text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 20, 1994
|Filing date
|Feb 23, 1993
|Priority date
|Mar 12, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Naum Ruhovets
|Original Assignee
|Halliburton Logging Services, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/492,028 filed Mar. 12, 1990 now abandoned.
Most logging tools measuring porosity, resistivity, radioactivity and so on can record only average values of sand and shale properties in thinly laminated reservoirs. Only logging tools with very small radii of investigation such as the dipmeter or high frequency dielectric tool have vertical resolutions compatible with thicknesses of separate beds. These shallow investigation devices can be used to delineate thin beds within laminated reservoirs, and to determine shale volume. Such data are relatively shallow. However, evaluation of properties such as porosity, resistivity, and water saturation of these thin beds at greater distances has to be accomplished using logs with degraded vertical resolution, in combination with the high resolution shale indicator. This is possible mainly because the laminated shaly sand reservoir is a two component system (strata or laminar layers of sand and shale), and a change in properties of each of these components within the vertical resolution of most tools is rather insignificant compared to the drastic differences in properties between two components (shale versus sand) and therefore changes in the composite properties of the laminated reservoir. Since a sand component property and the logs with degraded vertical resolution usually have similar frequency characteristics, the former can be adequately restored from the logs. Subsequently, the high frequency composite log or formation property can be reconstructed from the component data and a high frequency shale indicator.
Several different methods of computing high resolution deep resistivity and other laminated reservoir parameter appear in the literature, Laminated Sand Analysis, D. F. Allen, SPWLA 25 Logging Symposium, Jun. 10-13, 1984; Comparative Results of Quantitative Laminated Sand Shale Analysis in Gulf Coast Wells Using Maximum Diplog Microresistivity Information, T. H. Quinn and A. K. Sinha, SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium, Jun. 17-20, 1985; and Taking Into Account The Conductivity Contribution of Shale Laminations When Evaluating Closely Interlaminated Sand-Shale Hydrocarbon Bearing Reservoirs, J. Raiga-Clemenceau, SPWLA 29th Annual Logging Symposium, Jun. 5-8, 1988. The present technique has some features in common with these prior publications, but the overall teaching hereof is unique.
In laminated reservoirs, even productive ones, the volume of shale can exceed the volume of sand, and thus the volume of shale computation can strongly impact all subsequent evaluations. Accurate determination of shale volume is therefore significant. This approach matches shale volumes computed from one of several integrated high resolution shale indicators and a density-neutron crossplot by automatically adjusting shale parameters. These parameters are used to compute volumes of shale at two levels of vertical resolution; one of density and neutron logs and a second being a high resolution shale indicator. All other properties are also computed at two levels of vertical resolution, the first at low vertical resolution to compute components from composite properties and, the second at the high resolution to compute composite properties from sand and shale components. If the computations at lower resolution require different vertical resolutions, the logs with the higher vertical resolution are integrated to lower vertical resolution. Most existing water saturation equations, including the Waxman-Smits model, evaluate reservoirs having only dispersed clay. In the technique described below, the Waxman-Smits model is used to compute water saturation in the laminated shaly sand reservoirs but its parameters are adapted and used accordingly.
The disclosed technique works best in areas where properties of the sand and shale components of the laminated reservoirs have low frequency character, i.e. where variations within the sand and shale components occur much more slowly than variations in the composite character of the beds shown by high resolution logs (and caused by changes in the distribution of the laminae). This pattern is common for reservoirs in which effective porosity depends mainly on volume and mode of clay distribution. The Gulf Coast and similar areas where such laminated productive reservoirs are widely developed are primary targets for the technique described below.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIGS. 1(a-b) show log responses and a log reconstruction approach for a laminated reservoir assuming equal thickness layers of sand and shale;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are both density neutron cross plots wherein FIG. 2 shows correction of parameters to reconcile two shale values while FIG. 3 shows correction dependent on clay distribution;
FIG. 4 is a plot of different formation resistivity factors for different samples with approximately equal porosities;
FIG. 5 is a similar plot to FIG. 4 showing relatively clean samples with different porosities;
FIG. 6 shows a plot of the cementation exponent m versus C E C;
FIG. 7 is a plot of cementation exponent m versus Qv ;
FIGS. 8(a-c) are a set of exemplary curves representing logs from a specified depth in a well wherein FIG. 8a shows the original and reconstructed logs, FIG. 8b shows conventional interpretation, and FIG. 8c shows a high resolution interpretation; and
FIG. 9 shows a logging tool lowered in a well borehole for making measurements with respect to a laminated layer of alternate shale and sand laminates.
Before beginning with the description of the present disclosure, it is helpful to set out the following nomenclature. These are symbols used hereinafter:
B equivalent conductance of clay exchange cations, liter/eqv ohm m
Bc compound equivalent conductance of clay exchange cations, liter/eqv ohm m
Bsd B in sand laminae, liter/eqv ohm m
Bsh B in shale laminae, liter/eqv ohm m
CEC cation exchange capacity, meq/100 g rock
Co salinity of equilibrating NaCI solution, eqv/liter
Csh conductivity of shale component,mho/m
Csd conductivity of sand component, mho/m
Ct measured formation conductivity, mho/m
Cw water conductivity in sand laminae, mho/m
Cwc compound water conductivity, mho/m
Cwsh water conductivity in shale laminae, mho/m
Dcl clay density, gm/cc
Den density log
Dsh shale density, gm/cc
Dg sand matrix density, gm/cc
F* formation resistivity factor in Waxman-Smits model
m cementation exponent
n saturation exponent
Ncl neutron log response to clay
Neu neutron log
Nsh neutron log response to shale
Qv concentration of clay exchange cations per unit pore volume, meq/ml
Qvd Qv related to dispersed clay, meq/ml
Qvl Qv related to laminated clay, meq/ml
Rt measured formation resistivity, ohmm
Rw water resistivity in sand laminae, ohmm
Rwsh water resistivity in shale laminae, ohmm
Sw effective water saturation
Swt total water saturation
Swts total water saturation in sand laminae
Vcl volume of clay
Vcld volume of dispersed clay
Vcll volume of laminated clay
Vsh volume of shale
Vshl volume of laminated shale
φcld fraction of total porosity related to Vcld
φe effective porosity
φmax porosity in clean sand
φsh shale porosity
φshl fraction of total porosity related to Vshl
φt total porosity
φts sand component of total porosity
φvcl fraction of total porosity related to Vcl
φvsh fraction of total porosity related to Vsh
Additional subscripts are worth noting, namely a high resolution value is indicated by the subscript hr, while reconstructed value is simply indicated by the subscript r.
From the log analysis point of view, the thinly laminated reservoir is a reservoir where alternating sand and shale beds are quite thin, considerably thinner than the vertical resolutions of most logging tools including those which provide data for computing porosity, water saturation and other reservoir parameters. Several basic tools and their vertical resolution levels are presented in Table 1 below. All tools can be grouped into three basic groups. Each group has a certain or specific vertical resolution which are high (dipmeter, microlog, high frequency dielectric, etc.), medium (density, neutron, acoustic) and low resolution (induction, laterlog). High vertical resolution is from one to several inches and generally has very small radii of investigation. In this disclosure, the high resolution tools need only indicate shale. If the resolution is only two or three feet vertical resolution, the data is sufficient to enable volume of shale, the shale distribution, porosity, cation exchange capacity and Qv to be computed. A low vertical resolution distinguishes a few feet for the recently introduced High Resolution Induction Tool (Halliburton Logging Services, Inc.) to eight feet or more for most older induction logging tools.
TABLE 1______________________________________VERTICAL RESOLUTION LEVELS OF LOGGING TOOLSResolution Level Property Obtained Logging Tool______________________________________high shale volume dipmeter, microlog, high frequency dielectric, unfiltered Pe-indexmedium shale volume, shale porosity logs including distribution, porosity density, neutron, Qv and CEC acousticlow conductivity, induction, laterlog resistivity______________________________________
By definition, only the high resolution tools can detect the separate (sand/shale) beds in the thinly laminated reservoir. All other tools form average or composite signals from both sand and shale laminae together, mainly as a result of the broad vertical resolutions of the tools. The resolution can vary over a range of about one hundred fold or more. To achieve accurate log interpretation, signals from the sand and shale beds have to be separated. This separation can be done because component properties of the individual sand and shale beds are nearly uniform and usually change only gradually. Thus, if ten sand layers are considered, they are usually similar in most characteristics. This is not true of the composite values from ten sand layers and ten shale layers, measured by these tools, which measured values can change drastically when crossing boundaries between sand and shale laminae. Thus the individual layer component properties are preserved better than composite properties in the average values measured by logging tools with medium or low vertical resolution.
Directing attention to FIG. 1a of the drawings, a laminated shaly sand reservoir is shown to have equal thicknesses of sand and shale beds. FIG. 1b shows a measurable property X of this reservoir. The property X is any measurable property typically measured by a logging tool. The property or measurable parameter has low and constant value in shale beds and high and somewhat uneven values in the sand beds. A continuous curve at FIG. 1c through the sand values represents this property, while a straight line connecting shale values is the shale component. The curve shape is dependent on tool resolution. Assume that a tool used to measure this property has a low vertical resolution, which is several times wider than the thicknesses of the beds, and that within the vertical resolution of the tool all beds contribute to the measured signal in direct proportion to their component values regardless of their distances from the measure point. Also assume that all beds beyond tool vertical resolution do not contribute to the signal at all. Then a composite curve Xlog "measured" by this tool can be computed as follows:
Xlog =Xsd �(1-Vshl)+Xshl �Vshl(1)
Xsd, Xshl, and Vshl are the average value of the sand component of property X, the average value of laminated shale component of property X, and the average laminated shale volume respectively, within vertical resolution of the logging tool.
At the laminated formation 10, the width of tool response is crisply defined by three brackets 11, 12 and 13 which represent differing tool resolutions, the bracket 11 being a typical high resolution range of investigation. Indeed, the bracket 13 can be one hundred times wider than the bracket 11. The curve 14 shows the property X as measured by the tool sensitive to the property X as it is brought near the laminated formation 10. The curve 10 is partially dependent on the investigative tool resolution.
As further shown in FIG. 1c, the curve 16 is the continuous curve which is drawn through the sand values from the curve 14 therebelow. By contrast, the curve 17 is the shale curve of the property X and is a straight line because the shale value of X is low and fairly uniform.
The sand component Xsdr of property X is the curve 18 which is reconstructed from equation 2: ##EQU1##
The "measured" Xlog curve 20 is only half the initial sand component Xsd, while the reconstructed sand component Xsdr coincides with Xsd on the slopes and is about 15% less at maximum of Xsd curve. As could be expected, modeling with other examples of properties has shown generally that smoother and wider curves of the initial property value X can be more accurately reconstructed. Since laminated reservoir usually consist of many thin sand and shale laminae where the sand and shale are reasonably consistent, and, since the properties of adjacent sand laminae do not change significantly, the sand component can be reconstructed in most cases quite satisfactorily.
The volume of laminated shale Vshl measured by a high resolution shale tool is shown at FIG. 1d where the curve 22 is used along with the sand property Xsdr to reconstruct the composite property shown in FIG. 1e. The high vertical resolution curve 23 of Xrhr is obtained as follows:
Xrhr =Xsdr �(1-Vshlhr)+Xsh �Vshlhr(3)
Shale volume and distribution are important to this technique. They are computed at all three levels of tool vertical resolution. At the low level the laminated shale volume is used to compute sand component resistivity. At the medium resolution level, the volume of shale is used to determine formation porosity and the mode of shale distribution, namely, whether or not it is dispersed or laminated. At the high resolution level, shale volume and distribution are needed to recompute porosity, reconstruct high resolution composite resistivity and to determine water saturation.
Shale volume computed from a high resolution shale indicator can be integrated to the medium resolution level, from which the volume of laminated shale can be integrated to the low level. This procedure (converting all data for different tool resolutions) can result in loss of accuracy because the integrated log response may not be exactly equal to a linear combination (a simple summation) of the values of the individual components for several reasons. First, the vertical resolutions of logging tools are known only approximately and therefore integration of shale volume from one level to another can produce inaccurate shale volume at the lower resolution levels. Second, determination of shale parameters is often subjective and to some degree depends on the experience of the log analyst. Third, no shale indicator is perfect. Shale parameters can change due to various geological factors such as presence of hydrocarbons, or variations in shale density, porosity and hence resistivity. That is one reason it is desirable to check at least two shale indicators against each other and adjust shale parameters if necessary.
To increase the accuracy of the computed shale volume, a technique has been developed to automatically adjust shale parameters by comparing the high resolution shale volume integrated to the medium resolution level and the shale volume computed from density-neutron crossplot. The basic feature of this technique is solving two shale volume equations. This requires the density-neutron crossplot solution of FIG. 2 to be in the form used to compute shale volume from a conventional shale indicator. Thus, a neutron response to clean sand Nsd is found at the intersection 24 of the clean sand line and a line 25 passing through the log value and wet shale point. Then the first equation can be written as: ##EQU2## Where Rxi is the integrated high resolution log used as a shale indicator, Rsh is the high resolution log response in shale; and Rsd is the high resolution log response in sand. Another equation is an equation of proportionality. Parameters can be changed within certain limits defined by their maximum and minimum values. The shale parameter, having greater possible deviation, will change more and one can therefore define equation 5: ##EQU3##
Solving the two equations 4 and 5 together, the two unknowns Rsh and Nsh can be found. At this stage, the parameter Nsh is located by a point on the line 26 connecting log and shale points. This point is projected parallel to the clean sand line 17 onto the line 26 connecting the labelled maximum and minimum values of density and neutron shale parameters and the intersection 28 finally defines both parameters Nsh and Dsh in FIG. 2. Adjusted shale parameters from the point 28 and corrected parameter Rsh are then used to compute volumes of shale on both high and medium resolution levels.
Since the presence of light hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4) can influence density and neutron log responses, for an accurate shale volume determination, logs have to be corrected if the density of light hydrocarbons in the formation is known. A high resolution shale indicator such as a dipmeter has a very small radius of investigation of one to two inches; in highly porous and permeable formations, the dipmeter measures only the flushed zone. Thus the influence of hydrocarbons on such a log is often negligible. If density and neutron logs cannot be corrected for light hydrocarbons, the volume of shale in hydrocarbon bearing zones should be determined only from a high resolution shale indicator (e.g., dipmeter) using a shale parameter which can be adjusted in a water bearing interval.
Sand parameters cannot be corrected simultaneously during the adjusting of shale parameters. However, if the required adjustment of shale parameters exceeds minimum or maximum limits (see FIG. 2), then the next step is to adjust the sand parameters. This usually occurs in zones of low shale content where incorrectly defined sand parameters could result in very large corrections in the shale parameters. In water and oil bearing reservoirs, only the sand parameter of the high resolution shale indicator should be adjusted because density-neutron crossplot definitively locates the clean sand line except in cases where the density of sand matrix or/and water changes. Then, the sand parameter of the high resolution shale indicator is used to determine the volume of shale in zones having light hydrocarbons. The technique of adjusting sand parameters is similar to the one described for adjusting shale parameters.
After shale volume is determined (best done by the foregoing approach), the effective and total porosities at the medium level can be computed conventionally from the density-neutron crossplot. Then shale porosity (bound water content) is defined by equation 6: ##EQU4##
One method of determining the clay distribution with all three types of clay (dispersed, laminated and structural) present was developed earlier by Ruhovets, N. and Fertl W. H., Digital Shaly Sand Analysis Based on Waxman-Smits Model and Log-Derived Clay Typing, 7th European Logging Symposium, Oct. 21-12, 1981, Paris France. Since structural clay occurs rarely, only the dispersed and laminated clays are significant to this disclosure. For most geological conditions, derivation of an equation for the clay distribution is given by equations 7 through 10:
φe=φmax (1-Vshl)-Vshd (7)
If only laminated and dispersed clays are present, one obtains:
Vcld =Vsh -Vshl (8)
φe =φmax (1-Vshl)-Vsh +Vshl (9) ##EQU5## Vcld is determined from equation 8.
Laminated shale is a detrital (allogenic) deposit, and thus always contains not only clay minerals but also other fine grained materials such as silt, carbonates, organic matter and so on. According to Yaalon, D. H., Clay Minerals Bull., 5(27), 31-6, 1962, based on analysis of 10,000 shales, clay minerals constitute just under 60% of average shale. Thus laminated clay is only a part (e.g., almost 60%) of laminated shale. On the contrary, dispersed clay is primarily authigenic clay minerals formed after the sand was deposited, Visser, R., Bours, K. A. T., van Baaren, J. P., Effective Porosity Estimation in the Presence of Dispersed Clay, SPWLA 29th Logging Symposium, Jun. 5-8, 1988. The percentage of clay in shale (or clay/shale ratio) is an important regional parameter (CLSH) in the present technique. If this parameter has not been determined for the selected area of investigation, a default value of 60% is usually assumed.
Shale parameters such as Dsh and Nsh are usually determined in intervals of 100% shale. These parameters depend on clay content in shale and properties of clay and non-clay (mainly silt) materials. If the average density and hydrogen index of dry clay are known,then the parameters of wet clay, such as Dcl and Ncl, are found by extending the straight line 30 connecting the sand matrix point and the wet shale point on the density-neutron crossplot in FIG. 3. Then the clay/shale ratio (CLSH) can be determined in the following manner: ##EQU6##
Correspondingly, if the clay/shale ratio is known, the parameters Ncl and Dcl can be determined from equations 11 and 12.
Since parameters Dsh and Nsh are determined in 100% shale where dispersed clay is not present, use of these parameters to compute volume and mode of clay distribution in shaly sand reservoirs can be erroneous. Actually, if only laminated shale is present in a shaly reservoir, Dsh and Nsh are used to determine the volume of shale. If only dispersed clay is present, Dcl and Ncl are used to determine the volume of clay. If both dispersed clay and laminated shale are present in the shaly reservoir, density and neutron parameters should be somewhere between these two sets of shale and clay parameters. Thus, after the volume of shale and the mode of clay distribution are determined, the parameters Dsh and Nsh are corrected through an iteration process.
The iteration process includes the following six steps after shale volume, effective porosity, and mode of clay distribution are computed using original parameters Dsh and Nsh :
Step 1. Volume of clay (Vcl) is found:
Vcl =Vcld +CLSH�Vshl (13)
Step 2. Clay/shale ratio of the reservoir (CSR) is determined: ##EQU7## Step 3. Parameter Nsh is corrected:
Nshc =CSR�Ncl (15)
Step 4. Correct the parameter Dsh similarly:
Dshc =Dg -CSR�(Dg -Dcl ) (16)
Step 5. The new volume of shale is determined from the density-neutron crossplot using corrected parameters Nshc and Dshc (See FIG. 3).
Step 6. New Vshl and Vcld are computed, ending one iterative loop.
The iteration continues (steps one to six) until Vsh or one of the other variables such as CSR or Nsh converges. Usually about five iterations are required.
Computation of total and effective porosities and the clay distribution mode at the high resolution level is performed through computation of the sand component of total porosity. The easiest way is to compute the high resolution effective porosity from the total porosity as follows:
φehr =φt -φsh �Vshhr (17)
However, in this case one must assume that not only the total porosity does not change significantly within the vertical resolution of the porosity log, but also one must assume that the total porosities of the sand and shale laminae are approximately equal; the latter is often a poor assumption. It is much wiser to assume that the sand component of total porosity does not change significantly within the vertical resolution of the porosity tool. This component can be found from equation 18: ##EQU8##
If the volume of laminated shale from high resolution log is known, the total and effective porosities are found from equations 19 and 20:
φthr =φts �(1-Vshlhr)+(φsh �Vshlhr) (19)
φehr =φthr -(φsh �Vshhr)
But the volume of laminated shale is not yet known for the high resolution log. Therefore, substituting equation 19 into 20, one has equation 21:
φehr =φts -Vshlhr �(φts -φsh)-(φsh �Vshhr)
One can also write equation 22, which is similar to equation 10: ##EQU9##
Substitution of φehr from equation 21 into equation 22 gives an equation 23 for computing volume of laminated shale at the high resolution level: ##EQU10##
Now, total and effective porosities at the high resolution level are found from equations 19 and 20. Volume of dispersed clay is determined from equation 24:
Vcldhr =Vshhr -Vshlhr (24)
The volume of laminated clay is determined as from equation 25:
Vcllhr =CLSH�Vshlhr (25)
In thinly bedded laminated reservoirs, the thickness of the sand and shale laminae is usually considerably less than the vertical resolution of a conductivity (resistivity) measuring tool. Thus the measured conductivity in such conditions is a composite value of sand and shale conductivities as defined by equation 1. Geometric analysis of the measured conductivity can be presented according to the geometric factor theory as equation 26: ##EQU11## where Gi and Ci are respectively the vertical geometric factors and conductivities of thin cross sections above and below of the tool measure point.
Combining equations 1 and 26, one obtains equation 27: ##EQU12##
Assuming either that conductivity of either the sand or the shale does not change significantly, or that they change linearly within the vertical resolution of the induction tool, equation 27 simplifies to equation 28: ##EQU13## Then the conductivity of the sand component can be found by rearranging terms to yield equation 29: ##EQU14## Finally, the reconstructed composite conductivity at the high resolution level is given by equation 30:
Ctrhr =Csd �(1-Vshlhr)+Csh �Vshlhr(30)
Recalling that conductivity and .resistivity are inversely related, reconstructed high resolution composite resistivity Rtrhr is derived from Ctrhr and is used to determine water saturation at the high resolution level.
Determination of water saturation in laminated shaly sand reservoirs requires an equation permitting both laminated and dispersed clays to be present.
Contrary to this need, the overwhelming majority of water saturation equations are developed for reservoir with dispersed clay only as exemplified by Worthington, P. F., The Evaluation of Shaly-Sand Concepts in Reservoir Evaluation. The Log Analyst, January-February, 1985. The well known Poupon equation, Poupon, A., Loy, M. E. and Tixier, M. P., A contribution to Electrical Log Interpretation in Shaly Sand, Trans. AIME 201, 138-145 for laminated reservoir assumes clean sand beds in laminated reservoirs. It would be desirable to use the Waxman-Smits model Waxman, M. H., Smits, L. J. M., Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands, SPE Journal, June 1968 for water saturation determination because it has a strong theoretical and experimental basis and is widely accepted by the industry. But the Waxman-Smits equation 31, supra., was developed for reservoirs with dispersed clay only: ##EQU15##
The following analysis of the Waxman-Smits model shows that it can be adjusted for reservoirs which contain both laminated and dispersed clays if the parameters are adapted and used accordingly.
The Waxman-Smits model is based on two basic assumptions. The first is a parallel conductance mechanism for free electrolyte and clay exchange cation components, Waxman, supra. Since the electrolyte contained in the pores of shale laminae is customarily called "bound water", in laminated reservoirs the parallel conductance mechanism can be assumed for clay exchange cations and electrolyte (free or bound) contained in all pores whether sand or shale. Therefore, the first assumption is applicable to a laminated reservoir in no less degree than to a reservoir with dispersed clay.
The second assumption is that "the electric current transported by counterions associated with the clay travels along the same tortuous path as the current attributed to the ions in the pore water", Waxman, supra. The same geometric factors are attributed to both conductive elements.
In laminated reservoirs there are interbedded sands and shales which usually provide different tortuous paths for the electric current. But according to the second assumption, in each of these beds the current transported by the counterions should follow the same tortuous path as the current transported by the ions in the pore water of the sand or shale beds. The resulting heterogeneous conductive media of laminated reservoirs should also have the same tortuous paths for currents transported both by ions of pore water in sand and shale laminae, and also by counterions associated with clay in these beds. Thus the second assumption is confirmed for the Waxman-Smits model so that it also applies to laminated reservoirs.
Waxman-Smits experimental data, Waxman, supra. indicates that the formation resistivity factor is usually greater in reservoirs with the greater clay content assuming their porosities are approximately equal, see the curves 32 and 34 in FIG. 4. Both samples 1 and 23 are from Waxman supra., Table 7 and have porosities of about 24%, but the sample 23 has a high Clay content (Qv =1.04), and F*=27 while the sample 1 has F*=12. Shaly and clean sands can have the same formation resistivity factor exemplified by the curves of FIG. 5, derived also from Waxman, supra., Table 7, as this drawing shows, but the relatively clean sample represented by the curve 36 has considerably lower porosity of 11% than the shaly sample represented by the curve 38, or about 23%.
As stated in Winsauer, W. O., Shearin Jr., H. M., Masson, P. H., and Williams, M., Resistivity of Brine-Saturated Sands in Relation to Pore Geometry, Bull. AAPG, Vol. 36 (2), February 1952, the formation resistivity factor depends on porosity and tortuosity. The Archie equation and other formulae which relate formation resistivity to porosity alone are mainly approximations which only work well in clean reservoirs where tortuosity mainly depends on porosity. Thus the larger formation resistivity factors in shalier reservoirs (relative to cleaner reservoirs of the same porosity) can be explained by greater tortuosity in shalier reservoirs and shales. It has been observed by Parkhomenko, E. I., Electrical Properties of Rocks Plenum Press, New York, 1967, that the tortuosity of sedimentary rocks increases with decreasing grain size. This is not very noticeable in sands because the difference in grain sizes of coarse versus fine grained sands is not great when compared to grain sizes of clays (generally less than 2 μm), or about two orders of magnitude smaller than fine sand grains.
The formation resistivity factor dependence on the volume of shale is also seen from the relationship between the cementation exponent m and CEC or Qv derived from experimental data tabulated in Waxman, supra. The exponent m increases in a non-linear fashion from about 1.78 in clean sand to about 2.5 in very shaly sand with CEC of 20 meq/100 g and Qv =1.6 meq/ml. These are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 respectively. The dispersion of points on the plot m=f(CEC) is considerably less than for the plot of m=f(Qv). This suggests the greater desirability of using the relationship between m and CEC for the m computation. Regression analysis of this relationship gives equation 32:
m=1.78+0.0518�CEC-0.00072�CEC2 (32)
Another relationship between m and Qv is presented in Brown, G. A., The Formation Porosity Exponent-The Key to Improved Estimates of Water Saturation in Shaly Sands, SPWLA 29th Annual Logging Symposium, Jun. 5-8, 1988. Thus the formation resistivity factor in the Waxman-Smits equation is given by equation 33:
F*=φt -m (33
The value of m is preferably determined by equation 32.
In the Waxman-Smits model, Qv is defined as CEC per unit of total pore volume. Neither of these parameters can be measured in situ by logging tools. They are usually found by core analysis or indirectly from other log derived parameters such as volume of shale, SP, GR and others Donovan, W. S. and Hilchie, D. W., Natural Gamma Ray Emissions in the Muddy J. Formation in Eastern Wyoming, The Log Analyst, vol. 22 (2), March-April, 1981, Johnson, W., Effect of Shaliness on Log Responses, CWLS Journal, June, 1979, and Fertl, W. H. and Frost Jr., E., Evaluation of Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rocks, Journal of Petroleum Technology, September 1980. A better approach is an empirical equation from Hill, J. J., Shirley, O. J., and Klein, G. E., Bound Water in Shaly Sands-Its Relation to Qv and Other Formation Properties, The Log Analyst, May-June 1979, which relates Qv to bound water in clay, total porosity and water mineralization of the reservoir. Equation 34 does not depend on conditions specific to an area of investigation. ##EQU16##
In hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs, ions associated with clay become more concentrated in the remaining pore water, Waxman, above, and consequently Qv is divided by Swt as stated in equation 31. This is the basic reason the Waxman-Smits formula has been applicable to shaly reservoirs containing only dispersed clay. Indeed, producible hydrocarbons generally occur only in sand laminae where they occupy a part of the pore space. Shale laminae do not hold producible hydrocarbons; their pore space is filled with bound water and no hydrocarbons. Therefore, the concentration of ions in shale laminae associated with clay is not dependent on hydrocarbon saturation in near-by sand laminae. Consequently, only the Qv related to dispersed clay has to be divided by water saturation in sand laminae. For hydrocarbon bearing laminated shaly sand reservoirs, the effective concentration of exchange ions Qv ' is defined as in equation 35: ##EQU17##
Qvd and Qvl are computed by equation 34 using porosities and water mineralizations determined for sand and shale laminae.
Effective water saturation does not change in a sand lamina regardless of whether a sand bed is considered separately or as a part of a laminated reservoir or a thin laminar layer. Since Waxman-Smits formula computes Swt, Sw can be found from Swt as shown by Juhasz, I., The Central Role of Qv and Formation Water Salinity in the Evaluation of Shaly Formations, SPWLA 20th Annual Logging Symposium, Jun. 3-6, 1979, and then Swts can be determined from Sw by equation 36: ##EQU18##
In clear reservoirs filled only with water of a specific mineralization generally the higher formation resistivity is associated with higher formation resistivity factor. This is not the case in shaly reservoir. Compare two shaly sand reservoirs filled with water of the same mineralization; one formation with higher formation resistivity factor as defined by the Waxman-Smits model, could have higher, lower, or the same resistivity as the other formation. In shaly reservoirs, two factors compete with each other, namely, formation resistivity factor versus Qv.
Higher clay content in a shaly reservoir leads to greater formation resistivity factor which should result in higher resistivity of the reservoir. But at the same time, higher clay content results in greater Qv which tends to reduce the resistivity of the reservoir. These two competing forces will prevail differently dependent on factors such as clay type, the mode of clay distribution, and the total and effective porosities. All of these factors to a certain extent determine values of F and Qv. Water mineralization and water saturation also play very important roles.
As depicted in FIG. 4 where two samples have the same porosity, for all water conductivities above 33 mmho/cm, the sample with greater shale content has lower conductivity than the clean sample. But the shaly sample has higher conductivity for water conductivities below this value of 33 mmho/cm. In other words at lower water conductivities, Qv prevails over F* in the shaly sample. Indeed, if F* and Qv of two shaly water bearing reservoirs are known, equation 37 computes water conductivity at which their conductivities are equal: ##EQU19## This Cw defines crossover points of the function Ct =f(Cw) for both shaly reservoirs.
The presence of hydrocarbons adds a new dimension to the phenomena described above. Hydrocarbons increase reservoir resistivity but simultaneously increase the Qvd contribution to the reservoir conductivity according to equation 35. Assuming for simplicity that some shaly reservoirs have only dispersed clay, water conductivity Cw for the two hydrocarbon bearing shaly reservoirs with equal conductivities is given by equation 38: ##EQU20##
Assume that both reservoirs also have the same water saturation Sw, then water conductivity Cw at which their conductivities are equal is given by equation 39: ##EQU21##
Comparing equations 37 and 39, one observes that a water conductivity at which shaly sand beds have the same conductivity is 1/Swt times greater for hydrocarbon bearing reservoir in relation to similar water bearing reservoirs. For example, the water bearing samples in FIG. 3 have the same conductivity at Cw : 33 mmho/cm, but if they were oil bearing with Swt : 50%, they would have the same conductivity at Cw =66 mmho/cm; the conductivities of the shaly sample would be greater than those of the clean sample for all water conductivities below 66 mmho/cm.
Consequently, water bearing shaly sand reservoirs and shales could have higher resistivities than water bearing clean reservoirs with the same porosity and water conductivity, but the same hydrocarbon bearing shaly reservoirs could have lower resistivity than clean hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs with similar water saturation. That is one reason it is so important to take into account the increased contribution of clay cation exchange capacity to the conductivity of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs, as stipulated by the Waxman-Smits model.
In the original Waxman-Smits equation, water resistivity does not depend on clay content, i.e. it is assumed that the water in clay and sand pores has the same mineralization. This is another reason why Waxman-Smits model is primarily applicable only to reservoirs with dispersed clay. Since dispersed clay is mainly formed after the sand deposition, it is reasonable to assume that water mineralization in dispersed clay and sand pores is the same. But water mineralization in shales often is less than in adjacent shaly sands. Laboratory studies indicate that during diagenesis the expelled water shows progressively decreased mineralization with increasing overburden pressure, Chilingar, G. V., Rieke, H. H., III, and Robertson, J. O., Jr., Relationship Between High Overburden and Moisture Content of Hallousite and Dickite Clays, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 74, 1963, and Fertl, W. H., and Timko, D. J., Association of Salinity Variations and Geopressures in Soft and Hard Rocks, 11th Prof. Log Analysts Symposium, Los Angeles, California, May 1970. Thus the remaining water in shales should be fresher (i.e., less mineralized) than in surrounding shaly sands because, in the shaly sands, it is better protected from overburden compaction by larger sand grains.
Therefore, to use the Waxman-Smits model for laminated reservoirs, water resistivity has to be determined separately for shaly sands and shales. Then compound water resistivity can be computed using the percentages of shale and sand laminae in the reservoir and the water saturation in the shaly sand laminae. Consequently the compound water conductivity is computed by equation 40: ##EQU22## Then compound water resistivity is given by equation 41: ##EQU23##
Generally, the equivalent conductance of clay exchange cations or B is a function of temperature but for dilute solutions (Rw >0.05 ohmm), it also depends on formation water salinity, Waxman supra. Thus if water conductivities of sand and shale laminae are different and at least one of them is in the dilute solution range, then the equivalent conductances of counterions in sand and shale laminae are also different. In this case, each should be determined separately from relationship between B and Rw at various temperatures presented in Waxman, M. H., and Thomas, E. C., Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands-I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity. Journal of Petroleum Technology, February 1974. Then conductivity of clay counterions is given by equation 42: ##EQU24##
From this expression and equation 35, the compound equivalent conductance of clay exchange cations Bc can be computed by equation 43: ##EQU25##
The above discussion leads to the following modified Waxman Smits formula for water saturation in the laminated shaly sand reservoirs, see equation 44: ##EQU26## As before, F* is determined from equations 32 and 33, Rwc is determined from equation 41, and Bc is determined from equation 43.
When using equation 44 for water saturation determination in thinly laminated reservoirs, all variables and parameters in the equation have to be determined at the high resolution level.
Evaluation of thinly laminated shaly sand reservoirs using the technique described above has several substantial advantages over conventional methods (without reconstructing logs to the high resolution level). The present technique provides more accurate and highly differentiated shaly sand properties such as shale volume, the mode of clay distribution, porosity, and water saturation. One of the examples of log interpretation by this technique in comparison with regular log interpretation is presented in FIG. 8. For both interpretations, the same parameters and the same water saturation equation (the Waxman-Smits model for laminated reservoirs) were used. The interval depicted in FIG. 8 represents a thinly laminated oil bearing reservoir with maximum porosities of about 33% for clean sand beds according to core and log data. Logs used for interpretation (FIG. 8a) include density, neutron, one of the dipmeter pad conductivities, and deep resistivity. The maximum original resistivity Rt is about 2.5 ohmm while reconstructed sand component and composite high resolution resistivity logs reach 8 ohmm. At the top of the presented interval in FIG. 8 where relatively thick sand beds are developed, the high resolution technique computes water saturation only about 10% lower than the conventional technique. But in the interval below, where thin shaly sand beds prevail, this water saturation increases to 20% or more. For example, the thin bed at XX38-XX39 has high resolution water saturation only 45% (FIG. 8c) while conventional interpretation gives Sw =73% for this bed (FIG. 8b). This difference is almost as large as the difference in saturation between hydrocarbon and water producing reservoirs. Above (XX29-XX32), two closely located thin shaly sand bends (FIG. 8c) are presented by conventional interpretation technique (FIG. 8b) as one relatively thick bed with maximum porosity and hydrocarbon saturation at XX30.5; according to the present high resolution technique, this is the location of the intervening shale lamina. The more accurate location of the thin shaly sand beds is another important advantage of the high resolution interpretation technique.
FIG. 9 represents one application for logging a laminate formation. In FIG. 9 of the drawings, a well 40 passes through a formation of interest at 42. Assume, for purposes of description, that the formation 42 is a plurality of laminar layers of sand and shale somewhat in the fashion represented in FIG. 1a. Assume further that a sonde 44 investigates the formations along the well borehole 40, and further assume that data is obtained of some property or variable X relating to the formations including the formation 42. Assume further that the sonde provides data from a low resolution investigation, or a high resolution investigation or with some other resolution therebetween, all as exemplified in the table given herein. This data is output on a logging cable 46 which extends to the surface and passes over a sheave 48. The cable 46 is spooled on a storage reel or drum 50. The conductors are output from the logging cable 46 to a CPU 52. The data is prepared in accordance with the present disclosure and is provided to a recorder 54. The recorder records the data as a function of depth. This is input through an electrical or mechanical depth recording mechanism 56.
In accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, the variable X logged for the formation 42 is processed as taught herein and is converted to high resolution data for the variable X. This, as mentioned, can encompass several different variables which are measured along the well borehole and which variables are exemplified in FIG. 8 of the drawings. Referring back to FIG. 8, it is noted that the several traces are best identified by the reference numerals placed on FIG. 8 where the reference numerals 1-16 identify the following curves or readings:
1. Caliper
3. Neutron log
4. Density log
5. Dipmeter conductivity
6. Rt
7. Reconstructed sand component resistivity
8. Reconstructed high resolution resistivity
9. Permeability
10. Gas indicator
11. Water saturation
12. Effective porosity
13. Oil filled effective porosity
14. Dispersed clay
15. Laminated shale
16. Sand matrix
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment, the scope is determined by the claims which follow.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 15, 1979
|Nov 18, 1980
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Apparatus and method for determining characteristics of subsurface formations
|Jul 25, 1979
|Jan 18, 1983
|Schlumberger Technology Corp.
|Machine method and apparatus for determining the presence and location of hydrocarbon deposits within a subsurface earth formation
|Oct 15, 1984
|Apr 29, 1986
|Halliburton Company
|Method for determining porosity, clay content and mode of distribution in gas and oil bearing shaly sand reservoirs
|May 29, 1986
|Apr 19, 1988
|Shell Oil Company
|Method for analyzing thinly bedded sand/shale formations
|May 5, 1986
|Jun 21, 1988
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Method for determining the effective water saturation in a low-resistivity hydrocarbon-bearing rock formation based upon rock matrix conductance
|Sep 30, 1986
|Sep 6, 1988
|Shell Oil Company
|Induced polarization method and apparatus for distinguishing dispersed and laminated clay in earth formations
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 20, 1995
|Sep 2, 1997
|Semmelbeck; Mark E.
|Method for estimating permeability from multi-array induction logs
|Nov 10, 1998
|Jul 11, 2000
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method for interpreting carbonate reservoirs
|Aug 13, 2001
|Feb 3, 2004
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Combined characterization and inversion of reservoir parameters from nuclear, NMR and resistivity measurements
|Jan 14, 2004
|Jan 2, 2007
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Combined characterization and inversion of reservoir parameters from nuclear, NMR and resistivity measurements
|Dec 3, 2009
|Jul 29, 2014
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Method for predicting fluid flow
|Oct 6, 2009
|Aug 5, 2014
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Additives to suppress silica scale build-up
|Aug 13, 2001
|Aug 1, 2002
|Baker Hughes, Inc.
|Combined characterization and inversion of reservoir parameters from nuclear, NMR and resistivity measurements
|Jan 14, 2004
|Jul 22, 2004
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Combined characterization and inversion of reservoir parameters from nuclear, NMR and resistivity measurements
|Oct 6, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Reyes Enrique A
|Additives to Suppress Silica Scale Build-Up
|Apr 6, 2010
|Oct 7, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method for Estimation of Bulk Shale Volume in a Real-Time Logging-While-Drilling Environment
|Aug 23, 2010
|Jan 20, 2011
|Dispersion Technology Inc
|Method for determining porosity with high frequency conductivity measurement
|Oct 31, 2011
|Sep 13, 2012
|Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resources (Kigam)
|Groundwater profile monitoring system
|Jun 10, 2011
|Nov 23, 2011
|Method for measuring porosity of mud shale
|Jun 10, 2011
|May 14, 2014
|Method for measuring porosity of mud shale
|Dec 12, 1995
|Jun 26, 1996
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling system with downhole apparatus for transforming multiple downhole sensor measurements into parameters of interest and for causing the drilling direction to change in response thereto
|Dec 29, 1999
|Jul 8, 2015
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Water saturation and sand fraction determination from borehole resistivity imaging tool, transverse induction logging and a tensorial water saturation model
|Apr 7, 2010
|Oct 14, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method for estimation of bulk shale volume in a real-time logging-while-drilling environment
|Apr 7, 2010
|Feb 24, 2011
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method for estimation of bulk shale volume in a real-time logging-while-drilling environment
|U.S. Classification
|702/7, 702/12, 73/152.05
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 29, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 7, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 5, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 20, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 14, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060920


text:
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Research Paper:
This aspect is greatly leveraged upon by Sport2Sport as different target populations share their experiences on company's Facebook page. There is also an aspect of quick customer response having the potential of going viral over the internet. This makes companies such as Sport2Sport to focus on customer satisfaction and prompt response. Although it may seem untraditional not to focus on traditional advertising and marketing mediums, the paradigm shift in approach to marketing and advertisement has led this agency to effectively spend their marketing budget on online campaigns and maintenance of web-presence.
IV- Organizational structure
Better Business Bureau (BBB) has reported that Sport2Sport is a limited liability company (LLC) with its current rating at A-. The highest possible rating that an agency can get with BBB is A+ (BBB Business Review, 2013). The length of time that the firm is in business is the only potentially negative factor reported by the BBB. The company has two main personnel that not directly involved in managing day-to-day affairs but have role of devising strategy and direction of the company. Following is the organizational chart of the company.
Organizational Structure Chart Sport2Sport, Cary NC
The position of Principal of the firm is held by Mr. Kellen Back. He has been responsible for setting up the agency from scratch and develops the human resource team for the organization. He is assisted by a member manager that coordinates between the managing directors present on-site on the business and the Principal.
Member manager
The position of member manager is occupied by Ms. Maureen Shiver and her role is that of assisting and coordinating activities between the Principal's offices and managing director's offices. She is also there to fill the gap in case that any one of the managing directors is unable to perform their duties for an extended period of time.
Managing Director 1
Joelle Tooman performs duty as the Managing director 1 of the company. She is also responsible for developing new programs for younger population. She is the point person in executing the strategy developed by the Principal in consultation with other executive staff members that include managing directors as well.
Profile: Joelle had joined Sport2Sport in late summer of 2012. She was a resident of Western New York and her main interests were in basketball, lacrosse, softball, taekwondo, and soccer. She is a 2008 graduate from North Carolina State University with majors in Political Science. She has served at Cary Family YMCA and also managed several sports camps in her career. She also worked as QP Level III for residential treatment facility managed for adolescent males involved in substance abuse. She plays an active role in program development and implementation and takes part hands-on in all the sporting activities conducted at agency's site.
Managing director 2
Winson Phoumsavath joined the Sport2Sport team as an intern in April 2012 but later got permanently employed at the agency. With a thorough sportsman spirit, Winson has been the main person involved with all sportsmen, women, and children at the site. He has well developed skills at playing soccer, volleyball, basketball, roller hockey, and skate boating. With such vast experience of playing hand-on virtually all the sports offered by the agency, Winson also graduated with expertise in Sport management.
Profile: Winson got graduated in 2012 from the North Carolina State University as Bachelor's of Science in Sport management. He has extensive experience in volunteering and other activities that complement his position as a managing director at Sport2Sport. He actively plays with all participant member of the agency. Children are specifically fond of his play.
Gym staff
Bulk of labor work is done by the gym staff that is particularly involved in carrying out day-to-day sporting activities by training and helping the customers. The gym staff is comprised of 10 team members each having relevant expertise and interest in the field of sport they serve.
Stevie Clark: He belongs from Laurinburg, NC and has majors in Nuclear Engineering. Despite having an engineering degree, he has main interest in sports and coaching. Taylor Clark is an old member of Sport2Sport team and has special interest in managing and assisting families and children in sports events and camps. She is unique in sense that she has worked both in the administrative capacity as well as coach. Her ability to multitask has enabled her achieve much at the agency. She has requisite education in Exercise Sports Science and has well grounded knowledge of health and wellness issues. With eight other gym staff members, the company has two administrative staff members that are Mackenzie Marceau and Heather Salmon (Sport2Sport, 2013).
Interrelationship of executives and staff
The relationship between the staff and executives is cordial and professional. There is least coercion used by the management to pursue organizational goals. A participative role is adopted by the executives.
V- Personnel practices
The company uses its Facebook page and activity programs to recruit more interns. It does not spend many dollars on advertising the vacancies and positions in dailies. Instead the agency uses its own activity programs to advertise the vacancies. Usually the intern is one who visits the agency's programs with their relatives, parents, or siblings. The company maintains an announcement board that is near the front desk. By using only the company's programs and Facebook page as a main source of recruitment and selection, Sport2Sport is able to attract interested and relevant candidates only. There are many researchers that have mentioned the effectiveness of social media tools such as Facebook for advertisement, recruitment, and selection of relevant pool of candidates (Fenner, et al. 2012; Ramo & Prochaska, 2012). Although this is a usual practice for the health clubs and fitness agencies, it seems that Sport2Sport has successfully adopted this policy. There seems to be budgetary constraints that curtail the ability of management to use expensive mediums for advertising the services of the company or placement of ads for open positions.
This practice has allowed the company to attract relevant candidates only. This also allows the company to attract intern that have different academic degrees, those not complementing the sports management function but having practical experience and interest in sports. In traditional recruitment mediums, such candidates are screened in the initial processing of CVs. For instance, Stevie Clark and Joelle Tooman both have different academic backgrounds that may not complement skills required in a sport agency but having been to the agency's programs, both were able to display their professional skills in sports. This allowed the agency to have people with differing backgrounds but with common interests.
Program procedures
The agency adopts a robust program schedule and this is only possible through standardized and recurrent procedures adopted by the operations team. The operations team is comprised of gym staff and front desk officers. The front desk staff, after collaboration with the gym staff and managing directors, publishes a document titled "Schedule for the Upcoming Year" (CarySport2Sport, n.d.). The currently published programs schedule of the agency includes all the major sporting programs offered from August 2013 till May 2014. This indicates that a professional and disciplined approach in communication and customer relationship in maintained by the agency's operations team.
The company also offers programs that are specifically designed for homeschooling children. These programs are then communicated to the target population through local schools and Facebook page of the company. The schedule that Sport2Sport agency publishes also helps the staff to plan their vacations from their work. Hardly any other agency in the Cary, NC area offers a year advance program schedules.
VI- Facilities and areas
The agency maintains a centralized gym and open courts for arranging the sports activities. Badminton courts are maintained on the site and there are certain provisions for using this badminton facility.
Fun zone: The agency maintains a facility called 'fun zone' that provides children with a chance to practice athletics and other related sports under the guidance of gym staff. Gymnast bars are the main attraction of this facility and there are restrictions on the use o these for children under 5 that have to be accompanied by siblings or parents.
Court 3: Court 3 is another facility of Sport2Sport that is used as an extended area for sports activities. In court 3, there may be organization of differing activities as this facility is mainly used in peak rush hours.
Martial art training: The Company has arranged in court no. 2 for the training of martial arts. These programs are recent one and were only launched in February 2012.
Swimming pool: The agency maintains a dedicated swimming pool for the participants and has trained instructors that help parents teach the children the art of swimming. The facility is adequately maintained hygienically and conforms to international standards.
Basketball court: The agency has maintained one basketball court that is used as basketball coaching…[continue]
"SPORT2SPORT Agnecy Analysis Sport 2" (2013, July 31) Retrieved December 4, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/sport2sport-agnecy-analysis-sport-2-93851
"SPORT2SPORT Agnecy Analysis Sport 2" 31 July 2013. Web.4 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/sport2sport-agnecy-analysis-sport-2-93851>
"SPORT2SPORT Agnecy Analysis Sport 2", 31 July 2013, Accessed.4 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/sport2sport-agnecy-analysis-sport-2-93851

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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From Mexico to Hollywood Juan Gabriel Mourned
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Some of the rocks were big, others were small, but to the hundreds of people who lined up Saturday in downtown Los Angeles, the only thing that really mattered was... Read more »
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MONTEBELLO – Ruling that the votes of public officials are protected under state free speech laws, the California Supreme Court on Monday found a lawsuit brought... Read more »
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Lions of Czech Film
Recent award-winning and popular Czech films, presented in partnership with the Embassy of the Czech Republic. Screenings are held every other 2nd Wednesday, in February, April, June, August, October and December.
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In this comedy, parents Igor and Irena set sail across the Indian Ocean with the family dog Otto, and leave their teenage children at home alone. No sooner have they left than the teens invite their best friends to the house. Meanwhile, the parents' boat capsizes at sea, and the dog soon becomes an important player in their survival. When the teens lose contact with their parents, unexpected dramas begin to rapidly unfold.
Wed, Dec 14 at 8PM


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Worldwide Locations
Associate Fellow Katharine Moon says the Korean peninsula's dynastic leaders have a chance to improve on the mistakes of their fathers — but the obstacles are many.
Charles Armstrong discusses what all the political transitions of 2012 will mean for the upcoming year.
Earlier today South Korea elected a new president, Park Geun-hye, the nation's first female president and the daughter of its longest-ruling dictator, Park Chung-hee. Asia Society surveys reactions to the news.
Asia Society President Vishakha Desai says that there's something different about the quality of female politicians in Asia today.
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The Ripon High boys water polo team's roll came to halt Thursday in the Sac-Joaquin Section Division-II Championships.
A true freshman from Manteca is playing a big part in the Minot State women's soccer team's historic 2012 season.
In a season where the majority of things went the Manteca Buffaloes' way, their final contest was a new experience, as they fell victim to their first shutout of the season in a 1-0 loss to Central Valley in the Sac-Joaquin Section Division III semifinal Wednesday.
Erick Noriega had one last chance to score with a free kick in Sierra's Sac-Joaquin Section Division IV playoff game with visiting Galt on Wednesday.
As the Manteca football team prepares for the second-season, the importance of one of the Buffaloes' second halves looms as a pivotal moment. Getting ready for a trip to Sacramento to open the Sac-Joaquin Section Division III playoffs, probably would have probably been an afterthought if weren't for halftime up at Sonora.
A season for the ages came to an abrupt end for Ripon Christian Wednesday, as the Knights fell short offensively and were beat 4-0 by Sacramento Country Day during semifinal action of the Sac-Joaquin Section Division- II playoffs.
For each of the three area high school soccer programs still vying for a shot at hoisting a blue banner, their next contest will prove the most important game any of the clubs have played this season. As important as preseason tournaments and league titles were a few weeks ago, Today's contests will dictate all of these team's season.
RIPON – For a fleeting moment it looked as if West Campus was prepared for what Ripon Christian would be bringing to their Sac-Joaquin Section Division-IV Volleyball Championships debut. By the time the Knights were closing out a first game win, it was obvious that wasn't the case.
Ripon High's second-round trip will be much shorter than the one it took Tuesday night.
Ripon High's boys water polo team staved off Christian Brothers' second-half surge to win 10-9 in a Sac-Joaquin Section Division II playoff encounter Tuesday at Rocklin's Whitney High.
Nicole Vanni, Sierra High's all-time leading goal scorer, finishes out her career at San Francisco State as a member of the All-California Collegiate Athletic Association first team.
ANGELS CAMP - The Ripon High varsity girls' cross-country team closed out the Sac-Joaquin Sub-Section race at Frogtown with the Division IV sub-section title, finishing as the No. 1 girls team in the competition 12 points ahead of Amador High, 112-124.
The Manteca High Buffaloes left little to chance on Friday.
Will the real Ripon Christian football team please stand up?
The Ripon Christian soccer program opened up its 2012 Sac-Joaquin Section Division-VII Championship run with a one-sided 3-0 victory over host a Global Youth Charter Thursday.
Page 192 of 390
OAKDALE - The defending Sac-Joaquin Section Division III champion Ripon High boys water polo team opened Valley Oak League play Monday with a 16-10 victory at ...
Tawny Deerinck got to match her teammates' jersey tops for a change Monday when she and the Buffaloes from Manteca visited rival East Union.
LATHROP - The Lathrop High volleyball team continues to be a tough out for the rest of the Valley Oak League.
Page 6 of 6
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The SEAT Ibiza ST 1.4 TDI SE Ecomotive 75PS has a 1.4 Diesel engine with a Manual gearbox and boasts impressive fuel consumption of 76.3 mpg. The CO2 emissions are extremely low at just 95 g/km which in turn offers FREE road tax!
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Comes with drone, controller, gopro gimbal, extra battery, extra propellers.
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True, 3DR has restructured and seems to be abandoning the consumer market - but it's still a great piece of technology for a really low price.
I was also able to use price protection when BB lowered the price.
I have been building quadcopters / drones for years and I am very happy with my Solo.
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3D Robotics Gimbal for Solo Drones: This stabilizing, 3-axis gimbal for the 3DR Solo drone gives you unprecedented remote control over your compatible GoPro action camera (sold separately). Rotate and tilt the camera, start and stop recording, take photos and adjust camera settings — all while your drone is up to a half mile away. Plus, the gimbal charges your camera in flight so you never miss a shot.
3DR - Solo Smart Rechargeable Battery - Black
3D Robotics Battery for Solo Drones: Instead of waiting for your lone battery to recharge, get back to flying right away with this rechargeable battery for Solo drones. The battery can power your drone for up to 25 minutes with no camera attached, or 20 minutes carrying a camera.
3DR - Propellers for 3DR Solo Drones (2-Pack) - Black
3D Robotics Propellers for Solo Drones: Buy this set of replacement propellers before you need them so you can get back to flying as soon as you damage or lose a propeller. The 1-piece design of these propellers keeps them secure during flight, self-tightening so you can install them in an instant and return to in-air fun.
 Forbes - 1d ago
As the CEO of North America's largest consumer drone manufacturer, Anderson, former editor-in-chief at Wired and author of New York Times bestseller The Long Tail, explained why drones would be the next convergence of computing and gadgetry.
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After flying my Solo drone several times (this is my first drone), I have been completely happy with it! I did the GPS mod with the cardboard (I never tried it without the mod, so not sure mine had the issue or not, but I just went ahead and did it) and it has never taken over 60 seconds to acquire enough satelites for flight. It is very easy to control, the app has synced perfectly with my iPad mini and Samsung cell phone, and my GoPro hero 4+ Silver works great. I think this is one of the better electronics purchases I have made in a while.
Great price, for a great drone!! If this drops to $299 eventually, I will get a second one, just to have the additional 2 batteries and charger alone, not even counting all of the spare parts and controller you'd have!
If it happens to drop into the $299 price range, I will buy a second one just for the spare batteries, charger, etc....
You are absolutely correct. Amazon is $289 for drone only. Best Buy has a way better value going, and you get the extras, plus free 2-day shipping! You have to pay tax, so that's about the only downfall, but it's not too bad on $379....


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Hey...yes that is Southern for Hi. Always a storyteller, my family now claims my fabrications are character traits of the weird and unusual! I was born, well my mother says I was, in upstate New York, and I was raised living on the Oneida river in a little town called Brewerton. Being an only child, and when I did not feel like playing cowboys and Indians with my four male cousins, I filled my summer days with reading and writing little stories in which my Barbie dolls all had starring roles. Had a few poems published while attending college, then cupid struck and first thing I know...wife, then mother. We moved to Tennessee in the early 90's, raised our two beautiful daughters, and after they went off to college, I published my first epic novel, "To Risk Extinction", followed by "Liaisons" which are mystery suspense thrillers. Now I am into the third book of a series entitled "Paradoxical" a science-fiction, fantasy journey into the unknown. My family has grown to include two son-in-laws, two grandsons, a gorgeous granddaughter...and one on the way. When I am not reading, writing, swimming or playing with my grandkids, I am walking my terrier/beagle through the beautiful parks of Tennessee.
Review by:
William O'Brien
on March 01, 2015 :
A brilliant and gripping creation 5*****
To Risk Extinction
by Victoria Roberts Siczak
A thrilling and gripping book by Siczak, which engages the reader magnificently.
An interesting topic that explores containing the spread of the AIDS virus by repressing the libido as the government infringes on human nature. Although, To Risk Extinction, a research scientist has to find a solution to the epidemic and leads to a captivating read.
You are led into the belief the events that occur within these pages are very real and may even happen - and possibly, they could!
A brilliant and gripping creation 5*****
(reviewed the day of purchase)


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List all words that contain nippinesses
Only the word nippinesses was found, nothing longer.
Some random words: issei lagnappe hegira nefarious mm iamb foal
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You may also like
Dr. Paul T. Salo
Ratings for Dr. Hugh Dougall
I am very happy I was referred to by Dr. Georgina Valdecanas to Dr Hugh Brian Dougall to have my ankle problem resolved. I had my surgery last February and followed diligently all the dos and donts. I don't have that pre op pain anymore I'm still in my healing period but I am back at doing most of the chores I have trouble doing before. The care, the patience of explaining to me how my problems are affecting my daily life. I've never been to any doctor who took time to explain everything and show compassion to a patient. Thank you Doctor H.B Dougall. I am happy I went with my gut feeling of doing the surgery and trusted you. I will recommend you to anyone I know 110%. Thank you again.
I was very impressed with Dr. Hugh Dougall for my surgery. My sister is having the same difficulties as I am. I hope that she will be able to see him as well. I am concerned that she is not able to take the time to do all of the steps necessary before surgery, nor as a single parent is she able to have the time and the money to do so either. She is in a lot of pain. I am so glad that Dr. Dougall is able to help her. I hope that he will make special compensation for patients like this.
Thanks to Dr.Dougall i was able to avoid a amputation.It has been some four years of treatment..four surgeries thus far..and about 39 trips for my husband and I to go to Peter Lougheed General Hospital cast clinic. Each trip one way being 4.5 hrs.He is a awesome person..and surgeon..highly trained..not arrogant..cares..funny at times....the staff too are excellent.Thanks to all of them and especially to Dr.Dougall. God bless you..God works with and through you. I CAN STILL WALK AND STILL HAVE MY OWN FOOT ETC.A patient from B .C. and just over the rockies..sincereley..Rhonda.
All I can do is echo all the previous comments about Dr Dougall. I had ankle replacement surgery in 2009 and recently had some repair surgery done, and in both cases he was awesome to work with, and the results were excellent. Consider yourself fortunate if you get to have him as your surgeon!
DR Dourgall is fantastic, very knowledgeable, and funny. He is interested in your best interests. I had a bunion removed a few years ago which was a big success. As a result my second toe got longer and it was shortened by Dr. Dougall 5 weeks ago. It looks like a big success again. The pin was yesterday removed without pain. I have big confidence in him. Very nice person.
Dr Dougal is empathetic, actually listens to you. I had two severed ligaments and had been turned down by one orth surgeon due to my age. I am a non smoker, vegan long distance runner. The other doctor looked only at my age (61) Dr Dougal looked at the whole picture, operated and it was successful. He has made my life whole again.
Dr. Dougall is fantastic! He has been understanding, compassionate and knowledgeable throughout both of my foot surgeries and has assisted me in getting help for other medical issues. I went into surgery confident and knowing I was in good hands, I would highly recommend him and feel lucky that I got to see him after so many years of bouncing through the Alberta Health Care system. At last, I have hope that I will walk without pain.
I have had four foot surgeries by dr dougal and can't praise him enough ! He is so knowledgeable , compassionate , kind and performs magic on feet !
Always feels like I'm visiting with a friend, who really cares about 'the whole picture'.
Love, love, love Dr. Dougall! I had severe bunions and other related foot problems I went to three podiatrists (Haverstock, Feldmen & Crosby) - all recommended against surgery saying the risk of complications was too great. I was in pain when I walked a block and at night all I could think about was how sore my feet were. And finding shoes that didn't hurt was almost impossible. I waited over a year to see Dr. Dougall but boy was it worth it! He looked at my feet and said "Yes, I can help you." I had surgery on my right foot last October (Lapidus bunionectomy, hammertoe fixed, toe joints fused, tendons lengthened). Recovery was long (9 weeks NWB) but not so bad. Now my foot looks almost pretty but most important, it doesn't hurt. I'm so happy with the results that I'm getting my left foot done this fall. Dr. Dougall is the perfect combination of a brilliant surgeon and a super nice guy. By the way, if you're going to be NWB, be sure to rent a knee walker - best invention ever!
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DoIT supports the university computer labs, which are open to UNCP students, faculty and staff. A UNCP network/BraveWeb account is required to use the UNCP computer labs.
All the computers have Deep Freeze installed, which will reset a computer to the original state upon rebooting. It is important to frequently save your files to your network account (on the I: drive) or your personal removable drive such as a USB flash drive. Do not save your work on the lab computer.
Locations and Hours
Regular Hours (during Fall & Spring semesters):
Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. (unless otherwise posted)
- Library Lab: Sun, 2pm-9:30pm; Mon-Thurs, 7:30am-10:30pm; Fri, 7:30am-4:30pm; Sat, 2pm-7:30pm.
- Pine Hall, Oak Hall and Village Apartments labs are open to residents 24 hours a day.
- All students may use the Pine or Oak Hall labs during the hours when the reception desk is staffed; Sun-Thurs, 11am-12am; Fri-Sat, 11am-2am.
- UC Lab: Mon-Fri, 7am-12am; Sat, 9:30am 12am; Sun, 11:30am-12am.
Students may need to present their BravesOne card to use the labs.
There are also numerous computer classrooms on campus that are available for student use when classes are not being held.
General Rules:
- No food or drink
- No cell phone use
- Must provide own paper for printing
# of Computers
|Courtyard Apartments
|Courtyard Apartments
|Windows 7
|Cypress Hall
|Cypress Hall
|Windows 7
|Mary Livermore Library, Room 232
|Windows 7
|Oak Hall
|Oak Hall
|Windows 7
|Pine Hall
|Pine Hall
|Windows 7
|UC Lab
|University Center, 1st Floor
|Windows 7
|Village Apartments
|Village Apartments
|Windows 7
|Writing Center
|D.F. Lowry, Room 308
|Windows 7
Additional Lab & Classroom Information
- Lab and classroom upgrade schedule
- List of software in each lab and classroom
- Online software training
For assistance or more information, contact the DoIT Help Desk at 910.521.6260 or email@example.com.


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Check out highlights from last night's game between the Wolverines and the Hoyas at the Jamal Crawford Pro Am in Seattle. The Hoyas featured exciting young NBA guards Isaiah Thomas and Tony Wroten Jr. who combined for 75 points. Jamal Crawford finished with 29.
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