text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 18, 2003
|Filing date
|Apr 13, 2001
|Priority date
|Apr 13, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jay Prager, Patrizio Vinciarelli
|Original Assignee
|Vlt Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (39), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to reducing energy loss and noise in power converters.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in a typical PWM non-isolated DC-to-DC shunt boost converter 20 operated in a discontinuous mode, for example, power is processed in each of a succession of power conversion cycles 10. During a power delivery period 12 of each power conversion cycle 10, while a switch 22 is open, power received at an input voltage Vin from a unipolar input voltage source 26 is passed forward as a current that flows from an input inductor 21 through a diode 24 to a unipolar load (not shown) at a voltage Vout. Vout is higher than the input voltage, Vin.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show waveforms for an ideal converter in which there are no parasitic capacitances or inductances and in which the diode 24 has zero reverse recovery time. During the power delivery period 12, the current in the inductor falls linearly and reaches a value of zero at time tcross. At tcross, the ideal diode immediately switches off, preventing current from flowing back from the load towards the input source, and the current in the inductor remains at zero until the switch 22 is closed again at the next time ts1off. Thus, no energy is stored in the inductor 21 between times tcross and ts1on.
During another, shunt period 14 of each cycle, while switch 22 is closed, the voltage at the left side of the diode (node 23) is grounded, and no current flows in the diode. Instead, a shunt current (Is) is conducted from the source 26 into the inductor 21 via the closed switch 22. In a circuit with ideal components, the current in the inductor would begin at zero and rise linearly to time ts1off, when switch 22 is turned off to start another power delivery period 12.
In a non-ideal converter, in which there are parasitic circuit capacitances and the diode is non-ideal (e.g., for a bipolar diode there will be a reverse recovery period and for a Schottky diode there will be diode capacitance), an oscillatory ringing will occur after tcross.
In one example, waveforms for a non-ideal converter of the kind shown in FIG. 1 are shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D. Because of the reverse recovery characteristic of the diode, the diode does not block reverse current flow at time tcross. Instead, current flows in the reverse direction through the diode 24 and back into the inductor 21 during a period 18. At time tdoff, the diode snaps fully off and the flow of reverse current in the diode goes to zero.
Because of the reverse flow of current in the diode during the diode recovery period, energy has been stored in the inductor as of the off time tdoff (the "recovery energy"). In addition, parasitic circuit capacitances (e.g., the parasitic capacitances of the switch 22, the diode 24, and the inductor 24, not shown) also store energy as of time tdoff (e.g., the parasitic capacitance of switch 22 will be charged to a voltage approximately equal to Vout).
After time tdoff, energy is exchanged between the inductor and parasitic capacitances in the circuit. As shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D, the energy exchange causes oscillatory ringing noise in the circuit. Furthermore, the presence of oscillatory current will generally result in energy being dissipated wastefully in the circuit at the start of the next shunt period when the switch is closed at time ts1on. The energy loss can amount to several percent of the total energy processed during a cycle.
In general, in one aspect, the invention features apparatus that includes (a) switching power conversion circuitry including an inductive element connected to deliver energy via a unidirectional conducting device from an input source to a load during a succession of power conversion cycles, and circuit capacitance that can resonate with the inductive element during a portion of the power conversion cycles to cause a parasitic oscillation, and (b) clamp circuitry connected to trap energy in the inductive element and reduce the parasitic oscillation.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The power conversion circuitry comprises a unipolar, non-isolated boost converter comprising a shunt switch. The power conversion circuitry is operated in a discontinuous mode. The clamp circuitry is configured to trap the energy in the inductor in a manner that is essentially non-dissipative. The clamp circuitry comprises elements configured to trap the energy by short-circuiting the inductor during a controlled time period. The inductive element comprises a choke or a transformer. The elements comprise a second switch connected effectively in parallel with the inductor. The second switch is connected directly in parallel with the inductor or is inductively coupled in parallel with the inductor. The second switch comprises a field effect transistor in series with a diode.
The power conversion circuitry comprises a unipolar, non-isolated boost converter comprising a shunt switch and a switch controller, the switch controller being configured to control the timing of a power delivery period during which the shunt switch is open and a shunt period during which the shunt switch is closed.
The shunt switch is controlled to cause the power conversion to occur in a discontinuous mode. The second switch is opened for a period before the shunt switch is closed in order to discharge parasitic capacitances in the apparatus. The power conversion circuitry comprises at least one of a unipolar, isolated, single-ended forward converter, a buck converter, a flyback converter, a zero-current switching converter, a PWM converter, a bipolar, non-isolated, boost converter, a bipolar, non-isolated boost converter, a bipolar, non-isolated buck converter, a bipolar, isolated boost converter, or a bipolar, isolated buck converter.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features, a method that reduces parasitic oscillations by trapping energy in the inductive element during a portion of the power conversion cycles.
Implementations of the invention include releasing the energy from the inductor essentially non-dissipatively. The energy is trapped by short-circuiting the inductive element during a controlled time period. The short-circuiting is done by a second switch connected effectively in parallel with the inductive element. The second switch is opened for a portion of the power conversion cycle in order to discharge parasitic capacitances. The invention reduces undesirable ringing noise generated in a power converter by oscillatory transfer of energy between inductive and capacitive elements in the converter and recycles this energy to reduce or eliminate the dissipative loss of energy associated with turn-on of a switching element in the converter.
Other advantages and features will become apparent from the following description and from the claims.
FIG. 1 shows a power conversion circuit.
FIGS. 2A-2D shows timing diagrams.
FIGS. 3, 5 and 6 show power conversion circuits with recovery switches.
FIG. 4 shows a timing diagram.
FIG. 7 shows a PWM, unipolar, isolated buck converter comprising a clamp circuit.
FIGS. 8A and 8B show waveforms for the converter of FIG. 7.
FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D show isolated, single-ended converters which comprise a clamp circuit.
With reference to FIGS. 1, 2C and 2D, at time tdoff the parasitic capacitance across the switch 22 is charged to a voltage (approximately equal to Vout) which is greater than Vin and a current flows in L1 owing to the reverse recovery of the diode 24.
After tdoff, with the switch 22 open and the diode non-conductive, energy stored in the resonant circuit formed by the circuit parasitic capacitances and inductor L1 causes oscillatory ringing in Iin and Vs. This oscillation (referred to herein as "parasitic oscillation" or simply "noise") is unrelated to the power conversion process. and may require that noise filtering components be added to the converter (not shown). In addition, closure of the switch 22 after tdoff will result in a wasteful loss of some or all of this energy ("switching loss").
By providing mechanisms for clamping the circuit voltages, the noise can be reduced or eliminated, and the stored energy can be trapped in an inductor and then released essentially losslessly back to the circuit. Generally, the capturing and later release of the energy is achieved by effectively shorting and then un-shorting the two ends of an inductor at controlled times.
As shown in FIG. 3, in one implementation, a unipolar, non-isolated, discontinuous boost converter circuit 28 includes a series circuit, comprising a recovery switch Rs 30 and a diode 32, that is connected across the ends of the inductor 34, and a controller 36 that regulates the on and off periods of both the recovery switch 30 and the shunt switch 22.
The recovery switch 30 is turned on and off in the following cycle. The switch may be turned on any time during the power delivery period 12 when the voltage across the inductor, VB (FIG. 3), is negative, because this will result in diode 32 being reverse biased. During the reverse recovery period, the diode 32 prevents the current that is flowing backward from the diode 38 from flowing in recovery switch 30. Instead, the reverse recovery energy is stored in the inductor.
After the diode snaps off, the energy stored in circuit parasitic capacitances will be exchanged with the inductor and the voltage, Vs, across shunt switch 22 will ring down. When the voltage Vs rings down to the input voltage, Vin, the voltage VB will equal zero, the recovery diode 32 will conduct and the recovery switch 30 and the diode 32 will short the ends of the inductor 34. In that state, the inductor 34 cannot exchange energy with any other circuit components. Therefore, the energy is "trapped" in the inductor and ringing in the main circuit is essentially eliminated.
Later, prior to the shunt switch being closed to start the shunt period, the recovery switch is opened. Because the current trapped in the inductor flows in the direction back toward the input source, opening the recovery switch 30 will result in an essentially lossless charging and discharging of parasitic circuit capacitances and a reduction in the voltage, Vs, across the shunt switch. By providing for a reduction in shunt switch voltage, Vs, the loss in the shunt switch associated with discharging of parasitics ("turn-on loss") can be reduced or, in certain cases, essentially eliminated.
As shown in FIG. 4, the delay between the opening of the recovery switch 30 and the closing of the shunt switch 22 may be adjusted so that the closure of the shunt switch corresponds in time to approximately the time of occurrence of the first minimum in the voltage Vs following the opening of the recovery switch at time trsoff (the dashed line in the Figure shows how the voltage Vs would continue to oscillate after ts1on if the shunt switch 22 were not turned on at that time). In cases where the voltage rings all the way down to zero (not shown in the Figure) the turn-on loss in the shunt switch can be essentially eliminated. Since capacitive energy is proportional to the square of the voltage, however, any amount of voltage reduction is important.
As shown in FIG. 5, in another approach, instead of wiring the recovery switch and diode directly across the inductor, a recovery switch 50 and a diode 52 are connected in series with a secondary winding 54 that is transformer-coupled to the inductor. The series circuit is connected to the ground side of the circuit for convenience in controlling the switch. The control switch may be implemented as a MOSFET in series with a diode. Turn-on losses will occur as a result of the body capacitor of the switch 50, but they are relatively small because the switch die is relatively small.
As shown in FIG. 6, in another implementation, a bipolar discontinuous boost converter 60 operating from a bipolar input source, Vac, uses the transformer-coupled switching technique of FIG. 5, but includes two recovery switches 62, 64 connected to respective ends of the winding 66. One of the recovery switches is always on for one polarity of input source Vac, and the other recovery switch is turned on and off using the same strategy as in FIG. 5. The scenario is reversed when the polarity of the input source reverses.
Care must be taken not to have the shunt switch and the recovery switch on at the same time, which would short-circuit the source.
The energy-trapping technique may be applied to any power converter, isolated or non-isolated, PWM or resonant, in which energy storage in inductive and capacitive circuit elements results in parasitic oscillations within the converter.
FIG. 7, for example, shows a PWM, unipolar, isolated buck converter 70 comprising a clamp circuit 76. In such a converter, the voltage delivered by the input source 72, Vin, is higher than the DC output voltage, Vout, delivered to the load 81. In a first part of a converter operating cycle, the switch 74 is closed and energy is delivered to the load from the input source 72 via the output inductor 82. In a second part of a converter operating cycle, the switch is open and energy stored in the inductor 82 flows as output current, Io, to the load via the diode 75. For load values above some lower limit, the output current, Io, flows continuously in the output inductor Lout 82. Below that lower limit, however, the instantaneous current in the output inductor 82 drops to zero and attempts to reverse. Under these circumstances the diode will block and, in the absence of the clamp circuit 76, an oscillation will begin as energy is transferred back and forth between the inductor 82 and circuit parasitic capacitances (e.g., the parasitic capacitances of the switch 74, the diode 75, the inductor 82 and the clamp circuit 76, not shown). Waveforms for the converter of FIG. 7, with the clamp circuit, are shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
In FIGS. 8A and 8B, the switch 74 is on at time t=0, the voltage VD is approximately equal to Vin, and the current Io is increasing owing to the polarity of the voltage impressed across Lout. At time tsoff, switch 74 turns off and the voltage VD drops to essentially zero volts as the parasitic capacitances across the diode 75 are discharged and the diode conducts. The clamp switch 78 may be turned on any time after the voltage VD drops below Vout.
At time tcross the current Io declines to zero and attempts to reverse. After the diode 75 ceases conducting, the voltage VD rings up until the clamp diode 80 begins to conduct at time tc, when the voltage VD is approximately equal to Vout. Between times tc and tcoff the clamp circuit clamps the inductor and prevents parasitic oscillations. At time tcoff, the clamp switch is opened and the voltage VD rings up toward Vin. At time tson the switch 74 is closed, initiating another converter operating cycle. A switch controller 77 controls the relative timing of the two switches 74, 78. As for the timing discussed in FIG. 4, the delay between the opening of the clamp switch 78 and the closing of the switch 74 is adjusted so that the closure of switch 74 corresponds in time to approximately the time of occurrence of the first maximum in the voltage Vs following the opening of the clamp switch 78. This minimizes or eliminates the switching loss associated with closure of switch 74.
The transformer coupled clamp circuit of FIG. 5 may be used in the converter of FIG. 7.
Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
For example, the technique may be applied to any switching power converter in which there is a time period during which undesired oscillations occur as a result of energy being transferred back and forth between unclamped inductive and capacitive energy storing elements.
For example, FIGS. 9A through 9D show isolated, single-ended converters which comprise a clamp circuit 76 according to the invention. FIG. 9A is a unipolar, single-ended, forward PWM converter; FIG. 9B is a unipolar, single-ended, zero-current switching forward converter (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,959, incorporated by reference); FIG. 9C is a unipolar, single-ended, flyback converter with a clamp circuit 76 connected to the primary winding 105 of the flyback transformer; and FIG. 9D is a unipolar, single-ended, flyback converter with a clamp circuit 76 connected to the secondary winding 104 of the flyback transformer.
The clamp circuit may be modified to be of the magnetically coupled kind shown in FIG. 5, above. Other topologies to which the technique may be applied include resonant and quasi-resonant non-isolated, boost, buck and buck-boost converters. By use of bipolar clamp circuitry of FIG. 6, or equivalent circuitry, the technique may be applied to bipolar equivalents of unipolar PWM, resonant and quasi-resonant non-isolated, boost, buck and buck-boost converters.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
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|European Classification
|Aug 20, 2001
Owner name: VLT CORPORATION, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PRAGER, JAY;VINCIARELLI, PATRIZIO;REEL/FRAME:012091/0685
Effective date: 20010815
|Jun 22, 2004
Owner name: VLT, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:VLT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:014763/0124
Effective date: 20000713
|Aug 31, 2004
Owner name: VLT, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PRAGER, JAY;VINCIARELLI, PATRIZIO;REEL/FRAME:015093/0851;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040819 TO 20040825
|May 3, 2005
|Reissue application filed
Effective date: 20050218
|Aug 18, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Here's Fancy dropping in to say hello! I'm a 6 year old Pomeranian/Chihuahua mix and weigh about 12 pounds. Fortunately for me, I was rescued off the street as a stray and found my way to a Tucson Cold Wet Noses foster home. I have been treated for bladder stones and had some mammary masses removed, along with getting a dental to clean my teeth. I also had fatty lumps removed from my hind legs. Other than some supplements to keep me from getting more bladder stones, I'm finished with medical treatments, have all my vaccines and I am micro chipped. Now I'm ready to find my forever home.
My foster mom says I look fancy, even if my recently shaved legs seem to suggest otherwise. When my coat grows back, I'll look just as fancy as ever!
I'm a fairly quiet dog, only barking when my foster mom's other dogs bark at something. I get along with my foster mom's other dogs – and she has several. I will take short walks, and stop to smell things along the way. I'm a little particular about being picked up, sometimes trying to nip (but not bite down hard!) but settle down soon after being held in my foster mom's arms or lap. I just don't like the feeling of losing contact with the ground – I like being in control of where I am. I don't jump up on furniture – it seems awfully high up to me. I also don't sleep in my foster mom's bed, but use a dog bed on the floor.
I'm still a little scared with people I don't know, but my foster mom says I'm getting better every day. Just this week, I let my foster grandma and aunt pet me and didn't even back away! I usually come close for treats, but I may still be skittish if you try to touch me too quickly. Because of this, I'd be best in a home without children other than patient, understanding older teens.
And, last but not least, I'm housebroken with a doggie door, although my mom does take me out late in the evening for a potty break before going to bed so that I can "hold it" until next morning. She says it's not safe letting a little one like me go outside by myself in the dead of night. With a previous foster, I was also using newspapers on the floor for potty breaks when she was gone for too long.
Although I am getting along fine at my foster mom's home, I'd really like a home of my own with someone to dote on me like the fancy princess I long to be! Please take me home and make me your fancy little girl!
I will need to be on special food for urinary formula dog food
*Applications to adopt: wwwTucsonColdWetNoses.com Home Visit / ID and Residence Verification is required. Compliance does not imply or guarantee adoption. Approval is the sole discretion of CWN representative(s).
We are always looking for Volunteer event assistants to help with adoptions at Petsmart and Petco. Please email Terri @ email@example.com if you are interested. Thank you so much for considering becoming part of the Tucson Cold Wet Noses Team!


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Experiments were designed by P.C.H., V.F.M.S., M.E.D., J.D.M., J.R. and R.T.L. MerCreMer-ZEG mice were generated by P.C.H. and V.F.M.S., surgeries were performed by P.C.H., J.G. and V.F.M.S., immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were performed by P.C.H., V.F.M.S. and C.M., GFP+ and β-galactosidase+ cells were counted by M.E.D. and data were analyzed by P.C.H., V.F.M.S. and R.T.L. The manuscript was written by V.F.M.S., P.H.C. and R.T.L. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscripts.
An emerging concept is that the mammalian myocardium has the potential to regenerate, but that regeneration might be too inefficient to repair the extensive myocardial injury that is typical of human disease1-8. However, the degree to which stem cells or precursor cells contribute to the renewal of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes remains controversial. Here we report evidence that stem cells or precursor cells contribute to the replacement of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes after injury but do not contribute significantly to cardiomyocyte renewal during normal aging. We generated double-transgenic mice to track the fate of adult cardiomyocytes in a 'pulse-chase' fashion: after a 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was induced only in cardiomyocytes, with 82.7% of cardiomyocytes expressing GFP. During normal aging up to one year, the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes remained unchanged, indicating that stem or precursor cells did not refresh uninjured cardiomyocytes at a significant rate during this period of time. By contrast, after myocardial infarction or pressure overload, the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes decreased from 82.8% in heart tissue from sham-treated mice to 67.5% in areas bordering a myocardial infarction, 76.6% in areas away from a myocardial infarction, and 75.7% in hearts subjected to pressure overload, indicating that stem cells or precursor cells had refreshed the cardiomyocytes.
Despite recent enthusiasm about the idea of regenerating myocardium by using resident cardiac stem cells, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Are cardiomyocytes constantly replaced by endogenous stem or precursor cells? Does injury lead to replacement with new cardiomyocytes from a stem cell pool? It is essential to answer these questions unambiguously and quantitatively.
Advances in mouse genetic engineering have allowed cells to be tracked using a 'fate-mapping' approach. This 'pulse-chase' strategy has been used to study pancreatic beta-cell turnover in adult mice using an inducible Cre-loxP system9. Pancreatic beta cells were labeled with a reporter gene, and the mice then underwent normal aging or pancreatectomy to determine the origin of adult beta cells. Because the percentage of genetically labeled beta cells remained unchanged, these experiments showed that new adult beta cells formed by self-duplication rather than by differentiation of stem cells.
Here we used an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic mouse fate-mapping approach to determine the frequency with which cardiomyocytes are refreshed from stem or precursor cells. We generated double-transgenic MerCreMer-ZEG mice by crossbreeding transgenic B6129-Tg(Myh6-cre/Esr1)1Jmk/J (hereafter referred to as MerCreMer) mice, in which the cardiomyocyte-specific α-myosin heavy chain (Myh6) promoter drives expression of a 4-OH-tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase fusion protein10, with B6.Cg-Tg(ACTB-Bgeo/GFP)21Lbe/J (hereafter referred to as ZEG) reporter mice, in which constitutive β-galactosidase expression is replaced by the expression of GFP upon the removal of a loxP-flanked stop sequence11. Cardiomyocytes in these MerCreMer-ZEG mice are irreversibly marked with GFP following treatment with 4-OH-tamoxifen at a selected time point (the 'pulse'). During normal aging or after experimental injury (the 'chase'), the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes can either remain unchanged or decrease. Stem cells, which presumably do not express the gene for α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC), would not be genetically labeled with GFP. Thus, if stem cells replenish cardiomyocytes, the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes will decrease over time; if stem or precursor cells do not contribute to cardiomyocyte renewal or regeneration, the percentage will remain unchanged (Fig. 1a).
The hearts of MerCreMer-ZEG mice had normal histological structure and echocardiographic function, and the mice were fertile (data not shown). We first examined the labeling efficiency of GFP in cardiomyocytes from 8-week-old MerCreMer-ZEG mice after different 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse regimens, as the experimental strategy depended upon high-efficiency GFP+ labeling of cardiomyocytes with little GFP+ labeling in non-cardiomyocytes. Without 4-OH-tamoxifen, 98.6 ± 2.3% of cardiomyocytes expressed β-galactosidase and only 0.3 ± 0.1% of cardiomyocytes expressed GFP at 10 weeks of age (Fig. 1b,c). Following the 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse, expression of β-galactosidase decreased and expression of GFP increased in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1b). Using an automated color separation technique (Fig. 1b), we quantified the percentages of GFP+ cardiomyocytes that were achieved by different total dosages of 4-OH-tamoxifen, showing labeling efficiencies of 26.6 ± 10.1%, 48.1 ± 7.9% and 82.7 ± 5.5% following 1, 7 and 14 d of 4-OH-tamoxifen treatment, respectively (Fig. 1c).
We then used immunostaining for cardiac troponin T and MHC to confirm that GFP labeling occurred only in cardiomyocytes (Fig. 1d), but not in other cell types in the myocardium including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts (Fig. 1e). We detected no GFP expression in other tissues including skeletal muscle, lung, kidney, liver, brain, aorta and skin (data not shown), showing that the inducible MerCreMer-ZEG mouse strain provided highly efficient and specific cardiomyocyte labeling.
If we were to observe a decrease in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes during normal aging, this would imply that stem cells constantly replace cardiomyocytes. However, we found no significant change in GFP+ cardiomyocytes throughout a one-year aging period; the percentages of GFP+ cardiomyocytes were 82.7 ± 1.7% at 0 months after the 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse, 85.0 ± 1.8% at 3 months, 82.4 ± 1.1% at 6 months and 83.2 ± 1.3% at 12 months (Fig. 2a). The percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes was balanced by the percentage of β-galactosidase+ cardiomyocytes: 18.3 ± 2.4% at 0 months, 17.8 ± 3.8% at 3 months, 18.0 ± 2.1% at 6 months and 19.4 ± 2.8% at 12 months (Fig. 2b). Because leakage of the system, defined as spontaneous labeling of cardiomyocytes with GFP+ in the absence of 4-OH-tamoxifen (Fig. 2c), would interfere with the interpretation of results, we studied control animals that had received no 4-OH-tamoxifen. The cumulative leakage rates were very low: 0.2 ± 0.2% at 2 months, 1.5 ± 1.1% at 5 months, 1.4 ± 1.0% at 8 months and 1.7 ± 1.1% at 14 months (Fig. 2c). These data indicate that leakage of GFP expression in the absence of 4-OH-tamoxifen was unlikely to influence the results.
To test whether there was a preferential regional localization of GFP+ myocytes or whether changes in GFP+ myocyte number with aging differed in different parts of the heart, we performed GFP and β-galactosidase staining on atrial and right ventricular tissue. In the right ventricle, we found no significant change in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes or β-galactosidase+ cardiomyocytes throughout a one-year aging period (Supplementary Fig. 1a,b online). In atrial tissue, the number of GFP+ cardiomyocytes was lower than in ventricular tissue, indicating lower labeling efficiency. We found no significant change in the percentage of GFP+ atrial cardiomyocytes or β-galactosidase+ cardiomyocytes during aging in atrial tissue (Supplementary Fig. 1c,d).
To exclude the possibility that cardiac stem cells were labeled with GFP, we performed immunostaining for the stem-cell markers Kit and Sca-1 (also known as Ly6a) together with GFP2,3. We detected no Kit+GFP+ or Sca-1+GFP+ cells in MerCreMer-ZEG mouse hearts (Supplementary Fig. 2 online). Furthermore, because bone marrow might be involved in cardiomyocyte renewal and regeneration, we also analyzed bone marrow cells from mice used in the aging study. We found no induction of GFP+ in bone marrow cells (data not shown). Therefore, it is unlikely that extracardiac GFP+ cells affected the results. Collectively, these data indicate that stem cells do not replace adult mouse cardiomyocytes during normal aging (up to one year).
We then tested whether stem cells are activated following injury. After the 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse, we divided the MerCreMer-ZEG mice randomly into three groups, which received different treatments: sham operation, experimental myocardial infarction, and pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction. Three months after surgery, we found a significant decrease in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes in the border of myocardial infarctions and in remote areas from infarcted hearts, as well as in pressure-overloaded myocardium (Fig. 3a); the percentages of GFP+ cardiomyocytes were 82.8 ± 1.5% in sham-operated mice, 67.5 ± 2.0% in myocardial infarction border areas (P < 0.0001), 76.6 ± 1.8% in myocardial infarction remote areas (P < 0.05) and 75.7 ± 2.2% in pressure-overloaded hearts (P < 0.05) (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 3 online). The leakage of GFP labeling in the absence of 4-OH-tamoxifen in cardiomyocytes following myocardial injury remained at an insignificant level (data not shown). The decrease in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes was balanced by an increase in the percentage of β-galactosidase+ cardiomyocytes: 14.5 ± 2.0% in sham-operated mice, 34.6 ± 2.8% in myocardial infarction border areas (P < 0.001), 28.1 ± 2.4% in myocardial infarction remote areas (P < 0.05), and 30.0 ± 2.4% in pressure-overloaded hearts (P < 0.01) (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Fig. 3).
It is important to recognize that many cells infiltrate the myocardial infarction border zone, including fibroblasts and monocytes, and it can be difficult to assess the cell type of these smaller cells. To deal with this concern, we required a cell to have typical cardiomyocyte morphology with sarcomeres to be counted. Furthermore, cell fusion might allow the expression of both GFP and β-galactosidase in the same cell because, although only one copy of the ZEG transgene is present in the genome, many mature cardiomyocytes have two nuclei. We examined the frequency of mosaicism of Cre-mediated recombination by immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies to GFP (green) and to β-galactosidase (red) to identify cells that were positive for both (yellow). The percentage of cardiomyocytes that were positive for both GFP and β-galactosidase was 1.2 ± 0.2% in sham-operated mice, 1.3 ± 0.2% in myocardial infarction border areas, 1.6 ± 0.7% in myocardial infarction remote areas, and 1.6 ± 0.8% in pressure-overloaded hearts (Fig. 3d). These results argue against changes in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes being caused by changes in the frequency of mosaic cells arising from cell fusion.
To test whether a pool of potential cardiac progenitor cells exists in infarcted hearts, we performed real-time PCR on mRNA isolated from the infarct zone of infarcted hearts and from cardiac tissue of sham-operated mice, 1, 3 and 7 d after surgery. The expression of Kit mRNA was 5.4-fold higher 3 d after myocardial infarction than it was 3 d after sham surgery, consistent with published data12. Other stem cell markers (Nanog, Zpf42 (also known as Rex-1), Dppa3, and Rif1) showed a small but significant increase in mRNA expression 7 d after myocardial infarction (Supplementary Fig. 2c,e,f). On the basis of the PCR data, we performed immunohistochemical staining for Kit on hearts harvested 3 d after myocardial infarction (n = 5) or sham surgery (n = 6); Kit+ cells were extremely rare in normal myocardium (1 cell observed in 25,554 cells counted), but we found 7.5 ± 1.3 Kit+ cells per 1,000 nuclei in infarcted myocardium (Supplementary Fig. 2d).
The decrease in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes observed 3 months after myocardial injury indicates that the GFP+ cardiomyocytes were diluted by a pool of GFP- precursor cells. However, this reduction could also arise from a decline in the division rate of GFP+ cardiomyocytes. To exclude this possibility, we delivered 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) by osmotic minipumps to identify cells going into S-phase during the first week after injury. We performed triple staining for Nkx2-5 (a nuclear marker of cardiomyocytes), BrdU and GFP on sections from animals put to death 10 or 30 d after surgery (Supplementary Fig. 4a online). We found no BrdU+Nkx2-5+ nuclei in the hearts of sham-operated mice. There were more BrdU+Nkx2-5+ nuclei per 1,000 Nkx2-5+ nuclei in the myocardial infarction border area than in the myocardial infarction remote area or in pressure-overloaded hearts (Supplementary Fig. 4b). None of the BrdU+Nkx2-5+ cells was positive for GFP. Most of the BrdU+Nkx2-5+ cells did not have cardiomyocyte morphology, although these cells could be myocyte precursors. To explore the hypothesis that new cardiomyocytes were generated, we performed triple staining for cardiac troponin T, BrdU and GFP on myocardial sections from animals put to death 30 d after surgery (Supplementary Fig. 5a online). We found no BrdU+troponin T+ cells in the hearts of sham-operated mice. After myocardial infarction, BrdU+troponin T+GFP+ cells were observed only in the infarction border area. There were significantly more BrdU+troponin T+GFP- cells than BrdU+troponin T+GFP+ cells in the myocardial infarction border area, myocardial infarction remote area and after pressure overload (Supplementary Fig. 5b). These data are consistent with the idea that cardiomyocytes (detected by troponin T) in injured myocardium arise from a precursor pool (GFP- cells) that enters the cell cycle in the first week (detected by BrdU staining) after injury.
To exclude the possibility that the decrease in the percentage of GFP+ cardiomyocytes and the corresponding increase in the percentage of β-galactosidase+ cardiomyocytes after injury are due to GFP-labeled cells being more susceptible to injury, we performed TUNEL staining for apoptosis in combination with GFP staining at different time points after injury: 5 h, 10 h and 1 week after myocardial infarction or pressure overload. The percentage of apoptotic myocytes that were GFP+ was not significantly different in the different groups, and was not different from the percentage of non-apoptotic cardiomyocytes that were GFP+, indicating that GFP+ and GFP- cardiomyocytes are equally susceptible to apoptosis after injury (data not shown).
In summary, our results show that it is unlikely that stem or precursor cells contribute significantly to the formation of cardiomyocytes during normal aging up to one year in the mouse. By contrast, precursor cells might participate in the formation of new cardiomyocytes after injury. This study alone cannot prove that stem cells contribute to cardiomyocyte refreshment, nor can it define which stem cells contribute to the formation of new cardiomyocytes after injury. We do not know why almost 20% of the cardiomyocytes were not labeled with GFP. Possible explanations include differences in α-MHC promoter activity or 4-OH-tamoxifen sensitivity among cardiomyocytes, or other unknown differences. We cannot conclusively state that GFP+ and GFP- cells have exactly the same myocyte phenotype (although they appeared to have the same morphology), raising the possibility that cells might behave differently after injury. For example, injury could preferentially stimulate the proliferation of GFP- cells rather than the formation of new myocytes by progenitor cells. In this study, we assumed that precursor cells were not labeled by the 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse. Although we attempted to exclude this possibility by studying markers for adult stem cells, it is important to recognize that there is no known definitive marker that distinguishes adult cardiac myocytes from precursors. Our results are most easily interpreted in the context of a precursor pool that expresses α-MHC after differentiation to cardiac myocytes, but we cannot exclude the possibility that some progenitors were labeled by the 4-OH-tamoxifen pulse. Furthermore, our results provide only indirect evidence for the involvement of progenitor cells in the increase in GFP- cells. An immature population of cardiomyocytes could be responsible for the formation of new cardiomyocytes. A combined strategy of conditional genetic labeling of progenitor cells together with this fate-mapping approach could provide insight into the source of the GFP- cardiomyocytes.
All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Harvard Medical School Standing Committee on Animals.
We generated double transgenic Mer-CreMer-ZEG mice by crossbreeding cardiomyocyte-specific MerCreMer mice10 and ZEG mice (Jackson Laboratory)11. β-galactosidase-GFP is under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/chicken actin promoter (Actb); the background strain was C57BL/6J (N7). The background strain of the MerCreMer mice was C57BL/6SV129. Genotyping was performed by PCR on tail DNA using the following primers: MerCreMer forward: 5′-GTCTGAC TAGGTGTCCTTCT-3′; MerCreMer backward: 5′-CGTCCTCCTGCTGGTA TAG-3′; ZEG forward: 5′-AAGTTCATCTGCACCACCG-3′; ZEG backward: 5′-TCCTTGAAGAAGATGGTGCG-3′; ZEG control forward: 5′-CTAGGCCA CAGAATTGAAAGATCT-3′; and ZEG control backward: 5′-GTAGGTG GAAATTCTAGCATCATCC-3′. Double heterozygous MerCreMer-ZEG mice were used for the subsequent experiments.
To induce Cre recombination for GFP labeling in cardiomyocytes, we injected 4-OH-tamoxifen (Sigma), dissolved in sunflower oil (Sigma) at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, intraperitoneally into 8-week-old MerCreMer-ZEG mice daily at a dosage of 0.5 mg/d. To evaluate GFP labeling efficiency and optimize the activation of Cre recombination, we examined mouse hearts 5 d after completion of 1, 7 or 14 injections of 4-OH-tamoxifen.
Five days after the last of the 14 injections (7 mg total) of 4-OH-tamoxifen, we subjected MerCreMer-ZEG mice to experimental myocardial infarction or pressure overload. Myocardial infarction was produced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery ~3 mm below the left atrial appendix, as described13. Pressure overload was created by transverse aortic constriction using a 26-gauge needle, as described14. We used echocardiography to confirm successful creation of myocardial infarction and left ventricle hypertrophy 2 weeks after surgery (Supplementary Table 1 online). Three months after surgery, mice were put to death and the hearts were removed for histological examination.
MerCreMer-ZEG mice received 14 d of 4-OH-tamoxifen injections, followed by sham operation, myocardial infarction or pressure overload. At the time of surgery, osmotic minipumps (Alzet) were implanted subcutaneously, delivering BrdU (Sigma) at 1 μg per hour per gram body weight for 7 d.
We prepared paraformaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse sections for immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy as described15. The antibodies used were GFP-specific antibody (1:200, Abcam), β-galactosidase-specific antibody (1:200, Invitrogen), cardiac troponin T-specific antibody (1:100, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), cardiac MHC-specific antibody (1-100, Abcam), α-smooth muscle actin-specific antibody (1:100, Sigma), vimentin-specific antibody (1:100, Sigma), Kit-specific antibody (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Ly6a-specific antibody (1:100, R&D Systems), Nkx2-5-specific antibody (1:20, R&D Systems) and BrdU-specific antibody (1:50, Abcam). We used different Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) to obtain fluorescent colors. TUNEL staining was performed with the ApopTag Red in situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Chemicon).
Three high-power images per animal were counted by an observer blinded to all experimental information, with an average total myocyte count of 312 ± 11 per animal. The myocardial infarction border was defined as an image not farther away than one high-power field from scar tissue, but did not include scar tissue. Myocardial infarction remote tissue was defined as tissue from the posterior wall. Microscopic images were captured digitally and the green channel was isolated for further analysis. Only cells with clear cardiomyocyte morphology were included, requiring the presence of sarcomeres. The presence or absence of nuclei was not included as a parameter. Non-stained (GFP or β-galactosidase) cells were clearly distinct from the background in all images. The denominator was the sum of negatively and positively stained cells. For analysis of BrdU+ and Nkx2-5+ nuclei, we counted the total number of nuclei in the Nkx2-5 channel first, and then the number of BrdU+Nkx2-5+ cells in the merged channel.
Results are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical comparison was performed with nonparametric two-way analysis of variance. A probability value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
P.C.H. was supported by a fellowship from the American Heart Association. V.F.M.S. was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) and by a Belgian American Educational Foundation research fellowship. M.E.D. was supported by an NRSA fellowship from NIH/NHLBI. This study was supported by NIH/NHLBI grant R01HL081404.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Obama: Boston first responders "responded heroically." "We salute all those who assisted and responded so heroically to this tragedy." "We will get to the bottom of this. We will find out who did this and we will find out why they did this." "Make no mistake, we will get to the bottom of this…Any responsible individual, any responsible groups, will feel the full weight of justice." "Boston is a tough and resilient town and so are its people."
Bonus: Facing Tragedy from His Holiness the Dalai Lama.
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Financial Analyst
Golden Nugget Lake Charles
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70605
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Essential Duties/Responsibilities:Under the direction of the Director of Finance, the incumbent performs financial, operational and technical analyses. This position provides support to enterprise management by ensuring business strategies and financial goals are achieved.
•Exhibit conduct in accordance with all Gaming Commission Regulations, Federal and State laws and regulations, and Golden Nugget and departmental policies and procedures. Exhibit conduct in accordance with all Gaming Commission Regulations, Federal and State laws and regulations, and Golden Nugget and departmental policies and procedures.
•Coordinates and supports business and financial planning, including short and long term financial forecasting.
•Develop and maintain databases for financial, gaming, marketing, staffing and other statistical data.
•Develop and generate necessary daily/weekly/monthly financial, gaming, marketing, staffing and other statistical reports and analyses.
•Assists in the development and monitoring of service level agreements.
•Supports the annual budget process. Develops historical, current and potential future trend analysis.
•Assists in assessing and communicating financial and operating results to managers.
•Develops appropriate financial and operating metrics for use by management in decision making. Ensures departmental goals and performance measures are understood and achieved by managers.
•Participates in the assessment of current systems and business processes for adequacy and consistency.
•Supports review meetings with managers to identify and implement process improvements.
•Communicates effectively with all levels of management.
•Ensure prompt and discreet notification to appropriate management and/or the Ethics Hotline of any observation of illegal acts or internal ethics violations.
•Maintain excellent communication skills and interpersonal relations with guests, vendors, visitors and Golden Nugget staff.
•Performs all other related and compatible duties as assigned.
RequirementsGAMING INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE IS PREFERRED
• Bachelor's Degree in the area of finance, business or accounting.
•Advanced degree and/or professional certification preferred.
•One (1) to two (2) years' experience with significant exposure in financial analysis in casino, hotel or hospitality industry preferred.
•Strong mathematical skills and data analysis skills required.
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Must have solid planning, time management, decision-making, organization, and interpersonal skills. Excellent written and verbal communication skills are required. The ability to thrive in a fast-paced multi-tasking, hands-on environment. Ability to establish and maintain a positive and professional working relationship with all individuals. Strong computer skills in accounting programs and Microsoft Office including Word, Outlook, Excel, Access and Power Point. Ability to work overtime, irregular hours and occasionally travel.
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Type of PositionFull Time
CategoryAccounting & Finance
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When is a Stew not a Stew?
In addition to the words 'stew' and 'casserole', many other names are given to dishes cooked by long slow methods, either on top of the stove or in the oven. Some of these names, strictly speaking, have fairly specific meanings, although in practice they are often used interchangeably.
Here is a brief description of the most important:
- Blanquette: a white stew based on veal, lamb or chicken, simmered in an unthickened liquid which is enriched just before serving with a liaison of egg yolk and cream. In other words it is served in a sauce veloute.
- Carbonnade: a stew of Flemish origin. The name is now applied to meat stewed in ale or beer.
- Civet: this is the French name for what is usually a stew or casserole of rabbit, hare or other game in which the blood is added at the end of the cooking to enrich and thicken the sauce.
- Daube: the name comes from the French daubiere, meaning a covered casserole. It can be applied to all kinds of meat, poultry and game, cut up or in a piece, cooked very slowly in a covered pot with wine and aromatic flavourings. These stews are often marinated first.
- Estouffade: the name comes from the French etouffer, to smother or stifle. It is applied to meat cooked very slowly with a minimum, if any liquid, in a hermetically sealed pot.
- Fricassee: strictly speaking, this is the correct word to use for any dish in which meat is first browned and then simmered. But nowadays the word usually refers to white meat (chicken, rabbit or veal) cooked in a saute pan.
- Goulash: a stew of Hungarian origin characterized by the addition of paprika and often, just before serving, sour cream. It can be made from beef, pork, veal or chicken.
- Haricot: according to modern linguists the word haricot is a corruption of the French halicoter, to cut up. It does not, therefore, necessarily mean a lamb or mutton stew with haricot beans—but, nevertheless, this is often what it turns out to be!
- Navarin: a stew or casserole usually but not necessarily cooked by the fry-start method and specifically of lamb or mutton.
- Ragout: a generic term applied to any type of stew or casserole of meat, poultry, game or fish.
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Marine insurance is the oldest form of insurance known, dating back to ancient Babylonia. And life and health insurance is traced to ancient Greece and Rome.
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Sounds like culinary school vocabulary. A very interesting hub for sure!


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Download EBOOK Huckleberry Hill PDF for free
Category: Fiction
The author of the book: Jennifer Beckstrand
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 36.63 MB
Language: English
Edition: Tantor Media, Inc
Date of issue: 30 June 2015
Description of the book "Huckleberry Hill":With their thirteen children grown, Anna and Felty Helmuth are ready for their next adventure. That means trying their hands at matchmaking because what could be more fun than igniting love when it's right and undoing mismatches when they're wrong? Now Huckleberry Hill just might turn out to be the most romantic spot in Wisconsin . . . Lia Shetler is resigned to being a spinster. She's too tall and sturdy to ever be marriageable so says her overbearing dat. Instead, she's helping her pretty, spoiled sister Rachel secure the perfect husband the Helmuths' grandson, Moses Zimmerman. But PDF the more Lia sees of his gently teasing ways and quiet understanding, the more she wishes that Moses could be hers alone. Moses knew that his grandparents couldn't resist trying to find him a wife. But he never expected that it would be the graceful, sensible Lia a woman who is tall enough to look him in the eye and honest enough to make him question a promise holding him to his past. Now Moses and Lia will need the kind of miracles that only faith and courage can bring to finally reach for a lifetime of happiness ePub."
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Gucci I-Gucci Gents Brown GG Rubber Strap Watch
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Alternative Titles
Japanese: りとるラブはーと
Type: One-shot
Volumes: Unknown
Chapters: 1
Status: Finished
Published: Jul 21, 2011
Genres: Hentai
Authors: Amezawa, Koma (Story & Art)
Serialization: Comic LO
Score: 6.581 (scored by 25 users)
1 indicates a weighted score. Please note that 'Not yet published' titles are excluded.
Ranked: N/A2
2 based on the top manga page. Please note that 'R18+' titles are excluded.
Popularity: #25519
Members: 50
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A Masters degree is an academic degree awarded to individuals who successfully denote a higher level of expertise. There are two main types of Masters - taught and research.
A Master in Logistics Management is a degree that intends to teach students about the essentials of the supply chains and their logistics. Students will know about distribution, warehousing, inventory management and customer leadership.
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal constitutional republic in North America. Working may require a work visa, which is difficult to get if you just want to freelance for a short time. Most of the government funded universities on mayor cities (state capital) have short courses on history, gastronomy and cultural subjects, most of them are almost free.
Top Master Programs in Logistics Management in Mexico 2017
The Master in Logistics and Transport aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills that allow them to efficiently manage both areas, described as crucial to cope with increasing competitiveness and continuous technological change. [+]
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Profesionista committed to using all their skills and competencies in the application of methods and strategies for the development process of logistics and marketing, administering, managing, transforming, innovating, auditing industrial operations and market and analyzing electronic designs and industrial sectors systems and logistical support performance and results of research and new technologies to achieve a high competitive level in the national and international community. [+]


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Zone Carnival!
Its a good idea to start planning for next weekend, Find out what day and approx when your events will be on... You can do that via this
Track events
Field events
Please keep in mind this is a guide only and you should arrive early to be safe.
If you cant remember what events your child entered you can double check here.
Last Few Weeks of The Year!
**Friday 2nd December this will be our last normal night of competition night for the year.
**Friday 9th December no athletics will be on due to zone.... We wish all athletes competing good luck... Do your best and enjoy the fun experience!
**Friday 16th December is our Christmas FUN NIGHT!!
DANCE FEVER are coming to run our event with lots of fun and games to be played.... come dressed in your Xmas gear for your chance to win a voucher for the canteen, We will also be getting a special visitor on the night .
On behalf of the Cranebrook committee we hope everyone enjoys the Christmas break!
*******Starters & Officials...We Need You!!*******
*For information on how to become an official within our club please see Jolanda Jarman at the volunteer table on Friday night or visit www.athletics.com.au/Officials/Education and follow the prompts to enrol in a Level 1 Officiating course. The courses are free and done online.
If you are already a qualified official please let Jolanda know as well.
*If you're looking for a way to help your club and be at the heart of the action, becoming a starter is a great way to do that.
We are in need of a team of parents to become official starters.
Training is free and done online. We can also offer hands on coaching.
To enrol in the Level 1 Officiating course visit: www.athletics.com.au/Officials/Education
Speak to our Officer of Officials, Jolanda Jarman, for more details.
Mobile 0413 404 644


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- Product Details
With bills to pay, demands to be met and overheads to keep control of, there has to be some cash left over for a good pint. Which is exactly where our Beer Fund Money Tin comes in.
This funky tin has been designed into a traditional beer can shape to provide all the incentive your beer lover needs to tuck a few pennies away.
It is a fabulous present for the grandson who is off to college and will need some way to make sure his beer supply never runs out.
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With a removable top to dip in whenever you need, no man should be without his own personal Beer Fund Money Tin.
Measures approx. H: 16.5cm, W: 6.5cm, D: 6.5cm
- Delivery & Returns
We are aware of how important it is for you to receive your gifts in time. Therefore, once you place your order we will process straight away and dispatch as soon as they are ready to go. We usually dispatch all items within 1-3 days however, this may be a little longer during special occasions such as Christmas. If multiple items ordered, we may dispatch items separately or all together, depending on the process.
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We're sure that you will be satisfied with your purchase and we also understand that sometimes you may want to return. We keep this process simple! Just contact us if you wish to return goods. Please note: personalised, made-to-order and perishable items are non-refundable.
- Ask a Question
Ask a Question
Question about: Beer Fund Money TinPlease do not include or disclose any sensitive personal information, password or credit card information in your message. Your personal security is extremely important to us.No questions yet. Be the first to ask the question!
Show more products in Personalised Tin Money Boxes


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Expand the functionality of your JetBoil Cooking System with the JetBoil Stainless Steel Pot Support. Once locked in place, the non-rusting stainless steel accessory makes it possible to place camping pots and pans over the flame.
NOTE: Find in Store Inventory levels are continuously changing. Please contact store to confirm availability is as shown.
- Non-rusting stainless steel for durability
- Fits JetBoil burners to support pots and pans for more cooking options
- Packs away in JetBoil stove kits
- Weight: 35 g
Shipping Info:
- Leaves the warehouse in 1-7 business days depending on order volume.
- Items may be returned within 60 days of the order date to an Atmosphere retail store or an Atmosphere warehouse. Items must be returned unused/unworn and electronics unopened. See Online Return Policy and Return Instructions for more information.
- Note: Shipping restrictions may apply based on location and product size.


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The pigeon pea is a perennial member of the family Fabaceae. The cultivation of the pigeon pea goes back at least 3,500 years. The centre of origin is the eastern part of peninsular India, including the state of Orissa, where the closest wild relatives (Mansi) occur in tropical deciduous woodlands. Archaeological finds of pigeon pea include those from two Neolithic sites in Orissa, Gopalpur and Golbai Sassan dating between 3,400 and 3,000 years ago, and sites in South India, Sanganakallu and Tuljapur Garhi, also dating back to 3,400 years ago. From India it traveled to East Africa and West Africa.
Contributions by Zzorse, 22.214.171.124, and Invertzoo.


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Word mark
Trademark: 'IMPACT'
On 19. 6. 1997 the community trademark application no. 000571109 was filed for IMPACT (Word mark) by Entegris, Inc. before the OAMI.The goods and services in respect of which registration of the trademark was sought are in classes 9, 11 and 17. The current status of the trademark is registered.
Status is 'Registered'
The Community Trade Mark has been registered for the European Union.
|28. 6. 1999
|Expiry date
|19. 6. 2017
|Nice classes
|9, 11, 17
You can follow this trademark. You will receive an email, whenever we detect changes of the trademark filing.
This service is for free. You can unsubsribve whenever you want. More information.


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Breakaway Biscuit Bread
Total Time
Prep 20 mins
Cook 40 mins
I have even added grated cheddar cheese in this too, use more or less bacon if desired and use more onion if you so wish to, please use only butter it tastes better --- this is wonderful to serve at the table if you have company over for dinner.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 (10 ounce) tubes refrigerated buttermilk biscuits (Pillsbury is good!)
- 1⁄2 cup butter, melted (no subs!)
- 1⁄2 lb bacon, cooked and crumbled
- 1⁄2 cup parmesan cheese
- 1 small onion, finely chopped
- 1 small green pepper, finely chopped
- Set oven to 350 degrees.
- Lightly grease a 10-inch tube pan.
- Cut biscuits into quarters (4 pieces, use a scissors to make it easier!).
- Dip all pieces lightly in melted butter to coat.
- Place one-third of the biscuits all around into bottom of prepared pan.
- Sprinkle with half of the bacon, Parmesan cheese, onion and green pepper over the biscuits.
- Repeat.
- Top with last third of dipped biscuits.
- Bake for 40-45 minutes.
- Delicious.
Most Helpful
Delicious bread, great as a side or on it's own. With the cheddar added, this would be great as a breakfast bread too!


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doggy DNA.
Friday, July 9, 2010
did you know that you can find out what type of dog you REALLY have?
for those of you wondering what breeds your mixed breed really is, swab his cheek and send it in! DNA does the rest. who knows how accurate it is, but what a great concept for the curious owner.
Labels: dogs
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Sheffield Chamber Orchestra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This article does not cite any sources. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Sheffield Chamber Orchestra is a standard classical orchestra based in Sheffield, England. Formed in 1950, the orchestra performs works suitable for Chamber Orchestra from the baroque to the present day. Each programme generally includes one 20th century or contemporary work. The joint conductors are Richard Howarth and Robin McEwan, and the leader is Ralph Dawson.
External links[edit]
|This article on a classical orchestra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Apple Vs Android - Select Which is betterPosted on 09/02/2016
Are you thinking to buy a phone and you are confused about what to buy at the best price. Weather to go with the android of an I-phone. To be precise in selection, both of them have their own unique f


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WTF Pictures of the Day (71 pics)
Another good collection of WTF pictures.
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WTF Pictures (76 pics)
WTF Pictures. Part 2 (76 pics)
WTF Pictures of the Day (26 pics + 2 gifs)
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Stop. Don't Leave! Don't forget to check other pages of Acidcow.com.
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Nomura layoffs17 Apr 2009
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Nomura slashes investment banking jobs in Asia
Nomura, which last year purchased a major portion of Lehman Brothers' Asian businesses, has slashed nearly 50 investment banking jobs in the region to reduce costs.
It is believed that the redundancies will occur equally on both former Lehman and Nomura staff. Among the business areas which the Japanese bank has targeted include leveraged finance and banking teams who deal with private equity deals.
The layoffs also address personnel overlap, following the Lehman takeover, in countries such as India.


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AEA Members 'Escape Hunt' Adventure
Association of Executive Assistants
Thursday, 19 January 2017 from 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm (AEST)
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Loading your connections...
3 of your friends are going. Share it to get more people on board! Share
Sara Haughty
San Francisco, California, USA
San Francisco, California, USA
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Something fun to start off the new year!
Playing the role of a famous detective, you
will be 'locked' in a room with your team of 2
to 6 players. You will only have 60 minutes to
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spirit, will be put to the test!
*Drinks and food will be provided
Reserve your spot now - limited spaces available.
Have questions about AEA Members 'Escape Hunt' Adventure? Contact Association of Executive Assistants
Save This Event
Event Saved
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77 Russell St
77 Russell Street
West End,
Thursday, 19 January 2017 from 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm (AEST)
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AEA Members 'Escape Hunt' Adventure
Things to do in West End


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Photos of An Amazing Eye-Makeup! Try something out
Amazing eye-makeup will not only make you beautiful but it will attract many views. Eye makeup is important because it can change your look totally.
Some women don't have enough experience with the makeup and help is more than welcome. With that sometimes pictures can help. Then a little bit of practice and voila, you have beautiful eyes.
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text: hi everyone, i have a 32GB ipod touch with the january software upgrade and it has version 1.1.3 firmware. is there any advantage if i were to jailbreak my ipod? and what are the risks of ruining it? i broke my old ipod nano by messing with it and now it isn't possible to restore the ipod, and i dont want to break my brand new ipod touch.


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- Latest
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As copy editor for Digiday and as an English professor with no experience in the world of digital media, I read stories differently than most readers of the site. When I read, for example, about a company's "first mover advantage," my brow furrows over the missing hyphen and I barely register what that advantage really is. Also, I am not a native speaker of the idiom of advertising and ad tech.
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"Absolutly nice House.Lovley owner Kerry,she very nice persone,very helpfull. The house was absolutely wonderful,very clean and lovely.Once we step into the house,on table she prepare fruits for us,in vase she pute fresh flower form her garden. My family really enjoy there.Peace and lovely place,near beach.Ypou can hire boat there,can go fishing,can see every evening wallabys.In this iclande can see pinguins and many many more. Once again want say thank you so mych Kerry,you wonderful person. And very big thanks for Love home swap,because you making many dreams come thrue."
Spacious family home with sea views.
Spacious family home with sea views.
This monthMember since
July 2013
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This home is in your shortlist. To access your shortlist click the icon in the navigation
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- 4 Bedrooms
- Sleeps 7
- 2 baths
About our home
Our home was built in 2012, it is clad with timber & stone on the outside & timber,carpet & tiled floors on the inside. We have large bifold doors opening onto a large covered deck that can be made insect & weather proof. Rhyll is a lovely seaside small town on Phillip Island, it is a quiet area with a small general store/liquor outlet & cafes & restaurants on the foreshore.There are some great walking tracks in & around Rhyll & the rest of the island. There are quite a few good surfing beaches & safe swimming beaches on the island.
Rhyll is located approximately two hours and thirty minutes from Melbourne Airport for more information about Phillip Island go to:
- Vacation Home
- Garden
- Balcony
- Wifi
- Air conditioning
- Equipped for kids
- Disabled access
- Pet-friendly
2 Reviews
"I had a very restful and pleasant stay in Kerry and Colin's beautiful sunny home. My hosts had done everything to make me feel comfortable and welcome. I enjoyed exploring and watching wildlife on the walking tracks near the house.The island offers a great variety of scenery and several attractions all easy to get to by car or bicycle. A really lovely experience."
More about us
- My name is Kerry & my husband is Colin and we enjoy travelling.
- Colin works for a timber merchant as an executive and I enjoy painting as well as do volunteer work.
- We love to travel, go to the theatre & movies & art galleries. Colin loves Australian Rules football & soccer and has a good music appreciation.
Dream destinations
- Botswana
- Canada
- Ireland
- South Africa
- Last updated:
- White
- Open to offers
- Green
- Available
- Red
- Not Available
Where is it?
- Buzzy restaurants
- The Fat Seagull, Cowes, Harrys on the Esplanade
- Cool bars
- The Foreshore Bar & Restaurant
- Cozy cafés
- Temuku Cafe, Rhyll, Cafe @ Churchill Island, The Chocolate Factory Cafe, Silverleaves Store & Cafe.
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- Chatters on Cowes, Ladies Clothes, Island Past & Present, gifts
- Bit of culture
- Mosaics by the Bay, Artfusion Gallery & Mingara Gallery,Churchill Heritage Island.
- Walks in the park
- Koala Conservation boardwalk, Mangroves boardwalk, Conservation Hill.
- Spot of exercise
- Island E Bike Hire, Aussie Golf Ranch, Phillip Island Golf Club,
- Day tripping
- Maru Wildlife Park, Penguin Parade, The Nobbies headland with boardwalk.
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Professional Building & Planning TW14 Services Ashford
Do you need some assistance in the business office redecoration? Or you have just given up from that DIY home refurbishment job, because you figure it out how difficult actually it is? None of these is difficult with out professional domestic & commercial builders services in Ashford TW14. Rely on us for any repair work, design or improvement! IASC Ltd. is generous to offer all of these:
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The offer will be ready for a few days after the viewing. Preliminary estimation quotes can be given for certain services, such as bathroom building work, but the company reserves the right to change it after the actual viewing.
Expert Plastering and Wall Boarding Ashford TW14
Do not hesitate to rely on the {hard-working and motivated|motivated and hard-working} technicians for {kitchen and bathroom|bathroom and kitchen} {remodeling, painting and decorating|decorating, remodeling and painting|painting, decorating and remodeling}, {tiling, installing solid wood flooring, all types of electrical works from minor tasks to complete rewiring|all types of electrical works from minor tasks to complete rewiring, tiling, installing solid wood flooring|installing solid wood flooring, all types of electrical works from minor tasks to complete rewiring, tiling}, all types of plumbing works from minor tasks through redesign of the plumbing system to gas related plumbing jobs. If you need, add your own personal {instructions and requirements|requirements and instructions} to the project you want to be completed. IASC Ltd. is open for re-scheduling and for changes of the remodeling plan, too!
Call IASC Ltd. Builders and Get Good Prices!
If you have the idea how to change and improve the property, let us realize it: fast, safely and on a budget! Rely on our refurbishment and builders services! Get a free quote now. We will be glad to send technicians to you and fulfil your dreamed project! Call us on 020 3746 4287 phone number right away!