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New Jersey Superior Court, Law Division
Decided: August 30, 1988.
ELIZABETH CHILDS AND GWENDOLYN SMITH, PLAINTIFFS,v.ESSEX COUNTY DIVISION OF WELFARE, DEFENDANT
Villanueva, J.s.c.
[236 NJSuper Page 130]
After welfare recipients' attorney received settlement proceeds for clients' personal injury law suits, which proceedings were concealed from the welfare agency so that no agreements to repay existed, this declaratory judgment action was commenced seeking to have the agency's claims for recoupment limited to the amount of assistance paid on behalf of plaintiffs as if their children had not been included in the eligible family unit.
Plaintiffs move for summary judgment: (1) to compel the welfare agency to recompute the amounts owed to it as if plaintiffs' children had not been included in the eligible family unit and (2) to declare that, in any event, the agency has no lien on the proceeds of plaintiffs' personal injury recoveries.
The issues are: (1) whether recoupment of assistance provided by a county welfare agency (CWA) under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act (AFDC), N.J.S.A. 44:10-1 et seq., is limited to the amount of assistance received by the parentalone as if his/her children had not been included in the eligible family unit, or is it based upon the assistance to the whole eligible family unit; and (2) whether a CWA has a lien on a tort action of a welfare recipient when he/she withholds pertinent information about it and, as a result thereof, does not sign a valid agreement to repay.
The court holds that a CWA's claim for recoupment is limited to the amount of assistance paid on behalf of a parent as if his/her child had not been included in the eligible family unit. Therefore, plaintiffs must repay, from the net proceeds of their tort actions, the assistance granted to them by the CWA, regardless of whether the agency has a lien.
Finding of Facts Regarding Elizabeth Childs.
Plaintiff, Elizabeth Childs, was injured in an automobile accident on January 29, 1985. Thereafter, she retained the services of the law firm of Konray and Kerekes. By complaint
[236 NJSuper Page 131]
dated October 25, 1985, plaintiff sued Earl Campbell and other defendants in the Superior Court of New Jersey for personal injuries.
At all times pertinent to the personal injury matter, plaintiff was a recipient of public assistance for her four dependent children(ages 5, 9, 10 & 13) under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act, N.J.S.A. 44:10-1 et seq., from defendant Essex County Division of Welfare (hereinafter "agency"). Plaintiff never informed the agency that she had been in an accident, that she had retained an attorney or that she had filed a complaint for damages.
Sometime in late May 1986, the agency discovered, through a search of Essex County court records that plaintiff had filed the said action. Confronted by her caseworker with this discovery on or about June 12, 1986, plaintiff was asked to sign an agreement to repay, but she refused, upon her attorney's advice. Consequently, she was discharged from public assistance effective July 1, 1986. From the date of the accident through the date of discharge, Elizabeth Childs received assistance in the amount of $8,817, which the agency seeks to recover.
The agency claims a lien of $8,817, which is in excess of the proceeds of the settlement of her personal injury case being held in trust by her attorneys, i.e., $6,146.
Finding of Facts Regarding Gwendolyn Smith.
Plaintiff, Gwendolyn Smith, was injured in an automobile accident on October 16, 1984. Thereafter, she retained the services of the law firm of Konray and Kerekes. By complaint dated October 2, 1986, plaintiff sued New Jersey Transit Bus Operations, Inc. in the Superior Court of New Jersey for personal injuries.
At all times pertinent to the personal injury action, plaintiff was a recipient of public assistance for her dependent son (age 14), under the aid to families with dependent children program.
[236 NJSuper Page 132]
The agency contends that plaintiff never informed it of the accident, that she had retained an attorney or that she had filed a complaint for damages. In late November 1986, the agency alleges that it discovered, through a search of Essex County court records, that plaintiff had filed the said action. The agency calculated the amount of assistance granted to Gwendolyn Smith from October 16, 1984 to November 14, 1986. A separate slip of paper, with the name of Konray and Kerekes shown thereon, was in the agency's records, without indicating how or when the name was obtained. It is unnecessary for the court to determine whether the agency learned of plaintiff's lawsuit from its search of court records or through notice from plaintiff's attorney. Nonetheless, the agency never requested Gwendolyn Smith to sign an agreement to repay.
Gwendolyn Smith's welfare benefits were ordered terminated August 13, 1987, because, as of December 1986, when her son was removed from her custody, she no longer had an eligible child in her household. From the date of her accident through the date of discharge from public assistance, plaintiff received public assistance in the amount of $9,816. From December 1986 through August 1987, the plaintiff received public assistance in the amount of $2,793 and food stamps in the amount of $1,170. Finally, during the month of October 1986, plaintiff had earnings of $880 from her employment with the Newark Board of Education, which she did not report to the agency. Therefore, she received $4,843, which she clearly was not entitled to receive.
The agency claims a lien of $9,816, which is in excess of the gross amount of the settlement of $9,330 that Gwendolyn Smith received for her personal injury case, which includes an unpaid lien of her treating doctor in the amount of $2,330.
Eligibility for Aid to Dependent Children & Agency's Right to Recoup the Assistance Granted.
Under the AFDC, adopted in New Jersey in 1959, N.J.S.A. 44:10-1 et seq., the county welfare boards administer the program
[236 NJSuper Page 133]
subject to the supervision of the Department of Human Services (formerly the Department of Institutions and Agencies), which has adopted general policies, rules and regulations for carrying out the purposes of the act. Redding v. Burlington Cty. Welfare Bd., 65 N.J. 439, 442 (1974).
Eligible dependent children and the parent or parents or relative with whom they are living are entitled to financial assistance and other services from the county welfare agency (CWA) of the county in which they reside. N.J.S.A. 44:10-2. Each CWA charged with the administration of the AFDC program has the duty to take into consideration all of the income and resources of the dependent child and of the parent, parents, or other relatives with whom the child is living when determining eligibility for financial assistance. N.J.S.A. 44:10-3. Similarly, welfare recipients have the duty in their initial applications, as well as in subsequent recertifications for continuing eligibility, to keep the agency abreast of changes in household members, income, resources, potential resources, or anything which may affect eligibility. N.J.A.C. 10:81-5.1. Such information must be recorded on the application for public assistance. N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.6.
Welfare applicants and recipients are in all instances the primary source of information about themselves and their families; hence, a certain degree of a client's candor must accompany each application or recertification. Since it is the responsibility of the agency to determine eligibility and to secure verification from secondary sources, applicants and recipients must help select the most likely sources for corroboration of essential eligibility information. If the applicant is unwilling to make the necessary inquiries or to secure the required information from such sources themselves, the CWA cannot grant assistance. N.J.A.C. 10:81-1.5, -3.3. The agency is required to determine from the applicant whether there is a pending claim against any individual, group or agency on behalf of any member of the eligible unit. If such a non-exempt claim exists,
[236 NJSuper Page 134]
the applicant is required to execute an agreement to repay before a welfare grant may be given. N.J.A.C. 10:81-2.12.
The statute creating the repayment obligation of a welfare recipient states, in pertinent part:
Whenever any parent or relative with whom a child is living applies for or is receiving assistance for such child pursuant to this act, and it appears that there is pending entitlement to a payment to the child or to either or both his parents of funds arising from a claim or interest legally or equitably owned by such child or by either or both his parents, other than that portion of a personal injury award which a court specifically awards to a child to make him whole as a result of an injury, the county welfare agency may, as a condition of eligibility or continuation of eligibility for such assistance, require such parent or parents, or relative, to execute a written promise to repay, from the funds anticipated, the amount of assistance to be granted from the date of entitlement to such payment. Upon any refusal to make repayment, including refusal by any person acting for or on behalf of such parent or parents, or relative, in accordance with such promise, the county welfare agency may take all necessary and proper action under the laws of this state to enforce such promise, and the granting or continuing of assistance, as the case may be, shall be deemed due consideration therefor . . . . [ N.J.S.A. 44:10-4(a)]
Under N.J.S.A. 44:10-4(a), parents or relatives who, like plaintiffs herein, receive public assistance for children living with them, may be required, as a condition of their continued eligibility, to agree to repay, from the settlement of certain legal claims or interests, the assistance granted by the county welfare agency from the date of their entitlement to such claims or interest. However, this provision does not preclude the recovery of such funds in the absence of an agreement to repay.
N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(e) specifies the circumstances whereby recovery may be had from a welfare recipient in the absence of an agreement to repay. Those circumstances include: (1) where an agreement to repay does not exist solely because of the applicant/client's withholding of information; or (2) any instance in which an agreement to repay would have been applicable but closure of the case precluded delivery of the agreement. When a client has received payments that, for any reason other than the client's withholding of information, are not covered by a repayment agreement, the CWA cannot pursue
[236 NJSuper Page 135]
a claim for repayment, but can reevaluate a client's current eligibility. N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(e)3. In this case, the agency contends that plaintiffs continually refused to cooperate and to notify it promptly of the resource.
The Department of Human Services, which has the greater financial and administrative interest in the AFDC program,*fn1 agrees that, in the absence of "peculiar facts," the above is the correct interpretation of its regulation.
Plaintiff Elizabeth Childs' Case.
In the case of plaintiff, Elizabeth Childs, the agency was unable to determine if a pending claim existed, at least until it discovered the litigation through its own efforts 16 months later. On plaintiff's reapplication for public assistance, dated November 20, 1985, item 35 asks: "Do You or Anyone Making Application Have Any Pending Claims, Such as Lawsuits, Divorce Settlement, Inheritance, Accident Claim, Sale of Property or Does Anyone Owe You Money?" In the space directly underneath this question, plaintiff checked "No," notwithstanding that her complaint had been filed one month earlier. In addition, another paragraph states: "I (we) agree to let the County Welfare Agency know immediately of any change in living conditions, family situation or money received from any source." (See Your Rights and Responsibilities; emphasis in original).
Finally, just above plaintiff's signature reads: "I (we) Elizabeth Childs attest that I (we) have read and agree to these statements and fully realize that the County Welfare Agency relies upon the truth and accuracy of my (our) statements."
Unquestionably, plaintiff withheld the information until confronted by the agency in June 1986, at which time the agency asked her to sign an agreement to repay. When
[236 NJSuper Page 136]
plaintiff refused, she was appropriately discharged from assistance. N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41 governs a situation where a welfare recipient withholds information about potential sources of money available to the recipient and permits recovery of welfare funds in the absence of an agreement to repay. It states, in pertinent part:
(e) Rules when valid Agreement to Repay does not exist are:
1. Upon liquidation of a resource for which a valid Agreement to Repay does not exist solely by reason of the applicant/client's withholding of information about the matter, the CWA shall pursue collection activity as in this section, indicating to those concerned including the courts, that except for the client's withholding of information, a valid agreement would have existed or the assistance would not have been granted.
The essential facts of the case regarding Elizabeth Childs are similar to the case of Terry v. Harris, 175 N.J. Super. 482 (Law Div.1980), where, as here, a welfare recipient withheld pertinent information about a resource from the agency. In construing the above-cited regulation, this court held:
In order to treat a situation where no agreement has been signed by a welfare recipient to repay welfare funds as if such an agreement, in fact, did exist, it must be shown that the recipient withheld information regarding other sources of money available to the recipient and, as a result thereof, a valid agreement would have existed or assistance would not have been granted. [at 494-495]
This court held that in light of the client's withholding of information, the agency, pursuant to the regulation, could recover the welfare funds expended while the client's claim was pending. Similarly, Elizabeth Childs also withheld the pertinent information, and when she refused to execute an agreement to repay, her assistance was terminated due to her refusal to cooperate. The agency's action in terminating assistance satisfies all criteria allowing recovery pursuant to the regulation.
The agency's claim relates back to the date of the accident giving rise to the potential resource. Brinkley v. LaRoche, 178 N.J. Super. 243 (App.Div.1981); Reed v. Slaughter, 110 N.J. 480, 488 (1988) (Handler, J., dissenting); N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(a).
Plaintiff Gwendolyn Smith's Case.
Plaintiff, Gwendolyn Smith also withheld information about her pending accident claim. In the application for public
[236 NJSuper Page 137]
assistance, dated October 8, 1986, Gwendolyn Smith was asked: "Does anyone in the applicant household have any pending claims such as lawsuits, divorce settlements, inheritance, accident claims, sale of property or other claims or does anyone owe you money? YES NO EXPLAIN:" In the space below, plaintiff indicated "None," notwithstanding that her complaint had been filed on October 2, 1986. Similarly, on a subsequent reapplication for assistance dated March 23, 1987, the same question was asked of plaintiff and again she answered in the negative.
The agency discovered the lawsuit through its own efforts in November 1986, but plaintiff continued to remain on public assistance until August 11, 1987. Inexplicably, no agreement to repay exists. There is no proof that plaintiff was ever requested to execute an agreement to repay. Since, however, she withheld the information from her caseworker on two occasions, and continued to receive benefits until later, when in an administrative hearing, she was determined to be ineligible, she should not benefit, even though the agency did not request the agreement after she was otherwise ineligible. Plaintiff was ineligible for public assistance from December 1986 through August 1987, and federal and state law requires that welfare benefits and food stamp coupons issued improperly be reimbursed.
In an administrative hearing in the Office of Administrative Law on July 22, 1987, Gwendolyn Smith was determined to be ineligible for public assistance as she no longer had an eligible child in her household as of December 1986. The period of ineligibility is retroactive to December 1986, notwithstanding that plaintiff continued to receive public assistance while the administrative proceeding was pending.*fn2
[236 NJSuper Page 138]
In addition, Gwendolyn Smith's son, Charles Smith was not only being cared for by Smith's sister as of February 24, 1987, but the sister also began receiving assistance for the same individual, Charles Smith, beginning June 1, 1987. What occurred then, from June 1, 1987 through August 1987, was a duplication of public assistance, which is strictly forbidden. N.J.A.C. 10:81-1.10. Despite the fact that since December 1986, Gwendolyn Smith no longer exercised any physical custody or care for her child, she continued to apply for public assistance for that child, as evidenced by her March 13, 1987 application.
As Gwendolyn Smith did not have a "needy" or "eligible" child residing with her as defined by 42 U.S.C.A. § 601 et seq., N.J.S.A. 44:10-1 et seq., and administrative regulations which specifically define the AFDC eligible family unit, N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.8, -3.9, 10:82-1.3, -1.4, there was no eligibility for public assistance under the AFDC program as of December 1986. Accordingly, she was overpaid $2,793. The provision requiring the monies to be recovered by a CWA is N.J.A.C. 10:82-2.19. Subsection (a) reads:
Overpayments: Overpayment means a financial assistance payment received by or for an eligible unit for the payment month which exceeds the amount for which that unit was eligible. Upon discovery of an overpayment, the CWA shall take all reasonable steps necessary to promptly correct any overpayment as outlined in (a) of this section. The CWA shall seek recovery of all overpayments regardless of fault, including overpayment caused by administrative action or inaction and overpayments resulting from assistance paid pending hearing decisions.
1. Determine the amount of overpayment:
i. The amount of overpayment shall be the amount of assistance received during the period of overpayment less the amount of assistance which should have been received.
Subsections (4) and (8) define how the recovery is to be accomplished:
[236 NJSuper Page 139]
4. Recovery may be accomplished by securing repayment from the existing income and resources of the eligible unit, by reducing the assistance payable to the eligible unit, by suspending assistance to an eligible unit subject to monthly reporting, or by securing repayment through court action, if necessary.
8. Overpayments to an eligible unit, all members of which are no longer receiving AFDC, shall be recovered by the CWA through a court of appropriate jurisdiction if the family does not voluntarily repay the overpayment . . . . [Emphasis supplied]
The above-cited subsections require the CWA to pursue collection through the courts, and the appropriate construction of subsection (4) allows the CWA to seek recovery of the over-payments from a plaintiff's personal injury settlement.
The agency also discovered that Gwendolyn Smith had worked during the month of October 1986 and failed to report those earnings to it. In the case of timely reporting of earned income a client normally would be entitled to have a certain portion of that income disregarded and, therefore, not budgeted for purposes of calculating the amount of the monthly assistance grant. N.J.S.A. 10:82-4.4. However, where the client either fails to report or makes no timely reporting of earned income from employment, he/she is not entitled to have any income disregarded in the case of an overpayment. N.J.A.C. 10:82-2.19(a)1i(1), -4.4. Without the benefit of any disregarded income, the entire amount of income for the month of October 1986, i.e., $880, is recoverable.
Each and every eligible AFDC assistance household is granted an allotment of food stamps issued by the United States Department of Agriculture pursuant to 7 U.S.C.A., § 2001 et seq. Agency records reveal that Smith's allotment for the period of December 1986 through August 1987 was $117 a month. Since she had a change in her household membership rendering her ineligible for AFDC assistance, Smith was likewise ineligible for food stamps or otherwise eligible at a reduced amount.
[236 NJSuper Page 140]
If there is a change in household composition, a CWA must seek reimbursement for an overissuance of food coupons.
(a) If a change in household membership occurs, the CWA shall initiate collection action against any or all of the adult members of a household at the time an overissuance occurred. If a change in household composition occurs, CWAs may pursue collection action against any household which has a member who was an adult member of the household that received the overissuance. The CWA may also offset the amount of the claim against restored benefits owed to any household which contains a member who was an adult member of the original household at the time the overissuance occurred. Under no circumstances shall the CWA collect more than the amount of the claim. [ N.J.A.C. 10:87-11.28]
Further, N.J.A.C. 10:87-11.2 states:
(a) For purposes of determining whether or not a person has committed an intentional program violation, intentional program violations shall consist of having intentionally:
1. Made a false or misleading statement or misrepresented, concealed or withheld facts . . . .
As Gwendolyn Smith withheld information about the change in her household, N.J.A.C. 10:87-11.2, thereby rendering her ineligible for food coupons or eligible for a reduced amount, the remaining amounts owed must be repaid.*fn3
CWA has no discretion whatsoever with regard to seeking recovery of overpayments of public assistance funds or overissuances of food coupons. The foregoing recovery provisions are mandatory. Under the AFDC program, federal financial participation can be jeopardized for failure of states diligently to seek recovery of monies paid out in excess of what is mandated. 45 C.F.R. § 205. Similarly, under the totally federally-fundedfood stamp program, states are subject to severe sanctions, not merely state reduction of participation in the program, but state liability for overissuance of coupons, should a state fail to recover or make good faith efforts to recover. 7 C.F.R. §§ 275, 276. The court is mindful of the severe sanctions
[236 NJSuper Page 141]
contained in the penalty section of the AFDC application, of which a welfare client is given notice, in the event of failure to report changes in his/her household or otherwise conceals facts from the agency.
As the agency is obligated to seek recovery of overpayments of AFDC assistance and food stamp coupons, plaintiff is liable for said overpayments.
The Agency Must Recompute its Claims Limited to the Assistance Given for Plaintiffs Alone Plus Money Illegally Obtained.
Relying on N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41, plaintiffs assert that the agency has incorrectly calculated the assistance owed to it. This regulation states, in pertinent part:
(a) Valid agreement to repay exists: Upon liquidation of a resource for which a valid Agreement to Repay exists, regardless of whether or not the persons involved are receiving assistance at the time, the CWA will evaluate the situation. Upon a showing that, by release of the funds and only by release of the funds, the household can remain off the assistance rolls indefinitely, the CWA may, with the approval of the State office, release the funds to the household. In all other instances the CWA will, subject to the special provisions below, pursue recovery of the lesser of the following amounts:
1. The amount of cash assistance granted in the AFDC program to or for the person(s) for whom the pending matter was applicable from the date of the accident or occurrence which gave rise to the settlement to the date of payment, regardless of the date of execution of the Agreement to Repay . . . .
N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(2)i adds:
The amount of assistance paid on behalf of an individual shall be the difference between the actual grant(s) received and the amount which would have been granted to the family if the child had not been included in the eligible unit. [emphasis supplied]
Plaintiffs contend that the above-quoted regulations should be construed to limit the agency's claim to the amount of funds paid on behalf of the recipient and not the funds received by the recipient for the benefit of the recipient's dependents. This interpretation is based upon the suggestion that had the regulation intended to cover only the situation where a child settles his case, then it would have been easy enough to do so simply by substituting the word "child" for the word "individual."
[236 NJSuper Page 142]
Admittedly, the language is ambiguous. The agency relies upon the language contained in an agreement to repay, prepared prior to case law and adoption of the regulation, as well as a recent interpretation of the regulation by the agency charged with the administration of the AFDC and which promulgated the subject rule, which held that the entire welfare grant is subject to recovery where the pending resource is applicable to a person legally responsible for the support of other persons eligible for and receiving assistance. The agreement to repay states what is to be repaid while the recipient awaits the liquidation of a claim or interest.
A policy letter issued June 30, 1988 to the acting county counsel of Essex County by the chief of the bureau of local operations, Department of Human Services, Division of Public Welfare, while admitting the ambiguity of the regulation, embraces the language in the agreement to repay when it states:
This is in reply to your letter of June 16, 1988 concerning the intended construction of PAM 10:81-3.41(a)2i in regard to calculation of the amount of recovery.
While we agree that the language in PAM 10:31-3.4(a)2i is ambiguous, it is not to be construed to mean that the amount subject to recovery should be reduced by the child's(ren) share of the assistance funds expended.
The intent of the recovery calculation methodology is, I believe, contained in the Agreement to Repay (PA-10D), wherein it clearly states that by signingthe PA-10D the client will be required to ". . . repay some or all of the welfare [he/she] and/or the other family members receive . . ." and that ". . . the amount to be repaid will equal the welfare paid for the persons for whose support that person is responsible."
The policy letter is the official agency interpretation of the regulation, and each CWA must adhere to its command. The practical interpretation of a statute (or regulation) by the agency which must enforce its provision is a legitimate source
[236 NJSuper Page 143]
of legislative intent. State v. Resorts International, 173 N.J. Super. 290 (App.Div.1980), Falgiatore v. Atlantic County Board of Social Services, 175 N.J. Super. 122 (Ch.Div.1980).
A state agency's interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to considerable deference, but a court need not accept the agency's interpretation if it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation. Harris v. Harris, 749 F.2d 1009 (3 Cir.1984). Presinzano v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 726 F.2d 105 (3 Cir.1984). In this case, the agency's interpretation does not reflect the intent of N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(a)2i, nor the purpose of aid to dependent children. It also would change the meaning of the word "individual" to mean "child," when the Legislature did not choose to do so. I am bound by the word it deliberately used.
The only reported opinion on this issue is one made by an administrative law judge. Mercer County Welfare Board v. Z.T., 1 N.J.A.R. 158 (Off. of Admin.Law 1980). Plaintiff made a similar challenge to N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41, alleging that, since the accident claim was solely for the adult recipient, the amount of assistance received for her children should be excluded from repayment. This argument was rejected by the administrative law judge when he stated:
The court notes that this decision by an administrative law judge predated the enactment of the critical section of N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(a)2i. In addition, this court disagrees withits reasoning and result.
Even if a valid repayment agreement exists, N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41 establishes the amount to be repaid. Recovery shall be the lesser of either: "(1) The amount of cash assistance granted in the AFDC program to or for the person(s) for whom the pending matter was applicable"; or "(2) The amount of money actually received after making . . . allowances . . . ." Subparagraph
[236 NJSuper Page 144]
(a)1 is applicable where the recipient receives an award larger than her grant. In such case, she is required to repay only the amount of assistance she actually received in her grant. Subparagraph (a)2 is applicable where the award is less than the amount of assistance she received in her grant. In such case, she is required to repay only the amount she received in the award.
Subparagraph (a)1 requires repayment of the cash assistance granted " to or for the person(s) for whom the pending matter was applicable." Emphasis supplied. This limits the agency's recovery to the amount of the grant received by the parent for the parent. Subparagraph (a)2i further defines the amount of assistance paid on behalf of an individual as "the difference between the actual grant(s) received and the amount which would have been granted to the family if the child had not been included in the eligible unit." If the CWB may recover only the grant paid "for the person(s) for whom the pending matter was applicable," and the amount of that assistance paid on behalf of that person (the parents) is "the difference between the actual grant(s) received and the amount which would have been granted to the family if the child had not been included in the eligible unit," then the amount of the grant which is subject to repayment is the parent's portion of the grant.*fn4 This interpretation is in accord with the Legislature's intent to protect and provide for children, while requiring adults who receive awards for their own injuries to repay assistance grants, and thus, not benefit from their injuries at public expense.
Although there are no New Jersey cases on point, there are several similar New York cases.
[236 NJSuper Page 145]
In a personal injury action by a passenger injured in a bus accident, the court in Moore v. Nassau County Dept. of Pub. Transp., 78 Misc. 2d 1066, 357 N.Y.S. 2d 652 (Sup.Ct.1974), approved a stipulation of the parties (leaving only the amount thereof for disposition) that the state social services department could assert a lien against the passenger's settlement in order to recover AFDC benefits granted to the passenger herself since the accident, but not to recover for AFDC assistance granted to other family members and, noting a split in the case law, adopted as more enlightened the view that an assistance lien which cuts down a person's ultimate personal injury recovery should not include amounts for aid furnished to others, even if related by blood or marriage. Accordingly, the court approved a division of the AFDC lien which reflected reimbursement only of benefits received by the passenger herself.
In another case, the court in Borsman v. Mannix, 46 A.D. 2d 885, 361 N.Y.S. 2d 694 (1974), held that a mother of six children who was injured in an automobile accident was not, within the meaning of the state lien statute, a recipient of AFDC benefits given to her for her children, but a recipient only for the amount of such benefits paid for her own assistance and care, so that the department could recover only for assistance paid to the mother for her sole benefit. The AFDC money, the court observed, was not for the mother's support but for the maintenance and care of her children, the mother serving only as the conduit through which its application to the children was administered. The court reasoned that while recovery by the department of assistance payments to a recipient injured in an accident was not limited by the statute to assistance resulting directly from the accident, the absence of such a limitation did not thereby enlarge the definition of "assistance" to include monies paid for the welfare of anyone besides the injured recipient.
Noting that the mother would not have received the benefits had there been no eligible children in her household, that she would have been subject to penal sanctions if she had diverted any part of the allowance granted for the children to her own
[236 NJSuper Page 146]
use, and that her conduct could not be used as a gauge to reduce or eliminate the benefits to which the children were entitled, the court further held that funds paid to her to compensate her for personal injuries did not provide the kind of funds that should be tapped to reimburse the department for monies paid to support and care for needy, dependent children.
The court held that the department could recover the amount of money for assistance and care paid to the mother for her sole benefit, but not the money paid for the children, and remitted the motion for a hearing and determination of the amount of money for assistance paid to the mother for her sole benefit.
Similarly, in Miller v. Smythe, 79 Misc. 2d 945, 361 N.Y.S. 2d 804 (Sup.Ct.1974), a proceeding challenging the amount of a lien asserted by the Department of Social Services against the proceeds of an AFDC recipient's pending personal injury action, the court held that the department could recapture only that proportion of assistance which had been furnished for the direct use of the recipient mother and could not include sums furnished under the program for support of three minor children, since under the aid to dependent children program, the parent is merely a custodian of funds which are to be used solely for the benefit of the child. The court rejected the department's contention that the mother's legal responsibility for her children provided a basis for asserting a lien for the amount of assistance rendered to both the mother and her children, holding that where a personal injury claim is involved, the department's right to recover was limited by the lien statute to aid directly given to a tort claimant who was the recipient of public assistance.
The object of the AFDC program is to provide aid to dependent children. Eligibility for aid is predicated on the interests of the child. Although the parent initially receives the grant, the parent is merely a custodian of funds which are to be used only for the benefit of the child. If the parent willfully misuses the allowance, the parent can be found guilty of a crime. Obviously,
[236 NJSuper Page 147]
public assistance furnished to petitioner for the sole benefit of petitioner's children is qualitatively different from the assistance furnished to her and, therefore, is not subject to recoupment. Id. 361 A.2d at 806.
These New York cases also reflect the intent of N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(a)2i.
It should be noted that, with respect to recoupment, the New York Social Services Act, § 104-b(1), mentions "recipient of public assistance" and our act refers to "amount of assistance paid on behalf of an individual."
To permit assistance money to be paid out in excess of that permitted by law would damage and destroy the AFDC program and permit a willful or an unintentional wrongdoer to receive payments not authorized by law. In the instant case, due to the failure of plaintiffs to inform the agency of the pending lawsuits and possible payments to them, the agency was unable to comply with the statute and require the parent to execute an agreement to repay. The refusal of Elizabeth Childs to sign the agreement to repay was contrary to the mandate of N.J.S.A. 44:10-4(a) and the regulations of the State Division of Public Welfare.
Unlike Reed v. Slaughter, 110 N.J. 480 (1988), this case does not involve an administrative oversight of a welfare agency that failed to obtain a written agreement to repay AFDC benefits from a pending tort claim (except for a part of November 1986 in the case of Gwendolyn Smith). It is irrelevant whether a welfare recipient refuses to sign a written agreement to repay (as in the Childs case) or receives assistance through continued misrepresentations as to her resources without a request from the welfare agency to obtain a repayment agreement (as in the Smith case). The welfare agency could not seek an agreement to repay unless it knew the source from which it would be reimbursed. Gwendolyn Smith was also ineligible to receive assistance from December 1986, when
[236 NJSuper Page 148]
her son was removed from the household, although the agency learned of her lawsuit only a week or two earlier.
Plaintiffs, by withholding information from the agency and thus preventing it from obtaining agreements to repay pending claims due plaintiffs caused an improper payment of public assistance, contrary to law and regulations of the State of New Jersey charged with the administration of the AFDC program.
In light of the foregoing statute and regulations implementing same, there is no logical reason to excuse a welfare recipient who refuses, willfully or otherwise, to disclose a pending lawsuit, from having to repay welfare assistance, whereas those welfare recipients who comply with the spirit and intent of the AFDC program are penalized because, when they do so, they are required to sign an agreement to repay or their assistance is terminated. Terry v. Harris, supra, 175 N.J. Super. at 498.
Since plaintiffs withheld pertinent information about a pending resource from defendant, the agency may recoup the assistance granted.
Therefore, Elizabeth Childs owes the agency for the welfare assistance granted to her and for her alone from January 29, 1985 to July 1, 1986. Gwendolyn Smith owes the agency for the welfare assistance granted to her and for her alone from October 16, 1984 to August 31, 1987, plus $880 for her earnings in October 1986 and the amount of food coupons*fn5 that she obtained illegally.
Plaintiffs Must Turn Over Their Tort Action Proceeds to the Agency.
Plaintiffs contend that, in the absence of an executed agreement to repay, the agency does not have a lien upon their
[236 NJSuper Page 149]
tort actions, regardless of whether plaintiffs have a duty to repay welfare assistance.
Nothing in the statute (N.J.S.A. 44:10-4) creates a lien upon funds of a welfare recipient. Likewise, nothing in the rules and regulations addresses whether there is a lien. Plaintiffs contend that if the Legislature had intended to allow welfare liens, it would have done so as it did in the Medicaid provisions (N.J.S.A. 30:4D-7.1).
Some states, however, have created a statutory lien. See Title 6 of New York Social Services Law, § 104-b.
Since this is a declaratory action and all parties claiming an interest in the fund must be joined, N.J.S.A. 2A:16-56, the court need not determine whether the agency has an equitable lien since the only interested parties, plaintiffs and defendant, are before the court.
This action is more in the nature of interpleader except the stakeholder herein (plaintiffs' attorney) has a further obligation -- to prevent his clients from defrauding the agency, R.P.C. 1.6., and could be personally liable if he breached this obligation. This is obviously why he brought this action. He was aware of the welfare claims or liens because he told Elizabeth Childs not to sign an agreement to repay on June 12, 1986 and was in contact with the agency about Gwendolyn Smith's welfare assistance in November 1986.
The administrative code provision designed to implement N.J.S.A. 44:10-4(a), relied upon by the agency, permits a welfare agency to pursue collection activity by indicating to those concerned, including the courts, "that except for the client's withholding of information, a valid agreement would have existed or the assistance would not have been granted." N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(e)(1).
Plaintiffs, by withholding information from the agency about pending payments to them, prevented the agency from obtaining an executed agreement to repay from the funds anticipated, not only resulting in an improper payment of public assistance
[236 NJSuper Page 150]
but also causing an unjust enrichment to plaintiffs because of their misrepresentations. The court finds that, but for such misrepresentations, a valid agreement to repay would have existed or assistance would not have been granted.
The real question is whether a welfare recipient who withholds from the welfare agency, before and while receiving welfare assistance, pertinent information about a pending tort action, thereby not being requested to sign an agreement to repay, can retain the proceeds of the tort action and not turn them over to the welfare agency, which would have been entitled to them had he/she signed the agreement. The answer is that in equity and good conscience he/she should not be permitted to do so.
Plaintiffs have frustrated the underlying raison d'etre of agreements to repay, which is the restitution of public money paid to welfare recipients.
The purpose of the statute (N.J.S.A. 44:10-4) creating the repayment obligation of a welfare recipient is to require a person, supported by welfare monies, during a time of anticipated but unrealized income, to treat the assistance monies as a loan which must be repaid when the income is realized. The arrangement satisfies the need of the welfare recipient while protecting the public treasury. Falgiatore v. Atlantic County Board of Social Services, supra, 175 N.J. Super. at 126. Equity regards that as done which ought to be done. 30 C.J.S., Equity, § 106. The court will treat the situation as if a valid agreement to repay exists, just as N.J.A.C. 10:81-3.41(e)(1) states.
Therefore, plaintiffs must repay (the assistance they received for themselves and the other illegally-obtained funds) the agency from the net proceeds*fn6 of their tort actions being held by their attorney. This will result in the disgorging of their illegally-obtained welfare assistance.
The agency shall recompute the amount of its claims.
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25 May 2010, Tuesday, 16:33
author: Ulay Magsumov
The Bashkir publishing house "KITAP" by Zainab Biisheva has issued the Muslim calendar-2011. The calendar gives the time for the fivefold Mohammedan prayer, obligatory for all Muslims, the dates of all Muslim feasts and includes the articles about Muslim system of chronology, and the prayers in Arab language with the transcription into Bashkir for easier understanding.
The calendar is prepared with the assistance of the Chairman of the Clerical Muslim Dept RB, Mufti Nurmukhamet Nigmatullin.


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St. Hildas
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The Center for the Partially Sighted The Center for the Partially Sighted
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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from essay:
Armstrong's findings additionally relate that due to previous research and the influence of perinatal loss on postpartum depression on partnered relationships. Armstrong states that differences in continued psychological stress between mothers and fathers after a subsequent birth is another area requiring further evaluation. Specifically stated is that it is necessary to evaluate "...the strength of partnered relationships during future childbearing experiences is important to identify any potential influence of the loss on couple, as well as family, outcomes. Understanding possible gender differences may help neonatal nurses and other healthcare providers to recognize couples at risk for discord." (2007)
Neonatal nurses are those who work closely with infants and parents and in the best position to make identification of depression and to pose questions about the individuals symptoms including:
1) mood;
2) appetite;
3) energy or fatigue levels;
4) ability to concentrate; and 5) as well the neonatal nurse is in the unique position to counsel with the parents. (Armstrong, 2007)
The healthcare provider should not hold an expectation that parents will offer up this information or ask for assistance but should encourage neonatal nurses to ask questions and to assess the psychological needs of parents experiencing perinatal loss including parents who are becoming parents to a healthy newborn since the impact of perinatal loss is many times ongoing and continues to contribute negatively to the parent's psychological state of mind. Armstrong specifically states that neonatal nurses comprehend the necessity to "...assess adaptation to parenthood and continued psychological distress for both parents in the weeks after birth. Neonatal nurses working with these families should be aware of the potential for continued psychological distress after the birth of a healthy infant and educate parents about this possibility." (2007)
The work of Gold, Dalton, and Schwenk (2007) entitled: "Hospital Care for Patients After Perinatal Death" reports a systematic review of the experiences of parents with hospital care following perinatal loss. The study reports having evaluated in excess of 1,100 articles from 1966 to 2006 in order to identify studies of fetal death occurring the second or third trimester as well as neonatal death during the first month of life. The studies were limited to English studies evaluating care in United States hospitals and those containing direct data or opinions of parents. Results reported by Gold, Dalton and Schwenk (2007) are reported to be compiled in regards to five aspects of care recommended including the following:
1) obtaining photographs and memorabilia of the deceased infant, 2) seeing and holding the infant, 3) labor and delivery of the child, 4) autopsies, and 5) options for funerals or memorial services. (Gold, Dalton and Schwenk, 2007)
Gold, Dalton and Schwenk note that before the decade of the 1970s "parents were typically not allowed to see or hold their deceased babies. In the last 30 years, psychology experts have led the way in recommending that parents have more contact with their deceased infants and commemorate the deaths. Several national guidelines have been published with recommendations for hospital care after perinatal or neonatal death.9-11 However, the recommendations differ significantly in scope and focus, and there is little understanding of whether such policies are used in practice, how parents feel about the interventions, and whether certain interventions could be changed to better reflect the real-world preferences and experiences of bereaved parents." (2007)
Gold, Dalton and Schwenk additionally state that when perinatal loss is diagnosed prior to birth the decision must be made by parents and doctors as to whether to "induce delivery right away, to delay induction for days or weeks or to wait for spontaneous labor."(2007) Another issue described as controversial is where postpartum care should take place following fetal demise. Findings state "It appears that few parents choose where to have their postpartum care; in one study, the numbers ranged from 6% to 33% of parents, depending on infant's gestational age. A common theme was that mothers who stayed on a labor and delivery unit described the exposure to healthy infants and mothers as emotionally difficult, but parents moved to general surgical or gynecology units often reported dissatisfaction with care." (2007)
Another issue was the level of pain control during delivery. Findings reported by Gold, Dalton and Schwenk include that studies state findings that holding the infant was "important to parents" and that "46% of parents with second-trimester loss, 86% of parents with third-trimester loss, and 78% of parents with neonatal loss rated holding the baby to be an essential bereavement option.19 a theme across the qualitative studies was that parents who had initially been hesitant to hold their infant later reported that holding had been a good choice and they wished they had held their baby longer or more than once. Of parents who initially declined to see or hold, many later said they probably would have accepted if they had been asked more than once." (2007) in addition it is reported that "authors of one key study found that health professionals played a key role in whether or not parents saw or held their infants." (2007) it is stated that presently it is common in the practice of hospitals to photograph infants following death and that these are generally offered to the parents and when parents decline these they are offered one more time and then placed in a file for a number of years. The study reported by Gold, Dalton and Schwenk states findings that "parents overwhelmingly found that having photographs of their infants was important to them, and across all qualitative studies, only parents without photos expressed regrets." (2007) it is also reported that findings include the fact that parents report valuing being offered burial options and that fathers were the parent most likely to discuss these options with hospital staff. Additionally stated as an emerging them from several studies that were qualitative in nature was that parents "sometimes felt they had little control over the infant's disposition after death.. Researchers described parents who had not been given a choice about a funeral, felt the hospital had whisked the infant away, or were unsure what happened to their infant's body." (2007) Gold, Dalton, and Schwenk report that often in the case of perinatal death when the infant dies before or during delivery, the cause is not clear at the time of the event." (2007) Autopsies were agreed upon by 20 to 100% of parents and two studies stated findings that 60-80% of families "were offered the option, but it is unknown whether or not they accepted." (2007) However, it is related that "a large number of parents complained that they were never given results of the autopsy, did not know they were entitled to these results, or did not know how to go about obtaining the records." (Gold, Dalton, and Schwenk, 2007) Arising from the study conducted by Gold, Dalton, and Schwenk are the following recommendations to improve hospital care following perinatal death:
Allow parents to help decide when to deliver a deceased fetus.
Provide parents the option for post delivery care on or off a maternity floor.
Be sensitive to physical pain during delivery and offer adequate pain control. Avoid over sedation when possible. Minimize use of tranquilizers as a treatment for grief.
Encourage parents to see and hold their infants for extended periods and at multiple sittings, and offer parents who initially decline additional chances later.
Take nonclinical photographs of cleaned-up infants as soon as possible after delivery. Include a photograph of multiples together even if one or more babies has died.
Collect memorabilia about the baby. If parents decline these items initially, offer them again later or hold the materials for a future time.
Discuss options for burial with both parents when possible, and allow parents to participate in the final decisions. Offer resources for financial support when available.
Ensure autopsy results are provided to parents promptly.
Educate other members of a patient's obstetric team about interventions valued by bereaved parents.
Ask other team members to perform key tasks (such as collecting memorabilia or taking pictures); this is particularly useful if the hospital does not routinely employ the intervention and if the attending physician or midwife makes the request and models sensitive care.(Gold, Dalton, and Schwenk, 2007)
The work of Hughes, Turton, Hopper and Evans (2002) entitled: "Assessment of Guidelines for Good Practice in Psychosocial Care of Mothers after Stillbirth: a Cohort Study" reports that most maternity units "have good practice protocols, advising that after stillbirth parents should be encouraged to see and hold their dead infant." The aim of the study reported by Hughes, Hopper, Turton, and Evans is to make assessment of "whether adherence to these protocols is associated with measurably beneficial effects on the psychological health of mother and next-born child." (2002) Findings in this study state that behaviors promoting contact with the infant that was stillborn "were associated with worse outcome. Women who had held their stillborn infant were more depressed than those who only…[continue]
"Perinatal Loss Support At Time" (2009, March 02) Retrieved November 28, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/perinatal-loss-support-at-time-24351
"Perinatal Loss Support At Time" 02 March 2009. Web.28 November. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/perinatal-loss-support-at-time-24351>
"Perinatal Loss Support At Time", 02 March 2009, Accessed.28 November. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/perinatal-loss-support-at-time-24351
(Allan and Bafoon, 2008, p.1) Limitations of the program were acknowledged after a study reported findings which state: "...there an awareness of hidden areas of trauma that exist in this population, such as, for instance, an awareness that most humanitarian entrant women (between 80% and 100%) have been the victims of rape and the shame associated with this mitigates against disclosure and dealing with the effects of it." (Allan
Grief Counseling Experiencing loss can have a long-term effect on a person, especially if that loss is deeply personal, such as the loss of a loved one. Grief counseling thus exists to ease a person through the grief process, which is never the same for anyone. According to Jane V. Bissler, the stages of grief have been "borrowed" from the five stages of dying, yet these are not the same at
Postpartum Depression Screening Postpartum Depression Evaluation Plan for Postpartum Depression Screening Initiative Evaluation Plan for Postpartum Depression Screening Initiative Although a number of screening and treatment programs for postpartum depression have been implemented, many of these programs have not been studied to determine efficacy (reviewed by Yawn et al., 2012b). This lack of evidence has prevented a number of agencies and organizations from issuing recommendations, including the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cesarean section rate in the United States has risen 30% and while the use of this method is in the form of a life-saving operation, cesarean section significantly increases a woman's risk morbidity mortality. This work will examine the potential risks to the mother and infant with cesarean section. The cesarean section for the United States will be examined and the rates compared to countries with much lower rates. This
Mainstream smoke is exhaled from a smoker. Some experts say that side-stream smoke can emit higher levels of toxins than mainstream smoke. In response to these new reports, the Environmental Protection Agency classified secondhand smoke as a carcinogen because of its harmful effects on the health of both adults and the children of smokers. In addition, a lot more about the harm of other substances in tobacco smoke remains
Initial tests may be culdocentesis, hematocrit, a pregnancy test, a qualitative HCG blood test, a transvaginal ultrasound or pregnancy ultrasound and a white blood count test. An ectopic pregnancy can be distinguished from a normal intrauterine pregnancy through a rise in quantitative HCG levels. Declining B-hCG levels is indicative of an ectopic pregnancy (Kulp & Barnhart 2008). AD & C, laparoscopy and laparotomy tests will confirm the diagnosis (Chen). An
In the health care practice, there are those aspects of culture that are sensitive and that the health care practitioners need to consider when making decisions related to the practice. Some of these cultural aspects are those that contradict with the principles of modern medicine. Therefore, by the practitioner having a good understanding of these sensitive aspects of culture, he/she will be able to make the appropriate decision for the


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Thea had this to say about her research:
As a student and a sci-fi fan, I believe that Marianne de Pierres' Sentients of Orion series has deeply enriched the swashbuckling space opera genre by introducing the elements of gender fluidity and gender diversity throughout. It has been my privilege to spend the last couple of years dwelling in the pages of The Sentients of Orion, examining the lives, relationships and intimacies of the characters toward completion of my D Litt et Phil with The University of South Africa. After having spent so much time with her creations, I am over the moon to finally 'meet' Marianne, and to be collaborating with her!
Thea Boshoff 2016
Not only is it wonderful to meet Thea, another feminist SF reader, but I'm particularly delighted that of all my work, she chose the Sentients of Orion to analyse. I put my heart and soul into this series, and it devoured five years of my life. I hope, in some small way, it has contributed to the conversation around gender norms. Thanks Thea, can't wait to read your thesis!
Firstly, my PhD novel, A Once and Future Past, which is a feminist time travel novel set both in the future and in 1400's France. The protagonist, Ella West, mingles with Christine de Pizan, Yolande of Aragon, and Joan of Arc.
This is followed by a family biography entitled The Lost American Prince: the splendid life of Colonel Herman Thorn. Fascinating, wonderful story.
And then The Season of Impossible Dreams a YA contemporary drama about three Australian high school students striving for basketball scholarships at US colleges.
Felix is a nerd and oddly emotional at times – as well as having weird hoarding tendencies – but he's also loyal, insanely clever and interesting. Ally isn't just gorgeous; she's adventurous, astute and self-possessed. Best of all, neither Felix or Ally have any interest in the rumours surrounding the fate of Shannon's dead best friend.
They have enough problems of their own. As Shannon moves further into their world, he begins to realise that they've got things going on that make his problems look tame. And Ally is afraid that if they don't tackle the "issue", it will grow into something that none of them can control.
Rat City is the debut Young Adult novel of Brisbane author, Ree Kimberley. As always, it's lovely to read a local author. While Rat City isn't specifically set in Brisbane, the novel does have a familiar Australian feel in the way characters speak and their interactions.
The novel plays with quite a few genres, most notably horror, sci-fi, romance and mystery. For me, the mystery side was a little lacking but the sci-fi and romance plot-lines are solid. It's refreshing that Shannon doesn't immediately drop everything to please Ally. That when she starts seriously considering breaking the law, he's not willing to go along with it.
In the novel, Rat City is what Ally and Felix call their uncle's dilapidated, rat-infested mansion. Considering the book title and the way the characters talk about the place, I was expecting that when the place made a proper appearance in the novel, it would be overwhelming. The atmospheric build up to Shannon's foray into Rat City is done well. It makes the place seem dark and threatening. Not much of the novel takes place in Rat City though, and I think that this is quite a missed opportunity.
I adore rats, so the fact that the plot revolves around their intellect and resilience is a highlight. Their behavioural quirks are only touched on in Rat City, so hopefully it's something that will be further explored in future novels.
While this is a Young Adult read, it's certainly suitable for more advanced middle grade readers. It leaves the door wide open for a sequel, but doesn't end on a cliff-hanger. With the crossed genres, this is sure to appeal to a wide variety of readers, so anyone looking for a new series should give this a go.
Rat City – Ree Kimberley
Pronoun Books (2016)
The link directly below is the black and white preview of Acheron comic issue #1 for you and your readers to enjoy, please feel free to share. The actual final comic will be in full colour. Also the last link is where fans can preorder all 4 comic issues and see the release dates.
Black and White Acheron Issue #1 Preview
Preorder Acheron comic issues 1-4
Wow! Aren't they amazing!
And… here's a sneak peek of a panel of the Jester from Michael J. Sullivan's Riyria featuring Hadrian and Royce, enjoy and please feel free to share!]]>
On top of that, the mangled bodies of Sirens are falling from the sky; some strange new beast is decimating civilians – Weyrd and human alike – and it looks as though a plot against the rulers of the Weyrd world is in play.
Vigil is Angela Slatter's first novel. Set in Brisbane, it follows Verity Fassbinder, a woman whose life has been a study in balancing her right to autonomy against her self-appointed vigil for her city. It's rare that I manage to find an urban fantasy set in my home city, let alone one as compelling as this.
Being more interested in the story than the packaging, I rarely comment on cover art, but here I'll make an exception. The cover of Vigil is one of the most stunning pieces that I've seen in years. Even if I were not already a fan of Slatter's work, I would have looked into this novel. It suits the story as well; atmospheric, dark and lovely.
I've loved several of Slatter's books of short stories, and was delighted when I found out that she had a novel coming out. Her writing style is unlike anything that I have come across before. She has a deft way with words that makes each line, paragraph and scene she writes say so much more than any other writer I've read. This writing style is echoed in Vigil, but the novel is very different to her other works.
The mythology in Vigil is beautiful. It may touch on Greek, Roman, Biblical and other myths, but Slatter has re-imagined the old tales in entirely new ways and then laid them over the glass, concrete, and metal fabric that is Brisbane. In many ways, it has the feel of a modern tale from the brothers Grimm, but one that is more concerned with character than with plot.
Which isn't to say that the plot is inadequate. If anything the plot is too epic for our sleepy city. It's the sort of storyline that belongs somewhere far more ancient and cultured. In this newly imagined Brisbane, however, it fits.
The characters are simply more gripping than the plot for a myriad of reasons. While they don't all have tightly woven relationships, they do slot together in their own ways as neatly as a jigsaw. The interactions are natural and immensely readable. The motivations, too. Verity's guilt for the actions of her father and her need to work at protecting the city even at risk to her own life makes her story an absorbing one.
This is a wonderful start to a new series. With richly imagined characters, setting and mythology, it is the perfect read for those who enjoy urban fantasy.
Vigil – Angela Slatter
Jo Fletcher Books (July 7, 2016)


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This Saturday, January 14, girls will be participating in the Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council Interest Project Day. The PR Interest Project is one of the featured workshops. (Sample agenda here: http://www.prsahouston.org/en/cev/?211)
We need volunteers to participate on this day in two shifts 9 a.m.- 1 p.m. and
1 p.m. - 4 p.m. to present examples of campaigns, press kits, etc. you or your firm/organization have worked on to provide ideas for the girls to apply to their own efforts.
In hopes you can volunteer for one of these shifts and/or recruit others from your firm or organization to participate, we need 10 volunteers to support this workshop with close to 20 girls. Please let us know if you can participate. We would truly appreciate your support.
Please contact Kelly Papinchak at email@example.com or 713-507-2034 if you are available.
WHAT: the Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council Interest Project Day
WHEN: Saturday, January 14 -- Either 9 a.m. - 1 p.m. OR 1 - 4 p.m.
WHERE: Girl Scout HQ on the SW freeway (3110 Southwest Freeway)-
9 a.m. - 4 p.m.
WHAT TO BRING: Examples of press kits, campaigns, campaign materials, press coverage, results, etc.
Thank you again for your continued efforts to make this program successful!
The Houston Chapter of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), is helping local Girl Scouts in the San Jacinto and South Texas Councils earn the Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) Interest Project Award in Public Relations. The Interest Project Encourages Girl Scouts ages 11-17 to learn about the public relations profession.
To earn the GSUSA Public Relations Interest Project Award, Girl Scouts are required to complete activities entitled Skill Builders where they create press kits to publicize themselves, interview public relations practitioners about their daily responsibilities and role-play pitches as a spokesperson for a favorite cause. Click here to read the entire release.


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The Whittington Hospital
Spire Bushey Hospital
Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)
Member of the Royal College of Nursing
Allied member of the British Obesity Society Patients Association (BOSPA)
Member of Outpatients Nursing Forum
Member of Perioperative and Surgical Nursing Forum.
Kirsten McDougall is a Clinical Nurse Specialist in Bariatric Surgery. She is very experienced and specialises in educating patients before surgery on gastric banding, gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.
Kirsten qualified from Homerton college in Cambridge as a Registered Nurse in 1996 and since then she has worked in the NHS and more recently in the private sector as well. In 2006 Kirsten was appointed as Matron of the Day Treatment Centre at Hinchingbrooke Hospital in Cambridgeshire after senior managers recognised her passion for excellent standards of care and nursing.
Kirsten offers expert advice and nursing support to patients and their families following surgery and is available on the phone for adivse and support following surgery, once the patient is discharged from hospital. She also co-ordinates and organises the monthly support group for patients to meet together and share their experiences.
Use one or more of the options below to search for a consultant and link through to view their Spire profile.
fill out this form and we will get back to you:
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© Spire Healthcare Group plc (2016)


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2016 International
Sons of Norway 2016 International Convention
The 2016 Convention in Tacoma, WA was an amazing event. Check here for some great resources and leadership tools from the convention.
Recent Stories
November 15, 2016
Inspiring Young Minds
Norwegian innovator Johan Brand is on a mission to make learning fun. He's the CEO and co-founder of Kahoot!, a new game-based learning platform used by millions in classrooms worldwide. Check out his interview in the November 2016 issue of Viking and see more here.
November 10, 2016
Holiday Wish List
Delight family and friends this Christmas season with Scandinavian-inspired gifts! Check out the November 2016 issue of Viking for ideas and see more here.
Recipe Box
Has it been a while since you last relished the delightful simplicity of a plate of lefse? Are you looking for a hard-to-find recipe that reminds you of your childhood? Or maybe you are curious about sampling some Norwegian cuisine that you've never tried before? Start with a few of our hand-picked featured recipes.
Viking Magazine
Viking magazine reaches more Scandinavian-Americans than all newspapers and periodicals in this special-interest field combined! Every month Viking magazine is sent to Sons of Norway members--people who are enthusiastic about their heritage, who are frequent travelers to Norway and other Scandinavian countries, and are regular consumers of Scandinavian goods.
Learn Norwegian!
Our short, online lessons are a great way to learn the Norwegian alphabet and counting, plus phrases for everyday situations and specific activities. Members agree: our language lessons work!
Find A
Financial Benefits Counselor
A Financial Benefits Counselor can meet with you to help you articulate your needs and put together a plan designed just for you, to help reach your financial goals. Make your free financial review appointment today!
Sign Up For Our
E-Post Newsletter
Stay connected to the latest Sons of Norway events and offerings when you sign-up for our monthly newsletter!
Become a Member or Renew Your Membership
At Sons of Norway, every member is vital and valued. Take the time to renew your membership, or sign up and start enjoying the benefits today.


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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
At The Pointe at New Town, you will find beautiful 1 and 2 bedroom townhomes right in the heart of Williamsburg, VA. The Pointe at New Town offers luxury living with modern amenities such as shopping, dining, and entertainment all within walking distance. The Pointe at New Town offers a level of living you will love, with the features and amenities you want. These amenities may include: open kitchens with breakfast bars, Whirlpool Energy Star appliances, washer/dryer hookup in every townhome, detached garages, onsite fitness center and business center, 3-15 month lease terms and much more! Of course, what you will find inside these Williamsburg, VA townhomes are just the beginning. Right outside your door is New Town that includes a 12 screen movie theater, numerous restaurants, shops, and novelty stores all within walking distance.
Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff.
Pet Policy: Maximum 2 pets per apartment. $35.00 pet rent. $250.00 non-refundable pet fee. Restrictions: We welcome 2 pets per apartment home. We do not require a deposit, however there is a one-time fee of $250 per pet and a $35/month pet rent per pet. We welcome cats and dogs of all sizes, however breed restrictions do apply.
Dogs Allowed. Cats Allowed. Pets Accepted. Call for service animal policy.
265 units
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Philadelphia, PA (January 31, 2011)- The Kensington South Tree Tenders work to promote the continued greening and improvement of the Kensington South community. Their main focus is on creating a broad base of support for and participation in a wide range of greening activities that spread across the neighborhood. They promote community gardens, stewardship of parks and open spaces, creation of the urban tree canopy, and education for residents. The Tree Tenders are trying to increase youth involvement through Arbor day and other projects.
Related Resource:
Kensington South Tree Tenders


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Roast Stuffed Turkey
|5 1⁄2 Kilogram (Size 55)
|Sausage stuffing
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Herb stuffing
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Softened butter
|60 Gram
|Freshly ground pepper
|To Taste
Wipe cavity of turkey with damp paper towels.
Spoon Sausage Stuffing into the crop, being careful not to pack it too tightly, and press the outside of the breast to mould the stuffing to a good shape.
Bring the neck flap over the stuffing to the back and secure it with a poultry pin or small skewer.
Herb Stuffing into the cavity.
Shape, the bird nicely with both hands.
Dot bird with butter and sprinkle with pepper.
Follow directions for roasting.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 4866 Calories from Fat 2289
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 254 g391.5%
Saturated Fat 76.9 g384.4%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 2044.4 mg681.5%
Sodium 2833.4 mg118.1%
Total Carbohydrates 41 g13.7%
Dietary Fiber 3.7 g14.9%
Sugars 4.3 g
Protein 571 g1142.7%
Vitamin A 18.9% Vitamin C 0.18%
Calcium 42.2% Iron 196.4%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Most Popular
Pre-eminent lefty blogger Markos Moulitsas Zúniga has unleashed something along the lines of an action alert that is brilliant in its simplicity: "Every appearance by a top Republican official or candidate should be recorded. Every one of them. All it takes is one 'Macaca' incident to transform a race or create one where one didn't exist. ... And this is no longer about finding one big blunder to put on a campaign commercial. It's about using video and (free) technologies like YouTube to build narratives about opponents, using their own words, at their own events."


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Asking Price Below Asset Value!
Prime location, great amenities, outstanding accommodations, and breath taking scenery all perfectly situated above 2 acres. This well-established campground provides up to 13 full-size RV sites with full hook-ups, 20 tent sites, 7 cabins with private baths, shower house with a laundry room, and a very spacious lobby facility that provides a recreation area, office and owner residence. The campground has been operating since 1961 and has gone through a complete renovation with constant updates, expansions and improvements throughout the property. It is currently seasonal and has the ability to be open year-round. Inquire to learn more about this luxuries campground located in northern Wyoming. Assets are to include $6,000 in average inventory, $10,000 in equipment, $34,000 in fixtures and furnishings, and $3,000 in other assets. The buildings and property will be included and is valued at approximately $590,000. Ask for portfolio #10.
Financials (USD)
Asking Price $599,000
Sales $42,902
Profit Less than $100,000
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Sorry, this color is out of stock.
Don't see your size? Sign up to be notified when it's back.
FOR DELIVERY BY XMAS select at checkout
This item will arrive after December 25Please select a size Sorry, this color is temporarily out of stock in that size.
Product & Brand Information
The Blackstone Shoes SCM002 oxford broadcasts quality and European craftsmanship, from its five-eye lace to its leather Goodyear® welt. Accented with classic brogue detailing, this men's wingtip dress shoe is offered in premium, hand-burnished leather, with a smooth leather lining for interior comfort. Rely on the cushioned footbed and rubber traction sole for a sure and steady step, at work or at play.
- Item # 424939
- Approx. 1'' heel height
- Blind eyelets
- Cushioned footbed
- Five-eye lace closure
- Goodyear® Welt Construction
- Leather lining
- Perforations and stitching details
- Premium hand-burnished leather upper
- Rubber sole
Style Number: SCM002-001
Every well-heeled footwear wardrobe needs a pair of men's Blackstone shoes or boots, handsomely crafted from quality materials and designed to look great for years to come.
Customer Ratings & Reviews
Always get the best price.
We guarantee you'll always get the lowest price. If you find a better price within 10 days of purchase, call us at 1.800.786.3141 and we'll not only match that price but give you an additional 10% of the difference! Learn more


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Premium organic Acai-Cocoa-Mixture
Açai, the superfruit from the Amazon! The flavours of the Açai combine with the cranberries sweetened in apple syrup and cocoa bean pieces. Delight in the harmony of the sweet-sour and slightly bitter flavours! Enjoy our mixture in muesli, salads, desserts, or as a nibble snack.


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ISE fills posts left vacant by fraud suspect
The International Securities Exchange has named a replacement for a vice-chairman who resigned last week after he was charged with securities fraud.
Officials at ISE said that its board of directors has unanimously elected Frank Jones to fill a key role left vacant by John Marshall.
A senior principal and founding director with Marshall Tucker & Associates, Marshall was accused last week by the US Securities and Exchange Commission of using his position as vice chairman as well as his post as chairman of the audit and finance committee for illegal personal gain when Eurex acquired the options exchange in April last year for $2.8bn (€1.8bn).
The SEC and US prosecutors filed civil and criminal complaints against Marshall and two other principals at Marshall Tucker, a financial consultancy.
No stranger to the options exchange, Jones has been a director on the ISE board since 2000 and previously served as both vice chairman and as chairman. His previous term as vice chairman ran from June 2002 to May 2006 and he was chairman from May 2006 until January 2008.
The exchange's board also unanimously elected director Kenneth Vecchione to serve as the chairman of its finance and audit committee.
The posts are not temporary assignments, said a spokeswoman for the exchange.
In addition to his time at the exchange, Jones has also been a professor in the accounting and business department at San Jose State University since 2003. He has also served as executive vice president and chief investment officer of Guardian Life Insurance Company of America from 1991 to 2002.
Previously, he was managing director at Merrill Lynch's global fixed income research and economics division. He has served on several other boards such as the Intermarket Clearing Corporation, a subsidiary of the Options Clearing Corporation where he also held a board-level post. He also served on the New York Futures Clearing Corporation board.
Vecchione is the chief financial officer of Apollo Global Management. Prior to that, he was the vice chairman and chief financial officer of MBNA Corporation from 2004 to 2006.
He was also chief financial officer of AT&T Universal Card Services from 1997 to 1998 and chief financial officer and group president of First Data Corporation's Electronic Funds Management business from 1994 to 1997. He also worked at Citigroup for 17 years, where he was chief financial officer of Citi's credit card business.


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Jerry Holbert by Jerry Holbert
- August 14, 2013
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The family that plays together.
That scumbag deserves to be in prison.
And yet we romanticize the Mafiosi, build a mystique around them, laud them for getting one past "the man" and "having a code" (even though that code usually involves murdering innocents, mistreating and degrading women, and hurting anyone in the way of making a buck).
We make celebrities out of gangsters because, in our deepest, darkest fantasies, we want to be the ones who get to play by our own rules, do whatever we want to whoever we want without repercussions, flaunt money and power.
Thank god this story has been incredible, complete with a Martin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon and Jack Nicholson| movie.
Have they figured out exactly what happen to the witness who was murdered during the trial?
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1900 SW 12th Ave Miami, Florida 33129
Spectacular Shenandoah property. This is a great home sitting on a corner lot. Property has 4 spacious bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. Nice foyer as you walk-in that opens up to cozy living room. Family room is adjacent to new kitchen, making entertaining a breeze. Grand master bedroom with en-suite bathroom, changing area and enormous walk-in closet. Gleaming terrazo floors throughout. Impact windows and doors. Covered patio. 2 car garage. Good storage/closet space. Centrally located.
EWM is not responsible for the accuracy of the information listed above. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program and the South East Florida Regional MLS and is provided here for consumers personal, non-commercial use, It may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the office owning this web site are marked with the IDX logo. Data provided is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.


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Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 2/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 5/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Book this 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom apt. / condo in Podgora today! A total of 5 people can sleep here comfortably.
No travelers have shared a review of this property yet.
The owner responds to 100% of inquiries and last updated the property's calendar today.
About the manager
About the manager
To Islands Travel Ltd.
To Islands Travel Ltd.
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
4.2 / 5.0
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Podgora Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Podgora Attractions
Reviews (0)
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