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July 20, 2010
MARVIN LAGARDE, PLAINTIFF,v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEFENDANT.
This matter is before the Court on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 9). For the reasons explained below, the Motion to Dismiss is denied without prejudice, and Plaintiff may submit additional briefing and evidence on the question of whether Sang Kim was acting in the scope of his federal employment when making the statements alleged in the Complaint.
Plaintiff is an employee of the United States Army, employed at the Rock Island Arsenal as a Quality Assurance Specialist. Plaintiff was deployed to Mosul, Iraq in 2008, where he was supervised by Sang Kim.*fn1
On November 25, 2009, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against Mr. Kim in the Circuit Court of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit in Rock Island County, Illinois. (Doc. 1-2). In his Complaint, Plaintiff alleged that Mr. Kim had defamed him and intentionally interfered with his prospective business opportunities through an email on December 11, 2008 to Plaintiff's supervisor, Steve Terronez, at the Rock Island Arsenal.*fn2 (Doc. 1-2). Plaintiff contends that this email, in which Mr. Kim allegedly informed Plaintiff's supervisor that Plaintiff had falsely represented the duties he had performed in Iraq and that he had failed to properly perform his duties, was false and defamatory, and was sent with the intent of impeding Plaintiff's future employment opportunities with the Army. (Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 5, 9). He also alleges that Mr. Kim's statements were "malicious in that he knew they were false or acted in reckless disregard for their truth," and that they "were intentional and malicious in that he had no personal knowledge of the facts that he accused plaintiff of misrepresenting and he had expressed an extreme animosity toward the plaintiff." (Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 8, 11).
On January 8, 2010, the United States, on behalf of Mr. Kim, filed a Certification of Scope of Employment by Acting United States Attorney Jeffrey B. Lang and removed the matter to this Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2).*fn3
(Doc. 1). Mr. Lang's Certification stated that Mr. Kim was acting in the scope of his employment with the United States Army at all times relevant to the Complaint. (Doc. 5-1). On January 14, 2010, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Remand, arguing that removal to federal court was untimely. (Doc. 3). The United States, acting on behalf of Mr. Kim, responded on January 19, 2010, in opposition to the Motion to Remand and also filed on that date a Motion to Substitute itself as Defendant for Mr. Kim under 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2). (Docs. 6 & 7). On January 21, 2010, Magistrate Judge Gorman denied Plaintiff's Motion to Remand and granted the Motion to Substitute Party. (Doc. 8). Magistrate Judge Gorman found that the United States' removal was timely under § 2679(d)(2), which provides that, upon certification by the Attorney General that a defendant is acting within the scope of his federal employment, the action shall be removed to federal court "at any time before trial." (Doc. 8 at 2). He also found that the substitution of the United States as Defendant in place of Mr. Kim was proper, as under the Federal Tort Claims Act, "a suit against the United States is the exclusive remedy for persons with claims for damages resulting from the actions of federal employees acting within the scope of their employment;" as the Certification had been filed, the suit would be deemed to be one against the United States. (Doc. 8 at 2).
The United States subsequently filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's suit, arguing that Plaintiff had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as required by the Federal Tort Claims Act. (Docs. 9 & 10). Plaintiff responded in opposition to this Motion to Dismiss, arguing that Mr. Kim was not acting within the scope of his employment and that the Federal Tort Claims Act was therefore inapplicable; Plaintiff did not dispute that he has not exhausted his administrative remedies. (Docs. 11 & 12). The Court ordered the United States to file a reply to Plaintiff's response, which it did, addressing Plaintiff's arguments in the Response, and providing additional evidence and documentation on the scope of employment issue. (Doc. 13).
Under the Federal Tort Claims Act, as amended by the "Westfall Act," federal employees are personally immune from suits alleging that they have committed state common law torts, if those actions took place within the scope of the employee's employment. 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1). In addition, such cases must be removed to federal court if they are filed in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2). This removal and substitution process begins with a Certification filed by the Attorney General or his delegate that the employee's conduct was within the scope of his federal employment. 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2).
As to removal of the matter to federal court, the Certification "conclusively establish[es] scope of office or employment." 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2); Gutierrez de Martinez v. Lamagno, 515 U.S. 417, 434 (1995). See also Godbout v. Parizek, 03-c-2879, 2004 WL 442601, *2 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 9, 2004). A proper Certification was filed by the Acting United States Attorney, the Attorney General's delegate. Therefore, there can be no valid objection to the removal of this action by Defendant to this Court.*fn4 However, the Certification is "the first, but not the final word," as to whether the United States should be substituted as defendant; judicial review of the scope of employment certification is proper. Gutierrez de Martinez, 515 U.S. at 432, 434; Hamrick v. Franklin, 931 F.2d 1209, 1211 (7th Cir. 1991) ("when a review of the scope certification is requested, as it was here, the district court should give de novo review to determine whether the certification was proper").
As noted by Defendant, Plaintiff's Response to the Motion to Dismiss essentially requests reconsideration of Magistrate Judge Gorman's ruling that the United States should be substituted as Defendant in Mr. Kim's place.*fn5 If the substitution of defendants were indeed inappropriate, then the basis for Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as required, would disappear, as Plaintiff would again have merely his state law claims, which do not require exhaustion.
The Court notes, first, that Plaintiff did not raise a timely objection to Magistrate Judge Gorman's January 21, 2010 decision. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(a), a party's objections to a magistrate judge's order on a nondispositive matter must be raised within 14 days of service of the order, and "a party may not assign as error a defect in the [magistrate's] order not timely objected to." Even if the Court were to consider Plaintiff's Response to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss as a proper objection to Magistrate Gorman's decision, it would be untimely as an objection, since it was not filed until February 12, 2010, at least four days late. Therefore, Plaintiff is not entitled to have the decision reviewed. However, as noted by the Seventh Circuit, this Court has the power to review the decisions of a magistrate judge sua sponte. See Schur v. L.A. Weight Loss Centers, Inc., 577 F.3d 752, 760 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing Allen v. Sybase, Inc., 468 F.3d 642, 658 (10th Cir.2006); Kruger v. Apfel, 214 F.3d 784, 786-87 (7th Cir.2000); Phillips v. Raymond Corp., 213 F.R.D. 521, 525 (N.D.Ill.2003); S.D. Ill. R. 73.1(a)) ("If no party objects to the magistrate judge's action, the district judge may simply accept it. But the district judge remains the final authority in the case, and he may reconsider sua sponte any matter determined by a magistrate judge. Thus, although the district judge must make an independent determination of a magistrate judge's order upon objection, he is not precluded from reviewing a magistrate judge's order to which a party did not object.").
Though the Court is quite hesitant to review the decision of one of this District's honorable magistrate judges, in this situation it finds that such review is appropriate. First, the law is clear that there must be judicial review of a scope of employment certification when it is challenged by the plaintiff. Gutierrez de Martinez, 515 U.S. at 434; Taboas v. Mlynczak, 149 F.3d 576, 579 fn. 1, 580-81 (7th Cir. 1998). The record here reveals that Magistrate Judge Gorman ruled on the United States' Motion to Substitute Party only two days after it was filed, and Plaintiff thus did not have the chance to respond in opposition to the Motion to Substitute. Magistrate Judge Gorman, apparently relying on the text of the statute stating that, after certification and removal, "the United States shall be substituted as the party defendant," automatically substituted the United States for Mr. Kim because the matter had been certified and removed. 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1). Therefore, there was no meaningful judicial review of the scope of employment certification, and such review must be provided.
Plaintiff bears the burden of persuading the Court that Mr. Kim was not acting in the scope of his employment when he made the statements alleged in the Complaint. Taboas, 149 F.3d at 582 (citing Snodgrass v. Jones, 957 F.2d 482, 487 fn. 3 (7th Cir. 1992); Hamrick, 931 F.2d at 1211 (7th Cir. 1991) (citing S.J. & W. Ranch, Inc. v. Lehtinen, 913 F.2d 1538, 1543 (11th Cir. 1990)). Where a motion for substitution of defendants "contends that, even accepting the allegations of the complaint as true, the defendant acted within the scope of employment," it may be decided on the face of the complaint. Taboas, 149 F.3d at 580 (citing McHugh v. University of Vermont, 966 F.2d 67, 74-75 (2d Cir. 1992)).
In the alternative, the motion for substitution may be decided by reference to affidavits and other evidence outside the pleadings (akin to a summary judgment motion) if the movant contests the facts as pled and the plaintiff is unable to demonstrate that a genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to scope of employment.
Id. at 581 (citing Maron v. United States, 126 F.3d 317, 322 (4th Cir. 1997); Melo v. Hafer, 13 F.3d 736, 746 (3d Cir. 1994); Wood v. United States, 995 F.2d 1122, 1129 (1st Cir. 1993)). See also Snodgrass, 957 F.2d 482, 484 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Stevenson Olds Sales and Service v. Industrial Com. of Illinois, 489 N.E.2d 328, 330 (3d Dist. 1986) ("Under Illinois law, 'where the essential facts are undisputed, whether an injury arose out of and in the course of employment presents a question of law.'"). Finally, if there are disputed factual issues that are material to the disposition of the scope of employment question, then "the district court may hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve material factual disputes related to the scope of employment." Id.; Godbout, 2004 WL 442601, *3 ("plaintiff is entitled to an evidentiary hearing (and presumably limited discovery) to resolve material factual disputes related to scope of employment").
It appears here, from Defendant's Reply in support of its Motion to Dismiss, that Defendant does not contest the facts asserted by Plaintiff, but rather submits new evidence and information putting such facts in context, as Plaintiff's Complaint was rather sketchy on the circumstances of the alleged statements by Mr. Kim.*fn6 On this basis, it appears that the Court could decide the scope of employment question as a matter of law. However, as Plaintiff has not yet been afforded the opportunity to inform the Court whether he disputes the new facts presented by Defendant, nor to put on any evidence of his own in support of his argument that Mr. Kim was not acting in the scope of his employment when he made the statement alleged in the complaint, he should be allowed some opportunity to carry his burden of persuasion on this issue.*fn7
As the question of whether the United States should have been substituted as Defendant in this case is being reopened, the United States' Motion to Dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under the Federal Tort Claims Act is denied without prejudice as premature. If the Court finds that the United States was not properly substituted, then there is no exhaustion requirement; if the Court finds that the United States is the proper Defendant because Mr. Kim was acting in the scope of his employment, then the United States may renew its Motion to Dismiss.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 9) is therefore DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, with leave to renew once the Court has determined whether substitution of defendants was appropriate in this case. Plaintiff MAY file a brief and evidence, if any, contravening the evidence presented by Defendant in its Reply; such brief and evidence are DUE by August 13, 2010.
Entered this 19th day of July, 2010.
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Florence Larson RitesNovember 16,2012Florence Larson Rites
PROCTOR Committal services for Florence Flo Larson, 89, who died Sept. 12, 2012, were held Thursday, Nov. 15, in South Street Cemetery in Proctor.
Dean Crossman of Pittsford officiated.
Military honors were provided by American Legion Post 31 Color Guard, with Jim Mills playing Taps and James Burke presenting the American Flag to Mrs. Larsons daughter, Betty.
Arrangements were handled by Barnard Funeral Home in Pittsford.MORE IN ObituariesThe private funeral service for Emma Elizabeth LaPlaca, 87, a longtime resident of Fair Haven,... Full StoryCastleton - Rodney W. Litchfield
Rodney W. Full StoryWELLS Madeline Rose Bullock, 83, died on Thursday, Dec. 1, 2016, at her home.
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Daniel Roberts has lost two in a row. | File Photo
Roberts (12-3, 3-3 UFC) will carry a two-fight losing streak into
the match. The 30-year-old Rockford, Ill., native was a collegiate
All-American wrestler at the NAIA level and now trains under
Gracie. Roberts last appeared at UFC
Live 4 in June, when he lost a unanimous decision to "The
Ultimate Fighter" Season 11 alum Rich
Attonito at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh. A decorated
grappler, he has secured nine of his 12 professional wins by
submission, eight of them inside one round.
Seven years Roberts' junior, Waldburger (13-6, 1-1 UFC) has posted
four wins in his last five outings. The 23-year-old Temple, Texas,
native has held titles inside the
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A pivotal welterweight bout pitting former title contender Jake Shields
against the surging Jake
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It was back in December 2010 when we first heard that The Toasters were quietly working away on their short film 'Everywhere'. Having released a number of trailers we finally got to see the finished film here in London's Village Underground back in January 2012. Following a number of screenings across Europe, The Toasters have dropped an early Christmas gift for us all and released the film online for everyone everywhere to see.
The film features previously unseen footage of the Toasters at work on some of their most recognisable pieces, along with interviews with other street artists, new works and there is of course the odd Toaster sticker, here, there and everywhere! Sit back and enjoy the full film below.
Wednesday, December 12, 2012
The Toasters 'EVERYWHERE' film
Labels: Art, Awesome Street Art, Colour, East London, Hoxton, Stickers, Street Art, Streetart, Typography
1 comments:
- Sarah - Editor@theoffice-uk said...
It's amazing that clearly showed- what you can do with a simple idea and great execution!
- 4:28 pm
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Marketing en Español
As debate swirls over illegal immigration and assimilation, U.S. businesses are spending more than ever to engage Spanish-speaking consumers.
Wielding almost $750 billion in annual spending power, Latinos are captivating corporate America. The 500 largest print and television advertisers in the U.S. spent $5 billion last year in Spanish-language marketing - a 42 percent increase since 2003.
Those dollars translate into a greater presence of Spanish in mainstream media. Whether it's in telemarketing, customer service, billboards, product packaging or television, where you see or hear English, a Spanish equivalent usually follows.
Critics say Spanish-focused promotions and services undermine efforts to give illegal immigrants fewer incentives to stay in America and weaken efforts to get legal immigrants to assimilate and learn English.
"We need to encourage people to integrate into our society," said state Sen.-elect David Schultheis, a proponent of state laws that prohibit illegal immigrants from receiving state services.
"I think businesses have a responsibility in that area and shouldn't be putting profit ahead of that," said the Colorado Springs Republican.
Executives and economists say it's good business to cater to Latinos, the fastest-growing minority group in the U.S., particularly those whose dominant language is Spanish.
The census estimates that of the 42.7 million Hispanics living in the U.S., about 17 percent are undocumented and 40 percent are foreign-born.
"There are a lot of dollars coursing through the American community that are not being discussed as part of the debate in D.C.," said Carl Kravetz, chairman of the Association of Hispanic Advertising Agencies.
"Business appreciates (Latinos) as a labor force and a consumer of goods and services."
Half of the equation
Still, companies have had their brushes with anti- immigration forces.
Companies are facing mandates to verify employees' legal status and hefty fines for hiring undocumented workers. In Colorado, voters approved a law last month that cuts tax deductions from companies that knowingly hire undocumented workers.
But business executives say critics of Latino-focused marketing only consider part of the equation - taxes and services - and fail to recognize the billions of dollars that both legal and illegal immigrants contribute to the economy as consumers.
That buying power has several major companies, including Wal-Mart, lobbying Congress for immigration reform that includes a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants.
"We're a place where many people shop, including people whose status (is) unclear," said Wal-Mart spokesman Bill Wertz. "Any issue that affects as many people as this does is an issue that affects our business to some extent."
U.S. Rep. Tom Tancredo, R-Colo., who has helped lead the push for tougher immigration laws, wishes companies would scale back Spanish marketing but doubts they will ever suffer a public backlash for it.
"My task in the Congress is not to make sure that any industry has a robust bottom line," Tancredo said. "Likewise, their job isn't to oversee the assimilation process in America."
Burgeoning demand
Latino families now outspend non-Latino families in food, apparel, health and beauty, long-distance phone and prepaid wireless products, according to several marketing studies.
Major companies are responding in a variety of ways:
Wal-Mart will begin stocking stores in high-minority markets with ethnic products. The retailer relies on marketing and signs in several languages and offers low-cost payroll cashing and money transfers, services that are particularly popular among Latinos.
Hyundai Motor America recently launched a new advertising campaign in Spanish called "Respect," its latest Spanish- language ad campaign in the U.S.
Wells Fargo Bank has opened 750,000 bank accounts since 2001 with matricula consular cards from the Mexican, Argentinean, Guatemalan and Colombian consulates. Foreign consulates issue the cards as a form of identification.
Ford Motor Co.'s investment in Spanish marketing has increased 100 percent over the past five years.
In February, Dex Media will debut Dex En Español, the company's first Spanish directory on the Front Range.
The Denver Post operates a Spanish-language news website called Al Dia and recently launched Viva! Colorado, a Spanish language weekly tabloid.
According to the census, 85 percent of Hispanics younger than 19 are second- or third- generation immigrants. They are bilingual - and will be primary shoppers within a matter of a few years.
A pitch to win loyalty
Business executives say they see no need to wait for these potential customers to prefer English to Spanish - and that reaching them now in Spanish helps create a brand loyalty that could last generations.
"We believe that there is a viable market within first- generation as well as second- generation that prefer to consume media in Spanish and prefer to be connected via their native tongue," said David Rodriguez, multicultural marketing communication manager for Ford Motor Co. "Cultural relevancies are the key."
For people like Carla Beckman of Westminster, the multilingual signs and advertisements can be too much.
"It's getting to where you don't have to know English to navigate the business world," she said. "It bothers me, because I know (businesses) are profiting from illegals while the middle class takes it on the chin."
Studies show that the dominant language of nearly 50 percent of second-generation Latinos is English; the other half is bilingual. Of third-generation Latinos, 80 percent are English-dominant.
That still leaves millions of people who don't speak English adequately, Tancredo said, and too many companies are accommodating those deficiencies with multilingual services.
"Aggressive marketing to reach a bilingual or monolingual community ... is causing a problem," he said. "It makes it easier for people to be here without assimilating."
Others say multilingual marketing has the opposite effect: It helps immigrants find their way in America.
Having promotions in Spanish "helps ease immigrants into the culture, gives them access to necessities and creates a relationship between the individual and the company," said Rafael Rodriguez of Arvizu Advertising in Denver, who creates Spanish promotions for companies including Qwest.
To Latinos, it's just ads
Latino immigrants, too, scoff at the idea that Spanish- language ads make their lives easier. They say they recognize such marketing for what it is - a play for their spending dollars.
"They just want to sell," Hector de la Cueva of Aurora said recently as he purchased a refrigerator at Sears.
Success in America, many immigrants say, is synonymous with learning English.
"We are here, and we should make the efforts to learn English," said Guadalupe Acosta, 36, an immigrant from Mexico who helps build golf courses. "At the same time, (multilingual marketing is ) a benefit for the business, because they can sell what they need to sell."
Wells Fargo's program to allow accounts using matricula consular cards grew out of a request from police in Austin, Texas. Authorities wanted to get immigrants to use banks instead of carrying large amounts of cash, said Cristie Drumm, spokeswoman for Wells Fargo.
Bank tellers don't ask customers for proof of legal status, Drumm said.
"By reaching out and providing products and services, we want all of our customers to feel comfortable doing business with us," she said. "For us, it's customer service and it's good business."
But for others like Lary Vashon of Aurora, Spanish signs and product labels seem to be almost everywhere. Though weary of the practice, Vashon says he realizes why it's happening.
"I'm not surprised that the stores say, 'Let's put in Spanish too,' because they want their money whether (customers) are legal or illegal," Vashon said. "If I owned a business, I'd want their money too."
Elizabeth Aguilera, DenverPost.com. December 24, 2006
Copyright © 2007 The Denver Post. All rights reserved.
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