text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 1990
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 1987
|Priority date
|Mar 6, 1987
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|R. Malcolm Brown, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
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|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (40), Referenced by (46), Classifications (18), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the modification of microbial cellulose during its synthesis by cellulose-producing microorganisms. This modification results from the presence of a substance which alters the formation of native cellulose structure. The prototypical structure-modifying substance is carboxymethylcellulose.
Cellulose may be produced by microorganisms of the Acetobacterium, Rhizobium, Alcaligenes, Agrobacterium, and Pseudomonas type (see, for example Brown, Jr. et al. J. Applied Polymer Science: Polymer Symposium (1983) V.37 pp 33-78). The growth of cellulose-producing microorganisms with production of cellulose may occur when said microorganisms are aerobically cultivated in an appropriate nutrient medium.
Appropriate nutrient media of the present invention generally include standard nutrient medium such as GYC which contains (g/liter of distilled water): yeast extract, 10.0; D-glucose, 50.0; CaCO3, 30.0 and agar, 25.0. Various alternatives such as replacements for glucose or yeast extract, and omissions of agar or CaCO3 are usable and well-known to those skilled in the art (Bergey's Manual of SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY Vol. 1 pp 268-276, Krieg, ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore/London (1984). The preferred nutrient medium used directly or with modifications described herein was that first described by Schramm and Hestrin (Hestrin et al. Biochem. J. Vol. 58 pp 345-352 (1954). The standard Schramm Hestrin (SH) medium contained (g/L): D-glucose, 20; peptone, 5; yeast extract, 5; dibasic sodium phosphate, 2.7, and citric acid monohydrate, 1.15 (pH adjusted to between about 3.5 and 5.5 with HCl). When Schramm Hestrin without glucose (SH-gluc) is designated, this indicates the above SH composition, but without the 10 g glucose/liter addition.
The cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum (formerly known as Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinum and reclassified by the 1984 Bergy's Manual cited above as a subspecies of Acetobacter pasteurianus and Acetobacter hansenii) has been widely studied. In the present application the primarily studied cellulose-producing microorganism is termed "Acetobacter xylinum". It is understood that these several names may be used to indicate the same organism.
Fibrillar alterations of microbially-produced cellulose by agents such as CMC have been previously shown to occur, for example, by ultrastructural studies using techniques such as electron microscopy (Haigler et al., J. Cell Biology, Vol. 94 pp 64-69 (1982) and Ben-Hayim et al. J. Cell Biology, Vol. 25 pp 191-207 (1965)). However, nowhere before the present invention has any substance been found or suggested to facilitate the microbial production of a cellulose with greatly improved and/or unique macroscopic properties such as resiliency, elasticity, tensile strength, degree of water absorptivity or retention of absorbtive capacity after repeated wettings.
Cellulose assembled by a static aerobic culture of Acetobacter xylinum may be contained in a hydrophilic membrane known as a pellicle. This cellulose is quite strong when wet, but brittle when dried. One of the major obstacles in using the natural absorbency of this native bacterial cellulose has been its inability to effectively retain absorbancy through cycles of wetting and drying. In an effort to improve the physical properties of the cellulose, the present invention concerns including a cellulose derivative such as carboxymethylcellulose in the culture medium during microbial synthesis of cellulose. This inclusion altered the produced cellulose to result in a product which retained most of its native absorbancy through cycles of wetting and drying. One object of this invention is to significantly alter the physical properties of microbial cellulose product by cellulose derivatives or related substances in order to expand the material uses of this product. It is envisioned that there will be, for example, tremendous advantages in the uses of this product in the absorbent technology industries.
The present invention involves a method of producing a modified cellulose. This method comprises inoculating a quantity of nutrient medium containing between about 0.1% and about 5% cellulose derivative (more preferably between about 1% and about 4%) with a cellulose-producing microorganism. The inoculated medium is then aerobically incubated to facilitate the production of modified cellulose. The step of substantially drying the modified cellulose may be added to result in certain cellulosic products. The substantially dried cellulose resulting from this procedure is highly absorbent, tending to retain its absorbent properties during repeated wetting and drying cycles and is usable where such absorbency is desired. The cellulosic gel produced in the presence of CMC may itself be usable as an optically clear soft material.
One object of the present invention is to produce a composition of matter consisting essentially of modified cellulose in a native or substantially dried form. Modified cellulose produced in the presence of cellulose derivative may be substantially dried by many means known to those skilled in the art. This drying may be, for example, by washing with a non-aqueous hydrophilic solvent or by air-drying. Preferred non-aqueous solvents include alkyl alcohols or ketones having less than about six carbon atoms. When such non-aqueous solvents are used to dry the CMC-produced cellulose, the dried modified cellulose may have a resilient structure and possibly an elastic nature.
The preferred cellulose-producing microorganisms of the present invention are Acetobacter although other cellulose-producing microorganisms may be used.
In the practice of the present invention a preferred cellulose derivative is carboxymethylcellulose and is preferably present in the nutrient medium at a concentration between about 0.1 wt/vol % and about 5 wt/vol %. The carboxymethylcellulose usable in the practice of the present invention has a preferred degree of substitution of between about 0.4 and about 1.2 carboxymethyl groups per monosaccharide unit.
FIG. 1 shows an electron micrograph of dried Acetobacter cellulose produced in the presence of 1% CMC and SH medium minus glucose. The cellulose film consists of only 1-2 layers of cellulosic ribbons and is very thin.
FIG. 2 shows an electron micrograph of Acetobacter cellulose synthesized in the presence of 1% CMC and SH medium minus glucose. The cellulosic ribbons are partially splayed.
FIG. 3 shows an electron micrograph of cellulose produced by Acetobacter in the presence of SH medium with 2% glucose and 0.1% CMC.
Microbial cellulose may be biosynthesized in the presence of a substance which acts to decrease the order of cellulose fibrillar structure. When such biosynthesis occurs, the product cellulose possesses new and useful properties. These new and useful properties may include, depending upon the particular processing steps employed: optical clarity; increased absorptive capacity; improved ability to retain absorptive capacity through cycles of wetting and drying; tensile strength; resilience, and elasticity.
The culture conditions of the present invention are aerobic in the classical sense. Aerobic culture involves the exposure of an inoculated nutrient medium to amounts of an oxygen-containing gas such as air sufficient to facilitate growth or metabolism. Unless otherwise indicated, Acetobacter xylinum ATCC no. 23769 or ATCC no. 53582 (strain NQ5) from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. were used in the present studies.
Although carboxymethylcellulose is a preferred substance for production of such product cellulose, other substances, particularly other cellulose derivatives may be used to analogously alter the cellulose produced by cellulose-producing microorganisms. For example, other polysaccharide derivatives may be substituted for CMC in the processes and compositions described herein. These polysaccharide derivative substitutes for CMC include polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch or dextran having substituents groups such as alkyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylhydroxy, sulfate, sulfonic acid, or alkylphosphate. These derivatives are most preferably hydrophilic although cellulose itself is so hydrophilic that minor amounts of hydrophobic substituents such as methyl may be used.
Among the steps most commonly used to process microbial cellulose produced in the presence of substances altering fibrillar formation is one or more drying steps. Microbial cellulose is generally produced in a static aerobic culture as a pellicle which is a term referring to a gelatinous formation. Modes of culture which may not result in pellicle formation involve cultures under agitation or static cultures with cellulose being continuously withdrawn. A drying step maybe applied to the gelatinous microbial cellulose produced in the presence of a cellulose-altering substance. The drying step may be as simple as air-drying or may involve lyophilization or the extraction of water from the altered microbial cellulose by treatment with solvent. When solvent treatment is used, the solvent is preferably a hydrophilic solvent miscible with water. The drying step may be used in conjunction with one or more washing steps to remove any undesired materials from the cellulose.
The following examples are presented to describe preferred embodiments and utilities of the present invention and are not meant to limit this invention unless otherwise stated in the claims appended hereto.
Acetobacter xylinum was grown for three days in Schramm and Hestrin medium lacking exogenous glucose, supplemented with CMC (source: Hercules Type 7MF, lot #45816; molecular weight 250,000; degree of substitution 0.7). The two concentrations of CMC used were 2% and 4% (W/V). About 100ml of media were placed in each Roux bottle for static aerobic culture.
At the end of the third day, a completely clear cellulosic gel had been synthesized throughout the entire liquid at both 2 and 4% concentrations of CMC. The pellicle was not an integral structure and fell apart during an attempt to remove the pellicle from the Roux bottle. The viscous pellicle of cellulose was examined with a polarizing microscope. When nutrient medium was wicked from the cover slip off to one side, a remarkable flow birefringence was observed. When examining the material with darkfield microscopy, it was possible to see individual ribbons of cellulose. These ribbons were not permanently interconnected, but easily slid past each other. Thus, the long cellulose ribbons behaved as a nematic liquid crystal.
One piece of cellulose formed in 2% CMC was air dried. When rehydrated with distilled water, this cellulose was very effective in its rehydration. For example, a dry piece weighting only 0.0134 g absorbed distilled water and constituted a total weight of 1.479 g. This particular piece was very gelatinous and fragile; however, when pulled across the surface of a piece of parafilm, the entire hydrated droplet could easily be moved.
Conditions were similar to those described in Example 1, except that 1% CMC was added to SH medium (minus glucose) and cultured in Roux bottles for four days. The pellicle in the Roux bottle was very clear optically and gelatinous, and cellulose was formed throughout the bottom and surface of the liquid. The pellicle of cellulose grown in 1% CMC had physical integrity and could be removed from the Roux bottle although it was much more delicate than a cellulose pellicle formed in SH medium lacking CMC. Upon removal, the interior of the pellicle contained liquid medium. Thus, the pellicle was a three-dimensional object holding a liquid phase internally.
A small piece of this optically clear gelatinous cellulose was washed in distilled water briefly and then gently stretched across the mouth of a 150 ml Erhlenmeyer flask and allowed to air dry. Upon drying, a thin membrane film was produced which exhibited interference colors, suggesting that it was less than 1,000 Angstroms thick. A droplet of water was placed on the surface of a Formvar-coated electron microscope grid and part of the dried pellicle transferred to the grid for examination. FIG. 1 shows an electron micrograph of the cellulosic film. Note the evenly dispersed ribbons. The individual bundles of microfibrils, and the twisting nature of the ribbon normally present with microbial cellulose were absent. This membrane appeared to be only several ribbon-equivalent layers thick, which was confirmed by the presence of the interference colors of the dried film mentioned above.
The wet cellulosic pellicle was transferred directly to the grid and examined by electron microscopy. The electron micrograph of FIG. 2 revealed a very thin random distribution of cellulose ribbons, similar in general morphology to that produced without CMC, but with the following exceptions: 1) the individual ribbons had a very loose organization of bundles of fibrils; 2) each individual bundle of microfibrils was loosely associated to form the ribbons; 3) long aggregates of ribbons. Thus, the cellulose made in the presence of CMC was not fully integrated into a ribbon. This appearance was similar to what was published earlier but using 0.1% CMC (Haigler et al., (J. Cell. Biol. 94:64-69 (1982)).
Haigler and Brown published the CMC cultivation procedure using 0.1 wt/vol % to 1.0 wt/vol % CMC. There are major differences in pellicle morphology when using the present high concentrations of CMC. Thus, the present invention advances and is distinguished from the observations in this earlier published paper (Haigler and Brown, J. Cell Biol. 94: 64-69, 1982). Nowhere in this earlier work were absorbancy and macroscopic physical properties of the cellulose addressed or predicted. It is significant that with the CMC particularly as used in the present invention, an integral cellulosic membrane was produced with 1% CMC, but 2% and 4% CMC yielded a non-integral cellulose structure. FIG. 3 shows the ultrastructure of cellulose produced under conditions analogous to those described in Haigler and Brown (1982), i.e., in the presence of 0.1% (wt/vol) CMC. Note that most of the cellulose shown in FIG. 3 is organized into bundles of twisting ribbons. Contrast FIG. 3 with FIGS. 1 and 2.
The dried cellulose membrane from 1% CMC-treated cellulose had only one or two, and at most seven or eight layers of ribbons. Since the ribbon has been shown to be approximately 50 Angstroms thick at its flat side, this would support the proof of the thin, dried film which exhibited interference colors. Also, the morphology of the dried cellulose fibrillar ribbons suggests that they were not intimately bound to each other and were probably coated with carboxymethylcellulose.
An optically clear gel was produced by treatment with 1% CMC in SH medium (without added exogenous glucose). This film may be washed with distilled water, air-dried, and rehydrated. Celluloses produced in the absence of CMC also may be dried and rehydrated, but generally not to the same extent as the CMC-grown celluloses.
The control sample was absorbent cotton which was wetted, rubbed briskly between the fingers, dried, rewetted, and the wet and dry weights measured. The experimental sample consisted of absorbent cotton to which CMC-microbial cellulose (i.e. cellulose synthesized in the presence of SH without glucose and containing 2% CMC as described above) was applied and worked into the cotton fibers. The material was dried, rewetted, and wet and dry weights measured. These weights are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Sample Weight______________________________________Control: dry weight 0.21 g wet weight 3.75 gExperimental: dry weight 0.25 g wet weight 3.95 g______________________________________
The cotton to which CMC-microbial cellulose had been applied had about the same total water absorbency as the control absorbent cotton. One major difference noted was that the CMC-cellulose/cotton mixture absorbed water much more rapidly than the absorbent cotton. A composition of matter for avidly absorbing water which comprises cotton and modified microbial cellulose may thus be prepared. A mixture of this type may have industrial applications, for example, when a more rapid absorption is desired.
Acetobacter cellulose synthesized in the presence of 2% CMC, as described in Example 1 was used for this example. Instead of air-drying however, the cellulose was dried by treatment with hydrophilic solvent.
Acetone has the capability of removing most of the water, but some tightly bound water may not be removed. When a cellulose pellicle was dried with acetone, the physical properties of the cellulose changed considerably. Instead of being slippery, the material took on an elastomeric or rubber-like consistency, e.g., it could be stretched, and would spontaneously return to its original state after stretching.
When the CMC-produced cellulose was dried in absolute ethanol, the dried material had no elasticity or elastomeric properties but was very tough and resilient or leather-like. When water is added to samples dried with either hydrophilic solvent, immediate absorption of the water occurred, and the material returned to its original gel-like state.
The presence, during microbial cellulose synthesis, of a cellulose derivative such as CMC altered the physical properties of cellulose so that novel forms of cellulose were produced. When water was extracted by air-drying or hydrophilic solvents. Novel physical forms of cellulose were manifested.
Acetobacter was grown in Roux bottles of Schramm-Hestrin Hestrin medium minus glucose which contained 2% carboxy-methylcellulose (as described in Example 1). The cultures were allow to grow to completion and pellicle samples were tested when more than one month old. A sample of the clear, highly hydrophilic pellicle was washed with tap water two or three times. Then, a small sample was twisted by hand to form a very tight thread. This procedure removed most of the water. The thread was then heated to dryness in an oven for 15 minutes at 90� C. and then weighed. The dried thread weighed 0.00078g. The dried thread was carefully rehydrated in a beaker of distilled water. Immediately after the thread touched the water, it underwent a violent uncoiling reaction as water was being absorbed. After the uncoiling was complete, the sample was found to weigh 0.09g. The same sample was then gently sonicated and then reweighed. The wet weight now increased to 0.13g. Thus, dividing the wet weight by the dry weight, the cellulose produced in this manner had the ability to absorb more than 177� its weight in water.
The same sample was twisted once again into a fine thread and dried in the manner described above. Its second dry weight was 0.00073 g. Thus, little measurable amount of the microbial cellulose product had been lost, nor had any other major component been lost during the rewetting procedure. This same sample was rewet for a second time, and the wet weight obtained was 0.11 g. This weight gain illustrated the ability of the CMC-cellulose to absorb more than 150X its weight in water following a second rewetting. These observations confirmed that any residual CMC present was tightly bound to the cellulosic structure and did not wash out during the sonication or washing processes.
These observations had interesting implications regarding the interactions of cellulose with bound micellar water, or unbound water. In addition, the tenacity of CMC to the cellulosic product was implicated.
A Roux bottle containing Schramm-Hestrin medium without exogenously added gucose, and 2% carboxymethylcellulose (as in Example 1) was inoculated with Acetobacter and allowed to grow to completion. The cellulosic material tested was produced at 28� C. and was approximately four months old.
The pellicle was transferred to 2% sodium chloride in distilled water and allowed to soak for 3 hrs. The wet weight of the pellicle was 5.73g. This pellicle was squeezed manually by twisting, and then oven-dried. The dry weight of the entire pellicle was 0.007g. (Incidentally, this pellicle weight closely matched weights of pellicles from earlier experiments in which Schramm-Hestrin without exogenously added glucose was also used.)
This entire pellicle then was rewet with 2% sodium chloride, and the wet weight measured. The wet weight was 0.10g. Using 2% sodium chloride in the water, the CMC-produced cellulose absorbed only 14.2X its weight in water. This was quite low in comparison with distilled water, but was expected in the presence of salt solutions.
When the sodium chloride-treated wet pellicle was transferred to a large beaker of distilled water and shaken, the pellicle immediately started swelling. The wet weight of the pellicle now rose to 1.44 g. Thus, in distilled water, this cellulose absorbed more than 205� its weight in water.
The same wet pellicle was then sonicated in distilled water, and the wet weight remeasured. The wet weight of this pellicle increased to 3.48 g, representing the capacity of microbial cellulose to absorb more than 497� its weight of water.
This same pellicle was then oven-dried after a manual squeeze/twist for a second time and weighed. The dry weight was 0.00314 g. About half of the weight had been lost through these manipulations. The pellicle was then rewet again, this time with 2% sodium chloride in distilled water. The wet weight was 0.01 g, representing an ability to absorb only 3.3� the equivalent weight.
This pellicle was transferred once again to distilled water and shaken. The wet weight rose to 0.93 g, representing the ability of the cellulose to absorb 310� its weight in water.
The pellicle was finally sonicated in distilled water, and the weight wet rose dramatically to 1.9 g, representing an ability to absorb more than 633X its weight in water.
The ability of CMC-grown cellulose to absorb distilled water was very great. In this experiment, the dry cellulose weight absorbed up to 633X its weight in water. Although 2% sodium chloride seriously inhibited water absorption, this was reversible when the sodium chloride was removed. Repeated air-drying of the CMC-cellulose did not diminish the absorption capacity, in contrast to cellulose produced only in the presence of Schramm-Hestrin medium alone. Sonication allowed more complete access of water to the cellulose matrices.
Acetobacter was grown in Roux bottles (standing cultures) each containing 200 ml of SH medium without exogenously added glucose. The cultures were grown for four days at 28� C. Four different concentrations of CMC were used, in addition to the control which contained no CMC. The pellicles were exhaustively washed with distilled water to remove soluble CMC or other substances and then the wet weight was taken. The pellicles were dried and reweighed. The water absorptivity capacity was measured by dividing the wet weight by the dry weight. The carboxymethylcellulose used in this experiment was from Hercules, and had a degree of substitution of 1.6, and a viscosity of 250,000 cps. Table 2 shows the results of this experiment.
TABLE 2______________________________________CMC Added Wet Weight Dry Wet Wet/Dry______________________________________0% CMC 17.45 g 0.025 g 698 X0.5% CMC 23.17 g 0.027 g 858 X1.0% CMC 40.39 g 0.033 g 1223 X2.0% CMC 55.13 g 0.055 g 1002 X4.0% CMC 80.0 g 0.753 g 106 X______________________________________
The dried cellulosic films produced from stretched 1% CMC-grown material showed interference colors (indicating that the dried pellicle films had a thickness of 1000 Angstroms or less). All dry pellicles were very fragile, except for the one produced in the presence of 4% CMC which was extremely strong and quite optically clear.
The birefringence of the dried celluloses was measured using polarization optics on a stereo microscope, and the degree of birefringence estimated. Table 3 gives qualitative results from the birefringence studies.
TABLE 3______________________________________Birefringence of CMC-cellulose______________________________________0% CMC ++++ birefringence0.5% CMC +++ birefringence1% CMC ++ birefringence2% CMC ++++ birefringence4% CMC ++ birefringence______________________________________
The results of birefringence studies were somewhat variable, but basically all of the dried celluloses exhibited a considerable degree of birefringence, thus implying that the cellulose was quite highly ordered. Depending upon the concentration of CMC used, the absorptivity varied, with a maximum of absorptivity being reached when 1% CMC was used. In this case, the cellulose absorbed over 1223X its weight of water. This process was also reversible. A second tentative conclusion from these observations related to the molecular order of dried cellulose made in the presence of CMC. This cellulose was highly birefringent and exhibited considerable molecular order.
There was a generally inverse relationship between glucose concentration in the medium and initial absorptivity. Pellicles formed on SH with 0% glucose exogenously added and no CMC had an approximately 700� absorptive ratio (absorptive ratio =wet weight/dry weight) compared to 40� for pellicles derived from SH with 2% glucose (no CMC). The negative effect of the glucose concentration on initial absorptivity of cellulose was statistically significant between 0% and 0.1% glucose concentrations, the difference in absorptivity being a factor greated than 7 fold. In contrast, the difference in cellulose absorptivity between 0.1% and 2% glucose concentration was less than 2.5 fold.
At a glucose concentration greater than 0.1%, CMC concentration had little effect on initial absorptivity. At a glucose concentration less than 0.1% (i.e., 0% glucose exogenously added), increasing the CMC concentration increased the absorptivity up to a CMC concentration of 1%, and then decreased thereafter.
Repeated wetting and drying of pellicles not grown in the presence of CMC showed a sharp and significant drop in absorptivity. The observation was consistent for pellicles grown at all glucose concentrations, but appeared to be more pronounced at the lower glucose concentrations.
Repeated wetting and drying and weighing of pellicles grown in the presence of CMC and at low glucose concentrations (i.e., 0-0.1% glucose concentration) showed an increasing absorptivity through two wet/dry cycles. The initial absorptive ratio of 0.1% glucose/0.5-1% CMC produced pellicles was approximately 58�. The absorptive ratio rose to approximately 180� after two wet/dry cycles.
For pellicles grown in a medium containing more than 0.1% glucose, absorptivity was observed to rise slightly upon the first rewetting and fall to levels at or below the initial absorptivity on the third rewetting. A rise in absorptivity upon rewetting was found with pellicles grown in 0.5-0.75% glucose concentration, as was a fall in absorptivity upon rewetting. For pellicles formed in glucose concentrations equal to or greater than 1%, absorptivity rose upon rewetting only when the CMC concentrations was equal to or greater than 1%. At less than 1% CMC concentration, absorptivity either did not change or declined very slightly in wetting/drying cycles. Upon the second rewetting, absorptivity declined in nearly all samples in an inverse relation to the CMC concentration in which they were produced. Pellicles from in high glucose and high CMC concentrations seemed to maintain their absorptivity upon repeated wetting/drying, whereas with pellicles grown in intermediate levels of glucose, the absorptivity first rose and then fell below the initial absorptivity value.
An interrelationship between the glucose medium, CMC concentration, and the initial and subsequent absorptive capacity of A. xylinum pellicles was apparent. Initial absorptivity was highest at the lowest glucose concentration, but repeated absorptive capacity was best maintained at high glucose concentrations Increasing CMC concentration tended to sometimes retard initial absorptivity, but resulted in a maintained or enhanced absorbence after repeated wetting and drying.
Initial wet weight yields were not always related to the glucose concentration, as most glucose controls (without CMC) weighed about the same (about 50 g); however, initial wet weight appears to be inversely related to CMC concentration. At CMC concentrations equal to or greater than 2%, initial wet weights may be less than 2/3 that of glucose controls. This effect was slightly more pronounced at higher glucose concentrations.
Wet weights after repeated wetting cycles did not appear to be related to the glucose concentration; however, they were affected by the CMC concentration. Increasing CMC concentrations reduced the loss in wet weight observed after repeated rewetting. Typically, the samples with the highest CMC concentrations had the lowest initial wet weight, but had the highest wet weight after two rewettings. Nevertheless, even at the highest CMC concentration there was significant wet weight loss after two rewettings. The data suggested that the CMC was leaching out of the pellicle upon repeated rewetting, and pellicles which contained the most CMC most effectively retained their wet weight.
Initial dry weight yields were directly related to the glucose concentration in the nutrient medium. These weight yields ranged from as low as 0.025 g in 0% exogenously added glucose medium-derived pellicles, to as high as 1.21 g for those from 2% glucose medium, a 48 fold difference in yield. However, the carbon utilization efficiency with respect to glucose was inversely related to the medium glucose concentration. Carbon utilization efficiencies with respect to glucose ranged from theoretically almost 100% for 0% exogenously added glucose derived pellicles to 30% for 2% glucose derived pellicles. This effect was evident in the tapering off of the increase in initial dry weight yields as the glucose concentration increased. There appeared to be no discernable relationship between CMC concentration in the medium and initial dry weight yield. At low glucose concentrations (equal to or less than 0.5%), and at high glucose concentrations (2%), increasing CMC concentration increased initial dry weight yields, but at intermediate glucose concentrations (0.75-1%), initial dry weight yields decreased with increasing CMC concentration.
Pellicle dry weight yields decreased by 30-60% after vigorous washing in warm water, but dry weight yields did not decrease significantly after subsequent rewetting. The effect of warm water washing and subsequent rewetting on pellicle dry weight yields appeared to be independent of the glucose concentration or CMC concentration; however, treatment of the pellicles with 4% sodium hydroxide reduced the dry weight yield of pellicles containing CMC by 11%, while reducing dry weight yield in CMC-free pellicles by only 4%.
Initial and subsequent wet weights were not invariably related to the glucose concentration. CMC concentration, however, had a significant effect on pellicle wet weight. CMC reduced initial wet weight values, but improved wet weight retention after repeated drying and wetting. Optimizing CMC concentration and incorporation may improve pellicle "rewettability". Initial pellicle dry weight yields were often directly related to the glucose concentration, but not to the CMC concentration. Carbon utilization efficiency with respect to glucose concentration was extremely high at lower glucose concentration, but decreased significantly with increasing glucose concentrations. This latter effect suggested that cellulose synthesis may be repressed by high glucose concentrations. Pellicle dry weight yields were significantly reduced by warm water washing, but appeared to be relatively unaffected by rewetting. These observations were independent of initial glucose concentrations or CMC concentrations. Treatment of pellicles with 4% sodium hydroxide reduced the dry weight yields of pellicles grown in the medium containing CMC slightly more than it did in the dry weight yields of pellicles grown in CMC-free medium.
Higher initial absorptivity observed in pellicles derived from low glucose concentration medium may be attributed to their lower initial dry weight rather than to a difference in relative wet weight yield values.
Utilizing the conditions and methods generally described in Examples 1-8, the effects of other nutrient media and cellulose derivatives upon microbial cellulose production and absorbency were studied.
Nutrient media studied included: normal Schramm-Hestrin medium having 2% glucose (SH or SH (normal)); Schramm-Hestrin medium without exogenously added glucose (SH-gluc or 0% gluc); Schramm-Hestrin medium with various glucose concentrations instead of the normal 2% (SH 0.1% gluc, 0.5% gluc, 0.75% gluc or 1.0% gluc); Schramm-Hestrin medium at double strength (2 SH); Schramm-Hestrin medium at half strength (1/2 SH ; Schramm-Hestrin medium with additional peptone protein (SH +2% protein); Schramm-Hestrin medium with 1% glucose and additional peptone protein (SH +1% gluc +2% protein); and corn steep liquor.
Additional cellulose derivatives studied included: methyl cellulose (MC); hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC); hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC); and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).
Table 4 shows effects of nutrient medium on Acetobacter pellicle weights before and after washing and repeated dryings and rewettings.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________EFFECT OF MEDIUM ON ACETOBACTER PELLICLE WEIGHTS AND ABSORBENCY Wet Wt. Rewet Wt. #1 #1 Original Wet Wt. Dry Wt. Wet Wt. Dry Wt. Wet Wt. Dry Wt. Dry Wt. Redry Rewet wt. #2Nutrient Medium Wet Wt. #1a #1a #2a #2a #3 Final #1 #1 Final Dry__________________________________________________________________________ Wt.Corn Steep Liquor 37.9 39.14b 0.44 1.85 0.39 2.0 0.39 61b 5 52 SH 55.34b 0.71 3.13 0.63 2.77 0.62 .sup. 86b 5 4.51/2 SH 33.76c 30.62d 0.42e 3.68 0.31 2.01 0.31 51 12 6.5SH + 2% Protein 41.15 46.19 1.13 11.39 0.63 3.53 0.60 41 18 6SH + 1% Gluc + 26.13 17.16 0.40 2.42 0.26 1.02 0.25 43 9 42% Protein__________________________________________________________________________ a = Mean sample weight in grams b = Derived from 2 samples c = Derived from 6 samples d = Derived from 5 samples e = Derived from 8 samples
The yields and absorbency characteristics were measured for microbial cellulose from Acetobacter-produced cellulosic pellicles formed in normal Schramm-Hestrin medium (SH), Schramm-Hestrin medium devoid of exogenously added glucose (SH-gluc), SH-gluc with 2% CMC and SH-gluc with 4% CMC. Table 5 shows weight and absorbency data obtained.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________EFFECT OF NUTRIENT AND CMC Originala Absorp- Absorp- Absorp-Nutrient Medium Wet Washeda Dry tive Rewet Redry tive Rewet Redry tiveand Additions Wt. #1 Wet Wt. #2 Wt. #1a Ratio #1 Wt. #1 Wt. #1 Ratio #2 Wt. #2a Wt. Ratio__________________________________________________________________________ #3SH-Gluc 20.28 19.07 0.14 136.2 4.82 0.04 120.5 3.37 0.02 169.0 24.76 20.62 0.14 147.3 6.00 0.03 200.0 2.36 0.012 191.9 22.42 17.20 0.13 132.3 10.08 0.05 201.6 6.74 0.02 337.0 23.06 21.13 0.16 132.1 9.62 0.07 137.4 4.76 0.02 238.8Average 22.63 19.51 0.14 139.3b 7.63 0.05 160.6b 4.31 0.018 238.5bSH (normal) 71.75 86.26 2.35 36.7 18.52 1.29 14.4 5.43 1.22 4.5 71.60 85.48 2.42 35.3 19.73 1.35 14.6 5.59 1.24 4.5 70.29 87.91 2.36 37.3 19.56 1.30 15.1 5.16 1.25 4.1 72.19 85.10 2.32 36.7 17.91 1.28 14.0 4.78 1.26 3.8Average 71.46 86.19 2.36 36.5b 18.93 1.31 14.5b 5.24 1.24 4.2b2% CMC + SH-Gluc 81.10 32.80 0.87 37.7 28.57 0.48 59.5 26.85 0.22 122.0 92.01 47.30 0.85 55.7 41.79 0.64 65.3 25.55 0.22 116.0 70.61 30.83 0.44 70.1 18.50 0.16 115.6 17.17 0.04 429.0Average 81.24 36.98 0.72 51.4b 29.62 0.43 69.4b 23.19 0.16 145.0b4% CMC + SH-Gluc 109.83 103.83 4.38 23.7 84.31 3.43 24.6 41.77 2.30 18.2 120.56 114.90 5.07 22.7 69.36 3.90 17.8 37.24 2.75 13.5 118.70 111.47 5.28 21.1 64.67 3.89 16.6 40.44 2.73 14.8Average 116.36 110.07 4.91 22.4b 72.78 3.79 19.5b 39.82 2.59 15.35b__________________________________________________________________________ a = All weights in grams b = The mean absorptive ratio is calculated by dividing the average wet weight by the corresponding average dry weight.
As seen in Table 5, the CMC appeared to enhance both the yield of cellulose and the amount of cellulose remaining after repeated washings.
In a further test, the effects upon microbial cellulose of Acetobacter growth in several CMC concentrations in Schramm-Hestrin medium with various amounts of glucose were determined. Table 6 shows the data resulting from such manipulations.
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE AND CMC CONCENTRATIONS ONACETOBACTER PELLICLE WEIGHTS AND ABSORPTIVE RATIOS Avg.b Avgb Avg.b Wet Wet Wet Avg.a Avg.a Avg.a Wt. #1 Avg. Avg.1 Wt. #2 Avg.a Avg.a Wt. #3Nutrient Medium Original Wet Dry Dry Wet Dry Dry Wet Final Finaland Additions Wet Wt. #1 Wt. #2 Wt. #1 Wt. #1 Wt. #2 Wt. #2 Wt. #2 Wt. #3 Dry Dry__________________________________________________________________________ Wt.SH-Gluc 17.25 0.025 690SH-Gluc + 0.5% CMC 23.17 0.027 858SH-Gluc + 1.0% CMC 40.39 0.033 1,234SH-Gluc + 2.0% CMC 55.13 0.055 1,002SH-Gluc + 4.0% CMC 80.0 0.753 106SH-Gluc 10.02 0.0533 188 0.77c 0.012c 64d 0.06112c 0.01198c 510dSH-Gluc + 0.5% CMC 11.40 0.0885 129 5.90c 0.016c 369d 1.39c 0.0136c 102dSH-Gluc + 4.0% CMC 20.57 0.753 27 10.21c 0.349c 29d 12.27c 0.139c 88dSH + 0.1% Gluc 15.04 0.17 88 1.90 0.054 35 0.23c 0.0336c 68dSH + 0.1% Gluc + 27.15 0.47 58 15.15 0.215 70 9.94c 0.0560c 178d0.5% CMCSH + 0.1% Gluc + 26.52 0.49 54 21.18 0.311 68 12.34c 0.0648c 190d1.0% CMCSH + 0.1% Gluc + 29.28 0.71 41 23.51 0.420 56 13.20c 0.410c 32d2.0% CMCSH + 0.5% Gluc 49.0 40.44 0.76 54 14.0 0.39 35 2.77 0.30-0.41 7-9SH + 0.5% Gluc + 67.29 40.99 0.88 47 25.27 0.44 58 8.07 " 20-270.5% CMCSH + 0.5% Gluc + 45.63 34.24 0.87 39 27.44 0.42 66 10.90 " 27-361.0% CMCSH + 0.5% Gluc + 53.01 35.65 1.12 32 30.93 0.44 70 16.23 " 40-542.0% CMCSH + 0.75% Gluc 50.74 54.75 1.16 47 10.55 0.61 17 2.90 0.60 5SH + 0.75% Gluc + 45.79 47.62 1.19 40 25.50 0.65 39 9.67 0.60 160.5% CMCSH + 0.75% Gluc + 46.99 40.21 1.13 36 26.55 0.68 39 11.57 0.61 191.0% CMCSH + 0.75% Gluc + 32.78 26.11 1.01 26 23.64 0.56 42 13.07 0.51 262.0% CMCSH + 0.75% Gluc + 33.28 27.20 0.98 28 21.81 0.54 40 14.67 0.49 304.0% CMCSH + 1% Gluc + 53.74 54.67 1.55 35 27.41 0.91 30 11.72 0.80 150.5% CMCSH + 1% Gluc + 47.04 44.38 1.50 30 29.43 0.89 33 13.21 0.74 181.0% CMCSH + 1% Gluc + 38.40 30.70 1.21 25 25.01 0.74 34 13.18 0.68 192.0% CMCSH + 1% Gluc + 29.25 27.41 1.24 22 23.38 0.75 31 17.85 0.67 274.0% CMCSH 47.61 48.65 1.21 40 12.09 0.63 19 5.34 0.59 9SH + 0.5 CMC 51.28 49.75 1.52 33 31.21 0.87 36 14.69 0.77 19SH + 1.0 CMC 36.82 39.75 1.47 27 32.28 0.83 39 14.87 0.71 212% CMC 35.80 1.36 26 30.25 0.95 32 12.16 0.92 13__________________________________________________________________________ a = All weights in grams b = Mean absorptive ratio is calculated from the average wet weight divided by the corresponding dry weight c = Weight based on partial pellicle recovery d = Calculation based on average weight of pellicle recovered
The data in Table 6 indicated that the CMC tended to increase both the weight of cellulose produced, even after extensive washing, and to increase the absorbency of the product microbial cellulose.
The effects of other cellulose derivatives upon microbial cellulose production and characteristics thereof were studied. The additional cellulose derivatives studied were: methyl cellulose (MC); hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC); hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC); and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Table 7 shows the effects of these derivatives upon Acetobacter cellulose produced in Schramm-Hestrin medium (SH) without exogenously added glucose.
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________WEIGHTS AND ABSORPTIVE RATIOS OF ACETOBACTER CELLULOSEPRODUCED IN THE PRESENCE OF CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES Originala Washeda Dry Absorptive Rewet Redry Absorptive Rewet Redry AbsorptiveSample Wet Wt. #1 Wet Wt. #2 Wt. #1a Ratio #1 Wt. #1a Wt. #1a Ratio #2 Wt. #2a Wt. Ratio__________________________________________________________________________ #32% MC 84.57 30.19 0.44 68.6 15.26 0.13 117.4 14.37 0.04 359 99.68 29.71 0.56 53.05 21.86 0.26 84.1 16.97 0.09 189 58.49 19.26 0.32 60.19 17.10 0.12 142.5 12.11 0.03 404Average 80.91 26.39 0.44 60.0b 18.07 0.17 106.3b 14.48 0.05 272b2% HEC 67.27 18.61 0.22 84.6 17.60 0.12 146.7 17.78 0.05 356 58.30 20.73 0.31 66.9 17.50 0.15 116.7 18.98 0.09 211 84.67 28.82 0.39 73.9 16.54 0.25 66.2 23.85 0.16 149Average 70.08 22.72 0.31 74.10b 17.21 0.17 99.3b 20.2 0.10 202b2% HPC 68.68 42.48 0.75 56.6 26.19 0.42 62.4 18.72 0.18 104 54.54 31.03 0.72 43.1 26.38 0.46 57.4 19.57 0.26 75.3 64.48 33.12 0.88 37.6 27.76 0.60 46.3 19.43 0.25 77.7Average 62.57 35.54 0.78 45.4b 26.78 0.49 54.3b 19.24 0.23 83.7b2% 91.88 39.92 0.86 46.0 31.93 0.42 76.0 20.44 0.19 107.6HPMC 77.56 11.07 0.20 55.4 9.50 0.03 316.7 4.49 0.0045 993.4 111.26 44.89 1.04 43.2 32.17 0.59 54.53 22.12 0.28 79.0Average 93.6 31.83 0.70 45.5b 24.53 0.35 70.1b 15.68 0.16 99.0b__________________________________________________________________________ a = All weights in grams b = Average absorptive ratio was calculated by dividing the average wet weight by the corresponding averaged dry weight
As may be seen in the data of Table 7, the cellulose derivatives tended to increase the weight of cellulose produced and to increase the absorbency of product cellulose, particularly after repeated rewettings and dryings.
Changes may be made in the cellulose-producing microorganisms, mutrient media, steps and procedures described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1992
|Certificate of correction
|Jan 4, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 19, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 16, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 16, 1998
|Surcharge for late payment
|Aug 13, 2001
Owner name: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM,
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Alternative Title: Gullesfjorden
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hydrology of And Fjord
...islands of And (west) and Senja (east). The fjord, which is divided between Nordland and Troms fylker (counties), penetrates into the offshore island of Hinn in the south, where it is called Gulles Fjord. Its total length is about 55 miles (90 km) from its broad opening into the Norwegian Sea near the Andenes lighthouse and the airport on And Island to its head in the interior of Hinn...


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Lula Lisbon is published in editors Rachel Kramer Bussel's "The Big Book of Orgasms" and D.L. King's "She Who Must Be Obeyed: Femme Dominant Lesbian Erotica." She was featured on the "Sex With Timaree" and "Wholesome Addiction" podcasts for her work. She also writes CD reviews, band interviews, and show reviews for "The Offering Heavy Metal Webzine."
In addition to a lifelong love for writing, Lula has an AA degree in Fine Art as well as a BFA in Fashion Design—both earned magna cum laude. Trained formally in classical and rock voice, Lula has sung in several prestigious choirs, and has also written, recorded, and performed original music for over ten years.
When not hunched over her laptop, Lula spends her time cooking from scratch with locally-sourced ingredients, drinking craft beers, bicycling, and perfecting her pole dance moves.
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on March 05, 2012 :
Well written story, very descriptive and smart. The characters are hot together - I love the contrast of their skin tones and height. I was rooting for Drew to lose his virginity to Gabriel! Can't wait to see what happens in the sequel!
(reviewed the day of purchase)


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SA35 - Air Belt Sander 10 x 330mm
Supplier: Jack Sealey Ltd | Brand: SEALEY | Product: SA35
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Details of SA35
o Aluminium housing with articulated sanding arm.
o Features belt tracking control, heavy-duty nose roller and one-handed trigger operation.
o Suitable for sanding otherwise inaccessible areas such as around door-shuts.
o Supplied with three belts.
o Replacement belts readily available.
Barcode: 5024209157353
Warranty: 1 Year
0.9 Kg
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PIC: Gwyneth Paltrow and Kristin Chenoweth are back on the set of 'Glee'!
Gwyneth Paltrow and Kristin Chenoweth are reprising their roles on 'Glee.'
The actress are bringing back their characters Holly Holliday and April Rhodes in the season's 100th episode, which will be extended into a two-part event airing March 18th and 25th.
Creator Ryan Murphy shared a picture of his two favorite blondes with the caption "They're back."
The episode will center on principal Sue Sylvester, played by Jane Lynch, who finally succeeds in ending the Glee club in Lima after years of disdain for the New Directions and Will Schuester, played by Matthew Morrison.
Many of the original cast members are expected to return to say their goodbyes to Will and each other.
Chace Crawford will also be making a guest appearance, with a source revealing to Us Weekly that he 'will play Dianna Agron's boyfriend, whom she brings back to Lima to meet her friends.'
The insider went on to say that 'his character will not be singing – as of now' and added: 'Chace is excited to work with [series co-creator] Ryan Murphy and his longtime friend Matthew Morrison. He knows most of the other cast as well.'
I don't watch 'Glee' anymore, I gave up ages ago…. but I do like the two of them on the show.
Filed under Gwyneth Paltrow, Kristen Chenoweth | No Comments


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Richard Cook's Profile
In 1984, I left my nursing career to enter seminary. At seminary I needed a clergy wardrobe for student work. Being naturally frugal and gifted in sewing, I developed my own patterns for an alb, cassock, surplice and stoles. When my seminary mates saw my superior tailoring they asked for custom sewn robes.
Voila! Man of the Cloth was born as a custom clergy tailoring service.
Following ordination in 1987 I put Man of the Cloth tailoring to rest while serving seven years in parish ministry followed by twelve years in Africa in Bible translation. After a brief stint back in nursing, I have again been recalled to tailoring by circumstances that could only be crafted by the Lord. I am offering albs, cassocks, surplices, stoles and other custom ecclesiastical textile art.
- Male
- Born on November 11
- Joined June 16, 2011
Favorite materials
linen, cotton, silk, wool, damask, brocade, kenta cloth print, batik
- Richard Cook
- Rolla, MO, United States


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For all of those disney lovers out there, we have a real treat for you! Faith Hill's cover of The Little Mermaid's "Part of Your World" is simply amazing!
"Part of Your World" appeared in Disney's 1989 movie, The Little Mermaid, in the scene where the little mermaid expresses her wants and desires (mostly she just wanted legs). The movie is a classic Walt Disney film, and who doesn't love The Little Mermaid!?
In 1996, Walt Disney Records decided to do something a little different, and release an album featuring country music artists singing classic Disney songs. We loved this idea! The album titled, The Best of Country Sing the Best of Disney, peaked at #17 on the Billboard Top Country albums. The twelve-track album featured many talented artists, but one that stood out to us was Faith singing "Part of Your World". She did an amazing job putting a country spin on a classic children's song, and we just love it!
Check out the video to hear Faith Hill's rendition of "Part of Your World", and you'll be blown away!
Look at this stuff
Isn't it neat?
Wouldn't you think my collection's complete?
Wouldn't you think I'm the girl
The girl who has ev'rything?
Look at this trove
Treasures untold
How many wonders can one cavern hold?
Lookin' around here you'd think
She's got everything
I've got gadgets and gizmos aplenty
I've got whozits and whatzits galore
You want thingamabobs?
I got twenty
But who cares?
No big deal
I want more
I wanna be where the people are
I wanna see
Wanna see 'em dancin'
Walkin' around on those
Whad'ya call 'em?
Oh - feet
Flippin' your fins you don't get too far
Legs are required for jumpin', dancin'
Strollin' along down a
What's that word again?
Up where they walk
Up where they run
Up where they stay all day in the sun
Wanderin' free
Wish I could be
Part of that world
What would I give
If I could live
Outta these waters?
What would I pay
To spend a day
Warm on the sand?
Betcha on land
They understand
Bet they don't reprimand their daughters
Bright young women
Sick o' swimmin'
Ready to stand
And I'm ready to know what the people know
Ask 'em my questions
And get some answers
What's a fire and why does it
What's the word? Burn?
When's it my turn?
Wouldn't I love
Love to explore that shore up above?
Out of the sea
Wish I could be
Part of that world
Interested in becoming a partner?
Contact us for more info.


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Enterprise IT vendor Cisco has acquired Bengaluru-based IT security company Pawaa.
Pawaa, a provider of security solutions and cloud-based file-sharing software, was a part of Cisco's Entrepreneur-in-Residence program in 2014, an initiative that supports early-stage entrepreneurs working on the next big ideas in technologies, such as big data analytics, smart cities, cloud computing and enterprise security.
Cisco will integrate Pawaa with its Software Platform Group. Prakash Baskaran, founder of Pawaa, has been appointed as chief technology officer for Cisco's security solutions division, Hindu BusinessLine reports.
Cisco Ventures has already invested in many Indian companies, including Covacsis, MobStacs and MobiKwik.
Earlier, Cisco announced plans to invest $1.7 billion a year in India.
Cisco is developing its first innovation centre in India to focus on e-governance, smart cities and education. The centre, Cisco's 10th globally, is likely to be located in Andhra Pradesh.


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Webinar: Preparing for NinjaTrader 8 (NT8) with Raymond Deux, CEO of NinjaTrader
|October 14th, 2016, 03:24 PM
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2009 ILLINOIS STATE FAIR WINE COMPETITION. June 8-10, 2009. University of Illinois Campus. All Illinois Commercial and Amateur Winemakers Invited to Compete! ... Illinois Web Design. by Weblinx, Inc.
Official Body
Please verify that you are 21 years of age or older by clicking on the "Enter" button below. ENTER. ...
... the College of Agriculture, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. ... University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Last updated November15, 2007.
Wine Grape Cultivars for Illinois. Cultivar. Berry color. Yield. (lbs. ... Illinois 179-1. White. 14100. Resistant to phylloxera; ladyfinger-shaped berries; promising cultivar. ...
... winery through the rolling southern Illinois countryside. 12 Wineries - 12 Unique Experiences! ... April is warming up and the southern Illinois landscape is blooming. ... and Union Counties in southern Illinois. ...
Wine Road
CHICAGO – Southern Illinois' Shawnee Hills region was recognized ... Being named the first Illinois AVA gives Shawnee Hills the ... About Illinois Grape Growers and Vintners Association. ...
ON JUNE 1, 2008 ILLINOIS transferred from a reciprocity state to a permit state. ... Illinois. Contact Information. Illinois Liquor Control Commission. Chicago100 West Randolph StreetSuite 7-801Chicago, IL ...
Official Body
Illinois Liquor Control Commission. 100 West Randolph Street, Suite 5-300. ...
Regulatory Body
Illinois wine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ... Grapes have been growing in Illinois for over 150 years. ... The oldest surviving family-owned vineyard in Illinois is also located in Nauvoo. ...
Home » Commodities & Products » Agritourism » Organizations Supporting Agritourism » State Supported Agritourism Organizations » Illinois. University/Extension. ...
Agriculture Dept


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- 01:30:00
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- 00:48:00
- 0 Comments
- 01:24:00
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Patchworked lace tights were a key styling element for Karl Lagerfeld's Pre-Autumn 2016 Chanel show when it was presented last December, but we couldn't have predicted just how seismic those hosiery waves would be across the fashion world.
Patterned tights haven't been particularly popular in a long time. Let's be honest: They are one of those accessories that can veer into trashy territory, but a new crop of all-black styles have more than a chance at looking chic and provide a great opportunity to pepper your look with newness while we're still in the depths of winter. Socks have a higher profile than ever, but just one look at the A-listers and trailblazers wearing fishnets or patterned black tights here, and your mind will be made up. Hey, if Alexa and Carine agree with each other, who are we to argue?
On Alexa Chung: Prada dress and shoes.
Tights to buy: Topshop Micro Fishnet Tights (£7)
Tights to buy: Wolford Sixty Six Tights (£24)
On Caroline Vreeland: Ralph Lauren dress and boots.
Tights to buy: Pretty Polly Chevron Cable Tights (£4)
On Lainy Hedaya: Proenza Schouler tights.
Tights to buy: ASOS Oversized Fishnet Tights (£6)
Tights to buy: Wolford Judith Fishnets (£47)
On Diane Kruger: Chanel coat, dress, tights and bag.
Tights to buy: Aristoc All Over Lace Tights (£12)
On Carine Roitfeld: Louis Vuitton coat.
Tights to buy: ASOS Fishnet Tights (£5)
Tights to buy: Carine Roitfeld for Uniqlo Tights (£10)
Tights to Buy: Wolford Sibylle Socks (£15)
Do you fancy giving these tights a go? Let us know in the comments box below…
- 12:20:00
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- 00:47:00
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Good news! Sheer black tights are back.
Fashion epiphanies are sometimes a matter of noticing the smallest, almost imperceptible things that can end up making you feel incredibly smug.
This winter, it's the tiny yet game-changing matter of the right tights. Forget opaques. Dismiss bare legs. Believe it or not, sheer black tights are back for the first time since the Eighties.
Now, if anyone had told me last year that I'd ever find the slightest desire to wear sheer black tights again, I would have scoffed at them. Never! Not me! I'd had sheer hosiery so firmly categorised as old-fashioned, frumpy and generally unnecessary to life that it was just inconceivable.
Last winter, I remember waiting in a smart Paris hotel lobby while a cocktail party was going on and feeling supercilious to observe that the gathered Frenchwomen — and I am speaking of businesswomen of a certain age — were all wearing sheer black tights and court shoes.
What an old, backdated, conservative French custom, I thought. Something we advanced British left behind around the time of Robert Palmer's Addicted To Love video — which would be 1986.
Now I'm eating my words. The subliminal comeback for black sheers started on the catwalks in March, most noticeably at Hedi Slimane's swansong collection for Yves Saint Laurent.
You've guessed it: the inspiration was all things Eighties —velvet pelmet minis, giant lame shoulders, puffball skirts.
Frankly, the models were so thin they were painful to look at and the whole thing was so shockingly extreme it was hard to imagine it having any real-world impact.
But there has been one: Slimane's girls wore black 15-denier tights and since then it's become a trend on the catwalks and among the fashion crowd.
Once you've adjusted your eye, the great thing about this look is that it's obviously the cheapest fashion revolution of the year: a new look available in every supermarket and department store in the land. Also, it's ageless.
While young, leggy girls are switching to sheers as a novelty, the rest of us have a perfect entitlement to them, too. Good legs are a lifelong blessing, if you happen to have them and they never look better dressed than in sheer black hosiery. Fifty, 60, 70 — go ahead, be enviable!
15 denier tights:The rules
As soon as there's the slightest snag, bin them — you just look unkempt otherwise.
Sheer is good, shine is not. We don't have to go back to the Eighties. Keep it matt — it looks much more sophisticated.
Resist patterns, whether seams up the back or polka dots. Keep it simple.
NEVER be tempted to go down a size. There's nothing less flattering, or uncomfortable, than tights that don't fit.
Even those of us with non-racehorse limbs can get into it. For me, the new black sheer option solved all my dilemmas about what to wear with my favourite black midi skirt and has given new life to a mid-calf cocktail dress I haven't worn for years.
Opaques looked too drab and depressing with them. Fishnets felt too risky. A semi-transparent coating of black tights does the trick beautifully. As for where to buy them, there are options on every corner.
If you're the type who can't wear sheer tights without seeming to encounter every nail or splinter in the vicinity, it's probably wise not to splash your cash on the upper end of the market.
But there's no denying that if you spend more, you get smoother, silkier tights that — in my experience — last longer than less expensive brands.
For some inexplicable reason, when it comes to high-end hosiery, the German-speaking countries have cornered the market with Wolford (Austrian), Falke (German) and Fogal (Swiss) among the best.
Try Wolford's super soft Luxe 9 (£17, wolfordshop.co.uk), Falke's Lunelle 8 denier, which come in six sizes (£16, falke.com), or Fogal's super soft Catwalk 10 denier (£25.50, fogalworld.com).
When it comes to the High Street, M&S offers every variation at competitive prices.
With so many options, you'll find one to suit — it's an easy, sophisticated solution for what to wear this winter. Great for parties, nice for everyday.
- 06:54:00
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This girl has been giving me all sorts of inspo for holiday dressing lately. Whether she's releasing must-have merch or just wearing the coolest outfits, she always knows just how to convince me to add some pieces to my wardrobe. Find out where to buy Kylie Jenner's fishnet tights so you can get all of the festive feels from your legwear this season. UPDATE: You can shop the exact pair Jenner wore for $100 on dbleudazzled.com.
Jenner's the queen of rocking fishnets with jeans, sneakers, fancy dresses, you name it. But, she just took her pantyhose-wearing to the next level when she wore ones that were covered in rhinestones. Once you see how truly amazing these are, you'll never want to step into regular old plain tights ever again.
Now, you might not be able to cop the exact same pair as Jenner, unless she makes them available in her online store or pop-up shop, that is. You really never know with her, so keep your eyes peeled for a pair of these when the merch becomes available to shop. In the meantime however, you can grab similar shimmering options from plenty of retailers. So, get ready to have the fanciest holiday season yet. Because it just doesn't get more glam than sparkling hosiery, you know what I mean?
This is peak holiday-party attire.
They're sooo sparkly. I'm obsessed.
1. Extreme Shimmer
Extreme Shimmer Tight, $7, Urban Outfitters
Update your basic black tights by adding specks of silver.
2. Zig Zag Sheer Tights
Zig Zag Sheer Tights, $10.80, Nasty Gal
Shimmer and stripes? Don't mind if I do.
3. Metallic Knit
Metallic Knit Tight, $9.90, Forever 21
Knit tights are bound to keep you warm this winter, so if you're worried about freezing, shop this option to have all of the glitter (and coverage) you desire!
4. Sparkle Fishnets
Sparkle Fishnet Tights, $18.90, Torrid
Fishnest and tons of shine? That's the best of both worlds.
5. Pizzazz Tights
Pin-Up With Pizazz Tights, $12.99, ModCloth
These tights are business in the front and party in the back. Just what you need for those holiday office parties, huh?
6. Backseam Fishnets
Backseam Fishnet Tights, $12.50, ASOS
A little rhinestone action? I'm into it.
7. Glitter Socks
Out From Under Sparkle Party Anklet Sock, $6, Urban Outfitters
If you're into a subtle glitter moment, go for socks infused with a little extra shimmer!
Have a merry Jenner-inspired holiday season!
- 05:32:00
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Nancy Weil has introduced laughter yoga, drum circles and the Heavenly Hearts Choir into her work as director of grief support services with the Catholic Cemeteries in the Buffalo Diocese.
Her boss, Carmen Colao, let Weil run with the ideas to help people work through mourning.
The latest pitch gave him pause. But Colao has watched in amazement this summer as visitors to Mount Olivet Cemetery in the Town of Tonawanda have pondered these words on two blackboards: "Before I die I want to _______."
Hopes, dreams and prayers have spilled on to the boards in colored chalk.
Bishop William Turner is buried outside Mount Olivet's Ascension Chapel and Columbarium.
While most deceased bishops of Buffalo have been laid to rest in the crypts behind the altar at St. Joseph Cathedral in downtown Buffalo, Mount Olivet Cemetery in Kenmore is the final resting place for two bishops, including a native son.
'This is the day
the Lord has made,
let us rejoice
and be glad in it.'
We have all heard these familiar words, but how can we rejoice when we are grieving? When our hearts are broken from missing the one we love, it can seem almost impossible to even consider that we will ever feel joy again. Each day only seems to hold tears and despair, not hope or laughter.
Last April, Pope Francis announced an extraordinary Holy Year of Mercy saying he wanted to make it evident that the Church's mission is to be a witness of compassion. Mercy is not only shown by God, it should also be shown by us.
The Holy Year will provide a time for the faithful to reflect on the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. Our Catholic Cemeteries are an integral part of the corporal work of mercy of burying the dead.
Why is pre-planning burial arrangements important?
You have probably spent much time planning some of life's most important moments. Hours have been spent planning your wedding, the birth of a child, family vacation, college education, and retirement. Planning gives you peace of mind and the ability to make decisions without stress so you can carefully consider all options and select the best.
Pre-planning your final burial arrangements is just as important. By making these decisions today rather than at the time of death, you ease the burden on your loved ones during an emotional and stressful time. It is truly an act of love and consideration for your family when you pre-plan your final burial arrangements. There are also practical reasons to pre-plan. By planning today, your family will not only avoid over-spending during an emotional time, but also price increases caused by inflation and other real-world factors.
Going to garage sales was nothing new to Jane Mozer, but what she found at one recently was certainly unusual. There among the toasters and knick-knacks was a porcelain container, one that she immediately knew likely held cremated remains.
"There was no name on it, no identification, nothing that indicated what it was. I asked the gentleman if he knew what it was. He didn't," she recalled. "He thought it was a bank or something that you put valuables in, but he was unable to get the bottom off to see what was inside."
A family service counselor for Catholic Cemeteries for the past seven years, Mozer was determined not to leave without that urn.
Visit Mount Olivet Cemetery in Kenmore and you will notice something different about it. There, among the monuments and granite sculptures, is a piece of art not found in any other cemetery in the world.
A large chalkboard invites you to write down your answer to this statement: Before I Die I want to ________. Placed in two locations within the cemetery, these boards are a way to celebrate all that life can offer. They also give us pause to consider what we most want to do with the time we have left.
Msgr. Fran Weldgen, celebrant of the Memorial Day Mass at Mount Olivet Cemetery, said, "We have celebrated Memorial Day for almost 150 years, praying for those who have died in service to and defense of our country. Unfortunately, it is an ever growing list. We respect them, we love them, we honor them and we pray for peace." Memorial Day Masses were also celebrated at: Holy Cross Cemetery (Lackawanna); Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Lewiston); Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Cheektowaga); St. Francis of Assisi Chapel Mausoleum, Queen of Heaven Cemetery (Lockport), and St. Adalbert Cemetery (Lancaster).
The men and women of our nation who have served in the U.S. military will be remembered during special Masses at six Catholic Cemeteries of Buffalo during Memorial Day weekend.
Visitors to Catholic Cemeteries of Buffalo are encouraged to share their thoughts and remembrances of their mothers by signing banners which are mounted near entrances to six cemeteries, with the words, "Happy Mother's Day."
"Mother's Day is the busiest day of the year at all of our cemeteries," said Carmen Colao, diocesan director of Catholic Cemeteries. "We're always impressed with the thoughtful tributes that our families share about their mothers who have been laid to rest in our cemeteries."
The new Queen of Angels Cremation Garden saw its first interment Dec.15, at Queen of Heaven Cemetery on Tonawanda Creek Road in the Town of Lockport. A statue of the Blessed Mother flanked by two trumpeting angels is the focal point of the new garden. It is located in the narrow central mall area near the entrance to the cemetery. The two double sided niche walls with 192 spaces for the placement of cremated remains complement this feature area. The cremation garden also features monument and flush memorial cremation plots as well as memorial cremation benches. This addition further expands the burial options at the cemetery that serves Catholic families living in Southern Niagara and Northern Erie Counties.
Lynn Dziak is the receptionist at Holy Cross Cemetery in Lackawanna, the largest of the six Catholic Cemeteries of Buffalo. She has a strong interest in genealogy and when time permits, and for the past 15 years, she has assisted people who want to learn more about their family history. She talked to the Western New York Catholic about genealogy questions she answers on a routine basis.
How did you get interested in genealogy?
I grew up knowing that my maternal grandmother was born in England but was of Irish descent. I wanted to find out more about her. What started out as a search for her past evolved into searching for all of my grandparents and their ancestors as well. When my older son left for college in 1997, I used it as a way to cope with missing him.
Why do you think people are so interested in genealogy?
It connects us to our past. It helps explain some of the family stories we grew up hearing and maybe shine a light on why some of the family made the decisions they made. It gives us knowledge about our ethnic background.
Ilio DiPaolo was known as a gentle giant. He may have been on his own when he competed as a world class professional wrestler, but at his landmark restaurant on South Park Avenue in Blasdell, it was teamwork that that put Ilio DiPaolo's Restaurant & Banquet Facility on the map.
Known for its excellent Italian cuisine and welcoming atmosphere, Ilio DiPaolo's showcases an amazing array of memorabilia from his wrestling career, as well as countless autographed photographs from some of Buffalo's best known professional athletes. It has also been a regular gathering spot for members of the Buffalo Bills and their families.
Twenty years following his untimely passing, the DiPaolo team is still together, with Ilio's his wife, Ethel, daughter Barbara, and sons, Dennis and Michael, carrying on the legacy of a man who was larger than life.


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Fujifilm X100S Review
Latest Camera Reviews
Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II Review
Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ2000 Review
Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX15 Review
Mac users, we're pleased to announce Macphun's all-in-one photo editor Luminar is now available for purchase with special launch pricing. (Existing Macphun customers get a further discount.)
We rated Luminar as "Highly Recommended", and you can now visit the Luminar web site to try it for free.
Entry Tags
compact, 1080p, lens, 16 megapixel, camera, full hd, 35mm, retro, f2, digital, 2.8 inch LCD, rangefinder, fixed, 23mm, x100s, fujifilm x100s, fujifilm x100s review, Fujifilm FinePix X100S Review, Fujifilm FinePix X100S, x100s review


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In my opinion, eggplants are one of the most under-used vegetables. This Roasted Eggplant Salad is perfect example of how easy they are to use and flavorful the eggplant is. By roasting it, the eggplant develops a beautiful, smoky flavor. Combine it with the crunchy, fresh bell peppers and onions, then finish it off with fresh lemon juice and olive oil, and you've got one amazing mouthful of deliciousness. And since the only ingredient that's counted in this recipe is the olive oil, each serving comes out to just 1 Smart Point per serving. I'll use this salad as a topping for my chicken, a dip for my pita, or I'll add a chopped hardboiled egg to it for protein packed side salad. It's so versatile and so flavorful, you'll find yourself making it over and over again.
Moroccan Apricot Chicken – 5 Points +
One great thing about having my in-laws visit, is that I always pickup a few delicious Middle Eastern style recipes that taste like I've spent hours cooking them, but are actually quite simple. This Moroccan Apricot Chicken Recipe is just that. The chicken is fall-off-the-bone tender and is unbelievably moist and juicy. It's rubbed in a combination of spices, seared, and then braised to perfection in the most delicious sauce. And it's all done in one pot (you know I love those one pot meals)! This chicken turns out perfect EVERY time I cook it, and it's become a staple for dinner parties or big family dinners. Serve over rice or couscous, along with some roasted veggies or salad for a complete meal. Enjoy!
Lemon Artichoke Chicken Recipe – 5 Points +
[Read more…]
Autumn Hummus – 3 Points +
As it's cooler now, the garden produce is pretty much done, although we've had a pretty warm fall. Thankfully, one of the things (or rather, two of the things) that are still keeping great since we brought them in are the pumpkins and squash. And with this hummus recipe, it's perfect. Pureed pumpkin and squash combined with chickpeas and delicious seasonings to create a fall hummus. This hummus is wonderful on pita chips, but it's also fabulous on carrots sticks as well. It's a great snack and it holds well in the fridge for several days. Since it has chickpeas in it (also called garbanzo beans), it's packed with fiber, which means it helps to keep you full longer. It's definitely a little spicy with cayenne pepper and chili powder, but you can always season it to taste. If you're baking pumpkin and squash, you can puree it before hand, or simply weight out 8 oz of chunks and puree them with the garbanzo beans. The reason why I recommend pureed pumpkin and squash is that is ensures a smooth texture, and that there won't be any chunks in the hummus. Give this delicious fall hummus a try. It'll give your day just the kick of flavor it needs!
[Read more…]
Roasted Chicken Breasts with Tomatoes and Garbanzo Beans – 7 Points +
There's little I love more than a meal that delivers wonderful presentation and flavor but with very little effort and prep. This Roasted Chicken Breasts with Tomatoes and Garbanzo Beans dish is such an amazing and healthy Weight Watchers recipe that boasts tender, juicy chicken that is wonderfully seasoned, and yet it is incredibly simple to make. The fresh tomatoes add a nice touch of acidity while the garbanzo beans add a nice earthy flavor. I chose to cook this with bone-in and skin on chicken breasts because it really helps to keep the chicken moist. Just make sure to remove the chicken skin before eating if you are watching your Weight Watchers Points.
Whole Wheat Cous Cous Feta Salad Recipe – 4 Points +
With the last few days of summer to savor, I'm sharing a reliable and delicious side salad recipe that I have made quite a bit this summer, as my whole family loves it. My Whole Wheat Cous Cous Feta Salad Recipe is super easy to make and is a delicious and satisfying side dish that works with so many different meals. The bright, juicy tomatoes, crunchy cucumbers and salty feta are combined with hearty garbanzo beans and whole wheat cous cous to deliver a seriously satisfying dish! It also works wonderfully as leftovers, so I often double the batch and use it in lunches the next day or two. So take advantage of those delicious summer tomatoes and get this salad on your table, ASAP! At just 4 Points + per serving, it's a great way to feel satisfied while staying on track.


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More than 90% of adults 55 and older are expected to develop high blood pressure, but cutting sodium intake -- by 50%, according to the American Medical Association -- is the best way to avoid the condition. Starting the day with healthy foods, eating a lot of fruits and vegetables and choosing sodium-reduced processed foods are just a few ways suggested to help reduce sodium intake.
Full Story:Los Angeles Times (tiered subscription model)


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Coffee Cognac Cooler
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 0 mins
From *The World Encyclopedia of Coffee* -- The phrase *Dessert in a Glass* is oft-used, but this recipe sets a new std for it. Even the intro seems to apologize for it when it says "This drink is unabashedly decadent & not for those counting calories." *Enjoy* !
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup cold coffee (strong dark roast)
- 6 tablespoons cognac or 6 tablespoons brandy
- 1⁄4 cup coffee liqueur
- 1⁄4 cup double cream (heavy cream)
- 2 teaspoons sugar (See note below)
- 1 cup crushed ice
- 2 scoops coffee ice cream
- chocolate shavings (garnish) (optional)
- Put 1st 6 ingredients into a shaker & shake well.
- Pour equally into 2 tall glasses & gently add a scoop of coffee ice cream to each. Sprinkle w/choc shavings (if using) & serve w/a long-handled spoon.
- NOTE FROM ME: I entered this recipe as written, but feel the need to ask a question. Is it just me or is it more than just a little silly to use 2 tsp of sugar in this recipe?.
- COOKS NOTE ON RECIPE: "The coffee liqueur can be either cream-based (Kahlua) or non-cream based (Tia Maria).".
Most Helpful
Yum twisted, yum. This iced coffee was so decadent and delicious, that I drank it all myself and I didn't even feel bad, was too busy enjoy all the flavors. Loved the addition of the cognac and Tia Maria in this treat....so good. It was quick and really easy to make. The only change I made to the recipe was to add the ice cream into the drink and garnished with whipped cream and shaved chocolate. Thanks for sharing another winner oh Queen of Coffee. Made for Fearless Red Dragons - ZWT-8.
"Australia/NZ Swap #16"-- OHH, BLISS !! (Starbucks)Java Chip (coffee ice cream), Cognac, Tia Maria, and chocolate ! Can Heaven promise more ?!! DH and I were too involved with election returns to plan and take a photo, but will when we make it again this weekend. NOT sharing -- hoarding it ALL for US ! A tad torn by use of shaker and crushing ice -- but decided to try putting ice WITH the first 6 ingredients and whirling them a few times in the blender, next time. Reminded us of brandy Alexanders we used to make, and a friend who ran his finger around the inside of the glass. MANY thanks, twissis - we will surely be laid-back, fat, and mellow !
Very good dessert. I served it in large margarita glasses. Pretty and quick to do. Made for Holiday Tag.


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If you are looking online for a monopod for your camera, you are certain to find it on Amazon India at the best prices.
If you are looking online for a monopod for your camera, you are certain to find it on Amazon India at the best prices.
A camera monopod is nothing but a single, pole-like device that supports your still cameras, video cameras, binoculars, and other such instruments that require precision for effective functionality. A monopod ensures an incredible degree of stability for capturing imagery or video. It's a great help for photographers or videographers as they need not worry about the possibility of blurred images and prevents them from the worrisome task of reshooting again. Generally, a monopod will be more successful in reducing vertical shake. However, the additional support that can be gained by resting the monopod against an object can help to reduce horizontal shake as well. With Amazon India redefining your technique of shopping, purchasing your preferred brand of monopod is a worry-free affair. You can choose from brands like monopod, CaseJunction, Lorem, KJSTAR, Smiledrive, Smart Signals, Bikestuff and more with just a few clicks.With monopods, extend your choices over exposures and shutter speeds
A monopod can be a very useful piece of camera equipment to own. It offers stability and gives a lot more opportunities to a photographer by extending their choices over exposures and shutter speeds. Camera stability is a critical element that photographers need in order to avoid blurry photos. When using a tripod is simply not possible, camera monopods can be a very good alternative. Using a monopod allows for a steadier shot than holding a camera in the hand does, thus minimising the risk of blurry photos. Because a monopod is easier and quicker to assemble, it gives photographers greater flexibility in moving the camera around and changing position. The range of heads available with them assist monopods with positioning the camera. Another important feature of most monopods is that they are designed to be collapsible in nature, which makes them portable and easy to store.Buy the most suitable monopod online from Amazon India
Whether you're a beginners or a professionals, you can certainly invest in a monopod to get the best results in their field of photography. Especially, if you're a photographers on the move, a monopod is certainly of immense use as it is significantly lighter in nature. Its light weight lets the user carry it around effectively. We all must have seen photographers moving up and down the sidelines at sporting events with monopods in their hands. This is because they are a good choice when photographers are traveling from location to location or taking photos in large crowds with limited space. Place your order for a monopod online at Amazon India and the product will be delivered to your doorstep. You can avail easy payment options such as cash on delivery or net banking.


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For Sale
Owners have given strict instructions to sell. This could be a great opportunity to purchase World-class, luxury living on Hamilton Island. This pristine top floor three-bedroom apartment offers the ultimate in style and waterfront luxury. Showcasing captivating Coral Sea and island views from almost every room, floor-to-ceiling glass doors from the expansive open-plan living area open out to the generous width-to-width balcony for stunning Whitsunday sunsets. With an ultra modern decor, sleek finishes and stylish fixtures and furnishings throughout, the property offers a deluxe, open-plan kitchen, a magnificent master bedroom with its own balcony and designer spa ensuite, and sophisticated smart technology and security systems. The Edge on Hamilton Island is a popular choice for holiday makers due to its close proximity to the marina activities and restaurants. Apartment 12 is currently holiday let and maintaining consistent rental returns. At this price, you just can't go past this outstanding investment opportunity. Fully furnished Electric buggy included
|Property type
|Sale type
|EAG Cocos Apartments
|17 The Edge
|3 PANORAMA ON HAMILTON Drive
REVIEWS (3):"I had the 8 course vegetarian tasting menu, $190. I was worried that they couldn't do a vegetarian menu but they were completely prepared and my meal was..."read more
REVIEWS (10):"BEST MEAL ON THE ISLAND!!! All the dishes we got had so much flavor. The Duck is a MUST ORDER....it was so DUCKADENT!!! And that Pork Ribs....express..."read more
REVIEWS (1):"Small ,intimate cinema, I m not sure if it is only open in the summer because they had this summer cinema special going on. I love independent cinemas like..."read more
REVIEWS (2):"Modern design, nice service and very good food. We were impressed with the tartare, squid, fish fillet and deserts. Amuse bouche quite tasty as well."read more


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Isaac Asimov Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Four distinct awards have been named for writer, chemist, and humanist Isaac Asimov.
- The Isaac Asimov Award for Undergraduate Excellence in Science Fiction and Fantasy Short Story Writing is the original name of an annual award open to undergraduate college students and given to the author of the best science fiction or fantasy short story. Established by the magazine Asimov's Science Fiction and the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts, the award is typically given for character-driven stories of the type published in that magazine. The award is now known as the Dell Magazines Award.[1]
- The Asimov Prize (Premio Asimov) for popular science books, edited in Italian language. It was established in 2016, the winner is selected by a jury of few hundred high school students. The first recipient was the chemist Peter Atkins.[2]
- The skeptical organization CSICOP created an Isaac Asimov Award, established in 1994 "to honor Asimov for his extraordinary contributions to science and humanity". The first recipient was Asimov's friend Carl Sagan.[3] Stephen Jay Gould was also a winner.[4]
- In 1998, the American Humanist Association awarded its first Isaac Asimov Award to Eugenie Scott. Awardees since then have included Robert Sapolsky, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Steve Wozniak, Richard Leakey and Lynn J. Rothschild.


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- Worldwide Rank #98,970,268
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.09
- Daily New Followers 0
تـــــامـــر البــاز Twitter Stats
@0129230244 - Tracking تـــــامـــر البــاز Twitter profile since August 18, 2014
تـــــامـــر البــاز Tweets
@0129230244 has posted 8 tweets in the last 2 days, which translates to an average of 4.0 tweets per day.
تـــــامـــر البــاز Twitter Followers
@0129230244 has 19 followers on Twitter.
This account is #98,970,268 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
تـــــامـــر البــاز Following on Twitter
@0129230244 is following 209 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account followed 62 users.
تـــــامـــر البــاز Predictions & Milestones
@0129230244 will hit 19 followers in the next 3 months, and 19 in one year.
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Why don't you give it a try and compare تـــــامـــر البــاز to yourself ? Or if you are تـــــامـــر البــاز get even more feature rich & up-to-date stats with our premium Twitter Stats.
Twitter Counter is the #1 Twitter stats site powered by Twitter. It all started in June 12, 2008 and we grew rather rapidly because of our Twitter Counter badge. The button is a nice small image that shows your visitors how many followers you have on Twitter. Within a year the button was on many many blogs around the world and we displayed more than 100 million buttons in one month. We track follower stats for over 180 million users now.


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Variaciones Concertantes, For Chamber Orchestra, Op. 23: Variazione In Modo Di Scherzo Per Clarinetto
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