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I am very happy to report that I was personally contacted by the owner Giselle who remembered the transaction and extended a store credit on the erroneously purchased dress! So, I retract my review on Yelp and YP. She does have some cute clothing. The only reason this place gets a 1 star is because I cannot leave a review without clicking on a star. Don't go here. The owner will talk your head of to the point of distraction. I mistakenly purchased a sale item that the owner acknowledged did not fit when I tried it on before checkout. I realized my error immediately and contacted the store. I did not request a refund but only store credit toward an immediate purchase of 2 additional non sale items. Apparently this chatterbox would rather have a one time $60 sale to a patron who will NEVER SHOP THERE AGAIN than have my immediate additional sales and continuing business. Its her loss. There are tons of shops on Magazine. I'll shop elsewhere from now.
New Orleans Womens Clothing
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1. Town and Country
Great service and selection! Lisa was very helpful and attentive to me and my friends needs. Also my mother in law and mom got their gowns here aswe…
2. Wehmeiers
333 Canal StNew Orleans, LA 70130
From Business: Specializing in exotic leathers
3. LOFT 3H Clothing Boutique
3326 Magazine StNew Orleans, LA 70115
From Business: With over 10 years in business, Loft 3H offers boutique shopping but without the boutique price. Great quality clothing and nothing over $30 !! Come be surprised by…
4. Fleur De Paris
523 Royal StNew Orleans, LA 70130
5. Royal Boutique
803 Royal StNew Orleans, LA 70116
6. C Collection
So, I randomly found C Collection. I happen to be walking around with one of my friends in the Riverbend area and I noticed 2 mannequins in front o…
7. Trashy Diva
Everyone has been 100% nice everytime I was in the shop. Did the reviewer above complain to management or just give this shop a bad rating? I know t…
8. Francesca's
333 Canal St Ste 219New Orleans, LA 70130
Of all the boutiques this one has the best value! They constantly have new items in, lots of non-clothes items like fun gifts, and lots of jewelry. …
9. A Girl Is A Gun
What a great store! All the dresses and purses are so beautiful! Super friendly owner too. I love the music she plays. Very artsy decor and a wide…
10. A Woman's Closet Boutique
7913 Maple StreetNew Orleans, LA 70118
From Business: A Woman's Closet is a classically chic and culturally inspired boutique with a touch of eclectic flair for fashion forward individually modern women. Mixing in esta…
11. White House | Black Market
333 Canal St Ste 216New Orleans, LA 70130
12. Haute
725 Magazine StNew Orleans, LA 70130
13. Rye Boutique
I am very happy to report that I was personally contacted by the owner Giselle who remembered the transaction and extended a store credit on the err…
14. Violets Women's Apparel
i first found Violet's when I went to New Orleans for work before Hurricane Katrina and the salesgirl convinced me to try on a dress that I never wo…
15. Anthropologie
333 Canal St Ste 127New Orleans, LA 70130
16. Georgiou Studio Inc
333 Canal StNew Orleans, LA 70130
17. Simply Fashion
800 S Clearview PkwyNew Orleans, LA 70123
18. The Voluptuous Vixen
818 Chartres StreetNew Orleans, LA 70116
From Business: The Voluptuous Vixen is a contemporary boutique catering to women sizes 12 and up, showcasing the latest ready-to-wear collections from around the world. The boutiq…
19. The Encore Symphony Resale Dress Shop
7814 Maple StNew Orleans, LA 70118
From Business: Women's Designer Clothing & Accessories Shop-Donate-Consignment All Proceeds Benefit the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
20. Maurices
1200 S Clearview PkwyNew Orleans, LA 70123
21. Michael Kors
333 Canal St Suite 106New Orleans, LA 70130
From Business: Michael Kors is a world-renowned, award-winning designer of luxury accessories and ready-to-wear. His namesake company, established in 1981, currently produces a ra…
22. Eileen Fisher
2917 Magazine St , Ste 105New Orleans, LA 70115
23. Jean Therapy
I love to shop but I don't like to ""dig"" through racks and racks of things just to find something I like. Jeantherapy does the editing for me, onl…
24. La Beauty Fashions
I go here to get my wigs and they got a lot of different styles and have them cheap too.
25. Rio III
I have gone to most of their locations & almost every time I've went in I was either being watched, being bombarded with a bunch of questions by the…
26. Trashy Diva Clothing Boutique
537 Royal StNew Orleans, LA 70130
From Business: For more than nineteen years, Trashy Diva has provided New Orleans customers with vintage flair and classic style. Candice Gwinn's original and vintage-inspired des…
27. Gucci
301 Canal StNew Orleans, LA 70130
From Business: Founded in Florence in 1921, Gucci represents world class luxury, Italian heritage and modern style.
28. Je T'aime NolaProducts
3613 Magazine StNew Orleans, LA 70115
From Business: I call it boho chic. Vintage inspired. MY husband calls it southern sass! we have designer styles from Johnny was. IVY jane. Cousin earl. Uncle Frank. Consuela. CLP…
29. Gae-Tana's
7732 Maple StNew Orleans, LA 70118
30. Loft
1200 S Clearview PkwyNew Orleans, LA 70123
From Business: Your New Orleans, LA LOFT is all about effortless, undeniably feminine style. Our clothing is modern and casual, featuring tops, sweaters, dresses, pants, jeans, sh…
The Trashy Diva Lingerie store! They've got one of the biggest selections of real steel-boned corsets in the South, plus tons of great lingerie lines like Mary Green, Chantal Thomass, Honeydew, Felina, Jezebel, Huit, Aubade... Totally amazing and not too "trashy" at all! There's some great super affordable stuff as well as some lust-worthy higher end European brands. MUCH better than Victoria's Secret.
I can't remember the girl's name but she was very helpful. She assisted me the best way possible that she could. The clothes are fantastic & fit great. As a joke I told her, when checking out, that she should be my personal stylist. But they actually do allow appointments! So next time I plan to be in New Orleans I will be hitting them up! :)


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Get ready to have a bunch of crushes on boys and dogs.
This guy's Halloween costume is a real treat for his dog.
How old is Carter?!
Those big eyes certainly fooled him.
"I must go find a stick. But I love you!"
He even wraps himself up in a towel.
Charlie Bear died days later but not before his best friend's big day.
No criminal charges will be filed.
The day your kid started dropping food out of the high chair was the best day of your dog's life.
Some people really don't like to be pranked.
Seriously, you gotta resist those puppy eyes.
He really hates it.
Reese Witherspoon announced the news and shared a touching tribute to her Legally Blonde canine co-star.
Quasimodo is one of only 13 known dogs with Short Spine Syndrome.
That's one way to review the collection, I suppose.
"I can't even bear to look at a photo of his little face that melted me every time."
The news comes just eight days after Cuoco announced the death of her pooch Petey.
"She's beautiful!"
The sweetest thing you'll see all day.
Some thoughts on Junior.
You'll work with people as much as you work with animals.
"You peed on the sidewalk? Again?"
Think twice before buying a dog from Craigslist.

subset: commoncrawl


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The ads say 'Get your flu shot today,' but it may be wiser to wait
The pharmacy chain pitches started in August: Come in and get your flu shot.
The pharmacy chain pitches started in August: Come in and get your flu shot.
Kids may get more of a sting from flu vaccination this fall: Doctors are gearing up to give shots only, because U.S. health officials say the easy-to-use nasal spray version of the vaccine isn't working as well as a jab.
A study led by McMaster University researchers has found that, contrary to recent reports, flu nasal sprays provide similar protection against influenza as standard flu shots.
A positive pregnancy test comes with a barrage of often-conflicting advice about what to eat, how to exercise and when to turn to medication.
(HealthDay)—Certain vaccines can trigger fever-related seizures in young children, but the risk is so low that pediatricians might see one case every five to 10 years, a new study estimates.
(HealthDay)—This year's flu season may not quite be over, but it's clearly winding down and will be recorded as a relatively mild one, U.S. health officials say.
Parents who do not get their children flu shots rate the flu vaccine less favorably than other childhood vaccines, a national poll finds.
Each fall, doctors stress the importance of getting a flu shot: influenza is the most frequent cause of death from a vaccine-preventable disease in the United States. But on-time delivery of the vaccine can be tenuous, and ...
Every year in the United States, about 226,000 people are hospitalized because of the flu, and 23,000 die. And about 80-90 percent of flu-related deaths occur in people over 65 years old.
(HealthDay)—Only about four out of 10 U.S. babies aged 6 months to 23 months are getting vaccinated against the flu, federal health officials reported Tuesday.
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Bands for Brazil charity gig
Joyzine presents a night of live music in aid of Medecins Sans Frontieres' aid effort in Brazil following the devastating flash flooding and mudslides earlier this week, which left over a thousand dead and hundreds of thousands homeless.
Jan 28th… FIVE BANDS FOR A FIVER!
For more information check out www.joyzine.org, but here's the lowdown on the line-up:
If.. – www.myspace.com/ifdotdotdottheband
…If… are a London-based band including former/current members of 586, The 18 Carat Love Affair and The Drowners. They make cut-and-paste neo-romo-po-mo-art-punk-glam-pop in the various veins of The Fall, Suede, One More Grain, The Yummy Fur and Josef K. But, like, with a girl singing. They hope you find them pleasing if not entirely categorisable.
Hold Kiss Kill – www.holdkisskill.com
Artful fuzz rock boy/girl four-piece (above pic)
"It looks like London may have given birth to the most impressive noise pop band since Glasgow did in '83" Common People.
White Noise Sound – www.whitenoisesound.net
Swansea's White Noise Sound conjure their own particular wall-of-sound – at once relentlessly pulsating and blissed-out.
"…a debut album of explosive proportions… awesome." ***** Artrocker
"…opiated majesty…" **** The Independent
The Vatican Cellars – www.myspace.com/thevaticancellars
Hailing from London and Orange County The Vatican Cellars are principal songwriters Simon Hughes and The Birthday Girl, joined by Tom Adams and Russ Wainwright. They write songs about death, loss and guilt. They write songs late at night from the bottom of a bottle of wine, songs that are sung down the phone in the early hours, songs that bring to mind Nick Drake, The Lilac Time and Tindersticks.
Hinterlandt – www.hinterlandt.net
Raw energy, beautiful harmonies, complex rhythms, fragile ambiences, alarming noise, and silence from this German-Australian solo outfit.
Using a variety of instruments, Hinterlandt is not afraid of radically changing territory while carefully avoiding genre-hopping. Hinterlandt has taken on many guises and constantly changes shape and colour.
+ Joyzine DJs 'til late
28th January 2011
£5 minimum donation to Medecins Sans Frontieres
The Windmill
Blenheim Gardens
Arts with a heart.


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Local compositionApril 10,2013
Jim Lowes article (Times Argus, April 4) about Counterpoints new series of concerts nicely conveyed the excitement that comes with the performance of music by the excellent composers who live and compose in Vermont communities. Counterpoint and its director, Nathaniel Lew, are to be commended on the ambitious program.
At one point in the article, it was speculated that this might have been the first such choral concert of Vermont composers ever to have been given in this state.
It was not.
Twenty years ago, the Randolph-based choral group Sounding Joy! presented a program entirely by composers living not only just in Vermont, but just in the Randolph area. Works presented were by Gwyneth Walker, Kathy Wonson Eddy, Eric Nielsen and Justin Morgan. The audience was enthralled. (In addition to the work of those four certifiably local composers, it must be admitted, there was also a mini-performance of the National Emblem March by the noted band composer E.E. Bagley, who lived briefly in Randolph and may have composed this great march while he was here. The Sounding Joy! performance of this work was rendered exclusively on kazoos.)
M. Dickey Drysdale
RandolphMORE IN LettersA sixth-offense DUI gets plead down to a misdemeanor. A breathalyzer is refused. Full StoryBurr Morses recollection (Whats good for the goose, Nov. Full StoryMSNBC news analyst Rachel Maddows report on the election of Republican Rutherford B. Full Story
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Ricette Italiane PRO overallFree
Cooking with your Android smartphone has never been easier! Choose from: •• Appetizers •• First •• Seconds •• Side Dishes •• Desserts •• Cocktail each recipe is explained step by step with photographs. •• Manage your shopping list, •• Create your personalized menus for every occasion. •• Easily manage your favorite recipes and read more recipes on the Web. •• Browse recipes that you can cook using ingredients you have at home! •• Discover the wines that you can pair with your recipes! More than 1000 highly detailed cards of most popular wines. •• Have fun creating the most famous cocktails •• learn the words most used in the kitchen through the vocabulary of Italian recipes. •• Share your favorite recipes with your Facebook friends! •• Italian Recipes contains no advertising and does not require internet connection to see the recipes!...
Downloads: 41+Report app for spam or abuse!
Games > Action for Android
Recommended apps
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Happy Wheels is now available for android divice . Happy Wheels is a side-scrolling, physics-based
Modern combat 4 Zero Hour Free
Modern Combat 4: Zero Hour is a new story line of a popular action game from Gameloft.


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OCM @ St. AUGUSTINE >> The Conservatory provides weekly music education for children at Winnebago Reservation, filling an arts education gap in this underserved community.Learn more
2016 HAS BEEN GOOD TO US! We moved into our new permanent home; welcomed renowned guest-artist-faculty; and watched a celebrated alumnae keep reaching new heights. Now, we need your help to make 2017 (and beyond) even better.Read more
"If everyone on earth played a musical instrument, there would be less wars,
less hate, and the world would generally be a better place."
"It is such an exciting prospect to think of the life-changing journey
that a person will take as they learn to play an instrument..."
Stay in touch so you don't miss out on what's coming up next at the Conservatory.
From workshops to special performances, Master Classes and concerts, this FREE series — open to the public — is a great opportunity to join our musical community.


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£179,995 Guide price
Impressive Detached Villa comprises hallway, spacious lounge, breakfasting kitchen, four double bedrooms, one with a dressing room and the family bathroom. Gas central heating, double glazing, double garage and gardens. Viewing is essential.
This house description is based upon information supplied by the owner, or on behalf of the owner. These property particulars are produced in good faith and do not constitute or form part of any contract. s1homes do not take any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this document.
If a property value displays '0', don't worry it just means no properties have been sold in that area during that time.
Sold house price data is supplied to us by the Registers of Scotland, a government department responsible for compiling and maintaining property registers, every month. There can be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is sold to being recorded with Registers of Scotland. We provide house price data for your information only, we do not accept any liability for any errors. If you have noticed any incorrect information, please contact Registers of Scotland.


text:
commandlinefu.com is the place to record those command-line gems that you return to again and again.
Delete that bloated snippets file you've been using and share your personal repository with the world. That way others can gain from your CLI wisdom and you from theirs too. All commands can be commented on, discussed and voted up or down.
You can sign-in using OpenID credentials, or register a traditional username and password.
First-time OpenID users will be automatically assigned a username which can be changed after signing in.
Every new command is wrapped in a tweet and posted to Twitter. Following the stream is a great way of staying abreast of the latest commands. For the more discerning, there are Twitter accounts for commands that get a minimum of 3 and 10 votes - that way only the great commands get tweeted.
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu3
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu10
Use your favourite RSS aggregator to stay in touch with the latest commands. There are feeds mirroring the 3 Twitter streams as well as for virtually every other subset (users, tags, functions,…):
Subscribe to the feed for:
Maintained by Jon H.
Site originally by David Winterbottom (user root).
Wow, didn't really expect you to read this far down. The latest iteration of the site is in open beta. It's a gentle open beta-- not in prime-time just yet. It's being hosted over at UpGuard (link) and you are more than welcome to give it a shot. Couple things:
The following will take frames starting at 15.2 seconds for a total of 45.9 seconds:
mencoder -ss 15.2 -endpos 30.7 -oac copy -ovc copy mymovie.avi -o myeditedmovie.avi
Keep in mind -endpos is the total time, i.e. the output video in this is 3 minutes 3 seconds in length:
mencoder -ss 1 minute -endpos 2 minutes 3 seconds -oac copy -ovc copy mymovie.avi -o myeditedmovie.avi
There is 1 alternative - vote for the best!
If you can do better, submit your command here.
videosplit() { nam=`echo "$@" | awk '{print $1}'`; beg=`echo "$@" | awk '{print $2}'`; fin=`echo "$@" | awk '{print $3}'`; mencoder -ss $beg -endpos $(($fin - $beg)) -oac copy -ovc copy $nam -o $nam.splice; }
format is:
videosplit (times in seconds)
for ex:
videosplit foo.avi 60.0 90.0
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President Obama dropped the mic at the White House Correspondent's Dinner Saturday (April 30), but over in Washington D.C.'s Gateway, some of hip-hop and R&B's biggest acts were picking it up for the 2016 Broccoli City Festival.
Future, Jhene Aiko, Anderson .Paak, BJ The Chicago Kid, The Internet and Sango were among those on-hand for what could be considered the DMV's answer to the Brooklyn's Afropunk Festival. The Broccoli City Festival supports a good cause — food security, healthy living and environmental sustainability.
Although Future may seem like an odd placement in the lineup (and not just because of his "dirty Sprite" habit), judging from the 12,000 attendees, the "Where Ya At" rapper found his place. The audience was definitely there for each act — even if that meant standing in the same spot for more than eight hours. But in return, the sea of music fans were serenaded, hyped and turnt up by the eclectic collection of talent
BJ The Chicago Kid took the stage first with tunes off of his popular sophomore album, In My Mind, including "Turnin' Me Up," "Woman's World," "Church" and "The Resume." But the new sensation knew that while a good amount of the audience knew his work — there were more that may know him as a featured guest. For them, he performed Chance the Rapper's "Everybody's Something" and Schoolboy Q's "Studio." The latter of which he said "changed his life more than anything" since he went from "'BJ The Chicago Kid' to 'Grammy-nominated BJ The Chicago Kid.'" Ha. Of course, the 31-year-old singer couldn't end his set without a mention of Prince, who passed away a week ago. "Did ya'll realize that we lost someone special in the last week?" said the Chicago native of The Purple One. "But understand this, this music will last forever." We hear that.
Next up was everyone's new favorite, Anderson .Paak — and he showed out. With high-energy dance moves and stunning drum solos, the newly signed Aftermath artist performed songs from his popular fourth album, Malibu, as well as some old grooves–like 2014s "Drugs" and "Suede." As for his latest effort, "The Season/Carry Me," "Put Me Thru," "Room in Here," "Come Down" and "Am I Wrong" served as representatives for the LP. Paak also brought out BJ The Chicago Kid for their track, "The Waters" much to the delight of the crowd. While Prince's name rang through the festival earlier with BJ, .Paak honored another '80s icon, Michael Jackson, with a shirt that showed a still from the King of Pop's "In The Closet" video.
Sángo, who represented for the DJ collective, Soulection, was up next with a set. In it, the Michigan native mixed Brazilian baile funk and modern hits. But the highlight of his set is when he brought his friends onstage — SPZRKT and Goldlink. The former performed the Sángo-produced tracks "How Do You Love Me" and "JMK" while the latter graced the stage with "Wassup."
Then, after a brief appearance by everyone's favorite "this guy is everywhere," Sway, The Internet took the stage. Fronted by the angelic voice of Syd Tha Kid, the band performed tracks off of their acclaimed 2015 album, Ego Death including "Under Control," and "Special Affair." At one point, Syd goaded the crowd, urging that she "wants the ghosts" to hear us. (The park, Gateway DC, is surrounded by an abandoned psychiatric hospital.)
Jhene Aiko described herself as "crazy" during the show and said that she liked the "spooky" vibe of the park. In a multicolored jumper, Aiko sung "Limbo Limbo Limbo," "Stay Ready," "W.A.Y.S.," and "Spotless Mind" Naturally, she also performed her popular track, "Bed Peace."
In keeping with the day's theme, Aiko told the crowd: "You don't have to do drugs to have fun," after admitting to talking about weed a lot in her music. "You can get high off of other things like…love. Can I be your drug?" she asked before singing her song, "Higher." The 28-year-old also performed the explosive track "Post to Be" and switched the infamous "you gotta eat the booty like groceries" line to refer to "p—-" instead–much to the approval of cheering fans.
"I know you guys think I'm f—— crazy and you're right," she yelled. Aiko closed out the set with some new tracks from TWENTY88, her collaborative project with Big Sean, including "Deja Vu" and "London Bridge; and of course, her hits "The Worst" and "Eternal Sunshine."
"All these songs I write from personal experience," she said at one point during the show before adding that it's not about her to "act like I'm perfect" but about "connecting with you guys." She surely did.
Finally, eight hours later it was time for the main act — everyone's favorite codeine rap guru, Future. Following a brief Prince tribute (with the DJ playing "Purple Rain" as the skies began to drizzle), the Freebandz logo showed up on the screen and the crowd was in full turnt mode for the trap king. The 32-year-old has released seven projects in the past year alone — and he went through all of them. "How many of ya'll got that [insert album or mixtape name here]?" he would ask before heading into the hit tracks of the project for a total of 33 songs. Cray.
Rattling off hits like "Bugatti," "F— Up Some Commas," Jumpman," "Same Damn Time," Where Ya At," Stick Talk" and "Wicked," Future Hendrix had the crowd lit The Atlanta rapper closed out his set with Purple Reign's title track; as confetti flew above the crowd. We're not sure how good that is for Broccoli City Festival's anti-litter policy — but it sure was epic.
Check out the photos from the show above where Lance Gross also made an appearance on stage. Also, check out some videos from the show below.


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Does anyone know how to retract the camera lens for the Solida 11 1953 model . I am NOT a camera buff. I was given the camera, I opend it pulled out the concertina lens, no problem trouble is it wont go back. I think there must be some sort of procedure to do this. Its not broken it seems to be locked ?? Any help pleaseRead more >


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Shanghai is working to restore its image as the Paris of the Orient in order to attract luxury travelers. China's largest city is preparing for next year's World Expo by transforming itself into a metropolis filled with landscaped parks, quiet alleyways and shiny new skyscrapers. The Peace Hotel is undergoing a complete overhaul, one of many projects meant to attract affluent travelers. "The barrier is just being pushed higher and higher," said Rupert Hoogewerf, a researcher of wealthy Chinese. "Previously, (the hotels) may have sought to be the best in the city. Now they're aiming to be the best in the country, or the world."
Full Story:Forbes


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The fast food business is located in the Galleria Mall Food Court. It is now a franchise selling wraps, bowls, soups & Smoothies. The owners plan to move the business to another location outside of the mall.
This location can be converted to another menu type that could include coffee, noodles & rice bowls, Chinese/Oriental Food Items, sandwiches, soups & salads.
The facilities include a concession stand, tables, chair, bar stools and lots of kitchen equipment. They are selling all the equipment for less than 1/2 of its original cost and they are willing to seller financing. They have a long term leased that can be assumed.
Financials (USD)
Asking Price $150,000
Sales $139,000
Profit Available On Request
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Pioneers of classic style and easy elegance, the Clarks brand has designed a vast array of boots and shoes. With that in mind, Footwear etc. has happily hand-curated a wide selection of Clarks leather and suede boots for men and women that align with any lifestyle. Whether you're seeking casual footwear for the weekend or dress options for the office, these truly unforgettable footwear solutions will get you where you need to go. In addition, Clarks waterproof boots feature padded insoles, durable outsoles and premium exteriors for all-weather protection, no matter the terrain. Featuring high-rise options and Clarks ankle boots, you'll find the perfect pair for your wardrobe when you shop online with Footwear etc. today!
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Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Brown V Board Of Education
SuperWhy! in the Classroom
Audio and Video Archives: Beyond Brown
2004: In The Wake of Brown: Stories Of Integration And Struggle
Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary
Page 1 of 1 pages
WILL Highlights
Barns: An Illinois Story
Part documentary, part regional storytelling, and part love letter to the iconic structures dotting our landscape.
A short film series examining the severe underrepresentation of African-Americans in the sciences.
Classic Mornings
Get more out of your classical music experience and check out Vic Di Geronimo's blog.


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3 charged with dragging man behind truck in Fla.
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. (AP) – Authorities in central Florida say a man was shocked with a stun gun, beaten, tied to the bumper of a truck and then dragged a half-mile down a dirt road.
The victim's ex-wife, 61-year-old Jeannette Morris; her brother, 63-year-old Harold Anderson; and another woman, 46-year-old Joan Hobart, are charged with attempted murder, conspiracy to commit murder and aggravated battery.
Volusia County deputies say the three were drinking with Morris' ex-husband, 54-year-old Robert Hall, in the house Morris shared with her former husband when they shocked him several times and punched him. Deputies say they then tied rope around his ankles and attached the other end to the rear bumper of a truck.
Hall managed to escape to a neighbor's house for help. He is being treated at a Daytona Beach hospital.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Wipeout in Europe bond funds tests investors' resolve
A strong start to the year for many of Europe's biggest bond funds was all but wiped out by an abrupt sell-off in the region's credit market, testing the mettle of investors who rely on the asset class for its steady returns.
Europe has been at the centre of the global bond market turmoil that began in mid-April. About €344 billion ($375 billion) was wiped off the value of eurozone government bonds when prices fell abruptly after rising for several months to record levels, according to Bloomberg News's index of eurozone sovereign bonds, which tracks the value of the bonds outstanding in the currency bloc.
"Fixed income had a great ride for a long time, but in the last few weeks we have lost a lot of money," said Tanguy Le Saout, head of European fixed income at Pioneer Investments.
Pioneer's flagship €4.9 billion aggregate bond fund was up 3.1% in the first quarter, before losing much of that, according to data provided by fund-research firm Morningstar. It was up 0.7% from the start of the year through Tuesday.
Investors say it isn't clear exactly what triggered the sell-off in government bonds. Most agree prices had climbed too far, too fast, as buyers swooped in to capitalise on the European Central Bank's €60 billion-a-month bond-buying programme, which was announced in January and began in early March.
As prices rose, reducing yields, buyers were increasingly exposed to signs that inflation, which erodes the value of bonds over time, was picking up from ultra-low levels. Traders say that hedge funds began dumping eurozone debt, and buyers weren't willing to step in.
The market has steadied in the past two weeks, helped by news that the ECB will bring forward some of its bond buying ahead of an anticipated summer lull in markets. Benchmark 10-year German yields fell back to 0.533% Thursday after spiking to 0.77% in mid-May, according to Tradeweb.
"It's certainly been very exciting," said Olivier de Larouzière, who manages the €1.9 billion Souverains Euro fund at Natixis. "But we couldn't anticipate the violence of the move and weren't able to protect our funds."
The fund is up 0.7% this year, after gaining 4.3% in the first quarter.
Still, de Larouzière isn't nervous that investors will pull their cash out of his fund. It has gained more than the average of 0.5% for eurozone government bond funds tracked by Morningstar. "We have lost everything, in absolute terms. But in relative terms, it's been positive."
Still, the decline has proved too much for some investors, many of whom see government bonds as the steadier part of their portfolios, providing a counterweight to riskier assets such as stocks.
More than $2 billion was pulled from eurozone bond funds over the past six weeks, the first significant period of outflows after a year of broadly stable assets, according to EPFR Global, a fund data provider.
"People expect fixed income funds to have a positive return, and the recent sell-off is questioning that," said Pioneer's Le Saout.
Many investors expect bonds to fall further as the eurozone economy continues to improve and inflation picks up, causing buyers to balk at ultralow yields.
"We expect rates to go up. Growth is coming back. [ECB stimulus] seems to be working," said Andrea Giannotta, who manages a €3.7 billion long-term euro fund at Eurizon Capital.
The fund—which focuses on long-dated bonds, hit by the wildest swings— is up 0.7% in 2015, having risen 6.7% in the first three months of the year. He has recently reduced the average maturity of bonds in his portfolio to damp the effect of further volatility.
But Giannotta isn't expecting an accelerating exodus from longer-dated debt. Many investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, are forced to hold such bonds to balance their long-term liabilities. And other buyers are likely to continue to be attracted by higher yields than are available on shorter-dated debt, he said.
"Investors are waking up after a nightmare," Giannotta said. "But you have no choice: To get a better yield, you have to run a risk."
Write to Tommy Stubbington at email@example.com
This article was first published by The Wall Street Journal


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Eco-Friendly ingenuities are motivating huge growth in the industry of plant-based plastic packaging market. The industry is chiefly driven by eco-friendly characteristics of these plastic. North America is foretold to be the utmost reve�
Production, means the output of Austenitic Stainless Steels
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This report studies Austenitic Stainless Steels in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with capacity, production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering
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Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Austenitic Stainless Steels in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like
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Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into
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Solomon Arase, The Inspector General of Police, some few hours ago ordered the detention of a Corporal Chukwu, who allegedly collaborated with the Fulani herdsmen during the killing of residents of Nimbo community in Enugu State.
The Inspector General of Police, who visited the tension soaked community alongside the Senator representing Enugu North Senatorial zone, Senator Chukwuka Utazi, ordered that Corporal Chukwu should be detained and investigated.
The villagers had informed him that the police officer simply identified as Corporal Chukwu, was a known collaborator with the herdsmen.
ALSO READ: Nigeria Should Not Rely On Allies To Revamp Economy, US Expert Says
Consequently, while addressing journalists, Arase said no policeman who collaborates with criminal elements to perpetrate crime would go unpunished; stressing that such person must be dismissed from the force.
More details later…


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Alliance Trust board06 Mar 2016
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Alliance Trust vows to add women directors
Dundee-based investment firm Alliance Trust has vowed to add more women directors, after a tussle with activist hedge fund Elliott Advisors led to the exit of its sole female board members, including former chief executive Katherine Garrett-Cox.
The 128-year-old investment trust, which oversaw £2.1bn of assets as of December 31, has also seen departures of Susan Noble and former chairman Karin Forseke in the last few months, leaving its seven-strong board bereft of female directors.


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Consumers are able to find all kinds of items - from books to gardening tools help but stop by the scent and cologne counters. Instant research results help us to choose the product faster go through the thick mailed catalogs to locate the items you need. In majority of cases the returns procedure with online retailers whether online users choose to purchase products online. Instead of looking for a child care solution each time they need to hardly surprising when you consider that it offers such convenience. The Sarees Which are Easily Available Online at Reduced Rates from the Best Sellers also a place for bogus offers and fake discount sales.
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David Yurman
David Yurman Blue Topaz, Sterling Silver, and Diamond "Noblesse" Drop Earrings$1,175
($1,650 approx. retail)
Sophisticated earrings for everyday elegance. Sterling silver construction. Signature cable etched detail on hook. Rectangular pendant with center Hampton blue topaz stone and sparkling diamond accent border. Fish hook closure. Comes with dust bag. Please note this new item comes to you directly from a high-end boutique. Retails for $1,650.ξ
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January 20, 2000 - Industry News
One combatant in the mobile communications war is flexing new muscle.
PeopleNet Communications Corp. of Chaska, MN, the providers of the InTouch Fleet Management System, announced the appointment of new CEO John Sarto, former president of
January 19, 2000 - Industry News
Fueled by strong sales in its Heavy Vehicle Systems division, Meritor Automotive has reported double-digit growth earnings for the ninth consecutive quarter.
Mack Trucks finished 1999 with a record 34,264 U.S. Class 8 retail sales and a gain of 0.3% in market share.
The U.S. Department of Transportation has scheduled three public meetings to discuss proposed changes in drug and alcohol testing rules for transportation workers
Pacific Detroit Diesel Allison Co. has purchased 14 acres in the Ridgefield Junction of Portland, OR, where it plans to build a $5 million facility.
The Federal Highway Administration has proposed a survey of truck drivers to gather more information on the adequacy of truck parking facilities
Allied Holdings expects earnings for the fourth quarter ending Dec. 31, 1999 to be 65 cents to 70 cents per share.
Burlington Motor Carriers, Daleville, IN, has celebrated the third anniversary of its acquisition by an investment group led by Thomas F. Grojean in 1996. Since then, the company has grown over 30 percent to nearly $300 million by adding capacity to its own fleet and making three acquisitions - PALS Express, Calumet City, IN; Jolliff Transportation, Peoria, IL; and Southwestern Freight Carriers, Rutherfordton, NC.
Yellow Freight System is set to open a second location in Richfield, OH, adding 120 jobs.
Volvo has reportedly upped its stake in rival Scania from 30.6% to 45.5%. The company began purchasing stock in the rival Swedish truck manufacturer a year ago and Scania agreed to a friendly takover in August
Port truckers and union representatives hoping to unionize container haulers at the nation's ports were dealt a setback by a Los Angeles ruling
FedEx Corp., formerly known as FDX, yesterday unveiled new names for its trucking subsidiaries that take advantage of the strength of the FedEx name
January 18, 2000 - Industry News
Shares of Marten Transport, Mondovi, WI, jumped 19% after the company announced that its fourth quarter earnings would far outstrip analysts' predictions
LTL fleet USFreightways reported record net income for the thirteen weeks ended December 31, 1999 of $30,738,000, a 52% increase over the $20,168,000 reported for the 13-week period ended December 31, 1998. Revenue for the quarter
The Class 8 order backlog for Volvo Trucks North America is rising, but the company is still expected to furlough over 400 plant workers later this week
USFreightways Corp. is buying Transport Corporation of America in a stock transaction worth just over $60 million.
Newport research shows that more than half of truckers own a computer, and most of those have access to the Internet. So it's not surprising that a lot of truckers also have their own web sites.
Total Logistics Control, Zeeland, MI, has purchased the assets of Paw Paw Freezer Corp., a deep-frozen and refrigerated public warehouse in Paw Paw, MI.
After years of delays, San Antonio's government finally came up with a hazmat routing plan. But any of six suburban cities where the proposed routes pass through could veto the plan
TrackYourTruck.com will use middleware from Nettech Systems, Princeton, NJ. to deliver Web-based dispatch information to TrackYourTruck.com's RoadRunner mobile data solution for product delivery businesses.
Faced with a shortage of inspectors, Nebraska Gov. Mike Johann is pushing a controversial proposal to merge truck enforcement division officers with the State Patrol
C.R. England, Salt Lake City, recently celebrated its 80th anniversary with a two-day gala
Peterbilt named its Dealer of the Year during its recent annual dealer meeting in Phoenix
NATSO, the organization representing truckstop and travel plaza operators, will hold its 40th annual convention Feb. 3-5 at the Opryland Hotel and Convention Center in Nashville, TN
Tags: Events
January 17, 2000 - Industry News
Covenant Transport plans to hire 600 more workers and expand the Chattanooga-based trucking company's headquarters by another 100,000 square feet.
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Product DescriptionZuPreem® Nature's Promise™ Chinchilla Food ZuPreem® Nature's Promise™ pellets, made from Premium Western Timothy Hay, are formulated with no soy or wheat for healthier digestion in adult pet rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas. When fed with Nature's Promise™ Western Timothy Hay, Alfalfa Hay or Orchard Grass, this food provides complete and balanced nutrition.
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High-fiber diet for good digestion
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Formulated by veterinarians and nutritionists
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Supports better dental health for small animalsProduct Characteristics Approximately 16 mm long and 4.2 mm thick with a pellet shape and texture that promotes better chewing.
Shelf-life: One year from date of manufacture.Feeding Instructions Feed 1/4 cup per day for every 5 lbs. the adult rabbit weighs. Reduce or increase the amount depending on the rabbit's overall body condition. Also feed free choice ZuPreem® Nature's Promise™ Hay Products. When introducing a new food, begin with a mixture of the "old" and "new" foods. Gradually increase the amount of new food over a 7 to 10 day period. Provide plenty of fresh, clean water.Ingredients Sun-cured timothy grass hay, Corn gluten meal, Ground corn, Dried beet pulp, Dicalcium phosphate, Dextrose, Salt, Calcium carbonate, Flaxseed meal, Brewers dried yeast, Ground vegetables (carrots, celery, beets, parsley, lettuce, watercress and spinach), L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, Choline chloride, DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, Natural mixed tocopherols, Zinc sulfate, Ferrous sulfate, Manganese sulfate, Copper sulfate, Zinc proteinate, Calcium iodate, Copper proteinate, Manganese proteinate, Cobalt carbonate, Sodium selenite, Vitamin A supplement, Vitamin D3 supplement, Vitamin E supplement, Niacin, Calcium pantothenate, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Folic acid, Biotin, Vitamin B12 supplement
Guaranteed Analysis % Crude Protein (Minimum) 14 Crude Fat (Minimum) 1 Crude Fiber (Maximum) 28 Moisture (Maximum) 12
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Capsule Launches New Kickstarter Campaign to Introduce the Accomplice and Diplomat
Capsule Wallets has launched their new Kickstarter campaign to introduce two new products, The Accomplice, and the Diplomat. The two new products join the popular, Minimalist, to round out Capsule's collection of slim carry solutions. The Accomplice is a zipper wallet, that is ultra thin and provides maximum storage. The
Fox Racing Introduces Limited Edition Star Wars Helmets
Fox Racing has introduced two limited edition Star Wars helmets, with a third release to drop prior to Star Wars: Rogue One. Representing the light side is an R2-D2 helmet, with details that match the popular droid including Artoo's radar eye, access panels, and holoprojector. For the dark side, the
Lexdray Debuts New Portland Sneaker Duffel on Kickstarter
Lexdray known for their high quality bags has debuted the latest product, the Portland Sneaker Duffel, exclusively on Kickstarter. The Portland Sneaker Duffel is packed with features such as the roll-top center channel lined with fleece for shoe protection and a can easily fit two to three pairs of any
HEX Releases the Guy Mariano Signature Skate Pack
HEX has released the Guy Mariano signature Skate Pack. It's only fitting that a skate legend such as Guy, receive a signature edition backpack. Guy took a hands on approach to the design to ensure its functionality and the pack has loads of features that include hide-away skate straps, a
Formula DRIFT Pro Driver Matt Field to Unveil New Gears of War 4 Livery at Round 8: Title Fight This Weekend
Matt Field will unveil a new Gears of War 4 livery in action in his Nissan 240SX this weekend during the Formula DRIFT finale at Irwindale Speedway. Gears of War 4 signage will adorn the track and a commercial will play on the Jumbotron during the live event. Fans can
With the weather finally beginning to cool off for the Fall, it was the perfect opportunity to try out a few items from the latest collection, "To The End," from Tavik. The outerwear collection features TAVIK's IN+ERFACE technology, which I was able to put to the test. In a previous
Today, iconic Californian brands, Hurley and Fender have launched their limited edition men's capsule collection. The Hurley x Fender collection brings together surfing and rock and roll taking inspiration from tweed print of Fender's amps from the mid-fifties along with the music and surf culture of Southern California. The collection
Nixon Introduces Rogue One: Star Wars Collection
Nixon has introduced the limited edition "Rogue One" collection, features four limited edition watches inspired by "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story," slated for release in December. The design includes elements inspired by the Rebel Alliance, Imperial Trooper and Death Star. The "Rogue One" collection will be available on December
GoPro Introduces KARMA and HERO5
I was recently invited to attend the product launch event for GoPro and their much anticipated new line of products. The private event was held at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort to give athletes and media the opportunity to test out the product after the unveiling from GoPro founder, Nick
NEW GEAR ALERT: Illest Fall Collection
Just in time for the Fall season, we're proud to announce that our new illest Fall collection will be dropping TODAY at 12PM PST on SHOP.ILLEST.COM. The focus points of the latest illest Fall collection was comfort, versatility, and simplicity. When selecting the pieces, we envisioned cuts like the scoop tee


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Hotel MIRAMONTE RESORT AND SPA
Service & facilities
|Earliest check-in
Service & facilities
Hotel facilities
- Number of luxury rooms
- Elevator
- Hotel-owned car park
- Audiovisual conference equipment
- Safety deposit boxes at reception
Room facilities
In-house services
- Pets permitted
- Business center
- Laundry service
- Hairdresser/barber
Style of hotel and ambience
-Property description-, located in the heart of the palm springs valley in, beautiful indian wells miramonte resort and spa, boasts luxurious hotel accommodations in a unique, mediterranean village inspired setting. Be swept, away by romantic architecture italian fountains, fine-crafted stonework tranquil piazzas, exceptional luxury spa facilities and impeccable, service. Nestled at the base of the santa rosa, mountains views throughout the resort are, awe-inspiring serving as an impressive backdrop to, one of the most luxurious resorts in palm springs., ., Miramonte features 215 guestrooms suites and, villas that are woven into 11 expansive acres of, olive trees fragrant citrus groves rose herb and, flower gardens. The two story bougainvillea, covered villas welcome you with grand archways to, newly designed guestroom retreats. The signature, pool offers a true oasis in the desert complete, with stunning mountain views richly appointed, lounge chairs and daybeds private cabanas and a, relaxing whirlpool. The more intimate adults only, piedmont pool offers a serene environment to enjoy, the lush surroundings., ., Recreational activities in the area abound, including world class golf at the adjacent indian, wells golf club. For those looking to reflect and, reconnect enjoy the renowned well spa. Offering, 12000 square feet of space to relax well spa, features an impressive co-ed courtyard 4 outdoor, cabanas with open air showers a watsu pool and, signature river bench pool all to create the, ultimate spa experience.
Hotel data
Trade fair/conference hotel, child-friendly hotel
Service times
Earliest check-in:
Accepted payment methods
- Diners Club
- Visa
- Eurocard/MasterCard
- American Express
- Japan Credit Bureau (JCB Intl.)
45000 INDIAN WELLS LANE, 92210 Indian Wells -
An intimate retreat framed by the Santa Rosa mountains with Mediterranean inspired garden style villas. Miramonte Resort & Spa is located in exclusive Indian Wells, California just 20 minutes from downtown Palm Springs.
- 20.32 km
- 0.01 km


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A comprehensive investigation of ribosomal genes in complete genomes from 66 different species allows us to address the distribution of r-proteins between and within the three primary domains. Thirty-four r-protein families are represented in all domains but 33 families are specific to Archaea and Eucarya, providing evidence for specialisation at an early stage of evolution between the bacterial lineage and the lineage leading to Archaea and Eukaryotes. With only one specific r-protein, the archaeal ribosome appears to be a small-scale model of the eukaryotic one in terms of protein composition. However, the mechanism of evolution of the protein component of the ribosome appears dramatically different in Archaea. In Bacteria and Eucarya, a restricted number of ribosomal genes can be lost with a bias toward losses in intracellular pathogens. In Archaea, losses implicate 15% of the ribosomal genes revealing an unexpected plasticity of the translation apparatus and the pattern of gene losses indicates a progressive elimination of ribosomal genes in the course of archaeal evolution. This first documented case of reductive evolution at the domain scale provides a new framework for discussing the shape of the universal tree of life and the selective forces directing the evolution of prokaryotes.
The ribosome is at the core of the translation machinery of all organisms and assures two key functions: the decoding of the genetic information contained in messenger RNA and the formation of peptide bonds. It is a ribonucleoprotein particle of 70S in prokaryotes and 80S in eukaryotes composed of two subunits (30S and 50S subunits in prokaryotes, 40S and 60S in eukaryotes). As the ribosome is universal and submitted to strong selection pressure, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has been extensively used as a reference molecule in phylogeny and is at the origin of the division of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Eucarya and Archaea (1). Recent advances in structural biology have enabled the observation at high resolution of the 30S subunit of the thermophilic bacteria Thermus thermophilus (2,3), the 50S subunit of the bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans (4) and of the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula marismortui (5). The complete structure of the 70S ribosome of T.thermophilus has been determined at 5.5 Å, in the presence of a transcript molecule and cognate transfer RNA (tRNA) bound to aminoacyl, peptidyl and exit sites (6). Together, these crystal structures provide a considerable amount of information on the global architecture and protein–RNA interactions as well as details on ribosome interaction with mRNA and tRNA (reviewed in 7). They also confirm that the functional regions for peptide bond formation in the large prokaryotic subunit (3,8) and the decoding center in the small prokaryotic subunit (9) consist entirely of rRNA. Information on the eukaryotic ribosome structure is not so abundant but a recent cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the yeast 80S ribosome (10) confirms that the fundamental mechanism of protein synthesis is highly conserved throughout the three domains.
In parallel to the spectacular progress achieved in understanding the structure of ribosome, the development of genomics has enabled the examination of ribosomal protein (r-protein) genes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. These analyses confirm that most of the bacterial r-protein genes are clustered in a few operons allowing coordinated regulation (11–15) and are rarely duplicated (16). In contrast, eukaryotic r-protein genes appear widely scattered across the chromosomes and show numerous duplications (17–23). Wool et al. (24) were the first to compare the rat r-proteins to the available sequence data from human, yeast, archaea and Escherichia coli. This pioneering work establishes that the rat r-proteins can be divided into three groups: (i) proteins with counterparts in both archaeal and bacterial domains; (ii) proteins with orthologs in the archaeal domain; and (iii) proteins exclusively found in Eucarya. However, no recent systematic comparison of the r-protein component of ribosome from the three primary domains is available. Here, we propose a comparative analysis of the r-proteins from 66 different species that includes r-proteins not previously reported in genome annotations. The wide range of genomes examined allows us to establish the phylogenetic distribution of r-proteins within and between each of the three primary domains, providing new insights into the emergence and evolution of the protein component of ribosomes.
An initial set of r-proteins classified into 102 families was obtained at http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/lists?ribosomp.txt. For each family, representatives of various lineages across Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya were used as probes and systematically compared to a non-redundant protein database consisting of SwissProt, SpTrEMBL and SpTrEMBLNEW using the BlastP program (25) with a cut-off of E < 0.001. The results of the BlastP comparison were cross-validated by a TBlastN search against a complete genome database including the bacterial species Aquifex aeolicus, Thermotoga maritima, D.radiodurans, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Synechocystis sp., Anabaena sp., Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Caulobacter crescentus, Brucella melitensis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Mesorhizobium loti, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia prowasekii, Neisseria meningitidis, Ralstonia solanacearum, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Buchnera aphidicola, E.coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia pestis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Xylella fastidiosa, Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum; the archaea Aeropyrum pernix, Sulfolobus solfataricus, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Pyrococcus abyssi, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Pyrococcus furiosus, Methanopyrus kandleri, Methanococcus jannaschii, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Halo bacterium sp., Thermoplasma acidophilum, Thermoplasma volcanium; and the Eucarya Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
The putative new gene sequences detected by the TBlastN searches were examined in the light of their genomic context to eliminate false-positives 'hits' and further compared to the RefSeq database (26). For each r-protein family, the likely r-protein sequences obtained by the BlastP and TBlastN searches were included in a multiple alignment constructed by MAFFT (27). All alignments were refined by RASCAL (J. D. Thompson, J. C. Thierry and O. Poch, manuscript submitted) and their quality assessed by NorMD (28). These alignments were manually examined to remove false-positives observed in some r-protein families, in particular those containing ubiquitous RNA-binding domains. All the alignments are available at http://www-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/BioInfo/Rproteins.
The distribution of 102 families of ribosomal prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cytoplasmic proteins has been analyzed in complete genome sequences from 66 different species, including 45 bacteria, 14 archaea and 7 eukaryotes. In the case of ribosomal genes which often exhibit a biased composition and a small size, the results of a database search can greatly depend on the choice of the query sequence. Thus, for each protein family, we performed multiple searches in the non-redundant protein database using query sequences from phylogenetically distant organisms. All these sequences were also compared to complete genomic sequences, allowing the localization of the corresponding genes on the genomes. This cross-validation appears to be a prerequisite to obtain a correct picture of the phylogenetic distribution of ribosomal genes since a small but not negligible number of short genes escape annotation, as revealed by re-annotations of complete genomes (29,30). Using this approach, we detected 24 potential genes (Supplementary Material, Table S1) in the complete genomes investigated that were overlooked during the gene prediction process but are likely to encode r-proteins. Among them, 12 have already been created as provisional records of the RefSeq database (26) and integrated in the COG database (31,32). The convergence of two independent processes substantiates our method and confirms these open reading frames as functional genes.
The overall phylogenetic distribution of prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cytoplasmic r-proteins is summarized in Figure Figure11 and a more detailed description, including nomenclatural correspondence between protein names, is provided as Supplementary Material (Table S2). We detected 57 different r-protein families in Bacteria, 68 in Archaea and 78 in Eucarya, which underlines the protein enrichment of the ribosome from Bacteria to Eucarya. Among the 102 r-protein families, 34 (15 in the SSU, 19 in the LSU) are represented in all three domains of life (the BAE set in Fig. Fig.1)1) but two of them are absent in some bacteria (see below), leading to a total of 32 families conserved in all the complete genomes studied (Table (Table1).1). In E.coli, 22 of the 32 universal proteins belong to the S10-spc-alpha operons which constitute the longest array of genes conserved in bacterial genomes (11–13). Many of the universal proteins have been shown to be crucial for the ribosome assembly such as the early assembling proteins S4p, S7p, S8p, S15p, S17p, L2p, L3p, L4p, L5p, L15p, L18p (33,34) and the proteins implicated in the bridges between the two subunits (S13p, S15p, S19p, L2p, L5p, L14p) (6). Others are in contact with the tRNA (S7p, S9p, S12p, S13p, L1p and L5p) or surround the polypeptide exit channel (L22p, L24p and L29p) (6). It is noteworthy that the proportion of universal r-proteins is higher in the SSU than in the LSU: among the 22 r-protein types experimentally identified in E.coli ribosomal small subunit (35,36), more than two-thirds are conserved in all studied genomes, whereas only half of the 33 r-protein types from the E.coli ribosome large subunit are universal. The greater evolutionary stability of the SSU protein component may be linked to the higher conservation of the SSU rRNA compared to the LSU rRNA despite striking differences reported between E.coli and eukaryotic small subunit morphology (37).
The r-protein families common to Eucarya and Archaea but absent in Bacteria constitute an extended pool (called AE in Fig. Fig.1)1) of 33 members (13 in the SSU, 20 in the LSU). The high number of r-proteins specific to Eucarya and Archaea reflects the deep resemblance between the informational proteins of the two domains previously noted in comparative genomic studies (38–40) and is in agreement with most phylogenetic studies on rRNA. However, this number is substantially higher than expected from previous comparison of r-proteins (12,24). Another large set (set B in Fig. Fig.1)1) corresponds to the 23 r-proteins (8 in the SSU, 15 in the LSU) exclusively found in Bacteria. The major split between Bacteria on the one hand and Archaea and Eucarya on the other hand is further supported by the absolute absence of proteins specific to bacterial and archaeal domains or to bacterial and eukaryotic domains despite the wide phylogenetic range of genomes studied here. When proteins are positioned in the available 3D structures of bacterial and archaeal ribosomal subunits (Fig. (Fig.2),2), no clear correlation arises between the phylogenetic and the spatial distributions of the r-proteins, except for the bacteria-specific proteins in the small ribosomal subunit which are mainly found at the periphery of the ribosome. This could be in agreement with the observation of Spahn et al. (10) who note the presence of additional proteins with no counterpart in Bacteria as well as expansion segments of rRNA at the solvent exposed surface of the yeast ribosome. The two remaining sets of r-proteins correspond to the archaeal-specific r-protein LXa (set A in Fig. Fig.1)1) and to the 11 r-proteins (4 in the SSU, 7 in the LSU) exclusively found in Eucarya (set E in Fig. Fig.1).1). Thus, with the exception of LXa, all the r-proteins found in Archaea are also found in Eucarya and the archaeal ribosome, which is close to the bacterial one in terms of size, appears to be a small-scale model of the eukaryotic ribosome in term of r-protein composition.
The r-protein families ranging from S2p to S20p as well as the r-protein families L1p-L6p, L9p-L24p, L27p-L29p and L31p-L36p are encoded by all bacterial genomes investigated (Table (Table1),1), defining a stable pool of 50 r-proteins (19 in the SSU and 31 in the LSU) in Bacteria. Only four well established bacterial r-proteins exhibit a disparate distribution: the bacterial-specific S1p, S21p, L25p proteins and the L30p found in all three domains of life.
The pattern of absence of the S1p and S21p families is very puzzling since they are lacking in only a few lineages widely dispersed in the phylogenetic tree of Bacteria, ranging from early divergent free-living bacteria such as D.radiodurans and T.maritima to intracellular pathogens (Fig. (Fig.3).3). Although the S1p and S21p are adjacent in the ribosome small subunit of E.coli (41), there is no strict correlation between the absences of the two proteins; the pattern of absence seems, on the contrary, indicative of erratic and independent gene losses. The haphazard character of the phylogenetic distribution of the S1p protein is further illustrated by the discrepancies observed between closely related species since this protein which is absent in the complete genomes of M.genitalium and M.pneumoniae has been identified in Mycoplasma pulmonis under GenBank accession number Q98R80. It is noteworthy that we detect a DNA region in the T.maritima genome similar to the S1p gene but including a frameshift that could reflect a recent decay of the S1 gene in T.maritima.
Interestingly, the L25p and the L30p proteins absent in two cyanobacteria are also the sole proteins missing in the ribosome of the spinach chloroplast compared to the bacterial one (42,43). This strong similarity between the cyanobacterial and chloroplast ribosomes is in agreement with the endosymbiotic theory in plastid evolution (44) and suggests that the gene losses occurred before the endosymbiotic event. However, the L25p and L30p gene losses are not always correlated (Fig. (Fig.3).3). In fact the L30p constitutes an evolutionary maverick since this protein that is lost in some bacterial lineages is conserved in Archaea and Eucarya.
Additionally, two potential small r-proteins have been identified in very few bacteria: (i) the 45 amino acids long SRA protein (stationary-phase-induced ribosome associated protein, S22p family) in E.coli (45,46) and Salmonella species; and (ii) the 26 amino acid long Thx protein in Thermus (47,48). The latter, classified in the S31e family, fits into a cavity between multiple RNA elements in the crystal structure of the 30S subunit of Thermus (2,3). Thus, in contrast to the S1p, S21p, L25p and L30p, the SRA and Thx proteins may constitute recent and specific innovation in the course of bacterial ribosome evolution. In addition to these bacterial proteins, a similarity has been detected between the L7ae family found in Archaea and Eucarya and hypothetical proteins from T.maritima and bacterial species of the Bacillus/Clostridium group but no experimental data implicates these proteins in the bacterial ribosome.
Among the 68 r-protein families represented in Archaea, the L41e protein exhibits such an extremely biased composition and very small size (~20 amino acids) that no clear-cut pattern of presence/absence could be obtained. Among the 67 other archaeal r-protein families, 57 are preserved in the 14 archaeal genomes examined. Remarkably, this set of conserved archaeal r-proteins is also present in all complete genomes of Eucarya. Thus, r-protein genes stabilized in Archaea are also fixed in organisms ranging from the amitochondriate intracellular pathogen E.cuniculi to H.sapiens.
For the 10 proteins exhibiting a heterogeneous distribution within the archaeal domain (Fig. (Fig.3),3), the pattern of presence/absence is not patchy as observed in the case of the four dispensable bacterial r-proteins but seems to fit the tree of life with the exception of L35ae. All 10 proteins are present in at least one representative of the deeply branched kingdom of Crenarchaeota while five proteins (L38e, L13e, S25e, S26e and S30e) are missing in all representatives of the Euryarchaeota kingdom. Within this latter kingdom, the absences also seem to match the branching order established on the basis of rRNA sequences (49) and confirmed by r-protein sequences (50). For example, the early diverging Pyrococcus lineage retains five r-proteins absent in genus that emerged later such as Thermoplasma and Halobacterium. The high number of missing r-protein genes observed in this latter genome is corroborated by the crystal structure of the ribosomal LSU of H.morismortui (5), which lacks the same LSU r-proteins as its close relative, Halobacterium.
The great variation in the number of r-proteins observed within the archaeal domain is intriguing but the comparison with Bacteria and Eucarya sheds light on how the existing distribution has arisen. Excluding the archaeal-specific LXa gene, the nine dispensable genes are absent in Bacteria but are found in a wide range of Eucarya, including all complete genomes of Fungi, Plants and Animals. Moreover, all of them are detected either in the incomplete genomes of Diplomonads or Euglenozoa and are also found, with the exception of L38e and L14e (see below), in the complete genome of the amitochondriate protist E.cuniculi. The presence of these nine ribosomal genes in early divergent representatives of Eucarya and Archaea suggests their existence in the common ancestor(s) of the two domains. This makes the crenarchaeal ribosome the most 'eukaryotic-like' within the available archaeal ones, which is in agreement with the eukaryotic traits previously reported in Crenarchaeota in both the ribosome morphology (51) and the elongation factor EF1α (52).
The apparently dispensable nature of 10 r-proteins in Archaea raises the question of their role in the archaeal ribosome. Some of their eukaryotic counterparts have been shown to bind rRNA, tRNA, mRNA or translation factors (53–57). Unfortunately, experimental studies are lacking in Archaea, except for the L30e protein of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which is responsible for establishing a key bridge between the large and small subunits by specifically binding a helix–loop–helix motif (58). Nevertheless, the involvement of the 10 genes in the translation apparatus is supported by their genomic context since most of them are adjacent to other informational genes with four genes (L34e, L14e, LXa and L30e) belonging to large operonic structures that include r-proteins (Fig. (Fig.4).4). Interestingly, the L14e and L34e genes that share the same phylogenetic profile are located in the same cluster of genes in some archaeal genomes (see Fig. Fig.4).4). This could be indicative of a physical interaction between the two proteins since co-occurrence of genes across complete genomes as well as co-localisation of genes have been frequently used to infer functional coupling (15,59).
In the eukaryotic domain, 78 (32 small subunit and 46 large subunit) cytoplasmic r-protein families have been identified to date. Except for the L28e absent in the budding yeast, all these families are conserved in mammals (compiled in 24), S.cerevisiae (19), S.pombe (18), A.thaliana (21) and, according to our analysis, in C.elegans and D.melanogaster. One of these families, the L12P, includes three eukaryotic subfamilies of acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins: the P1 and P2 proteins (60,61) represented in all the eukaryotic species mentioned above and the P3 protein which is plant specific (62). This leads to a total of 80 r-protein types in the Eukaryotic domain, of which 78 are strictly conserved in all complete genomes of animals, plant and fungi currently available.
As shown in Figure Figure3,3, the remarkable homogeneity in r-protein composition observed within the eukaryotic 'crown' group is far from being verified in the E.cuniculi genome. Discarding the L41e (see above), four proteins are absent in E.cuniculi: the strictly eukaryotic S21e and L28e proteins and the L14e and L38e found in Eucarya and in some—but not all—Archaea. It is notable that the r-proteins encoded by all archaeal genomes are also preserved within all the eukaryotic genomes while r-proteins exhibiting a heterogeneous distribution within Eucarya are absent either in all archaeal genomes (such as the S21e and L28e) or in some of them (such as the L14e and L38e). As both the L14e and L38e genes have been detected in deeply branched Archaea, it seems likely that the ancestral genes have been secondarily lost in the Encephalitozoon lineage. The case of the L28e gene (also absent in S.cerevisiae) and of the S21e gene is more controversial since, both of them being eukaryotic specific, we could not infer their presence in the common ancestor of eukaryotes. However, the absence of the L28e gene at least in S.cerevisiae may result from a gene loss since the L28e gene is present in the Euglenozoa branch that diverged earlier than Fungi.
Our investigation of the complete genomes from 66 different species allows us to gain insight into the conservation of r-proteins across the three primary domains of life and within each of them. Regarding the inter-domain distribution, 32 r-proteins are strictly conserved in all the bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic studied genomes (BAE set) in agreement with structural comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes (10) which demonstrates the preservation of the core and global shape of ribosome. The high number of r-proteins conserved in all species of the wide phylogenetic range covered confirms the prevalence of r-proteins within the universal pool that may be present in the last universal common ancestor (63,64).
The distribution of the other r-proteins shows a profound rupture in the protein component of the bacterial ribosome as opposed to the archaeal and eukaryotic ones. No r-proteins are specific to Bacteria and Eucarya (BE) or to Bacteria and Archaea (BA) while 33 are common to Archaea and Eucarya (AE) and 23 r-proteins are bacterial specific (B). Even if we cannot exclude that some of the proteins of the B and AE sets have in fact the same ancestral origin but have diverged beyond recognition, the importance of the two sets testifies to a specialization of bacterial versus archaeal/eukaryotic ribosomes. An appealing hypothesis is that the B and AE proteins are involved in the folding of lineage-specific rRNA extensions shown by comparison of rRNA sequences (65). However, some of these r-proteins could also interact with domain-specific translation factors or be implicated in extra-ribosomal functions as frequently observed for r-proteins (66).
The intra-domain distribution of r-proteins shows unforeseen differences between the three domains of life. In Bacteria, a relatively simple picture of conservation emerges since only four proteins are lost in the wide collection of bacterial species investigated in our study. Gene losses are restricted to a small number of divergent species or genera suggesting that gene disruptions occurred independently in these lineages. From a physiological point of view, there is a bias toward losses in intracellular pathogens with M.genitalium and M.pneumoniae lacking three of the four dispensable proteins. In addition to these losses, some small r-proteins are found in a restricted number of bacteria such as the Thx protein in Thermus species. It is therefore possible that additional r-proteins limited to a small phylogenetic spectrum are still unknown and could lead to a slightly more diverse picture of the bacterial ribosome than expected.
The distribution of r-proteins appears more complex in Eucarya and Archaea and reveals intricate evolutionary relationships between the two domains. In Eucarya, we observe a remarkable conservation of r-proteins in all investigated genomes except in E.cuniculi that lacks at least four proteins. The homogeneous distribution of r-proteins in representatives of the eukaryotic crown group is noteworthy since rRNA exhibit numerous taxon-specific insertions in these groups (67,68). Interpretation of gene absences in Microsporidia is complicated by both their intracellular parasitic lifestyle and their uncertain phylogenetic position but gene absences appear directly correlated to the extremely small size of the rRNA which is reduced to the universal core in this species (69). The amitochondriate Microsporidia were first considered as one of the most basal eukaryotic lineages (70,71) which diverged before the endosymbiotic event that led to mitochondria. According to this evolutionary scenario, the small size of rRNA and the absence of certain r-protein genes in E.cuniculi could be considered as primitive characters. The appearance of eukaryotic-specific proteins after the emergence of the Microsporidia would be a trace of the eukaryotic ribosome enrichment in proteins in the course of evolution. However, according to a growing number of studies (reviewed in 72), Microsporidia may be atypical fungi that secondarily lost mitochondria. If this later origin is confirmed, the reduction of rRNA size and the loss of some r-proteins would participate in the general process of genome compaction revealed by the genomic sequence (73) which is probably linked to its intracellular parasitic lifestyle.
In Archaea, the pattern of r-protein conservation differs dramatically from those observed in Bacteria and Eucarya. In the archaeal domain, losses include 10 r-proteins while only four proteins appear dispensable in each of the two other domains, revealing a higher than expected plasticity in the archaeal ribosome. Moreover, the losses cannot be explained by an intracellular lifestyle as in the case of eukaryotes and, to a lesser extent, bacteria, since all archaeal species considered in our study are free-living organisms. On the contrary, the pattern of gene losses indicates a progressive elimination of r-protein genes in the course of archaeal evolution, with the deeply branched Crenarchaeota exhibiting up to 10 r-proteins more than the latest divergent representatives of Euryarchaeota. This ribosome 'striptease' is, to our knowledge, the first tangible example of reductive evolution observed at a primary domain scale. It is all the more remarkable since informational proteins involved in a macromolecular complex are concerned. The subsequent question is why these r-protein genes have been lost. One could imagine that the loss of r-proteins is functionally and/or structurally compensated by a rRNA enlargement. The inverse mechanism has been proposed in the case of mammalian mitochondrial ribosome where the deficit of rRNA relative to the bacterial one is balanced by a protein enrichment (74). However, the situation seems more complex in Archaea since there is no indication of an rRNA shortening between the deeply branch Crenarchaeota and the later diverging Euryarchaeota. Thus, the ribosome of a Crenarchaeota, like A.pernix, may be a rich target for structural studies aimed at understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying the reductive evolution process.
From an evolutionary perspective, our results lead to troublesome conclusions. On one hand, it seems that, with the exception of LXa, the full complement of archaeal r-proteins was present at an early stage of evolution, i.e. in the cenancestor of Archaea and Eucarya and was progressively eroded. This is in agreement with the eukaryotic-rooting tree (75,76) which proposes that prokaryotes would have evolved by simplification of an ancestral eukaryotic-like genome. On the other hand, the clear-cut opposition between bacterial and archaeal/eukaryotic r-protein complements is in agreement with the bacterial-rooting tree (77) or the symbiosis hypothesis (discussed in 78) which both explain the close relationships observed between Archaea and Eucarya. It even suggests that the ribosome specialization has been constitutive of the segregation of the bacterial lineage from the cenancestor(s) of Archaea and Eucarya, in agreement with Woese's proposal that the translation apparatus 'crystallizes' first. Faced with these two opposite evolutionary scenarios, genome sequencing of early branching representatives of the three domains and comparative analyses of other macromolecular complexes will be essential in deciding whether the reductive evolution is a special trait of archaeal ribosomes or whether it constitutes a general trend in prokaryote evolution.
Supplementary Material is available at NAR Online.
We wish to acknowledge Marat Yusupov and Gula Yusupova for helpful discussions. We thank Julie Thompson, Frederic Plewniak and Claudine Mayer for a critical reading of the manuscript and their assistance during this work. This work was supported by institute funds from CNRS, INSERM, the Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg and the Fond de Recherche Hoechst Marion Roussel (Aventis Pharma FRHMR1-9728).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The Meaning of UAV
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