text:
Home /
Our Sources / About Us
/ FAQs /
Advanced Search
Not what you're
looking for? Try an advanced search.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
March 19, 2010
ADEBOLA FAGBEMI, PLAINTIFFS,v.CITY OF CHICAGO AND JOHN SPATZ, JR., DEFENDANTS.
Plaintiff Adebola Fagbemi ("Fagbemi") filed suit against Defendants the City of Chicago ("the City") and John Spatz, Jr. ("Spatz") (collectively "Defendants") alleging that Defendants engaged in discrimination and retaliation in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ("§ 1983"). Specifically, Count I of Fagbemi's Amended Complaint claims that Defendants selected Jeffrey Sebek ("Sebek"), a less qualified individual, for the positions of Acting Engineer of Water Purification ("Acting EWP") in 2006 and Assistant Engineer of Water Purification ("Assistant EWP") in 2008 based on Sebek's family's political connections and campaign contributions in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments and § 1983. Count II alleges that Spatz retaliated against Fagbemi because he made complaints about Defendants' selection of Sebek for these positions in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments and § 1983. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 and Local Rule 56.1, Defendants move for summary judgment on both Counts of Fagbemi's Amended Complaint. For the reasons stated below, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment.
STATEMENT OF UNDISPUTED FACTS*fn1
I. Employees within the City's Department of Water Management
The City's Department of Water Management is divided into Five Bureaus, including the Bureau of Water Supply. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.) The Bureau of Water Supply is further divided into three divisions, one of which is the Water Treatment Division. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.)
A. John Spatz
Spatz currently serves as Commissioner of the Department of Water Management. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 6.) Before becoming Commissioner, Spatz served as First Deputy Commissioner between July 16, 2006 and November 7, 2006, and as Deputy Commissioner between May 1, 2002 and July 15, 2006. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 6.) By the end of Spatz's term as Deputy Commissioner, he oversaw the Bureau of Water Supply and worked approximately 8 to 9 hours a day. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 6.) Prior to these positions, Spatz was an Engineer of Water Purification ("EWP"). (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 5.) He worked approximately 8 to 9 hours a day to complete his duties as EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 5.)
B. Dennis Leonardo
When the City promoted Spatz to the position of Deputy Commissioner in May 2002, Dennis Leonardo ("Leonardo") became EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.) As EWP, Leonardo's duties included overseeing operations at the Jardine and South Water Treatment Plants, monitoring the water treatment processes on a daily basis, monitoring the funding at both plants, and frequently communicating with the Chief Operating Engineers at both plants to ensure that work was performed on a timely basis. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.) These duties generally required him to work 8 hours a day, and sometimes longer. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.)
In June 2006, the City promoted Leonardo to the position of Acting Deputy Commissioner of the Department of Water Management, where he served until he assumed his current title of Deputy Commissioner on April 16, 2007. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 15, 31-32.) As Acting Deputy Commissioner, Leonardo was in charge of the Bureau of Water Supply. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 7.) His duties included ensuring that water treatment processes were proceeding, overseeing water pumping and water quality issues, reviewing and approving reports, attending meetings, working on capital projects, monitoring work activities, reviewing disciplinary matters, approving the purchase of supplies, and dealing with budget issues. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 7.)
C. Adebola Fagbemi
Fagbemi has worked as a Chief Filtration Engineer within the City's Water Treatment Division since July 16, 2002. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 3.) As Chief Filtration Engineer, Fagbemi is in charge of one of Chicago's two water treatment plants, where he supervises approximately 150 employees. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 3.)
D. Jeffrey Sebek
The City first employed Sebek within the Department of Public Works. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 8.) In 1992, Sebek began working in the Department of Water Management as an Assistant Project Director. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 8.) On December 1, 1998, he became a Project Administrator in the Department of Water Management. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 11.) In this position, Sebek assisted then-Deputy Commissioner Claude Wilson. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 8.) When Spatz took over the role of Deputy Commissioner on May 1, 2002, Sebek began assisting him. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 8.)
At some point in 2002, Fagbemi asked Spatz to assign a Filtration Engineer IV to fill in as Acting Filtration Engineer V. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 9.) Spatz assigned Sebek to that role even though Sebek had never worked as a water chemist for a water treatment plant, ever worked in the Control Center of one of the City's water treatment plants, and did not obtain a Class A Water Operator's License until October 2006. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 2, 9.) After the union filed a grievance alleging that Sebek was performing in a union position in violation of its contract, Spatz changed Sebek's title to Acting Assistant Chief Filtration Engineer, which was not a union position. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 9.)
According to an Illinois State Board of Elections disclosure, Sebek's brother, Richard J. Sebek ("Richard Sebek"), gave $250 to the Democratic Party of the 14th Ward in August 1999, $250 to the Democratic Party of the 11th Ward in December 1999, $500 to the Democratic Party of the 14th Ward in September 2000, and $250 to the Democratic Party of the 11th Ward in October 2000. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 10.) At one time, Richard Sebek worked for the City of Chicago Department of General Services. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 26.) Richard and Jeffrey Sebek's father also worked for the City's Department of Public Works as General Superintendent between 1950 and 1984. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 27.) Ginger Rugai, the alderman of the 19th Ward, was present at Sebek's father's funeral. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 27.)
II. Sebek's Position Between July 2005 and January 2008
In July 2005, the Department of Water Management requested that the Department of Personnel audit Sebek's job duties and re-classify him as Assistant Engineer of Water Purification ("Assistant EWP"). (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 13.) Both Spatz and then-Acting Commissioner Brian Murphy signed this request form. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 13; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 23.) The Department of Personnel put all job audits, including Sebek's, on hold, however, until sometime in 2006 or 2007. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 14.)
On July 11, 2006, Spatz informed Fagbemi that "Jeff Sebek is going to be helping out Dennis Leonardo," and when Fagbemi asked if that meant that Sebek was the Engineer of Water Purification, Spatz responded "yes." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 16.)*fn2 Spatz told Fagbemi that although he had performed well, "they" did not like him, so Sebek would be the EWP instead of him.*fn3 (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 32.) Fagbemi believed that politics was involved in this decision because Spatz said "they" did not like him. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 32; P 56.1 Add. Facts Ex. F, p. 201.) Less than two weeks after this conversation, Fagbemi called Leonardo and told him that he understood Sebek to be the new EWP. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 17.) Leonardo replied "I don't know that," and when Fagbemi said he would like to be considered, Leonardo interrupted and said "there are other qualified candidates." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 17.)*fn4
Shortly after July 2006, instructional emails and communications to Fagbemi from Leonardo dropped significantly, and were rerouted through Sebek. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 20; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 20.) Leonardo told both Fagbemi and the City's other Chief Filtration Engineer Anthony Sowa ("Sowa"), that they had to follow Sebek's instructions even if they disagreed with them, and when Sowa questioned Sebek about a directive, Sebek expressed significant frustration. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 22.) Throughout this time, and even after Leonardo became Deputy Commissioner in April 2007, Sebek still had to obtain Leonardo's approval for all procurement requests other than requests for chemicals. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 22; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 21.) Fagbemi identified several documents reflecting that the chain of command in the Bureau of Water Supply went from Chief Filtration Engineer to Assistant EWP to EWP, and knows of one Chief Filtration Engineer before him who reported to an Assistant EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24; P 56.1 Add. Facts, Ex. F, pp. 29-34; 467-75.) Sowa confirmed that in his career at the Water Department, the typical progression was from Chief Filtration Engineer to Assistant EWP to EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24; P 56.1 Add. Facts, Ex. H, pp. 86-88.)*fn5
Also after July 2006, the Bureau of Water Supply prepared weekly reports highlighting events of that week gathered by Leonardo and representatives from the three divisions within the Bureau of Water Supply. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 11.) These reports identified Sebek as "Acting EWP" or "AEWP." (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 12.) They were prepared for the weeks of August 1, 2006 through August 7, 2006; September 5, 2006 through September 11, 2006; November 7, 2006 through November 13, 2006; December 12, 2006 through December 18, 2006; and December 26, 2006 through January 1, 2007. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 11.)
During this time, Sebek also sent many emails and memoranda to Sowa and Fagbemi identifying himself as Acting EWP, and others considered him to be Acting EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 15, 18.) For instance, a memorandum from Staff Assistant Judith Chorak dated August 8, 2006 identified Sebek as "Acting Engineer of Water Purification," as did a memorandum to Fagbemi and Sowa dated March 13, 2007. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 23, 29; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 13.)
In a document signed by Leonardo and Spatz in March 2007, the Department of Water Management renewed its request that the Department of Human Resources (formerly the Department of Personnel) audit Sebek's job duties and reclassify his job title from Project Administrator to Assistant EWP based on the duties he was performing at the time. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 30.) In April 2007, when Sowa asked Leonardo if he would be able to act up as EWP, Leonardo laughed and said "good luck." (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 28.)*fn6 On May 9, 2007, Sowa sent Leonardo a memorandum asking to "act up" in the position of EWP. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 33.) On the morning of May 10, 2007, Sebek identified himself as Acting EWP in an email sent to Sowa and Fagbemi. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 34; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 13.) Later that evening, Leonardo emailed Sowa to inform him that no one had been acting up in the position of EWP since Leonardo held that position, and that no one would be acting up in that position in the future. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 35; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 17.) Aside from this May 10, 2007 email from Leonardo, neither Spatz nor Leonardo ever informed Fagbemi that the identification of Sebek as Acting EWP in his emails was incorrect. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 16.) After Leonardo sent this email, Sebek resumed use of the Project Administrator title and communications between Fagbemi and Sebek decreased. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 39.) The position of Engineer of Water Purification has remained vacant, and no candidates have been interviewed for it, since Leonardo's promotion on April 16, 2007. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 40.)
A federal district court appointed a Federal Monitor in Shakman, et al. v. Democratic Organization of Cook County, et al., 69 C 2145, to ensure compliance with the court's orders related to the City's hiring and promotional practices. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24.) At some point after Leonardo told him that he would not be able to act up as EWP, Sowa filed a complaint with the Shakman Monitor stating that he was denied the position of Acting EWP based on Sebek's political clout, and the Shakman Monitor awarded him money based on this complaint. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 50; D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 29.)*fn7
III. Fagbemi's Memorandum to Chief of Staff Huberman, Shakman Complaint, and Request to Mayor Daley
On July 20, 2006, Fagbemi produced and copied Spatz, Leonardo, and Sebek on a memorandum addressed to "All Plant Personnel," which stated in relevant part: "[p]er phone conversation with D. Leonardo on 7/19/06, D. Leonardo is the Acting Deputy Commissioner for our Bureau (BWS), and the new Treatment Division Head is Acting Engineer of Water Purification J. Sebek." (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 10.) Five days later, on July 25, 2006, Fagbemi sent a memorandum to Ron Huberman ("Huberman"), the Chief of Staff for the City of Chicago, stating: "I am requesting a promotion to be the head of the Treatment Division, whatever the title may be called. I will also consider a more challenging assignment in other Departments, or at any of the Agencies under the City of Chicago umbrella." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 18.) The memorandum does not use the term "politics" or state that the City appointed Sebek due to "politics." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 19.) The majority of the memorandum lists bullet point highlights of Fagbemi's accomplishments, both generally and specifically in his positions as Filtration Engineer II and Chief Filtration Engineer. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 19; P 56.1 Add. Facts Ex. 3, pp. 29-34.) The memorandum then details the requirements for the position of EWP and Fagbemi's qualifications for that position. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 19; P 56.1 Add. Facts Ex. 3, pp. 34-35.)*fn8 Huberman requested that Spatz review Fagbemi's complaint, which Spatz received in July or August of 2006 and subsequently showed to Leonardo. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 34.)
Within two months after July 2006, Fagbemi spoke to a man from Huberman's office who informed him that the department head is in charge of making promotion decisions, and that if he thought the decision was improper, he should contact the Federal Monitor and the Inspector General. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24.) After receiving phone calls from Fagbemi regarding the issues that he raised in his July 2006 memo to Huberman and a copy of the memo, the Federal Monitor, Noelle Brennan ("Brennan"), sent Fagbemi a form letter on September 6, 2006. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 25-26.) The letter acknowledged receipt of Fagbemi's allegations of a violation of the court's decree in Shakman and noted that Brennan might pass his information along to the City's Inspector General's Office unless Fagbemi objected within 30 days. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 26.)
Fagbemi had meetings with the Inspector General's office and with the Federal Monitor's office in early fall of 2006 and November 2006. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 33.) On November 9, 2006, Brennan sent Fagbemi a second letter informing him that her office had decided to close his file. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 27.) On November 13, 2006, Fagbemi sent letters to both Brennan and Robert Keller ("Keller"), the City's Shakman Compliance Officer, making complaints that Sebek was not qualified for the position of Acting EWP. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 27.) There is no evidence that Spatz knew of these letters until he read Fagbemi's Complaint in this lawsuit on July 2, 2008. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 28.) In a letter dated November 27, 2006, Keller explained that Fagbemi's letter would be forwarded to Brennan's office. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 27.)
Also on November 27, 2006, Spatz directed Leonardo to tell Fagbemi to terminate all remodeling on the west end of the South Water plant, which included adding a sink and shower in Fagbemi's office, as well as remodeling a data storage room, building a new office for the director of security, building an instrumentation testing center, and building a networked web training center and classroom. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 35.) No one provided Fagbemi with an explanation as to why he had to cease these improvements. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 35.)
On August 20, 2007, Fagbemi sent a memorandum to Mayor Daley's Office entitled "Request to Fill the Position of Water Treatment Division Head." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 41.) In that memorandum, Fagbemi requested to be interviewed for the position of EWP, stating that he believed himself to be "the most qualified candidate, bar none." (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 41.) The minimum qualifications for the position of EWP include a Class A Water Operator's License, "seven years of progressively responsible experience in water purification operations, including four years of supervisory experience; or an equivalent combination of training and experience," "considerable knowledge of water purification procedures, policies, and regulations," and "considerable knowledge of chemical and engineering principles involved in water purification." (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 3; P 56.1 Ex. N.) When Spatz learned of Fagbemi's memorandum, he spoke with Maureen Egan ("Egan") and Leonardo and looked into disciplining Fagbemi, but Egan informed him that Fagbemi has a right to freedom of speech and advised against disciplining him. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 36.)
IV. Sebek's Current Position as Assistant EWP Beginning January 1, 2008
Sometime after Spatz's and Leonardo's request in March 2007, the Department of Human Resources audited Sebek's job, found that he had been performing duties of an Assistant EWP, and reclassified him to his current position of Assistant EWP effective January 1, 2008. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 11, 42-43; D 56.1 Ex. 5, Confidential Exhibits 3-5 thereto.) Sebek's job duties did not change when he assumed the position of Assistant EWP. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24.) Indeed, as early as 2005 in his position as Project Administrator, Sebek had helped advise and direct plant technical staff. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 37; D 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 19, 24; D 56.1 Ex. 5, Confidential Ex. 2 thereto.) Continuing when Leonardo became Acting Deputy Commissioner in June 2006 and later Deputy Commissioner in April 2007, Sebek performed several duties previously performed by Leonardo when he was EWP, including: (1) instructing plant operations, personnel, and maintenance; (2) directing Sowa and Fagbemi to perform tasks; and (3) holding weekly meetings with Sowa and Fagbemi and their staffs. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 37, 46; D 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 19, 24.) Although Sebek does not receive acting-up pay for assisting Leonardo with these duties, he continues to perform these duties through the present. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶ 37.)
Shortly after January 1, 2008, although Sebek copied Leonardo in all emails to Fagbemi, communications from Leonardo to Fagbemi again dropped significantly and were rerouted through Sebek. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 44-45.) Fagbemi's level of contact with Sebek rose to the same level as between July 2006 and May 2007. (D 56.1 Resp. ¶ 24.) After Fagbemi filed this lawsuit in July 2008, however, Sebek discontinued his weekly meetings, and direct communications between Leonardo and Fagbemi and between Sebek and Fagbemi returned to the same levels as before July 2006 and between May and December 2007. (P 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 47-48.)
Summary judgment is proper when "the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the Court must view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the party opposing the motion. See Bennington v. Caterpillar Inc., 275 F.3d 654, 658 (7th Cir. 2001); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). However, the Court will "limit its analysis of the facts on summary judgment to evidence that is properly identified and supported in the parties' [Local Rule 56.1] statement." Bordelon v. Chicago Sch. Reform Bd. of Trustees, 233 F.3d 524, 529 (7th Cir. 2000). Where a proposed statement of fact is supported by the record and not adequately rebutted, the court will accept that statement as true for purposes of summary judgment. An adequate rebuttal requires a citation to specific support in the record; an unsubstantiated denial is not adequate. See Albiero v. City of Kankakee, 246 F.3d 927, 933 (7th Cir. 2001); Drake v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 134 F.3d 878, 887 (7th Cir. 1998) ("'Rule 56 demands something more specific than the bald assertion of the general truth of a particular matter[;] rather it requires affidavits that cite specific concrete facts establishing the existence of the truth of the matter asserted.'").
I. Count I
Count I of Fagbemi's Amended Complaint alleges that the City and Spatz selected Sebek, a less qualified individual, for the position of Acting EWP based on his family political connections and campaign contributions in violation of his right to free association under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and § 1983. Fagbemi further alleges that the City has a custom and practice of allowing candidates to be promoted to positions over more qualified applicants based on their political connections or activities.
"It is well established that hiring, firing, or transferring government employees based on political motivation violates the First Amendment, with certain exceptions for policymaking positions and for employees having a confidential relationship with a supervisor."*fn9 Hall v. Babb, 389 F.3d 758, 762 (7th Cir. 2004); see also Rutan v. Republican Party of Ill., 497 U.S. 62, 64 (1990) (holding that a public employee may not be promoted because of his or her political beliefs unless political loyalty is an acceptable prerequisite for the job.) To make out his prima facie case of employment discrimination based on political affiliation, Fagbemi must show: (1) that his conduct was constitutionally protected; (2) that he suffered an actionable deprivation, and (3) that the protected conduct was a but-for cause of the adverse employment action. See Gunville v. Walker, 583 F.3d 979, 984, 984 n.1 (7th Cir. 2009) (First Amendment political affiliation discrimination case explaining that "until the Supreme Court's recent decision in Gross v. FBL Financial Servs., Inc., 129 S.Ct. 2343 (2009), plaintiffs could prevail in a First Amendment § 1983 action if they could demonstrate that their speech was a motivating factor in the defendant's decision. After Gross, plaintiffs in federal suits must demonstrate but-for causation unless a statute (such as the Civil Rights Act of 1991) provides otherwise."). If Fagbemi makes this prima facie showing, then Defendants have the burden of demonstrating a legitimate, non-political reason for the employment decision. See Hall, 389 F.3d at 762.
A. Fagbemi's Prima Facie Case
1. Constitutionally Protected Conduct
First, Fagbemi must establish that he engaged in conduct protected under the First Amendment. Fagbemi presents no evidence that he was affiliated with a particular political party, instead basing his claim on his choice not to be involved in politics or to support a particular candidate. (See R. 71, p. 7.) Just as affiliation with a particular party is constitutionally protected under the First Amendment, see Gunville, 583 F.3d at 984, "[i]t is undisputed that political nonaffiliation is a right protected under the first amendment," Hermes v. Hein, 742 F.2d 350, 354 n.3 (7th Cir. 1984) (citing Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 374 (1976)). Thus, the Court finds Fagbemi's nonaffiliation with a political party to be constitutionally protected conduct.
2. Actionable Deprivation
Fagbemi must next demonstrate that he suffered an actionable deprivation. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 983. "Promotions, transfers, and recalls after layoffs based on political affiliation or support are an impermissible infringement on the First Amendment rights of public employees." Rutan, 497 U.S. at 75. Fagbemi alleges that Defendants deprived him of his right to be fairly and equally considered for promotion to the Acting EWP position, instead selecting Sebek for the position. Defendants counter that because Sebek never held the official title of EWP, and was never paid as EWP or authorized to act up as EWP, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Sebek held that position. It would have been impossible for Fagbemi to suffer the deprivation of not being considered for a promotion, they argue, when the position he desired has not been filled since Leonardo vacated it.
Fagbemi has produced substantial evidence, however, that even if Sebek never officially held the title of Acting EWP, Sebek represented himself as holding that position between July 2006 and March 2007 and others (including Spatz) identified him as holding that position. Indeed, when Fagbemi asked Spatz if Sebek was the new EWP on July 11, 2006, Spatz responded "yes." Multiple weekly reports prepared for the Bureau of Water Supply between August 2006 and January 1, 2007 identified Sebek as "Acting EWP," as did several emails and memoranda sent from Sebek to Fagbemi and a memorandum from Staff Assistant Chorak dated August 8, 2006. Furthermore, when Fagbemi sent a memorandum to both Spatz and Leonardo stating that "per phone conversation with D. Leonardo" Sebek was Acting EWP, Leonardo and Spatz did nothing to correct Fagbemi. It is also undisputed that, during that time and continuing into the present, Sebek has performed many of the duties previously performed by Leonardo when he was EWP, including sending instructional emails to Fagbemi and Sowa. These facts, when taken together, are sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Sebek was indeed promoted (or effectively promoted) to the position of Acting EWP between July 2006 and March 2007. Because Spatz told Fagbemi on July 11, 2006 that although he had performed well, "they" did not like him so Sebek would be the EWP instead of him, Fagbemi has further established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he was deprived of a right to be fairly and equally considered for a promotion to the position of Acting EWP or EWP. See Rutan, 497 U.S. at 75; see also Hall, 389 F.3d at 762.
3. But-For Causation
In order to make out a prima facie case of discrimination based on political affiliation, Fagbemi must not only demonstrate constitutionally protected conduct and an actionable deprivation, but also that his affiliation was a but-for cause of his employer's action. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 984. The burden in this regard is "not insignificant." Nelms v. Modisett, 153 F.3d 815, 818 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting Nekolny v. Painter, 653 F.2d 1164, 1168 (7th Cir.1981)) ("A disgruntled employee fired for legitimate reasons would not be able to satisfy his burden merely by showing that he carried the political card of the opposition party or that he favored the defendant's opponent in the election."). In other words, "[i]t is not enough to show only that the plaintiff was of a different political persuasion than the decisionmakers." See Hall, 389 F.3d at 762.
Defendants claim that Fagbemi cannot show that any of their actions were based on his political nonaffiliation so as to cause the constitutional deprivation at issue. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 984. "In analyzing this issue, the threshold question is whether the defendants even knew about the political activities" of Fagbemi. See Hall, 389 F.3d at 762. A decisionmaker cannot retaliate on account of the protected activity if he is unaware of the protected activity. See Healy v. City of Chi., 450 F.3d 732, 740-41 (7th Cir. 2006) (citing Miller v. Amer. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 389 F.3d 708, 715 (7th Cir. 2004)). Fagbemi emphasizes ways in which Sebek was advantaged throughout his career, arguing that such "preferential treatment can only be explained by considering the evidence of political influence." (R. 71 at 10.) However, Fagbemi's only actual evidence of Sebek's Democratic political persuasion is that his brother, Richard Sebek, made contributions to the Democratic Party on four occasions. There is no evidence either that Spatz or the City knew about these contributions or that Spatz shared his brother's political affiliation.
Moreover, in order to meet his burden, Fagbemi must present specific evidence that Defendants knew of his political nonaffiliation. See Hall, 389 F.3d at 762(explaining that it is not enough to show that defendants know of the chosen individual's political involvement, because "defendants still must have wanted to favor [the chosen individual over the plaintiff] because of his political involvement," and thus must have known of his specific political affiliation). With respect to Spatz, because Fagbemi cannot rely on his own "speculation" about Spatz's opinions as proof of his knowledge or motivation, see Nelms, 153 F.3d at 819, Fagbemi cannot demonstrate Spatz's awareness through his own interpretation of Spatz's vague statement that "they" did not "like" him to mean that politics influenced the promotional decision.
There is also no evidence in the record that any other decisionmaker in the City knew of Fagbemi's political nonaffiliation or lack of support for any particular political candidate. Fagbemi's memorandum to Huberman, the City's Chief of Staff, neither stated that the City appointed Sebek due to "politics" nor is there any evidence that it made Huberman aware of Fagbemi's political nonaffiliation. Additionally, there is no evidence that Fagbemi's subsequent complaints to the Federal Monitor, Inspector General, or the Shakman officer were sent to City employee decisionmakers. See Killinger v. Johnson, 389 F.3d 765, 771 (7th Cir. 2004) (the City policy makers are those who have the authority to adopt rules and conduct government, such as the Mayor and the members of the City Council). Fagbemi has thus failed to present evidence from which a trier of fact could reasonably infer awareness of his lack of political affiliation on the part of the relevant decisionmakers. See Kelly v. Mun. Ct. of Marion County, Ind., 97 F.3d 902, 912 (7th Cir. 1996) (without evidence that supervisor was aware of plaintiff's decision to withdraw from politics, plaintiff failed to demonstrate that his political views were a motivating or substantial factor in his termination); Hall, 389 F.3d at 763 ("Hall's failure to offer evidence that would have shown that at least two of the three hiring committee members knew about the political background of the two applicants, or that the hiring decision was manipulated by one member who possessed such knowledge, dooms his case.").
Even if he could demonstrate knowledge of his political nonaffiliation on the part of Defendants, Fagbemi also must show that they took action against him because of his political nonaffiliation. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 984. In doing so, Fagbemi cannot rely on "self-serving declarations based on nothing more than his own speculation." See, e.g., Healy v. City of Chicago, No. 00 C 6030, 2004 WL 1630578, at *6 (N.D. Ill. July 20, 2004) (Hibbler, J.) (citing Kelly, 97 F.3d at 911). Although Fagbemi speculates that Spatz was referring to politics when he told Fagbemi that he would not be EWP because others did not like him, there is no direct evidence that Spatz was making a statement about Fagbemi's politics or that politics actually influenced the decisionmaking process. Roger Whitmore's Auto Serv., Inc. v. Lake County, Illinois, 424 F.3d 659, 669 (7th Cir. 2005) (even where plaintiff had evidence that defendant was "upset" that he chose not to support a certain candidate in a primary election, his evidence was not direct enough to show that his political affiliation "was a substantial or motivating factor in the modification of his towing area").
Fagbemi places great weight on Sebek's statement in his deposition that he became Acting EWP because he, Leonardo, and Spatz were all from the "South Side." Defendants object to this statement as inadmissible hearsay. As explained in footnote 4 supra, a statement is not hearsay if it "is offered against a party and is... a statement by the party's agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the relationship." F.R.E. 801(d)(2)(D). "For an agent's statement regarding an employment action to constitute an admission, she need not have been personally involved in that action, but her duties must encompass some responsibility related to the decisionmaking process affecting the employment action." Stephens v. Erickson, 569 F.3d 779, 793 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted). Complaints voiced by employees who are candidates for a disputed promotion cannot constitute admissions, however, because employees cannot be "agents of [defendant] for the purpose of making managerial decisions affecting the terms and conditions of their own employment." See Williams v. Pharmacia, Inc., 137 F.3d 944, 950 (7th Cir. 1998). As such, Sebek cannot be considered an agent of the City for purposes of a managerial decision that directly affected the terms of his employment-indeed, he is the employee who allegedly received unfair treatment. See id. Thus, the Court disregards this statement by Sebek as inadmissible hearsay. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 985 ("Admissibility is the threshold question because a court may consider only admissible evidence in assessing a motion for summary judgment."). Even if the Court were to consider this statement, however, mere reference to neighborhood affiliation does not establish political affiliation, and Fagbemi "cannot rely on the speculation or opinions of non-decisionmakers as proof that Defendants [did not promote] him because of his political affiliation" or lack thereof. See Nelms, 153 F.3d at 819.
Throughout each of his complaints and this litigation, Fagbemi has continued to stress his superior qualifications for the position of EWP and Sebek's lack of qualifications. Ultimately, however, the evidence fails to demonstrate the crucial link between a decisionmaker's knowledge of Fagbemi's constitutionally protected lack of political affiliation and Sebek's alleged promotion to Acting EWP. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 987 ("That the decision-makers may have been unqualified to conduct the task of restructuring... tells us nothing about whether the motive for the layoffs was improper. There is a sizable leap from conducting a restructuring ineptly to conducting it for improper purposes.... The plaintiffs have failed to create a genuine issue of fact regarding whether the defendants used political affiliation in determining who would be laid off."); see also, e.g., McCarthy v. Chi. Park Dist., No. 87 C 8590, 1988 WL 56222, at *3 (N.D. Ill. May 18, 1988) (Aspen, J.) ("In the absence of proof that the employer was motivated by political affiliation in favoring one employee over another, evidence of the unfavored employee's superior qualifications coupled with identification of the favored employee's political connections are insufficient to withstand summary judgment in a First Amendment claim challenging that favortism.") Nor does the fact that Fagbemi's colleague Sowa received money from the Shakman Monitor after complaining that he was denied the position of Acting EWP based on Sebek's political clout establish that politics influenced the decisionmaking with respect to Fagbemi personally. Thus, Fagbemi has failed to present evidence that politics was a but-for cause of any unfair treatment, and, as such, has failed to make out a prima facie case of discrimination. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 984.
B. Monell Claim against City
The City cannot be held liable for § 1983 violations under the doctrine of respondeat superior "for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents." See Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). Instead, the City may only be liable for a § 1983 violation if a "deprivation of constitutional rights is caused by a municipal policy or custom." Kujawski v. Board of Comm'rs of Bartholomew County, Ind., 183 F.3d 734, 737 (7th Cir. 1999).In order to support a claim that "the City's policies or customs violated [his] constitutional rights," "the plaintiff must begin by showing an underlying constitutional violation." Schor v. City of Chicago, 576 F.3d 775, 779 (7th Cir. 2009).
Because Fagbemi cannot show that Spatz or any City employee caused him to suffer a constitutional injury, see Section I(A)(3) supra, he cannot succeed in his claim against the City under Monell, 436 U.S. 658. See Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986) (if the individual defendant "inflicted no constitutional injury," then it is "inconceivable" that the City and Police Commission "could be liable"). In order "to determine whether the [City's] liability is dependent on [that of an individual defendant], we look to the nature of the constitutional violation, the theory of municipal liability, and the defenses set forth." Thomas v. Cook County Sheriff's Dept., 588 F.3d 445, 456 (7th Cir. 2009). Here, like in Heller, the City was sued "because [it was] thought liable for [Spatz's] actions." See 475 U.S. at 799. Indeed, Count I of Fagbemi's Amended Complaint alleges that "[t]he City expressly ratified the acts of Spatz." (R. 32 at p. 5.) This is not a case where Spatz could be excused from liability based on an affirmative defense or qualified immunity but still have violated Fagbemi's constitutional right. See Thomas, 588 F.3d at 455 (explaining that where affirmative defenses or qualified immunity could excuse an officer from liability even when he violated a constitutional right, "one can still argue that the City's policies caused the harm, even if the officer was not individually culpable"). Furthermore, even if Fagbemi's Monell claim could be construed to be based on the actions of City decisionmakers other than Spatz, the analysis in Section I(A)(3) infra demonstrates that Fagbemi has not shown the requisite level of knowledge or but-for causation to show a constitutional violation by any City decisionmaker. As such, "there is no wrongful conduct that may become the basis for holding the City liable" under Monell, 436 U.S. 658. See Schor, 576 F.3d at 779 (upholding dismissal of Monell claim against City because "plaintiffs [did] not allege[] any plausible constitutional violation committed by Mayor Daley or the officers" and so there was no basis upon which to hold the City liable).
Because both Spatz and the City are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Count I, the Court grants their Motion for Summary Judgment as to that Count.
II. Count II
Count II of Fagbemi's Amended Complaint alleges that Spatz retaliated against Fagbemi for complaining about Sebek's selection in violation of his right to free speech under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. More specifically, Fagbemi claims that Spatz retaliated against him by promoting Sebek to the position of Acting EWP, and then later by initiating steps to create a new title of Assistant EWP beginning on January 1, 2008.
To establish that Spatz retaliated against him on the basis of his speech in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, Fagbemi must make a prima facie showing that: (1) his speech was constitutionally protected; (2) he suffered a deprivation likely to deter free speech; and (3) Spatz's actions were a but-for cause of his constitutionally protected speech. See George v. Walker, 535 F.3d 535, 538 (7th Cir. 2008); see also Fairley v. Andrews, 578 F.3d 518, 525-26 (7th Cir. 2009) (explaining that decisions holding "that a plaintiff just needs to show that his speech was a motivating factor in defendant's decision... do not survive Gross [, 129 S.Ct. 2343], which holds that, unless a statute (such as the Civil Rights Act of 1991) provides otherwise, demonstrating butfor causation is part of the plaintiff's burden in all suits under federal law"). If Fagbemi makes this prima facie showing, the burden shifts to Spatz to demonstrate that he would have acted the same way in the absence of the protected activity. Id. If Spatz carries this burden, then Fagbemi then "bears the burden of persuasion to show that [the defendant's] proffered reasons were pretextual and that discrimination was the real reason for the [employment action]." Smith v. Dunn, 368 F.3d 705, 708 (7th Cir. 2004).
1. Constitutionally Protected Activity
Spatz first argues that Fagbemi has not made a prima facie showing that his speech was constitutionally protected under the First Amendment. Determining whether speech is constitutionally protected "is a question of law for the court." Houskins v. Sheahan, 549 F.3d 480, 489 (7th Cir. 2008). "The First Amendment protects a public employee's right, in certain circumstances, to speak as a citizen addressing matters of public concern." Morales v. Jones, 494 F.3d 590, 595 (7th Cir. 2007); see also Houskins, 549 F.3d at 490 (if an "employee spoke as a citizen on a matter of public concern," then "her interest as a citizen in commenting on the matter of public concern outweigh[s] the State's interest in promoting effective and efficient public service"). Under the framework set forth in Garcetti v. Cellabos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006), courts must "first decide whether a plaintiff was speaking 'as a citizen' or as part of her public job, before asking whether the subject-matter of particular speech is a topic of public concern." See Houskins, 549 F.3d at 490. Then, "if the employee spoke on a matter of public concern," the Court applies "the Pickering balancing test, balancing the employee's interest in commenting upon such matters and the employer's interest in efficient public services." Cygan v. Wisc. Dept. of Corrs., 388 F.3d 1092, 1099 (7th Cir. 2002) (citing Pickering v. Bd. of Educ. of Twp. High Sch. Dist., 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968)). a. Speaking as a Citizen
To determine whether a public employee like Fagbemi spoke as a citizen when making a particular statement, courts look to whether he made the statement pursuant to his official duties. See Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421. If so, then he is not "speaking as [a] citizen[] for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate [his] communications from employer discipline." Id.
Here, Spatz does not contend, and the Court does not find, that Fagbemi made any of his allegedly protected complaints pursuant to his official duties. Fagbemi claims that he made four separate complaints regarding Sebek's promotion to the Acting EWP position: (1) his July 2006 written memorandum to the City's Chief of Staff entitled "Deen Fagbemi: 'Presenting my Own Record'"; (2) his phone calls to and meetings with the Federal Monitor and Inspector General in the fall of 2006; (3) his letters to the Federal Monitor and the City's Shakman Compliance Officer dated November 13, 2006; and (4) his Memo to Mayor Daley entitled "Request to Fill the Position of Water Treatment Division Head in August 2007. Unlike in Houskins, where a Cook County Department of Corrections ("CCDOC") social worker was "fulfilling her responsibility as a CCDOC employee and therefore not speaking as a citizen" in filing an Internal Affairs Division ("IAD") complaint and police report, see Houskins, 549 F.3d at 490-91, here none of Fagbemi's complaints were made pursuant to or in furtherance of any of his job responsibilities as a Chief Filtration Engineer--indeed, he was seeking promotion to a new position with new responsibilities. Thus, the Court finds that Fagbemi was speaking as a citizen in each of these instances. See Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421.
b. Matter of Public Concern
In further evaluating whether a government employee's speech relates to a matter of public concern, the Court considers the "content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the whole record." Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147-48 (1983). "Speech that serves a private or personal interest, as opposed to a public one, does not satisfy the standards for First Amendment protection." Houskins, 549 F.3d at 491-92. Spatz argues that each of Fagbemi's complaints constitutes a personal grievance about decisions affecting his interest in obtaining a promotion. The Court "analyze[s] each instance of speech separately to determine its protected status." Cygan, 388 F.3d at 1099.
First, Fagbemi's written memorandum to Huberman's office requests a promotion to the head of the Treatment Division or a comparable position. Because the majority of the memorandum is dedicated to listing Fagbemi's accomplishments and job qualifications for the EWP job description, it seems "most accurately characterized as an employee grievance." See Cygan, 388 F.3d at 1098 ("At bottom, we must decide whether the speech is most accurately characterized as an employee grievance, or as a matter of political, social, or other concern to the community."). Indeed, the memorandum does not use the term "politics" or state that the City appointed Sebek due to "politics." See Taylor v. Carmouche, 214 F.3d 788, 792 (7th Cir. 2002) (contrasting "normal workplace grievances," such as complaints that "race influenced what happened," which are not matters of public concern and not protected under the First Amendment, with "statements... offered as a political view about what legal policies the City... should adopt"). The form and context of the memorandum-sent in writing "within the employer's personnel hierarchy"-further support a conclusion that it does not relate to a matter of public concern. See Taylor, 214 F.3d at 792. Even if, as Fagbemi argues, his memorandum addressed concerns shared by other employees, "the 'content, form, and context' of [his] complaints reveal that [his] purpose was to advance [his] personal interests," and to "bring the situation to the attention" only of those "in a position to remedy [his] personal situation." See Phelan v. Cook County, 463 F.3d 773, 791 (7th Cir. 2006) (affirming district court's grant of summary judgment regarding Phelan's § 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim).
Second, Fagbemi's complaints to the Federal Monitor and Inspector General took the form of phone calls and in-person meetings, and there is no record of exactly what was said during those conversations. It is undisputed, however, that his calls addressed the issues that he raised in his July 2006 memorandum and that he also sent a copy of that memorandum to the Federal Monitor. Fagbemi does not contend that he raised any issues or complaints in these phone calls and meetings beyond those raised in his memorandum to Huberman. Moreover, the context surrounding these conversations-namely, Huberman's advice that Fagbemi next contact the Federal Monitor and the Federal Monitor's letter informing him that she might share the information with the Inspector General-reflects that the Federal Monitor and Inspector General were next in "the employer's personnel hierarchy" to contact about these complaints. See Taylor, 214 F.3d at 792. Thus, the Court finds that, like Fagbemi's July 2006 memorandum, these conversations did not pertain to matters of public concern.
Third, Fagbemi's November 13, 2006 letters to the Federal Monitor and the City's Shakman Compliance Officer asserted that Sebek was not qualified for the position of Acting EWP. These complaints more closely resemble the type of speech that courts have found entitled to First Amendment protection. Just as speech expressing "disagreement with [the] decision to start the second meal shift with fewer than ten officers... touch[ed] on issues of internal prison security in a maximum security prison," which "is undoubtedly a matter of public concern," see Cygan, 388 F.3d at 1100, a complaint focusing on Sebek's lack of qualification for a position that involved supervising the Chief Operating Engineers of Chicago's two water treatment plants touches on a matter of public concern. Further looking to the form and context of this speech, Fagbemi took the initiative to write this letter to the Shakman Compliance Officer after the Federal Monitor informed him that she had finished investigating and would be closing his file. Thus, his speech occurred outside of "the employer's personnel hierarchy." See Taylor, 214 F.3d at 1098. The context surrounding the Shakman consent decree-issued by a Federal District Court to ensure compliance with the Court's orders related to the City's hiring and promotional practices-also indicates that complaints to the Shakman Compliance Officer are likely to implicate matters of public concern about the City's promotional practices at large. For these reasons, the Court finds that the "content, form, and context" of Fagbemi's letters, "as revealed by the whole record," are sufficient to remove them from the category of general employee grievances. See Connick, 461 U.S. at 147-48.
Finally, Fagbemi's August 2007 memorandum to Mayor Daley entitled "Request to Fill the Position of Water Treatment Division Head" requested to be interviewed for the position of EWP, stating that Fagbemi believed himself to be "the most qualified candidate, bar none." There is no evidence that this memorandum contained anything more than self-serving statements and a request for a promotion, and, as such, it is "most accurately characterized as an employee grievance" not entitled to First Amendment Protection. See Cygan, 388 F.3d at 1098.
Thus, only Fagbemi's letters to the City's Shakman Officer and to the Federal Monitor are properly characterized as speech addressing matters of public concern.
c. Pickering Balancing
The Court next analyzes Fagbemi's November 13, 2006 letters under the Pickering balancing test. See Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568. Under Pickering, the Court "balance[s] the employee's interest in commenting upon such matters and the employer's interest in efficient public services." Cygan, 388 F.3dat 1101 (citing Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568). "One very important consideration is the potential disruptiveness of the speech," along with the time, place, and manner of the speech. Id. (internal citation omitted). Unlike the complaints shouted across a cafeteria of 1,040 of Wisconsin's violent offenders in Cygan, see id., Fagbemi's speech was made in writing to individuals who had received many such complaints before, and thus was made at an appropriate time, place, and manner and in a way unlikely to be disruptive. Given that the Shakman Officer position has been in place for some time, and was created precisely to ensure compliance with the court's orders related to the City's hiring and promotional practices, Fagbemi's complaint did not significantly impede the City's interest in delivering "efficient public services." See id. The Court, therefore, finds Fagbemi's November 13, 2006 letters to the Federal Monitor and the Shakman Compliance Officer to be protected speech under the First Amendment.
To establish the second element of his prima facie case, Fagbemi must show that he suffered a deprivation likely to deter the exercise of free speech. See George, 535 F.3d at 538. "'Any deprivation that is likely to deter the exercise of free speech is actionable,'" from "making fun of any employee for bringing a birthday cake to the office" to "transfer[ing an employee] to a more physically demanding and less skilled post." See Spiegla v. Hull, 371 F.3d 928 (7th Cir. 2004) (quoting Power v. Summers, 226 F.3d 815, 820 (7th Cir. 2000)). As explained in Section I(A)(2) infra, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Fagbemi was denied the opportunity to compete for a promotion. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 983. Being denied the opportunity to compete for a promotion as a punishment for speaking out seems much more likely to deter the exercise of free speech than being made fun of for bringing a birthday cake to the office, and as such, "the circumstances are such to make such a refusal [to consider Fagbemi] an effective deterrent to the exercise of a fragile liberty." See Power, 226 F.3d at 820. Thus, Fagbemi has presented material factual issues as to whether he suffered an actionable deprivation.
3. But-for Causation
The final element of Fagbemi's prima facie case requires a showing that his constitutionally protected speech (his letters to the Federal Monitor and Shakman Compliance Officer) was a but-for cause of Spatz's decisions to appoint Sebek as Acting EWP and to take steps to reclassify Sebek as Assistant EWP. See Fairley, 578 F.3d at 525-26.*fn10 Fagbemi first must demonstrate Spatz's awareness of this protected speech. See Miller, 203 F.3d at 1008 ("An employer cannot retaliate when it is unaware of any complaints."); see also Luckie v. Ameritech Corp., 389 F.3d 708, 715 (7th Cir. 2004) ("It is not sufficient that [the defendant] could or even should have known about [the plaintiff's] complaints; she must have had actual knowledge of the complaints for her decisions to be retaliatory.").
Fagbemi claims that Spatz's knowledge of his November 13, 2006 letters can be inferred from the fact that Spatz directed him to cease all remodeling work in his wing without explanation on November 27, 2006.However, "an inference of knowledge or retaliation" cannot "be drawn from the circumstances" so as to survive summary judgment. See Healy, 450 F.3d at 740-41 (finding that even defendant's admission to having general knowledge of the subject matter of complaints was insufficient to show requisite level of awareness where neither party offered evidence that she knew of the plaintiff's specific complaint on the date of the promotional decision).
Moreover, although Fagbemi claims in his brief that "preventing him from completing important remodeling" was in fact one of the actionable deprivations that he suffered (see R. 71 at 14), nowhere in Count II of his Amended Complaint does Fagbemi mention this remodeling, let alone plead it as one of Spatz's acts of retaliation. (See R. 32 at 7-10.) Indeed, the entirety of Count II claims failure to promote Fagbemi in retaliation for his exercise of free speech rights. (See R. 32 at 7-10.) Because a plaintiff may not amend its complaint through arguments in a summary judgment response brief, see Whitaker v. T.J. Snow Co., 151 F.3d 661, 664 (7th Cir. 1998), Fagbemi may not now add a claim for retaliation in the form of preventing him from completing remodeling. Furthermore, even if the Court did consider his retaliation claim based on the deprivation of ceasing remodeling, there is no evidence that Spatz actually knew of Fagbemi's November 13, 2006 complaints at the time he ordered him to cease remodeling so as to demonstrate the but-for causation necessary to set forth a prima facie case. See Gunville, 583 F.3d at 983.
Indeed, Fagbemi has presented no evidence that Spatz was aware of his November 13, 2006 complaints to the Federal Monitor and the Shakman Compliance Officer until reading his Complaint in this lawsuit on July 2, 2008. Spatz must have been aware of these complaints prior to the challenged actions in order for them to have "influenced the promotion decisions." See Healy, 450 F.3d at 740 (affirming grant of summary judgment on ground that defendant was not aware of protected complaints, and even if she were, she was not aware of them prior to the date when she approved promotion recommendations). It is undisputed that Department of Water's original request (signed by Spatz) to reclassify Sebek to the position of Assistant EWP, when Spatz first demonstrated his intent that Sebek hold this position, occurred in July 2005, years before the complaints. Furthermore, the conversation in which Spatz informed Fagbemi that Sebek would be Acting EWP, and Sebek's subsequent characterization of himself in emails and memoranda as Acting EWP, occurred beginning in July 2006-well before the constitutionally protected complaints. Even Spatz's second request to re-classify Sebek occurred in March 2007, more than a year before Spatz read the Complaint in this lawsuit on July 2, 2008. Because there is no evidence that Spatz knew about Fagbemi's protected speech at the time of the alleged retaliatory conduct, Fagbemi's "constitutionally protected speech" cannot be said to have "motivated" his actions regarding Sebek. See Healy, 203 F.3d at 739; see also Miller, 203 F.3d at 1008.
Thus, the Court finds that Spatz is entitled to judgment as a matter of law against Fagbemi on his claim of retaliation, and grants his Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to Count II.
For the reasons stated, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is granted.
Virginia M. Kendall United States District Court Judge Northern District of Illinois
Our website includes the main text of the court's opinion but does not include the
docket number, case citation or footnotes. Upon purchase, docket numbers and/or
citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a legal proceeding.
Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
LRC, Inc. About Us


text:
scroll to top
Stuck on your essay?
Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up
10 Pages
A Creative Story about a Suicidal Person in Prison
Already a member? Login here
Pages: 10
Word Count: 4,314
Category: English
Word Count: 4,314
Pages: 10
The only light in cell came from a light fixture place in the hall Bolted on to a slimy dirt covered wall The nauseating stench of fresh death and decay filled his lungs making him sick to death some days In the cell next to his a man had hours earlier committed suicide Most of the blood had drained from his body through a large gash across his left wrist and formed a pool in which the corps rested His skin was pale and clammy The eyes had sunken deep into their sockets At his side a razor blade floated around peacefully having fulfilled its purpose Chris could hear the rats swarming gnawing on the dead mans flesh chomping away on the bones playing amongst his blood There was a time when these sounds would have drove Chris insane but he had long since forgot how to care and learned how to mentally block these gruesome noises out He had to fight for every second of sanity that he had and the champ inside of him had grown tired-tired of waiting tired of wishing and tired of holding on to a hope he could not see All he could think about was that he did not want to end up like the others This was hell No Hell would be never being able to die If he didnt kill himself they soon would Chris had witnessed how the monsters who where in control treated inmates like him In here you have no control of your own life They control every breathing second that your alive till you die They have the power to kill you but they also have the power to mentally destroy you and they will They brake your mentality down by the extreme torture that they find amusing They take your greatest fears and exploit them Those who are afraid of the dark are locked up in the smallest dampest and darkest
@Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!!
- Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley
Wow, this is the best essay help I've ever received!
- Camvu Pham, student @ U of M
If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep
- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|3 matching items
|JJ Games is a seller of used video games, systems, and accessories of Playstation 2, Gamecube, Xbox, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Advance, Playstation, and Gameboy Color. We offer fast, low priced shipping a...
|Collectibles Art Jewelry Etc
|2 matching items
|Welcome to my eBay Store. Please add me to your list of favorite sellers and visit often. Thank you for your business.
|1 matching item
|We offer video games and consoles to fit your budget and needs. We know that not everyone is a collector or cares about the new-in-box stuff - sometimes you just wanna play it and own it! Your satisfa...
|1 matching item
|Welcome to our eBay Store. We work hard to present great quality items in fine condition. Fresh, clean & beautiful, new items added weekly!! Please add us to your list of favorite sellers and vis...
|AJ Jewelry and Pawn
|1 matching item
|We give you quality merchandise for less! We are a reputable jewelry / pawnshop that offers it's client quality jewelry and merchandise at economical prices. We have done hundreds of transactions on...
|1 matching item
|VideoGameTrader.com is the home for Video Gaming! We stock 1000's of titles from early Atari Game Systems to NEW console like PSVita, PS4, Xbox One, Wii U, & more! We also sell new games for classic ...
|Goodwill Industries of Middle TN
|1 matching item
|Welcome to Goodwill Industries of Middle Tennessee eBay Store. Through the sale of donated items, Goodwill provides job training and job placement for people with disabilities or other barriers to emp...
|1 matching item
|1 matching item
|Welcome to our store! Our company specializes in selling games right here on eBay! We offer Playstation, XBOX, Nintendo, and Sega games. Our inventory is updated daily with auctions and classic gam...
|1 matching item
|Gulfstream Goodwill Industries, Inc., assists people with disabilities and other barriers to employment to become self-sufficient, working members of our community.
|Alex Deals LLC
|1 matching item
|Welcome to Alex Deals! Here you'll find everything from fashion to consumer electronics at bargain prices.
|1 matching item
|Page 1 of 1
|Start of layer
We're sorry, but there's been an error.
Please try again.
Click to close
|End of layer


text:
Superdry Orange Label Grey Primary Hoody
Regrettably this item is unavailable to order.
Superdry women's Primary Hoody from the Orange Label range. This over-the-head hoody features a drawstring hood, an embroidered Superdry chest logo and a front pouch pocket. The Primary Hoody is finished with a Superdry logo tab on the cuff.
55% Cotton, 45% Polyester.


text:
The perfect tool for beginners. A must-have for the professional.
This RainForest72 is our most powerful hydroponic module. It is designed to maximise the amount of oxygen available to plant roots. Used by the biggest research laboratories in the US, like Argonne National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory it has demonstrated the most dramatic propagation rates of any hydroponic system yet tested.
The RainForest72 is an essential propagating tool for the professional, the collector and alldedicated growers.
Each RainForest72 comes with one set of Flora-series (2 times one liter and Flora Micro in half-liter bottles for either hard or soft water).
Length = ca. 67 cm
Width = ca. 67 cm
Height = ca. 31 cm
Effective capacity = 60 Litres
72 plant-sites
Do you need instructions and a manual for the RainForest 72? If so, download it here.
The delivery time will properbly be ca. 2 weeks, because we don't always have all GHE systems on stock.
Possibly, the producers deliveres directly to you. In that case, we will inform you immediately, because then COD (cash on delivery) is not possible.
To protect the net-pot from alga accumulation, use the neopren net-pot covering.
VPE anzeigen: nein
Ratings (0)
Cultilène clone block 4 x 4 x 4,5cm
- 0,15 €*
- Base price: 0,15 € per 1
|Differential price
|From 2700 piece » 0,13 €*
GHE CuttingBoard 27, for 27 cuttings
- 119,90 €*


text:
Results in Chocolate Fashion Jewellery
1-25 of 599
Fashion Ballet Girls Pendant Long Chain Crystal Necklace Jewelry Gifts SweaterAU $1.00From SingaporeFree postage70 sold70 sold
925 sterling silver chocolate and bronze bead detail gold plated tassel earringsBeautiful rich chocolate colour! Will come with a pouch free post, if you require a box $7.45 post. See my other items.AU $6.50Free postage
Fashion Ballet Girls Pendant Long Chain Crystal Necklace Gifts SweatereBay Premium ServiceAU $1.00Free postageFrom Philippines
RETRO 30s DECO STYLE ! GOLD HEART INSET BROWN RESIN ANGULAR BANGLE/ BRACELETFab retro deco styled ! chunky angular gold heart inset resin bangle. rich darkchoc resin angled face bangle. inset at each side with a shimmering gold heart. deco inspired bakelite look. ten triangular 4.5 x 4.5 x 5cm faces.eBay Premium ServiceAU $39.99Free postage
925 Sterling silver ONE 3d CHOCOLATE BAR "Love Chocolate" message charm pendant925 stamped. The charm without the jump ring is 10x15x2mm (0.39"x0.59"x0.07").AU $18.95AU $2.30 postage4 watching4 watching
7# Silver Women Rings Harmony Ball Tone Bola Angel Caller Fashion Rings JewelryeBay Premium ServiceAU $7.20Was: Previous priceAU $8.00From ChinaFree postage
Necklace chain New Jewelry pendant Women Fashion Necklace Hot Bib TeardropAU $4.65From ChinaFree postage
Ballet Girls Pendant Choker Bib Crystal Necklace Jewelry Sweater ChainAU $1.00From MalaysiaFree postage
New Charm Women Silver Plated Droplet Tear Dangle Earrings Hoop WeddingMaterial: Silver. 1x 1 pair earrings. We will send you a new replacement after receiving the defective item.AU $1.00From MalaysiaFree postage
STERLING SILVER ROSE GOLD VERMEIL CRYSTAL CIRCLE SILICON BANGLE BRACELET CUFFA stunning STERLING SILVER ROSE GOLD VERMEIL ENTWINED CIR, SILICON & STAINLESS STEEL bracelet. The stunning feature of this cuff is an ENTWINED CIRCLE (2cms x 1.9cms) Crystal Set Sterling Silver emblem set with 90 Cubic Zirconias, for a subtle shimmer.AU $47.90Free postage
Silver Locket Necklace Aromatherapy Fragrance Essential Oils Diffuser PendanteBay Premium ServiceAU $7.55Free postageFrom China
Box of Chocolates Sterling Silver 925 Traditional Charm Pendant Chocolate★Sterling silver. 925. ★Standard 5mm sterling silver open jump ring included. ★See 'Accessories' for charm attachments, necklaces and bracelets.eBay Premium ServiceAU $20.00Free postageOnly 1 left!Only 1 left!
7# 18K Gold Fashion Women Rings Angel Baby Caller Chime Ball Ring Jewels GifteBay Premium ServiceAU $7.21Was: Previous priceAU $8.01From ChinaFree postage
Chocolate Block Stud Earrings Cool Punk Kawaii FunAU $6.00Free postage
Silver Plated Chain Necklace with Chocolate Digestive Design Pendant. Free ShippFREE SHIPPING ON ALL ORDERS & FREE RETURNSAU $22.14From United KingdomFree postage
Leather Bangle Charm Friendship Silver Choc Bracelet Boys Girls Ladies MensSolid 9K Yellow Gold Chains. Mens Jewellery. 925 Sterling Silver. Children's Jewellery. Jewellery Sets. Wedding Jewellery. Imagine how great you will feel when you are wearing this bracelet! Stainless Steel links feed through a cow-hide leather band.eBay Premium ServiceAU $18.67Was: Previous priceAU $20.75Free postage14 watching14 watching
Hot Sale Fashion Jumpping Frog Silver Plated Long Chain Pendant Necklace GiftAU $2.39From Hong KongFree postage
SINGLE SILVER CORE MURANO GOLD FOIL BEADS EURO STYLE CHARM BRACELETS (MSB-050)SINGLE SILVER CORE MURANO GOLD FOIL & CHOCOLATE SWIRL PATTERN GLASS BEAD. Single Silver Plated Core with no thread; slides onto your bracelet. " MSB 050 ". with a Chocolate Swirling Pattern on Gleaming Gold Foil Glass Bead.AU $2.50AU $2.00 postage
Fashion Ballet Girls Choker Bib Long Chain Crystal Necklace Sweater ChainAU $1.00From Hong KongFree postage3 watching3 watching
New Women Elegant Silver Droplet Tear Ring Dangle Earrings Hoop WeddingCrystals Belly Button Ring Navel Ring Body Piercing Gold Plated Fashion Gifts. Velvet Apple Engagement Wedding Earring Ring Jewelry Box Case Holder Gift. Men's Neck Cover Head Wrap Shemagh Arab Scarf Mask Shawl Scarves Polyester.AU $1.00From MalaysiaFree postage
Chocolate Donut / Doughnut - with sprinkles ring - Kawaii KitschMiniature chocolate Donut Sprinkle Ring In the words of Homer Simpson "Mmm donuts". This cute ring comes without any of the calories, it is oh so sweet and will brighten the dullest day. There are other colour options for the donuts, Hot Pink, bright blue, lime green, orange & yellow. the default option is chocolate. If you would like a different colour please select. The donut is made from polymer clay and is approx 1cm in diameter. It has been set onto a bronze tone ring which is size adjustable. Will be wrapped in bubble and tissue and in a sweet organza bag ready for gifting. Thank you for looking. Paypal only for international buyers.AU $10.00AU $3.50 postage
Ladies,Fashion,Chocolate,Brown,Wooden bead,Flower,Strand,NecklaceDark chocolate wooden beads teamed together in a flower leis style. Mid length drop. One size fits all. Great casual wear. Neutral colours for easy coordination.AU $15.00AU $3.00 postage
New Women Men Multilayer Leather Handmade Cuff Wristband Anchor Bracelet BangleAU $2.30From ChinaFree postage
Multi Gemstone Copper Bangle Adjustable chocolate-box Multi handmade AU giftOur range includes Silver Jewelry (Silver rings, Silver Earrings, Silver pendant, Silver Bracelet, Silver Necklace) and accessories. Leading manufacturer and exporter and supplier of 925 Silver Gemstone Jewelry and gold plated fashion jewelry and loose semi precious gemstone.AU $23.99From IndiaAU $6.96 postage
Fashion Long Chain Necklace Big Drop Jewelry Black Fine Pendant Lady ElegantType: Pendant Necklaces. 1 Necklace. Color: As Picture. Style: Charm.AU $3.55From MalaysiaFree postage2 watching2 watching


text:
Check in from 14h / Check out prior to 12h
A Palazzo Busdraghi: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 4 stars hotels in Lucca, Italy.
A Palazzo Busdraghi offers 4-star accommodation in Lucca. This elegant hotel is an ideal choice for discovering the local vineyards as it is situated in the Tuscany Wine Region.
Hotel description
There are a range of facilities available to guests of A Palazzo Busdraghi Hotel Lucca, such as parking, room service and a wake-up service. The multilingual staff will make sure guests have an enjoyable and comfortable stay at the hotel.
A satisfying breakfast is available every morning at A Palazzo Busdraghi Residenza D'Epoca, and there are numerous restaurants and eateries close by. Drinks are served at the bar.
A Palazzo Busdraghi is close to Lucca's well-known attractions, with Lucca Cathedral just a 10-minute stroll away. Additionally, many tourist attractions are within easy reach.
Hotel features
Room Service, Bar / Lounge
Multilingual Staff, Wake-up Service
Availability and Prices
Booking Site
Room Type
Per room
Per night
Per night
Users who viewed A Palazzo Busdraghi also viewed these 4 stars Lucca hotels:
Hotel Fabbrica di San Martino
Via Pieve Santo Stefano 2511 - Località San Martino in Vignale, Lucca
Via Pieve Santo Stefano 2511 - Località San Martino in Vignale, Lucca
Holiday Home La Cumbrina Lucca
Via della Chiesa 1086, Lucca
Via della Chiesa 1086, Lucca
Hotel Palazzo Alexander
Via Santa Giustina 48, Lucca
Via Santa Giustina 48, Lucca
Search hotels
based on


text:
The Floozies Tickets
If you have found our site, you have found an exciting way to enjoy all the events you have been waiting to see without paying hefty prices. At our site, we make do without conventional marketing, thus running the risk of being inaccessible to potential customers. But cutting down on advertising is precisely what helps us to offer one of the cheapest tickets for The Floozies and other exciting events.You can now enjoy The Floozies and other popular shows and events even with a tight budget! Its the word-of-mouth advertizing that keeps us going, so do tell your friends about us! No more delaying the excitement!
The Floozies Venues
- String Cheese Incident & The Floozies 1stBank Center
- The Floozies Arvest Bank Theatre at The Midland
The Floozies Cities
- The Floozies Broomfield CO
- The Floozies Kansas City MO
Latest The Floozies Events
At our site, we keep our costs low so we are able to offer the lowest prices on tickets for the most sought after events, events such as The Floozies. You never see an extravagant advertisement campaign for our site. Instead, we rely on hundreds of customers who pass along news of our exciting offers to their friends. With the best deals on the choicest events, you will find yourself savoring all the live shows and sporting events you have ever dreamed of! Try our site now and let the excitement begin!


text:
KARNATAKA VIKAS GRAMEENA BANK RTGS HO Branch in BAGALKOT - Address, IFSC, MICR Code
KVGB0001105MICR Code
NAVANAGAR BAGALKOTContact
NAVANAGAR BRANCH PLOT NO.C-69 SECTOR 33 SBM BUILDING NEAR DIST CONSUMERS FORUM NAVANAGAR - 587 103 TQ: DIST BAGALKOT.City
What is IFSC Code of KARNATAKA VIKAS GRAMEENA BANK situated at NAVANAGAR BAGALKOT- RTGS-HO?
IFSC Code of KARNATAKA VIKAS GRAMEENA BANK situated at NAVANAGAR BAGALKOT - RTGS-HO is
What is the meaning of IFSC Code, MICR Codes in Banking industry?
IFSC or Indian Financial System Code is the code allocated to all banks branches. Bank branches use this code to participate in RTGS and NEFT transactions.
What is the significance of IFSC Code and how we can use it?
IFSC Code is a 11 digit code and we can use this code to communicate between different branches of different banks. Upon receiving the request for fund transfer it is easy for a bank to identify the payee branch. First four characters are code of bank, last six digits are branch code and fifth character is left 0, for any future use.


text:
Hotel Godwin
Select your stay dates to check availability
Hotel Godwin
About the hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Hotel Godwin in Mumbai (Apollo Bunder), you'll be minutes from Maharashtra State Lawn Tennis Association and Gateway of India. This hotel is within close proximity of Cooperage Ground and National Gallery of Modern Art.
Make yourself at home in one of the 52 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Take in the views from a rooftop terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and concierge services.
Enjoy a meal at one of the hotel's dining establishments, which include 2 restaurants and a coffee shop/café. From your room, you can also access 24-hour room service. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. A complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include limo/town car service, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. For a surcharge, guests may use a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) and a train station pick-up service.
Hotel Facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 52
- Luggage storage
- Concierge services
- Coffee shop or café
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Rooftop terrace
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- 24-hour front desk
- One meeting room
- Number of floors - 8
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Bar/lounge
- Elevator/lift
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Porter/bellhop
- Barbecue grill(s)
Room Facilities
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free newspaper
- Air conditioning
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Satellite TV service
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Desk
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free bottled water
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Ceiling fan
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
- No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: INR 1400 per vehicle (one way)
- Rollaway bed fee: INR 1000 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
Looking for a Building Inspection in Kelly, SA?
Your Business Here!Apply Now!
Are you a reliable, reputable Building Inspection business that would like to apply for a free listing?
Building Inspection Contractors in postcode 5641, South AustraliaHire the right Building Inspection in Kelly, 5641, SA. We Inspect Buildings at Kelly, just tell us when you would like to book and we'll be in touch.
Supporting Jobs in South Australia
Building-Inspection-IN.com.au lists competitive Building Inspection prices for your Building Inspection needs, covering Kelly and supports SA jobs.
Building Inspection in Kelly
It's easy to support your community! Our Home Building Inspectors can do a once off assesessment or if you have pets, perhaps you prefer a routine every few months that suits you. Services Include:
- Kelly Termites
- Kelly Pests
- Kelly Pre-Sale Certificates
- Kelly Pre Purchase Certificates
- Kelly Routine Inspections
Building Inspection in Kelly, SA
Use our online search and booking form to book your Building Inspection
Browse our Home Services Network:Garden Bags in Kelly, SA
Home Cleaner in Kelly, SA
Lawn Mower in Kelly, SA
Painter in Kelly, SA
Yard Care in Kelly, SA
Dog Washing in Kelly, SA
Electrician in Kelly, SA
Pool Cleaner in Kelly, SA
Pest Control in Kelly, SA
Removalist in Kelly, SA
Cleaner in Kelly, SA
Plumber in Kelly, SA
Carpet Cleaner in Kelly, SA
Handymen in Kelly, SA
Yard Work in Kelly, SA
Yoga Classes in Kelly, SA
Landscaping in Kelly, SA
Mechanics in Kelly, SA
Builder in Kelly, SA
Accountant in Kelly, SA
Massage Service in Kelly, SA
Book Keeping in Kelly, SA


text:
Fred Grillet
Fred is riding for the Trips for Kids Enduro Team!
I'm riding for TFK this summer so I can support an organization that gives youth the chance to get outdoors doing the thing I love most – riding my bike! If you know me I spent years hopping around on my bike and it has had nothing but a very positive influence on my life. I'm thrilled to be riding in the local Fivers races and the Crankworx Enduro as an advocate for TFK to help bring those same positive benefits to youth with barriers. Thanks for supporting both me and TFK! Fred.
Recent Donations
|Donor Name
|Siemens MAPLE RIDDDDGGGE
|You look mighty cute in them Bike shorts Fred.
|Anna Jameson
|Great cause Fred. Good luck
|Bruce & Linda Siemens
|Good work Fred ! Don't break anything ! !
|... See more donations ...
Raised: $160.00
Goal: $1,000.00
16% raised


text:
View large image
A limited edition version of Elemis' Pro-Collagen Marine Cream Ultra Rich developed to support Women for Women International, a global charity for women in conflict-affected countries. A powerful blend of Porphyridium Seaweed and Gingko Biloba provides antioxidant protection to shield against free radical damage.
Enriched with Mediterranean algae and Padina Pavonica, the fast-absorbing cream attracts moisture to the skin, improving suppleness, firmness and elasticity, whilst Chlorella freshwater algae fights signs of ageing to leave skin younger-looking. Works to reduce the depth of wrinkles and tone and hydrate skin. E.N.
87% of women agreed that their skin felt moisturised all day.
82% of women agreed that the product helped firm and tone the skin.
Clinically proven to keep skin moisturised for 24 hours.*
*Independent Clinical and User Trial Results.
Please note, we are currently updating all our product packaging to give it a fresh, new look. Packaging of this product is subject to variation from the visual shown. We can confirm the product is the same formulation.
Where reviews refer to foods or cosmetic products, results may vary from person to person. Customer reviews are independent and do not represent the views of The Hut Group.
(1 review)
It smells ocean- a decent scent not too strong but very comforting. It's not oily at all. It makes the skin very soft and I love to touch my face!
Fri May 13 23:24:00 GMT 2016 by
Did you find this review helpful?
Report this review
If ordered before 9pm, delivered by courier next working day. Available on orders placed before 9pm (2pm weekends and Bank Holidays) for delivery next business day.
Applies to most delivery addresses within mainland UK.
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is:
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessingMy Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
If you're not completely satisfied with your
purchase please see our returns policy.
Free Standard Delivery
Based on 1 review
Add to Basket
In stock Usually dispatched within 24 hours
If you're not completely satisfied with your purchase please see our returns policy.
Elemis Pro-Collagen Quartz Lift S...
Elemis Dynamic Resurfacing Serum ...
Elemis Pro-Collagen Eye Renewal 1...
Elemis Pro-Collagen Advanced Eye ...
Elemis Limited Edition Pro-Collagen Marine Cream Ultra Rich 100ml (Worth £160)
Select image


text:
Free Shipping on U.S. orders of $150+ more info »
Dynamic Round Setting Line Necklace in Satin Blush
Dynamic Round Setting Line Necklace in Satin Blush
This lavish line necklace features repeating embellished settings decorated with both large and petite round crystals.
In Stock. Hurry only a few are left!
If we sell out, this item may require 2-3 weeks for delivery.
Share the ♥ with your friends
About this Item:
Unparalleled design with a Lifetime Guarantee
Adding Item to Your Bag
One moment please
Item Added Successfully!
The item you selected has been added to your bag.
Uh oh! There was a problem adding the item you selected. Please refresh your browser and try again. We apologize for the inconvenience.


text:
Featured Package:
Earl Klugh's, second annual Weekend of Jazz at Kiawah Island Golf Resort
November 10-12, 2011
Learn More
Join the Kiawah E-Club
- Mother Nature's Paintbrush
- Cherrywood wins it all in 2016 Charleston Mac Off!
- The Storm, a beekeeper and some bees
- Top Ten Reasons Why The Sanctuary is the Perfect Family Getaway
- Greenville's "TOWN" magazine reviews The Sanctuary — Estate of Rest
- Island Escapes from Nashville's Nfocus magazine
- Where to Play Golf Eco Style visits Kiawah Island Golf Resort
- Fabulously Chic over 50 reviews The Atlantic Room
- Wedding proposal on Kiawah Island
- Sanctuary on of Andrew Harper's top 10 Kid-friendly hotels
Sorry. No data so far.
- Categories
- Accommodations (58)
- Arts (12)
- Charleston (26)
- Dining (208)
- Environment (88)
- Golf (27)
- Holidays (20)
- Meetings (25)
- Packages & Special Events (56)
- Recreation (84)
- Spa (24)
- Tennis (17)
- Weddings (4)
BBQ, beach, birding, Charleston, Cherrywood BBQ & Ale House, Condé Nast Traveler, Dining, Earl Klugh, Easter, fine dining, Gourmet & Grapes, Hollings Cancer Center, Jasmine Porch, Jasmine Porch at The Sanctuary, Jonathan Banta, Kiawah, Kiawah Beverage Series, Kiawah Island, Kiawah Island Golf Resort, kiawah river, marathon, Mingo Point, nature, Night Heron Park, Oyster Roast, Recreation, Sanctuary, Sommelier Garth Herr, South Carolina, spa, Steakhouse, Tennis, The Atlantic Room, The Ocean Course, The Ocean Room, The Ocean Room at The Sanctuary, The Ocean Room at The Sanctuary at Kiawah Island Golf Resort, The Sanctaury at Kiawah Island Golf Resort, The Sanctuary, The Sanctuary at Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Tomasso, Tomasso at Turtle Point, Weekend of Jazz, Wells Gallery, wine dinner
- Categories
Tag Archives: Kiawah Island
Jan 18
Early every January, the resort closes The Sanctuary for a top-to-bottom refurbishment (cleaning & polishing) making the hotel virtually brand new. The lobby is totally cleared of all furniture and rugs and floors refinished and furniture and drapes cleaned. Here … Read More
Jan 3
HGTV has been here for a few months shooting video to accompany the "HGTV Dream Home" which has been built here on Kiawah Island (in a new neighborhood just past the "V" gate before crossing the bridge to Rhett's Bluff and across … Read More
Nov 13
Working in the Recreation Department, this past December I had the opportunity to work the Kiawah Island Golf Resort Marathon. At the time, the course was a double loop, and seeing that it was the 34th annual race, most of … Read More
Oct 24
When thinking about birds, Charles Darwin, John J. Audubon, and Roger Tory Peterson may be the first people to come to mind. Though an unfamiliar name, Jonathan Alderfer, should most definitely be part of this iconic list. A birding consultant … Read More
Oct 17
Imagine 3 life-inspiring days – in an equally inspiring setting on Kiawah Island – in a circle of amazing women who are moved to remember who we really are, what we really want, and are ready to say YES to … Read More
Oct 16
Celebrate fall with NEW CRAFTS! This fall we have new ways to transform our pottery, glass, and canvases into magical fall masterpieces! Pottery Fall is the perfect time for entertaining. If you are hosting a football party, game night, or … Read More
Oct 16
Charleston, South Carolina has been voted for the second consecutive year, "Top City in the U.S." in the Condé Nast Traveler Readers' Choice Awards. Kiawah Island was named the No. 3 island in the U.S. after Maui and Kauai in … Read More
Oct 15
Fall is our favorite time of year! The perfect time for a beer dinner When you think of fall you think of changing colors, cooler weather, football games and great hops! We love writing menus around fall vegetables and heavier … Read More
Oct 9
Jasmine Porch and Wells Gallery feature John Michiels at Art Uncorked, October 11th beginning at 5pm. John's creative spirit was evident from the beginning, but it took years of study, practice, and experimentation before he developed his signature black and … Read More
Sep 27
Jasmine Porch and Wells Gallery feature Curt Butler at Art Uncorked, September 27th beginning at 5pm. Enjoy fine hors d'oeuvers paired with inspiring art work, creating a Lowcountry five-star art walk and wine tasting event. Cost is $15 and includes … Read More


text:
PM Plus Turquoise 17 Tricking the Tiger X6
Written by
Illustrated by
Lovereading4kids Price £18.39
£22.99 saving £4.60 (20%)
when in stock
As soon as this book is back in stock we will send you an email.Compare book price We'd love you to buy your books from Lovereading - especially if we helped you to choose them! But as our mantra is guidance, and that includes guidance on price, please do use our 'Compare Book Price' service to discover if the best value deal is from Lovereading or another specialist bookstore.
PM Plus Turquoise 17 Tricking the Tiger X6 byA pack of 6 PM PLUS titles to support guided reading at Key Stage 1. The PM PLUS books are an extension of the PM series, offering additional titles at each level for extra breadth and support.
About the Author
Other Formats
Book Info
Multiple copy pack
Contains 6 copies of Paperback
1 pages
Interest Age: Age 4-7yrs
Publication date
10th October 2003
It is THE website to use for narrowing down your search for any book. Definitely knocks the socks off any other book review website.Nickey and Tomasz Hawryszczuk
I love Lovereading as it provides an honest opinion and showcases a range of fiction. Suited to both parents & kids alike, it's a must-use.Georgie Rowe – age 16
I love Lovereading4kids because I get an opportunity to put my opinion forward and to try new booksElosie Clarkson – age 11
I love lovereading4kids because I've read amazing books I would never have picked up, and its opened doors to new genre's I now love.Harriet Cunningham
I have told all my friends, family & teachers to see for themselves just how great the site is. Without fail, they are hugely impressed.Alexander Boxall – age 11
Lovereading is just a convenient way to find new books and hear others opinions on them.Sarah Murray – age 15
I am so pleased to have signed my kids up as they are reading a much wider range of books and even choosing books out of their comfort zone.Angela East
We love Lovereading4kids because they put books in front of us we wouldn't otherwise have read. They make us more adventurous readers!Emily Jacques


text:
Apple Software Engineer - Photo Apps in Santa Clara Valley, California
Software Engineer - Photo Apps
Job Number: 47111129
Santa Clara Valley, California, United States
Posted: Dec. 1, 2016
Weekly Hours: 40.00
Job Summary
Apple is looking for an experienced software engineer to join our Photo Applications team. This position would involve working on our core grid, animation and navigation technologies. The technologies developed by this team forms the core of our photo applications and is a key part of what makes Apple's products revolutionary.
Key Qualifications
Strong programming skills in Objective-C, C, C++
Solid understanding of multi-threaded programming
A track record of crafting high quality, high performance software solutions
A knowledge of animation techniques and best practices
A focus on performance found in game engines and graphic pipelines would be beneficial
The best camera is the one you have with you, and for most of us that is your mobile device recording all of your best memories. Our team is focused on delivering the highest quality customer experience for persisting, reliving and enjoying these memories. The ideal candidate will be a hands-on individual with demonstrated expertise in creating high end and high performance user interfaces. A track record of building solutions capable of scaling with large data set is a must.
BS in Computer Science and 5+ years of experience or equivalent
Additional Requirements


text:
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Olean with free breakfast and indoor pool
Located in the heart of Olean, this hotel is 1.7 mi (2.7 km) from Cutco-Ka-Bar Visitors Center and 3.1 mi (4.9 km) from St. Bonaventure University. Gargoyle Park and Rock City Park are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
An indoor pool, a fitness center, and a bar/lounge are available at this smoke-free hotel. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a business center, express check-out, and a front-desk safe are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 76 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, hair dryers, and ironing boards.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Holiday Inn Express Olean
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Holiday Inn Express Olean features an indoor pool and a fitness center. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
A business center is on site. This Olean hotel also offers express check-out and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Holiday Inn Express Olean is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 76
- Number of floors - 3
- Free breakfast
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free WiFi
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Indoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Pay movies
- Microwave
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Refrigerator
- Free WiFi
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool and a fitness center.
Hotel Policies
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 15 per night.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No cribs (infant beds) available
Optional extras
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 15 per night
Hotel Name
- Hampton Inn Hotel Olean
- Holiday Inn Express Olean Hotel
- Olean Hampton Inn
- Hampton Inn Olean Hotel Olean
- Hampton Inn Olean Hotel
- Hampton Olean


text:
Beautiful Rachel Love came over today but she was busy reading a book and I found her to be much too quiet. I couldn't have that so I asked Rachel to show me some boobies in hopes of maybe get something going between us. Before long we were heading upstairs where she gave me more than a little pleasure. I was definitely obliged and ready to sex those titties up proper. Rachel's tits are massive and she knows how to work them. She had me working extra hard to please her. Rachel Love didn't disappoint!!
See The Free Video Of Rachel Love Only At Big Naturals
Click Here For The Free Video Of Rachel Love At Big Naturals
|Porn Pics Pass
18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
In compliance with United States Code, Title 18, Section 2257, all models, actors, actresses and other persons who appear in any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct appearing or otherwise contained on this page were over the age of eighteen years at the time of the creation of such depictions.


text:
Mario's Mushroom Farm
Played 97165 times
Mario's Mushroom Farm game information:
Mario has been growing his crops on Yoshi's Island ready for the winter months, help him collect his mushrooms and cash them in, see how many you can get to the finish, hopefully enough to get to the next level!
How to play:
in game
Add this game to your website or blog!
Popular Tags
Latest Games
- Bart Shootout
- The Hulk Differences
- Princess doll house 2
- American Trucks Memory
- Sailor Ship Escape
- Defend Kindom Wars
- Deadpool Jigsaw
- Offroad Race Truck
- House Cleaning
- Kings Castle 20
- BMW F32 Jigsaw
- Art Gallery Escape
- Fairy Beauty Salon
- Daredevil Jigsaw
- Semi Truck Jigsaw
- Lexus RS 350 Jigsaw
- Land of the Monsoon
- Kings Castle 19
- Italy Palazzo Escape
- Kings Castle 18
- Steven Adventure 2
- The Flowers of Paris
- Hendersons House
- Cindrella Hidden Objects
- Abandoned Theater Escape
- Phantom Jigsaw Truck
- Silverado Jigsaw
- Fireman Kids Western
- Elsa's Cuisine
- Dora Find Flying Castle