text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 10, 2008
|Filing date
|Feb 4, 2003
|Priority date
|Feb 4, 2002
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Elizabeth Charnock, Steven L. Roberts, David J. Holsinger, Roman V. Brouk
|Original Assignee
|Cataphora, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (45), Classifications (7), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to electronic documents, and more particularly to a process whereby arbitrarily large amounts of electronic information may be automatically winnowed down to only those subsets of particular interest.
The volume of electronic information in both personal and corporate data stores is increasing rapidly. Examples of such stores include e-mail messages, word-processed and text documents, contact management tools, and calendars. But the utility, precision and usability of knowledge management and search technology has not kept pace.
The vast majority of searches performed today are still keyword searches or fielded searches. A keyword search involves entering a list of words, which are likely to be contained within the body of the document for which the user is searching. A fielded search involves locating documents using lexical strings that have been deliberately placed within the document (usually at the top) with the purpose of facilitating document retrieval. These data retrieval techniques suffer from two fundamental flaws. Firstly, they often result in either vast numbers of documents being returned, or, if too many keywords or attribute-value pairs are specified and the user specifies that they must all appear in the document, no documents at all. Secondly, these techniques are able only to retrieve documents that individually meet the search criteria. If two or more related (but distinct) documents meet the search criteria only when considered as a combined unit, these documents will not be retrieved. Examples of this would include the case where the earlier draft of a document contains a keyword, but where this keyword is absent from a later version of the same document; or an e-mail message and an entry in an electronic calendar, where the calendar entry might clarify the context of a reference in the e-mail message.
Additionally, the user often requires detailed prior knowledge (before running the search) of keywords likely to occur in any sought-after documents, or even such details as the exact date (or range of dates) on which a message was sent, or who sent it.
This patent describes a method and apparatus to automatically and accurately winnow down arbitrarily large amounts of electronic information created by a particular population of actors to only those subsets of particular interest. An actor in this context is defined as any entity, single or aggregate, capable of creating, distributing, modifying, or receiving digital information. Once identified, this subset of information may, for example, be processed, analyzed, redacted, or destroyed, depending on the context of the system's use.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
There is a clear need for a search technique that returns sets of related documents that are not merely grouped by textual similarity, but also grouped and sequenced according to the social context in which they were created, modified, or quoted.
The present system makes it possible to retrieve a very precise set of documents from a large corpus of data. Hitherto, with conventional search tools, even with the use of complex search queries, results have been restricted to documents that individually meet the search criteria. It is desirable to be able to retrieve a precise set of documents from a large corpus of texts using relatively simple search queries. It would be of further benefit to present documents in the context of causally related information (for example, a document containing the minutes of a board meeting has a causal link to an email announcing that meeting), even when those other documents do not, individually, satisfy the search criteria. Examples of causally linked documents include, but are not limited to: an e-mail message expressing the need to create a particular document, and the document that is consequently created; a calendar entry for a meeting, the minutes of that meeting, and a document that is created or modified in response to an action item at that meeting; a letter of resignation and the personnel records showing the date on which someone left a company; and the filing of a purchase request and the approval of it.
Possible applications of the present invention include (but are not limited to) author identification, auditing of financial data or of processes (such as processes subject to regulatory compliance), criminal or civil investigations, document management and retention policy implementation (to seek and destroy documents that can safely be eliminated), documenting intellectual property (for example, to show that one company had an intellectual property breakthrough before another), project management post-mortems, information flow tracing (examples include, but are not limited to, first-mention detection, and information leak detection), and detection of suspicious deletion or alteration of documents (examples include, but are not limited to, civil and criminal investigations, and investigations pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002).
The process takes as input an arbitrary number of electronic documents, either in their native electronic format, or processed, for example using optical character recognition (OCR) or voice-to-data conversion. As output it produces one or more of the following:
Optionally, this process may output automatically redacted documents based on user specifications of what material is to be redacted in whatever context it should appear. Redaction is defined as the removal, obliteration or obscuring of part of a document, as distinct from the whole document.
The process has the following main steps:
This process results in one copy of each distinct relevant document, despite the fact that many copies of individual textblocks may have propagated (one example of this is portions of an email message that become duplicated by being quoted in subsequent replies to that message). The system may further perform the following steps:
As noted in
The data processing system illustrated in
The system may further be coupled to a display device 270, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) coupled to bus 215 through bus 265 for displaying information to a computer user. An alphanumeric input device 275, including alphanumeric and other keys, may also be coupled to bus 215 through bus 265 for communicating information and command selections to processor 210. An additional user input device is cursor control device 280, such as a mouse, a trackball, stylus, or cursor direction keys coupled to bus 215 through bus 265 for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 210, and for controlling cursor movement on display device 270.
Another device, which may optionally be coupled to computer system 200, is a communication device 245 for accessing other nodes of a distributed system via a network. The communication device 245 may include any of a number of commercially available networking peripheral devices such as those used for coupling to an Ethernet, token ring, Internet, or wide area network. The communication device 245 may further be a null-modem connection, or any other mechanism that provides connectivity between the computer system 200 and the outside world. Note that any or all of the components of this system illustrated in
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any configuration of the system may be used for various purposes according to the particular implementation. The control logic or software implementing the present invention can be stored in main memory 250, mass storage device 225, or other storage medium locally or remotely accessible to processor 210.
It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the system, method, and process described herein can be implemented as software stored in main memory 250 or read only memory 220 and executed by processor 210. This control logic or software may also be resident on an article of manufacture comprising a computer readable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein and being readable by the mass storage device 225 and for causing the processor 210 to operate in accordance with the methods and teachings herein.
The present invention may also be embodied in a handheld or portable device containing a subset of the computer hardware components described above. For example, the handheld device may be configured to contain only the bus 215, the processor 210, and memory 250 and/or data storage device 225. The handheld device may also be configured to include a set of buttons or input signaling components with which a user may select from a set of available options. The handheld device may also be configured to include an output apparatus such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) or display element matrix for displaying information to a user of the handheld device. Conventional methods may be used to implement such a handheld device. The implementation of the present invention for such a device would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art given the disclosure of the present invention as provided herein.
The present invention may also be embodied in a special purpose appliance including a subset of the computer hardware components described above. For example, the appliance may include a processor 210, a data storage device 225, a bus 215, and memory 250, and only rudimentary communications mechanisms, such as a small touch-screen that permits the user to communicate in a basic manner with the device. In general, the more special-purpose the device is, the fewer of the elements need be present for the device to function. In some devices, communications with the user may be through a touch-based screen, or similar mechanism.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any configuration of the system may be used for various purposes according to the particular implementation. The control logic or software implementing the present invention can be stored on any machine-readable medium locally or remotely accessible to processor 210. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g. a computer). For example, a machine readable medium includes read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g. carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.).
At block 405, the initial actor graph is constructed.
Returning to
The first time actor A communicates with actor B, a directional link is drawn in the graph connecting A and B. This is shown as directional link 550 in
In practice, this process presents a number of difficulties that may not be immediately apparent upon initial review. For one thing, most real-world corpuses contain large numbers of references to spurious actors. This occurs due to a number of reasons, including many people using the same software application license, or many people reusing the same template document over time. Use of false or joke identities is also a frequent occurrence. Some electronic identities may be aggregate actors, such as group mail aliases. In this first pass, there may not be sufficient information to remove such spurious actors, and they may thus be included in the set of nodes that the system will try to connect together in various graphs. They will be removed or corrected at a later stage when more information is available to root them out. (Different correct electronic identities that correspond to the same human user will be identified by the system on the basis of several techniques including name matching or co-occurrence of identities on the same messages. One embodiment of implementing this process is discussed in detail in the Sociological Context Engine application.
The result of this step is a sparsely connected weighted directed graph, or sets of such graphs. This information allows the computation of the communication distance or proximity between any pair of actors, as well as the probability that a communication involving a particular actor, or tuple of actors also includes some other particular actor(s).
At block 410, ambiguous actor references are disambiguated. Although at this stage in the process, the information in the actor graph is necessarily imperfect, it is of sufficient quality to resolve the majority of ambiguous actor references. In the first phase of processing, ambiguous actor references are flagged in native electronic documents, and are revisited using the process described below. All documents whose content has been captured using imprecise input techniques, such as OCR, are passed through this process due to the possibility of garbled characters altering actor names. Ways that such references can occur include the following:
At block 415, actor graph correction is performed. The above process may result in corrections to the actor graph in any of the following ways:
At block 420, discussion building is performed. The first few steps of the process are concerned primarily with identifying different actors and connecting them together. Discussion building is concerned primarily with connecting together different documents and events. This is done according to a process which consists of different methods of accruing evidence of probable causality between documents across a number of dimensions. The dimensions include, but are not limited to:
One example of doing this is described in the Sociological Context Engine application. An overview of this process is presented here in
Discussion building includes actor textblock attribution, at block 425. One of the pieces of evidence used to assemble discussions is the presence of particular textblocks. A textblock is a sequential set of words that is both long and distinctive enough to be very rarely occurring in the corpus, and is generally unique. A textblock in its initial or earliest calendar occurrence in the corpus is generally attributable to a single actor. For one embodiment, the techniques described in co-pending application Ser. No. 10/358,786 are used for such attribution. However, as the textblock is propagated from document to document, it may be modified by the same author, or by additional authors. Textblocks are of great importance for two reasons: they allow the system to help trace the lineage of specific documents, and even more importantly, the involvement of different actors in them. Without assessing the data at this level, particular statements or ontology hits could be incorrectly associated with the wrong actor.
For example, the statement "I embezzled a million dollars" in a message authored by actor A does not necessarily mean that actor A is the author of that statement; he might have instead originally been the recipient of it. Further, large numbers of incorrect actor attributions could mar the accuracy of any of the methods used to lexically "fingerprint" individual actors.
In the case of most document types, the graph-corrected actor is generally assumed to be the author of all of the text contained in the document, except in situations where there is specific evidence to the contrary. Examples of such evidence can include:
At block 430, actor communication profiles are updated. Each node in the actor graph has a communication profile associated with it. The information is used largely in order to determine "normal" communication behavior for that individual, as well as to be able to lexically "fingerprint" individual actors based on idiosyncrasies in how they use words and phrases, and even make spelling and punctuation mistakes. Since prior to the previous step, some text may have been implicitly attributed to different actors incorrectly (for example, when the meta-data extraction was performed by an indexer prior to the start of Step 1), the necessary adjustments are made at this point, and any identified incorrect author assignments are replaced with the corrected ones. This can be thought of conceptually as having a separate index of the text attributable to each actor.
At this stage, the system has a highly accurate list of every actor that has participated in a discussion during the time interval for which information is available. Further, the available information in terms of each actor's communication styles and behaviors has been analyzed. At this juncture, any material that is deemed irrelevant can be removed from the data set. For example, subpoenas are limited to a particular date range; material created before or after these dates are not at issue for the subpoena, and were merely examined by the system for modeling purposes. Discussions which lie partially inside the time interval of interest, and partially outside it, remain in the data set, for one embodiment. For one embodiment, such discussions may be automatically truncated with a single command. Similarly, discussions or documents on particular topics may be removed at this juncture. Further, any actors external to the primary network domain(s) in the corpus who have only sent rather than received communications, may now be safely removed as being either spam, or possibly online newsletters, or other "foreign" material. In some embodiments of the invention, such removal is done iteratively, starting from the stage at which an actor graph is first constructed, and it is observed that such actors have no bi-directional links associated with them.
After as many documents as possible have been initially binned into discussions, and a reasonable amount of actor-related information has been corrected, the system attempts to assign topics to them by applying different hierarchical ontologies, at block 440. Categorizing documents by ontologies is a well-known technique. However, the system is applying ontologies to whole discussions, rather than just individual documents. This enables the correct categorization of short-content items and events that would not otherwise be possible. For example, a discussion might start out with a message containing an explanation of a particular tax scam, but all of the subsequent messages might be brief and highly ambiguous, and might very well not contain any stems that would trigger any of the ontologies. Finally, the discussion might end with a scheduled meeting of all of the discussion participants. Being able to count each of these items as associated with an ontology relating to potentially illegal tax activity gives a much more accurate picture of both the amount of discussion on the topic, and the extent of the involvement of different actors in it.
At block 445, tagged actors (as defined above) are identified. The information from the preceding steps is used to ascertain which actors are discussing which topics, both in an initiating situation and in a responding one. "Did someone say X" or "Did someone see X" are two very different questions, and the system's ability to correctly attribute textblocks to their authors allows them to be treated differently. Since the system sequentially labels textblocks in each document, a textblock created by author B that immediately follows a textblock containing certain content can reasonably be considered evidence that author B saw the preceding content.
Certain ontologies may correspond to content that would generally be considered of a damaging nature (either damaging in a specific context, or more generally,) and it is very useful to be able to identify and tag the actors that have discussed such content, especially those who initiated it. The system has by default a set of ontologies which are considered damaging. However, the user may assign the "damaging" attribute to any ontology, or remove it. Thus the system tabulates which actors have authored or seen text that was trapped by each ontology. Once an actor is found to have participated in the creation of damaging content, any communications they authored are passed through the system a second time, this time requiring a much lower threshold for a communication to be considered potentially damaging. In one embodiment of the invention, by default, the occurrence of even a single piece of damaging evidence, such as a particular word or term, causes the entire item to be categorized as damaging. This information can be used to prioritize documents for manual review, or to redact or destroy the information, depending on the context of use. Similar processing may be applied to identification and treatment of discussions relating to other kinds of tagged actors.
At block 450, the actor profiles are updated with the new information of which topics each actor discussed, and with whom. The actor graph may also be modified at this step. An unknown actor's participation in the discussion of very specific, generally restricted topics may help provide the evidence (along with lexical fingerprinting) to strongly suggest that the "unknown" actor is in fact a particular known actor using a previously unknown electronic identity.
At block 455, the data furnished by the ontologies is also used to modify discussion structure in any of the following ways:
At block 460, a data integrity check is performed. While in the course of normal events many documents will be deleted for one innocuous reason or another, under some circumstances the systematic or deliberate deletion of certain kinds of documents may be illegal. Conversely, in responding to a subpoena, for example, all documents meeting certain qualifications specified in the subpoena must be placed into a production set that is handed over to the other side. That is, the non-inclusion of certain documents in the production set is illegal. In either case, there is a set of data that the system can evaluate with the goal of determining its likely completeness and correctness. Similar requirements are found in other situations, including audits, investigations, and regulatory compliance.
For one embodiment, there is presumed to be a fixed interval of time bounding the analysis, even if the endpoint is the present day. The starting date is either specified by the user, or derived from the indigenous document with the earliest date stamp (Block 605). The term indigenous refers to documents with an author that is a member of the actor population, and which do not correspond to a well-known file such as those associated with the operating system, which are removed by means of MD5 hashes or a similar method, as discussed above. An ending date is user-specified, defaults to the present day, or defaults to the latest date stamp on an indigenous file.
Each node in the actor graph has a lifespan associated with it. The lifespan documents the earliest, and latest electronic appearance of that actor in the population. An appearance can be any number of things, including an entry in an HR system, an initial email being sent, or a reference in an indigenous document. The intersection of the time interval for analysis and each actor lifespan is computed (Block 610); not every actor may have been present in the corpus throughout the entire time interval (Block 615). For each actor, or alternately each actor designated by the user, the system generates a histogram of the communications history of that actor. For one embodiment, the histogram may be per week, per month, or per another time unit specified by the user. Specifically, these are any instances in which either the creation of any kind of document (including emails or instant messages) or the creation or modification of a textblock was initiated by that actor. If the histogram has a value of zero for two weeks or more after the start of the actor's lifespan and before its end, this is flagged as anomalous by the system. In another embodiment, the user may specify the length of an abnormal absence interval, either by providing a fixed interval length, or an actor-relative formula for calculating it. The system builds a list of such occurrences (Block 620). It then retrieves any HR records or calendars that are available for the actors in question in order to determine whether a vacation or other absence could have been responsible for the trough in communications. In those instances where there is either an exact match of the date range of a recorded absence, or substantial overlap with it, the actor is removed from the potentially anomalous set (Block 620).
Next the system compares the list of anomalous actors to the actor "circles of trust" (Block 625). A circle of trust is a set of actors who consistently correspond in a closed loop with one another. One embodiment of the generation of such circles of trust is described in the Sociological Context Engine application. The appearance of more than one actor from the same circle of trust in the anomaly list is flagged by the system as highly suspicious (Block 630), since it may suggest that discussions among certain sets of actors are being systematically deleted, or that certain media have been misplaced or lost. If no other actors from the same circle of trust have similar unexplained troughs in communication (Block 625), the system flags the actor with unexplained troughs and adds this actor to the list of actors with potentially missing information in the date range under consideration (Block 635).
In the next pass, the system looks for both discussions with a high percentage of "missing" items or deletions (Block 640). These are items that were either fully or partially reconstructed by the system, but which no longer exist as independent objects. For example, message B, a reply to message A, might contain the headers and text associated with message A. In this event, even if message A no longer existed, it could be accurately reconstructed by the system. However, if all that remained of message A was reply-to ID in another message that no longer resolved to an existing message, message A would not be reconstructable even though there is remaining evidence of a missing item. See the Sociological Context Engine application for a broader discussion.
Of the discussions that flagged in this manner, each is correlated to the actors and topics as determined by the application of ontologies. In one embodiment, this may also be accomplished via the use of other techniques such as clustering. Since electronic documents are deleted as part of everyday events, the fact by itself that these discussions are missing some of their items is insufficient to flag them as suspicious. However, the system will flag as suspicious, during the suspicious discussion detection 645 process, those discussions within this set that test positive during any of the following stages of processing, as shown in
In those cases where the corpus contains a number of incremental back-up tapes or other media, bulk deletions between sequential backups can be easily noted. This can be done by using the above-described techniques to compare different data sets, although there may not be a need for separate batch numbers. However, in some embodiments of the invention, each sequential pair of backups is examined, and all documents appearing in the Nth, but not the (N+1)th backup are identified and placed in a special set. A clustering analysis is then performed, and if the deletion set corresponds to a cluster, a suspect deletion warning is triggered. Similarly, a clustering analysis is performed on all of the deletion sets that can be created in this manner. Note that deletions are an event type, and any deletions identified by the above process will be considered bulk deletions, a subclass of deletion.
The subset of discussions that is flagged as suspicious as the result of one or more of these filters is again correlated to both actor and topic in order to help observe whether the deletions seem to be grouped around a particular actor, set of actors, or topic.
It is important to note that the above techniques may also be used in reverse. For example, the system can be used to flag discussions containing items that are about to be handed over in a production set even though some of its items have been marked as either containing "damaging" content or involving an actor who has been tagged as "damaging".
Returning to
At block 465, textblock analysis is performed. This may lead to redaction, at block 470 and/or the building of data set profiles, at block 475.
At block 470, redaction is performed. In certain situations, the redaction or outright removal of all instances of certain textblocks and any referents to them is highly desirable or necessary. "Redaction" refers to the practice of replacing text with an indicator that text has been removed, such as rows of colored squares whose effect on an electronic document is analogous to that of redaction tape in the case of physical documents.
In the simplest case, taking one or both of a list of actor names or ontologies as input, the system redacts or removes both the textblocks that are attributed to the actors in question on the desired topics and any immediately following textblocks which have any of the following properties:
Note that the redaction is performed by the removal of the character span to be redacted, and the subsequent replacement of block characters in their place. In the case of complex document types that may retain change history, for one embodiment, the non-redacted content is placed into a fresh document instance prior to the block characters being added.
This results in not only the removal of the offending text, but also in the removal of hints nearby. In the case where the objective is complete removal rather than redaction, the goal would be to surgically remove text including indications of its former presence and make the removal difficult or impossible to notice.
The less simple case is one in which the redaction (or removal) must be balanced by an obligation to preserve specific kinds of information. This must necessarily done on a sentence by sentence basis for each textblock which manifests evidence of both text which one desires to remove, as well as evidence of text that one is required to keep. If tagger analysis determines the presence of more than one non-subordinate clause noun verb phrase, the system will divide the run-on sentence into two or more sentences. In one embodiment, the split is made after the end of the first noun-verb phrase. For one embodiment, if a single sentence manifests both data that must be kept and destroyed, the sentence is flagged for human review. Analysis of trailing or referent textblocks is done the same way as described above; appropriate material trailing text that must be kept will be kept unless it contains text of the "must delete" type. In this event, the text is flagged for manual review.
In one embodiment, the system generates a log of all text that is redacted or removed, as well as a reason code consisting of whether the text was redacted/removed on the basis of a specific actor, one or more specific ontologies, or as trailing content. It also generates statistics on what percentage of each actor's attributable text was removed/redacted, what percentage of this text on particular topics was removed/redacted, and what percentage of all references to these topics was removed/redacted. Similarly, it keeps logs of all instances of text that must be kept, and, consequently, which text was retained, despite having certain characteristics that would support its removal.
As noted above, data sets may be incomplete in various ways. Block 460 describes a process for taking an individual data set, and gauging its level of completeness. This step is performed only when there are multiple related data sets to analyze. Examples of such related data sets exist in the following kinds of situations:
The building of such data set profiles, shown as block 475, leverages the new information provided by having additional data available in order to determine any suspicious anomalies in the data.
To the extent that the data sets overlap in time and by actor, it is very possible for the same document to be produced in more than one data set. The number of times this occurs is counted, as is the number of documents that had the opportunity to overlap (Block 710)—for example, were in the timeframe covered by more than one data set—but which were not present in one or more of the data sets. This information is presented to the user by data set. Note that in one embodiment of the invention, the following analysis is performed only on "contentful" documents.
Of those documents that did not appear in all of the data sets in which it was feasible for it to appear, a frequency count is performed of how many times it was removed in each data set. For example, if an email was sent by an actor working for Company X to 4 of his co-workers, 5 people at Company Y and 2 people at Company Z, and there is only one copy of it in the data set provided by Company X and one in Company Y's, that would mean that it had been deleted 4/5 times at Company X, and 4/5 times at Company Y, but no times at Company Z. Note that this last analysis does not apply if deduping, the deletion of duplicate copies of documents, has been performed on the data prior to its inclusion in the data set.
Next, the set of overlapping documents, and the set of documents occurring in each data set are analyzed pairwise on the basis of on both actor and topic occurrence, as well as the cross-product of actor and topic occurrence. Specifically this includes, but is not limited to, the following:
The statistical significance of results from the entire process of analysis of multiple datasets from multiple parties is then computed, individually and collectively, by actor and topic (Block 755). In the event that only random or "normal" deletions occurred, the above metrics should not noticeably differ from set to set. Similarly, except in the case of very small data sets, the actor graphs created should be a correct subset of the full actor graph for the time period in question. Nor should they differ substantially in the relative weights of the links between actors, within the time period in question.
Note that any of these methods can also be used in the context of determining compliance with either a document preservation policy or a document destruction policy. In the former case, there may be prohibitions on deleting any documents to or from a particular individual or aggregate actors, on various topics, pertaining to certain workflows, containing certain specific phrases, etc. The system can be configured to count how many instances of each category of interest appear to have been deleted if any, and whether the pattern of deletions is at all suspect (Block 720). In the latter case, the converse calculation can be done; the system will flag any remaining instances of categories of documents that should no longer be present.
The approximate shape of a data set can also be modeled with clustering algorithms, where the space dimensions include time, certain key actors, and important ontologies. Note that the clusters are used to approximate the shape of patterns. This is a supervised classification/discovery problem. The points are labeled by their group and after the clustering process there can be many more clusters than groups. If the resulting clusters tend to be homogenous in terms of group memberships and dense in space then a trend has been identified. For example, this might indicate that a certain party did not turn over any material involving a key actor after a certain date.
In one embodiment, if additional data is provided by the same party involving the same actors and time span, but in more than one batch, it is handled somewhat differently. Such information is by its nature only additive; it is adding one or more of the following (presuming filtration to remove irrelevant documents):
Dissimilarity is determined as any of the following:
The system flags all documents as one of these five categories, indicating to the user via such means as tables, pie charts, and graphs the relative composition of the data set. It similarly indicates the composition of documents by originating actor, so that any "buried" files from a different actor may be easily spotted. It also matches up tagged actors and ontologies to determine the relative proportions of each in the additional batch sets.
Not all data sets which are related will necessarily contain specifically overlapping material. For example, a first subpoena might subpoena all documents on a particular topic in the year 2000, while a second might do so for the year 2001. In such cases, the system operates under the presumption that while individual document instances change, and possibly individual entities change (for example, an actor may disappear) the overall communication profiles regarding the overlapping actors are likely to remain very similar. In one embodiment, therefore, an analysis will be conducted on the basis of role or job title. So if one actor departs from a particular position during the timeframe in question, and is replaced by another actor, the system will replace the actor appropriately—assuming that such information is available to the system. Note that if HR system information is available, this assumption will be removed for any actor who had changed roles in the organization in the intervening time.
The system allows individual instances of entities such as employees, managers, and customers to be compared across data sets in cases where such a comparison is useful. For example, if one wanted to understand whether a particular matter had been handled according to normally followed or understood procedures, it would be reasonable to compare the colored graphs (see co-pending application Ser. No. 10/358,786, entitled "A Method and Apparatus to Visually Present Discussions for Data Mining Purposes", filed concurrently herewith (hereinafter referred to as "Sociological User Interface") for each group that implemented the procedures. Along similar lines, the correlations of different ontology hits occurring in the same discussions, and among particular actors are also computed by the system.
In a litigation context, the invention can identify and log material that is privileged, and therefore need not be handed over to the other side. Actor extraction from electronic contact lists and similar sources allows doctors, attorneys, and other privileged actors to be identified. This is also done by ontological and pragmatic analysis of the content authored by or sent to or from these individuals, as well as any content created, or modified, by such actors, their signatures (e.g. "esq.") as well as by manually inputting the results of interviewing litigants and others in order to obtain the identities of these actors.
In addition, the present system may be used to identify any documents or earlier versions of documents that were prepared in order to send to a privileged party. This is done in the following ways:
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
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Best Coupon Codes
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is a test page for the campaign widget.
The @bankofengland raised £64k for Bliss with a charity auction after employee Simon nominated us! Read more at… https://t.co/PwLNowDNQO
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text:
Green Olives
Total Time
Prep 0 mins
Cook 0 mins
I live in Greece and this is how I do my olives: Green Olives
Ingredients Nutrition
- 5 kg large green olives
- 5 kg water
- 500 g salt
- 2 liters vinegar
- 1 1⁄2 liters oil
- 2 liters water
- 200 g salt
- Put the olives in a large bowl of water have having nicked each one on one side. Allow to stand for 20 days, changing the water every day - also, cover.
- Then prepare a solution with the 500 grams salt and 5 litres of water and stand the olives in this for 10 days.
- After the 10 days empty this brine and prepare another solution with 2 litres of water and 200 grams of salt. Add to this the vinegar and oil and allow the olives to stand in this for 3 days, they are then ready.
- After you have tried this method you will soon be able to adapt it to your own taste. Also, it is nice to put into the final solution maybe garlic, slices of lemon or a sprig of fennel.
- This is purely taste.


text:
Photos of the EUCAR Reception and Conference 2016
On 8 and 9 November 2016, the European Council for Automotive Research & Development (EUCAR) hosted its Annual Reception and Conference in Brussels.
We have the pleasure to share a selection of photos from the EUCAR Reception and Conference with you...
Read more
Automotive innovation is happening at an accelerated pace – EU research programmes are crucial to tackle societal challenges for clean, safe and sustainable transport
On 8 and 9 November, 200 key stakeholders in the field of automotive research and innovation, met in Brussels for EUCAR's annual Reception and Conference. The automotive industry is Europe's biggest private investor in research and innovation; spending more than €44 billion on R&D each year and providing more than 12 million Europeans with a job. Automotive R&D also plays a critical role in addressing major challenges that affect society at large, such as further reducing CO2 emissions and improving road safety even more.
To reflect the important role of the sector in Europe's future, the theme of this year's conference was 'Mobility Innovation for...
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Message from the EUCAR Chairman
At EUCAR's successful Conference and Reception in November 2015, I took on duties as EUCAR Chairman for 2016. So far, it has been a great privilege for me to represent all 14 EUCAR members active in the field of European automotive research. Coming from a company based in the Netherlands, the fact that the Dutch held the EU Presidency during the first half of this year made things even more interesting. ...
Read more


text:
CPE Self-Study
SEC Reporting
Comply confidently with the latest SEC reporting requirements with this CPE comprehensive course. It clarifies new, difficult, and important reporting and disclosure requirements while giving examples and tips for ensuring compliance. Learn to apply regulations S-X, S-K, and other SEC guidance, prepare or review financial statements and their related disclosures, and more.
Topics Discussed
- Overview of going public and the function of the SEC
- Review of Regs S-X and S-K and significant SEC guidance
- Actual filings of publicly-traded companies
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Learning Objectives
When you complete this course, you will be able to:
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Who Will Benefit?
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- Financial reporting managers of registrants, or companies planning to go public
About the Publisher


text: Hello, I'm kinda new to the whole theme thing for the touch, but somewhat know what I'm doing. I have the iNav mobilepod springnav mod installed. Now my music page is off. My music page doesn't have the big CD icon. It just has the default music icon because I don't have a Ipod icon. I have a 3g 64 gb itouch. I put the music icon where the ipod icon is supposed to be. I see the "ipod" icon in my apps folder but when I open up Categories to remove it it's not there. Is there a way to get an Ipod Icon for the ipod touch? this theme might have been designed for the iphone. I dunno. I made sure that it wasn't a hidden icon. I love the theme but the music page is what I want fixed. http://blog.alltechrelated.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/screenshots.png Anyhelp would be greatly appreciated!!


text:
TopAgencies @topagencies
RT @inovat: Fridays are for board games. #doug #nikelodeon #nicktoons #the90swereawesome https://t.co/HtAPkWRJCs
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Born from digital, they're a brave client partner that brings brands and people together with purpose.
Headquarters New York 300 Park Avenue South 7th Floor New York, NY 10010 +1 212 835 9300
Agency emails: firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: http://rokkan.com


text:
20 mile radius
Please introduce a postcode to use this feature
Anglo-Continental is one of the world's leading English language teaching organisations since 1950. Accredited by the British Council and English UK.
At Anglo-Continental we have a long successful history in preparing our students for English language examinations which are widely accepted in academic and commercial circles throughout the world. We...more
Duration: Variable
Different times are available for this course
Certificate of Attendance
Most of us (though increasingly, not all of us) speak English on a daily basis, and although that may be sufficient to a certain level, there's always room for improvement, from structuring better sentences and increasing your vocabulary to...
It's only when you really listen to how we interact that you realise how often us overly polite, tea obsessed, English speaking Brits say one thing whilst meaning something completely different. The implication of a phrase can change in the tone...


text: Girl Escapes Kidnapper at Walmart By GNLiFebruary 9, 2012 Like Us Share Share on Twitter Subscribe A man tried to kidnap a little girl from a Walmart store, and it's caught on tape. But the 7-year-old escaped because of the lesson her parents taught her about strangers. Sponsored Watch Your Favorite Christian Films, 24/7. Click Here To Start Your Free Trial Today


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This spacious Residence overlooking Surprise Lake, Atlantic Ocean and Miami Beach, is perfect for entertaining, featuring 12??? ceilings and a wraparound terrace. Features giant master bedroom overlooking Surprise Lake, private elevator, great room, and media room. Discover the private side of Miami Beach today at The Ritz-Carlton Miami Beach, comprised of 111 luxury Residences and Villas Designed by Piero Lissoni.
EWM is not responsible for the accuracy of the information listed above. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program and the South East Florida Regional MLS and is provided here for consumers personal, non-commercial use, It may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the office owning this web site are marked with the IDX logo. Data provided is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.


text:
You have until Feb 1, 2017 to return or exchange items purchased between Nov 1, 2016 and Jan 1, 2017.
All other standard return policy conditions apply.
Product Highlights
You Pay: $721.20
Save Up to $145.00
This B&H Kit provides the essential computer components to create an Intel NUC5i3RYH NUC Mini PC. The Intel NUC5i3RYH Mini PC NUC Kit packs an Intel Core i3 processor with integrated HD 5500 graphics to provide performance for running everyday tasks. You can access the Internet utilizing the built-in 802.11ac Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 4.0 allows the NUC to wirelessly connect with Bluetooth-enabled devices such as speakers. For wired connectivity, it offers a Gigabit Ethernet jack, HDMI, and a DisplayPort as well as four USB 3.0 ports.
To complete this system, B&H includes two 8GB RAM modules, a 250GB M.2 solid state drive, and a 2TB 2.5" hard drive. With B&H's certified technicians, we install all these hardware components and the Windows 8.1 operating system for you so you can start using this NUC mini PC kit right away. Once all installed, the system's 16GB of RAM allows you run multiple programs simultaneously, a 250GB SSD provides nearly instant access to your frequently used data, and the extra 2TB hard drive offers ample space to hold all your media content.
You also have more ways to see multiple apps at a time. When displaying multiple apps at once, you can resize the width of the app window to suit your needs. Depending on screen size and resolution, you can even share the screen with up to four apps at a time. Windows 8.1 also allows you to boot directly to the desktop screen instead of the Start screen. This allows you to get right to work as soon as you boot your computer.
Cloud connectivity is another major feature found in Windows 8.1. Simply set up a Microsoft account, and you can access and manage various aspects of your account from any Windows 8.1 device. Utilize the Mail and Messaging apps to keep in touch with friends, family, and co-workers by linking to other social networking accounts such as Facebook and Twitter. You can also take advantage of Microsoft SkyDrive to upload your files.
Along with cloud connectivity, apps help make Windows 8.1 stand alone as an intuitive, customizable operating system. SkyDrive, Xbox, Video, Music, Mail, Calendar, Photos, People, Messaging and Reader make up the apps that come standard with Windows 8.1. Each of these apps helps you to get the most out of your Windows experience.
With SkyDrive, you can access files virtually anywhere on a Windows 8.1 device. The Xbox, Video and Music apps enhance your multimedia experience helping to streamline your music, video, and games access across multiple devices including the Xbox 360. Mail, Calendar, People, and Messaging apps keep you in touch with friends and family while keeping you on schedule. Place all of your photos in one place with the Photo app, making it possible to see your photos on any Windows 8.1 device. The Reader app makes it possible to read a variety of different documents in PDF, XPS, and OXPS file formats. These are only some of the apps that Windows 8.1 provides.
If your computer is already running Windows 8, you can visit the Windows Store for a free update to Windows 8.1.
The tiles on your Start screen are brimming with content, and they change and update in real time so you can see what's going on and stay on top of things. You can share and connect with other people in a couple of clicks, and get real-time updates about things like news, sports, and what your friends are up to. Check your schedule or get the latest weather forecast. Tiles are a quick way to see it all. Launch apps, switch between tasks, and check notifications without digging for information.
Windows 8.1 also incorporates the PC desktop that you're already familiar with. In the desktop, you'll see that the settings and features you used in Windows 7 are still there
On touch-enabled PCs, you can do the same things you could with a mouse and keyboard with touch. You can switch between apps, organize your Start screen, and pan and zoom. With the touch keyboard, you can navigate, type, and interact on the go. Because you work in different ways depending on which app you're using, Windows 8.1 makes it easy to use whichever method works best for you.
The touch keyboard has two modes designed to suit a variety of needs. Take advantage of a full-sized keyboard with large buttons, or a handy thumb keyboard that splits the keys on either side of the screen, making it easy and more comfortable to use on the go. Typing feels natural whether you're sitting down or walking around.
On touch enabled PCs, the keyboard layout automatically adjusts to the language you choose for Windows, so your language settings apply to the whole PC rather than just certain apps. Whether you want to type and click, swipe and tap, or do a combination of both, you can navigate and work easily and efficiently in the language of your choice with Windows 8
Start a project on one PC, and finish it on another. When you use the cloud to store your information, the boundaries between devices dissolve. Your apps, games, music, photos, files, and settings aren't stored on one device because they're in one place: the cloud. Sign in to any of your Windows 8.1 PCs and access all of your stuff from virtually anywhere
|Intel Core i3-5010U Dual-Core
|Base Clock Speed
|2.1 GHz
|L3 Cache
|Memory Slots
|2 x SO-DIMM
|Memory Type
|1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM
|Graphics Type
|Graphics Card
|Intel HD Graphics 5500
|Hard Drive
|Optical Drive
|Drive Bay Expansion
Quantity: 1
Size: 2.5"
Type: Internal
3 x USB 3.0
1 x USB 3.0
1 x Mini-HDMI
1 x Mini DisplayPort
|Flash Media Slot
|1 x 10/100/1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet (RJ-45)
|Bluetooth 4.0
|Operating System
|Power Supply
|Dimensions (WxHxD)
|4.5 x 4.4 x 1.9" / 115.0 x 111.0 x 48.7 mm
|Packaging Info
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|5.5 x 5.1 x 4.6"
|PC3-12800 (1600 MHz)
|Memory Type
|DIMM Type
|204-Pin SO-DIMM
|Error Correction (ECC)
|CAS Latency
|Packaging Info
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|7.0 x 2.0 x 0.2"
|Form Factor
|SATA III 6 Gb/s
|Sequential Read Speed
|540 MB/s
|Sequential Write Speed
|500 MB/s
|Random Read IOPS
|Random Write IOPS
|Endurance (TBW)
|Active Power
|70 mW (average)
|Maximum Operating Power
Read: 2350 mW
Write: 3400 mW
|Device Sleep
|4.9 to 6 mW
|Reliability (MTTF)
|Up to 1.75M hours
|Operating Temperature
|32 to 158°F / 0 to 70°C
|Non-Operating Temperature
|-67 to 185°F / -55 to 85°C
|Operating Vibration
|5 gRMS, 10 to 2000 Hz
|Non-Operating Vibration
|4.9 gRMS, 7 to 800 Hz
|1500 g @ 0.5 msec half sine
|Dimensions (L x W x H)
|3.1 x 0.9 x 0.1" / 80 x 22 x 1.4 mm
|0.2 oz / 7 g
|Packaging Info
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|6.1 x 4.7 x 0.7"
|System Requirements
Windows XP/Vista/7/8
MacBook, MacBook Pro, or Mac Mini computer with Intel processor running Mac OS X
Laptop with internal SATA support; SATA 6 Gb/s (backwards compatible with SATA 3 Gb/s)
|Dimensions (W x H x D)
|2.75 x 3.96 x 0.37" (69.85 x 100.58 x 9.50 mm)
|3.4 oz (99.0 g)
|Packaging Info
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|6.3 x 4.8 x 2.3"
|Operating System
|System Requirements
Required Processor
1 GHz or faster processor with PAE, NX, and SSE2 support
For 64-bit version only: PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF support
Required RAM
2 GB (64-bit)
Required Hard Disk Space
20 GB (64-bit)
Required Display Resolution
Access to Windows Store: 1024 x 768
To snap apps: 1366 x 768
Required Connectivity
Internet access for certain features (ISP fees might apply)
Required Video Card
Graphics hardware acceleration requires a DirectX 9 graphics card with WDDM driver
Additional System Requirements
Microsoft account required for certain features. Watching DVDs requires separate playback software. Windows Media Center license sold separately.
Other System Requirements
Additional requirements to use certain features: Internet access (ISP fees may apply). Depending on resolution, video playback may require additional memory and advanced graphics hardware. For some Windows Media Center functionality, a TV tuner and additional hardware may be required. Windows Touch and Tablet PCs require specific hardware. HomeGroup requires a network and PCs running Windows 7. DVD/CD authoring requires a compatible optical drive. Music and sound require audio output. Product functionality and graphics may vary based on your system configuration. Some features may require advanced or additional hardware.
|Packaging Info
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|8.0 x 6.0 x 0.5"


text: HighBoots2 for A4 V4 V4 Elite Posted by βogus | March 20, 2013 Posted in Clothing, DAZ | Poser | Carrara Tagged A4, V4 A sexy set of high boots ideal for A4, V4, and V4 Elite. Who says you can't wear these everyday? Cheongsam Dress V4, A4, G4 Bettie Corset for V4 Related posts: High-Tech Trekker Boots for V4 and A4 Modern Muses for Victoria 4.2 Elite / Aiko 4 Pampoen Twilight Huntress Outfit For V4/A4/G4 Exotic Dancer for Crazy Belle III The Fall Lilflame's Envy Earth Warden


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Hopelessly Stoned
Features of This Trackelectronica influences
r & b influences
funk influences
blues influences
acoustic rhythm piano
mixed acoustic and electric instrumentation
mixed minor & major key tonality
melodic songwriting
electric guitar riffs
an emotional male lead vocal performance
prominent organ
the subtle use of a horn section
prominent percussion
vocal harmonies
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Fashion photographers today, create the particular look either in the concept required, in order to obtain specific results. Go out with your SLRs, capture all you want, and head right to the lie in wait for the beauty of the sea to unfold. This latent image is called the negative image, which can then be processed further or nature that may not be visible to the naked eye. Of course, even portfolio-building clients will pay for any prints that a particular event or incident through a single photograph. In many instances, young stay-at-home moms are looking for ways to fill the creative and others who base their photographs purely on the actual moment.
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text: I was traveling all over Dubai for the fall/winter saison 2016. It was a very intense and colorful and very spacial trip. How far you can go to make your dreams come true. I figure out that the most important thing is only one think about having sucess in all pleaces around the world is to stay in contact with people all over the coutnry much as possible. You have to enjoy your time. See the beauty and the darkside of a country and try to make the best out of it. I was listening to a couple of diffrent people what they have to say about y work. Sometimes it was a new hit in my back do it better than before. I am used to do it. I made also gut friends and try to keep in touch for the next time in this huge build up desert city. The hugest place were you still could build up your own dreams.


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tolongg buatin dialogue bahasa inggris GIVING AND PERMISSION. dari situations dibawah !!
1. a lazy classmate asks for your permission to borrow yor workbook. you know that he will copy your homework. you do not give him permission. you say that you want to check the home work.
2. a friend you just know wants to borrow a big sum of money from you. you do not know him very well. you do not lend him your money. you say that you will use the money to pay for the school fee.
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Compare Intellectual Property attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
5.0 stars 4 reviews
Avvo Rating: 8.2
Ankhi-Krol Law is provides excellent legal service and counsel to its clients. This law firm takes pride in serving a diverse clientele. Ms. Ankhi-Krol welcomes people of all ages, sexual orientations, and backgrounds. Why you should hire ...
Practice areas & skills: Intellectual Property, Business, Contracts & Agreements
If you a creative person, such as an artist, author, software developer, inventor, or business owner, you can use the services of an intellectual property lawyer to protect your ideas, images, or processes from being used without your consent. There are various types of intellectual property lawyers: There are copyright attorneys who help protect your unique ideas in things like music, film, software, paintings, and pictures. There are trademark attorneys who protect your valuable logos, images and slogans. There are patent attorneys who help you get government protection for your inventions. There are also licensing attorneys that write contracts which set the ground rules for others using your copyrights, trademarks, or patents.


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Having unwanted fat in various areas of your body can have a substantial impact on your health and self-confidence. While traditional weight loss through exercise and diet is a fantastic method to slim down overall, even the best workouts can't target problem areas like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time tested treatment that is used to remove excess fat from specific locations of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Discover now.
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There are numerous benefits to this cosmetic treatment, including:
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By JimmyGood
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Connecting the World - One Thought at a Time!
What if you could ask for help with a business project while at a coffee shop, without even going online?
What if you could get the lowdown on the best meals at a busy restaurant without asking a waiter?
What if you could connect anonymously with anyone in your current location?
Now you can, with MindPush. The latest innovation from JimmyGood Technology, creators of the leading online text message management portal CiiAll, is like nothing else on the market. As products such as Facebook and LinkedIn increasingly focus on contact between people who know each other, we realize that you want something more. With MindPush, you can:
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- Get the information you need about the places you like best, instantly
- Give users at your company or school the chance to communicate more effectively
What's New in Version 1.3
Now compatible with iPad.
Customer Reviews
Join us
The more people that join, the better the experience will be!!
This app is a joke
Doesn't work at all
Customers Also Bought
- Free
- Category: Social Networking
- Updated: Apr 02, 2012
- Version: 1.3
- Size: 2.8 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: DTL Ventures, LLC
- © JimmyGood
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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Hello Guest! You are browsing the forums as a guest; you will have limited permissions as a guest so we advise registering to enjoy the forums fully. Remember: we are a Christian ONLY site - any user who is not Christian will not be approved. Blessings, Christian Forum Site StaffDismiss Notice
A Study of Angels
Discussion in 'Bible Study' started by WhiteLioness, Jun 7, 2008.


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The Friday Film Session presents - **Withnail and I**
It is 1969 and two "'resting' actors are living in their squalid Camden flat. Living equates to a strict diet of booze and pills. The pair decide to take a trip to the country to 'rejuvenate'.
Faced with bad weather, confrontations with the locals and the unexpected arrival of Uncle 'Monty' the pairs friendship is tested to its limits!
The film follows cult status and we are excited to screen the film finally here at The Mockingbird. There are many drinking games to play alongside this film but we cannot endorse all of them!
Original film trailer at this link.
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A seriously creative space in the heart of the Custard Factory (within Birmingham's ever creative location of Digbeth,...More about The Mockingbird Cinema and Kitchen
Join the Mockingbird Theatre in Birmingham for a brilliant selection of movie nights and dinner treats, all year round. From cult classics to quirky independent films, you're sure to find a movie that you'll love.
No reviews. Be the first!
Discover the different ways you can work with us, whether you own a bar, restaurant, pub, club, private hire space, pop-up and/or run events.
Revolutionary booking and enquiry management software for bars, restaurants, pubs and clubs. Table management, pre-orders, payments and more.
An online ticketing box office, catering for all kinds of events, pop ups to big music festivals, and free marketing and exposure to help sell more tickets.
Need to get your venue out to millions? Use our targeted marketing packages to instantly push your venue to a young professional audience.


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2-3 August 2016National Convention Centre, Canberra - Canberra
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We can come to you. If you have a team of six or more, why not hold a private course? Our experts come to you and the course is tailored to your requirements.
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This is a fabulous vintage necklace which was made of wood and multi colored beads.
The necklace measures 15 1/4" long by just over 1" wide.
VERY GOOD condition! Signed on hook.
Another shopper has this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Specializing in vintage costume jewelry!
We love to hear offers! Please email us and see if we can do better on a particular item! Oftentimes we can!