text:
Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia
Dr Robert Clarke, Clinical Trial Service Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX26HE, UK (fax: +44 (0) 1865 558817; e-mail: email@example.com).
Abstract. VITAL Trial Collaborative Group. Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia. J Intern Med 2003; 254:–.
Objectives. To examine the association of cognitive impairment with platelet activation and reactive oxygen species and total homocysteine levels; and to assess the biochemical efficacy of treatment with aspirin and vitamin supplements in people at high risk of dementia.
Subjects. People with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
Design and intervention. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design trial, 149 people at high-risk of dementia were randomized to receive either low-dose aspirin (81 mg) or placebo; and folic acid (2 mg) plus vitamin B12 (1 mg) or placebo; and vitamins E (500 mg) plus C (200 mg) or placebo. Participants were seen twice before and once after 12 weeks of treatment.
Main outcome measures. At each visit, participants had their cognitive function assessed and had blood collected for homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 determination and urine collected for markers of platelet activation (11-dehydro-thromboxane B2) and reactive oxygen species (8-epi-PGF2α).
Results. Prior to treatment, cognitive function was inversely related with homocysteine and with urinary thromboxane and isoprostane, and these associations were independent of age. Aspirin was associated with a median reduction in 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 of 73% (P < 0.001). B-vitamins lowered plasma homocysteine concentration by 30% (P < 0.0001) and antioxidant vitamins lowered isoprostane excretion by 26% (P < 0.1). No effect of treatment on cognitive function was detected.
Conclusions. Aspirin and B-vitamins were effective in reducing biochemical factors associated with cognitive impairment in people at risk of dementia. Large-scale trials are now required to assess the relevance of aspirin and B-vitamins for the maintenance of cognitive function in people at risk of dementia.


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Air Reldan Inc.
Abita Springs, Louisiana
0 Reviews
Abita Springs, Louisiana
0 Reviews
Welcome to Air Reldan, Inc. Air Charter Service & Flight School. Air Reldan has been providing Aviation Services to the New Orleans area for over 30 years.
Air Reldan, Inc. offers flight training for pilot ratings in airplanes, both single engine and multiengine aircraft.
Air Reldan Inc.
St. Tammany Regional Airport
25048 Highway 36
Abita Springs, Louisiana, 70420
United States
+1 (504) 241-9400
Flight Training (Airplane)
Private Pilot (PPL) Commercial Pilot (CPL) Flight Instructor (CFI / FI)Instrument Rating (IR) Flight Instructor - Instrument Multi-Engine Class Rating Flight Instructor - Multi-Engine (MEI)CT
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
David Houghton
- 01942 864040
- 07944 268713
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- GTS0189 (Local Authority Membership Number)
- Date of joining the Scheme: 24/03/2011
(16 Reviews)
Customer Service
Quality of Work/Service
Punctuality / Efficiency / Time Taken
Services Provided:
Feedbacks per trade:
Comments from consumers who have used this trader
Reviewed 02-Dec-2016
Mr David Houghton is an excellent, reliable and knowledgeable trader. I am impressed with everything that he has done for me.
Reviewed 25-Aug-2016
Efficient and organised. Honest workers who turn up on time. Immaculately clean worker. Always respectful. Don't waste time, get on with the job. Conscientious, friendly and willing to chat but on customers terms. Keep you informed and as well as all that do a very professional job. We are delightful to have found David and his team and will certainly call them first for any future work. Very highly recommended indeed.
Reviewed 25-Aug-2016
Very professional service. Excellent value for money. David was always very polite and informative about the jobs he was doing (I ask a lot of questions!) The plasterer who completed the job for him was also top quality. I would have no hesitation in recommending David for any work.
Reviewed 05-Sep-2012
David was a pleasure to do business with. He kept the site clean and completed the work to a good standard and finished on time. I would not hesitate to use his services again.
Reviewed 29-May-2012
Dave's estimate for pointing was reasonable; he came when he said he would (or phoned if he was unavailable); the work was finished to a high standard; and he cleaned up afterwards. I would highly recommend him.
Reviewed 09-May-2012
Faultless, will use again.
Satisfaction survey results:


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ERIC Number: ED251953
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1983-Oct-4
Pages: 14
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Legal Aspects--A Reduction in Force. Discussion Group #18.
Thomas, Howard
Since employee salaries and fringe benefits make up the major part of school budgets, any reduction in budgets must be accomplished by reducing personnel. Concentrating on Oklahoma, but citing legal decisions in other states as well, a legal summary is presented for reduction in force when funds are unavailable to complete a school budget. As in most situations, good faith is the key looked at by the courts. School boards must have a reasonable plan or policy to accomplish reduction in force. The grounds to attack a reduction in force layoff are (1) that the decision to terminate was arbitrary or (2) that the reason for termination was constitutionally impermissible (termination because of the teacher's free speech, religion, race, or association). Tenured teachers have a right to keep their positions over other nontenured teachers hired to fill the same position. However, a tenured teacher can be released when the position is being eliminated as part of a change in the academic program. The 14th Amendment did not give individual teachers the right to persuade the board that areas of instruction other than their own should be discontinued. Such determinations are managerial decisions. (MLF)
Publication Type: Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Policymakers; Administrators; Practitioners
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Oklahoma
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of School Business Officials (Phoenix, AZ, October 2-6, 1983).


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A secure portal allowing our customers and vendors 24/7 access to their operational and financial information.
In order to continually improve our services between Asia and East Coast South America, MSC is pleased to announce that we have entered into a new Vessel Sharing Agreement (VSA) with Maersk Line and Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL). Under the VSA, 22 vessels will operate on two new loops, offering extensive coverage on the following routes:
Loop 1 - Ipanema: Busan, Shanghai, Ningbo, Chiwan, Yantian, Hong Kong, Singapore, Santos, Paranagua, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio Grande, Paranagua, Santos, Coega, Singapore, Hong Kong, Busan
Loop 2 - Sentosa: Chiwan, Yantian, Hong Kong, Singapore, Santos, Sepetiba, Itajai, Navegantes, Sao Francisco do Sul, Santos, Sepetiba, Cape Town, Durban, Singapore, Chiwan
Transit times and final commercial schedules will be communicated once all berthing arrangements are finalised with the terminals.
The new VSA kicks off with the first vessel departure from the Far East during the first week of July 2015. It replaces all other VSAs in place on this route, which will expire at the end of June.
For further information, please contact your local MSC office.
MSC has signed the declaration of BASCAP (Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy). It confirms the company's zero tolerance on this global issue.
The 1st of December MSC has marked the official opening of the Hamad Port Container Terminal 1, with the first call of a 14,000 TEUs vessel.
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Five Great Food Events This Weekend: Pumpkins, Beer, Cheese, Chocolate, and More
How about chocolate for dinner?
Good news: the weekend is almost here. Bad news: you're going have loosen your belt buckle if you want to take full advantage of all the deliciousness that's in store. That's right. This weekend is going to be big and full of calories and cholesterol. From beer and cheese to chocolate to crab cakes, south Florida has some highly anticipated tasty food events approaching.
5. Beer and Cheese Pairing at Whole Foods
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Harlem Renaissance
Duke Ellington performed regularly here, and Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday both launched their careers at the venue's amateur night. You can say that the Apollo Theater was the 'Motown' before Motown. Today, the theater stands as an artifact on the bustling 125th street.
The Cotton Club might be Harlem's most famous surviving jazz venue, but during the Harlem Renaissance that started after World War I and ended sometime during the Great Depression, it was also the neighborhood's most notorious. It had been opened by Jack Johnson, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion, as the Club Deluxe (or Club De Luxe) in 1920.
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance Fashion | .. | African American ...
A map of the Harlem Renaissance. I'm starting to love these cultural maps.
Cab Calloway at the Cotton Club. Harlem, New York. 1920.
harlem renaissance woman
Harlem Renaissance artists | The women of the Gay Harlem Renaissance | Welcome to Harlem's Blog
Zora Neale Hurston, Writer, Harlem Renaissance by Black History Album, via Flickr
U.S. Harlem Renaissance, NYC, 1920s // James Van Der Zee


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Description of this paper
Chapter 20 Discussion Question 7 Rose Corporation...
Chapter 20 Discussion Question 7 Rose Corporation stock is owned 85% by Pheasant Corporation and 15% by Crystal. In a liquidation subject to section 332, Rose distributes assets to Pheasant and Crystal in accordance with their ownership interests. Discuss the tax consequences of the liquidation for Rose, Pheasant, and Crystal. Chapter 20 Discussion Question 9 Condor Corporation pays $750,000 for 100% of the stock in Dove Corporation. Dove has a basis of $900,000 in its assets and E&P of $310,000. If Condor liquidates Dove and makes no special election, what are the tax consequences to Condor and to Dove? Chapter 20 Discussion Question 15 Five years ago, Mervin purchased 1,000 shares of Fern Corporation, which represents 20% of Fern?s outstanding stock. As part of a restructuring agreement between Fern and Ivy Corporation, Mervin receives 10% of Ivy?s stock (valued at $100,000) and a $30,000 bond in exchange for all of his Fern stock. Fern is liquidated after the restructuring. What are the tax issues regarding this transaction? Chapter 20 Problem 16 The stock of Hawk Corporation is owned equally by three sisters, Michele, Melanie, and Miranda. Hawk owns land (basis of $250,000, fair market value of $210,000) that it has held for investment for eight years. When Michele?s basis in her stock is $225,000, Hawk distributes the land to her in exchange for all of her shares. What are the tax consequences for both Hawk and Michele if the distribution is: a. A qualifying stock redemption? b. A liquidating distribution? Chapter 20 Problem 17 Pursuant to a complete liquidation, Oriole Corporation distributes to its shareholders land held for three years as an investment (adjusted basis of $400,000, fair market value of $600,000). The land is subject to a liability of $300,000. a. What are the tax consequences to Oriole Corporation on the distribution of the land? b. If the land is, instead, subject to a liability of $700,000, what are the tax consequences to Oriole on the distribution? Chapter 20 Problem 24 The stock of Magenta Corporation is owned by Fuchsia Corporation (95%) and Marta (5%). Magenta is liquidated on September 2, 2009, pursuant to a plan of liquidation adopted earlier in the same year. In the liquidation, Magenta distributes various assets worth $2,375,000 (basis of $1.2 million) to Fuchsia (basis of $1.6 million in Magenta stock) and a parcel of land worth $125,000 (basis of $105,000) to Marta (basis of $40,000 in Magenta stock). Assuming the section 338 election is not made, what are the tax consequences of the liquidation to Magenta, Fuchsia, and Marta? Chapter 20 Problem 25 Orange Corporation purchased bonds (basis of $95,000) of its wholly owned subsidiary, Green Corporation, at a discount. Upon liquidation of Green pursuant to section 332, Orange receives payment in the form of land worth $100,000, the face amount of the bonds. Green had a basis of $70,000 in the land. What are the tax consequences of this land transfer to Green Corporation and to Orange Corporation?
Paper#3025 | Written in 18-Jul-2015Price : $25


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Click on the link below for an update on LSU basketball following Monday afternoon's meeting with the media.
Basketball Interview Tidbits
Basketball Interview Tidbits
Tiger Blitz Top Stories
5-star linebacker Dylan Moses visits LSUOne the final weekend for official visit for recruits before the dead period, five-star linebacker and Alabama commit Dylan Moses has made his way to Baton Rouge for an official…
Tiger BlitzFriday at 6:46 PM
LSU recruiting notes from MS-AL All-Star GamePlenty of LSU targets and commits were in Montgomery for the Mississippi-Alabama All-Star Game that is set for Saturday. Here's what Tiger Blitz picked up while we were there for…
Tiger BlitzThursday at 11:05 AM
Join Tiger Blitz with our 4-for-1 deal!Join Tiger Blitz by taking advantage of our four months for the price of one deal. Get the latest on LSU's bowl preparations, Ed Orgeron and the staff on the recruiting trail, and…
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Tiger BlitzThursday at 9:30 AM


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This One's For The Ladies! Award-Winning Director Brad Armstrong brings you a "Ladies Night" to remember! Magic Mike, Dallas, and the rest of the boys are getting the women all Hot, Horny, and very much willing to please. Girls, we know you've been waiting for this one! And guys, don't worry... there's plenty of gorgeous women in here to make you happy too! So, tonight, do yourself a favor: Let her pick the movie! Stars include: Tommy Gunn, jessica drake, India Summer, Derrick Pierce, Misty Stone, Bridgette B., Asa Akira, Ryan Driller, Seth Gamble, Ryan McClane, Maddy O'Reilly, Amirah Adara, Kendra Lust, Jessa Rhodes, Tony Martinez, Adriana Chechik, Rob Piper, Katrina Jade.
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Trying to burnish their credentials as the champions of underdogs and the scourge of the privileged, Democrats in Congress and around the country are promoting legislation that would prevent American companies from avoiding taxes by reincorporating in offshore tax havens.
The legislation is driven by public anger over the collapse of the Enron Corporation, which escaped millions of dollars in taxes by creating subsidiaries in countries that are tax havens, and has gained so much momentum that it stands a chance of becoming law this year, despite the opposition of Republican leaders in the House of Representatives and the lack of enthusiasm in the Bush administration.
Nowhere is the political force behind the legislation clearer than in Connecticut, where because of reapportionment, Representatives Jim Maloney, a Democrat, and Nancy L. Johnson, a Republican, have been forced to run against each other for re-election.
The issue is especially pertinent in the new district because Stanley Works, which makes hammers and other hand tools and has been based in New Britain, Conn., for more than 150 years, is planning to reincorporate in Bermuda, which has no income tax. Stockholders will vote on the move on Thursday.
Many other companies have created nominal headquarters in Bermuda in recent years or are planning to do so. Mr. Maloney and Mrs. Johnson are among the sponsors of legislation that would lift the tax advantages these companies enjoy.
Mr. Maloney has been the more outspoken of the two. He calls the move by Stanley Works, which has not had a factory in Connecticut for years, ''deeply unpatriotic and deeply damaging to the state of Connecticut and to our country.''
He has also used the issue to attack Mrs. Johnson, who is a senior member of the Ways and Means Committee, where tax legislation must originate and where the Republican leadership is opposed to the tax haven bill.
He put his argument this way in a recent interview: ''She touts her seniority on the Ways and Means Committee and her ability to get things done. I'll be interested in seeing if she can use her position to advance this bill. If she doesn't, that will indeed be a part of the discussion in the campaign.''
Asked to respond, Mrs. Johnson said she had supported legislation against tax havens for years when Mr. Maloney had nothing to say about the question. One reason those bills went nowhere, she said, was the lack of support from the Clinton administration. ''What he's doing is politics,'' Mrs. Johnson said. ''What I'm doing is policy.''
The issue has cropped up in other races across the country. In California, for instance, Bill Simon Jr., the Republican candidate for governor, has been criticized for founding a company in the 1990's that set up a tax shelter in the Cayman Islands.
''The issue allows you to go after Republicans on tax cuts without having to be against all tax cuts,'' said Tom King, a Democratic consultant who is involved in several Congressional races. ''This is an example of a bad tax cut.''
Republicans said they were not concerned. ''This is just another example of Democrats struggling to find any issue that will stick,'' said Carl Forti, the spokesman for the National Republican Congressional Committee.
But Geoffrey Garin, a Democratic pollster who recently surveyed 1,001 likely voters in the 33 most competitive Congressional districts to determine what issues they felt most strongly about, said tax shelters were among the matters that upset voters most.
The situation in Congress is beginning to gel. In the Senate, Senator Max Baucus of Montana and Senator Charles E. Grassley of Iowa, the chairman and top Republican, respectively, on the Finance Committee, plan to move a bill through the panel this month that would prevent companies that reincorporate in tax havens from escaping United States taxes if they had no substantial business in the place of reincorporation.
Normally, when a tax measure has the strong support of the chairman of the Finance Committee and the top senator from the minority, it gets clear sailing through the Senate.
In the House, Representative Bill Thomas, the California Republican who is chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, holds that the use of tax havens is a symptom of problems with the corporate tax code generally, not one that should be addressed absent an overhaul of the entire code.
As a rule, legislation does not come out of the Ways and Means Committee without the chairman's imprimatur. But if the Senate approves a tax haven bill soon, Mr. Thomas, a California Republican, could have his hand forced by election-year politics.
Already, Representative Jim McCrery, Republican of Louisiana, has announced that a Ways and Means subcommittee he leads will hold a hearing on offshore tax shelters next month. Another Republican member of the committee, Representative Scott McInnis of Colorado, has introduced his own bill to end tax havens.
All the Democrats on the committee favor a measure that would prevent companies from taking advantage of these havens. The chief sponsor of the House legislation, Representative Richard E. Neal, Democrat of Massachusetts, said, ''If we can get this bill on the House floor, I promise you, it will get 300 votes.'' The House has 435 members.
At the Senate hearing in March, Mark Weinberger, then chief of tax policy at the Treasury Department, was cool to the idea of a specific law against tax shelters. He left office last month and has not yet been replaced. The administration's view seems to have shifted somewhat since March.
A Treasury spokeswoman, Tara Bradshaw, said the position now is that tax havens are ''an important issue'' that the Treasury is studying. ''We will be working with Congress and the I.R.S. to develop and implement an appropriate course of action as quickly as possible,'' Ms. Bradshaw said.Continue reading the main story


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Gangster Silhouettes
Vintage vector footage of gangsters and criminals. Silhouettes of men wearing elegant suits, ties, fashionable shoes, fedoras and holding big guns. Free vectors for crimes, criminals, Mafia, retro gangsters, weapons and criminal activity visuals. Silhouettes for posters and ads.
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Total Time
Prep 8 mins
Cook 10 mins
Ethnicity: Indian. Type of Meal: Breakfast
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup semolina, suji
- salt
- 1 finely chopped onion
- 1 finely chopped tomatoes
- 1 finely chopped potato
- 2 chopped green chilies
- red chili powder
- amchur powder
- rye meal (fine mustard seeds)
- 1 -2 teaspoon vegetable oil
- chopped coriander leaves
- 1 -2 tablespoon lemon juice
- Heat heavy pan and add suji in it and roast it without ghee so that suji become light brown in colour. Take out it in separate plate.
- Add rye seeds and chopped onions into oil. Fry onion until it becomes golden brown in colour.
- Now add chopped potatoes, cover it and cook it on low flame.
- When potatoes are cooked completely, then add chopped tomatoes, red chili powder and salt and fry it.
- Add roasted suji in pan and add water (nearly 2 times the quantity of vermicelli).
- Mix it very well. Cover it on medium flame.
- Turn off the gas. Add 1-2 tbs lemon juice.
- Serve it hot with green coriander chutney. Garnish it with chopped coriander leaves before serving.
Most Helpful
I made this for Adopt-a-Chef and really enjoyed it! It is quite easy to make and tasted delicious. It is very filling! I will definitely make this recipe again. I did not add any salt to mine, although my cooking buddy thought it did need salt and added some to hers when we ate it. I had to add about 2 1/2 cups water with the semolina - no specific amount is listed. It ended up very thick even with that, which is how I thought it was supposed to end up.


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Check in from 16h / Check out prior to 12h
Riotel Matane: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 4 stars hotels in Matane, Canada.
Situated in Matane, the hotel is within a 10-minute drive of Matane Airport and provides outdoor tennis courts, a swimming pool and an outdoor heated pool. Its premium facilities include a sauna and a fitness centre.
Hotel description
Rooms at Riotel Matane come with refrigerators, microwaves and cable/satellite channels. Each provide an in-room closet, a desk and a private bathroom with a hair dryer.
A satisfying breakfast is served every morning at Riotel Hotel Matane, and there are numerous restaurants and cafés close by.
Riotel Matane is within walking distance of Reserve Faunique de Matane. The hotel also offers parking for guests.
Hotel features
Room Service, Restaurant, Air Conditioned, Refrigerator, Cable / Satellite TV, Microwave, Hair Dryer, TV, En suite, Private Bathroom, Ice Machine
Dry Cleaning, Meeting Rooms, Photocopier, Desk, Self Laundry
Fitness Room/Gym, Swimming pool, Tennis Courts, Sauna
High-speed Internet, Internet Connection (wireless)
Private Toilet, Outdoor heated pool
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Kung Fu Panda 3: The biggest plothole ever...
One of the other anticipated movies of 2016, which surprisingly didn't fall under the "Superhero" ...Delvin Davis
Independence Day 3 Shatters Theaters Spring 2017; Kung Fu Panda 4-5; NCIS LA Renewed
Independence Day Resurgence may not be invading theaters until summer 2016 but Independence Day ...Nathaniel Rego
Kung Fu Panda 4, 5 and 6. 3 More Movies and a Furious Five Spin Off?
Simple, What is next for kung fu panda...Dan Brown
Kung Fu Panda: All You Need To Know About Tigress's Story (All Canon)
Kung Fu Panda's Tigress masters the Tiger Style of kung fu and helps the rest of the five to protect the valleyDan Brown
AJ's Movie Reviews: Kung Fu Panda 3, Fifty Shades of Black, The Boy & The Finest Hours(1-29-16)
[[yt:dWN4srvmPY4]]Kung Fu Panda 3(**1/2)- 0:14Fifty Shades of Black(*1/2)- 15:16The Boy(**)- 38:...Sir Owen Disney
Three Favorite {1st Quarter} Movies of 2016
[[yt:sPSBbwaZ500]]My Three Favorite Movies Released Between January and March...Randy Little
Kung Fu Panda 3: Dumplings And Noodles
The Kung Fu Panda movies are as roly-poly as their hero Po, who is of course a big fat panda. Theyâ...Zachary Cruz-Tan
Zootopia's Rare Achievement: Bigger Than Frozen?
Zootopia from Disney hasn't just been met with an excellent reception - it's projected to hit even bigger numbers than FrozenAshley Samour
Allegiant Struggles at box office, Zootopia Becomes Highest Grossing Animation Ever In China
The Divergent Series: Allegiant opened this week with $29.1 million, which is far from previous ...Jahan Zaib Khan
Kung Fu Panda 3 - Movie Review
In his latest legendary adventure, Po must face the greatest threat of all, an ancient Kung Fu ...James Porter


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Yer a # Badass , Billywig!! Billywig is another of our four # FantasticBeast puppies, who were saved after being dumped in a ditch on the side of a Dallas road. The pups were in need of a couple potions and spells to bring them back to 100% but now Billywig and his brother Thunderbird are the only ones left searching for their forever families! Feeling a magical connection? You can learn more about fostering or adopting Billywig at badassbk.com.


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Fix-It and Forget-It NEW Cookbook, with full-color photography throughout, offers 250 new and fully tested recipes to make in a slow cooker. Fix-It and Forget-It is the series of cookbooks responsible for getting slow cookers out of cupboards and back onto kitchen counters, selling more than 11 million cookbooks since the series launched. Now, after years of developing and testing hundreds of recipes, Stage 2 of the successful series has launched with Fix-It and Forget-It NEW Cookbook, in full color, by New York Times bestselling author, Phyllis Good. Fix-It and Forget-It NEW Cookbook, with full-color photography throughout, offers 250 new and fully tested recipes to make in a slow cooker. Slow Cooker Pizza, Barbecued Turkey Cutlets, Balsamic-Glazed Pork Ribs, Ginger Pot Roast, Pasta Vanessa, and Chiles Rellenos (among the Main Dishes). Sweet Potato Pudding with Cardamom, Eggplant Creole, Rosemary Carrots, and Party Walnut Broccoli (among the Vegetables). Cranberry Almond Bread, Festive Strawberry Loaf, Mexican-Style Cornbread, and Whole Wheat Oatmeal Bread (among the Breads). Creamy Tomato Basil Soup, Corn and Shrimp Chowder, Curried Chicken Chowder, and Turkey Pumpkin Black-Bean Chili (among the Soups). Omelet Camping Casserole, Creamy French Toast with Peaches, and Baked Oatmeal (among the Breakfasts and Brunches). Salmon-Stuffed Mushrooms, Hot Wings Dip, Hot Buttered Lemonade, and Rosemary Walnuts (among the Appetizers, Snacks, and Beverages). Chocolate Peanut Butter Cake, Mocha Bread Pudding, Slow Cooker Creme Brulee, and Pumpkin Pecan Pie (among the Sweets and Desserts). Chicken, Beef, and Vegetable Stocks- Easy Ketchup- Homemade Yogurt- and Homemade Cream of Mushroom Soup (among the Everyday From-Scratch Basics). Each recipe is easy to follow and requires a minimum of ingredients and equipment. Helpful Tips are included with many of the recipes. Phyllis Good believes that slow cookers are helpful appliances for both beginner and experienced cooks alike. The recipes in the book that require very little prep time or skills are labeled "Quick and Easy." (Those recipes even have their own Index!). The unmarked recipes are a little more complex, but they aren't hard to prepare. Fix-It and Forget-It NEW Cookbook is a big, full-color, useful cookbook, which, in addition to recipes, offers: "Your Slow-Cooker Guidebook--Things You'll Be Happier Knowing!" Answers to "FAQs," such as: Which slow cooker is best for me? How hot and fast does my slow cooker cook? How can I keep foods from overcooking? Simple tricks for cooking more delicate foods in a slow cooker, such as pasta, chicken breasts, and fish. Charts of safe cooking temperatures for meats, and approximate slow-cooker temperatures. "Your slow cooker is capable of a lot more than you might have imagined," Ms. Good emphasizes. "Remember, it works for you!"
About Phyllis Pellman GoodRegrettably, right now we simply can't offer you specifics of the Founder Phyllis Pellman Good. However, this does not always mean that individuals fail to be with her series. In addition we ask that you allow us to on this make any difference. For those who have leisure time and need will certainly profoundly get pleasure from should you share with us all your information. When acquiring this kind of feedback and information through end users concerning the Fix-It and Forget-It New Cookbook Author Phyllis Pellman Good, all of us 1st the woman's check. When we be certain that just about all real, only post that. Many of us see why enable in addition to thanks a lot ahead of time.
Details Book
|Phyllis Pellman Good
|Good Books
|Data Published
|01 January 2015
|Format Book
|PDF, Epub, DOCx, TXT
|Number of Pages
|Age +
|15 years
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT August Term, 2009
August 18, 2011
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE,v.MATTHEW MARINO, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from a final order of conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Stephen C. Robinson, Judge), following a guilty plea to one count of misprision of felony in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 4 for failing to report a Ponzi scheme. Appellant challenges the district court's restitution order requiring appellant to pay restitution in the amount of $60 million pursuant to the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act ("MVRA"), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A.
United States v. Matthew Marino
Argued: May 10, 2010
15 Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, WINTER, and MCLAUGHLIN, 16 Circuit Judges.
We affirm.
16 Matthew Marino appeals from his sentencing by Judge 17 Robinson, following a plea of guilty to misprision of felony in 18 violation of 18 U.S.C. § 4. The only issue on appeal involves 19 the district court's order that appellant pay restitution in 20 the amount of $60 million. Appellant argues that the district 21 court's order of restitution was improper because it relied on 22 events occurring outside the relevant time period and the 23 putative victims' losses were neither directly nor proximately 24 caused by his actions as required by the Mandatory Victims 25 Restitution Act of 1996 ("MVRA"), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A. 26 We affirm.
28 Appellant participated in the Bayou Hedge Fund Group 29 ("Bayou"), a classic Ponzi scheme masked as a group of domestic 30 and offshore hedge funds that, when it unraveled in 2005, 2 1 caused approximately $200 million in investor losses.*fn1 2 Samuel Israel III and James G. Marquez opened the original 3 Bayou fund in 1996, with approximately $1 million in capital.
4 Thereafter, they recruited investors to the fund, requiring a 5 minimum investment of $100,000. Israel and Marquez shared 6 responsibility for the fund's investment strategy and 7 recruiting investors. They hired appellant's brother, Daniel 8 Marino, a certified public accountant, to keep the fund's books 9 and to reconcile trading records. The fund retained accounting 10 firm Grant Thornton to act as Bayou's independent financial 11 auditor.
12 From the start, Bayou lost money. However, rather than 13 disclose these losses to investors, Israel and Marquez, upon 14 Daniel Marino's suggestion, remitted a portion of the 15 commissions they earned on trades to the fund's investors, 16 thereby creating the illusion that the fund was earning 17 positive returns.
18 By the end of 1998, the fund had accumulated substantial 19 trading losses and masking the losses with trading commissions 20 was no longer possible. On or about December 30, 1998, Israel, 21 Marquez, and Daniel Marino met to discuss the fund's losses.
1 They devised a scheme to conceal the losses by firing Grant 2 Thornton as independent auditor and having Daniel Marino 3 prepare and issue sham audits. In 1999, Daniel Marino, with 4 the help of appellant, created a fictitious independent 5 accounting firm, Richmond-Fairfield Associates ("RFA"), which 6 purported to maintain offices in Manhattan.
7 Thereafter, Israel, Marquez, and Daniel Marino began to 8 draft and mail to investors quarterly and monthly reports 9 indicating fictitious positive rates of returns and inflated 10 accumulated profits. Investors also received annual financial 11 statements that contained inflated rates of return on trading, 12 overstated net asset values, and certifications from RFA that 13 it had audited Bayou's financial reports.
14 In reality, however, the fund's losses continued to mount. 15 Increasingly, Israel and Marquez blamed each other for the 16 losses, and, in January 2001, Marquez was ousted from the fund 17 after a dispute with Daniel Marino. Thereafter, Daniel Marino 18 assumed the role of Bayou's Chief Financial Officer, where he 19 continued to manage the accounting portion of the fraud, and, 20 through RFA, drafted the fictitious audits and certifications 21 of the fund's financial reports. For his part, Israel 22 maintained responsibility for all the investment and trading 23 activities of Bayou, including the recruitment of new 24 investors.
1 Using the fictitious financial returns to claim a 2 profitable track record, Israel and Daniel Marino attracted 3 substantial numbers of new investors to the fund, receiving 4 investment capital in excess of $500 million. Israel and 5 Daniel Marino ultimately closed the original Bayou fund, and 6 opened four domestic hedge funds, as well as two different sets 7 of offshore funds in the Cayman Islands, all under the Bayou 8 banner. They hired additional employees, including traders, 9 accounting personnel, and administrative staff, all while 10 continuing to provide falsified information to Bayou investors. 11 Appellant's involvement with Bayou began in 2002, when he 12 was hired as an employee at a salary of $5,000 per month to 13 develop a North Carolina office for the fund's broker-dealer. 14 By the fall of 2002, appellant was making periodic trips to 15 Bayou's office in Connecticut.
16 In or about 2003, appellant's salary increased to $10,000 17 per month, and he began assisting his brother Daniel Marino 18 with private placement investments. These investments -- 19 including movie and real estate deals, an international money 20 transferring firm, and a French cable company -- were intended 21 to make up for Bayou's losses and to provide personal profit to 22 Israel and Daniel Marino. However, none of these investments 23 were ever disclosed to Bayou investors, nor were they the type 24 of investments that Bayou purported to be making with 25 investors' funds. Although appellant assisted in these private 5 1 placement investments, he claims to have been unaware that the 2 investments were unauthorized.
3 In 2003, appellant was tasked with locating new office 4 space for RFA in mid-town Manhattan. Aside from retaining two 5 temporary employees for a short period in the spring of 2003, 6 RFA never had any regular employees, save for appellant.
7 Appellant managed all of RFA's administrative tasks, including: 8 picking up the mail at RFA's office; checking RFA's voice mail 9 messages and reviewing written correspondence from Bayou 10 investors; paying RFA's bills using RFA's checkbook; and 11 picking up the phony audited financial statements from the 12 printer and copying them after Daniel Marino signed them on 13 behalf of RFA.
14 In addition, the record indicates that appellant had at 15 least some direct interaction with Bayou investors. For 16 example, the record includes several emails from appellant to 17 Daniel Marino regarding phone calls and other correspondence 18 from Bayou investors to RFA concerning RFA's audit of Bayou.
19 In an email dated May 23, 2005, appellant notified Daniel 20 Marino of a phone call from an investment advisor whose "client 21 . . . invested in the Bayou Superfund and was wondering whether 22 the audit is almost finished or not," to which appellant 23 inquired, "Let me know if you want me to call back and provide 24 what time frame the audit will be done." In another email, 25 dated July 12, 2005, appellant stated: "Call from [investment 6 1 advisor to a Bayou client] had a quick question. Asked for a 2 call. Wanted to check with you fir[s]t before calling back."
3 Another email, dated January 20, 2005, indicates that appellant 4 was signing written correspondence on behalf of RFA with Daniel 5 Marino's permission: "I have a certification letter from 6 [financial advisor] Anchin, Block & Anchin re: Custom Strategy 7 -- like last year. Go ahead and sign it?" The record also 8 indicates that appellant, as early as April 10, 2003, was 9 opening annual letters, referred to as "confirmation letters," 10 that the fund sent to each investor indicating the value of the 11 investor's position in the fund. Upon receipt of the 12 confirmation letter, the investors signed and returned the 13 letters, thereby confirming their understanding of their 14 account value.
15 In particular, the record includes two such faxes, sent by 16 appellant to Daniel Marino on April 10 and 29, 2003, 17 respectively (the "2003 faxes"), indicating both the dates when 18 confirmation letters were sent to particular investors and 19 whether the investors had subsequently confirmed the value of 20 their investments. Although the 2003 faxes were sent by 21 appellant, in the "from" line of the faxes appears the 22 pseudonym "M. Richmond," of RFA. In addition to the 2003 23 faxes, the record includes an email sent by appellant in 2005 24 indicating that he continued to open investors' confirmation 25 letters through 2005.
1 The record also indicates appellant's considerable 2 involvement in concealing the fraudulent nature of RFA and 3 Bayou. In particular, when Israel was involved in divorce 4 litigation in early 2005, appellant played an active role in 5 stonewalling, or otherwise preventing, Mrs. Israel's lawyers 6 from obtaining financial records for Bayou and RFA. For 7 example, in a January 7, 2004 memorandum to Daniel Marino, 8 appellant discussed RFA's litigation strategy with respect to 9 delaying its response to Mrs. Israel's subpoena for RFA's 10 financial information. In his memorandum, appellant stated 11 that he "would represent [RFA] and [outside counsel Kelley Drye 12 & Warren, LLP] would assist and perhaps be co-counsel in 13 arguing any motions/hearings," leaving open the possibility 14 that Kelley Drye would "represent[] [RFA] themselves with my 15 guidance." Appellant was keenly aware of the problem that Mrs. 16 Israel's subpoena created with respect to concealing the true 17 identity of RFA's principal and any other documentation that 18 might reveal the fraud. As appellant's memorandum states: 19 The issue . . . with me representing [RFA] is that the 20 opposing attorney would pick up on my relation to you 21 [Daniel Marino] and therefore seek an aggressive stance 22 of distrust.
24 The issue with [Kelley Drye] representing [RFA] is that 25 they need to speak to the [RFA] principal and review 26 what documents they have.
27 His memorandum also states: "[Kelley Drye] suggested that . . 28 as a second prong to the motion [to quash], [RFA] asks for a 8 1 protective order on any documents provided to keep them 2 confidential (this obviously doesn't help us)."
3 Later, on January 10, 2005, appellant sent an email to 4 Daniel Marino again discussing ways to stonewall Mrs. Israel's 5 attorney: "Another short term solution is to have Mr. R call the 6 opposing attorney and ask for a month on the pretext that he was 7 away in latter December and was sick during first week in 8 December and just got the subpoena." The record indicates that 9 appellant frequently used the pseudonym "M. Richmond" as the 10 fictitious principal of RFA.*fn2
11 On February 13, 2005, in an email to Daniel Marino regarding 12 RFA's then-outside counsel Leonard Benowich's response to Mrs. 13 Israel's subpoena, appellant again discussed the problem of 14 revealing RFA's principal:
15 In regards to [RFA], Benowich has prepared 16 Affidavits from himself, you and an individual at [RFA] 17 . The Affidavit from [RFA] needs to come from an 18 individual and needs to be made as it discusses more 19 particularly the arguments [RFA] has in quashing the 20 motion. This is something [i.e., the identity of the 21 RFA principal] we will need to figure out who.
23 Appellant's involvement in hiding information from Mrs. 24 Israel's attorney is also evident in an email to Daniel Marino on 25 July 14, 2005, regarding a draft letter from Benowich to Mrs. 26 Israel's attorney. Benowich's draft letter attached to the email 1 stated: "Please be advised that as far as . . . Dan Marino and 2 Sam Israel are concerned, you will not receive any documents nor 3 will you be deposing anyone associated with my client [RFA]."
4 In the email, appellant also stated in reference to the draft 5 letter: "It may be better to say 'as far as my client is 6 concerned' rather than Dan Marino and Sam Israel because there is 7 supposed to be independence between [RFA] and the both of you." 8 Meanwhile, as appellant and Daniel Marino continued in their 9 efforts to stonewall Mrs. Israel's attorney, Bayou had begun to 10 unravel in a serious manner. By 2005, Israel and Daniel Marino 11 had largely wound down and suspended trading on behalf of the 12 various Bayou funds, while still representing to their clients 13 that Bayou was actively managing an investment portfolio. Rather 14 than pursuing legitimate trading activities, they instead 15 invested the remaining Bayou funds in a series of fraudulent 16 "prime bank" instrument trading programs in a desperate attempt 17 to recoup Bayou's enormous losses.
18 For his part, appellant continued to play a substantial role 19 in concealing Bayou's losses from its investors. For example, in 20 March 2005, prior to mailing RFA's 2004 "audit" of Bayou to 21 investors, appellant, at Daniel Marino's direction, changed a 22 number in the "audited" financials that were later distributed to 23 investors.
24 On May 23, 2005, after Israel transferred nearly $100 25 million to a New Jersey bank in pursuit of a prime bank 10 1 investment opportunity, the Arizona Attorney General seized the 2 funds after concluding that the funds were the proceeds of a 3 fraudulent prime bank scheme. Thereafter, investors began to 4 inquire in earnest about Bayou's activities, and, in mid-July 5 2005, one such investor requested documentation as to RFA's 6 independence from Daniel Marino.
7 To allay the investor's concerns, and, as appellant stated 8 in an email to Daniel Marino, "until snooping is done on [RFA] 9 itself," appellant and Daniel Marino devised a scheme to provide 10 the investor a fake purchase-sale agreement indicating that RFA 11 had been sold by Daniel Marino to the fictitious Matt Richmond on 12 September 31, 1999. However, the agreement was never provided to 13 the investor.
14 The Bayou fraud was finally revealed in August 2005, when 15 Daniel Marino issued a check for approximately $53 million to an 16 investor who was asking questions about the fund and seeking to 17 redeem his investment. After the check was returned for 18 insufficient funds, on August 16, 2005, the investor attempted to 19 meet Daniel Marino at Bayou's office in Stamford, Connecticut.
20 There, the investor discovered a suicide/confession note from 21 Daniel Marino which fully revealed the Bayou fraud. The investor 22 notified the local police, who later located Daniel Marino and 23 notified federal authorities.
24 Israel, Daniel Marino, and Marquez later pled guilty to 25 charges related to the Bayou fraud. Israel and Daniel Marino 11 1 were sentenced principally to 20 years' imprisonment and ordered 2 to pay $300 million in restitution. Marquez was sentenced 3 principally to 51 months' imprisonment and ordered to pay 4 restitution in the amount of $6,259,650.
5 On September 3, 2008, appellant pled guilty to misprision of 6 felony pursuant to a Pimentel letter.*fn3 Appellant admitted that, 7 from January 2005 through August 2005, he was aware of the fraud 8 being perpetrated on Bayou's investors, and failed to report the 9 crime. In addition, appellant admitted to having taken 10 affirmative action to conceal the fraud, including participating 11 in the administration of RFA, concealing RFA's financial 12 information from Mrs. Israel, modifying the number in the 13 financial statements, and assisting Daniel Marino in creating the 14 fake purchase-sale agreement for RFA.
15 On April 21, 2009, the district court sentenced appellant to 16 21 months' imprisonment, to be followed by a term of supervised 17 release of one year, a mandatory $100 assessment, and restitution 18 in the amount of $60 million. The court explained that the 19 amount of restitution was appropriate because appellant's role 20 was "significant and key to the perpetuation of the fraud." In 1 particular, the court explained that, by maintaining the 2 appearance that RFA was a legitimate accounting firm, appellant 3 led investors to believe that "their investments [were being] 4 scrubbed and reviewed" and that the Bayou Fund was "legitimate 5 and real," thereby "allow[ing] the fraud to perpetuate." The 6 court determined that restitution in the amount of $60 million -- 7 the estimated amount of losses suffered by Bayou Fund investors 8 between January and August 2005 -- was appropriate restitution 9 given the fact that these losses were reasonably foreseeable to 10 appellant.
11 This appeal followed.
13 "We review a district court's order of restitution for abuse 14 of discretion." United States v. Ojeikere, 545 F.3d 220, 222 (2d 15 Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). We review the 16 district court's legal conclusions de novo, and its factual 17 findings for clear error. United States v. Amato, 540 F.3d 153, 18 158 (2d Cir. 2008).
19 a) Reliance on Pre-2005 Events
20 Appellant first argues that the district court erred by 21 relying upon events that transpired outside the relevant time 22 period. In particular, appellant asserts that his fraudulent 23 faxes in 2003 while he was working at RFA fall outside the 24 relevant period of the offense for which he was convicted -- 25 i.e., January through August 2005 -- and the district court 13 1 should therefore not have relied upon them in determining the 2 restitution amount. We disagree.
3 Because appellant did not raise this argument as an 4 objection at sentencing, we review it only for plain error. See 5 United States v. Inserra, 34 F.3d 83, 90 n.1 (2d Cir. 1994). The 6 district court considered appellant's 2003 faxes only to show 7 knowledge of the consequences of his acts during the period of 8 his criminal activity. The 2003 faxes established that appellant 9 had knowledge of the severity of potential investor losses at 10 stake in the Bayou fraud during the relevant time period in 2005.
11 As the court explained at sentencing, "[the investors' losses 12 were] also foreseeable to him because he's the person that is 13 sending out confirmations with dollar figures . . . and waiting 14 to see if people confirmed that they received these confirmations 15 on their investment." Accordingly, we find no error, much less 16 plain error, in the district court's use of the 2003 faxes at 17 sentencing.
18 b) Direct and Proximate Causation
19 Appellant's second argument is that restitution is improper 20 because the victims' losses were neither directly nor proximately 21 caused by his actions or inactions as required under the MVRA. 22 We disagree.
23 1. The Statutory Framework
24 The MVRA requires sentencing courts to order restitution for 25 certain crimes, such as "an offense against property under this 14 1 title . . . including any offense committed by fraud or deceit," 2 and where an identifiable victim has suffered pecuniary loss. 18 3 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1); § 3663A(c)(1).*fn4 "The goal of restitution, 4 in the criminal context, is 'to restore a victim, to the extent 5 money can do so, to the position he occupied before sustaining 6 injury.'" United States v. Battista, 575 F.3d 226, 229 (2d Cir. 7 2009) (quoting United States v. Boccagna, 450 F.3d 107, 115 (2d 8 Cir. 2006)).
9 The statute defines "victim" broadly as any: 10 person directly and proximately harmed as a result of 1 the commission of an offense for which restitution may 2 be ordered including, in the case of an offense that 3 involves as an element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern 4 of criminal activity, any person directly harmed by the 5 defendant's criminal conduct in the course of the 6 scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.
8 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2).
9 In addition, the MVRA provides that restitution may not be 10 imposed if the determination of complex issues of fact relating 11 to causation would unduly "complicate or prolong the sentencing 12 process." Id. § 3663A(c)(3)(B). As we have noted, this latter 13 provision reflects Congress's intent that "sentencing courts not 14 become embroiled in intricate issues of proof," and that the 15 "process of determining an appropriate order of restitution be 16 streamlined." United States v. Reifler, 446 F.3d 65, 136 (2d 17 Cir. 2006) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
18 The procedures by which the sentencing court imposes a 19 restitution order are set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3664. Pursuant to 20 Section 3664, after a defendant pleads or is found guilty of a 21 covered crime, a federal probation officer provides the 22 sentencing court with a report that includes, inter alia, details 23 of the victims of the defendant's crime and their losses, as well 24 as the economic circumstances of the defendant. 18 U.S.C. § 25 3664(a). Upon review of this report, and after a sentencing 26 hearing, the sentencing court determines the amount of 27 restitution the defendant owes, resolving any disputes as to the 28 proper amount by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. § 3664(e).
1 As we explain in greater detail below, the MVRA's definition 2 of "victim" tracks identically the definition of "victim" 3 provided in the Victim Witness Protection Act ("VWPA"), 18 U.S.C. 4 § 3663(a)(2), the general, discretionary restitution statute that 5 preceded and was partially superseded by the MVRA. In 6 particular, both the MVRA and the VWPA, as amended, require 7 identical causation standards -- i.e., the victim's harm must be 8 "directly and proximately" caused by the defendant's criminal 9 activity. See 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2); id. § 3663(a)(2). 10 Neither the VWPA nor the MVRA explicitly defines the 11 requisite causation standard sufficiently to directly answer the 12 question before us -- i.e, whether appellant's admitted offense 13 "directly and proximately" caused Bayou investors' losses.
14 2. Legislative History
15 The current causation standards are the result of several 16 amendments to the federal restitution statutes. We therefore 17 turn to the legislative history for insight into Congressional 18 intent. Congress first authorized federal courts to order 19 restitution during sentencing with the enactment of the VWPA in 20 1982. Under the 1986 version of the VWPA, federal courts were 21 authorized, when sentencing for certain crimes, to order "that 22 the defendant make restitution to any victim of such offense." 23 Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411, 412 (1990). In contrast 24 to the current versions of the MVRA and VWPA, the 1986 version of 25 the VWPA omitted any causation standard, but, rather, simply 17 1 provided that restitution would apply to "any victim of the 2 offense." See Pub. L. No. 97-291, 96 Stat. 1248 (1982). 3 Like the current version of the MVRA, the original version 4 of the VWPA included a provision that limited a sentencing 5 court's authority to order restitution where such restitution 6 would "unduly complicate or prolong the sentencing process." See 7 id. As the Senate Report explained, "the Committee added this 8 provision to prevent sentencing hearings from becoming prolonged 9 and complicated trials on the question of damages owed the 10 victim." S. Rep. No. 97-532, at 31 (1982), reprinted in 1982 11 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2515, 2537.
12 The first major amendment to the VWPA came in 1990, with the 13 passage of the Crime Control Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-647, 14 104 Stat. 4789 (1990).*fn5 The Crime Control Act amended the VWPA 1 by, inter alia,*fn6 adding § 3663(a)(2), which provides:
2 For the purposes of restitution, a victim of an offense 3 that involves as an element a scheme, a conspiracy, or 4 a pattern of criminal activity means any person 5 directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in 6 the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern. 7 See Pub. L. No. 101-647, § 2509, 104 Stat. at 4863; 18 U.S.C. § 8 3663(a)(2). In introducing the causation standard that the 9 victim be "directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct," 10 Congress explained:
11 The use of 'directly' precludes, for example, an 12 argument that a person has been harmed by a financial 13 institution offense that results in a payment from the 14 insurance fund because, as a taxpayer, a part of that 15 person's taxes go to the insurance fund.
17 H.R. Rep. No. 101-681(I), at 177 n.8 (1990), reprinted in 1990 18 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6472, 6583, n.8. 19 The next major amendment to the federal restitution statutes 20 came in 1996 with enactment of the MVRA, which was included as 21 Title II, Subtitle A, of the Antiterrorism and Death Penalty Act 22 of 1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). 23 Most significantly, the MVRA partially superseded the VWPA 1 insofar as it made restitution that was previously discretionary 2 mandatory as to certain offenses, see 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1) & 3 (c), and amended the VWPA's definition of "victim" to match that 4 of the newly enacted MVRA, including the requirement that a 5 victim be someone "directly and proximately harmed as a result" 6 of defendant's committed crime. See AEDPA §§ 204, 205, 110 Stat. 7 at 1228, 1230.
8 Congress explained these newly enacted causation standards 9 as follows:
10 The committee intends this provision to mean, except 11 where a conviction is obtained by a plea bargain, that 12 mandatory restitution provisions apply only in those 13 instances where a named, identifiable victim suffers a 14 physical injury or pecuniary loss directly and 15 proximately caused by the course of conduct under [the 16 convicted offense(s)].
20 In all cases, it is the committee's intent that highly 21 complex issues related to the cause or amount of a 22 victim's loss not be resolved under the provisions of 23 mandatory restitution. The committee believes that 24 losses in which the amount of the victim's losses are 25 speculative, or in which the victim's loss is not 26 clearly causally linked to the offense, should not be 27 subject to mandatory restitution.
29 S. Rep. No. 104-179, at 19 (1995) reprinted in 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 30 924, 932.
31 To summarize, since 1982 when it authorized federal courts 32 to impose restitution Congress has: (i) broadened this authority 33 by, inter alia, allowing restitution for victims who directly 20 1 suffered harm from crimes involving conspiracy or a criminal 2 scheme, and allowing restitution for crimes pled in a plea 3 agreement; (ii) made restitution mandatory for certain crimes; 4 (iii) imposed a "direct and proximate" causation standard as to 5 both discretionary and mandatory restitution; and (iv) remained 6 insistent that restitution determinations not unduly prolong 7 sentencing proceedings.
8 Although the legislative history is "suggestive rather than 9 compelling" as to the requisite causation standard, United States 10 v. Vaknin, 112 F.3d 579, 587 (1st Cir. 1997), it may be aptly 11 described as a "middle road" approach. For example, Congress's 12 intent to expand restitution as a remedial measure cautions 13 against a rigid "direct" causation standard that would foreclose 14 restitution where even the slightest intervening event severs 15 factually or temporally the link between defendant's crime and 16 victim's loss. At the same time, however, Congress's preference 17 for expeditious restitution determinations suggests that the 18 factual and temporal link between crime and loss cannot be so 19 tenuous as to require a "prolonged and complicated trial[]" on 20 the issue of causation. S. Rep. No. 97-532 at 31, supra, 1982 21 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2537; see also Vaknin, 112 F.3d at 589 22 ("Restitution should not be ordered in respect to a loss which 23 would have occurred regardless of the defendant's conduct. . 24 Even if but for causation is acceptable in theory, limitless but 25 for causation is not. Restitution should not lie if the conduct 21 1 underlying the offense of conviction is too far removed, either 2 factually or temporally, from the loss.").
3 3. Caselaw
4 We turn next to our caselaw.*fn7 We have previously stated 5 that restitution is authorized only "for losses that [were] . . 6 directly caused by the conduct composing the offense of 7 conviction," United States v. Silkowski, 32 F.3d 682, 689 (2d 8 Cir. 1994), and only for the victim's "actual loss." United 9 States v. Germosen, 139 F.3d 120, 130 (2d Cir. 1998).
10 In Reifler, we addressed the MVRA's causation requirements 11 at length and in the context of a financial fraud. There, the 12 district court had imposed restitution orders against defendants 13 who pled guilty to conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, 14 to artificially inflate the price of securities, in violation of 15 Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 16 78j(b), and Securities Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. 17 § 240.10b-5. Reifler, 446 F.3d at 135. We vacated the district 18 court's restitution orders principally because they ordered 19 restitution to persons who clearly were not victims of the 20 conspiracy, or who were co-conspirators rather than victims. Id. 21 at 125-26.
1 However, we also questioned whether restitution was 2 appropriate even for the innocent persons who had made stock 3 purchases during the conspiracy because of the difficulties in 4 meeting the MVRA's causation requirements. See id. at 135-39. 5 As we explained, the MVRA's direct and proximate causation 6 requirements both reflect "Congress's interest in maintaining 7 efficiency in the sentencing process." Id. at 135. The MVRA's 8 direct causation requirement promotes this efficiency because 9 "'the less direct an injury is, the more difficult it becomes to 10 ascertain the amount of a plaintiff's damages attributable to the 11 violation.'" Id. at 135 (quoting Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. 12 Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 269 (1992)). Likewise, the MVRA's proximate 13 causation requirement promotes efficiency in the sentencing 14 process by "limit[ing] a person's responsibility for the 15 consequences of that person's own acts[,] . . . reflect[ing] 16 ideas of what justice demands, or of what is administratively 17 possible and convenient." Id. at 135 (citations and internal 18 quotation marks omitted).
19 Applying these principles in Reifler, we expressed serious 20 doubt, but did not decide, whether the MVRA's causation 21 requirements should have foreclosed restitution for even innocent 22 shareholder victims. See id. at 135-39. We first noted the 23 difficulty that the victims would have encountered as private 24 plaintiffs in a Rule 10b-5 civil action against defendants, 25 either for their lack of standing as purchasers or sellers of 23 1 securities, or for their failure to show reliance on any 2 misrepresentation or omission by defendants, both of which are 3 required in a private Rule 10b-5 action. Id. at 135-36 (citing 4 Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723 (1975)). 5 In light of the victims' difficulty in establishing Rule 6 10b-5's purchaser/seller standing requirement -- a rule that is 7 intended to avoid "severe problems of proof," Blue Chip Stamps, 8 421 U.S. at 758 -- we questioned whether the victims should be 9 able to recover restitution under the MVRA, which, through its 10 proximate causation requirement, is also intended to avoid 11 problems of proof. Reifler, 446 F.3d at 136. On review of the 12 statutory language and the legislative history, we concluded that 13 there was nothing to suggest that "persons eligible to receive 14 restitution under the MVRA would include persons who lack 15 standing to sue, based on the conduct underlying the offense of 16 conviction, in a civil action." Id. at 137.
17 Reifler should not be read, however, to suggest that someone 18 who is otherwise a "victim" is not eligible for restitution 19 because a private right of action is not available. Nor, if a 20 private right of action exists, need such a person show that he 21 or she fulfills every element of that action. Restitution under 22 the MVRA is a remedy provided to victims independent of the 23 availability, or lack thereof, of a private right of action 24 against a defendant. What Reifler means is that where an 25 analogous private right of action exists, caselaw under it may 24 1 inform, but perhaps not control, causation determinations in 2 restitution proceedings. In the present matter, appellant's 3 misprison of felony concealed from authorities a massive, ongoing 4 Ponzi scheme involving securities fraud. Securities fraud is the 5 subject of numerous private actions and has caused us to discuss 6 at great lengths the causation standards applicable in that 7 context. See, e.g., Lentell v. Merill Lynch & Co., 396 F.3d 161, 8 172 (2d Cir. 2005); Suez Equity Inv., L.P. v. Toronto-Dominion 9 Bank, 250 F.3d 87, 95-96 (2d Cir. 2001). In particular, we have 10 long held that "a securities-fraud plaintiff 'must prove both 11 transaction and loss causation.'" Lentell, 396 F.3d at 172 12 (quoting First Nationwide Bank v. Gelt Funding Corp., 27 F.3d 13 763, 769 (2d Cir. 1994)).
14 We have further stated:
15 Use of the term "loss causation" is occasionally 16 confusing because it is often used to refer to three 17 overlapping but somewhat different concepts. It may be 18 used to refer to whether the particular plaintiff or 19 plaintiff class relied upon -- or is refutably presumed 20 to have relied upon -- the misrepresentation. ATSI 21 Commc'ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 107 22 (2d Cir. 2007). Generally, however, courts use the 23 term "transaction causation" to refer to this element.
24 See, e.g., Dura Pharms., 544 U.S. at 341-42, 125 S.Ct. 25 1627; Emergent Capital Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Stonepath 26 Group, Inc., 343 F.3d 189, 197 (2d Cir. 2003) ("Like 27 reliance, transaction causation refers to the causal 28 link between the defendant's misconduct and the 29 plaintiff's decision to buy or sell securities.").
31 "Loss causation" may also refer to the requirement 32 that the wrong for which the action was brought is a 33 but-for cause or cause-in-fact of the losses suffered, 34 also a requirement for an actionable Section 10(b) 35 claim.
1 In re Omnicom Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 597 F.3d 501, 509-10 (2d 2 Cir. 2010). Finally, we have explained that "a misstatement or 3 omission is the 'proximate cause' of an investment loss if the 4 risk that caused the loss was within the zone of risk concealed 5 by the misrepresentations and omissions alleged by a disappointed 6 investor." Lentell, 396 F.3d at 173.
7 4. Application
8 Appellant was convicted of having knowledge of, failing to 9 report, and taking affirmative steps to conceal the Bayou fraud. 10 See United States v. Cefalu, 85 F.3d 964, 969 (2d Cir. 1996) 11 ("The elements of Misprision of Felony are 1) the principal 12 committed and completed the alleged felony; 2) defendant had full 13 knowledge of that fact; 3) defendant failed to notify the 14 authorities; and 4) defendant took steps to conceal the crime.") 15 In his view, his conduct was neither the direct nor the 16 proximate cause, for purposes of the MVRA, of the Bayou 17 investors' losses from early 2005 until August of that year when 18 the fraud was revealed. He argues that, because he was not 19 directly engaged in the operational activity of the Bayou fraud 20 -- e.g., trading, investment or other related financial activity 21 -- his conduct in concealing the fraud was not the direct cause 22 that the MVRA requires. We disagree.
23 We begin by noting that a Bayou investor may meet the 24 causation requirement of the statutory definition of "victim" 25 without showing individual reliance. The very nature of the 26 1 crime -- concealment -- indicates the harm deemed to result from 2 public ignorance in the securities fraud context. And, in any 3 event, we may presume that had appellant disclosed the crime in a 4 timely fashion, no investor would have invested fresh cash in the 5 Ponzi.
6 For that reason, appellant cannot claim that his crime was 7 not a cause in fact -- a "but for" cause -- of the investors' 8 losses. Appellant was one of four individuals who knew of and 9 should have revealed the Bayou fraud, but did not. During the 10 relevant time period -- between January and August of 2005 -- 11 investors entrusted over $60 million with Bayou in reliance on 12 the false representation that Bayou was a legitimate investment 13 firm that was audited by an independent financial accounting 14 firm. But for appellant's role in affirmatively concealing the 15 falsity of this representation, these investors would certainly 16 not have invested in Bayou, as no reasonable investor would 17 invest in a known Ponzi scheme.
18 We find no merit in appellant's argument that the curative 19 effect of his reporting the Bayou fraud is merely speculative. 20 It is true that enforcement agencies have, at times, failed to 21 take action on the reports of so-called whistleblowers to 22 financial fraud, see, e.g., U.S. Securities and Exchange 23 Commission Office of Investigations, Case No. OIG-509, 24 Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff's 25 Ponzi Scheme, Executive Summary, (Aug. 31, 2009), available at, 27 1 www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/oig-509.pdf ("SEC Madoff 2 Investigation"); however, it is also true that whistleblower tips 3 are among the most effective means of revealing financial frauds 4 and accounting scandals. See, e.g., Douglas M. Branson, Too Many 5 Bells? Too Many Whistles? Corporate Governance in the Post-Enron, 6 Post-Worldcom Era, 58 S.C. L. Rev. 65, 78-79 (2006) ("Fraud and 7 accounting imbroglios come to light because of a tip (42.6%), 8 internal auditing (24.6%), accident (18%), outside auditors' 9 discovery (16.4%), and . . . internal control (8.2%)."); Jonathan 10 Macey, Getting the Word Out About Fraud: A Theoretical Analysis 11 of Whistleblowing and Insider Trading, 105 Mich. L. Rev. 1899, 12 1904-06 (2007) (noting the substantial recoveries of qui tam 13 claimants -- i.e., whistleblowers revealing fraud against the 14 federal government by public companies -- under the Federal False 15 Claims Act).
16 Where, as here, the whistleblower has insider knowledge of 17 the ongoing fraud, the whistleblower's tip will more likely be 18 taken seriously by enforcement officials. See Richard E. 19 Moberly, Sarbanes-Oxley's Structural Model to Encourage Corporate 20 Whistleblowers, 2006 BYU L. Rev. 1107, 1107 (2006) ("[T]he 21 [Enron, Worldcom and Global Crossing] scandals demonstrate 22 employees' efficacy as monitors with accurate insider knowledge 23 about the inner workings of their corporations."); Geoffrey 24 Christopher Rapp, Beyond Protection: Invigorating Incentives for 25 Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate and Securities Fraud Whistleblowers, 87 28 1 B.U. L. Rev. 91, 109 (2007) ("Overcoming an internal conspiracy 2 can only succeed if insiders bring information about ongoing 3 corporate and securities fraud to the attention of regulators . 4 . ."); cf. SEC Madoff Investigation at 37 ("The [SEC] Enforcement 5 staff claimed that [a Madoff whistleblower] was not an insider or 6 an investor, and thus, immediately discounted his evidence."). 7 Indeed, when a Bayou investor notified authorities of the Bayou 8 fraud, Israel and Daniel Marino were immediately taken into 9 custody and the Bayou fraud was brought to a conclusion.
10 Accordingly, we regard the potential curative effect of 11 appellant's reporting of the Bayou fraud as much more than 12 speculative.
13 Furthermore, appellant not only failed to disclose the 14 fraud, but also took affirmative steps to conceal it. His 15 conduct was, therefore, a cause in fact. 16 As to proximate causation,*fn8 appellant first argues that his 17 actions were not substantial in comparison to the "wantonly 18 fraudulent" conduct of the Bayou principals, Israel, Marquez and 19 Daniel Marino. Appellant Br. 12. In addition, appellant asserts 20 that there was nothing to suggest that he could have foreseen the 21 extent of losses that the firm was incurring. Again we disagree.
1 As discussed above, appellant's primary role in the Bayou 2 fraud was in sustaining the falsity that RFA was a legitimate 3 accounting firm that conducted independent audits of Bayou's 4 investment results. In arguing that his conduct was not 5 "wantonly fraudulent," appellant greatly understates his role in 6 the Bayou fraud. In essence, he asks us to ignore the importance 7 of independent financial auditors as vouching to the investing 8 public for the accuracy of a firm's books and the importance of 9 his role in vouching such accuracy to Bayou's victim investors.
10 Courts have long recognized the important "public watchdog" 11 function of independent financial auditors to the investing 12 public. As the Supreme Court has stated:
13 By certifying the public reports that collectively depict a 14 corporation's financial status, the independent auditor 15 assumes a public responsibility . . . . The independent 16 public accountant performing this special function owes 17 ultimate allegiance to the corporation's creditors and 18 stockholders, as well as to investing public. This "public 19 watchdog" function demands that the accountant maintain 20 total independence from the client at all times and requires 21 complete fidelity to the public trust. . . . Thus, the 22 independent auditor's obligation to serve the public 23 interest assures that the integrity of the securities 24 markets will be preserved . . . 25 26 United States v. Arthur Young & Co., 465 U.S. 805, 817-19 (1984); 27 see also AUSA Life Ins. Co. v. Ernst & Young, 206 F.3d 202, 230 28 (2d Cir. 2000) ("Reasonable investors surely view firms with an 29 untrustworthy management and auditor far more negatively than 30 they view financially identical firms with honest management and 31 a watch-dog auditor.") (Winter, J., dissenting).
1 Here, the importance of RFA to the Bayou fraud was critical. 2 Indeed, RFA was created precisely because Daniel Marino and 3 Israel knew that without an independent financial auditor 4 blessing Bayou's fictitious investment results, they would have 5 been unable to carry out the Bayou fraud. Most important, 6 without RFA, Bayou would have been unable to attract new 7 investors -- the sine que non of any successful Ponzi scheme. 8 Moreover, there is no question that Bayou investors 9 continuously relied on RFA's "independent audits" of Bayou's 10 financial results. The record indicates multiple instances where 11 investors contacted RFA with questions regarding the Bayou audits 12 and, later, with serious concerns regarding RFA's independent 13 status. It is also clear that appellant was keenly aware of the 14 importance to Bayou investors of RFA's independence. At various 15 times, appellant stressed to Daniel Marino the importance of the 16 illusion of independence. For example, in his email to Daniel 17 Marino regarding the Benowich letter, appellant stressed that 18 "there is supposed to be independence between [RFA] and the both 19 of you [Daniel Marino and Israel]." Accordingly, we are 20 unwilling to adopt the view that appellant's actions did not 21 seriously injure Bayou's investors. Whether they were less 22 serious than the actions of Israel and Daniel Marino is 23 essentially irrelevant because, during the period of appellant's 24 criminal activity, his acts were essential to Israel and Daniel 25 Marino's criminal scheme.
1 We also disagree with appellant's view that his victims' 2 losses were not foreseeable. Through his handling of the 3 victims' confirmation statements, appellant knew first-hand the 4 amounts the victims had at stake in the Bayou fraud. No 5 reasonable person in his position could have failed to foresee 6 that the victims who invested in Bayou from January through 7 August of 2005 would ultimately face substantial or even complete 8 loss of their investment.
9 To summarize, we find no error in the district court's 10 conclusion that appellant's failure to report the Bayou fraud was 11 both the direct and the proximate cause of the victim investors' 12 losses.
14 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
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Chipped Beef on Toast
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 30 mins
Loved it as a child.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (2 1/2 ounce) package dried beef, chopped
- 2 tablespoons light butter
- 2 tablespoons flour
- 1 1⁄3 cups skim milk
- 1⁄2 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
- 1 dash pepper
- 3 slices bread, toasted
- In skillet, cook dried beef in butter 3 minutes.
- Stir in flour; add milk. Cook and stir until thick and bubbly. Cook 1 to 2 minutes longer, stirring constantly.
- Stir in Worcestershire sauce and pepper.
- Serve over toast.
Most Helpful
This is nice but will come out salty. Two suggestions: make sure you use unsalted butter and rinse the beef before using it.
I got one of those childhood cravings for this and decided to make it. My mistake is that I should have doubled or tripled! My husband and I just gobbled it right up! I liked the Worchestershire sauce in the end. I also sauted in a little minced onion with the beef - definatly a favorite! Thanks Linjen for bringing back great memories...


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LA Page Makeup Makeup Artist
Kimberly BordeauxHair Stylist Female New Haven, Connecticut, US
My Website: kimberly bordeauxMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/kkb
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Excellent hotel. Great locations and spacious rooms. Great amenities. Popular among families.
Guest Review Highlights
- Great location
- Wonderful sightseeing
- Good accessibility by car
- Close to public transport
- Great shopping
- Parking is rare
- Fairly good value for money
- Room is all right
- Great amenities
- Nice building


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Frozen Strawberry Daiquiri Recipe
Rum, Lemon Juice, Strawberries, Sugar
Follow the cocktail recipe below to make a delicious Frozen Strawberry Daiquiri, typically served in a Coupe Glass.
|1.5 oz rum
|1.5 oz lime juice
|0.5 oz simple syrup
|5 fresh strawberries (save one for garnish)
|1 cup crushed ice
Preparation: How to make a Frozen Strawberry Daiquiri
- Add all ingredients (except garnish) to a blender and blend at low speed for five seconds, then blend at high speed until firm.
- Pour contents into a cocktail glass, garnish with the strawberry, and serve.


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Contact Info
- P.O. Box 219
- Preston, MD 21655
- Website: http://www.providentstatebank.com
- Phone: 410-673-2401
- Email: email@example.com
Business Description
Not Available
Update Company Profile
Financial Reporting/Disclosure
|Reporting Status
|U.S. Reporting: Bank/Thrift
|Regulatory Agency
|Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
|Fiscal Year End
|OTC Marketplace
|OTC Pink Current
Profile Data
|SIC - Industry Classification
|Incorporated In:
|Year of Inc.
|Not Available
|Not Available
Company Officers/Contacts
|David E. Brock
|President, CEO
Company Directors
|Not Available
Company Notes
- Reorganized=10-96 as holding company, PSB Holding Corp. Basis: sh for sh
Service ProvidersAccounting/Auditing Firm
Not AvailableLegal Counsel
Not AvailableInvestor Relations Firm
Not Available
PSBP Security Details
Share Structure
|Market Value1
|Not Available
|Authorized Shares
|Not Available
|Outstanding Shares
|Not Available
|Not Available
|Not Available
|Held at DTC
|Not Available
|Not Available
|Par Value
Transfer Agent(s)
|Shareholders of Record
|Not Available
Short Selling Data
|Short Interest
|0 (-100%)
May 15, 2015
|Significant Failures to Deliver
1Market Value calculated only for respective security


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My friend and I are very keen to go to Australia! We have never travelled before so dont have a clue where to start. We would like to stay out for 3 months.
We wont be going until i finish my universtiy course in may, after which I will need some time to save up. Also if anybody can make a rough estimate of how much money we will need I would appreciate it. We want to see and do as much as we possibly can!!
EMAIL : firstname.lastname@example.com
Posted By Ash on Tuesday 6th October 2009 @ 23:47:03
Updated : Thursday 15th October 2009 @ 02:05:49 | Words : 88 | Views : 7623 | Comments : 4
4 Comments
If you're new to traveling, go cruising would the best way to spend your holiday.
EMAIL : firstname.lastname@example.com
Posted By World Cruises on Thursday 15th October 2009 @ 02:05:49
I am guessing you have sorted out all the basics and have got your hands on a Lonely Planet book on Oz!
Once you get here you gotta check out W.A. from shark and coral bays down to Augusta stopping in Margaret River and Dunsborough on route. I live in the world famous Margaret River Wine Region. Safe travels and enjoy Oz it's a blast.
Posted By SMR on Wednesday 14th October 2009 @ 00:37:11
If you want to stay longer in Australia you can actually apply for a second working holiday visa, meaning you can be in Australia for up to 24 months !!
Posted By Mick on Friday 9th October 2009 @ 21:46:46
To travel to Australia you will need a passport and a visa. You can get a tourist visa for up to 3 months but you will not be allowed to work on your stay, or a working holiday visa for up to 12 months. See http:www.immi.gov.au for visa information and to apply online for a tourist visa. You also should arrange travel insurance.
I suggest you each allow at least $100/day + flights if possible if you aren't working, although it is certainly possible to manage with a fair bit less.
If you come in June, July or August then that is our winter, the perfect time to visit the tropical north such as Cairns or Broome. If it's later in the year then the south of the country is great.
Have fun :)
Posted By Simone on Friday 9th October 2009 @ 20:13:44
Forum Categories
Activities (Air) Topics 15 | Comments 12
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Travel planning survey
Hi everyone My name is Eric and I am doing a bit of backpacking/self-planned trip survey for one of . . .
Posted By Outvoker on Tuesday 15th November 2016
Words : 59 | Views : 23 | Comments : 0
Road trippin Gold coast to kangaroo island
Hello fellow travelers, So my girlfriend and I are thinking about road tripping from gold coast to S . . .
Posted By Where2go on Tuesday 25th October 2016
Words : 56 | Views : 45 | Comments : 0
Trip to Birdsville-via Yowah Opal field
G'day, I am taking a trip across to Birdsville, starting Brisbane, with my eldest son in a few week . . .
Posted By Mudhut on Friday 7th October 2016
Words : 86 | Views : 64 | Comments : 0


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Top StoriesCalendarResultsMore Headlines
Two Adrian Women's Soccer Players Named to All-MIAA Teams Senior Sofia Farah was named First Team All-MIAA and junior Mackenize Wilcox was named to the second team. Full Story
Team 29's Season Comes to an End Following 2-1 Loss at Albion ALBION, Mich. - Carloine Fleming scored late in the second half to cut the Albion lead in half, 2-1, but the Bulldogs ran out of time before they could put the tying score up on the board. Full Story
Bulldogs Win in Overtime, 2-1, on Senior Day ADRIAN, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team defeated St. Mary's 2-1 in overtime on senior day. Full Story
Adrian Pulls Away from Trine, Wins 2-0 ADRIAN, Mich. – The Bulldogs scored two second-half goals to pull away from Trine and earn a 2-0 victory on a rainy and cold Wednesday night at Docking Stadium. Full Story
Adrian Loses 2-1 to Kalamazoo ADRIAN, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team fell at home to Kalamazoo 2-1 on Family Weekend on Saturday morning. Full Story
Bulldogs Fall 4-2 to Visiting Knights ADRIAN, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team fell 4-2 to visiting Calvin on Tuesday night, October 18 at Docking Stadium. Full Story
Bulldogs Stumble at Alma ALMA, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team faced a setback at Alma, losing 3-0 on Thursday night. The game was originally scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, however lightening forced a postponement. Full Story
Bulldogs Lose Second Staight Road Game HOLLAND, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team fell 2-0 at Hope. The Bulldogs have lost two straight road games. Full Story
Late Own Goal Against Adrian Sees Olivet Win 2-1 OLIVET, Mich. - The Adrian College women's soccer team fell at Olivet 2-1 on Tuesday night. The Bulldogs had an own goal right at the 86 minute mark to give the Comets the 2-1 lead. Full Story
Kirsten Chambers Adds MIAA POTW Honor to Career Best Week FREELAND, Mich. - The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association announced today that Adrian College junior Kirsten Chambers is the women's soccer offensive player of the week. Full Story
October 1, 2016 Bulldogs Triumph in Overtime Versus Britons, Win 2-1 ADRIAN, Mich. - Kirsten Chambers lit up the scoreboard twice to lead the Bulldogs to a 2-1 overtime victory on Saturday afternoon against Albion.
September 28, 2016 Fleming and Chambers Score First Career Goals to Propel Bulldogs to a 2-0 Victory Over St. Mary's NOTRE DAME, Ind. - Caroline Fleming (freshman, Grosse Ile, Mich.) and Kirsten Chambers (junior, Riverview, Mich.) scored the first goals of their careers to lead the Bulldogs to a 2-0 win over St. Mary's, the second consecutive Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association victory.
September 24, 2016 Bulldogs Blank Thunder on the Road ANGOLA, Ind. - Emily Theisen scored the lone goal in the game in the opening 10 minutes of the match to give Adrian its first win in Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association play.
September 20, 2016 Bulldogs Fall 3-0 at Kalamazoo KALAMAZOO, Mich. - Kalamazoo scored two unassisted first half goals that left the Adrian College women's soccer team still in search for its first win in Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association play after falling 3-0 at Kalamazoo on Tuesday night.
September 12, 2016 Bulldogs Rally Late But Fall to Scots, 4-3 ADRIAN, Mich. - Adrian rallies but can't tie the game late after giving up three second half goals. The Scots were able to hold on to beat the Bulldogs 4-3 in a back and forth shootout on Monday night at Docking Stadium.


text:
Free Up Android Phone's Internal Storage
Edited by Anonymous, ashleib23
Questions and Answers
Can I delete the Android folder in the internal memory of my phone?
It consumed almost 3/4 of the whole space on my internal storage.
VisiHow QnA. This section is not written yet. Want to join in? Click EDIT to write this answer.
- If you have problems with any of these steps, ask a question for more help, or post in the comments section below.
Article Info
Categories : General Android Mobiles & Tablets
Recent edits by: Anonymous


text:
Larry Crumpler
Dr. Larry S. Crumpler is the Research Curator of Volcanology and Space Sciences at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, as well as an Associate Professor at the University of New Mexico.
Larry has participated in many NASA planetary missions over the years, including the Viking, Pathfinder, and Mars Exploration Rover missions, and Magellan synthetic aperture radar mapping missions to Venus. Currently he is a Science Team Member on the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission where he continues to play a leadership role in daily planning of Opportunity's "natural history" exploration of the surface of Mars. He is also a Science Team Member on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). He was also a collaborator on the Mars Odyssey orbiter Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) instrument.
Larry's current research is divided between two topics: 1) young volcanic terrains in both New Mexico and Arizona, specializing in the physical processes of volcanism, particularly the relatively unstudied volcanology of late Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in New Mexico; and 2) geology of the terrestrial planets, with emphasis on planetary volcanism. His field work has focused on geologic mapping of youthful volcanic terrains and the physical volcanology of lava flows. He has spearheaded several public education efforts in regional volcanism and local geology.
Profile image credit: Albuquerque Journal
Latest Blog Posts
Field Report From Mars: Sol 4535 - October 26, 2016
Posted 2016/11/02 07:01 CDT | 0 comment
Opportunity is currently finishing up observations of its first outcrop target of its 10th extended mission plan.
Field Report From Mars: Sol 4482 - September 2, 2016
Posted 2016/09/09 09:04 CDT | 1 comment
Opportunity is about to leave Marathon Valley for good and head south into the next valley, marking the beginning of the current extended mission plan.
Field Report From Mars: Sol 4410 - June 20, 2016
Posted 2016/07/28 08:02 CDT | 1 comment
Opportunity is finishing up its activities in Marathon Valley, getting ready to hit the road again.
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Funding is critical. The more we have, the more effective we can be, translating into more missions, more science, and more exploration.
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Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Education
Illinois Newsroom launches with the appointment of a new leader
PBS Kids 24/7
Teacher Of The Year Makes School 'Mathalicious'
MAP Grant Funds Not Distributed Equally
Weekdays on AM 580 at noon
Illinois Issues: Budget Impasse Blurs Future For The Class of 2016
What's your American dream?
Gov. Rauner's State Of The State Address: Highlights, Reaction
Illinois Issues: No Place To Call Home
Davis Tours Champaign Manufacturer To Showcase Job Training Bills
PARCC Pain: Preliminary Results Show Low Scores
Governor Signs Funding Bill For State Education Funding
Proposal Aims To Standardize College Credits For AP Tests
Unit 4 Program Connects Under-Represented Students With Science Fields
Lawmakers Consider New Formula For School Budget Cuts
Illinois Risks Losing Some Funding For Schools If They Don't Administer The PARCC Test
Mitsuko Uchida and Mozart Piano Concertos; Beethoven's 9th; and Brahms' Symphonies
Danish String Quartet play Beethoven's Op. 132 Quartet in A minor from Lincoln Center
Emanuel Ax plays Bach's "D Minor Keyboard Concerto" with the New York Philharmonic
Page 1 of 60 pages 1 2 3 > Last ›
WILL Highlights
Barns: An Illinois Story
Part documentary, part regional storytelling, and part love letter to the iconic structures dotting our landscape.
A short film series examining the severe underrepresentation of African-Americans in the sciences.
Classic Mornings
Get more out of your classical music experience and check out Vic Di Geronimo's blog.


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Max Cost
Avg Cost
$1,141.38 - $1,641.71
Find the Best Quality Brick Pavers - Cullowhee, NC
A lot of people choose to have Cullowhee brick pavers installed in front of their homes because they are so incredibly durable and look good. Although there are lots of different Cullowhee pavers to choose from, brick is by far one of the best options that you have. It is important that you take the time to look into this option because of everything it has to offer. The fact is that brick pavers have a great aesthetic and tend to last for decades before showing signs of wear. These pavers are fairly inexpensive to have repaired when you need to, so you won't have to spend a lot of money to keep them maintained.
Brick Pavers Companies
Southern Concrete Materials
1362 W Main St
Sylva, NC 28779
Hooper Concrete Inc
7981 N Carolina 107
Cullowhee, NC 28723
Hoopers Concrete
Sylva, NC 28779


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work of Carnelivari
...style, from the Catalan Gothic, and even from Arabic architecture. This is evident in the buildings in Palermo that have been attributed to him, such as Palazzo Abbatellis (1491–95) and Palazzo Aiutamicristo ( c. 1491), which preserve the compact, powerful masses typical of Palermo's medieval architecture yet are graced with interior courtyards and arches embellished with Gothic...