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United States District Court, District of Columbia
June 22, 2015
CYNTHIA ARTIS, et al., Plaintiffs,v.JANET L. YELLEN, Defendant.
EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge.
Pending before the Court is defendant's motion to strike the class allegations raised in plaintiffs' Fourth Amended Complaint and for an Order directing the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint stating more specifically their individual claims of discrimination. Also before the Court are plaintiffs' motions for a jury trial and an expedited status hearing. Upon consideration of the motions, the responses and replies thereto, the applicable law, and the entire record, the Court GRANTS defendant's motion, and DENIES plaintiffs' motions.
I. Background
The history of this case is chronicled more fully in the Court's recent Opinion denying the plaintiffs' motion for class certification. See Artis v. Yellen, No. 1-400, 2014 WL 4801783 (D.D.C. Sept. 29, 2014). In summary, this case was filed in 2001, alleging class-wide discrimination by the Federal Reserve Board against African-American secretarial and clerical employees. The Court initially allowed the plaintiffs to conduct limited discovery regarding administrative-exhaustion issues. See Artis v. Greenspan, 223 F.Supp.2d 149 (D.D.C. 2002). Discovery took a few years, but on January 31, 2007, the Court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss the case on the grounds that the plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. See Artis v. Greenspan, 474 F.Supp.2d 16 (D.D.C. 2007). The Court denied plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration on March 2, 2009. See Artis v. Bernanke, 256 F.R.D. 4 (D.D.C. 2009). On January 11, 2011, the D.C. Circuit reversed the dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See Artis v. Bernanke, 630 F.3d 1031 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
On remand, the case proceeded into a long and contentious class-discovery period, which is discussed more fully in the Court's class-certification decision. See Artis, 2014 WL 4801783, at *4-6. In sum, the plaintiffs refused to participate in discovery, necessitating a motion to compel their responses to written discovery and appearances for depositions. See id. at *4. The plaintiffs also filed their own motion to compel the production of certain personnel data, which the Court denied due to their failure to point to any discovery request that the defendant had failed to answer. See id. Plaintiffs repeatedly sought reconsideration of this Order in 2012 and 2013, raising arguments that had been previously rejected or could have been raised in the motion to compel. See id. at *5-6. The Court rejected these requests for reconsideration. Id. The plaintiffs' interlocutory appeal of these decisions-which sought to "enforce" the D.C. Circuit's mandate in plaintiffs' prior appeal-was denied on November 26, 2013. See Order, Artis v. Bernanke, No. 09-5121 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 26, 2013).
On January 3, 2014, plaintiffs filed their motion for class certification. See Mot. to Certify Class, ECF No. 211. The Court denied that motion on September 29, 2014. See Artis, 2014 WL 4801783. The Court found that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that they satisfied the commonality and typicality requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) because they provided nothing-neither fact nor argument-to explain how their claims of discrimination were anything but individualized allegations regarding actions taken by lower-level managers pursuant to delegated discretion. See id. at *9-12. The Court also concluded that the plaintiffs could not satisfy the requirements of bringing a class action under any provision of Rule 23(b). See id. at *12-13.[1]
The Court's Order denying class certification also directed the parties, "in accordance with the Scheduling Order, " to "confer with respect to a schedule for the next phase, and... submit a proposed schedule to the Court.'" Order, ECF No. 224 at 1 (quoting Scheduling Order, ECF No. 95 at 2) (alteration in original). Per the Scheduling Order, the next phase would be "Phase II: Merits/Liability." Scheduling Order, ECF No. 95 at 2. After reviewing the parties' competing status reports, the Court issued the following Minute Order:
The parties have filed competing status reports containing their recommendations for further proceedings. In plaintiffs' status report, the plaintiffs asserted that they intended to file a Rule 23(f) appeal of the Court's Order denying class certification on October 14, 2014 and to file a motion to stay proceedings on October 15, 2014. The Court has received neither a motion to stay nor a notice of any appeal. Accordingly, the Court will proceed to resolve the parties' competing proposals. Defendant asserts that plaintiffs' complaint does not set forth sufficient factual description of the plaintiffs' individual claims of discrimination and therefore requests that the Court order the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint setting forth such facts. Plaintiffs counter that their complaint states a general pattern-or-practice claim and that they cannot supply any additional facts absent further discovery. Plaintiffs nonetheless ask that the Court institute a schedule whereby they would be permitted to amend their complaint at the close of merits-related discovery. To begin, the Court notes that a complaint serves to provide a defendant with notice of the claims asserted against it and therefore to structure the discovery process. See Chennareddy v. Dodaro, 282 F.R.D. 9, 12 (D.D.C. 2012) ("plaintiffs are simply not entitled to discovery on the merits of their claims until they have properly pled such claims"). Accordingly, if plaintiffs intend to file an amended complaint, that complaint must be filed before Phase II discovery begins. Plaintiffs are therefore ORDERED to file any amended complaint by no later than November 7, 2014. The defendant shall file its response to any amended complaint or, if no amended complaint is filed, any motion requesting whatever relief the defendant feels is appropriate in connection with the currently operative complaint, by no later than December 8, 2014. The Court STAYS discovery pending further Order of this Court.
Minute Order of October 17, 2014.[2]
Plaintiffs did not file an Amended Complaint. On December 8, 2014, the defendant filed the pending motion to strike the class allegations in plaintiffs' Fourth Amended Complaint and for an order directing the plaintiffs to amend their complaint to state their individual claims of discrimination. See Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 230. The plaintiffs have opposed that motion, Opp. to Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 231, and the defendant filed a reply brief. See Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 232.
Soon after that motion became ripe, the plaintiffs moved for an immediate jury trial on issues involving the Court's resolution of various class-discovery disputes as well as the merits of the plaintiffs' classwide pattern-or-practice claim. See Pls.' Mot. for Trial, ECF No. 233. The defendants object to this request, Opp. to Mot. for Trial, ECF No. 234, and the plaintiffs have filed a reply brief in further support of it. See Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Trial, ECF No. 235.
Finally, on May 4, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion that appears to reiterate their request for a jury trial, requests a status hearing to discuss the scope of merits discovery, and indicates that if the Court grants the defendant's motion to strike, the plaintiffs will refuse to amend their Complaint. See Pls.' Mot. for Hearing, ECF No. 237. The defendant opposed this motion, Opp. to Mot. for Hearing, ECF No. 238, and the plaintiffs filed a reply brief on May 28, 2015. See Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Hearing, ECF No. 239.
These motions are all ripe for resolution.
II. Legal Standards
Striking Class Allegations
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) permits the Court to "strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." This Court's Local Rules relatedly provide that "[a] defendant may move at any time to strike the class action allegations or to dismiss the complaint." Local Civ. R. 23.1(b). The Court is also empowered to "require that the pleadings be amended to eliminate allegations about representation of absent persons and that the action proceed accordingly." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(d)(1)(D). As a general matter, "the decision of whether to strike all or part of a pleading rests within the sound discretion of the Court." Barnes v. District of Columbia, 289 F.R.D. 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2012). Normally, "striking portions of a pleading is a drastic remedy, and motions to strike are disfavored, " Uzlyan v. Solis, 706 F.Supp.2d 44, 51 (D.D.C. 2010), but the remedy is generally available to "require that pleadings be amended to eliminate class allegations, " in cases where "a suit must proceed as a nonclass, individual action." Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 183 n.6 (1974).
B. Motion for a More Definite Statement
"Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) provides that any pleading asserting a claim for relief must include a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.'" Chennareddy v. Dodaro, 282 F.R.D. 9, 14 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)). "The statement should be plain because the principal function of pleadings under the Federal Rules is to give the adverse party fair notice of the claim asserted so as to enable him to answer and prepare for trial." Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988). Rule 8(d)(1) relatedly requires that "[e]ach allegation must be simple, concise, and direct." "Taken together, [the] Rules... underscore the emphasis placed on clarity and brevity by the federal pleading rules.'" Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 669 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting In re Westinghouse Secs. Litig., 90 F.3d 696, 702 (3d Cir. 1996)).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(e) permits a party to "move for a more definite statement of a pleading to which a responsive pleading is allowed but which is so vague or ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a response." The Rule "provides a specific mechanism for striking a complaint (which, if stricken as a whole, has the effect of dismissing the action) in the context of orders for a more definite statement." Chennareddy, 282 F.R.D. at 14; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(e) ("If the court orders a more definite statement and the order is not obeyed within 14 days after notice of the order or within the time the court sets, the court may strike the pleading or issue any other appropriate order."). Accordingly, "in some circumstances, if a party fails or refuses to file an amended and simplified pleading or does not exercise good faith in purporting to do so, the severe sanction of a dismissal on the merits may be warranted." 5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1217 (3d ed. 2015).
III. Analysis
A. Plaintiffs' Class Allegations Must Be Stricken.
After an exhaustive period of class discovery, including extensive expert-witness discovery, this Court denied the plaintiffs' motion for class certification on September 29, 2014. See Artis, 2014 WL 4801783. Plaintiffs' Fourth Amended Complaint, however, is replete with class-related allegations. Indeed, as the defendant chronicled in her motion, the Fourth Amended Complaint focuses almost entirely on class-wide claims. See Fourth Am. Compl., ECF No. 127 ¶¶ 7, 11, 13-29, 31, 35, 40, 43, 45-83, 84-93. The extent to which class allegations are interspersed throughout the Complaint renders it impossible to discern what individual claims remain after this Court's denial of class certification. This difficulty means that this case is an appropriate candidate for exercise of the Court's authority to "require that pleadings be amended to eliminate class allegations, " in cases where "a suit must proceed as a nonclass, individual action." Eisen, 417 U.S. at 184 n.6. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the request to strike plaintiffs' class allegations.
B. Plaintiffs Must Amend their Complaint to Provide a Short and Plain Statement of their Individual Claims.
The defendant also asks this Court to direct the plaintiffs to amend their complaint to state more specifically their individual complaints of discrimination, and not to "rely exclusively on plaintiffs' allegation that the Board engaged in a pattern or practice' of discrimination." Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 230 at 6. The plaintiffs respond that they should be allowed to proceed on their pattern-or-practice allegations because proper discovery of the electronic information they claim was withheld during class discovery will ultimately prove their claims. See Opp. to Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 231 at 2-7.[3]
The Court finds that defendant is supported by ample legal authority. "[T]he pattern-or-practice method of proof is not available to private, nonclass plaintiffs." Chin v. Port Auth., 685 F.3d 135, 149 (2d Cir. 2012); see also, e.g., Daniels v. United Parcel Serv., 701 F.3d 620, 633 (10th Cir. 2012); Bacon v. Honda, 370 F.3d 565, 575 (6th Cir. 2004); Lowery v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 158 F.3d 742, 759 (4th Cir. 1998), vacated on other grounds, 527 U.S. 1031 (1999); Schuler v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 739 F.Supp.2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2010); Turner v. District of Columbia, 383 F.Supp.2d 157, 169 (D.D.C. 2005). "The phrase pattern or practice' appears only once in Title VII-in a section that authorizes the government to pursue injunctive relief against an employer engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by' the statute." Chin, 685 F.2d at 147 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-6). The pattern-or-practice method of proof applies "either to this unique form of liability available in government actions... or to the burden-shifting framework set out in [ International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324 (1977)], and available both to the government in § 2000e-6 litigation and to class-action plaintiffs in private actions alleging discrimination." Id. It is inapplicable to private nonclass plaintiffs who "ordinarily must show that an employer took an adverse employment action against him or her because of his or her race." Id. (emphasis in original).
That is not to say that pattern-or-practice evidence cannot be used to bolster an individual claim. But in a private-individual case, "evidence of a pattern and practice can only be collateral to evidence of specific discrimination against the actual plaintiff.'" Gilty v. Vill. of Oak Park, 919 F.2d 1247, 1252 (7th Cir. 1990) (quoting Williams v. Boorstin, 663 F.2d 109, 115 n.38 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).
Plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary were entirely unresponsive and failed to grapple with any of the applicable precedent. The few decisions that plaintiffs cited as support for their theory of liability were all government actions, class actions, or both. See United States v. City of N.Y., 717 F.3d 72 (2d Cir. 2013); Segar v. Smith, 738 F.2d 1249 (D.C. Cir. 1984); EEOC v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, 698 F.2d 633 (4th Cir. 1983). "Because this case is not a class action, plaintiffs were required to [plead] specific discrimination against them, and cannot rely upon collateral evidence of general instances of discrimination.'" Bailey v. DiMario, 925 F.Supp. 801, 813 (D.D.C. 1995) (quoting Williams, 663 F.2d at 155 n.38). A pattern-or-practice theory alone cannot support plaintiffs' claims which, after the denial of class certification, must proceed as individual claims.
Nor is the Court convinced by plaintiffs' renewal of their oft-repeated arguments regarding the Court's discovery rulings. See generally Opp. to Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 231 at 2-7. To the extent that they use these complaints about the class-discovery process as an excuse for failing to plead an appropriate legal claim, this excuse is rejected:
[T]his Court flatly rejects plaintiffs' contention that they cannot-or should not be required to-submit a more definite statement until they have been given access to the [defendant's] electronic personnel files. Such an approach would permit plaintiffs to bypass the pleading stage of litigation entirely, sanctioning an approach under which plaintiffs could simply allege that the information held by defendant would prove their claims without actually stating what those claims are in the short and plain statement required by Rule 8(a).
Chennareddy v. Dodaro, 698 F.Supp.2d 1, 16 (D.D.C. 2009); see also Chennareddy, 282 F.R.D. at 12 ("plaintiffs are simply not entitled to discovery on the merits of their claims until they have properly pled such claims") (emphasis omitted).
Plaintiffs' complaint must therefore contain a short and plain statement of each plaintiff's claim for having suffered individual disparate treatment on the basis of race. Plaintiffs' current complaint, however, focuses entirely on class-wide allegations. See Fourth Am. Compl., ECF No. 127 ¶¶ 7, 9-10, 13-31, 35, 40, 43, 45-83, 84-93. They raise essentially no specific allegations regarding any of the individual plaintiffs, mentioning only the plaintiffs' names, race, the division of the Federal Reserve Board in which they worked, and their years of service. See id. ¶ 44. None of the plaintiffs allege any individual act of discrimination that is specific to them, and none even specify which of the five areas challenged on a class-wide basis-"salary, cash awards, promotions, performance reviews, and career-transition agreements, " Artis, 2014 WL 4801783, at *2-they personally challenge. A plaintiff's complaint must "give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests, " Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quotations marks and alteration omitted), but plaintiffs have failed to do so. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the defendant's request and Orders that plaintiffs file an amended complaint that sets forth the individual discrimination claims of each plaintiff.
B. Plaintiffs' Requests for a Trial and Status Hearing Are Denied.
Plaintiffs make what can only be described as a "bizarre, " Opp. to Mot. for Trial, ECF No. 234 at 1, request that this Court schedule on an expedited basis a trial to address plaintiffs' objections to this Court's class-discovery rulings. See Mot. for Trial, ECF No. 233 at 4-10. Plaintiffs' pleadings describe an elaborate procedure under which these issues would be tried by a jury, the jury would then recess to permit the defendant to produce additional discovery information, and later be recalled to decide the merits of plaintiffs' claims. See id. What is missing from plaintiffs' proposal is any mention of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Discovery disputes, of course, are not issues for a jury. Nor is there any basis for the plaintiffs to obtain a trial when they have yet to plead their individual claims consistent with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. Because plaintiffs have failed properly to plead their claims, the Court also finds no need for a status hearing at this time. Plaintiffs' motions are therefore DENIED.
D. If Plaintiffs Fail to Comply with this Order, their Claims Will Be Dismissed With Prejudice.
In one of their pleadings, the plaintiffs appeared to indicate their intent to defy any Order of this Court directing them to submit an Amended Complaint. Their assertion appears to be that if the Court grants the defendant's motion and denies plaintiffs' requests for a jury trial and status hearing, then:
Plaintiffs request entry of a continuing objection to all matters and decisions of the Court to date in this case as not in accordance with the applicable law and in direct contradiction of demonstrated [sic] fact of the withholding of evidence by this federal agency and request entry of judgment on the existing record subject the [sic] following objection, with Certification of the Ruling to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Pls.' Mot. for Status Hearing, ECF No. 237 at 16. They elaborate that "[s]taying the course would require plaintiffs' performance of useless and impossible tasks " and that granting the defendant's motion "would be the conversion of the entire theory of [plaintiffs'] factual and legal case from an invidious pattern and practice provable only by evidence withheld by defendants in violation of law, to a series of basically unprovable individual claims. " Id. at 16-17 (emphasis added).
Putting aside plaintiffs' shocking admission that their individual claims are "basically unprovable, " this statement is reflective of plaintiffs' and their counsel's approach throughout this case. Whether failing repeatedly to comply with Court Orders and the requirements of this Court's Local Rules;[4] refusing entirely to participate in class discovery until ordered to do so by this Court;[5] filing repeated, frivolous requests for reconsideration of the Court's discovery orders;[6] or submitting misleading factual information in support of their motion for class certification;[7] the plaintiffs have consistently flouted Court orders and the basic requirements placed on litigants who bring their case to court. These actions have unquestionably burdened the Court's docket with unnecessary filings and delay, have prejudiced the defendant by forcing her to respond to unnecessary and improper filings, and clearly constitute defiant behavior that, if continued, calls out for deterrence. See Bristol Petroleum Corp. v. Harris, 901 F.2d 165, 167 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ("Considerations relevant to ascertaining when dismissal, rather than a milder disciplinary measure, is warranted include the effect of a plaintiff's dilatory or contumacious conduct on the court's docket, whether the plaintiff's behavior has prejudiced the defendant, and whether deterrence is necessary to protect the integrity of the judicial system."); Shea v. Donohoe Const. Co., 795 F.2d 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1986). If plaintiffs refuse to file an Amended Complaint, or if they file an Amended Complaint that does not comply with this Order, this history of refusal to follow the rules of procedure and Court Orders will justify "the severe sanction of a dismissal on the merits." 5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1217 (3d ed. 2015); see Chennareddy, 282 F.R.D. at 15-16 (dismissing with prejudice after a plaintiff's "inexplicable failure to comply with the Court's Orders and the Federal Rules").
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS defendant's motion to strike the class allegations from plaintiffs' Fourth Amended Complaint and to require plaintiffs to file a Fifth Amended Complaint setting forth with sufficient particularity their individual claims of discrimination. The Court also DENIES plaintiffs' requests for a jury trial and status hearing. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
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"Tell the chef, the beer is on me."
Unbekannte errichteten scheinbar über Nacht völlig unbemerkt einen riesigen Mittelfinger vor dem Parlament in Wien. Die Hintergründe sind bisher unklar.
Die Skulptur aus Kunststoff ragt etwa 80 Meter in die Höhe und wurde genau vor dem Haupteingang ins Parlament platziert, wodurch die Abgeordneten und ihre Mitarbeiter nicht ins Gebäude konnten.
Unter den Parlamentariern herrschte Unverständnis und Empörung über den Vorfall: "Diese vulgäre Geste ist ein schamloser Angriff auf Sitte und Anstand", meinte die Abgeordnete Monika Lindner gegenüber der Tagespresse.
Die Polizei nehme die Sache nach eigenen Angaben ernst: "Gegen 7 Uhr früh entdeckte eine Streife eine Skulptur, die ohne Genehmigung des Magistrats vor dem Parlamentsgebäude aufgestellt wurde", erklärte ein Sprecher.
Daher brachte man beim zuständigen Amt einen Antrag auf Entfernung ein. Dieser dürfte nun wohl mehrere Wochen in Anspruch nehmen: "In der Weihnachtszeit ist immer besonders viel los. Das kann einige Zeit dauern."
Eine sofortige Entfernung ist nicht möglich, da der Mittelfinger keine Behinderung des Verkehrs verursacht: "Daher muss das Amt erst sorgfältig prüfen, ob eine Entfernung im öffentlichen Interesse ist."
(Foto: Ralf Neugebauer [Fotomontage])
Der Artikel Unbekannte errichten riesigen Mittelfinger vor Parlament erschien auf Die Tagespresse.
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Indian atrocities continue in IOK, toll rises to 86684 views
SRINAGAR: In occupied Kashmir, hundreds of people were injured today also due to the use of brute force by Indian troops to prevent people from staging demonstrations against civilian killings and conducting a march towards Badami Bagh Cantonment in Srinagar.
A youth was martyred while over two hundred people were injured, many of them critically, due to the brutal actions of Indian forces on peaceful protesters across the Kashmir Valley, yesterday.
Call for the march towards Badami Bagh Cantonment was jointly given by Hurriyet leadership to hand over a letter to the General Officer Commanding of 15 Core of Indian Army, asking the Indian forces to vacate Jammu and Kashmir. They have also asked the people of occupied Kashmir and all over the world to mail the letter, which was released by Syed Ali Gilani yesterday, to Indian Armed forces and paramilitary forces.
The authorities continued to impose strict curfew and other restrictions across the Kashmir Valley on the 50th consecutive day, today, while all roads leading to the Badami Bagh Cantonment were sealed.
Defying curfew, people took to the streets in Srinagar, Baramulla, Pattan, Pulwama, Bandipora, Islamabad, Kulgam and other areas and raised high-pitched pro-freedom, pro-Pakistan and anti-India slogans. Indian police and troops fired pellets, bullets and teargas shells to disperse the protesters at various places injuring hundreds of people.
Indian police arrested the All Parties Hurriyet Conference Chairman, Syed Ali Gilani, outside his residence in Srinagar when he defied house detention and tried to lead the march. He was lodged at Humhama police station.
The authorities detained Mirwaiz Umar Farooq at Cheshma Shahi sub-jail in Srinagar while other leaders including Muhammad Yasin Malik, Shabbir Ahmed Shah, Bilal Siddiqui, Mukhtar Ahmed Waza and Zafar Akbar Butt remained under detention.
Meanwhile, death toll in the ongoing Kashmir Intifada has risen to 86 with the martyrdom of one more youth. The youth, Shahnawaz Khan, had jumped into River Jhelum after he was chased by Indian forces in Sangam area of Islamabad district, yesterday, and his body was fished out, today.
Thousands of people attended his funeral prayers, raising slogans in favour of freedom and against India. The Muslim community in Rajouri and Poonch districts of Jammu region observed shutdown, today, against civilian killings in the Kashmir Valley.
In Islamabad, speakers at a seminar, today, expressed solidarity with the oppressed people of occupied Kashmir and appealed to the international community to impress upon India to stop its brutalities in the territory.
The seminar was organised by the Youth Forum for Kashmir and was addressed among others by Muhammad Nafees Zakaria, Dr Muhammad Khan, Dr Habib-ur Rehman, Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, Ghulam Muhammad Safi, Sardar Khalid Ibrahim, Muhammad Farooq Rehmani and Shaikh Tajammul-ul-Islam.
Courtesy: SN


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Warm up: 3 rnds
20 Jumping Lunges
20 Mountain Climbers
20 High Knees
Skill: Back Squats
5×5 Accross (heavy)
WOD: 10 Min AMRAP
30 Cleans 95/65
30 Cleans 135/85
30 Cleans 165/105
AMRAP Cleans 215/125
Mobility: Forearms
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Dec 07 2016
Warm up: 3 rnds
20 Jumping Lunges
20 Mountain Climbers
20 High Knees
Skill: Back Squats
5×5 Accross (heavy)
WOD: 10 Min AMRAP
30 Cleans 95/65
30 Cleans 135/85
30 Cleans 165/105
AMRAP Cleans 215/125
Mobility: Forearms
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Warm up: 3rdns
5 Dislocates
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10 Leg raises
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8 Ring Dips
Sit ups
Mobility: Shouders
Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/wednesday-december-7-2016/
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Warm up: 4 rnds
10 Pike Jumps
2 Wall Walks
10 Superman Rocks
Mobility: Accumulate
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15 mins to Work to a Heavy Single
WOD: 7 min AMRAP
3 Thrusters 115/75
3 Bar Burpees
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9 Thrusters
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Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/tuesday-december-6-2016/
Dec 04 2016
Warm up: 3 rnds
10 Jumping Squats
5 Scap Pulls
15 Hollow Rocks
Shoulder Press 3x 6
Push Press 3x 6
Push/Split Jerk 3x 6
WOD: 20 min AMRAP
10 Chest to Bar
20 Pistol Squats
10 Box Jumps
Mobility: Hips
Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/monday-december-5-2016/
Dec 04 2016
Partner WOD:
2 rnds
20 Deadlifts 315/205
Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/saturday-december-3-2016/
Dec 04 2016
Firday Choice Day
For Tracy, enjoy your Birthday WOD.
Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/friday-december-2-2016/
Nov 30 2016
Warm up:3 rnds
20 High Knees
10 Lateral lunge Jumps
15 Sit ups
Skill: Kipping
4 x 10 reps of your choice of exercise
WOD: 4 rnds
2 Muscle ups
6 Clusters 155/115
10 Box Jumps 30/24
Mobility: Calfs
Permanent link to this article: http://crossfitfortis.ca/wod/thursday-december-1-2016/


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Wego.com recently found 52 hotels in Piura, Peru. Book last minute hotel or find great hotel deals such as Hotel Los Portales Piura for US$99 per night. Save more on cheap hotels with rates from as low as US$32 per night.
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Fix machines by hooking gears together. Each machine you fix earns you money. Revisit levels to get the best score possible and try to get the best overall score you can! Also, you can share your solutions and custom levels with friends!
Either scripts and active content are not permitted to run or Adobe Flash Player version
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Mouse to purchase and move gears.
Is this game not working? Any suggestions? Send your comments.


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Best Paper Awards 2016
Best Research Paper
Assoc. Prof. Bryan Carter
University of Arizona, USA
Best Student Paper
Ms. Xinxin Zhang
Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Best Paper Awards 2015
Best Research Paper
Ms. Alva Celina Eloisa Bigcas
Dr. Juan Coderch
University of St Andrews, UK
Dr. Bryan Carter
University of Arizona, USA
Mr. Daniel Fung
University of Oxford, UK
Workshop on Digital Humanities - By Assoc. Prof. Bryan Carter, The University of Arizona, USA
Conference Theme
Language is at a nexus of interrelationships between individuals, society and culture. The interface between language and literature has been the object of considerable interdisciplinary research on methods of analysis that can be applied across the two fields and their sub-areas. Less research has focused, however, on the influence of the new technologies on this interface, which transcends borders and cultures, with the process of translation adding yet another dimension to the already complex picture.
The 6th Annual International Conference on L3 will examine the various issues and factors that intervene at the interface of language and literature, not least the cultural context(s) in which it is situated.
The conference will bring together multi-disciplinary expertise from all relevant fields. We invite submissions for an abstract of a research-based paper in any of the relevant fields, including but not limited to:
Keynote Addresses
Workshop on Digital Humanities
By Assoc. Prof. Bryan Carter, The University of Arizona, USA
L3 Conference 2017 will host a hands on Digital Humanities Workshop that will introduce participants to a variety of tools and supporting theories related to technology in the classroom. Considering the notion that technology is a tool that Digital Humanists use to not only teach and research a variety of concepts in an attempt to understand the human condition differently, but we also encourage all to do the same, all while selecting the most appropriate tool to solve a particular problem while supporting that choice with theory.
This session will provide hands on instruction on productivity, creative, visualization and analysis tools that participants will be able to download, install and try on their own devices, asking questions and receiving personalized assistance. There will also be an opportunity to try higher-end peripherals such as the Oculus, the HTC Vive, body scanning and Motion Capture.
To register for the workshop, please email the Conference Secretariat at firstname.lastname@example.com
GSTF Partner Universities
GSTF is a proud partner of 38 Universities around the globe.
For a complete list of GSTF Partner Universitie please visit : http://www.globalstf.org/partner-universities.php
Singapore Attractions


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Book Discussion
November 16, 2012
Program Locations:
The New Dorp Book Discussion Group meets Friday at 2:30 p.m.
We will be reading THE THINGS THEY CARRIED by Tim O'Brien. You need to read the book prior to the meeting.
The book can be requested using our catalog, by phone call or in person.
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New Hythe Station parking
Parking Space on Ames Way, ME19
Driveway on London Road, ME20
Driveway on Vine Mews, ME16
Parking Space on Upper Fant Road, ME16
Parking Space on Marigold Way, ME16
Parking Space on Bredhurst House, ME16
Parking Space on Hubert Walter Drive, ME16
Driveway on The Weavers, ME16
Parking Space on Melford Drive, ME16
Information about parking near New Hythe Station
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|Max Stay
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Nearby Transport
- New Hythe Station 0 miles away
- Aylesford Station 1.17 miles away
- Snodland Station 1.17 miles away


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This fun clog for boys offers great top-of-foot and toe coverage along with ports to allow air and water to flow through easily. The Crocs Swiftwater Jr heel strap offers a comfortable and secure fit. CrosliteTM provides all-day cushioning and comfort which kids love.
Please note that store inventory is updated online every 24 hours. As a result, do not hesitate to contact the store before going to confirm product availability.


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Having unnecessary fat in different areas of your body can have a substantial impact on your health and self-confidence. While standard weight loss through exercise and diet plan is a fantastic method to lose weight overall, even the very best exercises can't target issue locations like the belly, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time evaluated treatment that is utilized to eliminate excess fat from particular areas of the body, allowing an individual to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Discover now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are lots of advantages to this cosmetic treatment, including:
• Right away noticeable modifications. Unlike conventional weight-loss, liposuction develops modifications that are right away noticeable in the body. Some difference is noticeable right away, and the desired results are usually attained in just a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic treatment has actually been carried out by seasoned specialists all over the world for several years and the strategy has actually been fine-tuned over and again to be safe and reliable.
• Healing time is generally fast. The downtime needed after having this kind of treatment is usually much less than what is required for other kinds of cosmetic treatments, including tummy tucks, breast reduction, and more. Individuals who have had the treatment can often go back to work a lot more quickly than they expected and can get back to living a healthy, active way of life.
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While there are numerous advantages to liposuction, there are obviously a couple of cautions that must be taken into consideration prior to making the final decision to progress with the procedure.
Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having liposuction done, it's important to examine the prospective downsides of the procedure and determine if the advantages outweigh the risks in your particular case. Your specialist can help you find out more about the threats associated with the procedure and can help you decide if moving forward is the best thing for you.
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• Adverse responses. Bruising, bleeding, and pain are all to be anticipated, nevertheless, in uncommon cases can trigger more significant complications.
• The prospective to get the weight back. After having liposuction done, it is critical to keep a healthy diet plan and exercise appropriately as recommended by your physician. Failure to do so might result in gaining back the weight that was lost or perhaps even more.
There are dangers associated with liposuction, for many people, the benefits far outweigh them. Inform yourself about the procedure by having thorough conversations with your cosmetic surgeon and think about how liposuction has the possible to impact you as a distinct person. Just you and your cosmetic surgeon can determine if liposuction will provide you with the results you are trying to find within your expectations.
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Laser liposuction is a newer, minimally intrusive treatment that includes heating the fat cells to melting point and eliminating the melted fat through a small cannula. The procedure is generally done right in your physician's office and is an outstanding choice for individuals who have less than 500 ml of fat to get rid of from any one area. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary procedure to weight-loss in order to sculpt the body you have actually constantly desired.
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4 vehicles matched;
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Listed by Chequered Flag International
Chequered Flag International is pleased to offer this 2013 Smart Passion in Silver and Black with Black Leather seats. 37000
Listed by Legacy Motors
This 2009 Smart Fortwo Passion is in Great condition!! This is a awesome way to save gas and look cool
Listed by One Eleven Vintage Cars
This Coupe has a CLEAN TITLE plus the remainder of the full manufacturer warranty is still active.The Original Owner has
Listed by One Eleven Vintage Cars
A/C Climate Control, A/C Front, ABS Brakes, AM/FM Stereo, AUX Input, Air Bag - Driver, Air Bag - Front Side


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Winters can be tough, so it's very important to keep yourself protected in the cold and snow with a jacket that provides the warmth you need. The Puffball women's down jacket is perfect for long walks in the cold or simply making the commute more bearable on cold, dark mornings. Filled with a natural down wadding made up of 80% down and 20% feathers, this jacket is designed to be extra warm as it traps the heat generated by your body inside so it maintains a pleasant temperature inside.
A tough inner lining keep the padding in check and the hood is easily adjusted or zipped off when it's not needed. Two zip pockets and an additional inner pocket are perfect for all those daily essentials and with adjustable cuffs and hem; you'll be able to tailor the fit to your specification. Finished with a soft quilt design, this jacket comes in brown or blue and makes an excellent addition to any woman's winter wardrobe. Pull it on when you head out the house and you won't be bothered about the chill.
Azul Womens Hi-Vis Cycling Jacket
Was €75.00
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Was €71.00
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Was €65.00
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Special Price: €65.00


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1. Snail Mail
Via wordpress.com
2. Facebook
3. Baby on Board
4. Praying Mantis
5. Sex Tape
Via dailyacid.com
(This one is kind of punny, but whatever.)
6. Heart of Stone
Via antarasdiary.com
7. Spring Flower
8. French Toast
9. Burning a CD
Via board.gulli.com
10. Eye Candy
Via modny73.com
11. Hot Dog
12. Pie Chart
Via metachat.org
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In The News Today
- Donald Trump will remain an executive producer on NBC's "The Celebrity Apprentice" while he's president.
- The Oakland warehouse where 36 people were killed last week may have never been subject to a fire inspection — a yearly requirement.
- John Glenn, a pioneering astronaut and the first American to orbit the Earth, has died at 95. Godspeed, Glenn 🚀🇺🇸
- Uber finally laid out hard rules for riders: No guns, sex, or barfing, please 🚗❌


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GoingOutGuide Restaurants
Subscribe: Home Delivery | Digital
Taiwanese Specialties, and Bubbles to Boot
By Moira McLaughlin
Washington Post Staff Writer
Friday, Aug. 22, 2008
At first glance: Unlike the saying about pizza, "Even when it's bad, it's good," the same cannot be said of Chinese food. Good Chinese food, on the other hand, and the mix of flavors -- sweet and sour, fried and steamed, crunchy and soft -- can introduce your taste buds to delicious combinations. Asia Taste and Tapioca, a small Chinese and Taiwanese restaurant on the corner of a Rockville small strip mall, is good Chinese food.
You could look at Asia Taste in one of two ways. You could see it as a very small, brightly lit restaurant off Route 270 that shares a parking lot with a tile shop and an auto parts store and that lacks a decorative theme, real silverware and tablecloths. Or you could see it for what it is and what it wants to be: the real deal in Taiwanese food.
Kathy Wen moved to Rockville from Taiwan in 1994. She and her husband, Johnny, opened Asia Taste (also known as Jumbo Jumbo) in 2003, and they also own Jumbo Jumbo Cafe in Gaithersburg and Bubble Express in Rockville.
It's clear that the Wens are more focused on the food than on the ambiance. On the walls are pictures of the dishes and drinks, a map of Rockville, food service certificates and a big calendar with Chinese characters. But looks can be deceiving.
At your service: Order at the counter and the friendly worker will explain the menu or make recommendations. (The food is also available for carryout and delivery.) The charming staff will happily entertain your queries, whether about the food, the Chinese language or the Chinese newspaper that some of their patrons read. Unless you know Asian cuisine, the names of the dishes won't give themselves away and might include food items that you don't expect (such as a pork chop that comes with a hard-cooked egg), so don't be afraid to ask. Servers will bring your meal to your table in less than 10 minutes.
On the menu: Asia Taste has two menus, a pink one for the Taiwanese food and an off-white one for the Chinese food.
You know the old adage "When in Rome." Well, when in a restaurant owned by a Taiwanese couple, order the Taiwanese food. A great meal is the Taiwan-style combination noodle soup, which includes fish cakes that look like slices of egg, squid, pork and shrimp in a broth that you could almost drink by itself.
Or if you would like to stick with something more familiar, order the sha cha pork lo mein. It's more spicy (and flavorful) than your average lo mein.
Asia Taste also offers American-style Chinese food, Wen said. Among these are the crispy shredded beef, sweet and so crisp you can pick it up to eat. Although pan-fried noodles are supposed to be a little burnt, some of the noodles were a bit overdone (as in: black). But the dish is filling and includes nicely cooked beef, chicken, pork, shrimp and vegetables.
The spicy-sweet sauce on the General Tso's chicken is a deeper red and a bit thicker than you might expect. The white chicken is moist on the inside and crispy on the outside, as it should be. And for the perfect comfort food, try a heaping plate of fried rice.
The entrees are big, so you may not need a prelude. However, the large spring rolls are definitely worth the $1.35.
Johnny Wen, whose family runs restaurants in Taiwan, trains all his chefs himself, so your meals should be consistent.
What to avoid: I was disappointed by the Taiwan chicken, also known as popcorn chicken. The breading was too thick and the chicken chewy. In the same vein, the Taiwanese pork chop was overbreaded.
Wet your whistle: Don't bother going to Asia Taste without experiencing the bubble tea, the Taiwanese answer to the iced latte. Order one of the 16 flavored milk teas made with real tea leaves. Flavors include almond, chocolate and honeydew. Ask for the addition of soft, chewy balls, or "bubbles," of tapioca, Jell-O or pudding. The balls provide for a fun drinking experience as you suck them through an oversize purple, pink or yellow straw and chew. If you get really into them, pick up a drink card good for a free tea after you buy 10.
Asia Taste also offers 15 iced teas, 16 smoothies and a few hot teas.
Bottom line: This relaxed place will take you beyond the standard Chinese fare, and it may even inspire you to give up your latte for bubble tea.


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
The HIV epidemic continues to amplify in southern Africa and there is a growing need for HIV prevention interventions among people who have tested HIV positive.
Anonymous surveys were completed by 413 HIV‐positive men and 641 HIV‐positive women sampled from HIV/AIDS services; 73% were <35 years old, 70% Black African, 70% unemployed, 75% unmarried, and 50% taking antiretroviral treatment.
Among the 903 (85%) participants who were currently sexually active, 378 (42%) had sex with a person to whom they had not disclosed their HIV status in the previous 3 months. Participants who had not disclosed their HIV status to their sex partners were considerably more likely to have multiple partners, HIV‐negative partners, partners of unknown HIV status and unprotected intercourse with non‐concordant sex partners. Not disclosing their HIV status to partners was also associated with having lost a job or a place to stay because of being HIV positive and feeling less able to disclose to partners.
HIV‐related stigma and discrimination are associated with not disclosing HIV status to sex partners, and non‐disclosure is closely associated with HIV transmission risk behaviours. Interventions are needed in South Africa to reduce the AIDS stigma and discrimination and to assist people with HIV to make effective decisions on disclosure.
HIV/AIDS is ravaging sub‐Saharan Africa, with >60% of all HIV infections in the world occurring in this region.1,2 Although most of the HIV‐infected people in southern Africa have not been tested for HIV and do not know that they are HIV positive, uptake of HIV testing is increasing as antiretroviral (ARV) treatment becomes available. To date, few empirical studies have examined the sexual relationships and sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Africa. In a study from Uganda, 47% of HIV‐positive men and 21% of HIV‐positive women were sexually active before initiating ARV treatment, with 45% of these people reporting unprotected intercourse in a 3‐month period.3 Although condom use has increased over the past 2 years among people living with HIV in South Africa,2,4 one in three HIV‐positive South Africans report that their most recent intercourse occasion was unprotected,2 a finding that mirrors other studies in Africa5,6 and elsewhere.7,8,9,10
Not disclosing HIV status to sex partners is probably the product of multiple factors.11 Some people living with HIV infection may generally conceal their HIV status from people in their lives, not just their sex partners. In addition, people who do not disclose their HIV status may have had adverse experiences related to previous disclosures, including loss of social support, loss of employment, violent reactions and other forms of discrimination. Finally, people who fail to disclose their HIV status may merely lack a sense of efficacy for being able to effectively disclose their HIV status, especially to their sex partners. The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to HIV disclosure to sex partners among PLWHA in South Africa.
Surveys were completed by 414 HIV‐positive men and 641 HIV‐positive women. Participants were sampled from multiple sources that provide social and health services to PLWHA in Cape Town, South Africa (table 11).
Measures were administered in a seven‐page anonymous survey in three languages: Xhosa, English and Afrikaans.
In addition to demographic characteristics and HIV‐related health status, we assessed the behavioural history for risks of HIV transmission. Participants were asked if they had ever been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection other than HIV, whether they had received or given money or a place to stay in exchange for sex, and whether they had ever injected drugs or had an injecting drug user as a sex partner. We also asked men whether they typically have sex with men.
Participants reported the number of sex partners they had in the previous 3 months to whom they did not disclose their HIV status. To assess general HIV concealment, we asked participants whether they hide their HIV status from others, whether there are people they have not told about their HIV status because they feared their reaction, whether they had talked with a friend about their HIV, and whether they find it difficult to tell people about their HIV status. To assess experiences of discrimination, we asked participants whether they had been treated differently after disclosing their HIV status to friends and family, whether being HIV positive had caused them to lose their jobs or a place to stay and whether they had experienced discrimination because they are HIV positive. Finally, to assess the efficacy for disclosing HIV status to sex partners, we asked participants whether they were certain that they could tell their sex partners that they are HIV positive. All of these items were responded to dichotomously, either a yes or a no.
Participants reported their use of alcohol, cannabis (dagga), methamphetamine (Tik), cocaine, methaqualone (Mandrax) or any injected drug in the previous 3 months.
Participants reported the number of sex partners they had in the previous 3 months, followed by a breakdown of the number of partners who were HIV positive (concordant), HIV negative (non‐concordant) and the number whose HIV status was not known. Participants were then asked to recall the number of times they had engaged in vaginal intercourse with HIV‐positive partners and the number of times with partners who were not HIV positive. Responses were collected separately for intercourse with and without condoms. The same format was used for collecting rates of protected and unprotected anal intercourse. Numerical response formats reduce arbitrary anchor biases that can occur with lower and upper bound numerical rating scales.12 We also computed the proportion of intercourse occasions that were protected by condoms using the formula: frequency of intercourse with condoms/total frequency of intercourse.
The survey was developed from measures used in previous research conducted in South Africa13,14,15 and the US.16 Initial drafts of the survey were pilot tested with HIV‐positive volunteers in Cape Town. Survey venues were selected based on known supportive services (eg support groups, 38%), treatment services (eg clinics, 39%) and by word‐of‐mouth (chain) recruitment (23%). Surveys were carried out by 11 trained, racially and ethnically diverse field workers. The measures were self‐administered, with <5% of participants requiring help in reading the survey items. Participants were offered 20 South African Rand (US$3) after they completed the survey. Participants were not told about the cash reimbursement until after returning the survey to avoid participation coercion and response bias. No potential participants refused to take the survey. Of the 1055 people who accepted the survey, 21 (2%) were <75% complete, representing an overall completion rate of 98%.
Three sets of analyses were conducted. Firstly, we compared the demographic, health, risk history and behavioural characteristics between HIV‐positive men and women. Secondly, we focused only on the 903 (84%) participants who were currently sexually active. Participants who had not disclosed their HIV status to sex partners in the previous 3 months (n=378) were compared with those who had disclosed to partners (n=525). Disclosure to partners was the dependent variable in the main logistic regression analyses. Finally, we examined: the tendency to generally conceal HIV status from others; HIV‐related experiences of discrimination; and sense of efficacy among people who had not and those who had disclosed their HIV status to sex partners. All analyses were performed using logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals. Comparisons of people who had and had not disclosed their HIV status to sex partners were controlled for sex, race and marital status.
In all, 73% of the sample was <35 years old and most of the participants consisted of black Africans, although there was racial diversity, with about 30% of participants self‐identifying as white, coloured or Indian. About 70% of participants were unemployed, and nearly 75% were not currently married. Participants were relatively recently diagnosed HIV positive, with the average person receiving their HIV diagnosis approximately 2½ years earlier. In terms of their health status, nearly half of the sample had been hospitalised at least once for an HIV‐related problem, and half of the sample was taking ARVs. All participants reported having physical symptoms associated with HIV infection, with an average of six current symptoms experienced. For HIV risk history, most of the sample had been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection other than HIV, and between 10% and 20% reported various other markers for history of HIV transmission risks. Men were considerably more likely to have given someone money or a place to stay in exchange for sex, and were more likely to have been involved with injection drugs. Table 11 shows the demographic, health and risk history characteristics of men and women living with HIV.
In all, 90% men and 81% of women reported being sexually active in the previous 3 months. For the entire sample, 40% of men and 18% of women had two or more sex partners during that time (table 11).). Most of the participants had HIV‐positive partners. However, 50% of men and 32% of women reported having HIV‐negative partners, and 39% of both men and women had sex partners whose HIV status they did not know. For each category of partner status, men reported more sex partners than women. Unprotected vaginal and unprotected anal intercourse with HIV concordant and HIV non‐concordant sex partners was reported by both men and women. Men were more likely than women to have unprotected anal intercourse with concordant and non‐concordant partners. Substance use was also common in the sample, with 51% of participants reporting recent alcohol use, 17% using dagga and 11% using methamphetamine in the previous 3 months; more men reported using each substance than women did.
Among the 903 participants who were currently sexually active, 378 (42%) indicated that they had had sex with a person they had not disclosed their HIV status to in the previous 3 months. Participants who had not disclosed to sex partners were significantly more likely to be married and were slightly more likely to identify their race as coloured (table 22).
We found a close association between having not disclosed HIV status to sex partners and engaging in practices with high risk of HIV transmission (table 33).). People who had not disclosed their HIV status to partners reported more sex partners in each HIV status category and reported more unprotected vaginal and anal intercourse than people who had disclosed. Differences were most pronounced, however, for sexual behaviours involving non‐concordant partners. Those who had not disclosed to a partner were nearly six times as likely to have sex partners whose HIV status was known to be HIV negative, and nearly 28 times more likely to have partners whose HIV status was not known. Risks of exposure to HIV occurred in these sexual encounters, with 55% of people who did not disclose their HIV status indicating that they had unprotected vaginal intercourse and 38% indicating that they had unprotected anal intercourse with their non‐concordant partners. Unprotected vaginal and anal intercourse was far less common for participants who had disclosed their status to all of their recent sex partners, including unprotected acts with both concordant and non‐concordant partners.
Analyses showed that participants often reported efforts to conceal their HIV status from others. Most of the participants endorsed all four items assessing concealment of their HIV status behaviours. Analyses controlling for participants' sex, race and marital status found that not having talked with friends about their HIV status and not having told others about their HIV‐positive status because they feared potential adverse reactions were significantly related to not disclosing HIV status to sex partners. In addition, those who had not disclosed their HIV status to sex partners were significantly more likely to have experienced discrimination related to their HIV status and more than twice as likely to have lost a job or a place to stay because they are HIV positive. Finally, people who had not disclosed to partners were significantly less likely to state that they were certain they can tell their sex partners that they are HIV positive (table 44)
A multivariate logistic regression entered having disclosed HIV status to sex partners as the dependent variable and included all the concealment, discrimination and efficacy items that significantly differentiated the groups in the crude analyses, again controlling for participants' sex, race and marital status. Results of the multivariate model showed that not disclosing HIV status to sex partners was associated with having lost a job or place to stay in relation to being HIV positive and having a lower sense of efficacy for disclosing to sex partners (table 44).
Sexual transmission risk behaviours were reported mostly in people who had not disclosed their HIV status to sex partners. The relationship between engaging in unprotected intercourse and not disclosing HIV status to partners was most apparent when partners were of unknown HIV status. Specifically, people who had not disclosed their HIV status to all sex partners were 28 times more likely to have sex partners whose HIV status was unknown. This finding shows that HIV transmission risks for many HIV‐positive South Africans occur in the context of mutual unawareness of partner's HIV status; the practice of not asking and not telling.17 However, not disclosing HIV status to sex partners was part of a larger social context that entails concealment of HIV status and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS. Although declining somewhat over the past few years,2 the levels of stigma and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS still remains high in South Africa,13,14 especially in some communities least affected by HIV/AIDS.18 Previous experience of having lost a job or a place to stay because of HIV‐related discrimination was the single strongest independent predictor of not having disclosed HIV status to sex partners. A lack of personal efficacy for disclosing HIV status to partners also emerged as a unique and independent predictor of not having disclosed to sex partners. Disclosure of HIV status to sex partners is therefore less likely to occur when a person has experienced adverse outcomes from previous disclosures.
The current findings should, however, be interpreted in the light of the methodological limitations of the study. Firstly, we used a dichotomous measure of status disclosure of HIV that does not fully capture the complexity of the issues and circumstances of disclosure to sex partners. People who fully disclose their HIV status to sex partners probably differ from those who disclose to only some partners. For example, Hart et al19 found that both always disclosing and never disclosing to sex partners were associated with greater protective behaviours than was selective disclosure. Also, factors beyond merely disclosing HIV status, particularly discussing safer sex behaviours, are important in reducing risk regardless of disclosure of HIV status.8 Future studies on disclosure of HIV status in southern Africa should examine a broader range of behaviours of HIV disclosure.
Another limitation of the study was that the research was conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, a city with greater racial diversity and more economic resources than other cities and regions in South Africa. The study is also limited by our use of targeted, convenient sampling procedures. We also relied entirely on self‐reported data within the constraints of a brief and anonymous survey. Finally, the sampling strategy relied on self‐reported HIV status among people attending the targeted service and community venues. With these limitations in mind, we conclude that our findings have implications for interventions with PLWHA in southern Africa.
Given the high rate of unprotected intercourse with non‐concordant partners, our results suggest the need for behavioural interventions to reduce the risks of HIV transmission among men and women living with HIV in South Africa. Participants who had not disclosed their HIV status to partners reported a lower sense of efficacy for being able to disclose their HIV status to partners, suggesting the potential benefits of skills‐focused interventions. Interventions developed for people living with HIV in the US have concentrated on skills for deciding whether to disclose HIV status to sex partners as central to practising safer sex.20,21,22 Protecting partners by 100% condom use and other safer sex behaviours regardless of decisions on disclosure should be the focus of HIV prevention for PLWHA. Decisions to disclose HIV status should be made when risks of adverse outcomes are minimal, including potential abandonment and violence, and when social safety nets are in place. In this study, having not disclosed to all partners was predicted by having experienced AIDS‐related discrimination, and not disclosing HIV status was closely associated with unprotected sex with non‐concordant partners. As increasing numbers of South Africans are tested for HIV, the need for interventions to assist them to make effective decisions on disclosure and safer sex practices will become increasingly urgent.
ARV - antiretroviral
PLWHA - people living with HIV/AIDS
Funding: This research was supported by grants from the British Department for International Development (DFID), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and The Netherlands Government's Department of Foreign Affairs' Division of Research and Communication (DGIS). LCS and SCK were also supported by grant R01 MH74731 from the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Competing interests: None declared.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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|Asked: 4/29/15, 8:21 AM
|Seen: 970 times
|Last updated: 5/14/15, 7:36 AM


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Ratings based on 1,512 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.6 Room cleanliness
4.4 Service & staff
4.4 Room comfort
4.4 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler from PARIS, FRANCE
Great location, close to everythingPosted Nov 28, 2016
Pros: The room was well appointed, the restaurant was quite enjoyable, the area was fantastic, close to shopping and other area activities.
Cons: Maybe a way to allow guest a way to play golf at the nearby courses.
Location: Park Meadows shopping center is nearby and filled with up scale shops and dining areas. Pleasant country area for children to play.
The mall was exceptionally close. A beautiful walking and running area. The setting was just fantastic. The front desk young lady was truly gifted in local knowledge.
by A verified traveler
Perfect location for workPosted Nov 22, 2016
Easy in and easy out. Snowed overnight. Room was warm, nice big beds.
by A verified traveler from lakin, United States of America
getawayPosted Nov 14, 2016
Pros: everything
Cons: no free breakfast
Location: mountains
great hotel, private and comfortable. will definetly be back soon to this one. Everything was very nice and neat. quiet is important to me
by A verified traveler from US
Posted Nov 7, 2016
Loved this hotel, was super nice and clean and the staff was very pleasant. Will stay again!
by A verified traveler from Salt Lake City, Ut
Beautiful hotel, didn't love the extra feesPosted Oct 10, 2016
Location: Close to Aurora and a mall down the street. Super close to downtown Denver.
We booked for just one night. It was a beautiful room and it was clean. Loved that the check out time was 12pm. We were irritated with the fact that the hotel took out a deposit when Expedia stated all our fees were covered. So we didn't have any gas money to get back home and the money wasn't deposited back until 3am. Loved the stay, just wish they would've been more clear about the policies.
by A verified traveler from Colorado Springs, CO
Totally satisfiedPosted Sep 27, 2016
My experience was excellent, especially in the last hours when a young staff member gave me a breakfast coupon.
by A verified traveler
Nice stay. Rooms largePosted Sep 15, 2016
Good pleasant experience. Staff friendly. Rooms are good sized and comfortable
by A verified traveler
Posted Sep 12, 2016
Would be nice if they included breakfast. 12.95 is too high
by A verified traveler from Denver, CO
close to the train!!!Posted Sep 12, 2016
I had picked this hotel because of being next to the train to take us to the Broncos game! Very close walk to the rail and made it so easy to get to the game!
by A verified traveler from Denver, co
Good for one nightPosted Sep 6, 2016
It an ok hotel. Air in the room was making bad noises, bathroom wasn't to clean, bed was hard , ok location for a business trip. But there were a lot of hotels in the area so would go to another one next time. We stayed in Hilton in Colorado springs n it was way better!


text:
Hahahahahahahahah..<quoted text>
The state of Arizona needs to see your green card, ma'am.
Barack Obama, our next President
There are 1460353 comments on the Hampton Roads Daily Press story from Nov 5, 2008, titled Barack Obama, our next President. In it, Hampton Roads Daily Press reports that:"The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep," Obama cautioned. Young and charismatic but with little experience on the national level, Obama smashed through racial barriers and easily defeated ...
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Hampton Roads Daily Press.
#799621 Nov 8, 2012
#799622 Nov 8, 2012
When are you going to "get it". You need to quit listening to allll those phat crayon ozombieTics that don't "get it". They will drag you DOWN, down, down, to their ghetto/gutter lvels of not "getting it".
Romney is Already a winner, for like the flipping eigth time or something. America lost on that one.
Uncle Joe can still hang out, but he needs to play nicely with that nice young man, Paul Ryan. HE's the one that has one dem dar TRS80 calculator thingys. They can come in VERY handy...especially when handled with instructions!
"I'm here with bells on."
Since: Jul 12
Location hidden
#799624 Nov 8, 2012
Is that you again, Lyndi?
PS: I fixed your wording, spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors...You're welcome.
#799625 Nov 8, 2012
Haaa!! Good one! So, the President won the election without us in Florida! They're still counting! What a riot.
#799626 Nov 8, 2012
A new report by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office reminds legislators that tax increases and spending cuts set to take effect automatically in January threaten job growth significantly in the coming year. But for the first time, CBO has analyzed (PDF) the economic consequences of specific provisions within the sequester. And it turns out the least harmful component of the coming fiscal consolidation is precisely what Democrats are demanding: the expiration of the Bush tax cuts for high earners.
CBO doesnt examine the top bracket Bush tax cuts directly. But it does look at two competing scenarios: One where all of the expiring tax cuts except for the payroll tax cut are extended; another where all of the expiring tax cuts except for the payroll tax cut and the Bush tax cuts for top earners are extended.
The former, CBO says, would increase employment by 1.8 million full time equivalent employees in 2013 relative to allowing everything to lapse. The latter would increase employment by 1.6 million. The difference, 200,000 full time equivalent jobs, is attributable to the expiration of the top bracket Bush tax cuts alone.
By comparison, other layers of the fiscal cliff save less money and have far greater economic consequences. Failing to extend the expiring payroll tax cut and expiring emergency unemployment benefits through 2014 would cost the economy about 800,000 jobs, according to CBO. The two halves of the sequester the defense cuts and the domestic cuts would each cost the economy about 400,000 full time equivalent jobs.
The findings run counter to GOP claims that allowing the top-bracket Bush tax cuts to expire would kill 700,000 jobs, and to the broader notion that protecting tax cuts for wealthy Americans should be the highest priority of legislators hoping to promote a balanced mix of economic growth and fiscal responsibility.
#799627 Nov 8, 2012
Woa, woa, woa!
Ease up on them hammers, Jed!
I SAID "LAST OPTION", don't go all knee-jerky on me!
In the case of "radical islam".
We are in a state of WAR with them.
Who started it?
Who cares!
Lets finish it and that's that!
Better things to do with our time, like calling each other names on topix! LOL
#799628 Nov 8, 2012
Fred ran bare-assed through the flooded streets oblivious to the fate that awaited him. A few hundred yards above him Jane hurtled towards the earth fully absorbed in squeezing a gigantic pustule on her nose. It wouldn't budge and as she frantically worked on it her broom crashed into the pavement just behind the running Fred and then ricocheted off and straight up Fred's ass. One minute he was running along and the next he was impaled on a broken broomstick with a horrible green creature on it squeezing a bloody stump on her nose.
#799629 Nov 8, 2012
New Mexico Police Look Into Possible In-Person Voter Fraud
Not black, not a liberal, not on welfare.
#799631 Nov 8, 2012
Apparently not, sweetie.
#799632 Nov 8, 2012
Yeah, the thread title is NOW in the WRONG grammatical tense.
Someone needs to edit it to-
...is still the same old same same POTUS, but oh hopey changey-who will be the NEXT POTUS!!
GOD Bless America, our troops, the CONSTITUTION and TERM LIMITS on the office of POTUS!
"I'm here with bells on."
Since: Jul 12
Location hidden
#799633 Nov 8, 2012
Well done.
#799634 Nov 8, 2012
Who are "his own people"? Isn't Obama almost one of a kind. How many people can have empathy with Obama? How many people with two million dollar homes,attended exclusive private schools in Indonesia,Hawaii,California and New York voted for Obama? How many of those are the son of a foreigner? It must be true that people voted for Obama because he is empathetic there life struggles?
#799635 Nov 8, 2012
Craigslist ad....
Pickup Truck/Campaign Prop (Wrentham)
Rarely used green GMC Canyon pickup truck for sale. Was used mainly to pander to voters so little actual wear and tear. Low mileage and in good shape- truck was garaged for long stretches until owner needed to pretend to be "regular guy." State of art GPS system which allows driver to completely avoid all urban areas, communities of color and Cambridge. Alignment might need some work- truck always seems to pull to the right.
Several vintage political bumper stickers need to be removed.
#799636 Nov 8, 2012
You can start a civil war and kill them all; that's what the rightwingers want to do anyway.
Their motto: If ya can't beat 'em with a billion dollars; kill 'em
#799637 Nov 8, 2012
Well, minus the chubby arms, I twisted my little heart out to Chubby Checker and boogaloo'ed like crazy down Broadwalk.
They just don't make songs like they used to anymore.
And I would never talk down to Homer. He's my topix BFF. He had me the first time he said he fell off his scooter.
#799638 Nov 8, 2012
Pfft..12 years old I was already in self sufficiant American entreprenuer mode. All occasion cards, back when people still knew how to write, legibly.
#799639 Nov 8, 2012
debil dyke is obsessed with yawk.
"the debil waits there
to spread her behind"
debil speaks from experience.
she's been fisted blind, front and behind.
#799640 Nov 8, 2012
I understand how all you Libs hate the fact that while he may have wanted to punch Obama, he instead used self-control and didn't do it. In other words, he acted like a responsible adult.
#799641 Nov 8, 2012
White People Mourning Romney
The GOP flag at half staff is pretty cool.
#799642 Nov 8, 2012
FweeDUHM checks and SNAP cawds fer everbuhdee!!!!
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When you've got the sniffles, it's important to be able to distinguish between the causes of your symptoms so that you know which treatment to seek, whether or not you're contagious, whether you should see your health-care provider, and how to prevent your symptoms from coming back.
Colds and allergies, quite obviously, have very different causes. Although the symptoms of both ailments occur when your body's immune system reacts to a foreign body, in the case of colds, this foreign body is a virus, while for allergies, the culprit is generally something benign, such as dust mite particles or pollen. When exposed to allergens, your body recognizes the foreign substance as harmful, so it creates an immune response as if you were sick. So how do you tell the difference?
This chart, from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, shows the differences and similarities between symptoms of colds and allergies. Note that the chart describes common symptoms of allergies to airborne particles only, like dust, pollen, mold spores, and pet dander, not necessarily to food or drug allergies, which can present very different symptoms. Note that the three most distinguishing factors to pay attention to are body aches, itchy eyes and a sore throat.
So You Have a Cold?
The treatment of a cold focuses primarily on symptom management while the immune system fights off the infection. Common measures include over-the-counter pain relievers such as Tylenol, throat sprays, lozenges, and chicken soup. Support your immune system by eating healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables, getting ample rest, drinking enough fluids, and managing your stress levels. There is no cure for the common cold, and antibiotics won't help because they don't kill viruses.
Continued ›
Is It a Cold or Allergies?
Find Out What Ails You by Assessing Your Symptoms
Page 1 of 2 Next Page ›Got a story idea? Give us a shout!


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SMS Management & Technology is a leading consulting, technology and systems integration company.
SMS has been one of the hot stocks in recent months, rising from a low of $5.12 in early June, to a high of $6.45 a couple of days ago, representing a 26% surge.
SMS recently announced its FY10 results; however they failed to really move market sentiment.
Net profit after tax gained 15% on the prior year to $27.9 million, whilst revenue increased 7% to $247.6 million.
Underlying earnings of $38.1 million were up 15% whilst the group declared a dividend of 29 cents per share, up 16% on year.
Despite the decent results, SMX admitted that a return to growth has brought with it cost pressures and that demand from the ICT sector has been contracted and is not expected to lift until the end of FY11.
SMX was among the decliners in the stock market on the day of the announcement, closing lower by 2%, to $6.26.


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