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New Jersey Supreme Court
Decided: April 13, 1981.
On a Petition for Review of Rule 1:20A-1, et seq.
For affirmance -- Chief Justice Wilentz and Justices Sullivan, Pashman, Clifford, Schreiber, Handler and Pollock. For reversal -- None. The opinion of the Court was delivered by Wilentz, C.J. Schreiber, J., concurring.
[85 NJ Page 581] This case involves challenges to the constitutionality and desirability of the Fee Arbitration Committees (Committees) established by this Court in R. 1:20A pursuant to our constitutional authority to regulate the practice of law. The Rule's purpose was to provide a satisfactory mechanism for the resolution of fee disputes between attorneys and their clients. As presently constituted, a Committee must arbitrate fee disputes upon a client's request (whether the lawyer consents or not), or upon a lawyer's request if the client consents. R. 1:20A-3(a). The Committee's determination is binding on both client and attorney, and is unappealable. R. 1:20A-3(a)(c)(d). The procedures
[85 NJ Page 582]
of the Committee are essentially the same as those of District Ethics Committees. R. 1:20A-3(b).
Petitioner LiVolsi and amicus New Jersey State Bar Association (Association) contend that R. 1:20A is unconstitutional for four reasons: that promulgation of R. 1:20A is beyond the Supreme Court's authority under N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3; that it denies lawyers equal protection of the laws; that it denies attorneys the right to trial by jury guaranteed by the New Jersey Constitution; and that the unappealability of Committee determinations violates both the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the New Jersey Constitution. We reject these contentions and uphold the validity of R. 1:20A. We also reject the Association's argument that the compulsory nature of Committee arbitrations is undesirable and reaffirm our commitment to R. 1:20A.
Petitioner, a member of the New Jersey Bar, brought an action against this Court in the United States District Court, District of New Jersey, challenging the constitutionality of R. 1:20A. While this action was pending, we invited petitioner to bring his challenge before our Court. Petitioner agreed to do so and on April 2, 1979, exercising original jurisdiction over this matter, we permitted petitioner to file a petition directly with this Court "for a determination of the constitutionality of R. 1:20A and further, to determine the intended scope and meaning of the aforementioned Rule." Order of April 2, 1979. Subsequently, petitioner filed a brief in support of his claim, and an amicus brief was filed by the Association supporting his position. A brief in opposition was filed by the Attorney General.
Although none of the parties before us challenges the procedure by which we are hearing this petition, we feel it necessary to explain this rather unusual exercise of our original jurisdiction. This Court is, of course, primarily an appellate
[85 NJ Page 583]
body, N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 2.*fn1 It could be argued that we are exclusively an appellate body because the only explicit grant of original jurisdiction to this Court comes from N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § V, par. 3,*fn2 which permits original jurisdiction "as may be necessary to the complete determination of any cause on review." Plainly, this provision grants us original jurisdiction only over matters related to causes already before us. See, e.g., Kelly v. Curtiss, 16 N.J. 265 (1954); City of Newark v. West Milford Twp., 9 N.J. 295 (1952).
We find, however, that N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3,*fn3 provides this Court with an independent basis for exercising original jurisdiction in the case before us. This provision grants us "jurisdiction" over the "discipline of persons admitted" to the Bar. It is the source of our exclusive power over the practice of law. State v. Rush, 46 N.J. 399, 411-12 (1966). We have recently held that the Supreme Court, acting pursuant to that power, has the authority to initiate disciplinary proceedings on its own as well as to review those conducted by Ethics Committees. In re Loring, 73 N.J. 282, 289 (1977). We have also held that this power enables us to adjudicate a dispute about the unauthorized practice of law even though the party
[85 NJ Page 584]
seeking relief might not have traditional standing. In re Estate of Margow, 77 N.J. 316, 323 (1978).*fn4
These cases, recognizing that this Court's plenary constitutional authority includes original jurisdiction over cases involving the "disciplining" of attorneys, imply that we also have original jurisdiction over challenges to the methods by which we exercise constitutional authority. It would make little sense for us to have original jurisdiction over the appropriateness, or the constitutionality, of disciplining individual attorneys while challenges to the constitutionality of our agencies, such as the Committees, must necessarily go first to Superior Court. The constitutional provision, Art. VI, § II, par. 3, must be read as vesting original, as well as appellate, jurisdiction in this Court over all matters concerning our authority to "discipline" the Bar.*fn5 We therefore hold that we may exercise original jurisdiction over this challenge to R. 1:20A.
A. The Power of this Court to Promulgate R.1:20A
There is something almost anachronistic about the challenge to the Court's power to adopt R. 1:20A under the New Jersey
[85 NJ Page 585]
Constitution. For 33 years this Court has exercised plenary, exclusive, and almost unchallenged power over the practice of law in all of its aspects under N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3. The enormous scope of this power puts R. 1:20A in proper perspective. Though critically important, it is but a minor regulation of the practice of law compared to others whose validity is beyond dispute.
The heart of the constitutional provisions concerning the judicial system was the concentration of responsibility for its proper functioning in the Supreme Court and Chief Justice. Such responsibility requires appropriate power over courts, judges, practice and procedure, and lawyers. Responsibility for an adversarial judicial system requires responsibility for the adversaries, and control over both.
In exercising this responsibility, one of the many goals this Court has sought to achieve has been maintaining public confidence in the judicial system. The intended direct beneficiary of that system is the litigant, the client, who can realistically gain access to it only through his relationship with a lawyer. The value of the judicial product depends upon the effectiveness of this access, the effectiveness of this relationship. If lawyers refuse to represent, the judicial system is almost worthless; if the terms and conditions of representation are unfair, the judicial system is impaired to that extent. This dependency of the public's confidence in the judicial system on its satisfaction with lawyer-client relationships is not theoretical: those dissatisfied with the system include a fair proportion dissatisfied with their lawyer. The most common cause of that dissatisfaction concerns fees, see section IIIA, infra.
Given the critical importance of the constitutional power of this Court over the practice of law, and its pervasiveness, starting with admission, ending with disbarment, and covering everything in between, we have no doubt that the power extends to every aspect of fee agreements between lawyers and clients. If this Court can set a limit on fees for certain matters,
[85 NJ Page 586]
American Trial Lawyers v. New Jersey Supreme Court, 66 N.J. 258 (1974) (upholding the contingent fee schedule promulgated in R. 1:21-7); require service for no fee at all in others, State v. Rush, supra, 46 N.J. at 411-12 (noting this Court's authority to require attorneys to defend indigents without charge); and disregard completely fee agreements in all matters (if they are unreasonable), Steiner v. Stein, 2 N.J. 367, 372 (1949) (see section IIC, infra); if, in short, this Court has the authority to control the substance of the fee relationship, then a power of a lesser magnitude -- determining the procedure for resolving fee disputes -- must also be within our province.*fn6
B. The Equal Protection Claim
Petitioner maintains that his right to equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is violated by R. 1:20A. This Rule, it is argued, unconstitutionally "singles out" attorneys from among professionals who provide fee-based services for compulsory arbitration. We find no support for this argument in federal constitutional law.
Since lawyers are not a protected "suspect class," and since there is no recognized fundamental right being infringed upon by R. 1:20A, there need be only a rational basis supporting the difference in treatment. See San Antonio Ind. School Dist. v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16 (1973). We find that such a rational basis plainly exists in the need to assure the reasonableness of attorney-client fees by providing a swift, inexpensive remedy to correct unreasonable fees. As the
[85 NJ Page 587]
United States Supreme Court has recognized, the state has a special interest in regulating the legal profession and attorney-client relationships. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar Association, 421 U.S. 773, 792, 95 S. Ct. 2004, 2015, 44 L. Ed. 2d 572 (1975). See In re Logan, 70 N.J. 222, 229-30 (1976).
C. The Right to Jury Trial
Petitioner and the Association maintain that R. 1:20A unconstitutionally denies attorneys the right to trial by jury guaranteed by N.J.Const. (1947), Art. I, par. 9.*fn7 We disagree, on the two grounds that in New Jersey attorneys never had an absolute right to trial by jury in fee dispute cases and that recognizing a jury right in such cases would undermine our constitutional authority to regulate the Bar.
N.J.Const. (1947), Art. I, par. 9, provides that "[t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate . . . ." This provision guarantees a jury trial only to the extent the right existed at the time of the adoption of the 1947 Constitution. See Steiner v. Stein, supra, 2 N.J. at 378-79. Petitioner therefore must establish that before 1947 attorneys had a right to a jury trial in cases involving fee disputes with their clients.
Petitioner and the Association maintain that fee disputes are essentially nothing more than contract disputes for money. Since, they argue, such disputes have always been considered "legal" as opposed to "equitable," and since litigants always had a right to jury trial of "legal" matters, attorneys always had the right to jury trial in fee dispute cases. Support for this position can be found in Steiner, where this Court stated that "[attorney-client
[85 NJ Page 588]
fee disputes] are actions for breach of contract and the parties were and are entitled to a trial by jury as of right." 2 N.J. at 372.
The Court in Steiner went on, however, to recognize that, because "an attorney's position of trust as an officer of the court obligated him to the highest standard of fair dealing," New Jersey courts of equity have traditionally exercised jurisdiction "at the behest of the client" to "revis[e] or cance[l] contracts for services" and to "determin[e] the just and reasonable sum due the attorney from his client." Id. The Court noted that equity courts have gone so far as to "restrain actions at law" in order to exercise this jurisdiction, but that the equity courts have stayed their hand when a client has already "had his day in a court of law." Id.
Our canvass of the pre-1947 case law strongly supports the Court's findings in Steiner that New Jersey equity courts have always had broad powers to adjudicate attorney-client fee disputes on behalf of the client. In Lewis v. Morgan, 132 N.J. Eq. 343 (Ch.1942), for example, a client brought an action in equity to enjoin prosecution by his attorney of a suit at law to recover attorney fees. The client wanted the Chancery Court to review the reasonableness of the fee his attorney sought. The defendant attorney argued that the Chancery Court lacked jurisdiction over the case and that his suit at law should therefore not be enjoined. The court granted the injunction, holding that the "existence of a confidential relationship between an attorney and client has been recognized from the earliest times and it must now be acknowledged that the charges of an attorney are always subject to the scrutiny and review of this court." Id. at 346 (emphasis added).*fn8 The court added that even if "a client agreed to the estimated amount of the fee to be charged, equity
[85 NJ Page 589]
will investigate the fairness and reasonableness of the contract." Id. Similarly, in Grimm v. Franklin, 102 N.J. Eq. 198 (Ch.1928), aff'd p.c.o.b., 146 A. 914 (E. & A. 1929), the Chancery Court enjoined several law suits brought by the defendant attorney against the plaintiff client seeking attorney's fees. There, the court noted the defendant's admission that "the charges of an attorney are always subject to scrutiny and review in this court, and that this court has a right now to determine the fairness and reasonableness of the contract [and] the adequacy and propriety of the compensation therein provided for." Id. at 204 (emphasis added).*fn9 See also Porter v. Bergen, 54 N.J. Eq. 405, 406 (E. & A. 1896) ("Even if it be conceded that the [client] agreed to the [fee], yet a court of equity would not sanction it except upon proof of its perfect fairness"); Sinisi v. Milton, 107 N.J. Eq. 179 (Ch.1930); Kelley v. Schwinghammer, 78 N.J. Eq. 437 (Ch.1911); Lewis, "Equity," 4 Rut.L.Rev. 274, 275 (1949).*fn10 As the Court noted in Steiner, however, equity courts were not permitted to step in after a law court had already adjudicated a fee dispute. See Raimondi v. Bianchi, 102 N.J. Eq. 254 (E. & A. 1928).
The rationale behind this broad power exercised by equity courts over attorney-client fee disputes was explained by Justice Heher in Bolte v. Rainville, 138 N.J. Eq. 508 (E. & A. 1946). Courts, Justice Heher pointed out, recognize the "position of superiority which the attorney occupies over his client [and] [b]ecause of this dominance [equity] raises a presumption against the validity of the transaction [between attorney and client] and casts upon the dominant party the burden of proving
[85 NJ Page 590]
affirmatively his compliance with equitable requisites and thereby overcoming the presumption of invalidity." Id. at 515.*fn11
These cases establish that prior to 1947 attorneys had no right to prevent their clients from having fee disputes adjudicated without a jury in the courts of equity. They therefore have no such right today since the 1947 Constitution does not purport to add any right to jury trial. Steiner was not wrong, however, in concluding that fee disputes are essentially legal matters for which a jury is normally guaranteed. If the client does not object, an attorney is entitled to have a jury trial.*fn12 However, if the client wishes to have the dispute adjudicated without a jury, by a Committee -- which is now the tribunal with special responsibility over attorney-client fee disputes*fn13 -- the attorney cannot block the Committee's jurisdiction by asserting a right to trial by jury.
Our conclusion here is buttressed by the fact that recognizing a right in lawyers to demand a trial by jury when clients seek R. 1:20A
[85 NJ Page 591]
arbitration would greatly undermine this Court's constitutional authority to regulate the Bar. As we have determined, see section IIA, supra, N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3, plainly authorizes us to create the R. 1:20A compulsory arbitration scheme. If we were to accept petitioner's interpretation of Art. I, par. 9, however, this authority would be meaningless because lawyers could simply block Committee arbitrations by demanding a jury. We decline so to interpret that provision. Just as we would not view the framers of the 1947 Constitution as intending the prerogative writ clause to undermine our authority to regulate the Bar, see section IID(2), infra, so we decline to ascribe to them an intent to grant lawyers a jury right that would prevent this Court from effectively carrying out its obligation to police the Bar.
D. The Right to Appeal
The final constitutional challenge made by petitioner and the Association is to the unappealability of Committee determinations.*fn14 It is alleged that the right to appeal Committee determinations is guaranteed by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and by the New Jersey Constitution. We find no support for a right to appeal here under either Constitution.*fn15
[85 NJ Page 592]
(1) The United States Constitution
The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not require states to provide litigants with a right to appeal adverse holdings by lower tribunals. Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56, 77, 92 S. Ct. 862, 876, 31 L. Ed. 2d 36 (1972); Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 18, 76 S. Ct. 585, 590, 100 L. Ed. 891 (1956). In Lindsey and Griffin, the Supreme Court was addressing the issue of appeals from lower courts. In other cases, the Court has held that determinations by administrative agencies can constitutionally be made final and unreviewable in the courts. See Panama Canal Co. v. Grace Line, 356 U.S. 309, 317, 78 S. Ct. 752, 757, 2 L. Ed. 2d 788 (1958); Switchmen's Union v. National Mediation Board, 320 U.S. 297, 64 S. Ct. 95, 88 L. Ed. 61 (1943). See generally K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 28.16 ("Action Committed by Law to Agency Discretion") (1958), updated in Administrative Law § 28.16 (1970 supp.) and Administrative Law of the Seventies § 28.16 (1976). Thus, we hold that our decision to make Committee determinations unreviewable in the courts does not violate the due process clause.*fn16
(2) The New Jersey Constitution
Petitioner and the Association also claim that the New Jersey Constitution guarantees them a right of appeal from Committee determinations. They base this claim on the prerogative writ clause of the New Jersey Constitution, Art. VI, § V, par. 4, and on this Court's holding in Division 540 v. Mercer County Improvement Auth., 76 N.J. 245 (1978), requiring judicial review of compulsory arbitrations under the labor arbitration statute, N.J.S.A. 40:37A-96. We reject both arguments.*fn17
[85 NJ Page 593]
(a) The Prerogative Writ Provision
N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § V, par. 4, provides:
Prerogative writs are superseded, and, in lieu thereof, review, hearing and relief shall be afforded in the Superior Court, on terms and in the manner provided by rules of the Supreme Court, as of right, except in criminal causes where such review shall be discretionary.
It is contended that an appeal in lieu of prerogative writs should lie "by right" from determinations of the Committees just as such appeals lie "by right" from determinations of legislatively created administrative agencies. We reject this contention on two grounds: first, we find no evidence that prerogative writs were ever used to review actions by judicially created agencies such as the Committees; and second, we find that permitting appeals from judicially created agencies to the Superior Court would be inconsistent with this Court's exclusive constitutional authority over the regulation of the Bar.
The prerogative writ clause of the 1947 New Jersey Constitution was intended to streamline and strengthen the traditional prerogative writs which were available in the pre-1947 Supreme Court. The provision first consolidates the old prerogative writs (certiorari, quo warranto, prohibitions, and mandamus) into one action -- which has come to be known as an action "in lieu of prerogative writs." Also, the provision removes the courts' traditional discretion not to hear the writs and makes the new action "in lieu of prerogative writs" available as of right, except in criminal cases. See Ward v. Keenan, 3 N.J. 298, 303-05 (1949); Jacobs, "Procedure in Lieu of Prerogative Writs," Rut.L.Rev. (special number) 34, 38 (1948).
For our purposes here, it is significant that Art. VI, § V, par. 4 did not change the substance of prerogative writ appeals when it created the new action in lieu of prerogative writs.
[85 NJ Page 594]
Actions in lieu of prerogative writs lie only in those cases where a remedy was available under a traditional prerogative writ. See Central R. Co. of N.J. v. Department of Public Utilities, 7 N.J. 247, 258 (1951); Jacobs, supra, Rut.L.Rev. (special number) at 34-35. Thus, in order for petitioner to establish that Art. VI, § V, par. 4 guarantees him a right of appeal from Committee determinations, he must prove that an appeal from such determinations would have been available under a traditional common law prerogative writ.
The only common law writ which could possibly have been utilized to appeal determinations by agencies such as the Committees would have been the writ of certiorari.*fn18 It has always been one of of the primary purposes of the writ of certiorari to give the courts the power to review the actions of legislatively created administrative agencies. McKenna v. New Jersey Highway Auth., 19 N.J. 270, 274-75 (1955); Trapahagen v. West Hoboken, 39 N.J.L. 232, 236 (Sup.Ct.1877). See also The Queen v. Sheffield Railway, 11 Adolphus & Ellis 194 (Q.B.1839). Petitioner and the Association maintain that the writ of certiorari would also have provided a basis for review of determinations of judicially created agencies such as the Committees, and that therefore this review is now guaranteed as of right by N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § V, par. 4.
The first weakness in petitioner's position is that there is no evidence that the writ of certiorari was ever used to review
[85 NJ Page 595]
determinations of judicially created agencies such as the Committees. Under the 1947 Constitution this Court has established several agencies to oversee the Bar and administer the judicial system. Prior to 1947, however, the only "agencies" created by the courts were the Board of Bar Examiners and county committees established to review the "character and fitness" of bar applicants.*fn19 See 1938 Rules of the Supreme Court, Rule 2 and 10(e). We have been unable to find any case where certiorari was used to review determinations by the Board of Bar Examiners or by the county character committees,*fn20 and, for the reasons outlined below, conclude that the writ was not available for such review.
There are two explanations for the fact that certiorari was apparently never utilized to review actions of the pre-1947 judicial "agencies." For one thing, the Board of Bar Examiners and the county ethics committees were primarily advisory bodies which helped the Supreme Court screen bar applicants for the Governor's approval.*fn21 There was thus not the same need to provide certiorari review of their determinations as there was for administrative agencies such as the Workers' Compensation Board which actually made final adjudications of disputes. Also, and more importantly, certiorari review of judicial agencies was not called for because the basic purpose for constitutionally protected certiorari review was to make sure that the Legislature did not make unreviewable in the courts actions of
[85 NJ Page 596]
administrative agencies. See Fischer v. Township of Bedminster, 5 N.J. 534, 540 (1950) ("The inherent power of superintendence of inferior tribunals was secured to the Supreme Court by the Constitution of 1844; and it was not within the competency of the Legislature to impair the substance of certiorari as a prerogative writ within the exclusive domain of that court"); Trapahagen v. Township of West Hoboken, 39 N.J.L. 232, 235-36 (Sup.Ct.1877). Thus, we conclude that the pre-1947 writ of certiorari was not available for review of judicial -- as opposed to ordinary administrative -- agencies, and that therefore N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § V, par. 4, does not mandate that an action in lieu of prerogative writs lie by right from the determinations of judicially created agencies such as the Committees.
The second and more important weakness in petitioner's claim is that such a right of appeal would be inconsistent with our plenary authority to regulate the Bar granted by N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3. Our Constitution provides that actions in lieu of prerogative writs must be brought in the Superior Court. If petitioner's interpretation is correct, then there would have to be appeals as of right to the Superior Court not only from the Committees but also from the other agencies created by this Court to regulate the Bar -- such as the Disciplinary Review Board. Providing such appeals, however, would result in a reinstatement of the pre-1947 procedure for disciplining attorneys wherein the old Supreme Court heard appeals from county ethics committees established by the Legislature. One of the primary purposes of N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3, was to take all of these matters away from the intermediate courts and vest exclusive authority over the regulation of the Bar in the State's highest court. See State v. Rush, 46 N.J. 399, 411 (1966). It is especially significant for our purposes here that a central element in this Court's constitutional authority over the Bar and the judicial system is our control over the procedures under which these institutions are regulated. See, e.g., Toft v. Ketchum, 18 N.J. 280, 284 (1955). An interpretation of the prerogative writ clause that would undermine
[85 NJ Page 597]
this control is particularly inconsistent with the purposes of N.J.Const. (1947), Art. VI, § II, par. 3. The framers of the prerogative writ clause could not have intended that clause, whose primary purpose was to guarantee appeals as of right from legislatively created administrative agencies, Jacobs, supra, Rut.L.Rev. (special number) at 34, to have such an interpretation.*fn22 Thus, we hold that actions in lieu of prerogative writs were not intended to lie from agencies established by this Court pursuant to its Art. VI, § II, par. 3 power to regulate the Bar.
(b) Division 540 v. Mercer County Improvement Auth.
In Division 540 v. Mercer County Improvement Auth., 76 N.J. 245 (1978), we held that judicial review is available from an arbitration under New Jersey's labor arbitration statute, N.J.S.A. 40:37A-96, even though the statute itself does not provide for such review. The Court, per Justice Sullivan, held:
Although N.J.S.A. 40:37A-96 has no express requirement for judicial review of the arbitrator's award, we conclude that such review must be available if the statutory provision is to be sustained. The statute subjects the development Authority to compulsory and binding arbitration. Because it is compulsory, principles of fairness, perhaps even due process, require that judicial review be available to ensure that the award is not arbitrary or capricious and that the arbitrator has not abused the power and authority delegated to him. [ Id. at 253].
The Association argues that the same "principles of fairness' require judicial review of compulsory arbitrations by the Committees. We disagree.
The holding of Division 540 is inapplicable to arbitrations conducted pursuant to our constitutional authority to regulate the Bar.*fn23 The same rationale -- that attorneys are subject to
[85 NJ Page 598]
extensive regulation by this court*fn24 -- which justifies compulsory arbitration of their fee disputes also justifies eliminating appeals from such arbitration despite the general "principles of fairness" enunciated in Division 540. We restate that if appeals as of right from the Committees were taken to the Superior Court, as petitioner and the Association urge, such appeals would greatly undermine this Court's exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of the Bar.
Petitioner and the Association isolate two aspects of the present R. 1:20A arbitration scheme which they find particularly objectionable.*fn25 First, they maintain that the compulsory nature of this scheme for lawyers is both unnecessary and unwise. On this we wholly disagree. Second, they contend that even if a right to appeal from the Committees is not constitutionally mandated, some right to appeal should be provided as a matter of good public policy. Although we decline to permit any appeals from determinations by the Committees on the merits of particular cases, we do recognize the desirability of providing a limited right to appeal on procedural grounds.
[85 NJ Page 599]
A. The Compulsory Nature of R.1:20A
The Association maintains that it is unnecessary for R. 1:20A arbitration to be compulsory for attorneys because the courts, particularly the equity courts, provide clients with an adequate forum in which to settle their grievances over attorney fees. We disagree. We concur fully with the findings of a 1974 Report by the American Bar Association that forcing clients to go to court to resolve attorney fee disputes places a heavy burden on the clients. ABA, Report of the Special Committee on Resolution of Fee Disputes 2-4 (1974) ("Report"). Clients, especially those of limited income, often find it very difficult to procure another attorney to represent them in fee disputes. Also, if a client were forced to give the attorney a retainer that eventually proved to have been unreasonably high, the client might not be able to afford the delay of another trial before being reimbursed. As the ABA Report concluded, imposing these burdens on clients causes "immeasurable" harm to the relationship between the Bar and the public. Id. at 3.
The Association also contends that even if some form of arbitration is necessary for fee disputes, it need not be compulsory because attorneys will usually consent to participation in a fair arbitration process. The record wholly disproves this contention. According to the Report, national surveys demonstrate that a significant and growing number of attorneys refuse to arbitrate their fee disputes. Id. at 4. Some refuse because without arbitration the client is at a serious disadvantage. Referring to the problems mentioned above which clients face in fee disputes, the Report notes: "In view of these tremendous practical obstacles facing the dissatisfied client, it is hardly surprising that the less conscientious lawyer usually refuses to consent to binding arbitration. By the simple act of declining to submit to arbitration, this attorney can thwart the organized Bar's jurisdiction to consider the dispute and to implement a fair resolution." Id. at 2-3.
[85 NJ Page 600]
Finally, the Association contends that compulsory arbitration has disadvantages which outweigh any gains to be had from it in protecting clients. It relies upon the conclusion of the ABA Report that although some form of fee arbitration is desirable, compulsory arbitration is not a good idea. Id. at 4. We find the Report's reasons for rejecting compulsory arbitration unpersuasive.
The ABA Report cites two principal problems with a compulsory arbitration scheme: that it would be too controversial to ever be enacted, and that it would in essence be treating lawyers as "second class citizens." Id. The first problem is, of course, moot in New Jersey after our promulgation of R. 1:20A. We see little merit in the ABA's second objection to compulsory arbitration. Lawyers have many rights and privileges as members of the New Jersey Bar and we find no difficulty in imposing a concomitant responsibility upon them to submit to arbitration of fee disputes when such arbitration is necessary to maintain public confidence in the Bar as a whole. Further, as discussed infra, we find the R. 1:20A arbitration scheme to be fair to both clients and lawyers. We conclude, therefore, that the ABA Report's strong arguments for having attorney-client disputes arbitrated support the establishment of a compulsory arbitration scheme despite the ABA's own reservations about such a scheme.*fn26
Our commitment to the Committees as presently constituted is buttressed by the fact that the agencies are effectively fulfilling their function. We note first that there is no evidence that the compulsory arbitration scheme in practice is causing
[85 NJ Page 601]
significant problems for lawyers.*fn27 Further, and more importantly, we find that the Committees have fairly and expeditiously adjudicated attorney-client fee disputes which would otherwise have either resulted in protracted litigation or in disgruntled clients giving up their claims.*fn28 Thus, we enthusiastically reaffirm our commitment to the compulsory arbitration scheme established by R. 1:20A.
B. Appeals from the Committees
Petitioner and the Association maintain that it is both unfair to lawyers and bad judicial policy for there to be no appeals permitted from Committee determinations. Some right to appeal, it is argued, is necessary in order to assure lawyers that compulsory arbitration under R. 1:20A will always be fair. At least with regard to appeals from Committee determinations on the merits, we find petitioner's concerns far outweighed by the advantages of having fee disputes settled expeditiously and finally at the Committee level. We do, however, recognize the desirability of providing a limited right to appeal if certain fundamental procedural protections are not afforded by a Committee.
The wisdom of denying appeals on the merits from Committee decisions necessarily must depend on one's view of the importance of public confidence in the lawyer-client relationship. If it is true -- and we believe it is -- that public confidence in the judicial system is as important as the excellence of the system
[85 NJ Page 602]
itself, and if it is also true -- as we believe it is -- that a substantial factor that erodes public confidence is fee disputes, then any equitable method of resolving those in a way that is clearly fair to the client should be adopted. The client's position in fee disputes is one of vulnerability from the beginning to the end: the lawyer has superior knowledge, usually superior bargaining power in arriving at the initial fee agreement, and, in any event, the ability to refuse the representation if not satisfied with its terms. If and when a dispute develops, a system that requires a client to hire another lawyer for trial and perhaps appeal on the fee dispute increases the client's initial vulnerability by significantly weakening his negotiating power to resolve the fee dispute. The client perceives, correctly, that the lawyer is part of the system, and when added to his dissatisfaction with his experience with that lawyer, the system offers him a remedy that, to him, promises not to solve his problem but only to compound it, dissatisfaction turns into despair and resentment. The least we owe to the public is a swift, fair and inexpensive method of resolving fee disputes. This may not end the dissatisfaction of some with the Bar and with the judicial system, but, at the very least, it will minimize the extent of such dissatisfaction. Further, it is important to assure the public that this Court, which has the ultimate power over the practice of law, will take an active role in making certain that clients are treated fairly in attorney-client disputes.
Besides helping to sustain public confidence in the Bar, the finality of Committee determinations also protects clients who can ill afford the time and expense of defending a Committee judgment on appeal. As we noted in section IIIA, supra, one of our primary concerns in promulgating R. 1:20A was that clients should not be forced to incur such expenses in fee disputes.
Finally, we find unpersuasive the position of petitioner and the Association that the unappealability of Committee determinations is unfair to lawyers. If that is unfair, it is at least
[85 NJ Page 603]
equally unfair, for the client similarly has no appellate right. Further, when it is noted that Committee arbitration panels must consist of a majority of lawyers, it is difficult to see how such a system can be unfair to lawyers. Upon analysis, the claim that lawyers are treated as "second class citizens" is really not being seriously pursued, but rather the underlying claim is that lack of an appellate review renders the system less certain, in the aggregate, to yield just results. With that proposition taken in the abstract we have no argument, for appellate review is almost as essential a part of our notion of justice as is the trial itself. But just as in conventional arbitration proceedings, so here, appellate review may sometimes give way either in part or in whole to other social goals. It is our judgment that the advantages of swift, inexpensive proceedings outweigh by far any greater likelihood of just results achieved by allowing appellate proceedings. The loss of public confidence in the judicial system is too high a price to pay for some indeterminate improvement in the quality of fee arbitration determinations. We reaffirm, therefore, that appeals on the merits from Committee decisions will not be allowed.
In barring appeals on the merits, however, we do recognize that both lawyers and clients may need a limited right of appeal in order to protect them from any egregious procedural deprivation before a Committee. We are, therefore, requesting the Civil Practice Committee, after soliciting the views of all interested parties, to recommend an amendment granting a limited right of appeal to the Disciplinary Review Board (DRB). That right should be limited to the following or similar grounds: that a Committee member failed to disqualify himself or herself in a case where he or she would appear evidently partial toward one of the parties;*fn29 that the Committee failed substantially to comply with the procedural requirements of R. 1:20A, e.g., by
[85 NJ Page 604]
denying a party the right to subpoena witnesses; or that there was actual fraud on the part of one or more Committee members.
Such limited appellate right will not create the problems outlined above for the following reasons. First, the extremely small number of complaints that have been lodged about Committee proceedings in the past, see note 28, supra, indicates that the Committees are run fairly and that consequently procedural appeals will be very rare. Second, we fully expect the DRB to handle any such appeals which may arise under R. 1:20A after it is amended with the understanding that speedy resolution of fee disputes is an important goal of our judicial system. Third, and most important, appeals of this kind to the DRB will ordinarily not require clients to find a new lawyer or incur any of the other expenses which would have to be incurred in court.
The ultimate wisdom of the fee arbitration system depends on its operation in fact. The overwhelming proportion of lawyers are able to maintain satisfactory relationships with clients concerning fees. Where the relationship disintegrates over fee disputes, many lawyers will take the loss rather than sue. Fee arbitration is for very few, it is used only in those few instances when either a lawyer is dissatisfied with the amount received and is willing to sue for satisfaction, or the client claims he is called upon to pay or has already paid too much and wants to reduce the lawyer's claim or get some money back. Though the matters which come to fee arbitration represent a very small proportion of the total number of fee relationships, they are among the most visible matters to a public greatly concerned about how the judicial system deals with attorney-client disputes. Our success in establishing a fair fee arbitration system will do much to assure the public of the fairness of the judicial system as a whole, and thereby increase the public confidence that is so necessary for that system to operate effectively.
[85 NJ Page 605]
Accordingly, we uphold the constitutionality and validity of R. 1:20A. We further direct that the question of amending R. 1:20A to provide a limited right of appeal in accordance with this opinion be referred to this Court's Civil Practice Committee.
SCHREIBER, J., concurring.
I join in the opinion of the Chief Justice except with respect to the stated policy generally limiting the scope of review of Fee Arbitration Committees to disqualification of a Committee member because of partiality, failure to comply with the procedural requirements of R. 1:20A, e.g., by denying the issuance of a subpoena compelling the attendance of witnesses or production of documents at a party's request, or actual fraud on the part of a Committee member.
My differences arise for two reasons. First, I believe that the subject matter of this exception is such that the Court should have the benefit of the thinking of the bar, the public and our Civil Practice Committee before determining the appropriate extent of review of decisions of Fee Arbitration Committees. Second, it seems to me that review is more deservedly warranted in certain situations other than those predicated on some "procedural grounds." Ante at 598. Thus, for example, if a decision were wholly without evidentiary support, I would opt for review of that decision, which as a matter of law could not be sustained. In any event I am of the opinion that, after benefiting from the input of the public and the bar, further consideration should be given to the entire matter.
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Q&A: Dana Mentink (Spyglass Lane Mysteries)
The romantic suspense author talks about her Finny's Nose cozy mystery series, newly available in the eBook format from Spyglass Lane Mysteries:
The Spyglass Lane Mysteries all have elements of romance, faith, and
suspense—which of those facets was hardest for you to write? Which was the
The suspense element is always the easiest because I am a voracious mystery/suspense fan. It's in my blood. The faith/romance threads require much more deep thought time for me. I feel a great responsibility to portray the spiritual struggles the best that I possibly can.
As a whodunit writer who is a Christian, in what ways did your faith
impact how you write a murder mystery?
All my characters are working through faith issues as they meander through their mystery. While the novel will provide them all with a fitting resolution (bad guys will be punished, heroes will be rewarded) there is a more important spiritual journey awaiting them.
Tell us about your amateur sleuth.
Ah Ruth! I love her because she struggles with some weighty issues—the loss of a spouse, an estranged child—yet she hangs onto a sense of humor that carries her through. She's a middle-aged woman, not a twentysomething, so she's had some living under her proverbial belt. I think an older heroine brings a richness and depth to the story. Over the course of the series her life will be completely turned upside down. Doesn't that sound just about right for a heroine?
Do you base your characters on people you know or are they totally made
They're made up, compilations of character traits that I draw from different people I meet, though my kids have read the Finny's and think one particular character reminds them quite a bit of their dad!
Who are the authors that inspire you as an author?
Well Harlan Coban writes the best suspense novels ever. I love Jan Karon, who paints the glorious town of Mitford so beautifully. You can beat a good Liz Curtis Higg's historical. I could go on a while, but I'll hold myself to three!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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You need to back up a few post. The words from our President that they are all calling a Muslim lover and Islam lover were spoken by GW Bush. Not Obama. It is my proof they are all just haters of Obama and not anything to do with something said. They started posting about these words only thinking Obama said them when it was Bush that gave the speech. So Repubs you now say Bush was a Muslim? Hypocritical bastards.<quoted text>
Get 'em DAR! They talk about what they think they know or what they were told to believe. You speak the truth because you have lived the truth. They will never "get it". The whole purpose is to fefend the person who force feeds them food because they are too lazy and irresponsible to work and provide that food for their families. They have made our country a very sad place just like all the 3rd world countries that their dictators have made their homeland a very sad place.
'Fox News Sunday' to Host Kentucky Senate Debate
There are 253099 comments on the thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com story from Oct 1, 2010, titled 'Fox News Sunday' to Host Kentucky Senate Debate. In it, thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com reports that:
"Fox News Sunday" is heading to Louisville, Ky. Jack Conway, Kentucky's attorney general and the Democratic candidate for Senate , and Rand Paul, the Republican nominee and son of Representative Ron Paul, Republican of Texas, have agreed to a live debate on "Fox News Sunday" on Oct.3 at 9 a.m. (Eastern time).
Join the discussion below, or Read more at thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com.
#76391 Jan 21, 2013
#76392 Jan 21, 2013
Are you saying that Obama's Executive Orders on gun restrictions mean nothing and his King-like Executive actions were just a bunch of bull intended to make it look as if he is doing something...since nothing has changed? lol You know the process old boy, open mouth, insert Moosechelle clown foot. lol
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#76393 Jan 21, 2013
It's Lupe Fiasco first of all, I know his music well, though I'm sure you don't. Secondly, I respect his message. As I've said before, Obama is not my MESSIAH and I do not agree with every move he makes.(e.g. Israel, drones in Pak) Try as you might, you cannot fit me into any of your boxes.
#76394 Jan 21, 2013
The tax rates are the lowest in US history now unless you make more than $400K per year. True or False? Let's see you Lie about that one you POS.
#76395 Jan 21, 2013
Of the 23 EOs none changed any Rights. They only enforce what is already there. You may have a problem with the background check. Are you pissed about the mental illness clause?
#76396 Jan 21, 2013
#76397 Jan 21, 2013
Bush didn't practice Muslim religion or anyone in his family and Bush didn't attend 6 yrs Muslim school...is that so hard to understand?
Since: Oct 11
#76398 Jan 21, 2013
Blinded by the light,the light of prejudice.
Does every American have to be Christian?
There is roughly One billion Muslims in the world and
One billion Catholics in the world.
Correct me if I'm wrong but the Catholics decided to rid the world of none believer's.
Oh I know that doesn't count it was centuries ago!
OK in America Christians of all faiths burned people at the stake,boiled them in oil,and fasten stones to them and threw them in water to see if they were witches. Oh still
to far back in history to have any significance.
How 'bout the hundreds or thousand of priest that molested little boy's and the church covered it up.
Does that count?
You condemn an entire people for tha acts of a few extremists.
Shame on all of you...there's no evidence none that
the President is of Islamic faith,and even if he was,
what's it to you?
Some of our founder fathers were deist,don't hear you complaining or disavowing their writings or history making actions.
Get real...or at least make some kind of legitimate argument and not some make believe bullshit you hear from people who make a living off of make believe
#76399 Jan 21, 2013
Why are you ignoring that 77% Americans have tax increase and Obamacare is nothing but taxes...why do you keep ignoring it...
Or, if you don't have a job and receiving food stamps than you don't care... if you don't have house than you don't care that home owners have property tax increase ...but, than you don't care that your rent is going up...you don't care that sale tax is up because you don't see it...you don't care that utility tax is up, but if you don't pay bills, than you don't care... why do you keep repeating $400,000.00 and can't move ...????? Why are you so selfish and think only about yourself and no one else?
#76400 Jan 21, 2013
It seems your post is doing exactly what you are preaching against! You are planting the seed that Christianity should be viewed as a horrible religion as you announce awful details hoping people will condemn the whole of Christianity because of certain past incidences. Why did you not announce and plant seeds of insinuation about other religions? Quit speaking in forked tongue. lol
#76401 Jan 21, 2013
Obama's mother nor step father practiced Islam. The school Obama went to as a child in Indonesia was a Catholic school you dumbass.
Obama attended the Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School.
#76402 Jan 21, 2013
oblamers EOs are meaningless when it comes to infringing on the 2nd or any other amdenment, the American people will not honor anything such as a dictator telling honest lawbiding Americans what they can or cannot do, history is only elusive to the libotards, not the conservatives,
#76403 Jan 21, 2013
Oh, yes I can! You make it very easy to do, hypocrite. You preach freedom of speech and you cry Bush, Bush, Bush all the live-long day. You are one of your messiahs best excuse makers. You have played "follow the leader" very well. lol RuhRoh...are you Obama's Judas? Not feeling your messiah so much anymore? LMMFAO!
#76404 Jan 21, 2013
The Martin Luther King You Don't See on TV
It's become a TV ritual: Every year in mid-January, around the time of Martin Luther King's birthday, we get perfunctory network news reports about "the slain civil rights leader." http://tinyurl.com/2wy5du
The remarkable thing about this annual review of King's life is that several years his last years are totally missing, as if flushed down a memory hole.
What TV viewers see is a closed loop of familiar file footage: King battling desegregation in Birmingham (1963); reciting his dream of racial harmony at the rally in Washington (1963); marching for voting rights in Selma, Alabama (1965); and finally, lying dead on the motel balcony in Memphis (1968).
An alert viewer might notice that the chronology jumps from 1965 to 1968. Yet King didn't take a sabbatical near the end of his life. In fact, he was speaking and organizing as diligently as ever.
Almost all of those speeches were filmed or taped. But they're not shown today on TV.
It's because national news media have never come to terms with what Martin Luther King Jr. stood for during his final years. http://www.fair.org/index.php...
Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
Declaration of Independence from the War in Vietnam
Delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
April 4, 1967 / http://tinyurl.com/3fxtop
At Manhattans Riverside Church
Over the past two years, as I have moved to break the betrayal of my own silences and to speak from the burnings of my own heart, as I have called for radical departures from the destruction of Vietnam, many persons have questioned me about the wisdom of my path. At the heart of their concerns this query has often loomed large and loud: Why are you speaking about the war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights dont mix, they say. Arent you hurting the cause of your people, they ask. And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling. Indeed, their questions suggest that they do not know the world in which they live. In the light of such tragic misunderstanding, I deem it of signal importance to try to state clearly why I believe that the path from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, the church in Montgomery, Alabama, where I began my pastorate, leads clearly to this sanctuary tonight.
#76405 Jan 21, 2013
Dont You Dare Conflate MLK and Obama
01/16/2013 / http://tinyurl.com/bg78byt
Had King survived, his break with Obama would have come early.
Back in 1964, under prodding from a BBC interviewer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. predicted that a Black person might be elected president [8]in 25 years or less. Four years later, shortly before his assassination, King confided [9] to actor/activist Harry Belafonte that he had come to believe we're integrating into a burning house." We now see that the two notions are not at all contradictory. At least some African Americans have achieved deep penetration of the very pinnacles of white power structures integrating the White House, itself while conditions of life for masses of Black folks deteriorate and the society as a whole falls into deep decay.
The fires lit by the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism, and militarism that Dr. King identified in his 1967 Beyond Vietnam: Breaking the Silence [10] speech are consuming the world, now stoked by a Black arsonist-in-chief. Domestic poverty hovers only a fraction of a percentage below the levels of 1965 [11], with extreme poverty the highest on record. Black household wealth has collapsed to one-twentieth that of whites. Today, more Black men are under the control of the criminal justice system than were slaves in the decade before the Civil War, according to Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow.
The Radicalization of Martin Luther King
Anthony Monteiro: Obama's presidency has nothing to do with the legacy of King, it's actually the opposite / Jan. 20. 2013 / http://tinyurl.com/armyjoc
#76406 Jan 21, 2013
So you are actually admitting that Obama's big grandstand Executive Orders and press conference announcing that bull was all for show? It changed nothing? Surely you aren't suggesting that Obama had to give Executive Orders for his peons to enforce and follow the laws already on the books. Funny...instead of demanding the feds enforce laws already on the books for Arizona...he sued them. Whut? Shhhh...things of which you ignorant mf'ers don't speak.
#76407 Jan 21, 2013
Bump...I am shocked that the all the topix sheep have wandered away from this post and won't touch it with a ten foot pole for some reason. Hmmmm. lol
Since: Oct 11
#76408 Jan 21, 2013
No....just saying you can't condemn one faith and exalt another.
Every faith, believe it or not(has it's faults)that's all!
You own your faith,just as you own your thoughts,we're accountable for our actions,to God and to man's law are we not?
#76409 Jan 21, 2013
You know, We have evolved. That is history, Obama is NOW!!!!!!!!!!
#76410 Jan 21, 2013
The 2% Social Security was a temp of the 2011 Tax deal. It was listed at that time as a temp and expired on Dec.31, 2012 just like it was always intended to do. Are you just too stupid to understand? What ObamaCare Tax. There is NO worker in America that is paying MORE in Federal Taxes than that 2% increase on SS unless they make more than $400K per year. I would bet anyone's paycheck double or nothing it's 2% only on Federal Taxes.
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Conservatives' copyright law changes could backfire Does the government really want to trigger a debate over the use of political attack ads?
By Kady O'Malley, CBC News Posted: Oct 14, 2014 5:00 AM ET Last Updated: Oct 14, 2014 8:12 AM ET
The Cons haven't had much success so far in trashing . . . → Read More: Left Over: Harper's Zipper: Stuck Again


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Occupy London's Tammy Samede on court eviction hearing
19 February 2012 Last updated at 14:30 GMT
The single defendant named in the eviction proceedings at the Occupy London protest site outside St Paul's Cathedral has said she "would do exactly the same again".
Tammy Samede told Sunday Politics London the action had started a dialogue on financial issues, and she called for peaceful resistance saying "another Dale Farm" was not wanted.
She is named in a court eviction hearing to be held on Wednesday.
More clips and news on our BBC website; 'like' us on Facebook page; follow us on Twitter


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Located in Denny, Drum Farm is in a rural location and within the vicinity of Colzium Estate and Kilsyth Lennox Golf Club. This country house is within the region of Bannockburn Heritage Centre and Smith Art Gallery and Museum.
Make yourself at home in one of the 3 guestrooms. Satellite television is provided for your entertainment. Bathrooms with shower/tub combinations are provided. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers.
Take in the views from a garden.
A complimentary full breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Free self parking is available onsite.


text:
Preschool Crafts
Gingerbread man art activity for kids. A Christmas collage craft for preschoolers.
Gingerbread man art activity for kids. A Christmas collage craft for preschoolers.
Name Snowmen from www.fun-a-day.com - A fun snowman craft that helps kids learn their names!
Check out this easy and fun snowman paper plate craft for toddlers!
ICY COLD SNOW PAINT THAT DRIES PUFFY & RAISED- so cool!
Christmas tree diy with paper plates. Fun crafts for the kids
Handprint Christmas Tree Cards - Kid Craft Idea
House craft made out of shapes for preschoolers. A great craft after reading the book The Little House or learning about animal habitats or learning about shapes. It's a fun and easy preschool craft that doesn't need many materials.
Paper Bag Gingerbread House Craft- This fun holiday craft can be used to create a gingerbread village, be a gift bag or used as a story starter.
Adorable Handprint and Footprint Turkey Thanksgiving Kids: Easy to make for kids to decorate for Thanksgiving or give to people in their life they are thankful for (like mom and dad, grandma and grandpa). (November, kids craft, Preschool, Kindergarten, Thanksgiving Craft)


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Upcoming Showsno upcoming shows listed
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Past Shows
Tue. November 11th 2003
@ Lucky Bar (No Minors)BATTLE ROYALE! Night #2 Jeff Wall, The Span, Radiant Leader
Sat. September 20th 2003
@ The Cambie Nanaimo Nanaimo BC (No Minors)it may end up in a near bar fight again Radiant Leader, Change Methodical
Sat. August 16th 2003
@ Sookefest Sooke BC (All Ages)Radiant Leader
View All Past (13)
Sat. August 16th 2003
@ Sookefest Sooke BC (All Ages)Summer In Sooke Radiant Leader, Plus Many More Local Bands
Radiant Leader
Confirmed: Dec. 17, 2013 (Archived)
Modern Rockn'funpunk from Victoria BC
Contact DetailsWayne
Past Shows (13)
Albums (1) Tracks (11)
If you like the thick sounds of distorted guitars and great pop melodies .We have resurrected some sounds of the seventies, combined with the melodies of the eighties ,brought to you in the style of some of favourite bands from the nineties .All in time to share it with you in the new millennium. Coming soon to club near you. For more Audio Files go to www.RadiantLeader.com
Audio Samples
|Sun Fell Down
|Remote Control
|Drivin' Song
|Land of The Brave
|1000 Miles
|The Girl Who Went To Sea
|One Of These Days
No member roster has been entered (to link to musician profiles.)
Status: Broken Up
- Last confirmed Dec. 17, 2013
Submit info on this band to our admins


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VERY LOW KILOMETERS!! GREAT CONDITION!! CHEAP PRICE!! Dependable and affordable!! We make getting a vehicle fast and easy. JUST CALL 306-934-1822 OR TOLL FREE 1-877-248-1233. Located in Saskatoon. www.VillageAuto.ca
For this vehicle based on mileage, region and options.
This graph compares the vehicle to the average market price for a 2008 Buick Allure in your area based on recent listings on autoTRADER.ca. It is intended only as a guide. Factors such as vehicle condition can affect prices.


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FurnitureDepot.com Reviews
- Other E-commerce Websites:
- Average: 4.6
- High: 5.0
- Type:
- Home and Garden Websites
Read 2 Reviews
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 2 customers
Comments about FurnitureDepot.com:
With our growing family, we were looking for some bunk beds for our boys room. We found a good set that would work for us. They cost more than we originally planned to spend, but they are very good quality, and we are very pleased with them.
Ease of Use
This site is one of the few that is actually fun to shop on. We enjoyed our time and are willing to come back again in the future for our furniture needs.
Customer Service
Customer service was friendly and courteous. The wait time was also much less than expected.
Shipping and Returns
One downside about this site is the expense of their shipping. If you live in the northeast close to their center, you can get a great deal on shipping. The Southeast and the Midwest can get decent shipping, with free shipping if you spend at least $4,000. We live in Utah, and we could not get free shipping at all. Charging high amounts on shipping after charging a lot for furniture is one of the worst features of this site.
Comments about FurnitureDepot.com:
Sept.11th 2009
I was extremely satisfied with Furniture Depot's website and customer service. I took a few hours and days to compare the different websites and founded this one the very best. I was able to go into it with ease and the details of the descriptions were so clear in reading ,along with the pricing and photo's along with no hidden fees and delivery was free because of the state that I'm in NJ. There customer service people were helpful in answering all of my worries of shopping on a new website alone. I purchase a sectional living room set it's beige Chenille the fabric was soft to the touch but firm at the same time. It looks awesome in my newly decorated apartment talking about going back to finish my other rooms soon. I recommend this website to all with 5 stars FURNITURE DEPOT.COM
Thanks Keith Campbell of NJ


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2012 MV Agusta F4RR, 21000 km FSH by agents. Integrated taillight, shorties brake leavers extendable and foldable, MV logo bar ends, new smoke high rise Puig screen. Michelin power 3 just been serviced. Awesome bike 201 BHP for serious riders. alarm and immobiliser Phone or Whatzapp thx!
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Release Date: January 1st, 1961
Not Yet Rated|1 hr. 12 min.
Plot Summary
A Scotland Yard agent considers turning to a life of crime after going under cover to join a gang of gem thieves.
Cast: William Sylvester, Mai Zetterling, Anthony Dawson, John Meillon, John Phillips, Victor Brooks,
Director: Cliff Owen
Genres: Drama


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Residence Villa Frejus Bardonecchia: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 3 stars hotels in Bardonecchia, Italy.
This luxury property in Bardonecchia offers complimentary Wi-Fi, as well as a 24-hour reception and a sauna. It is ideally located for those wanting to visit the area's popular attractions.
Hotel description
Residence Villa Frejus Bardonecchia has 11 luxury apartments that are equipped with all the necessities to ensure an enjoyable stay. There are also a number of apartments especially designed for families.
Residence is minutes on foot from Bardonecchia Railway Station, allowing convenient access in and around Bardonecchia. There is also the added convenience of many nearby eateries and restaurants.
Hotel features
Elevator / Lift, 24 Hour Reception, Multilingual Staff, Safe-Deposit Box, Luggage Storage
Fitness Room/Gym, Sauna
Internet Connection (wireless)
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Can you imagine if all teachers had a "Magic Eight Ball" that they could turn to every time they had a question about instructional practice, technology or learning theory? It would provide resources, anecdotal experiences, practical applications of innovative tools, and much more. Luckily, through the connected and collaborative power of online technologies, we have access to a vast and vibrant network of educators that are infinitely more qualified than a Magic Eight Ball to provide ongoing, timely support and encouragement. Fuel your professional growth with help from The Discovery Educator Network (DEN). See ways in which these educators connect online and in-person, and power-up your personal learning network by connecting with educators like you!


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Mindfulness and Self-Care: Restorative Tools for Clinicians
Presented by Ashley Davis Bush, LCSW on 01-06-2012 at 9 a.m. Pacific
Self-care should not wait until after hours or weekends. Restorative pauses are a must throughout the day for the prevention of compassion fatigue. This workshop will offer specific tools that harness the benefits of mindfulness as a means for personal care. Learn about a simple "tools to trigger" system for creating mindfulness habits throughout your workday. These well-being exercises are designed to be done while driving to work, sitting in front of the computer, before/during/and after sessions, and when transitioning to home. Let new habits of mind tap into your own neuroplasticity and provide escape from the monotony of autopilot.
This web conference is designed to help clinicians:
- Identify four characteristics of the stress response that lead to burnout over time;
- List three differences between environmental strategies for stress reduction versus inner peace strategies;
- Harness the benefits of neuroplasticity in a simple system of linking tools to triggers;
- Acquire six simple tools for self-care that can be used before work, during sessions, and after work.
If you have any questions about this Web Conference or would like more information, please contact us here.
How the Web Conference Works
In short, participants will be able to listen to the event by calling in to our teleconference center. Prior to the event, all participants will be sent an email with instructions on how to login to the teleconference center. This event will include lecture, interaction, and question and answer periods.
All are available to GoodTherapy.org members at no additional cost.
Continuing Education (CE) Information
1.5 CE credits will be provided by GoodTherapy.org for attending this web conference in its entirety.
GoodTherapy.org is also an Approved Education Provider by NAADAC, The Association for Addiction Professionals (provider #135463). Of the eight counselor skill groups ascribed to by NAADAC, this course is classified within counseling services.
GoodTherapy.org is an NBCC-Approved Continuing Education Provider (ACEPTM) and may offer NBCC-approved clock hours for events that meet NBCC requirements.
GoodTherapy.org, provider #1352, is approved as a provider for social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) www.aswb.org, through the Approved Continuing Education (ACE) program. ASWB Approval Period: March 30, 2016 through March 30, 2019. Social workers should contact their regulatory board to determine course approval. Social workers participating in this course will receive two clinical continuing education clock hours.
GoodTherapy.org is approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. GoodTherapy.org maintains responsibility for this program and its content and is solely responsible for all aspects of the program.
GoodTherapy.org, SW CPE is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Social Work as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers #0395.
Registration Information
This web conference is available at no cost to GoodTherapy.org members.
This event has already taken place. An audio recording for this event may be available in the Member's Area.
Event Reviews from Members
I found her presentation, which included clinical, intuitive, and scientific explanations for tools to be SO validating! I have been integrating several similar tools into my life and my practice for years, coming from more of an intuitive place. Hearing the scientific commentary and the extent to which these brief rituals can actually help to re- wire our brains and stress response is fascinating and very hopeful!! - Delphyne J. Platner, PhD, MFT, CHT
Meet the Presenter
Ashley Davis Bush, LCSW
Ashley Davis Bush, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, writer, and grief counselor in private practice in southern New Hampshire. Ashley has authored three self-help books, including the newly released Shortcuts to Inner Peace: 70 Simple Paths to Everyday Serenity and Transcending Loss.
Additionally, Ashley is a contributing Lifestyles writer for USDailyReview.com. She also publishes a monthly newsletter called Still Waters at her website and moderates two active support pages on Facebook, one for grievers, called Transcending Loss, and the other for those struggling with stress, called Shortcuts to Inner Peace.
Ashley has a Master of Arts degree in Social Work from Columbia University and a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Smith College, as well as a certificate in Contemplative Studies through Smith College School for Social Work. Ashley worked in community mental health in New York City for ten years and has been living and working in southern New Hampshire since 1997. Ashley lives with her husband Dan and their blended family of five children.
Continuing Education Provider Approvals
- GoodTherapy.org is Approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. GoodTherapy.org maintains responsibility for this program and its content. APA approval applies to all events listed after May 2011.
- GoodTherapy.org has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6380. Programs that do not qualify for NBCC credit are clearly identified. GoodTherapy.org is solely responsible for all aspects of the programs.
- This course has been approved by GoodTherapy.org, as a NAADAC Approved Education Provider, for educational credits. NAADAC Provider #135463. GoodTherapy.org is responsible for all aspects of their programming.
- GoodTherapy.org, provider #1352, is approved as a provider for social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) www.aswb.org through the Approved Continuing Education (ACE) Program. GoodTherapy.org maintains responsibility for the program. ASWB Approval Period: 03/30/2016 – 03/30/2019. Social workers should contact their regulatory board to determine course approval for continuing education credits. Social workers participating in this course will receive 2 clinical continuing education clock hours.
- GoodTherapy.org, SW CPE is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Social Work as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers #0395.


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ERIC Number: ED383080
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1994-Jul
Pages: 85
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
The Future of Education Policy: An Asian-Pacific/North American Dialogue.
Education Commission of the States, Denver, CO.
The Education Commission of the States (ECS) 1994 National Forum and Annual Meeting was used as an opportunity to host a special Asian/Pacific/North American Dialogue conference on education policy. The purpose of this meeting was to discuss how educational practice and innovation in the Asia-Pacific nations could inform education reform and economic-development efforts in the United States. Delegates expressed a common concern about the inability of current education systems to prepare students for a changing world. Almost all countries represented had established national education goals. Other important issues that received discussion included school-to-work transition, higher education, values and character development, teacher quality, and Japanese educational practices. Ten sections summarize current educational trends and practices in the following countries--Australia, Canada, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Singapore, and the United States. Contains a 35-item list of resources grouped by country and an audiotape order form. (LMI)
Descriptors: Comparative Education, Educational Change, Educational Policy, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries, International Education, International Educational Exchange, Policy Formation
Education Commission of the States, Distribution Center, 707 17th Street, Suite 2700, Denver, CO 80202-3427 ($10, prepaid or organization purchase order, plus postage and handling; discounts available for bulk orders of single publications).
Publication Type: Collected Works - Proceedings; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: Education Commission of the States, Denver, CO.
Identifiers: Asia Pacific Region
Note: Proceedings of a conference "co-sponsored" by the U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Information Agency, State of Hawaii, East-West Center, and the Pacific Region Educational Laboratory (Honolulu, HI, July 6-7, 1994). Corporate sponsors: Hyundai, Toyota, GE Foundation, Coors.


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10 reasons why kids have to go to the ER
Trauma is the No. 1 cause of death in people between ages 1 and 44.
Trauma is the No. 1 cause of death in people between ages 1 and 44.
Take advantage of these tips to have a fun and safe trip.
Drowning is the second-leading cause of unintentional injury-related death among children ages 1-14.
Each year in the U.S., thousands of adults and children are treated in emergency rooms for fireworks-related injuries.
Staying safe in the sun and avoiding dehydration is important.
Dr. Gigi Chawla provides safety tips for preventing and treating injuries.
With warm weather upon us, we compiled a list of basic tips, with help from our injury prevention experts, to keep kids safe all summer.
Much of our lifetime sun exposure happens in the first 18 years of our lives, and protecting the skin of infants and children will reduce their skin-cancer risk as they grow older.
In recognition of Poison Prevention Awareness Week, we've gathered tips from our experts.
Sledding is a great way to spend time outdoors and be active in the winter months, so it's important to highlight the safest ways to enjoy this fun sport.


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Instructional Designer ( 2 - 5 yrs)
Kido Enterprises
RS2,25,000 To 4,50,000Bangalore
-Develop instructional materials and products/courses: -Self-learning materials -ILT Support content -Quick reference guides -Job aids (academic, Sales and Operations) -E-Courses -WBT, Online learning -Video Based learning -Micro learning nug...
Key Skills : content designer,content management,content editor
RSLess than 50000 To Less than 50000Hyderabad
CoStuCo is conducting Event on 25-06-2016 for the following positions. Company 1 : Multipliers Position: Business Consulting and Digital Marketing Company 2 : Client of Costuco Postion 1: Java Programmer Position 2: MSBI Developer Company 3 : T...
Key Skills : business consulting,digital marketing executive,graphic design,trainee-instructional designer,digital marketing...
Opening for Graphic Designers ( 2 yrs)
Magna Infotech
RS3,50,000 To 8,50,000Gurgaon
Graphic Designers with the Following Requirements/skillset: - Good Flash Animation Skills with Photoshop Experience On Designing and Conceptualizing Layout - Creating Infographics, a Light Telestration/animation - Designing Newsletters and Poste...
Key Skills : instructional designing,articulate,visualization,graphic designer,web graphic designer,senior graphic designer
Instructional Designer - Pune ( Fresher)
RS1,00,000 To 4,00,000Pune
Develop training materials Create storyboards Web-based Training (WBTs), Computer-based Training (CBTs), Instructor Led Training (ILTs), Virtual Instructor Led Training (vILTs).
Key Skills : id,instructional designer,storyboarding,content developer
Instructional Designer (Full time / Freelancer ( 3 - 7 yrs)
Triumph India Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
RS4,00,000 To 11,00,000Bangalore
We are looking for Instructional Designer with 3-7 years of experience. Below is the JD for your reference: Job Purpose:Create high level ID plan document for a project.Monitor the creation of a storyboard and review it.Create instructional design mo...
Key Skills : instructional designer,freelancer
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Instructional Designer ( 2 yrs)
Exult Infosolutions
RS1,00,000 To 3,00,000Pune
(formerly known as CrediPoint Solutions) provides services in the areas of learning solutions, mobility and cloud-based software applications. We cater to requirements from a global business portfolio of services comprising HR Consulting, Information...
Key Skills : instructional designer,instructional designing
Requirede Subject Matter Expert - all Categories ( 4 yrs)
Akarshala Training Solution Group
RSNot DiscloseMumbai
1. Gather and Provide in Depth Knowledge of Your Subject, Along with Real World Examples, Best Practices and Tricks of the Trade 2. Design Learning Objectives for Classroom and Online Training Programs 3. Develop Content Deliverables or Supervise C...
Key Skills : content developer,instructional designer,subject teacher,subject matter specialist,subject matter expert,senior content developer
Instructional Designer ( 1 - 4 yrs)
Redd Swastik Placement Consultants
RSLess than 50000 To 50,000Ahmedabad
Job Role: We are looking for a professional Instructional Designer to design and develop learning and practicing experiences. The goal is to facilitate learners in acquiring knowledge, skills and competencies in an effective and appealing manner. R...
Key Skills : instructional designer,content writer
Instructional Designer ( 5 yrs)
Origin Learning Solutions Pvt Ltd
RS1,00,000 To 2,50,000Bangalore
Desired Candidate Profile : - Excellent Communication skills with all levels . - Self Starter - Fast Learner - Good Attitude - Job Responsibilities : - Design and develop interactive courseware for customer training
Key Skills : instructional designing,instructional designer,content writer,content writing,technical writing,tech writing,technical content writing,content...
Instructional Designer ( 1 yrs)
Astutix Learning Pvt Ltd
RS1,75,000 To 3,50,000Bangalore
- Effectively Interface with Client Organization to Understand Requirements from Three Perspectives Client, Sme and Learner - Through Creative Inputs, Develop Storyboards for Interactive Wbts, Ilts, Cbts, Sims, Etc. - Apply Id Expertise To: - Iden...
Key Skills : Instructional Designer,Content Developer
Instructional Designer - Learning & Development ( 5 yrs)
Garg Data Information
RS1,25,000 To 2,50,000Noida
Responsibilities include: - Partnering with the client to analyze their learning needs and instructional goals and objectives to develop appropriate methods for training delivery (instructor-led, online and print materials). - Acting as liaison bet...
Key Skills : instructional designer,instructional writer
Hiring Instructional Design Trainee ( Fresher)
RS2,25,000 To 2,25,000Chennai
Preferred Educational Qualification: b.e. / B.tech - Any Stream / M.c.a/ M.e. / M.tech - Any Stream job Location: Chennai ctc: 2.25 Lacs per Annum agreement Period: Employee Must Be in the Organization for a Period of 24 Months Else The...
Key Skills : instructional design trainee,instructional designer,instructional writer,instructional designing
Instructional Designer/ Technical Content Writer ( 1 - 2 yrs)
Gloriousai Consultants
RS6,00,000 To 8,00,000Gurgaon
Honors in English language / Mass communication / B.Tech - Expert level in Scripting, video based E-learning - Comprehension of Semi-technical subjects Eg: Safety, risk management, environment protection, procedural regulations
Key Skills : should be very good in visualization,instructional designing,good communication skills,honors in english language,mass communication,technical...
Instructional Designer (Full time / Freelancer) ( 3 - 7 yrs)
Triumph India Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
RS4,00,000 To 11,00,000Bangalore
We are looking for Instructional Designer with 3-7 years of experience. Below is the JD for your reference: Job Purpose: -Create high level ID plan document for a project. -Monitor the creation of a storyboard and review it. -Create instructiona...
Key Skills : instructional designer
Instructional Designer ( Fresher)
Infopro Learning
RS2,50,000 To 3,00,000Noida
Job Description:- 1. Create content as per the course design and writing standards. 2. Meet productivity targets and delivery deadlines. 3. Meet defined quality standards. 4. Incorporate inputs received from SME and QA.
Key Skills : creative writing,technical writing,article writing,content writer,content writing,instructional designer,instructional designing,creative...
Team Lead - Instructional Designer ( 5 yrs)
Focus Ideas Pvt Ltd
RS4,00,000 To 6,50,000Hyderabad, India
Job Title: Team Lead - Instructional Designer (id) experience: 5+ Years salary: 4.8 - 5.4 Lakhs per Annum (negotiable) location: Hyderabad, India key Responsibilities: - Develop Bespoke E-learning Solutions for a Variety of Subjects and Ind...
Key Skills : team leader,instructional designer,senior instructional designer,team handling,people management,team building
Instructional Designer ( 2 - 3 yrs)
Tata Institute of Social Science
RS1,50,000 To 2,50,000Mumbai
1. Sanitize existing textbook content for instructional design strategies, language and graphics. 2. Collaborate with content writers: Design and development of curriculum content, training materials, training modules, teaching aids etc. 3.Apply in...
Key Skills : instructional designer,academic couonselor,teacher,teaching,education
Required Instructional Designer ( 3 yrs)
Synergy Edutech
RSNot DiscloseHyderabad, Bangalore
The candidate will be required to interact with subject matter experts and clients, understand business needs, analyze learning requirements, and define instructionally sound solutions for online/instructor-led learning programmes. He/she will be req...
Key Skills : instructional designer,content writing,content developer,virtual class administrator
Instructional Designer ( 2 yrs)
RS1,50,000 To 2,00,000Hyderabad, Somajiguda
- Organize and design Articulate Storyline modules in an easy-to-understand format. - Coordinate with senior team members on getting written content, slides, and videos to incorporate into training materials. - Provide constructive feedback to subj...
Key Skills : instructional designer,ms office,instructional designing,ms access,microsoft database,microsoft office
Instructional Designer ( 2 - 4 yrs)
Aims Digital Services Pvt Ltd.
RS2,00,000 To 4,00,000Pune
Formulating Instructional Approaches creating Storyboards providing Production Support
Key Skills : instructional designer,structural engineer,design engineer


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Children's Swim Instructor / Lifeguard (Part-Time)
Goldfish Swim School - Burr Ridge, IL
Children's Swim Instructor / Lifeguard (Part-Time)*. Children's Swim Instructor / Lifeguard Job Responsibilities:....
Big Blue Swim School - Buffalo Grove, IL
Current Lifeguard Certification. Beginning lifeguards will receive $10-$12/hour based on experience and knowledge....
Summer Staff - Counselors, Drivers, Program Specialists
Banner Day Camp - Lake Forest, IL
Program Staff - Sports, Arts, Adventure, Aquatics (we will train/certify lifeguards). Banner Day Camp is looking for summer staff!...
Lifeguard/Swim Instructor - IMRF Pension Benefit
Park District of Highland Park - Highland Park, IL
Must attend orientation, staff training, and successfully pass lifeguard skills review. Required to possess current certifications in American Red Cross...
Swim Instructor
Big Blue Swim School - Buffalo Grove, IL
If you don't have a lifeguard certification don't worry we can certify you! We are currently looking for both full and part time swim instructors as well as...
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Our indoor pool is open year-round and we have immediate job opportunities for daytime lifeguards. Lifeguards also respond to swimmers in distress, perform...
Children's Fitness Instructor: Sports and Gymnastics
My Gym River Forest - River Forest, IL
Experience working with children (camp counselor, sports coach, babysitting, preschool teacher, lifeguard, swim instructor, etc.)....
Certified Lifeguards - Glenview
Chicago Pool Management Company - Glenview, IL
We are currently looking for certified lifeguards (American Red Cross, Ellis, Star Guard, etc.). Our lifeguards will also check residents into the pool, vacuum...
Goldfish Swim W. - Chicago, IL
Apply today! https://wickerpark.goldfishswimschool.com/jobs/ Are you looking for a great part-time gig where the work is actually fun? Check out Goldfish
YMCA of Metro Chicago - Naperville, IL
First Aid, CPR, and Lifeguard Certification. We rely on the expertise, passion, commitment and energy of our (Aquatic Coordinators, Lifeguards, and Swim...


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That right there is a proper lineup! Go to @twsnow and get a load of @travisrice's interview with @eddiewall. Questions will get answered and fires will be lit.


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Yellow bell pepper
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About yellow bell peppers Edit
A mild, sweet flavored, bell shaped pepper, which is one of the most common varieties of sweet peppers. Most bell peppers are green at maturity but turn red if not harvested until fully ripe. There are some varieties that have a maturity color other than green, such as yellow, orange, purple and brown. Most (but not all) varieties are red when fully ripened. A pepper has the strongest taste when considered mature, but not fully ripe. If the peppers are not harvested when mature but are allowed to ripen on the vine, their taste will become progressively more mild and sweet until they are fully ripened. Bell peppers are eaten raw or cooked and are good in relishes, salads, savory dishes or stir-fries, and can be stuffed or eaten on their own. Bell peppers are available throughout the year but more varieties are available in July, August and September. When selecting, choose those with shiny, even colored skins that are not blemished or bruised. Avoid peppers with shriveled skins. They can be stored for at least a week if placed in a plastic bag and kept in the refrigerator. The riper the pepper is when harvested, the less time it will maintain its freshness.