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United States District Court, D. Columbia.
September 29, 2014
NILS RAFAEL PINTO, et al., Plaintiffs,v.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Defendant
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For NILS RAFAEL PINTO, MARTA RIVERA, Plaintiffs: Benjamin W. Massarsky, Paula Amy Rosenstock, Michael J. Eig , MICHAEL J. EIG & ASSOCIATES, PC, Chevy Chase, MD.
For K. P.R., a minor, by his parents and next friends, Plaintiff: Paula Amy Rosenstock, Michael J. Eig, MICHAEL J. EIG & ASSOCIATES, PC, Chevy Chase, MD.
For DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, A Municipal Corporation, Defendant: Laura George, LEAD ATTORNEY, OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL/DC, Washington, DC.
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DEBORAH A. ROBINSON, United States Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiffs, Nils Rafael Pinto and Marta Rivera, in their own right and on behalf of K.P-R., their minor child, commenced this action pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (" IDEA" ), 20 U.S.C. § § 1400 et seq., challenging the portion of a Hearing Officer Determination (" HOD" ) denying tuition reimbursement and prospective placement of K.P-R. at the Lab School of Washington as a remedy for denial of a free appropriate education (" FAPE" ). Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief (Document No. 1), ¶ ¶ 1-2, 62-64.
The parties' cross-motions for summary judgment are pending for determination by the undersigned. See Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Document Nos. 11, 13); Defendant District of Columbia's Motion for Summary Judgment (Document Nos. 12, 15). Upon consideration of the motions; the memoranda in support thereof and in opposition thereto, including the pre-hearing and post-hearing memoranda filed by the parties (Document Nos. 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31); the administrative record (Document No. 9); and the entire record herein, the undersigned will deny Plaintiffs' motion, and grant Defendant's motion.
Plaintiffs in this action are [K.P-R.], a student eligible to receive special education and related services under the IDEA, and his parents and next friends, Nils Rafael Pinto and Marta Rivera. During the fall of 2010, [K.P-R.] was enrolled at Horace Mann Elementary School, a public school within the District of Columbia Public Schools (" DCPS" ). Compl. ¶ 13. Around that time, [K.P-R.] was diagnosed with a learning disability, a mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, inability to sustain attention, deficits in certain subject areas, and difficulties with organization, planning and motor control. Id. ¶ ¶ 10, 15, 17-21.
During the 2010-2011 school year, plaintiffs met with DCPS officials on several occasions to develop an individualized education program (" IEP" ) for [K.P-R.] Compl. ¶ ¶ 22-24, 28, 44. According to
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plaintiffs, DCPS refused to incorporate adequate special education support and speech and language therapy into [K.P-R.'s] IEP. Id. ¶ ¶ 26, 30-33, 45-46, 49, 52. On January 11, 2011, [K.P-R.'s] parents notified DCPS that they were removing [K.P-R.] from Horace Mann and would be seeking reimbursement for appropriate non-public special education services. Id. ¶ 35. [K.P-R.] finished the school year at [Kingsbury] Day School, a private school that serves learning disabled students. Id. ¶ 36. Before the 2011-2012 school year began, [K.P-R.'s] parents transferred [K.P-R.] to the Lab School of Washington, another private educational institution providing services exclusively to learning disabled children. Id. ¶ 53.
In April 2012, [K.P-R.'s] parents filed a request for an administrative due process hearing to challenge the IEP created for [K.P-R.] Compl. ¶ 54. After a four-day hearing in June and July 2012, the Hearing Officer determined that DCPS had failed to conduct appropriate evaluations of [K.P-R.] and, as a result, had developed an inappropriate IEP . . . [.] Id. ¶ ¶ 56, 60. The Hearing Officer declined, however, to grant plaintiffs' request for publicly funded placement at the Lab School or reimbursement for already-paid tuition expenses, on the basis that the Lab School was not the least restrictive environment for [K.P-R.] Id. ¶ ¶ 62, 65. The Hearing Officer instead ordered DCPS to conduct appropriate evaluations of [K.P-R.] and convene a meeting to revise [K.P-R.'s] IEP as appropriate within 30 days of a written request by plaintiffs. Compl. ¶ 64.
On July 26, 2012, plaintiffs timely notified DCPS of their desire to have DCPS commence this process. Id. ¶ 68. By October 2012, however, DCPS had not completed the required evaluations. Id. ¶ 71. Plaintiffs brought two actions in this Court: the first seeking compliance with the Hearing Officer's order that DCPS conduct the necessary evaluations and develop an appropriate IEP; the second requesting review of the Hearing Officer's decision not to place [K.P-R.] at the Lab School or grant tuition reimbursement.
To remedy DCPS' noncompliance with the Hearing Officer's order, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary injunction in a related case. Blackman v. Dist. of Columbia, Civ. Action No. 97-1629, Dkt. No. 2289. The Court referred the preliminary injunction motion to Special Master Elise Baach. While the motion was pending, DCPS completed the required evaluations and developed a new IEP for [K.P-R.], which includes special education services as well as speech and language therapy. See Plaintiffs' Supplemental Memorandum, Blackman v. Dist. of Columbia, Civ. Action No. 97-1629, Dkt. No. 2293. On December 11, 2012, the Special Master issued her report agreeing with plaintiffs that DCPS had failed to timely comply with the Hearing Officer's order. Blackman R & R at 5-8. The Special Master declined to award plaintiffs their requested relief of prospective placement at the Lab School, however, explaining:
An outright adoption of the requested relief would require DCPS to fund a placement at [the Lab School]. What makes the recommendation of this remedy particularly problematic here is that the Hearing Officer expressly rejected a request for the same relief. It is one thing to penalize DCPS for not doing what a Hearing Officer has ordered; it is entirely different to require DCPS to do something that a Hearing Officer expressly declined to order.
Moreover, the Hearing Officer's refusal to order placement at the [Lab School], and the rationale for that refusal, is now the subject of the appeal in this Court. Unlike this request for injunctive
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relief, which is discretionary in nature, the plaintiffs have a statutory right under the IDEA to appeal in federal court part or all of an HOD, and they have now exercised that right. By doing so, the plaintiffs and the local education agency will both be presented with an opportunity to address the soundness of the Hearing Officer's reliance on the IDEA's mandate to educate a student in the " least restrictive environment." The combination of these two factors -- the Hearing Officer's rejection of the same relief and the fact that the resolution in federal court might answer an outstanding question of substance -- lead to the conclusion that a decision on placement and funding under IDEA is preferable to granting the relief sought in this forum.
Blackman R & R at 8.
The Special Master noted that DCPS' delay in conducting the necessary evaluations had forced plaintiffs to choose between continuing [K.P-R.'s] enrollment at the Lab School or starting [K.P-R.] at a public school without an appropriate IEP. Blackman R & R at 8-9. Accordingly, she recommended tuition reimbursement for the period between August 28, 2012 through February 15, 2013. Id. 9-10. Neither party filed objections, and the Court therefore adopted and approved the Report and Recommendations. See Blackman v. Dist. of Columbia, Civ. Action No. 97-1629, Dkt. No. 2305, (Jan. 9, 2013).
Plaintiffs brought the instant action to challenge the Hearing Officer's decision denying placement at the Lab School and reimbursement for already paid tuition and fees. Plaintiffs assert four claims against the District: (1) failure to provide a free, appropriate public education, in violation of the IDEA and District of Columbia law; (2) failure to place and fund [K.P-R.] in an appropriate program and placement, in violation of the IDEA and District of Columbia law; (3) failure by the Hearing Officer to properly evaluate the relevant facts and apply the relevant legal standards, in violation of plaintiffs' due process rights under the IDEA and District of Columbia law; and (4) failure by the Hearing Officer to award the requested remedy, including reimbursement for tuition expenses and costs. Compl. ¶ ¶ 78-87. Plaintiffs request declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief, including reimbursement for tuition expenses and costs incurred in enrolling [K.P-R.] at the Lab School for most of the 2011-2012 school year, as well as prospective placement of [K.P-R.] at that institution. Id. at 13.
At the time Plaintiffs Pinto and Rivera, through their counsel, filed their April 2012 due process complaint notice, see Pinto, 938 F.Supp.2d at 27-28, K.P-R. had been a student at the Lab School of Washington since October 2011. AR (Document No. 9-5) at 5. In the notice, Plaintiffs stated that prior to his enrollment at Lab, K.P-R. was a student at Kingsbury Day School from January to October 2011, and spent the first semester of the 2010-2011 school year at Horace Mann, a DCPS elementary school. Id. Plaintiffs alleged that " [w]hile at Horace Mann, [K.P-R.] was denied critical special education services[,]" and that " [t]he school system's continued unwillingness to provide an effective Individualized Education Program (" IEP" ) forced the parents to enroll [K.P-R.] at [Kingsbury] and now at Lab, and to initiate this due process appeal." Id. Plaintiffs maintained that the October 2010 IEP was " comprehensively uninformed and inappropriate for [K.P-R.'s] needs[,]" and that the report of the clinician engaged by Plaintiffs " dismissed" by DCPS " [w]ithout a basis[.]" Id.
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Plaintiffs stated that they gave notice to DCPS in January 2011 " that [K.P-R.] would be removed from the school system, that the parents would be seeking an appropriate non-public special education school for [K.P-R.], and that public funding would be sought for that placement." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 9. Plaintiffs complained that at IEP team meetings in April and May 2011, DCPS rejected the opinion of clinicians engaged by Plaintiffs that full-time special education was warranted. Id. at 10-12. Plaintiffs stated that in October 2011, they gave DCPS notice that they intended to enroll K.P-R. at Lab, id. at 12, and that " [s]ince enrolling at Lab, [K.P-R.] has adjusted well to the program and is making significant progress." Id.
Plaintiffs maintained that " DCPS has steadfastly failed to recognize that [K.P-R.] has needs that extend beyond speech and language[,]" and thus " has denied [K.P-R.] appropriate special education services, and failed to provide him with a free and appropriate education as required by law." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 12. Plaintiffs articulated three issues: (1) " Did DCPS deny [K.P-R.] a Free Appropriate Public Education for the 2011-2012 school year, from October 2011 forward[,] by failing to propose an appropriate IEP, including accurate and complete present levels of performance, appropriate goals and objectives, services and accommodations and modifications?" (2) " Did DCPS deny [K.P-R.] a Free Appropriate Public Education by failing to propose an appropriate placement from October 2011 forward?" and (3) " Is Lab School of Washington a proper placement?" Id. at 13. As relief, Plaintiffs requested " that DCPS reimburse the parents for the cost of enrollment at Lab School of Washington for the 2011-2012 school year." Id.
Following a due process hearing which spanned four days ( see Document Nos. 9-1, 9-2. 9-3, 9-4), the Hearing Officer rendered his determination. With respect to the first issue, the Hearing Officer found that " DCPS failed to conduct appropriate evaluations of the student[,]" and thus concluded that " the [May 2011] IEP is inappropriate and the present levels of performance . . . are not valid." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 57; see also id. at 58 (" The evidence in this case clearly demonstrates DCPS did not conduct its own evaluations." ); id. at 59 (failure of DCPS to conduct its own evaluations, and reliance of DCPS on evaluations it regarded as flawed, " significantly impeded the [parents'] opportunity to participate in the decision making process regarding provision of FAPE." ). The Hearing Officer recognized that " private placement and reimbursement [of tuition] might be an appropriate remedy[]" for the failure of DCPS to provide K.P-R. a FAPE, id. at 59-60 (citing 34 C.F.R. § 300.148); however, the Hearing Officer concluded that such remedy " is inappropriate and unreasonable[,]" and instead, directed DCPS to conduct appropriate evaluations of K.P-R. Id. at 60.[2]
With respect to the remaining issues -- framed by the Hearing Officer as " [w]hether DCPS denied the student a FAPE by failing to propose/provide the student an appropriate placement/location of services from October 13, 2011, to present? -- the Hearing Officer, " [unconvinced] that [the] evidence demonstrates the student
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must be totally removed from all general education peers[,]" concluded that " the parents' remedy for reimbursement of [tuition at Lab] is inappropriate because the school is not the least restrictive environment for the student." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 60; see also id. at 61 (" [T]he Hearing Officer is not convinced by the evidence that student should be totally removed from a setting that will allow [student] contact with any non-disabled peers. The evidence demonstrates that [Lab] does not afford the student an opportunity to interact with non-disabled peers." ) (citing, inter alia, Roark ex rel. Roark v. Dist. of Columbia, 460 F.Supp.2d 32, 43 (D.D.C. 2006) (" The IDEA requires school districts to place disabled children in the least restrictive environment possible." ). In so finding, the Hearing Officer credited the testimony that K.P-R., during the time K.P-R. attended a public elementary school, " was performing at grade level[,] and was engaged with and [benefitting] from being in a classroom with . . . non-disabled peers." Id.[3] Additionally, the Hearing Officer found that " [because Plaintiffs did not demonstrate] that DCPS cannot provide the student an appropriate placement[,]" and thus concluded that " DCPS is not required to pay for the student's placement at [Lab]." Id. at 62.
Plaintiffs, in the complaint which they filed to commence the instant action, submit that the Hearing Officer " correctly determined" that DCPS denied K.P-R. a FAPE during the 2011-2012 school year, but " erred in denying the requested relief." Complaint, ¶ 2. More specifically, they allege that the Hearing Officer (1) " incorrectly found that [Lab] was not the least restrictive environment . . . for K.P-R. and then entirely denied reimbursement for tuition paid to Lab for the 2011-2012 school year[]" ; (2) " erred in finding the actions of the parents unreasonable, using that mis-determination as justification for denying the requested relief[]" ; and (3) " incorrectly gave the school system another chance by ordering it to conduct additional evaluations and return to the IEP process." Id.; see also id., ¶ ¶ 82-87.
In their motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs -- the Hearing Officer's finding in their favor notwithstanding -- ask that this Court make " Make an Independent Determination of Whether Defendant Provided K.P-R. With a FAPE." Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (" Plaintiffs' Memorandum" ) at 14; see also id. at 15-21. Second, Plaintiffs challenge the determination to deny reimbursement for tuition at Lab for the period from October 2011 through the end of the 2011-2012 school year, and ask that the Court receive as additional evidence email communications with Defendant after the due process hearing. Id. at 14-15, 21-34. Third, Plaintiffs maintain that " Lab was the proper placement for K.P-R. for the 2012-2013 school year because the IEP drafted by defendant in October of 2012 did not provide a FAPE." Id. at 34-36.
Defendant, in opposition to Plaintiffs' motion and in support of its own, submits that " [t]his Court must limit its review in this appeal to the May 2011 IEP and the question of whether Plaintiffs should be reimbursed for the Lab School for the 2011-2012 school year, because that was the issue under review by the hearing officer whose decision is appealed in this
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case." Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant District of Columbia's Motion for Summary Judgment (" Defendant's Memorandum" ) at 34; see also Defendant District of Columbia's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 16) (" Defendant's Opposition" ) at 19-32. Defendant maintains that the sole issue properly addressed by this Court thus is " whether reimbursement was warranted from October 13, 2011, when [K.P-R.] began attending Lab School to June 20, 2012, the date of the hearing officer's decision[]" ; with respect to that issue, Defendant argues that the Hearing Officer's determination to deny reimbursement for that period should be affirmed. See Defendant's Memorandum at 34-44; Defendant's Opposition at 33-44.
Plaintiffs, in their opposition to Defendant's motion, reiterate their contention that the Hearing Officer erred in declining to award reimbursement of tuition at Lab for the period from October 2011 through the end of the 2011-2012 school year as a remedy for denial of FAPE. See Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 17) (" Plaintiffs' Opposition" ) at 6-10. Additionally, they maintain that " [t]he [i]ssue of K.P-R.'s 2012-2013 [e]ducational [p]lacement is [p]roperly [b]efore the Court[]" id. at 2-6, 10-12; see also Plaintiffs' Reply to Defendant's Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 19) at 2-5, a proposition which Defendant continues to dispute, see Defendant District of Columbia's Reply to [Plaintiffs'] Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 18) (" Defendant's Reply" ) at 1-3.
A primary purpose of the enactment of IDEA was " to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living[.]" 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A); § 1412 (a)(1)(A) (" A free appropriate public education is available to all children with disabilities residing in the State between the ages of 3 and 21 . . . ." ). To ensure access to a free appropriate public education for children with disabilities, " the child's parents, teachers, school officials, and other professionals collaborate in a 'multi-disciplinary team' to develop an individualized educational program [] to meet the child's unique needs." Smith v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 12-2058, 2014 WL 1425737, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 14, 2014) (citing D.K. v. Dist. of Columbia, 983 F.Supp.2d 138, 141 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(B)); see also Reid ex rel. Reid v. Dist. of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 519, 365 U.S.App.D.C. 234 (D.C. Cir. 2005); Dist. of Columbia v. Wolfire, No. 12-01527, 10 F.Supp.3d 89, 2014 WL 169873, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2014); Dist. of Columbia v. Oliver, No. 13-00215, 2014 WL 686860, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 21, 2014).
Once the IEP has been developed, " the school system must provide an appropriate placement that meets those needs and, if an appropriate public placement is unavailable, the school system must provide an appropriate private placement or make available education-related services provided by private organizations to supplement a public placement." Petties v. Dist. of Columbia, 238 F.Supp.2d 114, 116 (D.D.C. 2002) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10); 34 C.F.R. § § 300.349, 300.400-402.); see also S.S. ex rel. Street v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 13-557, 68 F.Supp.3d 1, 2014 WL 4650885, at *12 (D.D.C. Sept. 19, 2014) (" A
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student's IEP determines whether an educational placement is appropriate; the placement does not dictate the IEP." ) (citations omitted). Conformity with the dictates of IDEA also requires that children with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment: " To the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities[] . . . are educated with children who are not disabled, and special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability of a child is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily." 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5)(A); see also N.T. v. Dist. of Columbia, 839 F.Supp.2d 29, 35 (D.D.C. 2012) (IDEA requires local education agencies to place students with disabilities in " the least restrictive environment possible" ) (citations omitted).
A parent, or adult student, may file an administrative complaint and have an opportunity for an impartial due process hearing if he or she objects to " the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to such child." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6), (f)(1). A party to the administrative proceeding may challenge the decision " in any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States . . . ." § 1415(i)(2)(A).
The applicable standard of review is well-settled: " In evaluating a hearing officer's decision in an IDEA case such as this one, a court reviews the administrative record, may hear additional evidence, and bases its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, granting such relief as deemed appropriate." Patterson v. Dist. of Columbia, 965 F.Supp.2d 126, 130 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)); see also S.S. ex rel. Street, 2014 WL 4650885, at *4 (" In a civil action reviewing an IDEA administrative determination, '[a] motion for summary judgment operates as a motion for judgment based on the evidence comprising the record and any additional evidence the Court may receive.'" ) (citation omitted). The preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review " does not authorize unfettered de novo review." K.S. v. Dist. of Columbia, 962 F.Supp.2d 216, 223 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982)). Rather, " [c]ourts must give administrative proceedings 'due weight,' and 'factual findings from the administrative proceedings are to be considered prima facie correct.'" Id. (citations omitted); cf. S.S. ex rel. Street, 2014 WL 4650885, at *5 (" [T]he Court should 'defer to the [hearing officer's] factual findings unless it can point to contrary nontestimonial extrinsic evidence on the record.'" ) (citations omitted).
At the same time, " [a] court is obligated by the IDEA to ensure that [the] relief set forth in the administrative award was appropriate[,]" and " may not simply rely on the Hearing Officer's exercise of discretion[.]" Turner v. Dist. of Columbia, 952 F.Supp.2d 31, 36 (D.D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
" The burden of proof is with the party challenging the administrative determination, who must 'at least take on the burden of persuading the court that the hearing officer was wrong.'" Patterson, 965 F.Supp.2d at 130 (citation omitted); see also K.S., 962 F.Supp.2d at 223 (with respect to judicial review of an HOD, " the
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burden of proof is always on the party challenging the administrative determination[.]" ).
A district court has no subject matter jurisdiction with respect to a claim that has not first been pursued through administrative proceedings. E.g., Douglas v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 13-1758, 65 F.Supp.3d 225, 2014 WL 4246580, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 28, 2014) (" Under the IDEA, this Court 'has no subject matter jurisdiction over an IDEA claim that has not first been pursued through administrative channels.'" ) (citing Douglass v. Dist. of Columbia, 750 F.Supp.2d 54, 60-61 (D.D.C. 2010); see also Copeland v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 13-00837, 2014 WL 4520213, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 15, 2014) (citing Holdzclaw v. Dist. of Columbia, 524 F.Supp.2d 43, 47 (D.D.C. 2007) (" [A]n allegation not presented to the independent hearing officer at a due process hearing may not be raised for the first time in this Court." ) (citations omitted).
Plaintiffs Have Failed to Demonstrate that the Hearing Officer Erred in His Determination to Decline to Award Reimbursement of Tuition at Lab for the 2011-2012 School Year
The Hearing Officer found in favor of Plaintiffs with respect to their claim that DCPS denied K.P-R. a FAPE during the 2011-2012 school year through its failure to evaluate K.P-R. in accordance with applicable law. AR (Document No. 9-5) at 57 (" DCPS failed to conduct appropriate evaluations of the student and thus . . . the Hearing Officer concludes that [the] IEP is inappropriate and the present levels of performance . . . are not valid. [Plaintiffs] sustained the burden of proof on this issue by a preponderance of the evidence." ). Thus, the only issue regarding the 2011-2012 for determination in this action is whether Plaintiffs have demonstrated that the Hearing Officer erred in his determination to decline to award reimbursement of tuition at Lab during the 2011-2012 school year as a remedy for the denial of FAPE. The undersigned finds that Plaintiffs have failed to do so.
It is settled that IDEA's " broad remedial reach" encompasses " requir[ing] an LEA to provide tuition reimbursement as compensation when a parent enrolls a disabled child in a private school due to the LEA's deficiencies in providing a FAPE." L.R.L. ex rel. Lomax v. Dist. of Columbia, 896 F.Supp.2d 69, 76 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Oliver, 2014 WL 686860, at *5 (" [T]he remedial authority for which the Act provides 'includes tuition reimbursement for parents who unilaterally place their child in private school[.]" ) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1412 (a)(10)(C)(ii)); cf. Dist. of Columbia v. Vinyard, 971 F.Supp.2d 103, 115 (D.D.C. 2013) (" Tuition reimbursement for private school tuition when the school district denied a child a FAPE was first recognized by the Supreme Court as part of the courts' broad authority to 'grant such relief as the court determines [is] appropriate.'" ) (quoting Sch. Comm. of Town of Burlington, Mass. v. Dep't of Educ. of Mass., 471 U.S. 359, 368, 105 S.Ct. 1996, 85 L.Ed.2d 385 (1985)) (citation omitted).
However, this Court has commented that " parents who unilaterally place their child at a private school without the consent of school officials [do] so at their own financial risk." K.E. v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 13-0084, 19 F.Supp.3d 140, 2014 WL 242986, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 23, 2014) (citation omitted). " Parents in such situations may be reimbursed only if 'the court or hearing officer finds that the agency had not made FAPE available to the child in a timely manner prior to that enrollment and that the private placement
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is appropriate.'" Id. (citations omitted); see also 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(ii) (stating that reimbursement may be appropriate if " the agency had not made a free appropriate public education available to the child in a timely manner prior to [the private-school] enrollment" ). Put another way, " [t]he reviewing court may grant tuition reimbursement if: '(1) the public placement violated the IDEA and (2) the private school placement was proper under the Act.'" Jalloh v. Dist. of Columbia, 968 F.Supp.2d 203, 210 (D.D.C. 2013) (citation omitted); see also Oliver, 2014 WL 686860, at *5 (" [W]hen a public school system has defaulted on its obligations under the Act, a private school placement is 'proper under the Act' if the education provided by the private school is 'reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits [ ]'--the same standard by which the appropriateness of a public school's IEP is assessed." ) (citation omitted). Thus, parents are not entitled to tuition reimbursement where " the educational program and site proposed by DCPS comply with IDEA's FAPE requirement." James v. Dist. of Columbia, 949 F.Supp.2d 134, 139 (D.D.C. 2013); see also Walker v. District of Columbia, 2014 WL 3883308, at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 6, 2014).
The Hearing Officer considered the governing authorities, including the regulation applicable to claims by parents for reimbursement of private school tuition. AR (Document No. 9-5) at 59-60. Included in the regulation cited by the Hearing Officer is the provision that
[i]f the parents of a child with a disability, who previously received special education and related services under the authority of a public agency, enroll the child in a private [school] without the consent of or referral by the public agency, a court or a hearing officer may require the agency to reimburse the parents for the cost of that enrollment if the court or hearing officer finds that the agency had not made FAPE available to the child in a timely manner prior to that enrollment and that the private school placement is appropriate.
Id. at 59 (citing 34 C.F.R. § 300.148) (emphasis supplied).
Accordingly, reimbursement of tuition may be ordered as a remedy for denial of FAPE only upon a two-pronged showing: (1) the LEA " [did not] make FAPE available to [a child eligible for special education services] in a timely manner" ; and (2) " the private school placement [selected by the child's parents] is appropriate." The first prong of the showing requires no further discussion herein: the Hearing Officer determined that DCPS indeed failed to provide K.P-R. a FAPE during the 2011-2012 school year. The determination of the parties' motion in the instant action thus is dependent on the review of Plaintiffs' showing with respect to the second prong.
In his evaluation of the second prong, the Hearing Officer concluded that " the parents' remedy [of reimbursement of tuition for the 2011-2012 school year] [at Lab] is inappropriate because the school is not the least restrictive environment for the student." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 60. Plaintiffs, in the written memoranda and oral arguments in support of their motion, make but minimal effort to point to any error by the Hearing Officer in his consideration of the second prong. Instead, Plaintiffs focus on the Hearing Officer's finding that " [Plaintiffs repeated withdrawals of three previous complaints and the resulting delay in promptly adjudicating the issues so that DCPS could have a prompt opportunity to correct any deficiencies in the IEP and/or placement that were found to be a denial of FAPE"
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rendered full reimbursement of the tuition at Lab " inappropriate and unreasonable." Id. However, the undersigned, reading that finding in context, finds that it is not in fact the basis upon which the requested remedy was denied; the undersigned, instead, regards that finding as an expression of the frustration of the Hearing Officer that an opportunity for DCPS to undertake more timely evaluations of K.P-R. was lost.[4]
The undersigned finds that Plaintiffs' argument is, essentially, that reimbursement of the tuition at Lab is the remedy warranted solely because K.P-R.'s IEP was inadequate. However, in an instance in which another judge of this Court was confronted with a remarkably similar argument, that argument was rejected:
An inadequate IEP is a necessary but insufficient condition for private school placement and reimbursement. Although the District must pay for private school placement " if no suitable public school is available[,] . . . if there is an appropriate public school program available . . . the District need not consider private placement, even though a private school might be more appropriate or better able to serve the child."
N.T., 839 F.Supp.2d at 34 (citation omitted), 35 n.3 (hearing officer could consider whether parental placement was the least restrictive environment in evaluating whether tuition reimbursement was the proper remedy for denial of FAPE) (citations omitted); see also K.E., 2014 WL 242986, at *9 (" Since the IDEA does not require a school district to pay for a private school education simply because that opportunity would be ideal for a student, the Court is unpersuaded by the plaintiffs' contention that any private school that provides a child an educational benefit is appropriate." ) (citation omitted).
The undersigned therefore finds that Plaintiffs have failed to identify any error by the Hearing Officer in his determination to deny Plaintiffs' request for reimbursement of K.P-R.'s tuition at Lab for the 2011-2012 school year. More specifically, the undersigned finds that the Hearing Officer considered all of the evidence offered during the hearing, relied upon the applicable authorities, and clearly articulated his findings. Plaintiffs thus have failed to carry their burden to demonstrate " that the hearing officer was wrong." Reid, 401 F.3d at 521; cf. K.E., 2014 WL 242986, at *9 (affirming determination of the hearing officer to decline to award reimbursement of private school tuition as a remedy for denial of FAPE where finding that private school " was not an appropriate placement" for the child was " supported by the administrative record." ).
The Court Lacks Subject Matter Jurisdiction to Entertain Plaintiffs' Request That K.P-R. be " Reimbursed and Placed at Lab for the 2012-2013 School Year"
Plaintiffs do not dispute that the April 2012 due process complaint notice which they filed was confined to the IEP, placement, and tuition for the 2011-2012 school year. See AR (Document No. 9-5) at 3-13; 45 (" The issues adjudicated are: (1) Whether DCPS denied [K.P-R.] a FAPE [during the 2011-2012 school year]
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[by failing to provide an appropriate IEP][; ] [and] (2) Whether DCPS denied [K.P-R.] a FAPE by failing to propose/provide the student an appropriate placement/ location of services from October 12, 2011, to present." AR (Document No. 9-5) at 45 (emphasis supplied); see also id. at 3-13.[5] The undersigned, upon a searching review of that administrative due process complaint notice, finds that Plaintiffs made no reference whatsoever to placement for the 2012-2013 school year; additionally, a searching review of the Hearing Officer Determination reflects no consideration or determination by the Hearing Officer of 2012-2013 school year placement and location of services.[6] The conclusion that placement and location of services for the 2012-2013 was never addressed during the underlying administrative proceedings thus is inescapable.
The undersigned is mindful that the Court (Friedman, J.) denied Defendant's motion to dismiss -- on the ground of Plaintiffs' failure to first exhaust their administrative remedies -- Plaintiffs' claims regarding the 2012-2013 school year. However, the undersigned finds that in so ruling, the court, citing Plaintiffs' complaint, assumed that the issue of prospective placement at Lab had in fact been presented to the hearing officer. See Pinto, 938 F.Supp.2d at 32 (" The problem with the District's argument is that the issues presented in this action -- whether plaintiffs are entitled to [1] reimbursement for tuition expenses and costs [2] and prospective placement at the Lab School -- were in fact presented to the Hearing Officer in the first instance. See Compl. ¶ 62." ) (emphasis supplied). While the first of the issues articulated by the court was in fact addressed, the second actually was not.[7]
In so finding, the undersigned does not disregard the prior opinion of the court, or purport to modify it. Instead, the undersigned merely observes that the factual predicate on which the court relied -- i.e., that the issue of " prospective placement at the Lab School" was " presented to the Hearing Officer in the first instance[]" -- is not borne out upon a review of the administrative record.
Finally, the undersigned observes that in denying the Defendant's motion to dismiss the claims regarding the 2012-2013 school year for Plaintiffs' failure to exhaust their administrative remedies with respect to such claims, the court did not alter the settled proposition that the exhaustion of administrative remedies is a prerequisite to judicial review by the district court; indeed, the court noted that Defendant was correct in its assertion that " plaintiffs cannot bring this suit under the IDEA if
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they did not seek relief through the appropriate administrative channels." Pinto, 938 F.Supp.2d at 32 (citations omitted).
For the reason set forth herein, Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 11) will be denied, and Defendant District of Columbia's Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 12) will be granted, by order filed contemporaneously herewith.
For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion filed on this date, it is, this 29th day of September 2014,
ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 11) is DENIED; and it is
FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant's Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (Document No. 12) is GRANTED.
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text: Rhizopus microsporus ATCC11559 (Mucorales) is closely related to bacteria-harboring R. microsporus ATCC52813 and R. microsporus ATCC52814, both of which have recently been sequenced by JGI. Unlike these strains, however, ATCC11559 does not harbor bacterial endosymbionts and presents a unique opportunity for comparative analysis with bacteria-harboring strains to better understand the factors that facilitate establishment of bacterial-fungal symbioses. This sequencing effort is part of a larger CSP that is focused on using comparative genomics to better understand early divergent terrestrial fungi and their bacterial endosymbionts

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
The result was a put-off United States. Realizing this furthered the need for an outside alliance, talks of NATO resumed. At this point, Canada saw NATO as more than just a defense strategy in the face of Communism. Canada fought and won a battle in discussions to require all members of NATO to cooperate economically. Additionally, the NATO alliance assured that Canada would have a say in combined foreign policy and security. Even further, Canada would be able to deal with the United States on more of a multilateral level, which would help ease the disparity between the nations (Jockel, Sokolsky, 1996). Rather than simply following America's lead in foreign affairs, Canada was determined to make decisions in the best interest of the Canadian people.
By 1949, the threat of Communism was in full swing. The Soviet Union had tested its first nuclear weapon, and the world took notice. Now that the Soviet Union had long-range bombers, the North American continent was in danger of invasion ("Cold War," 2002). This allowed the full agreement of NATO to continue, with Canada, the United States, and 10 European countries joining. This effectively created a unified defense strategy for all members. Canada, taking the lead yet again, agreed to an early commitment of troops, electing to send both infantry divisions and air divisions ("Cold War," 2002).
The U.S. wanted a reliable detection system in place, in case of a Soviet launch. To the United States, Canadian airspace and territory were essential to the security of North America, and therefore, to the U.S. As a whole (Jockel, Sokolsky, 1996). Canada, on the other hand, was somewhat more skeptical about the Soviets capability for launch, and in their intentions ("Cold War," 2003). Even so, Canada had to take the United States into account, in part due to the NATO agreement, but also because their foreign policy and foreign trade was extremely dependant on the U.S.
The U.S. proposed a bilateral defense relationship between Canada and themselves, and Canada agreed. The proposal resulted in a vast network of radars spanning the entire North American continent. The final line, known as the DEW line (distant early warning), stretched to the Atlantic ("Cold War," 2003). The radar network was designed to allow for early detection and warning systems for any incoming attack on North America. This warning included the detection and assessment of any missiles or aircraft entering Canadian or U.S. airspace (Jockel, 2003).
While Canada agreed to the project, they could not agree to the funding. Canada had committed themselves to the foreign aid of NATO and the UN, and did have the resources to fund such a massive undertaking. Thus, the United States funded much of the project ("Cold War," 2003). This relationship, with Canada trusting the United States within their boarders, and in their airspace, and with the United States trusting Canada and their military, helped to strengthen the bonds again between the two nations. Canada, used to being under the protective arm of Britain, no longer needed security from them, but instead turned towards the United States. The agreement placed Canada where no other ally of the United States had been: a central component to the strategic nuclear forces where the United States' defense rested (Jockel, Sokolsky, 1996).
The Cold War influence over United States and Canadian relations appeared to be beneficial. By the 1950's, Canada saw increasing American economic and cultural influence in Canada, despite the failure of the previous free trade agreement. The United States continued to equal almost 70% of Canada's imports, and exports to the United States had more than doubled. As the allies entered the Korean War, U.S. military needs continued to feed the Canadian economy (Donaghy, 2003).
Canadian foreign policy did not, however, follow that of the United States entirely. By the 1950's, Canada had expanded to include Newfoundland as its tenth providence. Additionally, the British Commonwealth attempts to expand the Commonwealth were overwhelmingly supported by Canada. In fact, Canada began its commitment to foreign aid by supporting the creation of the Colombo Plan, which helped modernize Asian countries into democracy. Canada contributed $25 million to the plan, aiming both to counterbalance Communism in the region, and also to bolster foreign trade with the Commonwealth ("Cold War," 2003). While Canada made it clear that they would not limit ties to the United States, they took hold of other foreign markets without the United States' backing, in an effort both to improve their economy and to improve overall security.
The Korean War brought even more challenges for the U.S. And Canadian relations, and showed again that Canada was not operating under the lead of the United States. The U.N. asked for help in 1950 to defend South Korea against invading Communist forces. The United States was the primary aggressor of the assault. While Canada initially agreed to send three destroyers to aid, the Cabinet hesitated to send more. Their concern was that the U.S. would run the assault as an anti-communist crusade, and would escalate the conflict (Canada Department of National Defense, 1953).
In response to this threat, Canada led their military and the other allies through the Korean War in such a way as to restrain the United States' influence. Canada vocally objected to the U.S. plan to invade North Korea, fearing Chinese involvement, but the U.S. forces proceeded. The result was the deployment of over 300,000 Chinese troops into the area. Additionally, Canada attempted to gear the U.N. towards a ceasefire, and opposed any mention by the U.S. Of atomic weapon use against China. Still further, Canada voiced objection to the consideration of China as an aggressor, for fear the label would even further delay a ceasefire (Aronsen, 1997). It was only after these objections were heard and ignored that Canada reluctantly agreed to support the American resolution.
It became obvious that the close association between the United States and Canada that had developed with the emergence of the Cold War was ending. As the foreign policy of Canada stressed peace and humanitarian aid, the United States aimed for control over the Communist threat. Additionally, while Canada continued to ally with the United States in security policies, their foreign policies were rapidly changing in relation to those of the U.S.
Canada further proved their divergence from U.S. policies in 1955, when the Suez Canal was suddenly nationalized by Egypt. The canal, long run by British and French investors, was a major source of contention. Britain and France responded by attacking Israel, an act which was condemned by the United States. Canada, on the other hand, had mixed views. On one hand, Canada was bound by loyalty to Britain and on the other, felt that Britain had betrayed them. In the end, Canada refuse to support Britain, as did the United States ("Cold War," 2003).
However, Canada did not stop there, as the United States policy dictated. Canada, in their first of many UN peacekeeping activities, suggested the creation of a UN force to separate the combatants in the canal while peace was negotiated. The plan was unanimously adopted by the UN, and was successful ("cold War," 2003). Again, while Canada needed the security and economic foundations of the United States, the country as a whole still made decisions that forged away from those of the United States, in an effort to further their own nation.
In 1957, the final event of the United States-Canadian joint security was to create the North American Air Defense Command, or NORAD. This bilateral defense agreement meant that Canada would create a line of radar sites along the 55th parallel. By this time, Canada was the sole financer, contributing over $220 million (Thompson, 2003). This single system had a commander-in-chief, who was an American General, and a Canadian deputy. By this time, Canada was already beginning to want independence from United States influences, with the newly elected Prime Minister John Diefenbaker against the influences of their neighboring country (Jockel, 2003). After two decades of necessary cooperation and voluntary sharing of resources, ideas, land, air, and military, the United States-Canadian relationship began to break down.
From the end of World War II through the creation of the NORAD defense system, Canada and the United States had a close, yet at times strained relationship. The coming of the Cold War changed the views of both nations, making it apparent that cooperation in both security and in foreign policy was absolutely vital in the quest for a secure continent. Both sides agreed to join forces whenever possible, and fought side by side in a number of battles, as economic ties and trade policies increased between the nations.
Yet Canada also saw a need to further its own foreign and security policies. Being under the arm of the United States was only one aspect of Canada's defense strategy, and their economic contributions were only one of many results of…[continue]
"United States And Canada Has" (2004, November 21) Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/united-states-and-canada-has-59016
"United States And Canada Has" 21 November 2004. Web.29 November. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/united-states-and-canada-has-59016>
"United States And Canada Has", 21 November 2004, Accessed.29 November. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/united-states-and-canada-has-59016
Neighboring countries, the United States and Canada, have legal systems with many similarities, yet some stark differences. Both abide by a Constitution, which enables all of the other systems of governments. Both have specifically protected civil rights and civil liberties inherent of today's modern day democracies. However, these countries differ greatly in terms of "specific" legal structure. While the United States employs a system known as "federalism," Canada relies on
United States' President Comparing and contrasting the U.S. healthcare system with that of various other nations is not a simple job. There are a lot of details that are not just arranged in a variety of methods however likewise they are made use of to determine considerable and deviating elements. The conclusion will frequently rely on exactly what is thought and which elements are the most vital to the people carrying
The War on Drugs was likely bad public policy from the beginning. It was an over-reaction to what politicians believed was a major social problem. The major social problem was society's method of dealing with the perceived problem and not the actual problem of drug use. Through the Controlled Substance Act Congress created a whole new class of criminal and a black market industry that makes the bootlegging of the
United States has become preoccupied with the internal affairs at the expense of the foreign affairs after the civil war. It started interfering in overseas conflicts and interacting with the World after the diplomatic inactivity from Latin America and Spain to the China and Philippines. This interaction made the America to become a major World power. The first conflict of America was with the Hawaii in Pacific which was governed by
In this case, it may be seen that the Patriot Act does not protect all citizens. It can be used to violate basic human right. Use of National Security Letters. The use of National Security Letters where the government asks private agencies (media, banks, etc.) for private information and give a NSL, wherein said agency cannot divulge the fact that they had given the said information, has also been rampant.
3 billion and in the exports of other goods of $0.7 billion in October compared to September. However, other goods categories reported decreases, like: foods, feeds and beverages (decrease was $0.5 billion), consumer goods (decrease was $0.4 billion), and industrial supplies and materials (decrease was $0.2 billion). Exports in categories like automotive parts, vehicle, and engine remained constant. October imports of goods increased in the following categories: industrial supplies and materials
The U.S. Army 2d Infantry Division, together with South Korean forces, is likewise poised near the demilitarized zone. The 2d Infantry Division is also supported by massive air power that could easily -- and quickly -- decimate North Korea just as air power was used during the Korean War to level hundreds of North Korean cities, towns and villages. According to Bechtel, "The 2d Infantry Division operates 30 multiple-rocket-launcher


text:
Students may take the shuttle bus to the downtown campus (15 minutes). Ideal location with all amenities and park in 2-5 min walk. The public transportation is very convenient, walk to mtl west train station and to buses: #105, #162 & #51 (metro Wendome, Villa –Maria, Snowdon)
Sunny & fully furnished room in non-smoking apartment available September1: good street parking, laundry in building, big kitchen with appliances included, wood floors.
All included: heating, electricity, hot water, internet, telephone. Call or text me at 514 242 7786
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The Global FlyFisher
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Great web site, I just started tying fly's about a month ago and this site is very informative. Thanks!
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text: We ate here for breakfast. This little coffee shop is cash only, but had good diner food and it was very reasonably priced. Our server was friendly and our meals arrived as ordered and quickly. I also noticed that they grow a lot of their own herbs and some veggies. In the afternoon/evenings, they serve ice cream and have a... More


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En13101 Manhole Step - Chinaprice: contact company for price
manhole step, also know as PP coated manhole step.
We have full ranges of steps, such as Carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum and plastic encapsulated.
We are also able to develop new designs with customer' s drawing or sample.
More information is available upon receipt of your inquiry.
Company Contact:
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- Phone: 8653255576189
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Published date: April 26, 2014 -
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When the weather is warm, busy little feet look and feel cool in the Antonio. A Stride Rite Cruise & Walk style, this handsome leather shoe features an alternative closure for easy on/off convenience and contains super comfy memory foam inside.
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Delivery and Returns
Estimated delivery date: 6 (based on standard shipping).
We offer free shipping on orders over $99, and free returns and exchanges for up to 30 days.


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Live in Luxurious Montevista Community in Shepherd's Mountain! Secluded Resort Style community with dynamic views, Resort Style pool, hot tub and cabana! Great one bedroom with new flooring, New A/C in 2015, New heater installed 2011. Only minutes to Lake Austin and 360 Bridge! Minutes to Downtown! Very desirable location close to shopping, entertainment, schools. Come live the good life, in a Resort style atmosphere! GREAT price for GREAT location~
6000 Shepherd Mountain Cv #1606
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The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
Based on information from the Austin Board of REALTORS® (alternatively, from ACTRIS) from December 10th, 2016 at 4:16pm CST. Neither the Board nor ACTRIS guarantees or is in any way responsible for its accuracy. The Austin Board of REALTORS®, ACTRIS and their affiliates provide the MLS and all content therein "AS IS" and without any warranty, express or implied. Data maintained by the Board or ACTRIS may not reflect all real estate activity in the market.
All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified.


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Simon McGrath concludes his blog about the remarkable Prof George Davey Smith's smart ideas for understanding diseases, which may soon be applied to ME/CFS.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
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Discussion in 'Detox: Methylation; B12; Glutathione; Chelation' started by Steve-22, Oct 29, 2012.
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Because Knetbooks knows college students. Our rental program is designed to save you time and money. Whether you need a textbook for a semester, quarter or even a summer session, we have an option for you. Simply select a rental period, enter your information and your book will be on its way!
Two world wars, the Civil Rights movement, and a Jheri curl later, Blacks in America continue to have a complex and convoluted relationship with their hair. From the antebellum practice of shaving the head in an attempt to pass as a "free" person to the 1998 uproar over a White third-grade teacher's reading of the book Nappy Hair, the issues surrounding African American hair continue to linger as we enter the twenty-first century.
Hair Story is a historical and anecdotal exploration of Black Americans' tangled hair roots. A chronological look at the culture and politics behind the ever-changing state of Black hair from fifteenth-century Africa to the present-day United States, it ties the personal to the political and the popular.
Read about:
* Why Black American slaves used items like axle grease and eel skin to straighten their hair.
* How a Mexican chemist straightened Black hair using his formula for turning sheep's wool into a minklike fur.
* How the Afro evolved from militant style to mainstream fashion trend.
* What prompted the creation of the Jheri curl and the popular style's fall from grace.
* The story behind Bo Derek's controversial cornrows and the range of reactions they garnered.
Major figures in the history of Black hair are presented, from early hair-care entrepreneurs Annie Turnbo Malone and Madam C. J. Walker to unintended hair heroes like Angela Davis and Bob Marley. Celebrities, stylists, and cultural critics weigh in on the burgeoning sociopolitical issues surrounding Black hair, from the historically loaded terms "good" and "bad" hair, to Black hair in the workplace, to mainstream society's misrepresentation and misunderstanding of kinky locks.
Hair Story is the book that Black Americans can use as a benchmark for tracing a unique aspect of their history, and it's a book that people of all races will celebrate as the reference guide for understanding Black hair.


text: Hi, I installed "GreatestThemeInTheWorld" The them is nice but it as the the InstallerImages in the theme. The Installerimages are way too big and now it cover 50% - 100% of the category and the packages. I can't read the name and I can remove the installerimages. I tried the followings: 1. uninstall thems (no good) 2. delete themes using Total command (no good) 3. replace installimage with smaller image (no good) 4. remove installerimage (no good) 5. Repalce installerimage with blank (no good) did some one has the same issue - DON"T install "GreatestThemeInTheWorld" . Please help, Integra93_4


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Write a review and help others make a better decision about their treatment.
We have all the information you need about public and private dental clinics in Droylsden. Compare all the dentists and contact the dentist in Droylsden who's right for you.
Find Droylsden Private Dentists. Compare all 2 Dentists in Droylsden, with phone numbers, reviews, prices, maps and pictures. Get quotes fast & choose the best.
I attended this clinic for a denture repair. The man who dealt with me was friendly and efficient (the repair was completed in around 20 minutes whilst I waited). The cost was reasonable and there was a 12 month guarantee with it.
Eyes Check Mr Clark knows I have a phobia about visiting the dentist. His treatment is always caring and sensitive and totally pain free. My anxiety has been virtually eliminated by his down to earth and professional approach.
Mr Clark believes in prevention rather than cure and has always offered alternative treatments and costs where these are available I cannot recommend him highly enough.
Reception staff and Practice Manager are all extremely friendly and helpful and work in a professional way. They are often very busy, but that indicates a successful practice.
I booked a check up with Bupa as had gum pain which was dismissed as nothing by my usual NHS dentist.
However after my Bupa check up and x rays it was discovered I had a chronic abscess in gum above a tooth. Unfortunately I had to have my tooth removed as it was beyond repair. My tooth was removed soon after with no pain and minimum discomfort.
My treatment plan was discussed with me and to be honest I didn't feel the charges were excessive for the standard of care I received. Some things are worth paying that bit extra for. As pleasant as a trip to the dentist can be!!
Friendly and welcoming whilst being very professional.
I was so pleased with my experience at this dentist that I have just booked a check up for my hubby.
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Damn Dice
Last Known Status: Unknown
Latest Damn Dice News
Below is our complete Damn Dice news coverage, including columns and articles pertaining to the band. Some articles listed may be indirectly related, such as side projects of the band members, etc.
Damn Dice Working On Album
London based, five-piece hard rock / metal outfit Damn Dice formed in 2011 and after the release of a 6 track EP and a European tour supporting LA Guns, the band released blistering debut full-length album "The Great Unknown." in August 2015
Now, Damn Dice is currently working on a second effort, to be heralded soon by a new music video. A hefty touring schedule is also planned for the rest of the year... and big things lie ahead for Damn Dice after recently signing to Alpha Omega Management.
The band comments: "We are extremely proud to join Alpha Omega and their impressive roster. We are sure that their expertise will help us grow as a band and export ourselves as much as possible. Our goal is get out there and play as many gigs as possible, promote our music and engage with our fans.
"Up until now, we've always used to do everything ourselves, limiting our potential reach. We now have the opportunity to work closely with an international agency and take it to the next level! Watch this space for some great news!"
The Rockstar Ramblings: Deep Thoughts
This week three videos that do their best to entertain, promote new singles, and stretch every cent in the budget. More...


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Coconut−Pineapple Cheesecake1 (6 ounce) graham cracker pie crust8 ounces cream cheese (at room temperature)1/3 cup granulated sugar1 (8 ounce) container Cool Whip®Crushed pineapple, as desiredFlaked coconut, as desiredDrain pineapple. Mix cream cheese and sugar with just enough pineapple juice to mix. Add CoolWhip. Gently fold in until creamy. Spoon into pie crust. Add pineapple on top. Then sprin...


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Details of this Paper
Computers SQL
Professional Litigation User Services (PLUS) is a company that creates all types of visual aids for judicial proceedings. Clients are usually private law firms, although the District Attorney?s office has occasionally contracted for its services.;PLUS creates graphs, maps, timetables, and charts, both for computerized presentations and in large sizes for presentations to juries. And anything else of a visual nature that can be used in a judicial proceeding to make, clarify, or support a point.;Raj Jawahir is responsible for tracking the daily payments received from PLUS clients. You?ll help him maintain the PLUS database by creating the following ERD and tables;Use SQL Server to create a new database with 2 tables based on the ERD/TICs above.;Create a new database and name it PLUS.;Inside the PLUS database create a new table named Firm using the table design shown in Figure 1 ERD and Figure 2 table instance chart above. Create this table with the required columns, key types (Primary Key), constraints, data type and length as detailed in the Figure 2 Firm TIC above. Save the Firm Table.;Inside the PLUS database create a new table named Payment using the table design shown in Figure 1 ERD and Figure 3 table instance chart above. Create this table with the required columns, key types (Primary Key), constraints, data type and length as detailed in the Figure 2 Payment table instance chart above. Be sure to add the Foreign Key constraint in the Payment table! Save the Payment table.;Use Figure 2 Firm table instance chart Sample Data to insert 2 rows of data into the Firm table.;Use Figure 3 Payment table instance chart Sample Data to insert 2 rows of data into the Payment table.;Screenshot Guidelines;Complete all of the steps outlined above in the Assignment Description.;When you are finished, take the following screenshots and paste them into ONE Word document;One screenshot in the Object Browser of the Database name PLUS and both table names.;One screenshot of each table (Firm and Payment) expanded in the Object Browser. All column names, constraints (Primary, Foreign, Not Null), data types and length must be visible. For the Payment table make sure the Foreign Key constraint is visible in the screenshot.;One screenshot of each table (Firm and Payment) in the ?Edit Top 200 Rows? view. Must be able to see data in all columns ? you might have to take more than one screen shot for the Firm table if you are unable to view all columns.;After you have inserted data into both tables, write the following Select statements to test the database. Take one screen shot of each Select statement and the results.;Write one select statement that will retrieve all the rows from the Firm table.;Write one select statement that will retrieve the paymentid, firmid and amount paid from the Payment table. Sort the results by amount paid in ascending order.;Paste your screenshots into ONE Word document.
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ISP: Problem Solved with Emergency Service Number
TWIN FALLS, Idaho (KLIX) – After a programming and service issue, the Idaho State Police says its non-emergency number is once again working for mobile phones.
TWIN FALLS, Idaho (KLIX) – After a programming and service issue, the Idaho State Police says its non-emergency number is once again working for mobile phones.
A baby girl is the newest addition to Eli Young Band's collective growing family.
You can't spell Cam without "CMA," and that's why he Country Music Association enlisted the country star to share some exciting news on this year's Giving Tuesday, Nov. 29.
Thomas Rhett will perform during 'Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve With Ryan Seacrest' to help ring in 2017.
The winners have been revealed in the 2016 Taste of Country Fan Choice Awards, and there are some real surprises mixed in with some of the expected winners.
TWIN FALLS, Idaho (KMVT/KSVT) – A cyclist was hit by a pickup truck just after 10 a.m. on Thursday.
Luke Bryan got into an altercation with a fan at the 2016 Volunteer Jam.
This is statistically one of the most giving times of the year. People are donating time, money, gifts, and services for Christmas. How can you know if the charity you are donating to is legit or a scam though?
You better watch out and you better not cry if someone steals your stuff. One Twin Falls resident is warning neighbors that mailbox thieves have already stolen boxes from her.
IDAHO FALLS, Idaho (KLIX) – The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Idaho Department of Fish and Game are searching for the individual or persons responsible for the death of a grizzly bear in Fremont County.
Ventriloquist Jeff Dunham will be performing in March at the Taco Bell Arena in Boise.
TWIN FALLS, Idaho (KLIX) Some Magic Valley kindergartners will get some help from Santa's little helpers at one of the Twin Falls high schools.


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You don't believe which celebs have parents who are celebrities themselves! Take a look.
These movie characters are so racist and offensive that it's hard to believe anyone ever thought they were in good taste!
These ex-Disney stars haven't done much work in acting since their time on the network ended. Find out what they've been up to!
These celebrities are either time travelers or they bear an uncanny resemblance to the people in these historic pictures.
Think you connect with One Direction? This quiz will tell you which band member best suits you!
Have you ever wondered what your future will be like? Take this quiz to find out what will REALLY happen.
Do you know a lot about homosexuality, or are you clueless? Take this quiz to find out!
Do you have issues with social situations? Are you lacking in conversation skills? Take this quiz and find out how socially inept you are!
Sign up for ChaCha and you'll be able to easily get answers from thousands of ChaCha Guides on the Web and on your mobile phone, see your answer history, and stay up to date with the latest updates from ChaCha.


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To my enormous surprise I've been voted number six most popular journalist blogger by the Total Politics website. Blimey! I thought to do well in these things you had to send round-robins to everyone on your internet mailing list urging them to vote – which I didn't – so I can honestly say I'm gobsmacked. And delighted. And very proud to be part of such a winning team.
I think I'm right in saying (and I'm not going to double check in case it turns out not to be true) that we Telegraph bloggers had more names in the top 40 then any other organ. Leading us is the mighty Ben Brogan (number 2, only beaten by the excellent Spectator Coffee House), with boy Ed West fast up the rails at 24, the doughty Gerald Warner at 27, Bruno Waterfield at 31 and Ambrose Evans Pritchard at 39. My theory as to why this might be so? Because we're all so ****ing sound, that's why.
Anyway, thank you to those out of 1500 voters who nominated us. You have brightened my day and suddenly made it seem all worthwhile. Now all we need to do is change the government, change the country, change the world. Then we'll be sorted.


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Uri Dubinin, Professor of the Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO-University of the RF MFA, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation defines the role of diplomacy beautifully, "What is the art of diplomacy? While the art of war lies in the ability to claim victory through the force of …Read More »
The rise of a New World | Taha Najeeb
Not too long ago, the wham bam of successive world wars taught us a simple lesson: peace is better than war. Ceaseless command and control was to give way to the subtler principles of game theory. Trade and technology, we imagined, would deliver us into a brand new age — …Read More »
About The SAARC Summit | Editorial
Among the PM's responsibilities Panama aftermath, opposition up in arms, possible street agitation, etc, will be the least of the prime minister's problems as he heads back home shortly. There's uproar, and plenty of it, on the foreign front as well. And since – despite all advice to the contrary …Read More »
Pak-Russia Relations: New Dimensions | Dr Qaisar Rashid
The limitation with the past is that it cannot be reconstructed but the plasticity with the future is that it can be shaped up. This is true in the case of the emerging ties between Pakistan and the Russian Federation (or Russia). The generation that witnessed or got embroiled in …Read More »
Pakistan's foreign policy; 21st century approach | Quratul Ain Fatima
The challenges of twenty first century in a strategically important country like Pakistan are indeed daunting. Pakistan's geo strategic location opens door for both opportunities and tests given the politically embroiled and war torn neighbourhood. The main challenges like energy crisis, extremism, terrorism, economic decline have impeded the effectiveness of …Read More »
Modern warfare: A view from the sea | Muhammad Azam Khan
The concept of warfare has been undergoing perpetual transformation since the end of the Cold War. Connectivity in a borderless world brimming with transnational challenges has precipitated changes occurring at a breathtaking pace. In twenty first century, maritime domain has emerged as the principal arena of contest and cooperation between …Read More »
Energy Sector Woes | Editorial
Finance Minister Ishaq Dar recently told the Ministry of Water and Power to expedite work on ongoing energy projects as the PML-N makes a desperate attempt to keep its election promise of ending power outages by the end of its tenure. Despite clearing billions in circular debt as soon as …Read More »
Kashmir: India, Pakistan and the US | Dr Ghulam Nabi Fai
"Is it true Narendra Modi just boarded a flight to visit India?" Tweeted a critic of Indian Prime Minister's globe-trotting jaunts. "Welcome home, Pradhan Mantriji! How long will you be staying this time?" was another tweet dipped in sarcasm. Modi has already been to 33 countries just this year alone. …Read More »
Education Money | Editorial
WITH 24 million out-of-school children, the provision of quality education is a Herculean task for provincial governments. That said, last month, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar reiterated the PML-N's pledge of allotting 4pc of GDP to education by 2018. More money will not reform the sector unless there is proper planning. …Read More »
CPEC and Economic Restructuring | M Ziauddin
In the initial years while the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project is being completed and perhaps even at least a decade from the completion Pakistan is likely to undergo a phased transformation from an overwhelmingly import-based economy to a lucrative trans-shipment economy necessitating speedy expansion in the capacities of Pakistan's …Read More »
Maximising Benefits of the Economic Corridor | Talat Masood
The China-Pakistan one-belt one-corridor project is by far the most ambitious mega project that Pakistan has undertaken in its 68 years of existence with its closest strategic and economic partner China. It has been described as a game changer and transformational with huge political and economic expectations linked to it. …Read More »
India-Israel Military Ties: is it a Threat to Pak-China ? | Nadeem Manzoor Salahri
ISLAMABAD: Indian researcher and former employee of the Ministry of External Affairs, Vikram Sanjit has said that India-Israel collaboration on nuclear and missile technology could become a headache for China and Pakistan in future, reported Friday. Sanjit said that India has chosen Israel as its ally against China-Pakistan alliance one …Read More »


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shuts down social media
Nollywood Actress shuts down social media with photos that showcased her hot body structure.by Kenny
Iheme Nancy from the southern part of Nigeria left a little to the imagination in her birthday photos that showcased her hot body structure.
To mark her birthday, up and coming Nigerian actress, Iheme Nancy, released some sultry photos to delight her fans.
Since she released the mind-controlling birthday photos, tongues have been wagging with several fans wishing for a taste of her in bed.
Eagle-eyed fans have speculated the sexy actress wasn't wearing any underwears in the suggestive


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May 27, 2003
Alejandro De Tomaso
Fiery automotive industrialist Alejandro De Tomaso passed away May 21, after a multitude of illnesses stemming from a stroke in 1993. He was the last survivor of the group — among them Enzo Ferrari, Ferrucio Lamborghini, and the Maserati brothers — that turned Italy's Emilia Romagna region into an exotic car mecca. Argentine-born De Tomaso escaped the Peron regime in the mid-1950s to pursue his career as a race driver in Italy. He and American-born wife Isabelle Haskell De Tomaso, herself an accomplished sports car racer, settled in Modena and formed De Tomaso Automobili in 1959. The De Tomaso's empire, at one time or another, included the Moto Guzzi and Benelli motorcycle companies, automotive design/assembly concerns Ghia and Vignale, car companies Innocenti and Maserati, hotels, and several other businesses. The renamed De Tomaso Modena SpA is still in operation. De Tomaso is best known to Americans for the Pantera, first produced in concert with Ford in the early 1970s. He was 74.
Carroll Smith
Legendary hot rodder and author of the "To Win" book series, Carroll Smith passed away recently at his ranch in California. Smith was a firm believer in motorsports and in the SAE Collegiate programs, and began his a racing career in 1955. His cars have won races in championships all over the world in everything from LeMans to SCCA Regionals. Among his additional accomplishments, Smith was a graduate in engineering of the University of Rochester, a U.S. Navy pilot, and team manager for the Ford GT40 for LeMans.
Dr. Bob Woods, faculty advisor University of Texas at Arlington was the first recipient of the 'Carroll Smith Mentor's Cup Award' sponsored by the Sports Car Club of America. Woods paid tribute to Smith at the recent 2003 Formula SAE Awards Banquet saying, "We all mourn his passing and feel a personal loss for the interactions we could have had with him in the future."


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text: I read the threads on here and purchased SkySMS. I set up an account with Vyke but then couldn't find it on the SkySMS list so I set up accounts with FreeCall and 12 Voip, neither of which will work. When I try to send a text from my iPod I get the message "error during sending process", however when I went to the 12 Voip website I was able to send a text from my computer, using the same account and settings etc. Any ideas? Anyone else using SkySMS?


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28 Jan 2016, 01:52am by Cian Fahey
Wade Phillips and company were able to beat Tom Brady and the Patriots, but they will need entirely different tactics to stop Cam Newton and the Panthers.
16 comments, Last at 29 Jan 2016, 5:55pm by RickD
19 Jan 2016, 11:46pm by Cian Fahey
Cian Fahey explains the pass rush and coverage schemes Wade Phillips will use to attack New England.
34 comments, Last at 21 Jan 2016, 3:30pm by duh
14 Jan 2016, 12:55am by Cian Fahey
What schemes can Green Bay's defense use to attack the Cardinals' offense?
6 comments, Last at 07 Oct 2016, 3:22pm by Instame
07 Jan 2016, 10:59am by Cian Fahey
Cian Fahey re-examines the Panthers quarterback and explains why numbers don't always tell the whole story.
89 comments, Last at 12 Jan 2016, 11:13am by tuluse
06 Jan 2016, 12:04am by Cian Fahey
Everything changed after Week 7. That was when the Houston Texans defense showed the resiliency it was expected to show from the start of the season. The Texans were giving up over 28 points per game during the first seven games of the season, but brought it back down to 12 per game since then. Now they face one of the teams that beat them early in the year, the Kansas City Chiefs, and it's their defense that gives them hope.
5 comments, Last at 17 Jan 2016, 6:00am by fest201620
03 Jan 2016, 07:25pm by Cian Fahey
Sammy Watkins starred in Week 17 with 11 receptions against the New York Jets. While Rex Ryan will be satisfied that his young star helped him complete a sweep over his former team, the game also served as a reminder of what could have been. Watkins hasn't been used enough this year. The Bills coaching staff can't afford to go through the 2016 season giving their best playmaker the same kind of inconsistent service.
14 comments, Last at 14 Jun 2016, 4:19pm by HeatherCArias
30 Dec 2015, 12:32pm by Cian Fahey
The quarterback's tendency to play more aggressively has been a big part of Kansas City's improvement this season.
12 comments, Last at 28 Apr 2016, 8:04am by footbluefox
23 Dec 2015, 12:19pm by Cian Fahey
Do the Tampa Bay Buccaneers have the best running back in football? And will they be able to keep him in free agency?
1 comment, Last at 23 Dec 2015, 2:01pm by dryheat
16 Dec 2015, 01:20pm by Cian Fahey
One second-year player is blossoming, while the other still has serious holes in his game.
29 comments, Last at 19 Dec 2015, 2:41am by Duff Soviet Union
09 Dec 2015, 12:22pm by Cian Fahey
Some quarterbacks get to play with great teammates. Some are surrounded by mediocrity. And some -- like Bridgewater -- are stuck in bad situations.
60 comments, Last at 09 Oct 2016, 3:42am by avasara1122


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $6.64 (35% off)
Low cost but excellent results
Posted by Reviewer2755300 on Sep 12, 2009
Excellent product that I rotate w/ my Suki eye cream - fantastic results! Only reason I can't give it 5 stars is that at my age (close to 60) - I need something in addition that supplies more oil as well.
reviva labs
Posted by Reviewer1961428 on Apr 07, 2010
Good product to fight against dark circles around the eyes.
Reviva Labs, Firming Eye Serum
Posted by 4919213062912088389 on Apr 09, 2016
it is actually normal product.. i can't see the difference
Just Okay
Posted by Reviewer2057592 on Apr 12, 2009
This absorbs into the skin very well. I haven't noticed any difference in the diminishing of fine lines.
Some improvement, not large
Posted by Reviewer1598938 on Aug 24, 2011
Only been a week
no work
Posted by 4980594402089331853 on Sep 24, 2014
So so, no good and no bad, all Reviva Labs products don't work that good.
Really bad
Posted by NutritionArts on Dec 13, 2010
A potential cause of extra wrinkles around my eyes and no firming, no lightening of color. Disappointed to say the least.
Reviva Labs, Firming Eye Serum
Posted by Reviewer2220511 on Aug 16, 2011
Very disappointed with this eye serum as it did nothing to improve the looks of the bags under my eyes.
Posted by 5517173874571608451 on May 16, 2016
I got my shipment but this product was missing 👎🏻
Posted by Reviewer2815513 on May 07, 2010
takes off 5 years


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The 10 Best Guest Appearances On Other People's Songs
Heart at House of Blues, 2012
Photo by Groovehouse
Have you ever had one of those moments when, you're listening to a song and hear something familiar, like maybe a familiar voice or wonder, "Okay, who is really playing this particular instrument?"
Many times a band or an artist will guest star on a recording. Sometimes it's a well-known fact, such as the time John Mayer played the guitar solo on Fall Out Boy's remake of "Beat It" by Michael Jackson.
10. "Say Say Say" by Paul McCartney feat. Michael Jackson
This is perhaps one of the greatest collaborations featuring two legends: a former Beatle and the King of Pop. However, the song is perhaps more memorable for its video where the pair play a pair of traveling salesmen/vaudeville act called "Mac and Jack."
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9. "Magnet and Steel," Walter Egan feat. Fleetwood Mac's Lindsey Buckingham & Stevie Nicks
Back in the '70s, songwriter Walter Egan had a massive crush on Fleetwood Mac's Stevie Nicks. So he wrote a song about her and even got her and her ex-boyfriend, Lindsey Buckingham, to sing backup on the track. The song is rumored to be about Nicks.
Though they reportedly never dated -- Stevie would go on to date her longtime solo producer, Jimmy Iovine -- the song remains a classic and has been used in many films such as 1997's Boogie Nights.
8. "Beat It" by Michael Jackson feat. Eddie Van Halen
When Michael Jackson wrote "Beat It" for his bestselling Thriller album, he was purposely aiming to write a rock song, albeit in his own way. When Eddie accepted the offer, he wanted nothing in return as far as monetary compensation goes.
According to a Q magazine interview with producer Quincy Jones, Jones said, "I'm not going to tell you what to play, the reason you're here is because of what you do play...' So that's what he did. He played his ass off."Next Page
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Make a difference today by helping to pave the way to work, education, and financial capability for low income youth across America.
Support a Juma youth by volunteering your time. Juma offers several ways you can get involved. Learn more below and sign up to become a volunteer today!
Are you a motivated youth who is interested in joining Juma? Click below to learn how you can get involved.
on November 3, 2016 by Juma Ventures
Earlier this month Frank C., one of our youth from Atlanta, was invited by the White House to attend the My Brother's KeeperRead Article →
on July 28, 2016 by Juma Ventures
As many of you know, innovation is part of Juma's fabric and a goal we consistently strive towards within our social enterpriseRead Article →
Juma: Noun/joo-ma/ 'Work' in multiple African dialects. ©2015 Juma Ventures. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy


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Notice anything wrong with this iPhone app from the Mitt Romney campaign, which allows users to slap a logo over photos? No? Don't worry, Mitt didn't see it either, although plenty of other people have…
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» posted by Phillip on Wednesday, May 30th, 2012
Lest you all go gaga over a mistake, let me remind you of a few things.
» posted by clarklane | May 30th, 2012 at 11:06 PM
I like the Italianization of America – lets put up lots of nude statues of our heroes – like maybe Tim Tebow.
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Vault 17, Ix-Xatt ta' Pinto, Valletta Waterfront
Experience the legendary flavors of Hard Rock along with a convenient location on the Valletta Waterfront at Grand Harbour's Cruise Terminal. Built in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Valletta Waterfront was destroyed during World War II, yet it was rebuilt in 2003 and is now the cultural hub of the city. Hard Rock Bar Malta (Valletta) is the perfect place to eat, drink, and unwind during your travels.
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Download apps, toolboxes, and other File Exchange content using Add-On Explorer in MATLAB.
Join the 15-year community celebration.
Play games and win prizes!
Rate this file 13 Downloads (last 30 days) File Size: 36.7 KB File ID: #39412 Version: 1.1
Suspension analysis of a car
10 Dec 2012 (Updated 11 Dec 2012)
This file was developed by equation of motions taking 8 degrees into account


text: Peanut butter crunchy 340 gm, 0 percnet trans fats, creamy and crunchy. According to the national peanut board, 540 peanuts make a 340g jar of peanut butter and 60 percent of consumers prefer creamy peanut butter over crunchy. People spend 800 million a year on peanut butter and consume enough of it to make more than 10 billion peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.


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Wonderland of LightsRecurring weekly on Sunday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday through Dec 31, 2016 Venue: Potter Park Zoo
Location: Potter Park Zoo
Address: 1301 S. Pennsylvania Ave. Lansing, MI
Times: From: 5:00 PM to 8:00 PM
Admission: See website for information
517-342-2710 Visit Website
Potter Park Zoo is transformed into a magical winter wonderland with thousands of holiday lights and extraordinary displays.
Closed on Christmas Day.
It's our annual Toys drive, and this year we're stuffing a truck courtesy of Two Men and a Truck! Join MIKE FM, Power 96.5 FM and your friends at the zoo to make this our most successful Toys for Tots night yet!
In addition to visiting Santa and Mrs. Claus, we'll have cookie decorating, animal presentations, and live broadcasting from the radio stations. This will be a great night supporting a great cause!
November 18, 2016 - December 31, 2016
Recurring weekly on Sunday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
Location: 1301 S. Pennsylvania Ave., Potter Park Zoo, MI
Phone: 517-342-2710
Time: From: 5:00 PM to 8:00 PM
Price: See website for information


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