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Appeal by plaintiff from the Circuit Court of Rock Island
county; the Hon. RAY I. KLINGBIEL, Judge, presiding. Heard in
this court at the May term, 1953. Judgment affirmed in part and
reversed in part with directions. Opinion filed December 3, 1953.
Released for publication December 21, 1953.
Charles Edward Johnson died testate in 1949. His will was admitted to probate in the probate court of Rock Island county, Illinois. Anna Van Brunt, plaintiff-appellant herein, was nominated in the will and was appointed and qualified as executrix in Rock Island county probate court on March 15, 1949. The second clause of Johnson's will provides as follows:
"I give and bequeath to my sister, CHRISTINE AMELIA PETTERSSON, of Stensvassa, Sweden, the sum of Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00). I have not seen my sister in a great many years, and do not know whether she is living or not at this time, but if she should not be living, I direct that this bequest shall be paid to her heirs-at-law, as the same may be determined, according to the law of the State of Illinois. I do also direct that the provisions of this paragraph, for my sister or her heirs-at-law, are subject to the condition that if my sister or anyone for her, or her heirs if she is not living or anyone for them, should start, institute or commence any action whatsoever to contest the validity of this will in any way, or take any action whatsoever to have the effect of invalidating or nullifying the provisions of this will, that thereupon the provisions of this paragraph for my sister or her heirs if she should not be living, shall immediately be cancelled and the said sum bequeathed by this paragraph shall revert to the residuary clause herein."
The above is the only specific legacy contained in the will.
The testator devised his real estate to various neighbors and tenants, strangers to his blood. He devised the remainder of his estate, both real and personal, to Anna Van Brunt, also stranger to his blood. The will stated that this devise and bequest was made in lieu of payment to her for her care of him during the past several years.
On December 14, 1949, Tage Pettersson and May Ivy Jonsson filed a suit in the circuit court of Rock Island county to contest the will of Charles Edward Johnson on the grounds of lack of testamentary capacity and undue influence. The complaint alleged that the appellees, Hilma Kristine Osterlund, Anna Maria Pettersson, and Axel Hjalmar Pettersson were the children of the testator's sister, Christine Amelia Pettersson, named as legatee in the second clause of the will and who predeceased the testator by two weeks.
The contestants to the will alleged that they were beneficiaries under a will dated in 1945 in which the appellees were not included. The devisees named in the will and the executrix, defendants, filed an answer in the will-contest suit denying the charges. The appellees who lived in Sweden and were defendants in the will-contest suit, were served as nonresidents by publication. There is nothing appearing in the record showing that they ever received the notice mailed to them pursuant to the statute. They did not appear at the trial on the contest of the will nor did they file answer or appear by attorney. The circuit court entered a default against them. The will-contest case was tried before a jury on April 2, 1951. The jury returned a verdict finding against the contestants and on October 24, 1951, the court dismissed the complaint for want of equity.
On February 29, 1952 the executrix filed her final report in the probate court and alleged that because the appellees had permitted a default to be entered against them in the will-contest suit, the bequest of $5,000 was forfeited under the provisions of clause two of the will, and belonged to her, as the residuary beneficiary. The appellees filed an answer denying the forfeiture, and after a hearing the probate court held that the legacy was not forfeited and directed its payment to the appellees, the only heirs-at-law of Christine Amelia Pettersson, their mother. The appellant appealed from this order to the circuit court, and the matter was there tried de novo and the circuit court held that the legacy was not forfeited and directed its payment in the same manner as directed by the probate court. Anna Van Brunt has appealed from that order to this court.
The appellant admits in her brief that there is just one question to be resolved on this appeal, namely, whether or not the legacy of the appellees was forfeited under the terms of the will by reason of the fact that the appellees permitted a default to be entered against them in the suit to contest the will. It is admitted by the appellant that the appellees took no affirmative action of any kind in the will-contest suit.
The case of Lobb v. Brown, 208 Cal. 476, 281 P. 1010, cited by appellees, is quite in point. The will in that case contained a forfeiture clause that if any beneficiary "shall institute proceedings in any wise contesting this my last will and testament," the share of such person should go to the residuary legatee or legatees not contesting it. Two nephews of the testator, beneficiaries under his will, were made parties-defendant to a suit contesting the will. They filed an answer in which they failed to deny the charges that the will had been procured by undue influence. The suit was later dismissed on the ground that the plaintiffs had no interest in the estate. The executor later brought an action against the nephews alleging that they had forfeited their legacy by contesting the will. The reviewing court affirmed a judgment for the defendants. The court held that the fact that the nephews had failed to deny the charge of undue influence did not tend to show that they were aiding in the contest. The court further said:
". . . . . The respondents were under no obligation, legal or otherwise, to deny in their said answer the charge of undue influence made against appellant. In fact, they may have been unable, as they understood and believed the facts of that case to be, to truthfully deny said charge. Their failure to include such a denial in their answer under these circumstances could not under any possible hypothesis be construed as a breach of any provision of said will."
In Clark v. Bentley, 398 Ill. 535, the will provided that in case any of the testator's children should contest the validity of the will or attempt to alter or change any of its provisions, they should lose their beneficial interest. It was held that the making of a quitclaim deed by the children to the widow followed by a quitclaim deed by the widow to each of the children of an undivided interest in the rents and proceeds in the real estate was not a violation of the will that would work a forfeiture under the provisions against contests. The court said that the making of the deeds could not reasonably be construed as a "contest" of the will. The court further said in finding there was no forfeiture:
We are further guided by the well-established rule that equity does not favor forfeitures, and in construing conditions, both precedent and subsequent, a reasonable construction must be given in favor of the beneficiary. (Page on Wills, vol. 3, page 748; LaRocque v. Martin, 344 Ill. 522.) The contention of appellant that the conveyances worked a forfeiture under the conditions set out in the seventh clause of the will cannot be sustained.
[2-5] In the instant case we agree with appellant's argument and the authorities cited by her such as Cassem v. Kennedy, 147 Ill. 660, that the testator's intention as expressed by the language in his will may be controlling to determine its meaning. We do not agree with her conclusions as to the interpretation of clause two of the will. It appears to us that the provisions in the will that the legacy would be forfeited if the legatee should "take any action whatsoever to have the effect of invalidating or nullifying the provisions of this will" would require some affirmative action. The word "action" used in its ordinary sense means this. The legatees did nothing affirmatively to invalidate the will. We believe it can be reasonably said from this language that the testator meant to require the above mentioned action. It is difficult to believe that the provision in his will providing that if the legatee took any action whatever, it would have the effect of invalidating or nullifying the provisions of this will would mean that if the legatees permitted a default to be entered against them, it would operate as a forfeiture of the legacy. It was the primary duty of the executrix to defend the will and the appellees may well have thought that she would defend it, as she did, without the necessity of their doing anything. The burden of proof was upon the appellant to establish the forfeiture. She relies upon the language of the will and the default to establish this. We believe that the rules announced in Lobb v. Brown and in Clark v. Bentley, supra, are correct in the instant case to prevent a forfeiture. In our opinion under the undisputed facts, no forfeiture has been proven. The trial court's judgment finding there was no forfeiture is supported by the law and the evidence.
The appellees have filed a cross-appeal. They assign as error that the trial judge erred in not allowing them interest on their legacy. They argue that they are entitled to interest at 5 per cent commencing one year after Johnson's death on February 6, 1949. In their answer filed in the probate court, they asked that interest on the legacy be awarded them.
[6-10] In State Bank of Chicago v. Gross, 344 Ill. 512, the question of when interest is payable on pecuniary legacies was fully considered by the Supreme Court. The following rules of law are stated in this opinion: general pecuniary legacies draw interest from the time they are due and payable unless the will clearly establishes a contrary intention. It is a rule of construction that the unconditional gift of a general pecuniary legacy is a gift of both principal and interest, and that the interest is given not as a penalty for the executor's negligence but as an incident and accretion to the legacy itself. The legacy is regarded as due and payable one year from the testator's death and draws interest from such time. No demand for the payment of the legacy is necessary. The fact that the payment of the legacy is delayed by an unsuccessful contest of the will by the legatee himself or others does not prevent the legatee from receiving the interest. The above case cites many authorities but it is not necessary to recite them here. This court in In re Estate of Eliopulos, 328 Ill. App. 389, and citing State Bank of Chicago v. Gross, supra, held that where the terms of a will do not fix a time when the legacies are to be paid, they are considered due and payable one year after the testator's death.
Appellant argues that neither the pleadings nor the proof disclose that the appellees were claiming interest. The record does not show this. It appears from the answer of appellees that they were claiming interest. The pleadings appear in the transcript from the probate court to the circuit court. While the trial was de novo in the circuit court the pleadings in the probate court were a part of the record. On the basis of the above well-established law, the appellees were entitled to receive interest on their legacy at 5 per cent per annum commencing one year after the death of Charles Edward Johnson to the time of payment. The trial court erred in not entering judgment for the appellees for that sum.
Appellees further contend that the executrix should be charged with additional interest at the rate of 10 per cent for failure to pay the legacy within two years after the issuance of letters testamentary under the provisions of Ill. Rev. Stat. 1953, chap. 3, par. 462 [Jones Ill. Stats. Ann. 110.559]. This statute provides that a penalty shall not be imposed if good cause is shown why the settlement of the estate was not completed within the above period. It appears from the record that the will was admitted to probate on March 5, 1949, and thereafter a chancery suit seeking to contest the will was pending until October 24, 1951. It further appears that there was a serious question as to whether or not the legacy had been forfeited. No demand was made on the executrix to pay the legacy. To allow the penalty would permit the appellees to recover 15 per cent interest on their legacy. The statute being penal in nature should be strictly construed to prevent the imposition of the penalty. In view of all these facts and circumstances, it appears to us that the executrix has shown good cause for failing to settle up the estate at an earlier date, and that the penalty imposed by the statute should not be inflicted on her.
The appellant filed a motion to dismiss the cross-appeal. One of the grounds urged was that the cross-appellants, since they were nonresidents, were required to enter security for costs. This motion was taken with the case. A cost bond can only be required by statute, by rule of the Supreme Court, or by rule of this court. (The County of Peoria v. Harvey, 18 Ill. 364.) We find no statute or rule requiring such a bond. The other portions of the motion to dismiss have been passed on in the opinion. For these reasons the motion to dismiss the cross-appeal is denied.
After careful consideration of the entire record, it is our opinion that the trial court was correct in finding that the appellees had not forfeited their legacy. It is our further opinion that the court erred in not allowing interest at 5 per cent per annum to the appellees from February 6, 1950, one year after testator's death, until the time of the payment of the legacy by the executrix, and the court's judgment in that respect is reversed, and this cause is remanded to the trial court with directions to enter an order in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part with directions.
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UC Presents Fairytale Comedy Spin-Off
Only School to Perform "Cinderella Waltz" on East Coast
Written By Victoria Lamanna '15, PR Intern
Comedic spin-off of classic Grimm Brothers' tale
Utica, NY (02/26/2014)- Utica College's Department of Performing and Fine Arts will present its spring play, "Cinderella Waltz," created by Don Nigro and presented by special arrangement with Samuel French Inc., from Thursday, March 6 to Sunday, March 9.
"Cinderella Waltz," directed by Marijean Levering, associate professor of theatre, is a comedic spin-off of the classic fairytale created by the Grimm Brothers. Although most of the iconic characters have a role in the play, most are unrecognizable due to their unusual behavior. Rosey Snow, her two stepsisters, stepmother, lecherous father, not-so-charming Prince, her unhelpful fairy godmother and other characters, are played by 16 student and community cast members.
Playing the role of Rosey Snow will be Rose Zaloom and Sara George, who will each perform on two of the four nights.
Currently, Utica College is one of two schools in the entire country, and the only theatre program on the East Coast to perform "Cinderella Waltz."
Tickets are $4, general admission, and can be purchased at the door. Show times are 8 p.m. from Thursday through Saturday, and 2 p.m. on Sunday.
For more information about this performance, or other performances at UC, contact Dan Hapanowicz at firstname.lastname@example.com or (315) 792-3057.
About Utica College – Utica College, founded in 1946, is a comprehensive private institution offering bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. The College, located in upstate central New York, approximately 90 miles west of Albany and 50 miles east of Syracuse, currently enrolls over 4,000 students in 36 undergraduate majors, 27 minors, 21 graduate programs and a number of pre-professional and special programs.
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Nintendo Chooses Sides on AS2 vs AS3 Battle: AS2 wins
Nintendo released a new updated for the Wii Internet channel that supports AS2 content, but reports itself as Flash 9. How could this be? Well, it's because the new support for Flash in the Wii opera Browser is actually for Flash Lite 3.1, which supports only AS2. It looks like good old Nintendo has decided to hold off on AS3 supports much like a lot of game developers and portals (with their APIs).
In Nintendo's case though, it's probably less about the fact that AS3 is AWESOME and those that don't use it are pushing Luddite status, and more because the Wii's limited processing power and on-board memory probably can't support it. Yeah, you read that: At least Nintendo has a good reason. You other guys...I'm still not so sure.
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While investigators are still continue to investigate Prince's possible addiction to prescription drugs, one of the late guitarist's former associates opens up about his purported usage of painkillers.
Sky Dangcil, who DJ'd and played violin for Prince from 2000 to 2007, alleged Prince started consuming opioids to deal with his chronic hip pain. The violinist told Us Weekly he "took the pills to keep the show going." When his pain became too much, Dangcil said Prince would fly to his $12 million estate in Turks and Caicos to "rest his hips."
Longtime hairdresser of the "Purple Rain" legend, Kim Berry, also talked to Us Weekly and added on in agreement to Dangcil's statement.
Berry said Prince "was always in a lot of pain," speculating that his reported addiction to opioids probably stemmed from his tireless commitment to music combined with "30 years of jumping off speakers with 4-inch shoes on."
On Wednesday, an official told the Associated Press that investigators want to determine whether any internet suppliers were involved in giving Prince drugs, or if any doctor broke the law by overprescribing drugs or prescribing drugs without first giving Prince a requisite physical.
Investigators did examined computer hard drives from Prince's Paisley Park compound where he was found dead on April 21.
Two doctors have already been cleared of any wrongdoing as they were identified for communicating with Prince or his staff before his death. The investigation is still ongoing.


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United States District Court, S.D. Illinois
February 17, 2015
KEVIN PHELPS, # K-78191, Plaintiff,v.SALVADOR GODINEZ, STEVE DUNCAN, ASSISTANT WARDEN MOORE, ASSISTANT WARDEN TREDWAY, and JOHN DOES, Defendants.
STACI M. YANDLE, District Judge.
Plaintiff, currently incarcerated at Lawrence Correctional Center ("Lawrence"), has brought this pro se civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff is a long-term inmate who is confined to a wheelchair and does not have use of his legs. He claims that he was subjected to a strip search and an invasive body cavity search that was sexually humiliating, and was then beaten by correctional officers and made to sit in his own waste. He asserts violations of his civil rights, as well as of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. §12101, et seq., and/or the Rehabilitation Act ("RA"), 29 U.S.C. § 794.
In his complaint, Plaintiff states that at around 11:00 a.m. on July 7, 2014, his housing unit was searched by members of the Tactical Team. Defendant Officers John Doe #1 and John Doe #2 conducted the search. These Defendants did not wear name tags or badges, so Plaintiff was unable to identify them (Doc. 1, pp. 12-13). After Plaintiff was initially strip-searched, Defendant John Doe #1 made him get out of his wheelchair and told him, "Since you can't stand up, you got to get back in bed and roll over so I can check your ass hole to make sure you ain't hiding anything up there since you say you can't walk or bend over to cough" (Doc. 1, p. 12). Plaintiff got on the bed expecting a pat-down. However, Defendant John Doe #1 "put his finger in [Plaintiff's] rear end." Id. Plaintiff protested, and Defendant John Doe #1 told him, "you probably can't feel it anyway, " provoking laughter from Defendant John Doe #2, who had been observing the incident.
Plaintiff asked to speak to a lieutenant or a nurse. Defendant John Doe #1 responded by telling Plaintiff to shut the f*** up and get back in his wheelchair. When Plaintiff repeated his request, Defendant John Doe #1 told Defendant John Doe #2 to take Plaintiff to the shower and "beat his ass" (Doc. 1, p. 13). Defendant John Doe #2 hit Plaintiff twice in his side with a stick. He cuffed Plaintiff's hands behind his back and told him to be quiet or he would come back and "beat [his] black ass out of that wheelchair." Id. The Defendants then kept Plaintiff in the shower with his hands cuffed. His repeated requests to be allowed to go to the bathroom were refused. Plaintiff urinated on himself because he has no bladder control, and was made to sit in his own urine for about two hours.
Plaintiff states that Defendants Moore (assistant warden) and Duncan (warden) were present during this time, and allowed the John Doe officers to violate his rights without taking any action (Doc. 1, p. 13; Doc. 1-1). Defendant Treadway (assistant warden) was "aware of the situation" yet failed to do anything. Plaintiff sent grievances to all three of these Defendants. He wrote to Defendant Godinez (Director of the Illinois Department of Corrections) to complain, but received no response.
Along with his complaint, Plaintiff filed 58 pages of exhibits. Some are relevant to the above events. However, a majority of these pages contain logs, grievances, and correspondence relating to Plaintiff's complaints over being denied access to a medically authorized daily shower to address his disability-related health needs (Docs. 1-2, 1-3, 1-4). Plaintiff's statement of claim makes no mention of any incidents of shower denials, but includes only the above factual summary of the July 7, 2014, search and assault.
Plaintiff asserts claims against all Defendants in both their individual and official capacities. He seeks compensatory and punitive damages.
Merits Review Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A
Under § 1915A, the Court is required to conduct a prompt threshold review of the complaint, and to dismiss any claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seek monetary relief from an immune defendant.
Based on the allegations of the complaint, the Court finds it convenient to divide the pro se action into the following counts. The parties and the Court will use these designations in all future pleadings and orders, unless otherwise directed by a judicial officer of this Court. The designation of these counts does not constitute an opinion as to their merit.
Count 1: Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant John Doe #1 for subjecting Plaintiff to a humiliating and intrusive body cavity search during a strip search, and against Defendants John Doe #2, Duncan, and Moore, for observing the search and failing to intervene;
Count 2: Eighth Amendment excessive force claim against Defendant John Doe #2 for hitting Plaintiff; against Defendant John Doe #1 for ordering the beating; and against Defendants Duncan and Moore, for observing the beating and failing to intervene;
Count 3: Eighth Amendment claim against Defendants John Doe #1, John Doe #2, Duncan, and Moore, for denying Plaintiff access to the bathroom and leaving him to sit in his own urine;
Count 4: Claims under the ADA and/or RA for unequal treatment and/or discrimination against Plaintiff on account of his disability, including an invasive body cavity search, excessive force, and denial of access to bathroom facilities;
Count 5: Potential claims against other Unidentified (John Doe) Defendants for denying Plaintiff access to a medically-authorized daily shower.
As shall be discussed below, the claims in Counts 1-4 each state a colorable federal cause of action against one or more Defendants, and shall be allowed to proceed for further review. However, Count 5 and some Defendants shall be dismissed from the action.
Count 1 - Body Cavity Search/Strip Search
Strip searches that are not related to legitimate security needs or are conducted in a harassing manner in order to humiliate and inflict psychological pain, may be found unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. Further, even if a valid penological reason existed for the search, "the manner in which the searches were conducted must itself pass constitutional muster." Mays v. Springborn, 719 F.3d 631, 634, (7th Cir. 2013) (group of inmates were strip searched together, gratuitously exposing prisoners' nude bodies to each other, while guards uttered demeaning comments) (quoting Mays v. Springborn, 575 F.3d 643, 649 (7th Cir. 2009)); Mays v. Springborn, 575 F.3d 643, 649-50 (7th Cir. 2009); Calhoun v. DeTella, 319 F.3d 936, 939 (7th Cir. 2003) (a strip search conducted in a harassing manner intended to humiliate and inflict psychological pain could violate the Eighth Amendment).
In Plaintiff's case, the initial strip search appears to have been related to legitimate security needs in connection with a general search of his housing area. However, when Defendant John Doe #1 made Plaintiff lie on his bed naked and inserted his finger into Plaintiff's rectum, this action along with his comments indicate a potential violation of Plaintiff's constitutional rights. Furthermore, "an unwanted touching of a person's private parts, intended to humiliate the victim or gratify the assailant's sexual desires, can violate a prisoner's constitutional rights whether or not the force exerted by the assailant is significant." Washington v. Hively, 695 F.3d 641, 643 (7th Cir. 2012). Given these considerations, Plaintiff may proceed with this Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant John Doe #1.
Because Plaintiff states that Defendant John Doe #2 participated in the strip search and did nothing to prevent the alleged violation of Plaintiff's constitutional rights, he is also included in the claim. See Byrd v. Brishke, 466 F.2d 6, 11 (7th Cir. 1972) (officer who observes a prisoner's abuse by a fellow officer yet fails to intervene may be equally liable, even if the observing officer is not a supervisor of the wrongdoer); see also Lanigan v. Vill. of E. Hazel Crest, 110 F.3d 467, 477 (7th Cir. 1997); Yang v. Hardin, 37 F.3d 282, 285 (7th Cir. 1994) (collecting cases); Archie v. City of Racine, 826 F.2d 480, 491 (7th Cir. 1987). Defendants Duncan and Moore are also alleged to have been present, and failed to intervene. While it is not entirely clear from Plaintiff's description whether these two individuals observed the entire strip search and body cavity search; giving liberal construction to the pleading, it would be premature to dismiss them from Count 1 at this time.
However, Plaintiff does not claim that Defendants Tredway or Godinez were on the scene to observe the actions of Defendants John Doe #1 or John Doe #2. Plaintiff states only that Defendant Tredway was "aware" of the situation, and that Plaintiff filed a grievance with her to which she did not respond (Doc. 1, p. 13). Likewise, Plaintiff says that Defendant Godinez "is the overseer of all IDOC, " and that he wrote a letter to Defendant Godinez about the incident, which again yielded no response. These comments indicate that Defendants Tredway and Godinez only learned about the alleged violations after the fact, when Plaintiff raised complaints. This is not sufficient to impose liability on a defendant in a civil rights claim.
In order to be held individually liable, "a defendant must be personally responsible for the deprivation of a constitutional right.'" Sanville v. McCaughtry, 266 F.3d 724, 740 (7th Cir. 2001) (quoting Chavez v. Ill. State Police, 251 F.3d 612, 651 (7th Cir. 2001)). The alleged failure to respond to complaints, or mishandling of grievances, "by persons who otherwise did not cause or participate in the underlying conduct states no claim." Owens v. Hinsley, 635 F.3d 950, 953 (7th Cir. 2011). See also Grieveson v. Anderson, 538 F.3d 763, 772 n.3 (7th Cir. 2008); George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 609 (7th Cir. 2007). Additionally, a supervisor cannot be held liable for a subordinate employee's misconduct, because the doctrine of respondeat superior is not applicable to § 1983 actions. Sanville, 266 F.3d at 740.
Plaintiff's allegations suggest that Defendant Tredway and Defendant Godinez were not personally involved in the events giving rise to his claims. Thus, Count 1 shall proceed only against Defendants John Doe #1, John Doe #2, Duncan, and Moore.
Count 2 - Excessive Force
The intentional use of excessive force by prison guards against an inmate without penological justification constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment and is actionable under § 1983. See Wilkins v. Gaddy, 559 U.S. 34 (2010); DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d 607, 619 (7th Cir. 2000). An inmate must show that an assault occurred, and that "it was carried out maliciously and sadistically' rather than as part of a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline.'" Wilkins, 559 U.S. at 40 (citing Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992)). An inmate seeking damages for the use of excessive force need not establish serious bodily injury to make a claim, but not "every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of action." Wilkins, 559 U.S. at 37-38 (the question is whether force was de minimis, not whether the injury suffered was de minimis); see also Outlaw v. Newkirk, 259 F.3d 833, 837-38 (7th Cir. 2001).
Plaintiff may pursue this excessive force claim in Count 2 against Defendant John Doe #2, who struck the blows, and against Defendant John Doe #1, who directed the action. As well, he may proceed against Defendants Duncan and Moore, on the allegation that they observed this incident but failed to intervene. See Byrd v. Brishke, 466 F.2d 6, 11 (7th Cir. 1972). For the reasons discussed above in Count 1, this claim in Count 2 is dismissed against Defendants Tredway and Godinez.
Count 3 - Denial of Access to Bathroom
The Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment extends to forbid the infliction of punishment grossly disproportionate to the severity of the crime. Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 346 (1981) (quoting Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 173 (1976)). Prison conditions that deprive inmates of basic human needs - food, medical care, sanitation, or physical safety - or deprive inmates of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities, may violate the Eighth Amendment. Rhodes, 452 U.S. at 346-47; s ee also James v. Milwaukee Cnty., 956 F.2d 696, 699 (7th Cir. 1992); Jamison-Bey v. Thieret, 867 F.2d 1046, 1048 (7th Cir. 1989); Meriwether v. Faulkner, 821 F.2d 408, 416 (7th Cir. 1987).
In order to state an actionable claim, a plaintiff must show that he faced an objectively serious risk of harm, and that the defendant was deliberately indifferent to that risk. In other words, the prison official must have taken some action to place the inmate at risk, or failed to act to mitigate the conditions, despite the official's knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff. See, e.g., Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837, 842 (1994); Wilson, 501 U.S. at 303; Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976); DelRaine v. Williford, 32 F.3d 1024, 1032 (7th Cir. 1994). A failure of prison officials to act in such circumstances suggests that the officials actually want the prisoner to suffer the harm. Jackson v. Duckworth, 955 F.2d 21, 22 (7th Cir. 1992). Mere negligence, however, does not violate the Constitution. See, e.g., Davidson v. Cannon, 474 U.S. 344, 347-48 (1986).
The lack of access to toilet facilities for a relatively short period of time may not be sufficiently serious to state a claim of constitutional dimension. See, e.g., Clark v. Spey, No. 01-C-9669, 2002 WL 31133198 at *2-3 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 26, 2002) (inmate held in cold cell with no toilet for several hours overnight failed to state a claim); Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, Kansas, 318 F.3d 1183, 1188 (10th Cir. 2003) (pretrial detainee held for five hours in cell lacking a toilet did not state claim for cruel and unusual punishment). However, denying bathroom access to an inmate who cannot control his bladder due to his disability, forcing him to urinate on himself, and then making him sit in his urine-soaked clothes for two hours, suggests an Eighth Amendment violation. See Thomas v. Illinois, 697 F.3d 612, 614-15 (7th Cir. 2012) (depending on severity, duration, nature of the risk, and susceptibility of the inmate, prison conditions may violate the Eighth Amendment if they caused either physical, psychological, or probabilistic harm).
Plaintiff says that he repeatedly asked the Defendants to allow him to use the bathroom, but was refused. At this stage, he has pled a deliberate indifference claim in Count 3 against Defendants John Doe #1, John Doe #2, Duncan, and Moore, which shall proceed for further review.
Count 4 - Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act
Title II of the ADA provides that "no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability... be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity." 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The ADA applies to prisons. Penn. Dep't of Corr. v. Yeskey, 524 U.S. 206, 210 (1998). The Court further held in U.S. v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), that an inmate may bring a private cause of action for damages pursuant to Title II of the ADA if the state actor's conduct also violates the Eighth Amendment.
Plaintiff's physical limitations demonstrate that he is a qualified disabled person for ADA purposes. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). He has stated colorable Eighth Amendment claims in Counts 1-3 above. The facts of his case indicate that he may have been subjected to the invasive body cavity search, and possibly the use of excessive force, because of his disability. The refusal to permit Plaintiff to access the bathroom while he was being held in the shower clearly had a disparate impact on him because of his disability. As the Supreme Court observed:
[I]t is quite plausible that the alleged deliberate refusal of prison officials to accommodate [Plaintiff]'s disability-related needs in such fundamentals as mobility, hygiene, medical care, and virtually all other prison programs constituted "exclu[sion] from participation in or... deni[al of] the benefits of" the prison's "services, programs, or activities."
Georgia, 546 U.S. at 158 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12132). At the pleading stage, Plaintiff has stated a claim for damages under the ADA that merits further review.
To state a claim under the RA, a plaintiff must allege that (1) he is a qualified person (2) with a disability and (3) the Department of Corrections denied him access to a program or activity because of his disability. See 29 U.S.C. § 705(2)(B); Jaros v. Illinois Dept. of Corr., 684 F.3d 667, 672 (7th Cir. 2012). Plaintiff has done so here, at least with regards to the denial of access to the bathroom. He may therefore proceed on both his ADA and RA claims. However, he should note that even if he prevails under both statutes, he can have only one recovery. See Duran v. Town of Cicero, Ill., 653 F.3d 632, 639 (7th Cir.2011) (plaintiffs may have but one recovery).
Claims under Title II of the ADA must be brought against a governmental ( i.e., public) entity, 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Likewise, a claim under the RA must be brought against the state agency rather than an individual defendant. Therefore, the Court will allow Plaintiff's ADA and RA claims in Count 4 to proceed, but only against Defendant Godinez in his official capacity. No claim is stated against Defendant Godinez in his personal capacity under any count in this action.
Dismissal of Count 5 - Denial of Access to Shower
The Court addresses this claim separately in order to clarify its dismissal from this action, without prejudice, for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. In his list of Defendants, Plaintiff includes "Defendant # 7, " described as "C/O John Doe's (7-3 shift) [and] (3-11 shift)" (Doc. 1, p. 5). However, he never mentions these collective Defendants anywhere in his statement of claim or elsewhere in the complaint. When a complaint merely lists a potential defendant but includes no factual allegations against the party, no claim is stated. See Collins v. Kibort, 143 F.3d 331, 334 (7th Cir. 1998) ("A plaintiff cannot state a claim against a defendant by including the defendant's name in the caption.").
A review of Plaintiff's numerous exhibits reveals that he kept records and filed several complaints about having been denied access to the shower by various correctional officers on the 7-3 and 3-11 shifts over a period of several weeks (Docs. 1-2, 1-3, 1-4). He had been given medical authorization for a daily shower because of his disability-related health needs.
While Plaintiff may have constitutional or statutory claims arising from the shower denials, he fails to effectively assert them in this case. The Court will not sift through multiple exhibits in order to craft a claim where Plaintiff has not included any allegations in his complaint relating to this matter. Moreover, any claim based on the shower denial appears to be factually and legally distinct from the claims in Counts 1-4; for this reason, it must be brought in a separate action. See George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605 (7th Cir. 2007) (unrelated claims against different defendants belong in separate lawsuits).
Count 5 and the remaining John Doe Defendants shall thus be dismissed without prejudice. Further, the Clerk shall be directed to strike Doc. 1-2 from the record. This 22-page exhibit pertains only to the shower denials, and has nothing to do with any of the claims in Counts 1-4. In the future, Plaintiff is advised to include only relevant material as exhibits to his pleadings, and should refrain from submitting unnecessary documents.
Pending Motion
Plaintiff's motion for recruitment of counsel (Doc. 3) shall be referred to the United States Magistrate Judge for further consideration.
COUNT 5 is DISMISSED without prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Defendants TREDWAY and JOHN DOES (7-3 shift & 3-11 shift) are DISMISSED from this action without prejudice. The other two Unknown Defendants (John Doe C/O #1 and John Doe C/O #2) remain in the action.
DEFENDANT GODINEZ remains in this action in his official capacity only.
The Clerk of Court shall prepare for Defendants GODINEZ, DUNCAN, and MOORE: (1) Form 5 (Notice of a Lawsuit and Request to Waive Service of a Summons), and (2) Form 6 (Waiver of Service of Summons). The Clerk is DIRECTED to mail these forms, a copy of the complaint, and this Memorandum and Order to each Defendant's place of employment as identified by Plaintiff. If a Defendant fails to sign and return the Waiver of Service of Summons (Form 6) to the Clerk within 30 days from the date the forms were sent, the Clerk shall take appropriate steps to effect formal service on that Defendant, and the Court will require that Defendant to pay the full costs of formal service, to the extent authorized by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Service shall not be made on the Unknown Defendants (John Does #1 and #2) until such time as Plaintiff has identified them by name in a properly filed amended complaint. Plaintiff is ADVISED that it is Plaintiff's responsibility to provide the Court with the names and service addresses for these individuals.
With respect to a Defendant who no longer can be found at the work address provided by Plaintiff, the employer shall furnish the Clerk with the Defendant's current work address, or, if not known, the Defendant's last-known address. This information shall be used only for sending the forms as directed above or for formally effecting service. Any documentation of the address shall be retained only by the Clerk. Address information shall not be maintained in the court file or disclosed by the Clerk.
Plaintiff shall serve upon Defendants (or upon defense counsel once an appearance is entered), a copy of every pleading or other document submitted for consideration by the Court. Plaintiff shall include with the original paper to be filed a certificate stating the date on which a true and correct copy of the document was served on Defendants or counsel. Any paper received by a district judge or magistrate judge that has not been filed with the Clerk or that fails to include a certificate of service will be disregarded by the Court.
Defendants are ORDERED to timely file an appropriate responsive pleading to the complaint and shall not waive filing a reply pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(g).
Pursuant to Local Rule 72.1(a)(2), this action is REFERRED to United States Magistrate Judge Philip M. Frazier for further pre-trial proceedings, which shall include a determination on the pending motion for recruitment of counsel (Doc. 3).
Further, this entire matter shall be REFERRED to United States Magistrate Judge Frazier for disposition, pursuant to Local Rule 72.2(b)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), if all parties consent to such a referral.
If judgment is rendered against Plaintiff, and the judgment includes the payment of costs under § 1915, Plaintiff will be required to pay the full amount of the costs, notwithstanding that his application to proceed in forma pauperis has been granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(f)(2)(A).
Plaintiff is ADVISED that at the time application was made under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 for leave to commence this civil action without being required to prepay fees and costs or give security for the same, the applicant and his or her attorney were deemed to have entered into a stipulation that the recovery, if any, secured in the action shall be paid to the Clerk of the Court, who shall pay therefrom all unpaid costs taxed against Plaintiff and remit the balance to Plaintiff. Local Rule 3.1(c)(1).
Finally, Plaintiff is ADVISED that he is under a continuing obligation to keep the Clerk of Court and each opposing party informed of any change in his address; the Court will not independently investigate his whereabouts. This shall be done in writing and not later than 7 days after a transfer or other change in address occurs. Failure to comply with this order will cause a delay in the transmission of court documents and may result in dismissal of this action for want of prosecution. See FED. R. CIV. P. 41(b).
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Navi Mumbai: revamp of its official website. Besides, it has also incorporated features for an efficient grievance redressal system for citizens on the website http:www.nmmc.gov .in.
"Transparancy is important and information pertaining to NMMC should be readily available and there should be easy means to inform the civic body about any grievances or wrongdoings," said Municipal Commissioner Tukaram Mundhe.-Sameera Kapoor
IPL brand is worth about Rs 27,000 crore
The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has claimed that the IPL brand is worth $4.5 billion (about Rs 27,000 crore).In its annual report for 201516, the board has said this figure was given by valuation appraisal firm Duff & Phelps last year.
"According to the Broadcast Audience Research Council of India, the total TV viewership of IPL 2016 calculated by impressions stood at 102 crore. A report by management consultancy firm KPMG puts the total impact of IPL 2015 on the Indian economy at Rs 1,150 crore, more than 0.6% of the country's GDP," states the report. BCCI has floated an open tender for IPL global media rights (TV and digital) for 10 years, with the digital rights available for half that period. Leading sports broadcasters like Sony Pictures Network India (SPNI) and Star Sports are in the fray for the rights, while e-commerce giant Amazon has also picked up the tender document.
"IPL has been the fastestgrowing league in the world, and has changed the landscape of domestic sport in the country .
"Numbers prove that the IPL has set a benchmark and at the BCCI, we're extremely proud of this," BCCI president Anurag Thakur told TOI on Thursday .
BCCI has claimed that net viewership of the league hit the 100 million mark this year.Its followers on Twitter grew by 300% between 2014 and 2016, according to the board, which claimed that this would make it the fastest growing sporting league on social media.
amar ujala newspaper 23/09/2016 : http://epaper.amarujala.com/


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Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Dec 01, 2016
Rotary meeting
Announcements and Reminders
Al announced Rotarian of the week is Michelle Bassey for her service to the community.
International Rotary President John Germ will be at Double Tree Inn Feb 3rd
Club speech contest will be here the 23rd of February. The date for the area contest will be announced later.
December 15th will be carol singing with Sam and his band.
Tim was awarded the Paul Harris fellow 2nd level pin for his contributions to the foundation.
John announced that the club donated over $7000 this year to the Rotary Foundation and an additional amount to Polio Plus.
Keith's Christmas party is this Sunday December 4th at 4:00. Come all and wish each other a Merry Christmas!
There is a Watsonville Band concert on Dec 11th at the Mello center at 2:00 PM free!
Today our speakers were from the Santa Cruz County District Attorney's Office Consumer Fraud Division. They spoke to us about current scams in our area and how to protect ourselves.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Nov 17, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Feb 3rd is Rotary night at the Warriors. More information later.
RYLA will be June 24th thru the 30th;
We are dark next week (Nov 24th) as well as December 22nd and 29th.
Stan's memorial service is Dec 2nd 1:00 PM at Watsonville Buddhist Temple.
John Fisher reminded us of our Foundation giving, due by the end of this November.
In memory of Veterans Day our many Veteran's (12 in total) shared their experiences in the service, including which war they served in and where they served.
Today our own Claire McAdams and her husband, Rich, shared the story of their trip to Cuba. It was part of an exciting tour they took last spring. It was a face to face program where you really get to meet some of the people. They went to schools and senior homes, cathedrals, community centers and art studios. Claire said it was difficult to get in, but there was already a contract with Alabama rice farmers, so things will be changing.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Nov 10, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Several Rotaract members from Santa Cruz County attended today's meeting including their president, secretary and committee chairs. They spoke to us the Big West conference that our club helped to fund.
A roast for Zach Friend will be the major fund raiser for this year. The beneficiary will be the Chanticleer St. accessible county park for children and others with disabilities (Leo's Haven)
Doug Deaver is the organizer for the speech contest which will be held on Feb 23rd.
We will be dark on the 22nd and the 29th of December.
Tim gave a 'thank you' to all of our veterans. Veteran's Day is tomorrow!
Happy Birthday to John Fisher who will be 94 on Saturday!
Our speaker today was Bonnie Hawly who spoke about the Friends of Santa Cruz State Parks. It is the 40th anniversary of the state park system. In our area in Aptos we have Nisene Marks, New Brighton and Sea Cliff State Parks. In addition The Santa Cruz Mission (Holy Cross) is a State Historic Park as well as the Castro Adobe.
Over 30 Interact students joined advisor Mr. Whitwam and Rotarians Al DeCamara, Richard Watson-Riley for a beach cleanup last Saturday. The crew did a great time, had a lot of fun, and enjoyed a great BBQ. Fantastic job!
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Nov 03, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Rotarian of the week is Keith.
Kate announced it's time for the home tour for the symphony . She has tickets for $40 each.
John Fisher announced that Foundation month is here! Make donations to him. Prizes will be available!
There is an InterAct beach cleanup is this Saturday November 5th at Trestle Beach. InterAct will be doing a barbecue afterwards.
Doug announced that if you know a junior in high school that might be interested in being a an entrepreneur let him know and he'll give you an application for the Roatary sponsored competition.
Tricia Potts was our speaker today. She founded the Santa Cruz Playground project. It is a volunteer organization working in a public private partnership with the county. It will be at Chanticleer Park and will be our county's first inclusive playground.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Oct 27, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Al was the Rotarian of the week for organizing a very successful Avenue of Service trip on Oct 22nd.
Michelle announced that Digital Nest is having its 2nd birthday on Sunday, November 13th.
John Fisher announced that 19 of our members contributed $ 4,100 for annual giving to the Rotary Foundation and $15,000 for Polio Plus. November is the month to contribute!
Aptos Interact club is doing a beach clean-up at Trestle beach at 9:00 AM this Saturday.
Keith said pick up your invitation to the Christmas party. It is on December 4th at Keith's house at 4:00. Everything is provided! Please come and bring your singing voice!
Jan Hadjuk led us in an informal memorial to Stan, her husband, who passed away two weeks ago. He was a faithful Rotary member, serving in many capacities throughout his adult life. She thanked specifically Dennis, his true blue friend, as well as Sandy, Pam Goodman, Bee, Doug and especially Al.
Today the club heard from the Guide Dogs for the Blind puppy raisers (see photo). Guide Dogs was set up after WWII for veterans. Today they serve anyone with a visual impairment. Services are provided free of charge and owners are given support the whole time they are teamed with the dog.
The dogs are born in San Rafael .They are purposely bred there; Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers and mixes of these two breeds. They then go into the home of a volunteer puppy raiser to develop socialization skills, learn to focus and work on self-control. They begin to serve at 15 to 20 months of age. They should by then be able to follow instructions and be mature.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Oct 20, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
John Fisher reminded us of Foundation giving next month.
Sandra read us a thank you note from our Soquel High Interact club for our support for the RYLA fall leadership conference.
Dr. Art will have senior flu vaccines next week.
Keith announced our Christmas party will be December 4th at 4:00. Let him know if you are coming!
Our scholarship recipient from UCSC thanked us for our support. He is a cancer researcher at the molecular level. Later in the year he will make a presentation to the club on his research.
Jim Zenner and Jim Weisenstein, both past presidents from Santa Cruz Rotary, spoke to us today about the Water Warriors project whose motto is Service Explore Connect. It is a program to promote water, education and peace. Jim Zenner said his niece introduced him to John Kaufman who runs H2Open doors within Rotary International. This is a service and cultural exchange program that offers 'volontourism' trips especially created by Helping Hands USA for H2Open Doors, for members of Rotary and friends and family.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Oct 13, 2016
The club was dark today as we went off an a planned field trip to Digital Nest at 318B Union Street in Watsonville (on the south county Cabrillo College campus).
The Nest is only a few years old and moved to its new setting less than a year ago, tripling the size of its facility (which is the old post office in Watsonville complete with preserved customer service windows!). Their focus is work force development and already six of their members have gone on to jobs in the tech field. Others have gone on to college.
Members aged from 12 to 24 can focus on web site development, graphics, digital music and video production.Instructors come from all over, some paid staff, others offering their volunteer time. Local businesses are beginning to look to them for skilled labor and they are also beginning to establish a price structure for future contracts.
Members attend for free and can use (and even check out) the laptops to work on their projects. Through relationships with Second Harvest and local chefs, they even offer their members free food. They are open nearly every day of the year.
As we were finishing the tour, one of the students offered his opinion that Digital Nest was the 'coolest place' to hang out and learn.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Sep 29, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Today's Rotarian of the Week was Laura who got a $5000 grant for RotaCare from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Congratulations to her and the rest of the RotaCare team!
Saturday Oct 1st between 8 and 8:30 is the annual holiday barrel wrap at the food bank benefitting Second Harvest.
Avenue of Service is Oct 22nd. Board members are encouraged to attend.
Oct 13th we are meeting at Digital Nest on Union Street in Watsonville. Sign up for your lunch choice if you are planning to come.
Dr. Susan Hughmanick and her team spoke today about Karimu (meaning generous or willing in Swahili) established in 2008 to renovate the Ufani Primary School in a subsistence farming village in Tanzania There is now not only a a new toilet with sinks but a new school with 350 students. They became a nonprofit in 2008. Since then Karimu has grown to offer many other services to meet local needs.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Sep 22, 2016
Sept 22nd
Announcements and Reminders
The Second Harvest Barrel wrap is on Sat Oct 1st 7:30 at the Food Bank.
Sandra announced that Soquel Interact has 35 kids in the club. She may come back to the club and ask for some financial help to get the kids to the Fall Leadership Conference in San Jose.
Santa Cruz Office of Education has the S4C forum here at 5:30 Monday night. All of the Districts and Cabrillo are working together to improve math /science education.
Al mentioned that an art auction fundraiser needs a contact person. Laura agreed to be that person.
Oct 13th we will be meeting at Digital Nest in Watsonville on Main St.
Bee announced that Bob Curtis donated his lottery winnings to the Elkhorn Slough and that they will be used to help low income children be transported to the Slough educational programs.
Pam Goodman introduced Dr. Strayer who is a history professor but spoke to us about climate change with a particular focus on a proposal for addressing this issue.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Sep 16, 2016
September 15, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Rachel Ann Goodman spoke to us about a new community radio station to replace KUSP which went bankrupt. The new station would have public service as its core. The current effort is to get the license and transmitters for our community before they are bought by an outside company. For more information or to make a financial contribution contact firstname.lastname@example.com or 831 call 419-9047.
Doug Deaver was Rotarian of the week.
Win shared info from a membership meeting in Milpedes. We need to reconfigure our club to look like the community it serves (blend of age gender and ethnicity) and consider creating interest groups.
Doug announced Second Harvest Barrel Wrap is Saturday Oct 1st. It starts at 7:30 AM.
Dr. Art is offering flu shots today and in two weeks.
This Saturday will be Beach Clean-up at Sumner and Dolphin at 9:00. Look for a red Prius with tailgate up. Gloves,bags and tally sheets will be there.
Our speaker today was Virginia Goulin, a coastal and marine scientist. She is a UCSC graduate and then went to San Jose State. She came to speak to us about Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve which is owned and managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. They work with two partners: The Elkhorn Slough Foundation, whose mission is to conserve and interpret the national resources at the reserve (they are also a land trust) and NOAA, which is the federal partner. Elkhorn is one of their 28 reserves.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Sep 08, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Rotarian of the week was Pam Goodman.
Dr. Art will begin to offer flu shots next week.
John Fisher passed out pledge cards for the foundation. They need to be in by November 3rd.
Pam Goodman announced that there are baskets to raffle for the benefit of the Alzheimer's Memory Walk which will be on September 24th.
Rich announced beach clean-up will be September 17th at Beer Can Beach. Meet there at 9:00.
Dr. Aaron Morse, Medical Director of Sleep Health MD, was our speaker today. He spoke on Sleep and Wellness. He has been in Santa Cruz since 1981, practicing pulmonary and critical care medicine. He began by stressing that sleep is a detoxifying process that purges us of neurochemicals that build up during the day.
Sleep duration recommendations go down over time. Adults need 7-9 hrs and the elderly may need a bit less. The risks of insufficient sleep are major. It doubles the risk for breast cancer and heart disease. In addition, weight gain and obesity are both correlated with less sleep. It is also a mortality risk. An increase in one hr of sleep per day is associated with a 14 lb weight loss per year. Sleep deprivation is of concern because we are all getting on average an hour less sleep than we were around 50 yrs ago (in the 70's).
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Sep 01, 2016
September 1, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
This week's Rotarian of the Week is Michele Bassi nominated for woman of the year by the Aptos Chamber of Commerce.
We are looking for a 2019-2020 District Governor.
A fund development training will be held in Los Gatos September 24th 8:30-12:00.
Michelle announced that a luncheon is coming up for the scholarship program for emergency grants to benefit the Cabrillo College Foundation WES Women Education Success program. It is $100 a ticket for the luncheon which will be held Friday September 30th at the Cabrillo College Horticultural Center.
Kendra Cleary introduced our speaker Lynne Grossi who spoke about the upcoming attractions at the Santa Cruz County Fair. This year the fair is September 14-18th.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Aug 25, 2016
August 25, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Today's Rotarian of the week was Rich Hamlin for handling the finances as treasurer… truly our unsung hero!
Next Monday Aug 29th there a mixer at Bruno's in Scotts Valley. You can sign up with Al.
John Fisher announced that the Rotary Foundation will be soliciting the membership for their annual donation next month!
Sept 17th is the Beer Can Beach Clean-up. Meet at 9:00 AM.
Kendra introduced the speaker today, Cathy Conway, the Chief Communication Officer from Hospice.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Aug 18, 2016
August 18, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Doug Deaver introduced one of our scholarship recipients from Aptos High, who took a gap year but now is going on to Fordham University. Congratulations Sarah and good luck!
We would like to welcome Scott Gillette who was inducted today as a new member. He is actually a return member! So welcome back Scott!
Ken Gorman, a local attorney , was also inducted as a new member. Scott is also a gymnast! Welcome Ken!
Richard announced that the sign-up is available for beach cleanup at Beer Can Beach on Saturday Sept 17th at 9:00 AM. Save Our Shores is the sponsor. If you don't feel like bending over and picking up trash you can be the person who keeps the tally.
Win mentioned a program on membership a week from Saturday in Milpedes. Let Win know if you wish to go. You will need to sign up by the 20th.
Today Capitola Aptos Rotary joined in a group assembly led to discuss club membership and promotion. It is a follow-up to a meeting we had in March. The assembly was led by our President Al de Camara and our President elect, Win Fernald ( see photo below).
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jul 28, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Rotarian of the week was Doug Deaver for his preparation for the governor's visit.
President Al welcomed our District Governor with his usual dignity. (See photo below).
Kelly announced that Al's faux debunking is Thursday August 11th at the Santa Cruz Yacht Club. Please sign up if you haven't yet.
Jeff Orth, District Governor, was here today to speak to us along with Donna Maurello, Assistant District Governor for the Santa Cruz area.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jul 21, 2016
July 21, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Doug Deaver announced: (1) That we have two articles in this week's Aptos Times; (2) The faux debunking for Al is on Aug 11th at the Yacht Club; (3) Next Thursday the district governor will be here with his wife. They will be the program next week.
Keith announced that we received thank you notes from several of our community grant recipients including the Volunteer Center, Save our Shores, and the Kids Foundation.
Pam Goodman introduced Sam Bishop our speaker for the day, pictured above with his wife, Elena. He is a member of the Santa Cruz Rotary Club, an adventurer, and a world traveler. He presented a slide show about Monsters of Guyana or rescuing the world's largest scaled freshwater fish.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jul 10, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Michelle Averill was welcomed as a new member.
July 28th the District Governor will be here. Board members should be here at 10:30.
On Aug 11th in the evening at the we'll non-debunk Al (as he is staying on for another year). Pass on any information on Al to Doug. Pam Goodman announced we will be dark that day.
Doug shared a photo of the sign thanking the Club for the money we donated for the new mural under the Aptos trestle
The speakers today were Allison Cruz from Estate Planning services, (firstname.lastname@example.com), Jen Walker, Programs and Development Manager from the Santa Cruz County Animal Shelter (SCAS) (www.scanimalshelter.org), and Renee M. Snow, PhD from ASL Financial (email@example.com). The topic was planning for your beloved pet as part of your estate planning or what happens to them if something happens to you
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jul 14, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
Tim Powell, Rotarian of the Week, announced that the 4th of July event was a success.
Doug Deaver announced that we are non-debunking Al on Thursday night Aug 11th. It is at the yacht club and is $35 per person. See Doug to sign up.
Richard said our next beach cleanup is on Sept 17th.
Jerry Pettibone the incoming governor and John Fisher brought RYLA (Rotary Youth Leadership Awards) to our club in 1983-1984. RYLA started in Camp Harmon and now it is in Mission Springs. Today Sandra introduced our RYLA recipients (pictured above with her) . They are both from Soquel High and involved in Interact. Alyssa and Hyunkyung will be president and vice president of the club. They did a powerpoint narrated presentation about their time at RYLA camp.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jun 30, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
The District Governor visit is on July 28th. Board members need to be here at 10:30.
Tim announced that 4th of July will be our day to provide beer at the Aptos Park after the parade. Doug will send around an e-mail reminding volunteers of their time slots.
Doug read thank you notes from two students who have been awarded Rotary scholarships.
Heather Moffat was our speaker today from the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History where she has been director since 2015. Her degree is in geology and she has two master's degrees. She came to us from the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jun 24, 2016
June 23rd Meeting
Today's club meeting was devoted to awarding our annual community service grants. Awardees and the awards committee are pictured in the photo above along with President Al. Twenty-three agencies, all non-profit 501C3 organizations, were awarded grants ranging from $500-$1500. Rotary fundraising throughout the year is the source of funding for these grants. A wide variety of populations are served by these organizations from the homeless to the elderly to the environment to children. The following is a list of the organizations that received awards and a brief description of the purpose of their award (if available) :
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on Jun 16, 2016
June 16th
Announcements and Reminders
Toast and Toast will be at Gilroy next Thursday. The 23rd. If you signed up you are welcome to go.
Keith announced that he still needs a hula dancer for his party at 4:00 on Sunday, June 26th but that the party will be fun anyway. Come and join in!
Tim needs beer servers on the 4th of July. Sign up with him for a 2 hour shift.
Sandra introduced our speakers today from the Regional Occupational Program (ROP), Sheri Williams, Program Coordinator, Mark Hodges, Director of ROP and Jim Howes Assistant Director of the ROP.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Jun 09, 2016
Announcements and Reminders
The Toast and Roast is at Gilroy Gardens on June 23rd. Deadline to sign up is on the 15th. To sign up, see Al.
Michelle announced that the American Red Cross Heroes breakfast is on the 17th at 8:00 AM at Twin lakes Church. They will be honoring 11 local people. She is putting tables together. Let her know if you would like to go as her guest.
Keith's party is on the 26th. If you haven't signed up yet and are coming let him know.
Tim announced that as usual on the 4th of July we'll be pouring the beer at Aptos Park. 11-4 will be the pouring time. Volunteer for a two hour shift.
Doug introduced our Interact scholarship students. They were a distinguished group including the valedictorian at Soquel High, a competitive dancer, a water polo player winning the coach's award, a winner of all conference honors in various sports and is a CSF president and life member. They discussed their community service projects including restoring a trading post for the Nez Pierce Indians, doing a child care project in Guatemala, volunteering for Helping Hands which partners with people with disabilities to assist with household tasks and at Camp Hammer. Doug noted that all the students have had life challenges and have used them as motivation for their lives.
Karen Calcagno was our speaker today. The topic was "Your legacy have it your way". She is the founder of Advantage Business Center, helping with estate planning and other issues. She is credentialed in coaching and mediation and focuses on financial and inheritance issues and helps people with the hard conversations.
Posted by Pamela Arnsberger on Jun 02, 2016
June 2nd 2016 meeting
Announcements and Reminders
Three Rotarians of the Week include Doug, Karen and Sandra for working so hard at the music festival!
On July 28th the District Board Governor is coming here. Board members should be here at 11:00.
Roast and Toast is on June 23rd. Sign up on the website (events.rotary.org) It's $37 and it's an open bar!
Keith's party will be Sunday June 26th.
Claire McAdams announced the list of grantees. Grants will awarded on June 23rd at a luncheon will be in the big room. $18,450 in total will be awarded.
Doug Deaver announced that we made $1535 in tips for a net of $6200 at the Aptos Music Festival. Also he said we gave four scholarships each to Aptos and Soquel high graduating students.
Our speaker today was Hamutahl Cohen a PhD candidate from UC Santa Cruz. She spoke to us about wild and native pollinators (bees!). She is currently conducting research in bee/microbe interactions in gardens along the coast, focusing on the problem of bee decline.
Posted by Pam Arnsberger on May 30, 2016
May 25th Rotary Meeting
Announcements and Reminders
Rotarian of the week for organizing the blues festival this weekend is Sandra Wallace. She has the list of volunteers and assignments.
July 28th the District Governor will visit. Board member and service chairs should be here at early at 11:00.
June 23rd will be the District Governors Toast at Gilroy Gardens.
Dr. Art received recognition for his donation to Rotary International.
Keith Madeiros party is June 26th at his house. He also reported on Neil McCallum's funeral which 15 club members attended.
Claire McAdams reported on the grants committee. They are making decisions on scholarships.
Bee Peters introduced our speaker today, Dr. Casey Lucius. She was in the navy, has a Master's degree in national security affairs and a PhD in political science. She teaches at the Naval Postgraduate School. She is running for Sam Farr's congressional seat but was here at Rotary to talk about national security and ISIS.
Convention: City of peace
Though Atlanta has seen its share of violence and inequity over time, today it brims with reminders that there is another way. Get inspired while you're visiting for the 2017 Rotary International Convention from 10 to 14 June. Take a short walk from the convention center to the Center for Civil and Human Rights. There, you can see the handwritten notes, speeches, and sermons of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., experience an interactive 1960s-era lunch counter "sit-in," and learn more about persecuted groups all over the world. A streetcar will take you to the Martin Luther King Jr...
The Rotary Foundation ranked in list of top charities
CNBC has ranked The Rotary Foundation No. 3 in its annual list of Top 10 Charities Changing the World in 2016. The list includes some of the largest and highest-rated charities that help women, children, the poor, and the environment throughout the world, according to Charity Navigator, and that maintain high standards of financial health, accountability, and transparency of reporting. The Foundation was noted for connecting 1.2 million members from more than 200 geographic areas to tackle the world's most pressing humanitarian challenges, including projects that focus on disease prevention,...
Parts of Rotary.org unavailable from Saturday to Monday, 3-5 December
Parts of Rotary.org will be unavailable 3-5 December, beginning at 05:00 Chicago time (UTC-6), while we upgrade our membership database. During this time, areas that require sign-in (convention registration, club and district administration, grant application, giving, Rotary Club Central, etc.) and Club Finder will be unavailable. We apologize for the inconvenience.
Rotarians report email scam
Some Rotarians have reported receiving a scam email asking them to click a link to update names and contact information in a directory. The email, which stems from a gmail account, is not from Rotary.
Arch Klumph's hometown raises over $2 million through centennial celebration
Rotary members in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, celebrated 100 years of The Rotary Foundation on 23 October with a banquet and a concert by The Cleveland Orchestra that have so far raised more than $2.1 million for the Foundation's next century of good work. Arch Klumph, a Cleveland Rotarian, planted the seed for The Rotary Foundation in 1917, with his idea of having an endowment fund dedicated to "doing good in the world." Today's District 6630 leaders thought that a concert was a fitting way to honor Klumph and mark the centennial because of Klumph's love of music. Klumph performed in several...


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Norse Projects Halfdan Flame Sweatshirt Vulcan Blue Sale stock
Editor's review
Norse Projects dish out another collection of premium garments this AW15 with the Halfdan Flame Sweatshirt in Vulcan Blue. This regular fit, lightweight sweater is constructed from 100% cotton with a dry, slubbed hand feel. Sticking to their minimalist formula, this sweat features set-in sleeves, flatlock seam detailing, a V insert at the collar and a small woven hem patch. Also available in Birch White at Wellgosh.com now.
- Norse Projects Halfdan Flame
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February 1, 1996
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,v.TERRY SNYDER, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Circuit Court of Adams County. No. 91CF198. Honorable Dennis K. Cashman, Judge Presiding.
Released for Publication October 29, 1997.
Honorable Robert W. Cook, P.j., Honorable Robert J. Steigmann, J., Honorable James A. Knecht, J.
PER CURIAM: Appellant has filed the following pro se motions. A request to proceed in forma pauperis, a request for a continuance to file the brief, a request that the clerk of this court be required to make the requisite number of copies of appellant's brief when filed, and a request for the common law record and additional documents and an exhibit not contained in the common law record.
Appellant's motion to proceed in forma pauperis is denied as moot since appellant was previously allowed to proceed in forma pauperis when the office of the State Appellate Defender was originally appointed to represent him on appeal prior to appellant's discharge of counsel. Appellant's motion requesting that the clerk prepare additional copies of his brief upon filing is denied.
Appellant's motion for release of the common law record and documents and an exhibit not contained therein is also denied. Under Supreme Court Rule 372, removal of records from the reviewing court may be made to either the clerk of the trial court or the party's attorney. (155 Ill. 2d R. 372(a).) Nothing in the language of the rule permits the removal of a record by an incarcerated individual, no doubt, in part, because of the inherent risk of loss or destruction of the record from any number of causes in an institutional setting. This view is further supported by the long-standing principle that a prisoner has no absolute right to argue his own appeal or be present at the proceedings in an appellate court. ( Merneigh v. Lane (1980), 87 Ill. App. 3d 852, 409 N.E.2d 319, 42 Ill. Dec. 704; Haines v. Castle (7th Cir. 1955), 226 F.2d 591, cert. denied 350 U.S. 1014, 100 L. Ed. 874, 76 S. Ct. 660; Price v. Johnston (1948), 334 U.S. 266, 92 L. Ed. 1356, 68 S. Ct. 1049.) In view of our discretion in this matter, appellant is advised that, if requested, this court will reappoint the office of the State Appellate Defender to represent him on appeal and provide access to the record to that office.
Finally, appellant's motion for extension of time to file the brief is allowed to and including February 16, 1996.
Motions Denied.
COOK, P.J., STEIGMANN, J., and KNECHT, J., concur.
© 1998 VersusLaw Inc.
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La Primera Noche
Issac Delgado
Open iTunes to preview, buy and download music.
|13 Songs
Born: 11 September 1962 in Havana, Cuba
Genre: Salsa and Tropical
Years Active: '80s, '90s, '00s
Inventive vocalist Issac Delgado was one of Cuba's most famous modern salsa musicians. His music, which combined elements of Afro-Caribbean rhythms with pop and jazz, evolved over the course of his career to include experiments with electronic elements and avant-garde sounds. Born into a theatrical and musical family in Havana, Delgado's career began in a band called Proyecto with the famed pianist and composer Gonzalo Rubalcaba, who would prove to be a powerful force in Delgado's music, providing...Full bio
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- 9,99 €
- Genres: Salsa and Tropical, Music, Latino
- Released: 01 January 2000
- ℗ 1999 Caribe Productions Inc.


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I've watched a few episodes and got really bored of it. It's shot and edited in a typical MTV-show style too, which doesn't appeal to me as it's aimed at instant gratification and (false) suspense.
Aside from that, every single episode has the same thing in common. A person has had contact with someone online and developed a connection. They want to meet him/her but that person always ends up making an excuse not to. They've only seen a few pictures of the person and never on webcam. Those two things would be a gigantic red flag to any sensible person, but not these people! Because of this it's completely predictable. And yes, that person never ends up being the person who they said they were.
They only pick out the people who's "relationship" meets this criteria. Or else this would just be a "help-people-get-together" kind of show. You basically keep watching to find out what the person really looks like, that's it.
I've watched the movie, which was really exciting. But I can basically write a script for the next season myself (I'm not implying there is one, but it's so linear it could easily be).
Becomes predicable after a few episodes...
so glad this show is on. it makes you think before becoming friends with just anyone over the net
Becomes predicable after a few episodes...
so glad this show is on. it makes you think before becoming friends with just anyone over the net
I really liked this show when it started.
With Season two, i feel like i don't even need to watch the whole thing.
I keep skipping through and keep getting bored.
Mostly I already know how it ends,
because the Catfish Facebook spoils it before i am even able to watch it.
Nev is lovely tho, and i find him inspiring, sometimes.
Overall it's a good show, well if you don't follow the facebook site
or don't have any friends or you just like seing people lie so much that it hurts.


text:
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text:
Submit News
New Company Deploys Adhesive Solar Panels For Roofs
Jason Mick
May 12, 2008 11:51 AM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Move over screws and racks, new adhesive mounted panels are gaining steam
recently reported on the
growing interest in solar power
, both public and private, being
fueled by enterprising startups like Sungevity
. However despite current methods of streamlining installation and reducing costs via optimizations, the installation process remains costly, slow, and has some undesirable side effects.
Panel installation typically involves drilling holes in the roof, compromising its integrity. Racks are affixed to these holes using bolts, and the entire process is rather time-intensive. The end result is big installation bills and a headache for the customer. It's also a hassle for the installer, who has to use special tools and could be making more money off a more efficient installation approach.
Well a logical answer has arrived in the form of DRI Energy, a solar-power roofing contractor, operating out of California. Instead of racks,
DRI Energy simply applies a strong roofing adhesive
, to hold the panels in place. The seemingly common sense approach seems to work. The company shows
in a video
that 2.25 kW of its proprietary Lumeta solar panels can be installed in only 35 minutes by two of its solar engineers, a process that would normally take hours.
Shorter installations mean that costs drop greatly, and installers are able to perform more installations per day, making more money overall. As most roofing installers regularly use the same adhesives used to affix the panels, the move opens the doorway to installations by roofers not specially trained in solar installation, possibly further dropping the cost. Further, no racks also means no holes in the roof, a plus for many customers.
Unfortunately for now the method is only compatible with DRI Energy's special panels. However, given the commercial benefits, other companies are likely to quickly follow in suit. After all the move seems common sense, and well worth the time to design slightly modified panels to work with the improved installation process.
DRI is based out of Irvine, California and installs solar panels in nine western states. It is a rather large company with seven regional offices in the states of California, Washington, and Nevada. The company also offers rack mounted systems, in addition to the new adhesive-mounted ones.
"Vista runs on Atom ... It's just no one uses it". -- Intel CEO Paul Otellini
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This is Part 3 of this series of articles looking at treatments to help you when you're recovering from PTSD. If the search engine has landed you here first, do be sure to hop over to Part 1 to begin with. The information on that page will give you some important background about the PTSD Treatments that are available for you right now.
To connect with a qualified counsellor now, scroll down this page to the blue BETTERHELP information box
A single event trauma can, in principle, be treated in a single session. However, I tailor the number of sessions to what's right for a particular client.
It's far more important to get it absolutely right, rather than just to do it quickly. During the first session I'd help you feel at ease and settle into the treatment. Then we'd find out what exactly the best approach is for you to be able to feel at ease as much as possible.
You wouldn't necessarily need to talk about what happened, unless you'd like to verbalise the details. I could help you just the same.
After the initial sessions to treat the trauma, it may be necessary to have some further sessions. This depends very much on how long you've suffered and how you've adapted to allow yourself to carry on 'managing' those upsetting memories. Often too, there are other traumatic events underlying the apparently single event.
During imaginary exposure in CBT you'll be asked to re-experience the trauma and be exposed to the event during a greater number of sessions. Depending on the type of therapy you receive, you may be asked to talk at length during the weekly sessions about what happened.
The following video comments on what exactly NICE might mean about trauma focused treatment...
When you suffer from PTSD or post trauma symptoms of any kind, recovery can seem a long way off and you may feel scared that you're never going to be well again.
Please be reassured that recovery is possible and very likely! What happened, though, will always remain part of your life story and to some extent it'll be painful like any 'ordinary' memory of a difficult situation.
However, the degree to which you're distressed and disturbed by those horrible post-traumatic symptoms can be much reduced. And people are even cured of all of the symptoms - over time and with or without professional treatment.
The right psychotherapists/counsellors can offer really good treatments for PTSD. Counselling for PTSD will help you to overcome your symptoms. It'll also ensure that you adapt in a positive and healthy way to changes that have happened as a result of the psychological trauma. I really encourage you to do all you can to find someone who can help you as soon as possible.
Regardless of what treatment you choose or are offered, it's vital that you have built a good rapport with your therapist. You need to feel safe and completely trust your therapist. In fact - these are probably the most important aspect of any therapy.
Discover the Signs and Symptoms of PTSD
These Are the Symptoms of a Brain Injury
What is Human Givens Therapy?
The Best Stress Management Strategies in the Workplace
How to Get Over a Burn-Out
How to Deal with a Birth Trauma
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Study NY APRES-SKI SWEATER SUIT
Study NY APRES-SKI SWEATER SUIT
Alpaca sweater suit fully fashioned knit sweater with matching pant. Handloomed in Peru. Model measures 5'9", has 32-25-35 measurements and is wearing size small.
Shipping and returns (when eligible) are FREE for purchases from US and Canadian boutiques when shipped to customers located in the US or Canada. We offer a flat shipping fee of $20 for all international transactions.
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Explore the Entrepreneurship.org Resource Center to find resources. Designed with entrepreneurs in mind, our resource center allows you to find materials to grow great ideas.
With pink-slip taxes increasing, more small-business owners may be motivated to appeal claims for unemployment benefits filed by former employees who quit or were fired for cause—but such appeals can sometimes backfire.
U.S. employers are required to make regular tax contributions toward unemployment insurance. They're taxed at a rate that varies by state and the size of their payroll. That rate can increase as a business lays off more employees.
After the recent "48 Hour Launch" weekend that drew more than five dozen participants, eight new companies now dot the city's small-business landscape.
The third annual event, sponsored by LaunchMemphis, replaced the organization's former Startup Weekend program. Interest in the program easily surpassed previous incarnations, leaders said, and the number of viable companies was nearly triple that of last year.
JumpStart Inc. is a non-profit organization that would attract startup money for regional entrepreneurs. Since JumpStart Inc.'s creation, it has funded more than 47 successful startups.
The Minnesota legislature recently approved the creation of a statewide angel investment tax credit program, giving non-profits like BioBusiness Alliance...
Perhaps no other country celebrates innovation the way America does.
This passion for inventions started early in our history. Did you know that George Washington signed the First U.S. Patent Grant on July 31, 1790, and the patent examiner was none other than Thomas Jefferson? (Thank you, Google (GOOG)!) In America, we're reminded of the life-changing power of inventiveness every day. Some of the greatest inventors of yesterday spawned the greatest brands of today. What do the names Chrysler, Coleman, Goodyear (GT), Campbell (CPB), Colt, and Edison mean to you? Cars, tents, tires, soup, guns, and the electric lightbulb, of course.
One of our well-respected business bloggers, Scott Messinger, indicates in his articles that starting up a business is no child's play. He mentioned that if you want to have more time with your family through your startup business, you should think again. From my experience, Scott's advice is something that you should look up to.
For Small Businesses, social media has made great strides and has become one of the most critical of online trends. Small Businesses have leveraged media trends, specifically Twitter to obtain customer feedback and in turn become a direct conduit to their customers with news and...
I have spent the majority of my adult life investing my own and other people's money in entrepreneurs. That's why I know the U.S. has a serious problem on its hands.
Although the stock market has tentatively rebounded, funding for the one area in which America has a distinct competitive advantage--that is, new company formation--is in scary decline. That may be a familiar refrain by now, but that doesn't make the ramifications any less real. Or less dangerous.
OK, let me get this straight: The Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy reports that 27 million small businesses in the U.S. account for 50% of the Gross National Product and employ over 50% of the workforce, and Washington figures $30 billion in loan support and some tax credits will get things done.
What's that, $1,100 per company? Wow, where do we sign up!
Our fearful leaders gave $50 billion to General Motors, and $185 billion to AIG. According to the Congressional Budget Office publication, The Budget & Economic Outlook: An Update August 2009, big business has been showered with more than $10 trillion (that's a "T") in funding and commitments, including: $1.3 trillion disbursed by the Federal Reserve, with another $2.8 trillion committed (including aid to AIG, Citigroup, Bank of America, Bear Stearns; $800 billion from the Treasury, with $3.6 trillion committed (including guarantees for Money Market Funds and TARP); and over $2.1 trillion committed by the FDIC (including increased depositor insurance and more Citigroup guarantees).
Um, does $30 billion to small business make a difference?
Depending upon your politics, the recent passing of the historic healthcare reform bill has you high-fiving friends and co-workers or preparing for Armageddon, as it will most certainly usher in a period pestilence, poverty, and perniciousness.
So whether you're popping corks on some bubbly or stocking...
Business Insider takes a look at 20 startups that are about to take off in a big way.
Humera Fasihuddin, the director of the Invention to Venture program at the National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance answers five essential questions that all entrepreneurs need to consider.
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