed all appear, from plaintiff's own description of the ASAT program, to be valid reasons for remedial action.
Plaintiff's description of his subsequent meeting with defendants Debraccio, Ferraro, Simons, and Stromlofler is at odds with the grievance documents that plaintiff has submitted as exhibits to the complaint. (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 33). Plaintiff states that after he was "kicked out" of the grievance committee hearing, he was "threatened" by defendants Debraccio, Ferraro, Simons, and Strumlofler, who told him that he would be removed from ASAT if he filed any more grievances. (Compl. ¶ 17). Plaintiff's own grievance states that "[o]n 02-14-08, . . . I was told by [the ASAT] committee that one more contract and I was done with ASAT." (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 5). The Superintendent's response to one of plaintiff's grievances states that plaintiff was told that he would be removed from the program if he did not sign the ASAT "contract." (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 33).
The Superintendent's response further states that at the meeting where plaintiff claims he was "threatened," the defendants actually gave him "another opportunity at improving his involvement in ASAT. Id. In fact, when plaintiff's original behavioral "contract" was rescinded because the officers could not find the "signed orientation sheet," plaintiff was given another "orientation" for the program, and given another chance to adjust. Id. It is clear, from plaintiff's own pleading and the attachments, that it was not plaintiff's grievances, but his inability to abide by the rules of the ASAT program that motivated the actions of the defendants.
On the same day, February 14, 2008, plaintiff concedes that he had an argument with Mrs. Moore about whether plaintiff returned late from a "break." (Compl. ¶ 18). Plaintiff states that he told Mrs. Moore that he knew that she was in "cohoots [sic]" with defendants Simons, Ferraro, and Debraccio to throw plaintiff out of the program. Id. Arguing with a teacher is a valid reason for disciplinary action. Plaintiff's inappropriate reaction to discipline is evident in the language he used in the grievance he filed after he was removed from the ASAT program (following the argument he had with defendant Moore):
Ms. Moore who views me as a Pimp [sic] actively acted [sic] in Cohoots [sic] with the ASAT Board Members who wanted to throw me out of ASAT; Ms. Moore as [sic] a former Crack head [sic] addict and prostitute hate [sic] Pimps [sic] and as a result claims that I was late for groups [sic] after a Five [sic] minutes [sic] break . . . (Compl. Ex. B-2 at 5). The apparent basis for the defendants' discipline of plaintiff is his bad behavior, triggered by what he views as "harassment" inherent in the ASAT program, not some conspiracy to expel him from ASAT because he filed grievances.
Plaintiff's conclusory allegations of retaliation by defendant Cheyne likewise fails to state a claim. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Cheyne was retaliating against plaintiff "for ASAT staff members and her Mental Health co-worker Doctor menlendez [sic], who I am suing in the Federal Court." (Compl. ¶ 27). In the same paragraph, plaintiff alleges that defendant Cheyne "made these unfounded statements was to make it appear as though I was a problem for DOCS . . . ." Id. Plaintiff's allegations of retaliation by defendant Cheyne relative the ASAT program do not make sense because he had already been removed from the ASAT program by the time that he met with defendant Cheyne; and she was not involved in the ASAT program. Plaintiff makes no plausible allegation that would indicate why defendant Cheyne would retaliate against plaintiff for filing grievances against counselors in the ASAT program.
Plaintiff's claim of retaliation by Cheyne relating to the doctor apparently refer to a civil rights action he filed in the Northern District of New York on October 17, 2003, against numerous defendants, including Dr. Melendez. Murray v. Pataki, 9:07-CV-1263 (N.D.N.Y.). The district court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment and dismissed plaintiff's claims against Dr. Melendez because plaintiff had failed to effect service of process over the five years the lawsuit had been pending.*fn8
The case is currently on appeal to the Second Circuit. (Dkt. Nos. 154-57 in 9:03-CV-1263). It is unclear how defendant Cheyne, a social worker at Mid-State in 2008, would have been aware of a lawsuit against Dr. Melendez, allegedly a doctor at Clinton Correctional Facility who cared for plaintiff in 2002.*fn9
Plaintiff has failed to state claims of retaliation because he has presented nothing but his conclusory allegations, that essentially all of the actions taken by the defendants were motivated by his grievances. He has, therefore, failed to plead a plausible causal connection between defendants' actions and plaintiff's grievances. While there is some temporal proximity between defendant's actions and plaintiff's grievances, that proximity is only a result of the number of grievances plaintiff filed in the period of time covered by his allegations. The grievances, together with the associated decisions, attached to plaintiff's complaint support the court's findings. Accordingly, this court recommends that plaintiff's claims of retaliation against all the defendants be dismissed.
IV. Other Claims
As to plaintiff's claims of conspiracy, his allegations are merely conclusory and implausible claims, unsupported by any additional documents filed with his complaint.*fn10 Plaintiff apparently views any disciplinary action taken by anyone as evidence of a conspiracy among those meting out the discipline, regardless of whether they are associated or not. The only apparent connection between all of the defendants is the plaintiff, which does not, by itself, establish a causal connection. Conclusory allegations are insufficient to establish a cause of action under the civil rights statutes and may be dismissed on the pleadings alone. See Barr v. Abrams, 810 F.2d 358, 363 (2d. Cir. 1987). See also Zemsky v. City of New York, 821 F.2d 148, 151 (2d Cir. 1987); Sommer v. Dixon, 709 F.2d 173, 175 (2d Cir. 1983). Plaintiff has not alleged any facts sufficient to render plausible his claim that defendants conspired against him to violate his constitutional rights. Accordingly, this court recommends that plaintiff's claims of conspiracy be dismissed.
Plaintiff adds a claim entitled "Cruel and Unusual Punishment." (Compl. ¶ 29). The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishments, including punishments that involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. Hathaway v. Coughlin, 37 F.3d 63, 66 (2d Cir. 1994). The plaintiff must demonstrate that the conditions result in an "unquestioned and serious deprivation of basic human needs," and that defendants imposed those conditions with deliberate indifference. Jolly v. Coughlin, 76 F.3d 468, 480 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 297 (1991); Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319-20 (1986); Anderson v. Coughlin, 757 F.2d 33, 35 (2d Cir. 1985)). Neither the alleged removal of plaintiff from the ASAT program nor the imposition of 30-days in the Special Housing Unit are "punishments" that involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain, and plaintiff has stated no deprivation of basic human needs. Accordingly, this court recommends that plaintiff's cause of action alleging cruel and unusual punishment be dismissed as to all defendants.
Plaintiff also suggests he has a due process claim. (Compl. ¶ 30). To establish a claim based on a violation of procedural due process, a plaintiff must first establish a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest that a plaintiff was denied without the appropriate procedural safeguards. See Perry v. McDonald, 380 F.3d 159, 173 (2d Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). Plaintiff alleges that his due process rights were violated because he was "prevented from completing his recommended program." (Compl. ¶ 30).
Plaintiff associates the ASAT program with conditional release and believes that removal from the ASAT program "significantly affected his daily activities to participate in the required recommended program inorder [sic] to secure his release from imprisonment." (Compl. ¶ 25). If plaintiff is claiming that his removal from the ASAT program was done without due process, his argument fails, because inmates have "no constitutional right to discretionary good time release, or to participation in prison programs which might expedite release." Fifield v. Eaton, 07-CV-6521L, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96967, *5-*6, 2009 WL 3429791, (W.D.N.Y. October 20, 2009). Because plaintiff has failed to establish a liberty interest, no due process violation occurred.*fn11 Accordingly, this court recommends that plaintiff's due process claim be dismissed.
V. Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction
Plaintiff has also moved for a preliminary injunction. (Dkt. No. 22). In this motion, he sought an orderenjoining DOCS from transferring plaintiff to Marcy Correctional Facility. Plaintiff evidently thought the transfer would be "retaliatory" and was only being done in order to "MOOT Plaintiff's Declaratory Injunctive Relief." (Pl.'s Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. 2. (capitalization in the original)).
Plaintiff is correct in that his transfer renders his injunctive relief moot-but only the relief requested in his motion. Plaintiff did not request any injunctive relief in his complaint that was affected by his transfer to Marcy. Plaintiff has also failed to meet the requirements for a preliminary injunction because he has not established that he is likely to suffer irreparable injury, that he will likely succeed on the merits or that a balance of hardships tip decidedly in his favor. See Moore v. Consolidated Edison 409 F.3d 506--511 (2d Cir. 2005).
WHEREFORE, based on the findings above, it is
RECOMMENDED, that plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction (Dkt. No. 22) be DENIED, and it is further
RECOMMENDED, that defendants' cross-motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(c) (Dkt. No. 24) be GRANTED, and the complaint be DISMISSED IN ITS ENTIRETY.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Local Rule 72.1(c), the parties have fourteen days within which to file written objections to the foregoing report. Such objections shall be filed with the Clerk of the Court. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO THIS REPORT WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS WILL PRECLUDE APPELLATE REVIEW. Roldan v. Racette, 984 F.2d 85, 89 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing Small v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 892 F.2d 15 (2d Cir. 1989)); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a), 6(e), 72.
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I am looking for a fleece blanket pattern. The blanket has a hood in the middle of the blanket on the side. I have found the same idea for camping but it is plastic and has no pattern. I have seen this idea for people who camp a lot or live in cold weather - you can use it as a throw or wrap yourself up in it with a hood for your head. I hope this description is sufficient enough. t
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Throttling policy throttles all EWS applications in Exchange Server 2010
Consider the following scenario:
- Client throttling policies for Exchange Web Service (EWS) are enabled in a Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 environment.
Note By default, all client throttling policies are enabled in Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 1 (SP1) or in Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 2 (SP2).
- An EWS application that runs on behalf of a user quickly consumes resources on the Exchange server. The operations that the EWS application performs exceed the limit that is set in the client throttling policies.
Note The expected behavior is that only the EWS application whose operations exceed the limit that is set in the client throttling policies is restricted.
This issue occurs because all the EWS applications that run on behalf of the user consume the same client throttling policy budget.
To resolve the problem, install Update Rollup 4 for Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 2. For more information about this update rollup, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
2706690 Description of Update Rollup 4 for Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 2
For more information about Client Throttling Policies, go to the following Microsoft website:
More information
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.
Article ID: 2713371 - Last Review: 09/04/2013 09:17:00 - Revision: 2.0
Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 Standard, Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 Enterprise
- kbqfe kbsurveynew kbexpertiseinter KB2713371


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This job is located in the Recreation Division of the Parks and Recreation Department with The City of Oklahoma City. The Recreation Program Coordinator is responsible for developing and implementing recreational and life skills programming in response to community needs at various community centers and program sites located throughout The City of Oklahoma City. The Recreation Program Coordinator works closely with program participants, citizens, government agencies, civic organizations, etc. in support of individual facilities and overall operatio - [more...]
Apply online at the following direct link - http://bit.ly/2gdgrG1 or go to www.dentonjobs.com.
Supports department marketing communications efforts and responsible for editing, creating, and managing copy in a wide range of print and digital applications that singularly promote the growth initiatives and marketing plan for both the Parks and Recreation Department (PARD) and the Water Works Park brands, as well as programs and services in all areas of business through websites, emails, direct mail - [more...]
On-line applications only - www.hursttx.gov/openpositions
Under the direction of the Recreation Director, employee performs duties relating to the coordination and operation of the City adult athletic programs and City owned aquatic centers, including supervising one-full time Recreation Specialist and part-time/seasonal staff. This is a full-time, exempt position.
This position is responsible for the designated program area. Position has supervisory responsibilities. This position has budgetary responsibilities, including assisting with budget preparation for assi - [more...]
Perform manual labor and equipment operations related to the installation repair, maintenance and replacement of irrigation systems in athletic fields, including restrooms, drinking fountains, city park facilities, brick and cement structures, medians, and walkways. [more...]
Supervises, plans, coordinates, organizes and implements youth and adult programs including leagues, tournaments, sports field reservations and sports camps within budgetary limitations. Acts as a liaison to youth sports associations coordinating facility usage and monitoring compliance with approved Youth Sports Facility Agreements. Other duties may include participating in Town sponsored special events, assisting in the operation of Twin Coves Park, and interfacing with other Town employees and citizens. - [more...]
The purpose of this position is to serve as the division manager for the Hospitality and Sales Division of the Department of Community Services. The Hospitality & Sales Manager is responsible for the overall management, planning and execution of all sales, banquet, facility and guest services operations at The Marq Southlake – Legends Hall. In addition, this position will also oversee operations of the Southlake Senior Activity Center located within Legends Hall. This is accomplished by leading high performing sales, banquet, facility, guest services and senior services oper - [more...]
Under the general direction of the Parks and Recreation Superintendent, responsible for all operations of the Parks Division including planning, developing, construction and maintenance of parks and other City owned properties; administratively supervises and evaluates employees performing various functions of the Parks Division; and does related work as required. - [more...]
The City of Cedar Hill, an evolving community with a progressive, engaged and diverse citizenry, is searching for the next Parks & Recreation Director in one of North Texas' most beautiful natural environments. The City has adopted a vision of building a "City in a Park," being the "Central Park of the Metroplex." It offers its residents the best of urban amenities in a suburban atmosphere.[more...]
This position reports to the Park Superintendent and under general direction, plans and supervises the maintenance, management and operation of parks, pathways, open space reserves and natural resources.
ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES include the following. Other duties may be assigned.
INSTITUTION/DEPARTMENT: The University of Houston is a Division I college with over 42,000 undergraduate and post graduate students enrolled. This campus is considered to be one of the most diverse student populations in the nation. The Department of Campus Recreation has a $53 million facility that contains various activity spaces including gymnasiums, multi-purpose rooms, and an indoor climbing wall. The aquatic facilities rec - [more...]
The Park Manager is responsible for the operations of the Beach/Park for which s/he is assigned. This position requires working in an outdoor environment with exposure to the elements: wind, rain, heat and cold. The Position reports directly to the Park Superintendent.
Essential Job Tasks:
Develops and implements the City's aquatic and athletic programs to effectively and efficiently meet community needs.
Directly supervises non-exempt, part-time/seasonal employees. Exercises independent judgement and initiative in implementing effective programs. Interfaces directly and frequently with City management, community organizations, vendors, news media, and the general public.
1. Supervise part-time and seasonal program staff; assign and review work, conduct - [more...]
The Outdoor Recreation Coordinator is responsible for assisting with planning, organizing, and delivering an outdoor program in a private club setting that includes the management of our River Club and Rod & Gun Club.
< - [more...]
The City of Bryan is currently accepting applications for a Recreation Programmer. This position performs various duties associated with recreational and community planning and programming for the City of Bryan Parks and Recreation Department.
Responsibilities include:
Leads and supervises maintenance crews for irrigation, horticulture, and landscape maintenance as well as other assigned areas. Provides inspections and maintenance plans for all assigned areas. Coordinates and oversees crew scheduling, disciplinary action, and performance. Provides administrative reports as required. Perform repairs and installation of various equipment as needed. May perform pesticide and fertilizer applications, carpentry, electrical, plumbing, painting, and metal work as needed. Provide some budgeting, estimating, obtaining material quotes, and purchasing of various sup - [more...]
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Personal Contract Purchase (PCP) offer for Retail customers only. Not for Business Users. APR representative available on new retail orders of MT bikes when ordered, registered and financed through Black Horse Ltd, St William House, Tresillian Terrace, Cardiff, CF10 5BH trading as Yamaha Finance. This promotion cannot be used together with other manufacturers promotions and is subject to availability. All details are correct at time of publication and are subject to change without notice. Offer may be varied, withdrawn or extended at any time.
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Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding Absa Bank in Johannesburg Gauteng. Absa Bank is located at Johannesburg Gauteng and provides Financial services. Contact them on 011 505 4500 or by visiting them on their website http://www.absa.co.za/Absacoza.
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235 MAIN RD Johannesburg Gauteng 2092
527 JUKES ST Johannesburg Gauteng 2094
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Thanks for all of your questions during my chat, you can find the full transcript here.
Jack McDonald (Atlanta, Georgia) Has Texas proved themselves yet?
Brandon Chatmon That's a great question. The Longhorns look like a championship team one moment then a mistake-filled team the next. I'd say they've proven they're moving in the right direction but I'm not ready to guarantee an undefeated Big 12 record quite yet.
rtXC1 (Denison, TX) This week's "C" game is TCU vs KSU. If TCU can keep playing good defense and Boykin can get going in his athlete role, does TCU has a legitimate shot at stealing one?
Brandon Chatmon Anytime you can play defensive like TCU, you have a shot. But K-State is playing as well as anyone in the conference right now. They're sound defensively and explosive offensively. I've got the Wildcats winning this one. I do like what TCU is doing with Boykin though.
Blake (KC) I always see K-State football recruiting way down the list in all the rankings. I know it hasn't mattered, because Snyder will coach them up. But will we ever see some strong recruiting out of Manhattan? Do we need to?
Brandon Chatmon I don't think you need to. K-State goes after the players who fit in its system and will help them win, they don't care about recruiting rankings. It's worked to this point, I don't see any reason to change.
RJ (OK) OU's offensive coordinator (play-caller) next year is A) still Heupel or B) someone else?
Brandon Chatmon Someone else... I'd vote Peyton Manning.
Jason (Texas) Should Texas fans be content with an appearance in the Cotton Bowl as opposed to the Fiesta Bowl?
Brandon Chatmon After the way the season started they should be content with any bowl... but both of those would be great results for UT.
John Evans (Oklahoma City, OK) Do you think Fresno State is worthy of their ranking and deserving of playing in a BCS bowl? I'm not going to lie, I haven't watched them play a game this season. I've looked at their schedule though and they really haven't played an opponent that makes me think highly of them. The 2010 TCU team was good, actually had more than one ranked opponent on their schedule, and beat a good Wisconsin team at the rose bowl. I just don't think its fair to teams that are ranked lower in more competitive conferences to have a BCS bid stolen from them from another team who has had a good season in a weaker conference. Your thoughts?
Brandon Chatmon Why not give Fresno State a shot? It's not like those other teams didn't have the opportunity to cement themselves a BCS bid. It's not Fresno's fault they didn't.
Scott M. (Iowa) Being an Iowa State fan, I'm already looking towards next year. With incoming recruit Allen Lazard and a decent class for Iowa State standards, and a fairly young team overall, do you think they could be a bowl eligible team come next year? Or is it a wait and see time period in Ames, Iowa?
Brandon Chatmon I think ISU can get it turned around and return to a bowl next season. They have a lot of guys getting much needed experience and hunger right now that could pay off in 2014. So I don't think you'll have to wait for several years before they get back to a bowl game.


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433 S STORM MOUNTAIN DR Indianola, UT 84629
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and I have a question about 433 S STORM MOUNTAIN DR Indianola
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or call during
My Question Is:
Estimated Monthly Payment$5,051
- Photos
- Location
- Questions
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- Mortgage Calculator
- Status: Pending
Listing courtesy of Homesmart Advantage (Orem)
This lot is covered with Scrub Oak and sits on the side of Storm Mountain in Indianola. It has a great views of the Hide Away valley. .75 acre ft of water right comes with the parcel. Plenty of frontage. Seasonal access- no snow removal in that area
Interior Features Include:No Information Available.
Exterior Features Include:
Acreage: 10.0600 Acres
Lot: See Remarks, Excl. Mineral Rights, Excl. Oil/Gas Rights, Terrain: Hilly, Terrain: Steep Slope, View: Valley, Wooded
Driveway Dirt, Gravel
Other Features Include:
Subdivision: HIDE AWAY D
Utilities See Remarks, Gas: Not Available, Power: Not Available, Sewer: Not Available, Sewer: Septic Tank
Land Use See Remarks, Mature Trees, Sage, Scrub Oak
Culinary Water See Remarks, Well(s)
Taxes 153
School District: North Sanpete
Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed accurate. Buyer to verify all information.The multiple listing information is provided by Wasatch Front Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. from a copyrighted compilation of listings. The compilation of listings and each individual listing are © 2014 Wasatch Front Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The information provided is for consumers, personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.


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9th May 2011
A Welsh nutritionist has advised natural remedies for treating benign prostate problems such as infection and enlargement.
Nutritionist Vicky Perks told Wales Online that there were several natural prostate treatments which could be used by most people once the cause of their symptoms had been classified as benign.
She suggested the use of Floridian saw palm palmetto, which is documented as providing a particular oil which can fight the symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
Ms Perks also said that it was important to top up the levels of zinc in the body, as a deficiency could be a contributing factor to any prostate problems. Zinc can be found in seeds, oysters and black pepper, among other items.
Eating fresh fruit and vegetables was another important suggestion, coupled with reducing the intake of inflammatory foods such as fried foods and those containing refined sugar.
Millions of men around the world are affected by prostate problems, although they mainly affect men aged 50 and above. Symptoms can include an urgent need to go to the toilet, pain and difficulty in urinating and difficulty in having an erection.
Posted by Jeanette Royston
Health News is provided by Adfero in collaboration with Spire Healthcare. Please note that all copy above is ©Adfero Ltd. and does not reflect views or opinions of Spire Healthcare unless explicitly stated. Additional comments on the page from individual Spire consultants do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of other consultants or Spire Healthcare.
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text: Teachers in England are increasingly using dance, role-playing, music and fashion to make academic lessons more interesting for students, according to a recent report. One school used a drumming routine to help students remember multiplication tables, and another used a mock crime scene to interest students in forensic science. Officials say that creative teaching methods make lessons more "relevant and engaging" for students, but critics worry schools are weakening standards to make learning fun.


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This test measures the level of Iodine in a person's urine. Iodine is an element which is essential for healthy functioning in many organs and systems such as the thyroid, heart, liver, lungs, and immune system. Iodine aids in the production of thyroid hormones which are vital for good health. A 24 hour urine test measures the amount of iodine excreted from the body. Urinary Iodine levels can help determine if a person is getting healthy amounts of iodine from the food they eat. Unusually high or low levels of iodine can lead to a number of disorders such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
Because levels of substances like iodine can fluctuate throughout the day, evaluating a urine collection over 24 hours can provide a more accurate evaluation than a urine test which only looks at a single collection.
This test is usually ordered when someone has had irregular results from thyroid tests such as TSH, T3 and T4. Pregnant and nursing women are often tested for iodine because deficiency can have adverse effects on pregnancy and cause developmental difficulties in infants.
Customers looking for additional thyroid testing may wish to order our Thyroid Basic Panel with TSH.
Turnaround time for the 24 Hour Urine Iodine test is typically 1-3 business days.
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After completing their order, the person taking the test should go to the lab to obtain a specimen container and any necessary instructions. The Iodine 24hr Urine test requires people void urine at 8am and discard the specimen. Then collect all urine in 24-hour period, ending with final collection at 8am the next morning.
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Product Description
From Executive Producers (and husband and wife team) Roma Downey (Touched By An Angel) and Mark Burnett (The Voice, Survivor) comes The Bible - an epci 5-part, 10 hour miniseries retelling stories from the Scriptures for a whole new generation. Debuting on The History Channel March 3rd, The Bible will air five consecutive Sunday evenings and culminate on Easter Sunday. Breathtaking in scope and scale, The Bible features powerful performances and visual effects that span Genesis to Revelation. Mark and Roma hope that by telling these emotionally connected sacred stories that millions of people will reopen their Bibles.
DVD Features:
"In a class by itself. . .The Bible (series) speaks for itself, without commentary, excuse or qualification...This is living history at its best!" - Dr. Rick Warren, Pastor and Author
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"Fire swept the establishment in 1947 and a temporary business location had to be found...most of the adobe walls remained. When re-built it had 130 foot frontage, depth of 100 feet and 26,000 square feet of floor space". (Earl Pomeroy, Denver Post 6-20-57) The first fire at the store was in March 1895.
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Celebs Attend 3rd Annual ELLE Women in Music Event
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Boots Simply Sensitive skincare range has been specially formulated to be kind to your skin. A simple collection of products which are fragrance and colour free. Containing soothing aloe vera, your skin is left feeling soft, smooth and cared for.
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Using gentle upward strokes, smooth over face and neck. Apply every evening after cleansing and toning.
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Aqua (Water), Glycerin, Cetearyl alcohol, Glyceryl stearate, Paraffin, Petrolatum, Ethylhexyl stearate, Dimethicone, PEG-100 stearate, Paraffinum liquidum (Mineral oil), Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Carbomer, Xanthan gum, Propylene glycol, Ethylparaben, Potassium hydroxide,
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Suspect In Washington Mall Shooting Arrested In 'Zombie-Like' State
A suspect was apprehended after a nearly daylong manhunt.By Lindsey Pulse | September 24, 2016
A 20-year-old man suspected of killing five people in a mall shooting in Washington state has been arrested.
Arcan Cetin was apprehended after a nearly daylong manhunt. Police said in a news conference that Cetin was walking down the street when officers saw him and arrested him. Authorities say he did not resist arrest and described him acting "like a zombie."
Cetin was reportedly armed with a rifle when he opened fire at a Macy's store in Burlington, a town about 65 miles north of Seattle. Four women and one man were killed.


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- Worldwide Rank #134,551,580
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Eka Cahya Twitter Stats
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Karangasem, Bali
Eka Cahya Tweets
@00cac9334b234b3 has posted 2 tweets in the last 7 days, which translates to an average of 0.3 tweets per day.
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Very, well maintained, brick home in great location, close to hospital, downtown Foley, shopping and restaurants. The rooms are large and bright. Reflective high performance steel roof,Hurricane window treatments, TRANE high efficiency HVAC, variable speed air handler. Ultra-Violet air purification for whole house installed in 2013. Two tubular dome skylights, security system. Terminex Home Attic Insulation performed in 2014 makes home very efficient and quiet.


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If you haven't yet stepped into the Twitter pool, take a look at this presentation and you'll be convinced. And if you're looking for some great small business experts to follow, make sure you check out the "Ultimate Small Business Twitter List."
Expert Profile
Denise O'Berry
Areas of Expertise: Entrepreneurship, Small Business
Website: http://www.deniseoberry.com
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Denise O'Berry is a small business expert who's been helping small business owners take action to build sustainable businesses since 1996. Denise has worked with hundreds of small business owners over the years and continues to be inspired by their enthusiasm and ability to overcome huge obstacles. You can connect with Denise at her website at www.DeniseOBerry.com, follow her on Twitter @deniseoberry, or connect on Facebook.


text:
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Major Championship prize pools upped to $1M
With esports prize pools rapidly increasing, Valve has stepped up its game for the competitive Counter-Strike: Global Offensive circuit.READ MORE >
Team Fortress 2 Competitive Beta invites will go out next week
Valve is finally looking to bring Team Fortress 2 to the competitive arena, announcing that it will issue out beta invites for a new competitive mode next week.READ MORE >
"Pretty sure it's too late for that when you have former pros having overwatch tourneys and ..."see all 9 comments
Counter-Strike: GO 'Operation Wildfire' update reintroduces classic Nuke map
The latest update for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive includes a very familiar-looking map for anyone that's played CS in the last 17 years.READ MORE >
"Because it wasn't a nuclear plant... - it had a nuke-missile loaded on the bottom bombsite ..."see all 4 comments
Valve releases Steam Link SDK to allow for native app development
Now that the Steam Link SDK is out there, we could soon see some native apps running on the device.READ MORE >
Marc Laidlaw Is No Longer A Valve Employee
Your Half-Life 3 conspiracy theories may have just been stunted.READ MORE >
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Valve issues statement about Christmas Day Steam kerfuffle
Following a major security disaster on Christmas Day, Valve has responded directly to Steam users.READ MORE >
"Fuck the guys who make Valve devs spend Christmas holidays at the office, deflecting attacks. ..."see all 57 comments
Team Fortress 2 Tough Break update adds new contracts and four new maps
On the fourth day of Smissmas, Team Fortress 2 gave to me: Four new maps, three new taunts, two weapon cases, and a whole bunch of new contracts!READ MORE >
Steam Winter Sale 2015 date leaked; prepare to open your wallets next week
Prepare yourself. The Steam Winter Sale is coming.READ MORE >
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Dota 2 feels the Balance of Power in new update
The latest update for Dota 2 is a big one, introducing a number of features promised during The International and adding some new terrain.READ MORE >
Steam Controller update improves Mouse-Like Joystick, RPG/RTS use, and more
After a month of being available, Valve has delivered an important update to its Steam Controller.READ MORE >
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Steam games can now be permanently deleted from your library
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Rocket League gets tested with free Portal items tomorrow
For science. For sports. For science AND sports!READ MORE >
Steam Autumn Sale 2015 kicks off today at 10am PT
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Team Fortress 2 Saxxy Award winner takes the classes up in the air
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Financial sponsor fees drop to lowest level for a decade
Fees paid to investment banks by financial sponsors have fallen to their lowest since 1998 as moribund credit markets have put an end to all but the smallest leveraged buyouts.
European deal revenues for investment banks were $100m (€76m) over the first three months of the year, according to data provider Dealogic, an 88% drop from the same period last year and a 95% drop from the first quarter of 2007. The last time financial sponsor fees were so low was the fourth quarter of 1998, when $98m of fees were paid.
Despite the disappearance of buyout activity, restructurings of private equity-owned companies rose. Bankers, private equity executives and advisers said fees paid for restructuring work could have been higher than $100m.
Marco Compagnoni, a private equity partner at law firm Weil Gotshal & Manges, said: "There is transactional activity going on, but there are not many completions and the bulk of private equity firms' fees have been paid on restructuring mandates. However, we have not yet seen the huge amount of portfolio companies hitting the buffers that had been expected six months ago."
One head of European M&A at an international investment bank said it "intuitively" felt right that restructuring work was generating more fees than "classic" private equity work. A European head at one global buyout firm said: "Banks are redeploying everyone from traditional leveraged finance and financial sponsors' coverage to restructuring work. The biggest fee opportunity going forward for private equity and corporate work is restructuring."
Private equity firms have been forced to focus on saving portfolio companies and there is a dearth of credit available to fund deals. One senior private equity firm manager said more than a third of European deals would need restructuring over the next 12 to 18 months, beyond resetting debt covenants.
Various large private equity-owned companies in Europe have been restructured since the start of the year. These include Dutch semiconductor company NXP, owned by a consortium led by US buyout firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, which reduced its debt by nearly 10% last month, and Apollo Management-owned mortgage lender Countrywide, which proposed a debt-for-equity swap in February.
Others include TDR Capital's UK life assurer Pearl Group, Carlyle Group-backed motor vehicle parts maker Edscha and UK snooker club operator Rileys, which is owned by Greenhill Capital Partners Europe and a division of JO Hambro Capital Management Private Equity.


text:
This interesting museum is located in the Lake Gardens area of the city. It charts the history of the Royal Malaysia Police during the Malay Sultanate of Malacca, the Portuguese, Dutch, British and Japanese Occupation of Malaya and the period prior to independence. Exhibits include a staggering amount of police uniforms from each one of the Malaya States police forces, medals, weapons, vehicles etc.
Open: 10am-6pm Tues-Sun, 10am-12.30pm & 2.30-6pm Fri. Closed Mondays. Admission: Free.
The Police Museum was opened in 1961 and displays several thousand items pertaining to crime and crime prevention, artifacts and documents. It has a very interesting collection of everything to do with the Malaysian Police, from its founding through to the present day, describing important events and displaying the memorabilia.
Attractions - Weapons used by secret societies, communist documents, police uniform. Display of police artifacts up to five centuries ago - from the Malacca sultanate through the colonial era till the present.
For me this was an unusual museum. What does the police need an museum I thought?
The museum was opened in 1961. The museum is dedicated to the history and activities of the Royal Malaysian Police dating back to the Melaka Sultanate.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 28, 2008
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 2007
|Priority date
|May 27, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Digh Hisamoto, Kan Yasui, Tetsuya Ishimaru, Shinichiro Kimura, Daisuke Okada
|Original Assignee
|Renesas Technology Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (7), Classifications (23), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 11/137,518 filed May 26, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,444.
The present application claims priority from Japanese Application JP 2005-062063, filed on Mar. 7, 2005, and Japanese Application JP 2004-157209, filed on May 27, 2004, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor memory devices, and more particularly to a semiconductor memory device having the scheme that effectively operates a nonvolatile memory structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Among the integrated semiconductor memories mounted in LSI are nonvolatile memories, which are an element that retains stored information even after power to the LSI has been turned off. In this context, nonvolatile memories are a very important element for using LSI in various applications.
Regarding semiconductor nonvolatile memory devices, so-called floating-gate memories and the memories that use insulating films are described in the publication "Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition" written by S. Sze, published by Wiley-Interscience Pub, pp. 496-506. The following is known in the art as described therein: Compared with the floating-gate type, the type of memory having a stack of insulating films and storing electric charges in the traps at their interface or of the insulating films can be formed in a process very consistent with a CMOS LSI process, since there is no need to form an additional electroconductive layer.
The conventional type that stores charges in the insulating films, however, is difficult to realize, since this type is required to have sufficient charge-holding characteristics while at the same time injecting and releasing the charges. A memory that updates stored information by injecting charges of different polarities, instead of releasing stored charges, is proposed in contrast to the above type. The operation of this memory is described in "1997 Symposium on VLSI Technology", 1997, pp. 63-64. In this memory cell structure, a polycrystallized silicon gate for operating the memory, and a gate for selecting cells are separately formed. A similar description is also given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,383 and 6,477,084.
In this memory cell structure, two transistors based on NMOS, namely, a memory transistor and a select transistor, are placed next to each other so as to be interconnected in the so-called "series connection" arrangement. This transistorized circuit is shown as an equivalent circuit in
Typical programming/erasing operation in this memory cell structure is shown in
However, these designations of the four modes are typical ones and programming and erasure can be designated inversely. Although typical methods of operations are also described hereunder, other different methods of operations are proposed. An NMOS-type memory cell structure is described below for the sake of convenience in the description. However, a PMOS type can also be formed on the same principles of operation.
The state during (1) programming is schematically shown in
During (3) hold, charges are held as those of the carriers which were injected into the insulating films of MONOS. Since the quantities of the carriers migrating inside the insulating films are very small and the migration is slow, the charges can be efficiently held, even when a voltage is not applied to the electrodes.
During (4) readout, the channel under the select gate 500 can be turned on by applying a positive potential to the diffusion layer 200 of the select gate and another positive potential to the select gate. In this case, held charge information can be read out as a current by applying a suitable memory gate potential that allows the identification of the difference between the threshold levels of the memory gate that are given in programming and erasure modes (namely, an intermediate potential between the threshold levels in both modes).
The memory cell structure based on such operation is characterized in that the use of bipolar carrier charges allows the preset threshold levels of the memory transistors to be varied significantly.
It is known that in the cell using the injection of a positive hole, the problem occurs in that when the positive hole is detached, the threshold level is changed. This event is described in, for example, the report of W. J. Tsai et al. in "2001 IEEE, International Electron Device Meeting, Technical Digest", pp. 719-722. Decreases in the positive charge of the positive hole shifts the threshold level toward a higher threshold over time after the injection of the positive hole. Since the information-retaining capability of the memory cell is determined by such a change in the threshold level, this change due to the detachment of the positive hole is a big problem. In addition, this change forms a hindering factor in the formation of the memory by the injection of the positive hole.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an insulated-gate nonvolatile memory device capable of solving the above problems and conducting stable operation.
Changes in readout current due to detachment of a positive hole are shown in
This condition is shown in
In a semiconductor nonvolatile memory device that has a select gate and a memory gate for retaining charges in insulating films and employs positive-hole injection, a readout current value not varying with time is obtainable and stable memory operation can thus be achieved.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail hereunder using the accompanying drawings.
Typical erasing operation of the present invention will be described below.
The so-called 'verification' is most commonly used to conduct stable programming and erasing operation in an integrated nonvolatile memory of a semiconductor-based array structure. The verification is conducted during programming and erasure so that after programming/erasing pulse application, threshold levels can be confirmed and the programming and erasing operation can be repeated for a preset potential to be reached. In order to produce a sufficiently erased state in the cells that involve positive-hole injection, the verification is also most commonly used to confirm the erased state after an erasing pulse has been applied.
Symbol VMG in
Conventionally, since detachment of a positive hole changes a threshold level with time, if the verification is conducted using, for example, IC (Vth-C), the changes in threshold level with time due to the detachment will reduce an electric current value, thus making a necessary readout current unobtainable. Also, a change in the current according to a particular elapsed time up to a start of the verification will make adequate evaluation of the erased state impossible.
Accordingly, the verification is conducted by, as shown in
Taking the readout current as the current value at this crossing point makes a stable readout current obtainable even after passage of a long time from erasure. Also, the readout current of the cell can be set from the verification voltage. For example, when IB greater than IA is required as the readout current, this can be realized by setting readout memory gate voltage VA allowing for difference VBST between Vth-B and Vth-A in an initial state. In voltage regions higher than VA, current changes to increase. The readout current can therefore be ensured by conducting such readout potential setting. Even when such a large current is not required, the erased state can be evaluated by conducting the verification at memory gate voltage VA, and subsequent changes in the current can therefore be estimated. In other words, since changes in Vth-C with time are known values, if IA that is constant can be identified, conversions can be performed considering such an effect.
A verification point can also be extrapolated. That is to say, when the verification point is set under voltage VF lower than the voltage at the crossing point, the current value at the crossing point can be estimated from the current and mutual inductance at VF. Estimation results can then be used to conduct the verification at the VF point.
Next, a description is given of a method for setting conditions for the verification during programming/erasing operation when a scheme of the present invention is used. When, as described above, the verification using a crossing point is conducted in an erased state, a region between this crossing point and the verification point in a programmed state can be taken as an actual operating window of the memory cell.
It is known that in the programmed state, when a hot hole is injected into an insulating film, a surface state is generated at a junction surface of an oxide film with respect to the insulating film. When the surface state is present, a change in surface potential due to an electric field effect of the gate causes an electron to be trapped at the surface state and a charge of this electron significantly changes the threshold level defined by current. Accordingly, the change in the threshold level is added and this can be regarded as a critical problem for nonvolatile memory operation. This effect is caused primarily by electron trapping and therefore becomes a big problem on the programming side. This phenomenon is described using
For the memory cell that reads out charges as the differences in transistor characteristics, a change in the gradient of the readout current eventually appears as a change in threshold level. This means that in
The above changes are described below. Changes in threshold level are described in the publication "Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition" written by S. Sze, published by Wiley-Interscience Pub, p. 447. This publication clearly describes the relationship between the quantity of surface states generated and the gradient of a memory gate voltage.
A method of setting as a change in threshold level, has been described above taking a practical cell current as an example. However, as shown in
Examples of setting are described below. In the erased state shown in
Using a plurality of programming pulses during the implementation of high-threshold programming makes better memory operation obtainable. As mentioned above, SSI-programmed electrons have the characteristic that they are locally injected into a narrow region. It is known that a potential barrier formed by local injection of electrons is pulled downward by permeation of an electric field in the direction of a channel and causes current leakage called "punch-through". To realize high threshold levels, therefore, a great number of electrons need to be injected. For erasure, it is. further necessary to inject a great number of positive holes in order to erase the electrons, and the injection causes problems such as film deterioration and insufficient erasure. To avoid these problems, it is effective to combine electron programming based on a Channel Hot Electron (CHE) scheme, and the SSI scheme. The CHE scheme is used to generate hot electrons by accelerating the electrons by use of the channel and the electric field generated at an end of the diffusion layer, and inject the electrons into a charge-holding section. Accordingly, compared with SSI, the CHE scheme requires injection into a wide region spanning the neighborhood of the diffusion layer. Of course, CHE and SSI are models for explaining an electron injection mechanism, and are not strictly distinguished from each other. Herein, both are used only to explain two different kinds of pulses. Use of the pulses defined as CHE-based ones, therefore, includes SSI-like injection, and use of the pulses defined as SSI-based ones includes CHE-like injection.
Injection in a CHE-like manner is implemented by setting a low memory gate voltage compared with the voltage used for SSI. High-threshold programming is therefore accomplished by conducting CHE-based injection at a low memory gate voltage first and then raising this memory gate voltage. In this case, since CHE-based injection of electrons into a wide region is followed by SSI-based local injection, effective high-threshold programming can be accomplished with minimum quantities of electron injection. This, in turn, reduces the SSI-based injection time required, and lowers a voltage to be applied to the diffusion layer. For example, programming at a memory gate voltage of 8 V is followed by programming at a memory gate voltage of 11 V. Along with this, the diffusion layer voltage can be changed from 6.5 V to 5.5 V.
The above effects of multi-step programming are described in further detail below. During multi-step programming, when stepping-up of the memory gate voltage is relatively gentle, since injected electrons already exist, this changes subsequent electron injection distributions. It has been mentioned above that CHE injection occurs when the memory gate voltage and the diffusion layer voltage on the memory gate side are set to take a trifle large value and a trifle small value, respectively. A similar mechanism can be regarded as occurring in second and subsequent injection operations of multi-step programming, since injected electrons are already present. For clarity of description, bias names of terminals, based on
It is obvious that when sufficiently weak electron injection is used to perform Step 1, verification standards are not reached even by conducting the verification after performing Step 1. Accordingly, the programming time required can be shortened by skipping the verification to be conducted following completion of Step 1. Although the description has been given using Step 1, in a case of conducting multi-step programming, omitting unnecessary verification in Step 2 onward and repeating the programming operation before conducting the necessary verification is effective in shortening the programming time required. A programming sequence to be applied when skipping verification in initial two stages and conducting the verification during subsequent pulse application is shown in
Repetition of reprogramming deteriorates the charge-holding film and thus requires stronger programming. For these reasons, the programming time can be reduced by, before the number of reprogramming operations is increased to a certain extent, conducting a first verification in an earlier step, and when the number of reprogramming operations is increased, conducting the first verification in an even later step. While programming has been described above, this sequence is also effective for multi-step erasure.
Examples of applying all terminal voltages listed in the table have also been described heretofore.
For such array operation and structure as shown in
Also, electrons can be injected more widely by, as shown in
The scheme using the pulse-setting reference table is also effective for erasure. During erasing operation, in the cell that has been programmed in the 'H' state, a strong electric field is generated by the charge of the stored electrons. This means that the erasing pulse applies a negative bias to the memory gate and a positive bias to the diffusion layer electrode potential at the memory gate side. At this time, since the charge of the electrons is present, an effective negative bias of the memory gate is strengthened and a differential potential between the memory gate and the diffusion layer electrode is increased. Consequently, a great quantity of holes occur and a large erase current flows. It is therefore effective to weaken erasure by reducing "Vs" in Step 1, as shown in
In addition, it is known that when positive-hole injection is conducted by applying an erasing pulse, the occurrence of holes is suppressed by the charge of stored holes. For sufficient erasure, therefore, it is effective to strengthen the electric field stepwise. Hole injection is known to stress the insulating film and deteriorate the film, so that excessive hole injection needs to be avoided. Injection of unnecessary holes is avoidable by, as shown in the reference table of
The erasing operation can be conducted by splitting a memory array 960 into blocks 970 for reduced erase current, as shown in
This positive-hole injection scheme has the feature in which even if the diffusion layer voltage (Vs) is reduced, a positive hole can be injected. Conducting such multi-step erasure as based on the reference table shown in
Comparing the erasing operation in Step 1 with the programming operation allows one to see that the settings of memory gate potentials are only reversed in terms of polarity. In Step 1, therefore, if reprogramming is repeated by setting the programming operation that yields a strong CHE-like effect, it is possible to reduce the positive holes stored at the end of the diffusion layer. A reference table relating to a multi-step sequence applicable in such a case is shown in
Next, integrating a plurality of memory modules will be described below.
A configuration diagram is shown in
The meanings of the numerals and symbols used in the drawings accompanying the present application are shown below.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 22, 1996
|Jun 24, 1997
|Harari; Eliyahou
|Flash EEPROM system cell array with more than two storage states per memory cell
|Jun 16, 1997
|Oct 19, 1999
|Motorola, Inc.
|Split-gate memory device and method for accessing the same
|Jun 11, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.
|Multistep pulse generation circuit and method of erasing a flash memory cell using the same
|Feb 7, 2001
|Nov 5, 2002
|Saifun Semiconductors Ltd.
|NROM cell with improved programming, erasing and cycling
|Jun 17, 2003
|Apr 25, 2006
|Macronix International Co., Ltd.
|Overerase protection of memory cells for nonvolatile memory
|Jun 24, 2004
|Oct 27, 2005
|Macronix International Co., Ltd.
|Method and system for self-convergent erase in charge trapping memory cells
|Apr 28, 2005
|Dec 29, 2005
|Yasuhiro Tomita
|Flash memory and program verify method for flash memory
|A.T. Wu et al., "A Novel High-Speed, 5-Volt Programming EPROM Structure with Source-Side Injection," 1986 IEEE, International Electronic Device Meeting, Technical Digest, pp. 584-587.
|Sze, "Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition", John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp. 447.
|Sze, "Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition", John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp. 496-506.
|Sze, "Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition", John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp. vii-1.
|T.Y. Chan et al., "The Impact of Gate-Induced Drain Leakage Current on MOSFET Scaling", 1987 IEEE, International Electronic Device Meeting, Technical Digest, pp. 718-721.
|W. Chen et al., A novel Flash Memory Device with SPlit Gate Source Side Injection and ONO Charge Storage Stack (SPIN), 1997 Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 63-64.
|W.J. Tsai et al., "Data Retention Behavior of a SONOS Type Two-Bit Storage Flash Memory Cell", 2001 IEEE, International Electronic Device Meeting, Technical Digest, pp. 719-722.
|U.S. Classification
|365/185.19, 365/185.29, 365/185.28, 365/185.05, 365/185.22
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 10, 2009
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 9, 2010
Owner name: NEC ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:024982/0040
Effective date: 20100401
Owner name: RENESAS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NEC ELECTRONICS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:024973/0099
Effective date: 20100401
|Apr 11, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 10, 2016
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
The Scudder New Asia Fund (CEF: SAF) announced that shareholders have finally approved merging the fund into a Scudder open end fund. The merger proposal, as well as the proposal that allowed the merger to be approved by getting the votes of only a majority of the fund's outstanding shares, were both approved by about 55%-57% of the outstanding shares.
Almost 37% of the outstanding shares still were not voted, but even if many of the fund's shareholders do not seem to be too concerned, it is good for them that this merger saga is finally coming to a close.


text:
PARDISO. SCHUR Complement matrix
I would like to use PARDISO to compute the SCHUR complement. I am trying to understand the documentation and I have questions:
Legal Information from Intel® MPI Benchmarks User Guide
No license (express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise) to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document.
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For more complete information about compiler optimizations, see our Optimization Notice.


text:
Congratulations! You leveled up, but you aren't logged in so we can't save your points.
The clip asking about the detonator from The Kingdom (2007) with Ashraf Barhom, Jamie Foxx
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