text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 1990
|Filing date
|Jun 20, 1989
|Priority date
|Jun 20, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joel Erwin Geyer, Joseph K. Lee, Vernon R. Norman, Kenneth T. Wilson
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (27), Classifications (4), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to communication networks in general and more particularly to a protocol for stripping data from a network using early token release.
The use of ring communication networks for transferring data is well known in the prior art. These networks consist of a set of stations serially connected to a communication medium. Information is transferred sequentially, bit by bit, from one station to the next. The inactive stations are bypassed while the active stations regenerate and repeat each bit. Furthermore, stations are used as the means for attaching one or more devices (terminals, workstations, computers, displays, etc.) which communicate with other devices on the network.
An originating station transfers its information message onto the ring. The message circulates, passes one or more intermediate stations, until it arrives at the destination station where it is copied. In some implementations, the destination station strips the message from the ring. In other implementations, the message remains on the ring until it arrives at the originating station where it is stripped from the ring. Usually, the ring also includes a monitor station which is responsible for stripping messages that have not been stripped by the station normally responsible to perform the stripping. In addition, the monitor station may perform basic housekeeping functions for the ring.
An access method protocol is the mechanism which enables a station to transmit on the ring. One such access protocol is referred to as the token insert access protocol. This protocol provides a station with an opportunity to transmit whenever it receives a free token. The free token is usually generated by an upstream station. The token access protocol allows only one message to be on the ring at any particular instant of time. One characteristic of a token ring network is ring latency, which is the time, measured in bit times at the data transmission rate, that is required for a signal to propagate once around the ring. With a token access protocol, when the messages are relatively short, compared to the latency of the ring, only a fraction of the available bandwidth is used. Failure to use all of the available bandwidth reduces the efficiency of the ring because a series of idle patterns must be transmitted to fill up the vacancy on the ring.
In a ring which has a latency that greatly exceeds the duration of the shortest message and which employs an access protocol that allows multiple messages to co-exist on the ring, it is desirable for each station that has originated a message to strip this message, after the message has circulated once around the ring, such that the message will not be accepted a second time by a destination station.
A station must be able to distinguish between messages that require stripping actions by this station and those messages which require stripping actions by another station. In order to make this distinction, some serial bufferinq of a message may be required. It is desirable to keep such buffering to a minimum in order to reduce costs and to reduce added ring latency.
The prior art uses different types of stripping protocols to dispose of exhausted messages. One stripping protocol requires the target station to strip each message that it receives. This approach recovers bandwidth promptly, however, it is unsuitable for broadcast messages, destined for multiple target nodes. This approach also does not provide feedback to the original sending station.
Another stripping protocol requires that the sending station strip each message which it has sent, after this message comes back around the ring. This approach is suitable when the access protocol is such that no messages originated by another station can arrive at the sending station prior to the return of any messages which this sending station has originated.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,590 issued to Bederman discloses a message stripping protocol for a ring communication network in which a plurality of stations are used to strip expendable messages from a serial ring. One station uses either the destination field or the source address field as the basis for removing a portion of the message. Another station uses the status of a control indicia as the basis for removing the remaining portion of the message from the ring. By distributing the stripping between multiple stations on the ring, a significant reduction in ring latency is achieved.
Under normal token release a station holds the token until it has recognized the source address in the header of the returning frame. If the station completes frame transmission before receiving the header of the returning frame, the station must transmit idle characters until the header is received. If the transmitted frame is shorter than the bit capacity of the ring, bandwidth is wasted by transmitted idle characters. With the development of token rings that can handle data rates of 16 Mbps or greater, the number of bytes required to fill the ring increases and more idle characters are needed to fill the ring after frame transmission, adversely affecting efficiency. The concept of early token release allows a transmitting station to release the token as soon as it completes frame transmission, regardless of whether the frame header has returned to that station. With the early release of the token, the token is available to other stations sooner than in normal token release, and no idle characters fill the ring between the end of the transmitted message (consisting of the frame and an inter-frame gap) and the token. Thus, early token release allows multiple frames to be on the ring at the same time. A workstation on the ring now can transmit a token immediately after sending a frame of data, rather than waiting for its frame to return. Early token release improves the efficiency of the ring when the transmitted frames are shorter than the bit capacity of the ring.
In a token ring using the early token release scheme, the basic protocol has two problems. First, a transmit station will strip another station's frame if its own frame is corrupted. Second, a monitor station cannot detect an error condition in which all of the frames on the ring are being stripped by the wrong stations. This invention describes a scheme which will solve both of these problems.
It is an object of this invention to provide a novel stripping protocol which will enable a station to recognize an error condition at the earliest time.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a frame stripping algorithm that is simple to implement and that can be easily integrated into existing protocol handler hardware.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a frame stripping algorithm that is applicable to both the normal token release and early token release schemes.
The frame stripping algorithm of the normal token release scheme was designed in such a way that it will onlY work on the ring with one frame at a time. If the source address field of the frame is corrupted, the only mechanism for the subject station to stop stripping is the expiration of the physical trailer timer (PTT) at the subject station, or the detection of a strip abort condition.
In a ring using early token release, the normal frame stripping algorithm is ineffective at handling corrupted frames. In the worst case scenario which will occur in a very busy ring in which all stations are waiting to transmit, a situation can occur in which all the frames on the ring are being stripped by the wrong station and the monitor station is unable to detect any protocol error condition because there are frames and tokens circulating around the ring. This situation can be sustained for a long time. As a result, no recovery action will be initiated and the throughput of the ring will degrade significantly. Briefly, the method of the present invention introduces two new strip terminating conditions to handle errors in a frame stripping process where multiple frames can exist on the ring simultaneously. In the first of these conditions, the originating station compares the source address in the header of the return frame with its own address. If they are not the same and if there are no code violation errors, the originating station will stop stripping. The occurrence of code violation errors is a manifestation of data corruption. The second condition for terminating stripping is if the originating station detects an isolated ending delimiter without a preceding starting delimiter.
The foregoing features and advantages of the invention will be more fully described in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates the concept of normal token release.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate the concept of early token release.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic for the frame format.
FIG. 4 shows a graphical representation of a starting delimiter (SDEL) baud sequence.
FIG. 5 shows a graphical representation of an ending delimiter (EDEL) baud sequence.
FIG. 6 shows a graphical representation of an idle pattern sequence. In this case, it is a "zero"-idle pattern. The idle pattern sequence can also be implemented as a "one"-idle pattern.
FIGS. 7A-F illustrate an example of the early token release stripping problem.
FIGS. 8A-F illustrate an example of the use of the early token release stripping algorithm with a corrupted frame header.
FIGS. 9A-F illustrate an example of the use of the early token release stripping algorithm in a situation in which the entire return frame is corrupted.
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the normal token release stripping algorithm.
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the early token release stripping algorithm of this invention.
FIG. 12 illustrates an algorithm for the detection of an isolated ending delimiter.
FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram implementation of the early token release stripping algorithm of the invention.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the conceptual differences between normal token release and early token release. In the normal token release illustrated in FIG. 1, station 1, indicated by reference numeral 10, transmits frame 1 and then transmits idle characters until receiving the header of frame 1, at which time it releases the token. FIG. 2 illustrates the concept of early token release in which station 1 transmits frame 1 and immediately transmits the token. Station 2, indicated by reference numeral 20, captures the token, transmits frame 2 and releases the token.
FIG. 3 shows the frame format for the messages which are generated and transmitted by a station onto the communication link. Each station includes a ring adapter and its connected data terminal equipment. This frame format is identical with that described in "IEEE Project 802 Local Network Standard," draft C, May 17, 1982 (Sec. V). The frame comprises the starting delimiter field, a physical control field (PCF-0 and PCF-1), a destination address field, a source address field, a data field, a frame check sequence field, an ending delimiter field, and a PCF-E field. The starting delimiter, PCF-0, PCF-1, destination address, and source address field are referred to as the physical header. The frame check sequence field, the ending delimiter field, and PCF-E field are referred to as the physical trailer. The number of bytes which are allotted to each field are also shown in FIG. 3. For example, the starting delimiter field has 1 byte.
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 show three 16-baud sequences that include code violations. These sequences are used to distinguish the starting delimiter, ending delimiter and idle patterns from the normal data words (since the normal data words do not include any code violations). It is assumed that differential Manchester coding is used for the signals that flow on the ring. Information is transmitted as 8-bit bytes where each bit is represented by a 2-baud signal pattern. Normally, the two bauds that correspond to a bit have opposite polarities, i.e., there is a transition between the two bauds. The pair of bauds that do not have any intervening transitions constitute a "code violation" pattern.
In a ring with early token release, a transmitting station will release the token as soon as it finishes sending its frame and the necessary inter-frame gap. In this condition, more than one frame may exist on the ring if its latency is long enough to hold them. The basic token ring protocol requires that each transmit station strip its own frame at the end of each transmit operation. The way that a transmit station can recognize its own frame is to check the source address (SA) field of the frame. This source address field contains the address of the frame's originating station. However, if the source address of any of the transmitted frames is corrupted, the originating station will not be able to recognize its own frame. Consequently, the originating station will strip other stations' frames. The process will continue until the PTT timer of the originating station expires. If this condition occurs, the token will eventually be destroyed. The monitor station will detect this error condition and recover the ring.
One situation that can occur in a very busy ring and sustain itself for a long period of time is one in which all the stations in the ring are waiting to transmit, and the strip timing of each transmitting station is set up in such a way that a token manages to stay alive in the ring despite the continuous stripping activities of all stations. As a result, the unstripped token is continuously used by the waiting stations, but all the transmitted frames are being stripped continuously by the other stripping stations. Since there are frames and tokens flowing around the ring, the monitor station will not be able to detect any protocol errors. Consequently, no recovery action will be initiated and the throughput of the ring will degrade significantly. The early token release stripping protocol enables the originating station to detect the error condition at the earliest possible time and stop stripping to preserve the follow-on frames and token.
In the lEEE 802.5 Token Ring Protocol, the algorithm for a transmitting station to terminate its strip operation is that one of the following conditions have occurred: (1) the station sees its own frame return and an end of frame delimiter is seen; (2) the physical trailer timer (PTT) of the station has expired; (3) a strip abort condition is detected by the station. This algorithm works fine in a normal token release ring where one frame exists on the ring at a time. However, once early token release is implemented, the normal token release stripping algorithm will not function correctly and will result in degrading the throughput of the ring.
The strip abort conditions can be either explicit or implicit. In an explicit abort situation which can result from hardware errors like data parity errors or data underrun during transmission, the transmitting station will initiate the abort by transmitting a starting delimiter followed immediately by an ending delimiter. There are several different implicit abort conditions. In one, while it is stripping, a station receives a starting delimiter that is not followed immediately by an ending delimiter (to differentiate from an explicit abort) within a frame. This could occur in transmit immediate mode, for example, when one station starts transmitting in the middle of a frame transmitted by another station. In transmit immediate mode, a station does not need a token to initiate a frame transmission. Other implicit aborts include detecting an ending delimiter that is not byte-aligned with respect to the last starting delimiter received, detecting a starting delimiter where the physical control frame ending field (PCF-E) was expected, or the ring front-end-ready (FEREDY) signal deactivating while a frame is being stripped due to an off-frequency or lost energy condition. A final implicit abort is referred to as a "burst-4" error and is defined as four bauds of Manchester encoded data without transitions.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of one early token release stripping problem. Included is a closed loop unidirectional transmission medium identified by numeral 5. To simplify the description, there are only five stations depicted on the ring indicated by reference numerals 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. Also illustrated are three frames labeled F1, F2, and F3 released respectively by stations 1, 2, and 3. Following the transmission of frame 3 by station 3 is the token labeled T3. Stations 1, 2 and are in an active stripping mode. At time T0 (FIG. 7A), the source address of frame 1 is being corrupted. At time T1 illustrated in FIG. 7B, since station 1 cannot recognize its own corrupted frame 1, it will continue to strip frame 2. Stations 2 and 3 are also in a strip mode waiting for their transmitted frames to return. At time T2 illustrated in FIG. 7C, since the PTT timer of station 1 has not yet expired, station 1 continues to strip frame 3. Stations 2 and 3 continue in a strip mode. At time T3 illustrated in FIG. 7D, the PTT timer of station 1 has expired just before the token (T3) is stripped. Therefore, station 1 stops stripping and repeats T3. Stations 2 and 3 continue in the strip mode. At time T4 (FIG. 7E), the PTT timer of station 2 has expired just before the token (T3) is stripped. Therefore, station 2 stops stripping and repeats T3. Station 3 is now the only station in a strip mode. At time T5 (FIG. 7F) the PTT timer of station 3 expires just before the token (T3) is stripped. Thus, station 3 stops stripping and repeats T3. Now all the stations in the ring are in a repeat mode with a circulating token. There is no error indication that the monitor station will recognize in spite of the fact that all three transmitted frames have been destroyed by the transmitting stations themselves.
To illustrate the worst case condition consider a token ring containing hundreds of stations all of which are continuously busy, i.e., waiting for tokens in order to transmit. At some point in time during the operation of the ring, the source address of one transmitted frame becomes corrupted as described with reference to FIG. 7A and a token remains unstripped and circulating around the ring as illustrated in FIG. 7F. The unstripped token will be used by the next waiting station to transmit another frame followed with another token. Consequently, all the transmitted frames will never be able to return to their source stations because they will be stripped by some other stations on the ring. If the token continues to survive, this condition will sustain for a long period of time. Since there are frames and tokens flowing continuously around the ring, the monitor station will not detect any protocol error and will not initiate ring recovery.
If, in FIG. 7A, the frame transmitted by station 3 (F3) is intended for station 2, it will be lost since station 1 has stripped it off the ring. This lost frame will be detected by higher layer protocols and then re-transmitted. This chain reaction effectively reduces the ring overall throughput.
This invention provides a new frame stripping algorithm that supplements two of the three three conditions that apply to normal token release with two additional conditions that solve the early token release frame stripping problem. The detection of an explicit or implicit abort condition as explained above is not used in the method described herein. The additional conditions to terminate stripping are as follows: (1) the source address of a received frame is not equal to the originating station's address and no code violation errors have occurred in the header of the return frame; (2) an isolated ending delimiter (IED) has been received without receiving a preceding starting delimiter (SDEL). Examples of the operation of the augmented early token release stripping algorithm are illustrated with the sequences shown in FIGS. 8 and 9.
In FIG. 8 three stations, stations 1, 2 and 3 are in strip mode following their transmit operations. Three frames, denoted F1, F2 and F3, exist on the ring along with a token T3 which was released by station 3 using the early token release scheme. At time T0 as indicated in FIG. 8A, the frame header of frame 1 containing the starting delimiter and source address is being corrupted. At time T1 as indicated in FIG. 8B, since station 1 cannot recognize its own starting delimiter and source address in frame 1, it will continue to strip until is sees the ending delimiter of frame 1 as an isolated ending delimiter (lED). At this time station 1 stops stripping and repeats frame 2, frame 3 and the token (T3). At time T2 station 2 sees its own source address in frame 2, thus recognizing that this is its own frame. Station 2 will continue to strip until the end of frame 2. At time T3 shown in FIG. 8D, station 2 stops the strip at the end of frame 2 and then repeats frame 3 and the token (T3). At time T4 as shown in FIG. 8E, station 3 sees its own source address in frame 3, so it recognizes that this is its own frame. Station 3 continues to strip until the end of frame 3. At time T5, shown in FIG. 8F, station 3 stops stripping at the end of frame 3 and repeats the token (T3). From this example, it can be seen that the new frame stripping algorithm enables station 1 to stop stripping the frames at the end of its own corrupted frame. This is the earliest time that it can stop stripping before damaging the following frames.
The sequence in FIG. 9 is another example illustrating how the early token release stripping algorithm works in a scenario where the entire frame (Fl) originated by station 1 is being corrupted, i.e., the starting delimiter, source address, and ending delimiter are not recognizable. At time T0 as shown in FIG. 9A, the entire frame from station 1 is being corrupted. At time T1 as shown in FIG. 9B, since station 1 cannot recognize its own frame, it will continue to strip until it sees the source address of frame 2. At this time, since there are no code violation errors detected, station 1 stops stripping based on the first new stripping termination condition, and repeats the rest of frame 2, frame 3 and the token (T3). At time T2 as shown in FIG. 9C, station 2 sees its own ending delimiter as an isolated ending delimiter (IED) and stops stripping. It then repeats frame 3 and the token (T3). At time T3 as shown in FIG. 9D, station 3 recognizes its own source address in frame 3. It will continue to strip until the end of frame 3. At time T4 as shown in FIG. 9E, station 3 stops stripping at the end of frame 3. Finally, at time T5 as shown in FIG. 9F, station 3 repeats the token (T3). All the stations in the ring are now back to a repeat mode. This second example illustrates how in a worst case situation station 1 will stop stripping at the next frame header after its own corrupted frame. Station 2 is able to stop its stripping at the end of its own frame (F2) due to an isolated ending delimiter (IED). Thus, as a result of the new algorithm, the ring is able to recover as early as possible after a strip error condition occurs. This inhibits the formation of the problem described in conjunction with FIG. 7.
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate respectively the old frame stripping algorithm used in normal token release and the early token release frame stripping algorithm of this invention. Referring now to FIG. 10, a station is originally in repeat mode indicated by logic block 100 until it acquires the free token. Once it acquires the token, it goes into transmit mode indicated by logic block 105. Transmit mode enables the strip function. Once a station completes its transmission of a message frame, it will transmit an idle pattern of one or more bytes. This is indicated in FIG. 10 by logic block 110. An affirmative response to the "GAP=0" condition means that the last idle pattern byte has been transmitted. The station will remain in transmit mode and continue to transmit idle patterns after its frame until it receives its own source address (SA) in the header of the return message frame (logic block 125), unless the PTT timer has expired (logic block 115) or a strip abort condition has occurred (logic block 120) previously. In logic block 130 a test is made for whether the source address is equal to the originating station's address. If the response is positive, the token is released (normal token release), and then a test is then made in logic block 150 to determine if the strip is complete which is indicated by the receipt of the ending delimiter and the PCF-E byte of the station's own return frame. Only the expiration of the PTT timer (logic block 140) or the detection of a strip abort condition (logic block 145) will cause stripping to terminate sooner. If, in logic block 130, the source address is not equal to the originating station's address, then either of the conditions indicated in logic blocks 155 and 160 will cause the stripping of messages to terminate. The first of these conditions is the time-out condition of logic block 155 in which the PTT timer that had been activated after the transmission of the frame at the originating station has expired. Expiration of the timer will cause the termination of transmit mode and return the originating station to a repeat mode. Otherwise, only the detection of a strip abort condition in logic block 160 will cause termination of transmit mode. All of the logic blocks in FIG. 10 that result in the transition of the station back to the repeat mode serve to terminate the strip function.
The frame stripping algorithm of this invention is illustrated in the logic flow chart of FIG. 11. The originating station is initially in repeat mode indicated by logic block 200. Upon acquiring the token, the station enters into a transmit mode shown in logic block 205. It remains in transmit mode until it transmits an idle pattern of one or more bytes (gap) at the end of its frame as indicated in logic block 210. Next, the station releases a token (early token release) as shown in block 215. The originating station goes into a strip mode and then waits for the source address (SA) of the return message frame (logic block 235). Prior to receiving a good frame, however, the expiration of the PTT timer (logic block 220) or the detection of an isolated ending delimiter (logic block 225) will result in the termination of the strip function and a return to repeat mode (logic block 200). An isolated ending delimiter means that the originating station has detected an ending delimiter in the return frame without the receipt of a preceding starting delimiter.
The source address of the return message frame is examined in logic block 240 and compared to the address of the originating station. If they are the same, then the originating station continues to strip the message frame off the ring until it detects a end-of-frame delimiter and PCF-E in logic block 270 unless the PTT timer expires (logic block 260) sooner.
If the source address is not the same as the originating station's address in logic block 240, then either of the conditions indicated by logic blocks 245, or 250 will cause the station to terminate strip operations. In logic block 245, a test is made for code violation errors in the header of the return frame. This is followed in logic block 250 with a test for a hardware generated time-out. All of the logic blocks that result in the termination of the strip function return the station to the repeat mode indicated by logic block 200.
FIG. 12 depicts a finite state machine representation of the algorithm for detection of an isolated ending delimiter. State 0, indicated by block 300, represents a quiescent or reset state. A station remains in this state until a starting delimiter is detected at which time it transitions to state 1 represented by block 310. Receipt of a starting delimiter while in state 1 results in the station remaining in state 1. Detecting an ending delimiter while in state 1 causes a transition to state 2, indicated by block 320. State 2 is a temporary state and the station will remain there for two bit times corresponding to the last two bits of the ending delimiter which are ignored during the ending delimiter decoding. There is then an immediate transition back to state 0 at the end of the EDEL byte (BYTE SYNC). An isolated ending delimiter (IED) is defined as an ending delimiter detected while in state 0 of this state machine. This detection of an isolated ending delimiter results in the termination of strip operations.
FIG. 13 represents a block diagram hardware implementation of the early token release stripping algorithm of this invention. Manchester-encoded data messages are received from the ring and converted to transitional code in Manchester-to-transitional decoder (M/T) 400. The decoded serial ring data is shifted into a 16 baud data deserializer register (R1) 405 which deserializes the serial data stream into a parallel data stream. The parallel data of the data deserializer 405 is loaded into the source address comparator register (R2) 420 at the necessary time to do the source address comparison. The station's own source address is stored in RAM (R3) and fetched into R2 during address comparison. Also tapping at the parallel output of the data deserializer are an ending delimiter detector 410 and a code violation error detector 415. Other major components of the implementation are a PTT timer 435, a delimiter sequence state machine (DSSM) 430, and a transmit state machine (TXSM) 460.
The PTT timer 435 serves as a maximum time limiter for the stripping process. It is started by the transmit state machine 460 at the beginning of the strip process. If, after a predetermined period of time, a station is still in strip mode, the PTT timer 435 will signal the transmit state machine 460 to terminate the strip process. The delimiter sequence state machine 430 is used to detect an isolated ending delimiter. It operates in association with the finite state machine representation of the ending delimiter detection algorithm contained in FIG. 12. The transmit state machine 460 is the main control state machine for the transmit and strip sequence in a station. It coordinates the operation sequence during a transmit and strip process.
The conditions that will terminate message frame stripping are connected to the inputs of OR gate 455 which, in turn, send a signal to the transmit state machine 460 to stop stripping and enter a repeat mode. The PTT timer 435 causes input A3 on OR gate 455 to go high at the expiration of the time that had been set. The other termination conditions are handled by the inverted AND gate 440 and the normal AND gates 445 and 450, the outputs of which are connected to inputs A0, A1 and A2 respectively on OR gate 455. The normal strip termination condition is represented by AND gate 445. If in address comparator 420, the source address in the received message is found to be the same as the station's address and if an ending delimiter and PCF-E is received (strip complete), then the input A1 on OR gate 455 goes high and sends a stop strip signal to transmit state machine 460. If an ending delimiter is detected by ending delimiter detector 410 and if the delimiter sequence state machine 430 determines that it is an isolated ending delimiter, then the output from AND gate 450 causes the A2 input on OR gate 455 to go high, thus causing abnormal strip termination. Finally, if in address comparator 420 the source address of the received frame differs from the station's address and if code violation errors are not detected in CV error detector 415, then the output from inverted AND gate 440 causes the A0 input on OR gate 455 to go high, thus abnormally terminating strip operations.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It should be noted in particular that the invention described herein is applicable to any token ring network regardless of the data or delimiter encoding format, including the bridged frame stripping scheme for the 100 Mbps Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) protocol which is the subject of proposed American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard X3T9.5. The FDDI protocol uses encoding schemes other than differential Manchester encoding so that the detection of no code violation errors as an indication of data integrity in the first condition for terminating frame stripping is not directly applicable. However, the scope of this invention is intended to cover alternative methods for detecting the presence or absence of data corruption in the header of a message intended for another station downstream from the one that is trying to determine whether or not to terminate stripping.
|Cited Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 10, 1989
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GEYER, JOEL E.;LEE, JOSEPH K.;NORMAN, VERNON R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005172/0121;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890615 TO 19890929
|Jul 15, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 2, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 26, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 5, 2002
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Effective date: 20020605


text:
eww this nigga got a ring worm starting under his tattoo in the first pic
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June 30, 2014 BY Brendan Dunne / 9
The Jordan Future has been more and more willing lately to depart from the woven style that first introduced the sneaker. The latest of such departures happens on this pair, which uses a mesh upper that looks to have a full reflective treatment underneath. The shoes also stick with an icy sole on bottom and the same gold detailing that we've seen on a handful of other Future releases. See more photos of this Jordan Future "Black/3M" with us after the break if you're interested in them and then leave a comment with your thoughts on this new direction of the Air Jordan Future.
Source: Shoulee81
Filed under: Air Jordan Upcoming Sneakers
eww this nigga got a ring worm starting under his tattoo in the first pic
Hahah! Once I noticed his leg wounds I couldn't even appreciate the kicks anymore.
Jordan brand seriously love F*****' up J's hahahaha......
Prefer Woven one to this socks like shoes.....
not bad. i want to know more about those burgundy ones in the background.
They don't look good on feet look leatherish only thing these did ritewas the black midsole
What's up with those pale, unhealthy hairy calves? Disgusting!
I need a release date on these
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It might be the most important movie of our time, but not for critics. With 45 reviews counted thus far, Adam Sandler's 'Jack and Jill' has earned the rare zero-percent rating on Rotten Tomatoes, meaning it could be the worst-reviewed film of 2011. 'Jill' is currently tied with fellow Happy Madison production 'Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star' and the Sarah Palin documentary 'The Undefeated' on the list of zero percenters, but neither of those films found such a wide critical audience: 'Bucky Larson' only had 32 total reviews, while Palin's doc received just 15.
Jack and Jill
An ad man (Adam Sandler) dreads his passive-aggressive twin sister's annual Thanksgiving visit. Read More
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text: The Funerella wiki last edited by Cellophane_Girl on 02/10/14 05:32PM View full history Major Story ArcsAs well as fighting the Freedom Fighters in their own series Funerella also appeared in the 'Phantom Lady and Doll-Man' miniseries which was published later but either set earlier or constituted a different continuity. She appears to be a very sarcastic villain who clearly regards herself very highly and treats other people as if they had little value as the living. Cyrus Bender hires Funerella to kill Phantom Lady and Doll Man, and she tries to ambush them on the docks in Metropolis. She is defeated when Phantom Lady uses her black light gloves to cut off Funerella's arm and split her head in two. Funerella falls into the bay but returns when the Metropolis police shows up. Funerella somehow escapes police custody and goes back to Cyrus He doubles crosses her and drugs her. He then orders his men to cut her into pieces to get rid of her once and for all.Powers and AbilitiesFunerella can summon zombies and transforms living people into zombies for a limited time. If she can be defeated the zombifying will wear off and the afflicted person will return to normal with no memory of what happened to them. Funerella can also reattached severed limbs and heal severe wounds.


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Skip to comments.Accuser of Christine O'Donnell LIED, charges Complaint to D.C. Bar seeking Disbarrment
Posted on 06/14/2011 7:09:20 AM PDT by Moseley
Please summarize in three sentences.
Hope she burns for this.
But she is a liberal so will probably get a pat on the back and a complimentary "Good going, girl!"
Melanie Sloan lied about Christine O'Donnell in order to influence the election, but did so in official legal complaints seeking government action. Melanie Sloan knew she was lying or would have known with the slightest investigation (which an attorney is required to undertake). Melanie Sloan's lies violated the requirements of the D.C. Bar.
Christine will lose this suit. I can't imagine a judge saying, "yes they were mean to you so let's take away their ability to practice law." I could be wrong, but this suit is just going to cost Christine money.
Easy come easy go.
Beats actually working for a living. ;)
Still nothing will happen because it was during a campaign. Now had Christine not put herself in the election and she said something slanderous than Christine would have a suit. This is going to nowhere. MAYBE the best that will come out of this is the next time Christine runs for office, her detractors might think twice about saying negative things about her.
Thanks. It's about time somebody turns the table on lying Rats by using the truth. I hope this is successful and they don't get away with it this time.
That, my good man, is the point of this exercise.
naps they didn't say negative things. They lied. In a legal complaint.
This isn't O'Donnells suit. It was filed by Jonathan Moseley.
Some bad, some good.
We will see.
Thanks for clearing that up.
Melanie Sloan is emblematic of all the deceit and malice that characterizes the left in one, tidy package. It sounds as if Moseley has done his homework which will hopefully result in at least partially defanging this political tool.
Having said that, I'm not holding my breath.
There may be DE case law on this question or they may not - but in New York it is a not a matter of whether you say you are a candidate but whether you have sufficient number of petitions to establish candidacy.
I highly doubt that "purchasing campaign software" or "testing the waters" has any legal value whatever.
Think about it: I could declare myself a candidate every year, declare all kinds of expenses (travel, meals etc.) and never get a single signature or mount a real campaign. Legally there needs to be a minimum standard. Simply filing may not meet it.
Poetc. I am so glad to see her go down in flames. It's taken a long time though. My former Congressman, Curt Weldon, was targeted by CREW. Somewhere, Curt is smiling today if he reads this.
Poetic. I am so glad to see her go down in flames. It's taken a long time though. My former Congressman, Curt Weldon, was targeted by CREW. Somewhere, Curt is smiling today if he reads this.
You're welcome.
This has nothing to do with New York. And these two people lied in a complaint to the FEC which was later tossed out.
So, as a minimum she was negligent in performing her professional duties, or as a maximum, she lied. Either way, sounds as if she has a bar problem, much as Clinton did.
How do we know Christinne O'Donnell didn't commit perjury?
She made a lot of outlandish claims.
What was with the Witch thing?
Wonder why she didn't win?
Posted on Wednesday, December 08, 2010 6:41:02 AM by earlJam
By Shane D'Aprile - 12/07/10 10:22 PM ET
Christine O'Donnell on Tuesday compared the "tragedy" of extending unemployment benefits to Pearl Harbor and the death of Elizabeth Edwards.
"Today marks a lot of tragedy," O'Donnell, the Tea Party-backed GOP Senate candidate from Delaware, said Tuesday night during an appearance in Virginia.
"Tragedy comes in threes," O'Donnell said. "Pearl Harbor, Elizabeth Edwards's passing and Barack Obama's announcement of extending the tax cuts, which is good, but also extending the unemployment benefits."
O'Donnell continued: "The reason I say this is a tragedy is because his announcement of economic recovery was more of a potpourri of sound bytes. It's like he took a little bit of what each party wanted and put it together. It's not a solid plan constructed on sound economic principles."
(Excerpt) Read more at thehill.com ...
Tragedy comes in threes, ODonnell said. Pearl Harbor, Elizabeth Edwardss passing and Barack Obamas announcement of extending the tax cuts, which is good, but also extending the unemployment benefits.
The above statement can be found on several videos recorded at the event:
Right at the beginning of the video
Posted by ericarhendry at Youtube
remarks at the 2:15 mark:
Posted by GlenSColen at Youtube
Here is the offending remark as seen on Anderson Cooper
Posted by SuchIsLifeVideos at Youtube
And again here
Posted by PresidentObama3
Again, Yawn remarks at the 1:50 mark
Posted by claymore4freedom at Youtube
Will anything actually come of it though?
That's Jonathan Moseley does.
He makes frivilous claims and likes to plow a field several times, no matter that is a pile of sand.
But hey, if it makes if it's therapeutic for him....
Thats what Jonathan Moseley does.
He makes frivolous claims and likes to plow a field several times, no matter that is a pile of sand.
But hey, if its therapeutic for him....
"Think about it: I could declare myself a candidate every year, declare all kinds of expenses (travel, meals etc.) and never get a single signature or mount a real campaign."
Reminds me of Dennis Kucinich!
IIRC, Christine O'Donnell's voter registration listed her address as 1242 Presidential Dr. David Hust's was 1242 Presidential Dr. Her campaign was listed as 1242 Presidential Dr. ChristinePAC filed as 1242 Presidential Dr. And did she not state, herself, that she was living at the campaign headquarters and "splitting" the rent? If not, then why did she pay some small payments payments to her campaign (labeled 'rent') after the campaign paid the full rent and utilities?
My personal opinion is that Melanie Sloan is a slime, but that doesn't mean there aren't a lot of irregularities with Christine O'Donnell!
Presidential Drive?
Was that in Centerville?
I use to live on Presidential Drive.
Litigious Litigant.
Nothing will happen. Communists Democratic party is exempt from the law and they get a medal for vote swaying lies.
I'm no lawyer but I'm sure lying to the FEC is a crime.
I think so too. We'll soon see if liars pay the price.
Would you please point me to where this claim is made? Thanks!
She sued ISI? For what?
And maybe he can get a few more checks from contributors' money next campaign season!
Yikes! Guilty as sin. What a pig.
It's Greenville...Greenville Place Apartments.
Sure it's not Greenville you were thinking of? That's just down the road from Centerville, I think.
Thanks...I'll check them out.
Now that I understand — Thanks.
Adn don't forget how she lied to potential donors to try to get contributions, claiming she'd won 2/3 of counties in Delaware in her previous election—when she was actually trounced soundly in 2/3 and didn't win any.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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text:
Gamida Advised To Conduct Additional Phase III StemEx Trial
While a current single-arm Phase II/III study provides evidence of activity of StemEx as an alternative transplantation treatment for patients with high-risk leukaemia and lymphoma, the FDA has advised Gamida Cell to conduct another trial: a Phase III, randomised, controlled study. StemEx is in development for patients who could not find a family-related matched bone marrow donor. The data and analysis of the Phase II/III, multicentre, multi-national, historical cohort-controlled study of StemEx were reported by Espicom in April.
Of note, study data showed that the increased dose of CD34+ stem and progenitor cells provided by StemEx was directly associated with a shorter time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment, which in turn, was associated with improved survival at 100 days post-transplantation. Therefore, the clinical outcomes from the Phase II/III study clearly demonstrated a proof-of-concept of StemEx' mode of action. However, the survival advantage was not statistically significant by day 180 with mortality of 32.7 per cent in the StemEx group and 34.7 per cent in the control group (p=0.39). Additionally, StemEx did not create a significant difference in the level of Grade III to IV acute graft versus host disease; 19.4 per cent in the StemEx group and 16.9 per cent in the control group (p=0.11).
StemEx is a graft of an expanded population of stem/progenitor cells, derived from part of a single unit of umbilical cord blood and transplanted by intravenous infusion along with the remaining, non-manipulated cells from the same unit. However, there are a limited number of stem/progenitor cells in cord blood, enabling a quantity sufficient generally only for paediatric treatment. StemEx employs a technology that expands this small number of cord blood stem/progenitor cells, increasing their therapeutic capacity for transplantation in adolescents and adults.


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The Phillies and Cole Hamels have come to terms on a one-year, $15 million contract, according to a tweet from CSBSports.com's Jon Heyman. A source close to Hamels tells me he's on vacation in Hawaii, so I guess we'll have to hear from him later on the situation. But, what has been avoided is arbitration, which can sometimes spill some blood between the two sides. Luckily, that was never the case here.
Just before Christmas, I took a stab at the money Hamels would get and was right on in my roster and payroll projections post. This is clearly fair market value for one of the better left-handed pitchers in the game. Now onto bigger and better things.
Next up is a long-term solution. The two sides have been unable to come to terms on that as of now, but that doesn't mean things can't change during the season. As we've reiterated time and again, Hamels likes it here. And by coming to terms with the Phillies so quickly, it seems like both sides are clearly working in good faith. Always a positive.
Also part of the one-year pact, Hamels also gets $100,000 for MVP, $250,000 for the Cy Young, $100,000 for another World Series MVP, $50,000 for a LCS MVP, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger, and an All-Star selection.
Last season, Hamels made $9.5 million in the final year of a three-year contract.
According to Todd Zolecki of MLB.com, the Phillies have also re-signed Wilson Valdez for $930,000. All that remains through arbitration is Hunter Pence.
0 Comments
I was hoping they'd use the looming arbitration as an opportunity to lock him up with a multi-year deal….
That being said, it's nice to have the certainty that they won't go through the grueling arbitration process.
Fine with this.
They can actually save money on their cap hit if they sign him to a long-term extension after the season starts, so maybe they're going in that direction anyway.
All indications are that he wants to stay here, and they want to keep him here …. i'm sure his agent wants 7 years… and the Phillies probably want 3-5 (if they were willing to go 5 years on Lee, I believe you need to do that with Hamels as well) ..
Would he turn down
5 years, $95 = $19 M per …. with a 6th year option.. and a pretty decent buy-out ?
Is that more than the Phillies would spend?
Silver Slugger? Why not put in a $1 million bonus for winning the triple crown, or a $10 mil bonus for winning the Nobel prize in economics?
Teams put bogus incentives in contracts all the time so agents and players can trump up the possible value of the deal. Besides, Hamels is a good enough hitter that it's not completely beyond the realm of possibility
This is a good sign I think. It shows that both sides are willing to work something out. I have not heard Cole put any deadlines yet which encourages me to think that they are planning to keep working on this.
I have to agree that I like this signing, and I am not sure it is out of the realm of possibility that Cole can win a silver sluffer, each position getshe is a pretty good hitter so maybe. I was wondering about the cap hit on extensions mid season. And what kind of money is coming off the book in 2013 that would make sense to not extend him now.
I also think you might have to go 5 years 100 million for Cole, I think it will gets done in season as long as it does not count against this years cap, and they are going to need a third basemen with some pop after year when Poly is up I do not see him coming back.
Just off the top of my head you've got Blanton's $8.5, Victorino's $10, Thome's $1.5 and Kendrick's $3.5 coming off the books, potentially. Also Polanco's $6, Wiggington's $4, Contreras' $2.5 and Ruiz's $4 are option years, so they could potentially be off the books, although I doubt Ruiz is going anywhere. Polanco could stay if he has a decent year because he's relatively cheap as far as his value goes. Same for Contreras.
Victorino could be replaced by Mayberry or Pence if JMJ and/or Brown have a good enough year to merit a starting position. A lot of what direction they go depends on how this season plays out, so it's hard to say just how much is coming off the books, but they should have some wiggle room.
salary numbers to be applied towards the luxury tax threshhold are as follows:
Blanton $8 million
Victorino $7.333 million
Polanco $5.67 million assuming option not exercised
Ruiz $2.78 million
Wiggington $1.25 assuming option not exercised
It's (Total gaurenteed salary+1st option year buyout #)/gaurenteed years
The fact that they settled this today is a really good sign IMO. When pursuing a long term contract with a player, the last thing you want to do is argue the player's worth before an arbiter. I think this is great news!
19 million dollars to throw a baseball every 5 days. this is whats wrong with the world and why i stopped watching. amazing.
Bud Selig gets $22,ooo,ooo a year to make awful decision after awful decision. I find that significantly more distasteful than elite entertainers getting paid well.
What's even more distasteful is that he was given a f&@#ing contract extension to make those boneheaded decisions.
I might get crucified for saying this, but I don't think what he has done has been all bad… there are several good things that have happened under his tenure that he's been pushing for a long time.
$22 million… yea. I was SHOCKED when I learned that's what he made. That's insane! I thought he'd make as much as a MLB manager or so.. not Howard/Halladay/Pujols!
Guaranteed in 2013:
Lee $25M
Howard $20M
Halladay $20M
Utley $15M
Papelbon $13M
Rollins $11M
That's $104M right there for six players. Approximately $76M left for the other 19.
I'm thinking that unless Hamels gets hurt or really tanks he could easily command $25M a year on the open market (Yankees? Dodgers under their new ownership?). I also think that if he actually hits the open market he'll be gone.
Nice move by both sides, even if Jeff doesn't think so (by the way, Jeff, it's 15M, not 19) .
I also like what it cost for Exon, he has proven to be pretty clutch at times, I know a guy who hits 240 with pretty much no pop, is easy to find, but he has a gun and can play pretty much anywhere in the infield, and hits will with guys on base. Plus he can pitch.
Sorry Pat,
I dont watch Adam Sandler make bad movies. I dont listen to U2 make bad music. I very seldomly watch movies today. I watch the Jimmy Stewarts of the world and James Dean pictures. I listen to Indie music and indie films. I used to enjoy Kevin Smith until he became a big ahole. I realize what actors make today to make bad movies. I will not justify what these ball players make today. They play a game. I realize morons pay 100 upon 1000 to go watch these games. They are not curing cancer or teaching our kids. Not saving lives or protecting us. A game should cost no more then 50 bucks. I am sorry but I cant afford to take my family to watch a phillies game. Not when I make 80 k a year and pay 1000 a month in health insurance. Forget the mortgage and all the other crap. They took my love for the game away. Its not a sport. Baseball is the most uneven sport with no cap. One team can load up and one team cant spend more then what howard is making per year. I can promise you there will be no pirates, A's, M's, Cubs, Mets sniffing the playoffs. Real fun.
If you seem to hate everything about the sport so much "they took my love for the game away". . . . why do you post on a baseball blog ?
Donnie boy, I saw the post pop up on my facebook page. Sorry
I guess I cant comment about it. Just giving my opinion. Its a blog right.
Hopefully this is just the beginning of a long term deal for down the road .. he's the youngest and can still only get better from here, the Phillies would ignorant if a multi-contract deal is made by the end of the 2012 season. They have some left over contracts that they are paying off which should free some space for him.
Raises due to players already signed quickly eats up any salary relief from players leaving after this season. With approximately $76M left for 19 roster spots, the Phils could use $20M (hopefully in a deal that's backloaded) for Hamels and (in his last arbitration year) $12M for Pence.
Guaranteed salaries in 2013:
Lee $25M
Howard $20M
Halladay $20M
Utley $15M
Papelbon $13M
Rollins $11M
Projected 2013 salaries:
Hamels $20M
Pence $12M
Which leaves $44M for 17 players (based on a $180M payroll). That's roughly $2.6M per spot. Needs for 2013 would include a starting C, CF, 3B, and possibly LF. It should be interesting to see how this plays out…hopefully they figure out a way to make it work.


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what's not to love about caitlin shearer's work? after spending an hour on her flickr photostream, i've decided this (above) was my favorite. sadly, it's not in her etsy shop. maybe someday? (hint, hint, caitlin.)
2 comments on "stellllllllaaaaaaaaaaaaa."
hey! i actually do have some stella prints instore now!
and if what you want isnt there, just send me a note and i can custom order it for you.
love her stuff. kinda reminscent of schiele!


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Hi Divya.
Of course, you can get admission in Aeronautical Engineering through participation of IIT JEE entrance exam. Here is the entrance exam admission procedure of IIT JEE: IIT JEE stands for Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination. JEE is an all-India level entrance examination and organized in all eight IITs colleges across the country. List of all IITs( India Institutes of Technology) for admission to UG program at: IIT Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bhubaneswar , IIT Gandhinagar, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Indore, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Mandi, IIT Punjab, IIT Patna, IIT Rajasthan, IIT Roorkee, IT-BHU Varanasi, ISM Dhanbad.
IIT JEE 2016 important Dates, Examination Schedule time: 8th April, 2016 Paper first: 09.00 AM – 12.00 PM hrs on Sunday, Paper second: 14.00 PM – 17.00 PM hrs Paper 1st and Paper 2nd each will include separate sections in PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics). Both 1st and 2nd papers will be involved objective type question, papers will be set to test the candidate skill of reasoning, analytical ability and comprehension. Syllabus for this IIT JEE examination will be available on their official website for you can download it from the website. The candidate will have the both online and offline option of submitting the application form. IIT JEE Important Dates: The candidates invited for online application form on 31 October – 10 December. 2016. Last date for accepting the completed online application forms or online submits at IITs colleges on 15th December, 2016. Last date of offline application form for IIT-JEE 2016 is on Thursday 15, December 2015. IIT JEE 2016 entrance Exam will be held on Sunday 8th April, 2016. Entrance result declared of IIT JEE 2016 on Friday 18, MAY 2016. The candidates who passed in entrance exam of IIT JEE can get the chance to Online choice filling on Saturday to Sunday 19- MAY to 10-JUNE 2016. Final date for accepting cost certificates on Friday 1-JUNE, 2016. Final date for receiving admission form and medical certificate at all zonal IITs on Friday 8-June, 2016. Merit list release of First Course Allotment Thursday 14-JUNE, 2012. Merit List release of Second Course Allotment Monday 25-June, 2016, merit list release of Third Course Allotment Friday 6-July, 2016. ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR BRIGHT FUTURE.
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Samuel, who lives in the Boston area, said he was overcome with emotion when he realized he was about to achieve elite status in the chess world.


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13 October 2016, Thursday, 18:42
UFA, 13 October 2016. /Bashinform News Agency, Olga Murtazina. The Ufa Art Gallery opened an exhibition of architects. According to the State Construction Committee RB, it is timed to the International Day of Architecture and Republic Day. The exposition displays the layouts of Ufa streets of the past, present and future. Student projects are also presented there. Another important part of the exhibition is works by the Ufa artists Ildus Valitov and Yuri Patskov, who were professional architects and wrote wonderful cityscapes.


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Hotel Plaza, Havana: 1,167 reviews and 23 photos
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Bibliographic Details
Title: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts ...
Publisher: Thomson Course Technology
Publication Date: 2007
Binding: Soft Cover
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CD included. Good condition. Light to moderate shelf wear, creasing on covers. Binding intact. Bookseller Inventory # 100701319
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Another special girl who is getting passed up due to her not liking her situation. Won't you please pass on her story for us so some lucky, kind soul will step up and graciously love her like she deserves and wants so badly? Please read on.. she's quite wonderful!!!
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Lubby is a gorgeous, voluptuous, girlie girl who loves to be showered with attention. She waits for her humans to come home (in the foster setting) to shower them with adoration. Lubby is a wonderfully affectionate and very personable kitty and she will run to her fosters and volunteers, but isn't always happy to share them with others.
She has come to know her caregivers and will rub up on their hands, but strange faces at the window can frighten her and she can hiss and spit. We keep telling the children "She's not mean. She's scared."
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Pair Papier-Mache Peasant Figure Lamps
Wonderful pair of continental papier-mâché figures wired and turned into lamps. very nice original antique condition with minor loss. Dimensions include shade, shade and wiring new.
WIDTH: 10 in | HEIGHT: 25 in | DEPTH: 10 in
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decided: January 10, 1977.
ANTHONY E. FIORENZAv.BOARD OF SCHOOL DIRECTORS OF THE CHICHESTER SCHOOL DISTRICT, COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. ANTHONY E. FIORENZA, APPELLANT
Appeal from the Order of the Secretary of Education in case of Appeal of Anthony E. Fiorenza from the decision of the Board of School Directors of the Chichester School District, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, No. 277, 1975.
Alexander A. DiSanti, with him Richard, Brian, DiSanti & Hamilton, P.A., for appellant.
Arthur Levy, with him Gregory J. Polischuk, and, of counsel, Levy and Levy, for appellee.
President Judge Bowman and Judges Mencer and Blatt, sitting as a panel of three. Opinion by Judge Mencer.
[ 28 Pa. Commw. Page 135]
This appeal is from an order of the Secretary of Education (Secretary) dismissing the appeal of Anthony E. Fiorenza (Fiorenza) for lack of jurisdiction. Fiorenza had appealed to the Secretary the termination of his employment as Administrative Assistant for Personnel and Special Services for the Chichester School District.
Section 1131 of the Public School Code of 1949, Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, 24 P.S. § 11-1131, empowers the Secretary to entertain and rule upon appeals by professional employes aggrieved by the action of a board of school directors. There is no similar grant of authority to the Secretary relative to appeals by any other class of employes.*fn1
[ 28 Pa. Commw. Page 136]
The Secretary in the instant case determined that Fiorenza was not a professional employe at the time his employment was terminated by the Chichester Board of Education (Board) and therefore he lacked jurisdiction to accept Fiorenza's appeal. We conclude that the Secretary was correct and affirm his order.
The narrow question before the Secretary was Fiorenza's professional-employe status on June 30, 1975 when his employment was terminated. Section 1101 of the Public School Code, 24 P.S. § 11-1101, defines "professional employe" as follows:
The term 'professional employe' shall include those who are certificated as teachers, supervisors, supervising principals, principals, assistant principals, vice-principals, directors of vocational education, dental hygienists, visiting teachers, home and school visitors, school counselors, child nutrition program specialists, school librarians, school secretaries the selection of whom is on the basis of merit as determined by eligibility lists and school nurses.
Section 1141 of the Public School Code, 24 P.S. § 11-1141, defines "teacher" in the following manner:
'Teacher' shall include all professional employes and temporary professional employes, who devote fifty per centum (50%) of their time, or more, to teaching or other direct educational activities, such as classroom teachers, demonstration teachers, museum teachers, counselors, librarians, school nurses, dental hygienists, home and school visitors, and other similar professional employes and temporary professional employes, certificated in accordance with the qualifications established by the State Board of Education. (Emphasis added.)
The Supreme Court in Brentwood Borough School District Appeal, 439 Pa. 256, 260, 267 A.2d 848, 850 (1970), stated:
[ 28 Pa. Commw. Page 137]
Construing sections 1101 and 1141 together an individual is a teacher for purposes of § 1141 if he holds the necessary certificate and devotes at least half his time to teaching or direct educational activities, and he is a professional employee under § 1101 if he is a teacher under § 1141. (Emphasis added.)
It is clear from the above that the holding of a teacher's certificate does not make one a teacher under Section 1141. One attempting to qualify as a teacher, and hence a professional employe, must also show that he devotes at least half his time to teaching or other direct educational activities.
It is with this comprehension of the necessary conditions for the existence of a professional-employe relationship that we examine the factual background of this appeal. On August 22, 1966, Fiorenza was appointed Principal of the Linwood and Trainer Elementary Schools in the Chichester school system. On November 15, 1970, he was assigned to serve as Principal of Hilltop Elementary School. Then on September 19, 1972, he was appointed as acting Administrative Assistant for Special Services and, in addition, continued to serve as Principal of Hilltop until a replacement for him in that position was found by the Board.
On June 28, 1973, he was appointed Administrative Assistant for Personnel and Special Services and thereafter was apparently relieved of his duties and responsibilities as Principal of the Hilltop Elementary School. Fiorenza requested and was granted a sabbatical leave for the 1974-75 school year. On June 2, 1975, while he was on sabbatical leave, the Board eliminated the position of Administrative Assistant for Personnel and Special Services, and Fiorenza was notified that his employment with the Chichester School District would terminate on June 30, 1975.
[ 28 Pa. Commw. Page 138]
Although Fiorenza is certified as an elementary teacher, teacher for mentally retarded, elementary principal, secondary principal, and supervisor of special education, his duties since June 28, 1973 were limited to responsibility for the school's transportation program and his involvement with collective bargaining negotiations, personnel selection, health services, budgeting, employe grievances, and public relations for the school district. Fiorenza's responsibilities and duties subsequent to June 28, 1973 were not those of a teacher because he admittedly did not devote fifty per centum of his time, or more, to teaching or other direct educational activities. Rhee v. Allegheny Intermediate Unit Number 3, 11 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 394, 315 A.2d 644 (1974).
Fiorenza's main contention is that, once having obtained a professional-employe status as a teacher and principal prior to June 28, 1973, he remained a professional employe thereafter, even though he was serving as an administrative assistant and engaged in activities subsequent to June 28, 1973 that did not fulfill the conditions for classification as a professional employe. However, we held in Narducci v. School District of the City of Erie, 4 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 202, 285 A.2d 888 (1971), that a professional employe does not carry his professional-employe status into a nonprofessional position. We must conclude that the instant case is ruled by Narducci and that the appointment of Fiorenza as an administrative assistant on June 28, 1973 and his performance solely of the duties of that position severed his membership and participation in the category of "professional employe." It is not for us in this appeal to decide whether or not Fiorenza, in the status of an administrative assistant, was removable at the pleasure of the board which appointed him. See Buell v. Union Township School District, 395 Pa. 567, 150 A.2d 852 (1959).
[ 28 Pa. Commw. Page 139]
Since we conclude that Fiorenza was not a professional employe at the time his employment was terminated by the Board, we must agree that the Secretary lacks jurisdiction to consider his appeal. Accordingly, we make the following
And Now, this 10th day of January, 1977, the order of the Secretary of Education dismissing the appeal of Anthony E. Fiorenza is hereby affirmed.
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92815 Lakeshore Drive, Lawton MI, 49065
4 beds , 1 Full/1 Half baths
1,300 sqft
Status: Active
Last Updated: 12/10/2016 3:09 AM
Description for 92815 Lakeshore Drive Lawton, MI 49065
Beautifully renovated ranch home on highly sought after All Sports Gravel Lake.This maintenance free home had new roofing, siding, and gutters in 2010. Public sewer in 2011, kitchen and full bath completely updated in 2012. New low e windows throughout home and upgraded insulation in attic and walls completed in 2013. A magnificent 3 season room added in 2015 offering great space for the whole family to gather. Awesome views of lake from most every room in the home. Home offers 3-4 bedrooms, a spacious patio, walks directly out to the sandy beach. Natural gas, cable, central air and 1.5 car garage with half bath. Plus dock, appliances and most furnishings stay with the home. Everything has been done all you need is to come enjoy the lake.
Porter Twp
Van Buren
1 Full/1 Half
1,300 (approx)
Listing Information
Porter Twp
Crawl Space
Public Sewer
Cable TV, Natural Gas
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Room Information
Living Room
Eat-In Kitchen
Interior Features
Range, Refrigerator
Central Air
Gas Heat, Electric Heating, Forced Air
1, Wood-burning
Exterior / Lot Features
Detached Garage, 2 Car Garage
Patio, Porch
Lake, Extra Storage, Paved Road, Public Roads, Acreage
Driving Directions
Shaw Road to left on Entrance Dr right on Lakeshore Dr home on left.
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Lawton Real Estate
Lawton is located in Michigan. Lawton, Michigan 49065 has a population of 1,883.
The median household income in Lawton, Michigan 49065 is $38,698. The median household income for the surrounding county is $44,425 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Lawton 49065 is 36.2 years.
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