text:
Entrada Inn-Lowest Rates-No Resort Fee-Entrada's Most Luxurious Rental
The owner has been emailed.
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- Minimum stay:3 nights
- Sleeps:6
- Bedrooms:2
- Bathrooms:2
- Property type:House
- Internet:Yes
- Pets considered:Yes
- Wheel chair accessible:Yes
Property description
Your search for the perfect luxury Entrada home is over. Your home is located within the 'Inn at Entrada' Resort community on the lake next to the private Entrada at Snow Canyon Country Club's ninth fairway. The home is not part of the Inn at Entrada hotel, but features the exact same floor plan and furniture package and offers you a much lower rate. This vacation home can sleep up to six guests comfortably and features two bedrooms and two bathrooms. The new top quality construction boasts a spacious and comfortable living room, a fully equipped gourmet kitchen, two beautiful bathrooms with separate soaking tubs and European showers, four large patios with furniture, three automatic gas fireplaces, exquisite landscaping and common areas, two top quality king size beds, walk in closet, a comfortable pull-out sofa, two one car garages with automatic doors and openers, floor to ceiling windows in bedrooms and living room, 1900 square feet villa, free high speed wireless internet, 24/7 on site security, designer rugs and furniture throughout, quiet and efficient central heating and air conditioning, washer and dryer, thick carpet in bedrooms and tile in bathrooms kitchen and living room, full kitchen with granite counter tops and stocked with brand new appliances including dishwasher, microwave, side by side refrigerator with ice and water dispenser, gas cook-top, oven, disposal, stainless steel sinks, detachable faucet, coffee maker, toaster, 18/10 stainless steel cookware, all utensils and place settings for six, three large high definition televisions, one in each bedroom and one in the living room with Full High Definition programming including network channels.
Please wonder through the many 5 star reviews this home has received and you can rest assured your vacation will be trouble free. If you are looking a deluxe casita, see my VRBO listing 821926. Also see my VRBO listing 821927 if you are looking for a complete kitchen.
5 Star Reviews! As you know, word-of-mouth is one of the most credible forms of advertising because people who don't stand to gain personally by promoting something put their reputations on the line every time they make a recommendation. Here are some recent comments from guests who have made Entrada Villa their vacation home.
I stayed at Gordon's villa and casita for a girlfriend get-away. There were 5 of us. I have previously stayed at the Inn at Entrada a few months ago while visiting friends in St. George. Gordon's villa and casita is not part of the Inn at Entrada hotel, but is exactly the same with high end furnishings and a beautiful view of Snow Canyon. His unit is offered at a much lower rate. We especially enjoyed the patio's with a spectacular view of the lake and water features. We have it on our calendar to return soon. Thank You Gordon.
Sorry for not writing sooner...we had a delightful time in Entrada and your place is wonderful. Having just stayed across the street back in January, I knew how wonderful it would be. The lower rate is a great bonus for virtually no difference in accommodations. Thanks for everything and I know I will be in touch again. We'd love to return.
My wife and I recently stayed in the studio casita. First let me say it is gorgeous inside and out. Very, very nice. We loved it and will definitely stay again.
Chad Jones
Dear Gordon,
Jim and I loved our stay at your house at Entrada Inn. The area surrounding your home is awesome, and the view from the living room is spectacular. The house is situated perfectly to view the water feature. The furnishings are impressive, and you have provided all the conveniences needed for the ideal stay. The bed was delightfully comfortable and the linens plush. The walk-in shower is big, and the large jetted tub is great. We loved the automatic blinds, and they were easy to operate. The lighting ranges throughout the house are wonderful. We could always have just the right amount of light wherever and whenever needed. I wish I had that at home. There was lots of room, and we loved the quiet private atmosphere. It was really nice having the garage to unload our suitcases. The front and back patio areas are so relaxing. The landscaping surrounding your home is beautiful. The staff at the gate were always cheerful. We felt lucky to have had the opportunity to enjoy such a wonderful home. There was only one problem. We didn't get to stay long enough. On our next visit to Saint George, I hope we can get the privilege of renting your home again. And we will plan to have more time to enjoy all that Saint George has to offer.
Your home was simply, the BEST!
Thanks again, Charlotte and Jim
Keywords: Resort, Casita, Entrada, Discount, Golf, Inn, St. George, Utah, Private, Club, Casita, Best
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Member since: 2002
Property Type
- House
- 1900 sq. ft.
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
- Non Smoking Only
- Pets Considered
- Wheelchair Accessible
Bedrooms: 2 Bedrooms, Sleeps 6, Beds for 2-6
Bathrooms: 2 Bathrooms
Bathroom 1: toilet, tub, shower
Twin vanities, European shower and large soaking tub. ...moreless
Bathroom 2: toilet, tub, shower
Twin vanities, European shower and large soaking tub. ...moreless
- Twin vanities, separate European shower and soaking tub in both bathrooms. Lockable toilet room. ...moreless
Other Amenities
- DVD Player
Satellite / Cable:
(3) Large High Definition Televisions with High Definition Programming Including Network Channels...moreless
- Family
- Romantic
- Sports & Activities
- Cinemas
- Health/Beauty Spa
- Live Theater
- Restaurants
- Water Parks
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/Bank
- Babysitter
- Fitness Center
- Groceries
- Hospital
- Laundromat
- Massage Therapist
Leisure Activities
- Boating
- Horseback Riding
- Shopping
- Sight Seeing
- Wildlife Viewing
Location Type
Mountain View:
Perfect View of Snow Canyon and Inn at Entrada Resort, but not part of the Inn at Entrada....moreless
Sports & Adventure Activities
- Basketball Court
- Cycling
- Fishing
- Golf
- Hiking
- Hunting
- Jet Skiing
- Mountain Biking
- Rock Climbing
- Tennis
- Water Skiing
- Dining
- Dining Area
- Seating for 6 people
- Air Conditioning
- Broadband Access:
- Clothes Dryer
Three Fireplaces, one in each Bedroom and one in the great room....moreless
- Garage:
- Gas Fireplace:
- Coffee Maker
- Cooking Utensils:
- Dishes & Utensils:
- Dishwasher:
- Ice Maker
Granite Counter Tops, Stainless Steel Appliances, Settings for Six, Gourmet Stainless Steel Pots and Pans....moreless
- Microwave
- Oven
Pool / Spa
- Communal Pool
- Hot Tub
Building Type
- Building
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
Value Season
Nov 1 - Feb 9, 2017
3 night min stay
High Season
Feb 10 - Jul 31, 2017
3 night min stay
Value Season
Aug 1 - Sep 30, 2017
3 night min stay
High Season
Oct 1 - Oct 31, 2017
3 night min stay
Value Season
Nov 1 - Feb 8, 2018
3 night min stay
My Standard Rate
3 night min stay
Additional information about rental rates
- Cleaning: Two Bedroom $90
- Tax Rate 11.5%
Stay 7 nights for the price of 6 nights.
Does not include 11.5% sales and lodging tax. Must be 25 years or older. Until confirmed, rates may change. Three night minimum stay but two night stays available if three nights are not available.
Also see my VRBO listings 821927 and 821926 if you are looking for a one bedroom suite or a deluxe studio casita.
Owner's cancellation policy:
Policy available by contacting owner when booking
Don't forget your vacation protection! Get protected now
Adding our Vacation Protection services can make sure your getaway goes smoothly, no matter what. We offer Cancellation Protection and Damage Protection so you can truly relax.
- Attraction
- 47 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 7.4 miles to rental
- View on map
Sand Hollow Aquatic Center
- Attraction
- 3.0 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 10 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 5.2 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 6.0 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 6.7 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 3.7 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 3.9 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 5.4 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 24 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 15 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 9.4 miles to rental
- View on map
- Restaurant
- 3.6 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 9.6 miles to rental
- View on map
- Attraction
- 6.5 miles to rental
- View on map
Car: Necessary
Nearby activities will appeal to all tastes, Snow Canyon is just 10 minutes away for hours of hiking through red sandstone and volcanic fields, Zion National Park is only 30 minutes away, or you can visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon for a same day tour, 45 minutes away is Mesquite, Nevada with its glamorous gambling casinos while fabulous Las Vegas is only and hour and a half away, Biking and skating trails are just across the street, St, George has miles and miles of paved bike paths, Enjoy year-round golf with eleven great courses within a 15-miles drive including 3 championship courses (Coral Canyon, Sunbrook, and Sky Mountain), Take in some live theater 15 minutes away at Tuacahn Theater, There is also boating, etc
Owner info
Year Purchased: 2007
About the owner: I am a retired school psychologist blessed with good health, a desire to travel and a passion for golf and salt water fly fishing. I have two educated, successful, married and beautiful daughters. I own two vacation rental homes around the world and I enjoy staying in each of them because they are located in areas I can indulge my passions.
Why the Owner Chose St. George, UT, USA:
Purchasing an Entrada Villa, located within the Inn at Entrada Resort, was directly related to the good luck I enjoy from time to time. I had been on the waiting list to purchase a home because all the homes had been pre-sold. It appeared I was out of luck until I was at the Home Show in 2006 and by luck, ran into the project manager and asked him where I was on the waiting list. He informed me a buyer backed out of a purchase 20 minutes earlier and was I interested in purchasing it today. I of course jumped at the chance and became a proud owner.
The Unique Benefits at this House:
Although not part of the Inn at Entrada Resort, this home features the same floor plan and furniture at a much lower booking rate. Full true HD/TV programing provided along with all locals. Front and rear patios for both the Studio and the One Bedroom Suite. Two leather chairs in the Studio. Five drawer dresser in the Studio. Top of the line Weber propane BBQ. No Inn at Entrada home offers a BBQ. More common area than any Inn at Entrada home. Perfect view of Snow Canyon from front patios and perfect view of lake, lighted fountain and sports center from rear patios.
Contact us
Send email
- Primary: +1 8017121184
- Click Here to see All My Rental Listings
Living and dining rooms to lake and fountain
Bedroom to patio and walk in closet
Bathroom to bedroom
Front patio to unit entrance on left and bedroom on the right.
Kitchen featuring granite counter tops and high end appliances
Second bedroom to back patio and lake
Second bedroom to TV and fireplace
Second bathroom also includes soaking tub and European shower
Lake and fountain to home
Second bedroom to lake and fountain
Community pool
Second bedroom entrance
Dining room to lake and fountain
King bed to TV, fireplace and front patio
Soaking tub and European shower
Fully stocked gourmet kitchen
Washer/dryer and iron and ironing board
Second bedroom entrance to breakfast bar and lake
Second bedroom make up station
Welcome home
Patios to lake and fountain
Second bedroom kitchenette
Separate garages for One Bedroom and Studio Casita
Weber no-flame BBQ
This listing was first published here in 2005.
Date last modified - Saturday, December 03, 2016
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text:
Melbourne: Sustainability at Retail conference
June 7, 2010
The 2010 Futures So Bright Green Sustainability Conference focuses on sustainability in retail.
The 2010 Futures So Bright Green Sustainability Conference focuses on sustainability in retail.
Point of Purchase Advertising International (POPAI) will hold the fourth Futures So Bright Green Sustainability Conference in Melbourne on June 18 2010.
The theme of this year's conference is Sustainability at Retail. The event will feature ten global experts from world leading brands revealing how sustainability can drive growth and efficiency in the retail environment, from store-front, operations, design and construction through to supply chain.
Keynote speakers include John J. Carde, Senior Vice President, Retail Director of Bank America discussing how Bank of America has implemented green building practices into its retail banking centres as part of a US$20 billion environmental commitment.
Delegates will also hear from Elizabeth Dowd, Planning and Fixture Design Manager from leading US retailer Recreation Equipment, Inc. about the journey from green store design concept to prototype and ultimately national roll-out.
The Director of Australian consultancy Green for Retail, Ben Wheaton, will address the issue Where to from here? exploring how to develop a roadmap for taking sustainability forward within an organisation.
*When* 7.30am to 12.30pm, 18 June 2010
*Where* Telstra Corporate Conference Centre, Melbourne
Full price tickets cost $295 and can be bought online (["www.popai.com.au":http://www.popai.com.au/]) or by calling 02 9984 9322.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Middle Class Task Force News
EXCLUSIVE: Biden Says White House Getting Earful from Nervous Lawmakers Over Health Care
Biden Tells ABC Passing the Legislation Will Help Stem Democratic Losses in November
VP Joe Biden Unveils Home Energy Efficiency Program
The White House announced a new federal program today designed to help Americans make their homes more energy efficient, which Vice President Joe Biden said will save consumers money and create jobs.
EXCLUSIVE: Vice President Biden Says President Obama's Rescheduled Trip Not a Bad Sign for Health Care Bill's Prospects
Vice President Biden said today that that the fact that President Obama cancelled his trip to Indonesia and Australia next week is not an ominous sign for the prospects of the health care reform bill on Capitol Hill.
EXCLUSIVE: Vice President Biden Opens Up About the Best and Worst Parts of His Job
Vice President Biden was candid today in his assessment of what he considers the best and worst parts of his current job.
Vice President Biden Announces New Proposed Regulations for Retirement Savings
ABC News' Karen Travers reports: Vice President Biden announced today new proposals to protect Americans' retirement savings at an event focused on helping the middle class in these tough economic times. The proposed regulations from the Department of Labor are...
Big Chill: Obama takes on Congress over spending, process
Out of the mush -- something solid. Or, at least, something frozen: as in a three-year freeze on discretionary spending -- the classic, caveat-stuffed non-defense, non-security, not-entitlement kind, starting this fall -- as a centerpiece of President Obama's budget and his State of the Union ...
Clem's Chronicles: Sawyer Interviews Obama/Haiti/CT Scans
Happy Monday folks. WORLD NEWS anchor Diane Sawyer was in DC today to talk with President Obama. That interview and other today news below......... PRESIDENT OBAMA-Diane Sawyer talked with President Obama today in Washington. It's the sole television interview that...
Obama Vows More Help for the Middle Class
Calling continued job losses "an epidemic," today the President said that America's middle class has gone through one of the most difficult decades ever.
Connecting Dots: Obama seeks big picture to frame an agenda
President Obama's challenge has rarely been said to be the ability to think big. But that's where he finds himself as his State of the Union approaches.


text:
Bedford Regency Hotel, Victoria
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 40 smoke-free guestrooms
- 2 restaurants and 2 bars/lounges
- Breakfast available
- Self parking
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- ATM/banking services
- Meeting room
- Multilingual staff
- Concierge services
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Refrigerator
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Daily housekeeping
- Iron/ironing board
What's around
- In Downtown Victoria
- British Columbia Parliament Building (0.4 mi / 0.7 km)
- Artevo Gallery (0.1 mi / 0.1 km)
- Bastion Square (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Open Space (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Maritime Museum (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
Bedford Regency Hotel, Victoria
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $60
- Room (Room Selected At Check In)
- Room (Room Selected at Check In)
- Superior Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Room (Room Selected at Check In)
- Deluxe Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Room Selected At Check In
- Room (Room Selected At Check In)
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Deluxe Room, 2 Queen Beds
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 40 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 8 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 19
Travelling with others
- One child (12 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
- Resort fee included
Nearby Two Star Victoria hotels
In the hotel
- Cooked-to-order breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 2 restaurants
- 2 bars/lounges
- Conference space size (feet) - 1200
- Conference space size (meters) - 111
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Victoria hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Victoria
- Embassy InnFrom
"excellently convenient location with parking and breakfast included. walkable distance to many attractions. facility itself is a little old, but well maintained."Dec 1, 2016
- Red Lion Hotel Port AngelesFrom
"When we arrived, I inquired about a room with a view. I was able to upgrade to a waterfront room, upper floor for only $20.00 more. The room was comfortable, CLEAN and the view…"Nov 30, 2016
- The Fairmont EmpressFrom
"Great place for a get away...I love this old hotel, it serves modern needs yet seems like a throwback to days long ago. "Nov 29, 2016
- Prestige Oceanfront Resort, BW Premier CollectionFrom
"We had a wonderful stay. Classy hotel, clean and with a beautiful Scenery. Very stylish with a wonderful view at the ocean. Restaurants and Shops nearby. As we didn't book…"Nov 28, 2016
Nearby hotels
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
DiningGarricks Head Pub - This pub specializes in British cuisine and serves lunch, dinner, and light fare. Open daily.
The Churchill - This restaurant serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Open daily.
Bedford Regency Hotel, Victoria's small print
Also known as
- Bedford Regency
- Bedford Regency Hotel
- Bedford Regency Hotel Victoria
- Bedford Regency Victoria
- Regency Hotel Victoria
- Regency Hotel Bedford
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Self parking costs CAD 11.00 per night
Parking is available nearby and costs CAD 11 per night
Rollaway beds are available for CAD 20.00 per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.6 /5 from 594 reviews
We were comfortable and had everything someone could want and need either there or near by.
I'm a little torn about this hotel. The location is absolutely perfect-right in the middle of all the cool shops, great restaurants and jumping clubs in downtown Victoria. You can easily walk to almost anything around the bay area! But there's only one parking spot out front of the hotel, and two taxis were occupying it when we arrived, so we had to park down the block. The lobby appears to be an afterthought between a bar and another bar. The staff were very nice and kind. Parking is two blocks away and a bit awkward to get into. The noise of the street easily gets into the room thru single glazed windows and a window air conditioner-so it was a pretty noisy night, even with a white noise machine. I love my sleep, so I wouldn't go there again...
It was great, right down town Victoria BC
Nice professional staff, great location.
The parking situation is deplorable - it's 3 blocks away, closes early so you need a pass card from the hotel to get in and our large SUV set off height alarms going in. Very inconvenient from many aspects, mostly loading and unloading the car. The room was decent and I'll give it leeway that it's a old building - no curtain on one of the Windows which looks over to another room. Luggage dolly would not it in room, had to be unloaded from there if the hallway
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Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
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United States District Court, N.D. Illinois
April 16, 2004.
ABBOTT LABORATORIES, Petitioner,
ORASURE TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Respondent
Abbott Laboratories and OraSure Technologies, Inc. are parties to a
commercial contract that contains an agreement to submit their disputes
to binding arbitration. Following the development of a dispute between
the parties, a neutral arbitrator conducted an arbitration pursuant to
the agreement in February 2004. Subsequently, pursuant to section 9 of
the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1-16 ("the Act"), Abbott
filed a Petition to Confirm Arbitration Award. Shortly thereafter,
pursuant to sections 10 and 11 of the Act, OraSure filed a Motion to
Modify Arbitration Award and to Stay Execution.
For the reasons set forth below, the court denies both Abbott's
petition and OraSure's motion without prejudice and remands the Award to
the Arbitrator for clarification on a single issue.
I. Background
A. The Agreement
On June 14, 2002, the parties entered into a "Co-Exclusive Distributor
Agreement" ("the Agreement"). The Agreement provided that Abbott would become the
co-exclusive distributor of OraSure's OraQuick HIV diagnostic test device
("device"). Under the Agreement, OraSure agreed to provide Ameritech with
a supply of devices at $3.75 per device. Abbott consented to making a
"Firm Purchase Commitment," under which it committed to purchasing a
designated minimum number of devices within a certain time period. The
Agreement specified that OraSure would supply product with a nine-month
shelf life. Finally, the Agreement contained a termination provision
requiring that an allegedly breaching party be given written notice and
30 days to cure its breach before the Agreement would automatically
The Agreement also contained an arbitration clause, which provided
that, "any dispute in connection with [the Agreement] shall be settled by
final and binding alternative dispute resolution." (Pet., Exh. A). The
arbitration clause set forth the procedure governing the parties'
resolution of disputes, culminating with arbitration by a neutral
arbitrator. The clause provided for what Abbott has deemed
"baseball-style" arbitration, pursuant to which each party would be
required to supply written notice identifying the issues to be resolved
and proposed rulings on those issues. Following the arbitration, the
arbitrator would be required to adopt in their entirety only one of the
parties' proposed rulings on each of the disputed issues and would be
disabled from issuing a written opinion or otherwise explaining basis for
the ruling. Finally, the clause provided that arbitration awards would be
"binding, non-reviewable, and non-appealable, and may be entered as a
final judgment in any court having jurisdiction." (Pet., Exh. A). B. The Parties' Initial Dispute*fn2
In 2003, a dispute arose between the parties. The dispute related to
Abbott's obligation and failure to meet its Firm Purchase Commitment
under the Agreement (i.e., to purchase the specified minimum amount of
product). The parties entered into negotiations in an effort to amend the
Agreement, but the negotiations were not successful. Abbott took the
position that it was relieved of its obligation to meet its Firm Purchase
Agreement because the FDA approved a seven-month shelf life for the
device, as opposed to a nine-month shelf life, as specified in the
Agreement. OraSure did not accept Abbott's position and, on August 7,
2003, sent a letter to Abbott in which it demanded that Abbott cure its
purchase deficiency (and invoked the Agreement's termination provision).
In October 2003, OraSure asserted that Abbott's failure to meet its Firm
Purchase Commitment (and to cure its purchase deficiencies following its
receipt of the August 7th letter) effected the termination of the
Abbott opted to submit the matter to arbitration and initiated
arbitration proceedings. The parties entered into a Reservation of Rights
Agreement ("RRA"), pursuant to which they agreed that, pending the
resolution of their dispute through arbitration, OraSure would supply
Abbott with the devices outside of the Agreement and at the higher price
of $6.00 per device.
On October 7 and 13, 2003, Abbott made purchase orders of the device at
a rate of $3.75 per device. On October 29, 2003 and presumably, after
the intervening events described above Abbott amended its October 7th
and 13th purchase orders and placed an order under the RRA at a rate of
$6.00 per device. The parties agree that, through its October 2003
purchase orders and pursuant to the RRA, Abbott committed to purchase 410,000 devices
at a rate of $6.00 per device. The parties agreed that those devices
would be delivered to Abbott on a monthly schedule from December 2003
through May 2004. It is also apparent from the parties' submissions that
the October 2003 purchase orders were not "orders" within the common
understanding of the term, but rather were commitments to place orders in
the future for the specified number of devices.
C. The Arbitration and Award
On February 3 and 4, 2004, Arbitrator William H. Levit, Jr. ("the
Arbitrator") conducted hearings, at which both parties presented
evidence. Pursuant to the Agreement, both parties had prepared issues and
proposed rulings for the Arbitrator.
In relevant part, Abbott contended that OraSure was in breach of the
Agreement for failing to supply product to Abbott in compliance with the
pricing terms of set forth in the Agreement (i. e., for requiring OraSure
to pay $6 per device pursuant to the RRA rather than the $3.75 per device
specified in the Agreement). On that basis, Abbott argued that it should
be awarded damages of $922,500. Abbott thus sought to collect from
OraSure the $2.25 difference between the per device price of $3.75
provided for under the Agreement and the per device price of $6.00
provided for under the RRA, multiplied by the number of devices (410,000)
that Abbott committed in October 2003 to purchase at the $6.00 per device
price. At the arbitration, Abbott noted that it was seeking to be made
whole for the losses it had incurred. Notably, Abbott also conceded that
it had not yet paid all of the excess charges that formed the basis for
its proposed award.
OraSure opposed Abbott's contentions in this regard by arguing that the
Agreement automatically terminated following Abbott's failure to meet its Firm
Purchase Commitment (i.e., to purchase the minimum amount of product
designated in the Agreement) and that Abbott should not be awarded any
damages. OraSure did not dispute Abbott's damages calculation by
providing an alternative measure of damages (i.e., to be applied in the
event OraSure was required to compensate Abbott for its excess charges).
Abbott, in turn, contended that it was excused from its failure to comply
with any obligation to meet its FPC by OraSure's failure to deliver
product with a nine-month shelf life and its failure to obtain FDA
approvals that Abbott contended were necessary to satisfy its customers.
At the arbitration, the parties discussed the inconsistency between a
potential ruling that the Agreement was not terminated (which would
dictate that the device must be provided at $3.75 per unit) and a
potential award of $922,500 (which would be premised upon Abbott's
continuing to pay OraSure at the $6.00 per unit price for as yet
unshipped, un-paid for balance of the 410,000 devices ordered in October
2003). The record reveals that the Arbitrator was aware that Abbott had
not yet taken delivery of and paid for all of the 410,000 devices that it
had committed to order via the October purchase orders. OraSure's
attorney attempted to explain, albeit somewhat obtusely, that if the
Agreement were to go forward, then Abbott would be charged $3.75 rather
than $6.00 per device, and there would logically be no refund to Abbott
for such devices. The Arbitrator responded by stating, "Well, that's
really just logistics." See OraSure Mem., Exh. D at pp. 432-37.
Based upon the evidence presented at the hearings, the Arbitrator
issued a written award dated February 18, 2004 ("the Award"). The
Arbitrator determined that OraSure had breached the Agreement by failing
to supply product to Abbott under the pricing terms specified therein. On that basis, the Arbitrator awarded Abbott damages of $922,500,
as proposed by Abbott. Further, the Arbitrator determined that Abbott's
failure to meet its Firm Purchase Commitment was not excused by OraSure's
failure to deliver product with a nine-month shelf life or to obtain
certain FDA approvals, but nonetheless did not constitute a material
default. He further found that Abbott's October 2003 purchase orders had
cured any breach of the Agreement on its part and that OraSure had
suffered no damages as a result of Abbott's alleged breach. Having found
that Abbott's failure to meet its purchase obligations did not entitle
OraSure to terminate the Agreement, the Arbitrator announced that the
Agreement "remains in full force and effect." (Order, pp. 6, 7). Thus,
the Arbitrator ordered the parties "to perform their obligations under
the Agreement." (Order, p. 7).
D. The Parties' Dispute Concerning Satisfaction of the Award
Following the Arbitrator's issuance of the Award, OraSure wrote a
letter to Abbott dated February 23, 2004, concerning its proposed means
of satisfying the Award. OraSure proposed to either reimburse or credit
Abbott for all amounts already paid by Abbott in excess of $3.75 per
device (i.e., for devices already shipped and paid for pursuant to the
$6.00 per device price assessed for the October purchase orders under the
RRA) and by accepting S3.75 per device for all remaining devices. OraSure
contends that, as of that time, Abbott had paid $64,125 in excess of the
$3.75 per device rate for devices purchased under the RRA. That is,
Abbott had received and paid for only 28,500 of the 410,000 devices
ordered via the October purchase orders and pursuant to the RRA. OraSure
noted in the letter that an additional 65,850 devices had been shipped to
Abbott under the RRA but had not yet been paid for by Abbott. OraSure
further noted that, pursuant to some November 2003 letters between the
companies, OraSure would supply an additional 143, 150 devices. Finally, it noted its expectation that
Abbott would purchase an additional 172,500 devices, which would
represent the remaining deliveries under the October purchase orders
through May 2004.
By letters dated February 24, 2004 and March 3, 2004, Abbott
communicated to OraSure its unwillingness to accept OraSure's proposed
method for satisfying the Award. Instead, Abbott demanded payment of
On March 15, 2004, after the filing of Abbott's petition, OraSure
sought to provide Abbott with a check for $11,037.50, which represented a
refund of $2.25 for each of the 49,350 devices that Abbott had paid for
as of that date. The letter also stated that, as of that time, Abbott had
received invoices totaling $270,000 for the devices at the $6 per device
rate, but had not paid any portion of that amount (notwithstanding that
it was seeking the full $922,500 in effect, as advance reimbursement).
By a letter dated March 18, 2004, Abbott returned the check, stating that
it was unwilling to accept payment of only a small portion of the Award.
Abbott also represented that it was committed to paying $6.00 per device
for all outstanding orders, as it believed it was required to do pursuant
to the October 2003 purchase orders.
OraSure represented to the court (in its March 31, 2004 memorandum of
law) that Abbott has since paid the $270,000 previously owed to OraSure.
However, OraSure subsequently indicated (in its April 12, 2004 reply
memorandum) that Abbott was once again delinquent in paying for devices
delivered pursuant to the October 2003 purchase orders.
There is no dispute between the parties concerning Abbott's fidelity to
its October 2003 commitment to purchase 410,000 devices. There is also no
dispute concerning the fact that Abbott has not yet taken delivery of or
paid for a substantial portion of those 410,000 devices. II. Analysis
As both parties recognize, judicial review of arbitration awards is
extremely limited under the Act.*fn3 See Ganton Technologies, Inc. v.
U.A. W., Local 627, 358 F.3d 459, 462 (7th Cir. 2004). In essence,
"[w]hen the parties agree to have their disputes settled by an
arbitrator, they also agree to accept the arbitrator's view of the facts
and of the meaning of the contract." Generica Limited v. Pharmaceutical
Basics, Inc., 125 F.3d 1123, 1129 (7th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted).
District courts, thus, are prohibited from considering the parties'
disputes anew. See Dean v. Sullivan, 118 F.3d 1170, 1171 (7th Cir.
1997); Gingiss Int'l, Inc. v. Bormet, 58 F.3d 328, 333 (7th Cir. 1995).
Moreover, the Seventh Circuit has repeatedly held "that arbitrators'
errors even clear or gross errors do not authorize courts to annul
awards." Widell v. Wolf, 43 F.3d 1150, 1151 (7th Cir. 1994) (internal
citation omitted).
Instead, the Act requires that a district court grant an application
for confirmation of an arbitration award, "unless the award is vacated,
modified, or corrected as prescribed in sections 10 and 11." 9 U.S.C. § 9.
The Act sets forth the grounds for vacating, modifying, or correcting an
arbitration award with great specificity. See 9 U.S.C. § 10 and 11. An
award may be vacated where: it was procured by corruption, fraud, or
undue means (see section 10(a)(1)); there was evident partiality or
corruption in the arbitrators (see section 10(a)(2)); the arbitrators
were guilty of certain specified types of misconduct (see section
10(a)(3)); or the arbitrators either exceeded their powers "or so
imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made" (see section 10(a)(4)). An
award may be modified or corrected where: "there was an evident material
mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property" in the
award (see section 11(a)); "the arbitrators have awarded upon a matter
not submitted to them" (see section 11(b)); or "the award is imperfect in
matter of form not affecting the merits of the controversy") (see section
District courts also have the authority to remand an award to the
arbitrator because the award is ambiguous in some respect. See Flender
Corp, v. Techna-Quip Co., 953 F.2d 273, 280 (7th Cir. 1992). Indeed, as a
general proposition, district courts are prohibited from interpreting
ambiguous arbitration awards and must remand them for clarification. See
Flender, 953 F.2d at 279; Teamsters Local, No. 579 v. B & M Transit,
Inc., 882 F.2d 274, 278 (7th Cir. 1989). However, remanding for
clarification is disfavored in light of the "the interest in prompt and
final arbitration." B & M Transit, Inc., 882 F.2d at 278 (citations
omitted). Accordingly, courts are permitted to interpret awards if but
only if the ambiguity can be resolved from the record. See Flender, 953
F.2d at 279-280, In essence, meaningful judicial review is impossible
where an ambiguity exists in the award that cannot be resolved from the
Where the allegedly ambiguous issue relates to damages, remand is not
appropriate where the arbitrator resolved all claims before him and left
only a "ministerial computation" of damages to the court. See Flender,
953 F.2d at 280. However, where the court cannot discern from the award
or the record how the arbitrator intended for his damages award to be
implemented or satisfied (i.e., what the damages award obligated the
parties to do), remand is appropriate. See, e.g., United Food &
Commercial Workers Local 1001, 950 F.2d 1340, 1345 (7th Cir. 1991)
(arbitrator awarded "make whole" damages to employee, which the court
assumed would be back pay and benefits, but could not ascertain from the record what those would
be or whether, in fact, that was what arbitrator intended).
Here, Abbott asks the court to confirm the Award, contending that no
basis exists for its vacation, modification, or correction. Abbott claims
that the Award was unambiguous and that the record reveals that the
Arbitrator rejected the precise argument made by OraSure in the instant
proceedings. Abbott proposes that: (1) it will continue to pay the $6 per
device price in connection with the October purchase orders; (2) it will
collect $922,500 representing compensation for having to agree to pay
$6.00 for an item that should have cost $3.75; and (3) it will pay $3.75
for all subsequent orders, in light of the Arbitrator's order that the
parties perform their obligations under the Agreement. (Abbott Repl. Br.,
p. 6).
Conversely, OraSure contends that the Award was "imperfect in form," in
that it "inconsistently orders OraSure to perform its obligations under
[the Agreement], and thereby accept $3.75 per OraQuick device, and also
to pay Abbott, by way of reimbursement, sums in excess of $3.75 per
device that Abbott has not yet paid and should not be paying." (Mot. p.
4). OraSure also contends that the Award "does not provide for the manner
in which it must be satisfied" or the timing associated therewith and is
lacking in a "rational basis." (Mot. p. 4).*fn4 OraSure finally contends
that modification of the award in the manner it has requested is
necessary to effect the intent of the Arbitrator. Citing only section
11(c) of the Act and a single case Island Creek Coal Sales Co.
v. City of Gainesville, 764 F.2d 437 (6th Cir. 1985) OraSure asks this court to modify the Award "to provide for OraSure to satisfy it
by reimbursing Abbott all sums in excess of $3.75 per OraQuick device
paid by Abbott with respect to Abbott's October 2003 orders for 410,000
devices and by accepting $3.75 per device for the remainder of such
410,000 devices" and "to stay execution of the Award pending compliance
in accordance with the modification of the Award." (Mot. p. 4).
OraSure's conclusory assertions and anemic argument in support of
judicial modification of the award pursuant to section 11(c) are
unavailing,*fn5 as is its request that the court modify the Award to
effect the intent of the Arbitrator. Quite simply, the Arbitrator's
"intent" concerning the satisfaction of Abbott's damages award is not
apparent to the court from the Award and cannot be resolved from the
record. This fact precludes the court from rendering a final ruling at
this time on either Abbott's motion to confirm the award or OraSure's
motion to modify the award.
Each party proposes a vastly different means for satisfaction of the
damages award. This court cannot imagine that the Arbitrator intended to
grant Abbott the windfall of a $922,500 or any advance reimbursement for
overpayment on devices that it had not yet received or (over)paid for.
Moreover, Abbott has not suggested a theory of contract damages that
would support the odd result it seeks. Yet, neither parties'
interpretation is conclusively negated by the language of the Award. The
parties' difference of opinion stems in part from the fundamental tension
between the Arbitrator's order that they abide by the Agreement (which
required that OraSure charge Abbott $3.75 per device) and its order that
Abbott be compensated for damages of $922,500 (which was premised on OraSure's charging $6 per device,
including for devices that were yet to be shipped and paid for by
Abbott). This tension, combined with the Arbitrator's silence concerning
how and when the damages award should be satisfied, creates an ambiguity
in the Award that must be resolved by the Arbitrator. Specifically, it is
unclear from the Award when and in what manner the $922,500 damages award
is to be rendered, and it is unclear whether the Arbitrator intended to
address this issue on its merits, Abbott contends that he did, by
choosing its proposed damages ruling over OraSure's. OraSure contends
that he did not and that the record reveals his belief that the parties
would resolve the matter on their own.
Resort to the record does not resolve the matter. Instead, certain
portions of the record including the Arbitrator's comment concerning the
"logistics" of making Abbott whole and his clear recognition of the fact
that Abbott had not yet received and paid for all of the 410,000 devices
(and, thus, had not yet paid excess charges in the amount of $922,500)
only intensify the ambiguity. Although the issue of how the damages award
should be rendered was not explicitly presented by the parties in their
recitation of the issues, it was part and parcel of the issues before the
Arbitrator, and its clarification is necessary to facilitate meaningful
judicial review of the Award in the context in which the court has been
called upon to deliver the same.
Because of this ambiguity in the Award, the court will remand to the
Arbitrator for clarification of the following issue should OraSure
satisfy the damages award by: (1) compensating Abbott for its prior
excess payments and charging Abbott only $3.75 per device for the devices
ordered in October 2003 that have yet to be shipped and paid for; (2)
compensating Abbott for its excess payments as they are made, while
continuing to charge Abbott $6 per device for the devices ordered in October 2003 that have yet to be shipped
and paid for; or (3) immediately paying Abbott $922,500, part of which
would constitute advance reimbursement for the devices ordered in October
2003 that have yet to be shipped and paid for, while continuing to charge
Abbott $6 per device for said devices.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, this court denies both Abbott's petition and
OraSure's motion without prejudice and remands the Award to the
Arbitrator for clarification on the single issue outlined above. The
court respectfully requests that the Arbitrator issue the designated
clarification by June 30, 2004,
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 23, 2002
|Filing date
|Feb 3, 2000
|Priority date
|Feb 3, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Barbara A. Paldus, Charles Harb
|Original Assignee
|Informal Diagnostics, Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (36), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to provision of selected sequences of frequencies for spectroscopic analysis or other purposes.
Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a laser-based, high sensitivity, absorption measurement technique that has become competitive with alternative techniques, such as intra-cavity laser absorption spectroscopy, frequency modulation spectroscopy, multipass spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy, for performing spectroscopic analysis of a sample. CRDS exploits the properties of a high finesse optical resonator, usually formed by two or more high reflectivity mirrors defining an optical cavity, with a sample located in the optical cavity. A narrow bandwidth laser light beam is injected into the optical resonator and abruptly terminated. The resulting rate of decay, R, of light beam intensity is measured and is linearly related to the optical resonator losses by a relation
Here τ is the ring down decay constant (sec), Δtrt is the optical cavity round trip time, and L(ref1) and L(sample) are measures of the light beam intensity losses due to the resonator alone (no sample present) and due to sample absorption and scattering, respectively, at the chosen frequency.
Where a sample is to be analyzed using CRDS, a light beam at each of a sequence of two or more frequencies should be provided, in order to adequately characterize the sample by its absorption spectrum or transmission spectrum. In a conventional approach, in order to vary the round trip distance of a light beam within an optical cavity, the cavity is partially disassembled and reassembled by moving and realigning at least one mirror that defines the cavity. This approach is time consuming and inefficient and often does not provide the control needed to accurately provide a pre-selected sequence of resonance frequencies.
What is needed is a technique for providing a sequence of selected central frequencies of a light beam with a narrow frequency bandas measured by the full width at half maximum (FWHM), as an integral part of an optical system used for spectroscopic analysis of materials. Preferably, the technique should be flexible enough to allow provision of a sequence with uniformly spaced frequencies and/or of a sequence with arbitrarily spaced frequencies and should allow the chosen sequence to be stepped through without extensive reconstruction of the optical system. Preferably, the technique should be optically efficient so that substantially all light provided for the optical system is utilized in providing the sequence of light beam frequencies. Preferably, the frequency sequence should be available for use in CRDS analysis or for use in some other process that relies upon a light beam having a sequence of selectable frequencies.
These needs are met by the invention, which uses a cavity ring down approach with a rapidly reconfigurable optical cavity to generate a selected sequence of frequencies within the cavity itself. The distance between a line segment joining two mirrors that form part of the cavity, and a third mirror is varied, by moving the third mirror by a controllable amount. This controllable distance increment is chosen to provide a cavity round trip distance that defines a sequence of two or more selected resonance frequencies. The sequence of selected frequencies can be used to perform CRDS analysis of a sample within the cavity, or to provide a sequence of light beam frequencies external to the cavity for some process that is frequency-dependent.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic views of embodiments of apparatus for practicing the invention.
FIGS. 3 and 7 illustrate variation of a light beam round trip distance according to the invention. FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration of variation with time of one or more central frequencies associated with the optical cavity according to the invention.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a suitable choice of a sequence of central frequencies that can be generated using the invention.
FIG. 6 is a graphic view comparing typical sample absorption, cavity longitudinal modes and light beam components, as a function of frequency.
An embodiment for providing a selected sequence of frequencies according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1, where an optical resonator is formed by two highly reflecting mirrors, 11-1 and 11-2. Alternatively, the resonator may have a ring configuration and include two or more highly reflecting mirrors, such as 23-1, 23-2 and 23-3, as shown in FIG. 2. For a given mirror separation, d12, mirror curvatures, r1 and r2, and mirror reflectivities, R1 and R2, certain resonator geometries will be optically stable, allowing a properly directed light beam to execute an numerous round trips within the cavity defined by the mirrors. For such an optically stable configuration, certain light beam wavelengths λ, determined with reference to the round trip distance 2�d12 and to the refractive index nref of a medium located between the mirrors, 31-3 and 31-2, will support development of an optical resonator mode, longitudinal or transverse. A longitudinal mode wavelength λ is determined by a phase round trip condition, such as
where f is the fraction of the mirror-to-mirror path that is occupied by the sample. A transverse mode wavelength λ is determined with reference to the effects of mirror geometry and mirror size on light beam diffraction within the optical cavity. Resonator stability conditions and resonator mode wavelengths are discussed in A. Yariv, Optical Electronics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, Third Edition, 1986, pp. 17-22, 87-120.
The ring-down decay constant τ is determined by the total RDC losses. For a background or reference measurement performed on an empty cavity, the total losses involve only mirror losses (non-perfect reflectivity, diffraction, etc.). For a cavity containing a sample, which is optionally mounted on or confined by a sample support, additional losses within the cavity include scattering, reflection and/or absorption at the support interfaces (undesirable), and absorption by the sample. The sample support may be a substrate, a closed container for the sample, a container having one, two or more apertures to allow liquid flow into and out of the container, or other suitable apparati that provide at least two substantially parallel interfaces for the sample material. The losses produced by the support can be measured by a frequency scan within the cavity, sans sample. The sample absorption spectrum is then measured by "subtracting" the mirror losses and the support losses from the measured total losses. A sample support may be needed for a liquid, thin film or bulk sold sample and may also be needed for a gas sample that fills only part of the optical cavity C.
In order to preserve the sensitivity of the CRDS technique, losses caused by any sample support within the cavity should be minimized. For any interface between first and second, different, substantially homogeneous materials, an incidence angle can be determined for which a light beam, incident upon the interface at that angle and having a light polarization direction that is parallel to a plane containing the interface, will be transmitted with no reflected component. This incidence angle, θB, the Brewster angle for this interface, minimizes or eliminates optical intensity losses due to reflections at the interface. The Brewster angle is determined by the relationship
where nref,1 and nref,2 are the (real) refractive indices for the first and second media, respectively. See M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Fifth Edition, 1975, pp. 36-44, for a discussion of this relationship. The Brewster angles for water (nref,2=1.33) and for a typical glass (nref,2=1.5), relative to an interface with a vacuum, have the respective values of 53.061� and 56.310�.
The fractional intensity loss in the transmitted component of a p-polarized light beam incident on the interface at an angle θ1=θB+δθ1 is approximately proportional to sin2(δθ1) so that the intra-cavity optical loss in the transmitted component intensity will increase quite rapidly for small, non-zero values of δθ1. This increase in the reflected component intensity, from an ideal value of 0, will reduce CRDS sensitivity and should be minimized, preferably by arranging for the light beam incidence angle to be as close as possible to the Brewster angle θB. If the sample is a gas that occupies the entire volume of the optical cavity C, or if no sample support is present, or if no sample is present, imposition of the constraint (4) is not necessary.
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred orientation of a sample 13, optionally associated with a sample support 15, relative to a light beam LB that moves between a first mirror 11-1 and a second mirror 11-2. The mirrors 11-1 and 11-2 have the respective selected mirror radii r1 and r2, have the respective selected reflectivity coefficients R1 and R2, are spaced apart a selected separation distance D facing each other, and define an optical cavity C1. The two-mirror optical resonator defined by the mirrors 11-1 and 11-2 is optically stable only if the parameters r1, r2 and D satisfy the constraints
as shown by Yariv, op cit, pp. 18-22. An optically unstable resonator having two mirrors arranged as shown in FIG. 1 will allow a light beam of a selected size to grow without limit and to expand beyond the boundaries of the mirrors.
The light beam LB in FIG. 1 approaches the sample 13 with an incidence angle substantially equal to θB for the light beam wavelength λ of interest. A sample support 15 is optionally provided for the sample 13, depending upon the form in which the sample is provided. If the sample 13 is a bulk solid, capable of maintaining its own shape, the sample support 15 may be deleted. If the sample 13 is a thin film, the sample support 15 may be a one-sided or two-sided mechanism that supports and maintains the thin film as a planar surface oriented at an incidence angle θB for the light beam LB. If the sample 13 is a liquid, the sample support 15 may be a container that holds the liquid sample (and, optionally, allows the sample to flow in a selected direction).
Preferably, the portion of the sample support 15 through which the light beam LB passes has a refractive index that is the same as the refractive index for the sample at the frequency ν used for sample probing. This equality of refractive indices may be achieved only approximately, if a substantial band of frequencies ν (or corresponding wavelengths λ) is used for sample probing.
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a system 21 for practicing the invention to obtain a selected sequence of frequencies within an optical cavity C. Three or more spaced apart optical reflectors ("mirrors"), 23-1, 23-2, 23-3, are configured to form the optical cavity C so that a light beam that travels from a first selected spot or region on a first mirror to a second selected spot or region on a second mirror will be reflected from the second mirror and will ultimately return to the first region on the first mirror, be reflected from the first mirror, and again propagate toward and be reflected from the second region of the second mirror. Alternatively, the cavity C may be defined by two mirrors 11-1 and 11-2, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
In the ring configuration shown in FIG. 2, the cavity C is formed by three or more mirrors, at least one mirror (23-3) having a curvilinear surface rather than a planar surface; the other two mirrors, 23-1 and 23-2, may have planar or curvilinear surfaces. Each of the first, second and third mirrors 23-i (i=1, 2, . . . ) has a reflecting surface with a reflection coefficient Ri(θi,ν) (≦1) that depends upon the light beam incidence angle θi at the mirror i and upon the (narrow band) frequency ν of the light beam incident thereon, and possibly on other variables as well. Each of the first and second mirrors, 23-1 and 23-2, preferably has a reflection coefficient Rj(θj,ν) (j=1, 2) that is very close to, but not equal to, 1.0, in a preferred range such as 0.99≦Rj(θj,ν) ≦0.9999. A small fraction of the light beam incident upon mirror no. j will be transmitted through, rather than being reflected from, this mirror. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the third mirror 23-3 preferably has a reflection coefficient R3(θ3,ν) that is as close to 1.0 as possible. The number of mirrors employed here may be two (as in FIG. 1), three (as in FIG. 2), or four or more.
A source 25 of coherent light, such as a visible or infrared laser with a selected narrow range of emission frequencies, provides an initial light beam LB0 that is received by and passed through the first mirror 23-1 and thereafter propagates within the optical cavity along a chosen light beam path LBP. The incidence angle at which the initial light beam LB0 approaches the first mirror 23-1 from the backside is preferably chosen to be approximately equal to the incidence angle θ1 for the light beam path LB/P at the first mirror 23-1. The light beam source 25 has an associated light beam frequency discrimination device 16 that provides a light beam with a selectable frequency ν having a line width that Δν′ that is preferably in the range 0.001 cm−1≦Δν′≦1 cm−1, or smaller if desired. Alternatively, the optical cavity C may have another optical coupling means, such as an acoustic-optical or electro-optical modulator, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,277, issued to Zare et al and incorporated by reference herein, to couple the initial light beam LB0 into the cavity in a direction approximately coinciding with the light beam path LBP.
The initial light beam LB0 is passed through a beam polarizer 27 (optional) and through a first cavity coupler 29 that couples the initial light beam into the optical cavity C. The cavity coupler 29 may be merely a selected portion of the back side of the first mirror 23-1 that is specially configured and/or treated to allow a substantial portion (˜0.1-2 percent) of the initial light beam LB0 to pass through the first mirror and into the cavity C, or the cavity coupler may be more elaborate. After the light beam enters the cavity C, the light beam follows the light beam path LB/P from one mirror to the next, possibly losing a small amount of its light beam intensity I at each reflection from each mirror 23-i.
The three mirrors, 23-1, 23-2 and 23-3, and the optical cavity C defined by the mirrors, are located within a container 31 whose interior pressure can be controlled, if desired. A sample S, which may be a gas, a liquid or an optically thin solid, is optionally located in a sample region SR of the interior of the container 31 that is intersected by the light beam path LB/P, preferably as indicated in FIG. 2. Each time the light beam passes through the sample region SR, a small fraction of the light beam intensity is absorbed by the molecule(s) contained in the sample S. Optionally, the sample region SR may include all of the optical cavity, or even substantially all of the interior of the container 31. Optionally, the sample S may be deleted; and the optical cavity C may be evacuated and may serve as an optical resonator for one or a sequence of chosen frequencies corresponding to the free spectral range for the resonator.
At a selected one of the mirrors (shown as the second mirror 23-2 in FIG. 2 for definiteness), a selected small fraction of the light beam is extracted from the optical cavity C by a second cavity coupler 33. Preferably, this second small fraction is in the range 0.1-2 percent, but may be smaller or larger if desired. The extracted light defines an extracted light beam LBe that is received by an optional light beam analyzer 35, or by another optional light beam application device 36 that utilizes the light beam for some purpose other than light beam analysis.
The analyzer 35 analyzes the light beam LBe and determines the amount of sample absorption (if a sample is present within the cavity C) and cavity loss, referred to collectively as the total light beam attenuation A, that the light beam intensity has experienced in its peregrinations within the cavity C. The total attenuation A includes a portion due to optical losses Acav arising from beam reflections at each mirror and a residual portion Ares due to absorption of the light beam intensity by the sample S. After the attenuation A=Acav�Ares has been determined by the analyzer 35 for one or more frequencies ν, the numerical value for the attenuation is visually displayed by an optional visual display module 37 and/or stored in an optional memory module 39 for subsequent use.
The light beam application device 36 may receive and apply the extracted light beam LBe for purposes of spectroscopy, atomic or molecular excitation, absorption measurements on another sample, or any other application that requires provision of a light beam having two or more distinct frequencies.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the optical losses and the sample losses, if any, are chosen so that the ring down time τ lies in a selected range, such as 1 μsec<τ≦5 μsec. Assume that the fractional optical losses per round trip and the fractional sample losses per round trip are collectively given by exp(−β−α�d), that the time interval required to complete a round trip in the cavity is Δτ(˜c′�d, where c′ is a representative velocity of the light beam within the cavity) and that the temporal length of the light beam pulse is less than Δτ. The fractional loss, exp(−β0), and the time increment, Δτ0, required for the light beam to move from its point of insertion in the cavity to its point of extraction (first pass) are assumed to be known. The loss-weighted average time, τ(avg), required for the light beam to emerge from the cavity after the beam's initial insertion is computed as
If the loss-weighted average time τ(avg) is set equal to a fraction χ of a desired time τe (e.g., χ=1, 0.5, 0.33, 0.2 or 0.1), the numerical value of the variable w is estimated from Eqs. (6), (7) and (8) by the relation
from which the numerical values for the loss components β and α�d required to produce the desired ring down time re can be estimated. The sample absorption loss component ox is substantially fixed, but the optical loss coefficient β and/or the round trip distance d can be varied to satisfy Eq. (9). If no absorbing sample is placed in the cavity, a=0.
At least one of the mirrors, 23-1, 23-2 and 23-3, shown as 23-3 in FIG. 3, is connected to a displacement control device 41 that controls a perpendicular distance, d123, between a line segment L12 joining the mirrors 23-1 and 23-2 and the mirror 23-3. For convenient reference, the distance d123is measured perpendicular to the line segment L12 so that the mirror separation distances d23 and d31 are determined by the relations
where Θ23 and Θ31 are angular components for the lght beam reflected at the mirror 23-3. The angular components Θ23 and Θ31 satisfy the constraint
where θ3 is the incidence angle for the light beam LB at the mirror 23-3.
The displacement control device 41 may be a piezoelectric transducer or any other suitable device that is capable of displacing the mirror 23-3, preferably without rotation, in the LD direction along the line segment L123 by a selected amount Δx (positive or negative). If a sample S with refractive index nS is present and occupies a fraction, f12, f23 and f31, of the respective distances d12, d23 and d31 for mirror separation in FIG. 3, a light beam having a selected wavelength λ will be resonant within the optical cavity if these distances satisfy a constraint
for a refractive index-weighted round trip distance d, where N is a positive integer. If the sample fills the entire cavity, f12=f23=f31=1. If no sample is present, f12=f23=f31=0.
The constraint (9A) can be re-expressed in terms of the distance d123 as
The component angles Θ23 and Θ31 can be separately determined as functions of the distance d123, using a tangent relationship for each of the two component triangles shown in FIG. 3:
where d12′ and d12″ are the two fixed, complementary components of the mirror separation distance d12 shown in FIG. 3. The value of the trigonometric quantity secΘ(Θ=Θ23 or Θ31) in the constraint (13B) is determined using the trigonometric relation
The relations (14A), (14B) and (15) determine all variable quantities in the wavelength constraint (13A) or (13B) (or corresponding frequency constraint) in terms of the distance value d123 and provide a direct, but nonlinear, relationship between resonance wavelength(s) λ, the distance d123, and the incidence angles Θ23 and Θ31.
The displacement control device 41 is arranged to move to a first distance, d123=d123(1), satisfying the constraint (13A) or (13B) for a first selected frequency ν1, considered as a first central frequency, and to dither or otherwise vary the distance d123 by a small positive and negative amount for a first time interval given by t(1)−Δt(1)≦t≦t(1)+Δt(1), where t(1) and Δt(1) are selected time values. This dithering causes the first central frequency to vary by a small amount around the first selected frequency value, ν1.
The round trip distance d may be controlled, instead, by providing frequency locking, using techniques such as those discussed by Ahola, Hu and Ikonen, Rev. Sci Instrum., vol. 69 (1998) pp. 1934-1937, and by Shaddock, Gray and McClelland, Optics Lett., vol. 24 (1999) pp. 1499-1501. Whether dithering or frequency locking is used, the refractive index-weighted round trip distance d is stepped through each of a sequence of values corresponding to the desired frequencies within a range for which optical cavity gain, illustrated in FIG. 5, is substantially greater than zero (e.g., equal to at least 10 percent of the gain maximum value).
The displacement control device 41 is arranged to move to a second distance, d123=d123(2), satisfying the constraint (13A) or (13B) for a second selected frequency ν2, considered as a second central frequency, and to dither or otherwise vary the distance d123 by a small positive and negative amount for a first time interval given by t(2)−Δt(2)≦t≦t(2)+Δt(2), where t(2) and Δt(2) are selected time values satisfying t(1)+Δt(1)≦t2−Δt(2). This dithering causes the second central frequency to vary by a small amount around the second selected frequency value, ν2. Alternatively, frequency locking can be employed, as indicated in the preceding discussion. This procedure continues until each of a selected sequence, {νk}(k=1, 2, . . . ), of central frequencies is generated within the optical cavity C for a corresponding time interval t(k)−Δt(k)≦t≦t(k)+Δt(k). A representative sequence of central frequencies νk, with frequency dithering imposed, is illustrated graphically in FIG. 4. Each time interval with a characteristic central frequency νk preferably is given a distinguishing identifying indicium ν(k).
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a suitable frequency sequence for the invention. Initially, the apparatus is arranged to provide a first resonant frequency sequence f0,1, f0,2, . . . , ,f0,M0, in a first frequency range that may include a selected first longitudinal mode resonant frequency fTEM(0,0). The apparatus is rearranged to provide a second resonant frequency sequence f1,1, f1,2, . . . , ,f1,M1, in a second frequency range that may include a selected (not necessarily consecutive) second longitudinal mode resonant frequency fTEM(1,0). Optionally, the apparatus is rearranged to provide a third resonant frequency sequence f2,1, f2,2, . . . , ,f2,M2, in a third frequency range that may include a selected (not necessarily consecutive) third longitudinal mode resonant frequency fTEM(2,0). This rearrangement of the apparatus is repeated as often as desired.
With reference to FIG. 3, the resonant frequency for a particular configuration of the optical cavity C is inversely proportional to the round trip distance d, and d varies approximately linearly with the displacement distance D, for small incremental displacements ΔD. For relatively large displacement increments ΔD, the relationship between d and D is nonlinear, not linear. For this reason, it is preferable that the optical cavity be changed at least once, from a first longitudinal mode resonant frequency configuration, TEM(m,0), to a second longitudinal mode resonant frequency configuration, TEM(m,0), with m≠n. By limiting the displacement increment ΔD to a relatively small amount around each TEM(m,0) configuration, a linear relationship between ΔD and a frequency increment Δf can be approximately maintained.
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of a typical situation, in which an absorption width, Δν(abs), of a sample present in the optical cavity C is much greater than the spacing or free spectral range, Δν(cav), between adjacent longitudinal modes in the cavity, and the (almost monochromatic) light beam has a characteristic range, Δν(light), of frequencies that may be less than, approximately equal to or greater than the mode spacing Δν(cav).
Assume, for definiteness, that the light beam frequency range Δν(light) is substantially less than the mode spacing so that at most a single longitudinal mode is associated with the optical cavity C, and that the cavity round trip length d=d12+d23+d31 is varied so that the cavity central frequency (favored longitudinal mode) varies with time as shown in FIG. 4. A light beam having a single (dithered) central frequency νk is then produced within the cavity, within a given time interval, t(k)−Δt(k)≦t≦t(k)+Δt(k). This sequence of selected frequencies νk can be uniformly spaced or non-uniformly spaced, as desired.
If the light beam frequency range Δν(light) overlaps more than one longitudinal mode so that two or more longitudinal modes (numbered i=1, 2, . . . ) are associated with the optical cavity C, a light beam having two or more (dithered) central frequencies, ν(i;k) is then produced within the cavity, within a given time interval, t(k)−Δt(k)≦t≦t(k)+Δt(k), as illustrated in FIG. 4.
If the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, having two or more mirrors, is to be used for CRDS analysis, a sample S is positioned within part or all of the optical cavity C, and the extracted light beam LBe is received by the light beam analyzer 35, to construct an absorption spectrum or transmission spectrum for the sample.
If the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 is to be used to provide a selected sequence of central frequencies νk (with or without frequency dithering) for a purpose other than CRDS, the extracted light beam LBe is received by some other light utilization device 36 and is processed accordingly. The preceding analysis can be extended to a two-mirror optical cavity, as shown in FIG. 1, by an analogous development. The preceding analysis can also be extended to a polygonal cavity, as shown in FIG. 7, where a sequence of mirrors 53-i (i=1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ) defines an optical cavity C.
Where frequency locking, rather than frequency dithering, is used in connection with each of a sequence of selected frequencies, the frequency lock will occur in each of a sequence of time intervals, separated by lock-off time intervals with lengths typically Δt(off)˜5-100 μsec. Until frequency lock is achieved at a selected central frequency, the initial light beam LB0 is FIG. 2 is preferably not admitted into the cavity C, in order to ensure that the light beam propagates within the cavity having a known resonant configuration. Alternatively, the initial light beam LB0 can be admitted into the cavity C when frequency lock has not yet been achieved, but the extracted light beam LBe can be diverted, absorbed or otherwise blocked until frequency lock has been achieved at a selected central frequency.
Where a sample S is positioned within the optical cavity C, the extracted light beam LBe will have a selected resonant frequency and a characteristic ring down time τ(S) that depends upon the optical losses at each mirror, upon the optical losses for beam insertion and beam extraction, and upon the sample absorption within the cavity. Where no sample ("S=S0") is positioned within the (same) optical cavity C, the extracted light beam LBe will have a selected resonant frequency and a characteristic ring down time τ(S0) that depends upon the optical losses at each mirror and upon the optical losses for beam insertion and beam extraction, with τ(S0)>τ(S).
Where an initial light beam LB0 of finite temporal length is generated and inserted into the cavity C, the intensity of the extracted light beam LBe will increase to a plateau value, then decrease monotonically after the tail of the light beam has entered the cavity, with a characteristic ring down time τ for the light beam portion with decreasing intensity. Where an initial light beam with unlimited temporal length is generated and inserted into the cavity c, the intensity of the extracted light beam will increase to an intensity plateau value that includes the effects of light beam insertion, round trip sample absorption losses (if any) and optical losses, and light beam extraction.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 1980
|Apr 13, 1982
|Barr & Stroud Limited
|Laser component
|Jan 24, 1983
|Jun 19, 1984
|Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc.
|Refractive index and absorption detector for liquid chromatography based on Fabry-Perot interferometry
|Oct 10, 1997
|May 11, 1999
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Spectroscopy using active diode laser stabilization by optical feedback
|Apr 21, 1999
|Jul 25, 2000
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. University
|Optical heterodyne detection for cavity ring-down spectroscopy
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 14, 2001
|Aug 19, 2003
|Ilx Lightwave Corporation
|Tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer, and associated methods
|Jun 7, 2002
|Apr 13, 2004
|Ilx Lightwave Corporation
|Resonantly driven fiber polarization scrambler
|Sep 27, 2002
|Mar 8, 2005
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Cavity ringdown spectroscopy system and method
|Jun 25, 2002
|Apr 26, 2005
|Ilx Lightwave Corporation
|Feedback polarization controller
|Dec 11, 2003
|Jun 20, 2006
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Brewster's angle flow cell for cavity ring-down spectroscopy
|Sep 12, 2000
|Jun 5, 2007
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Recording and reproducing apparatus and a method thereof
|Oct 9, 2002
|Nov 11, 2008
|Universite Joseph Fourier
|Laser device coupled to a cavity by optical feedback for detecting gas traces
|Dec 22, 2006
|Nov 3, 2009
|Honeywell International Inc
|Spectroscopy method and apparatus for detecting low concentration gases
|Apr 16, 2007
|Feb 2, 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Cavity ring-down spectrometer having mirror isolation
|Oct 30, 2008
|Jan 4, 2011
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Compact gas sensor using high reflectance terahertz mirror and related system and method
|Jan 29, 2009
|Feb 8, 2011
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Multiple beam wide band CRDS cavity sensor and detector
|Jun 30, 2006
|Apr 12, 2011
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Photo-acoustic spectrometer apparatus
|Sep 19, 2008
|Mar 27, 2012
|Goodrich Corporation
|System and method for suppressing noise by frequency dither
|Oct 30, 2008
|Jun 12, 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|High reflectance terahertz mirror and related method
|Jun 29, 2010
|Sep 18, 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Beam intensity detection in a cavity ring down sensor
|Jun 30, 2010
|Dec 4, 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Enhanced cavity for a photoacoustic gas sensor
|Jan 30, 2010
|Mar 26, 2013
|Ricardo Claps
|Time-resolved spectroscopy system and methods for multiple-species analysis in fluorescence and cavity-ringdown applications
|Jun 29, 2010
|May 7, 2013
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Multiple wavelength cavity ring down gas sensor
|Sep 26, 2013
|Mar 17, 2015
|Picarro, Inc.
|Regular, stable optical frequency scale for cavity enhanced optical spectroscopy
|Mar 21, 2013
|Oct 13, 2015
|Ricardo J. Claps
|Time-resolved spectroscopy system and methods for multiple-species analysis in fluorescence and cavity-ringdown applications
|Aug 6, 2013
|May 3, 2016
|Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited
|Multiplexed spectroscopic absorbance from CRDS wave forms
|Jun 25, 2002
|Jan 2, 2003
|Wood Christopher S.
|Feedback polarization controller
|Dec 11, 2003
|Oct 21, 2004
|Bechtel Kate L.
|Brewster's angle flow cell for cavity ring-down spectroscopy
|Oct 9, 2002
|Apr 7, 2005
|Jerome Morville
|Laser device coupled to a cavity by optical feedback for detecting gas traces
|Apr 16, 2007
|Oct 18, 2007
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Cavity ring-down spectrometer having mirror isolation
|Dec 22, 2006
|Jun 26, 2008
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Spectroscopy Method and Apparatus for Detecting Low Concentration Gases
|Jun 30, 2006
|Aug 21, 2008
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.
|Photo-Acoustic Spectrometer Apparatus
|Sep 19, 2008
|Mar 25, 2010
|Goodrich Corporation
|System and method for suppressing noise by frequency dither
|Oct 30, 2008
|May 6, 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|High reflectance terahertz mirror and related method
|Jan 30, 2010
|Jul 1, 2010
|Ricardo Claps
|Time-Resolved Spectroscopy System and Methods for Multiple-Species Analysis in Fluorescence and Cavity-Ringdown Applications
|Jan 29, 2009
|Jul 29, 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Multiple Beam Wide Band CRDS Cavity Sensor and Detector
|Mar 21, 2013
|Aug 22, 2013
|Ricardo J. Claps
|Time-resolved spectroscopy system and methods for multiple-species analysis in fluorescence and cavity-ringdown applications
|Aug 6, 2013
|Aug 13, 2015
|Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited
|Multiplexed spectroscopic absorbance from crds wave forms
|Jan 28, 2010
|Jun 3, 2015
|Multiple beam wide band CRDS cavity sensor and detector
|Jan 19, 2010
|Aug 11, 2010
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Multiple beam wide band CRDS cavity sensor and detector
|Jun 30, 2006
|Jan 11, 2007
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Photo-acoustic spectrometer apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|356/454, 356/519
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 3, 2000
Owner name: INFORMED DIAGNOSTICS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PALDUS, BARBARA A.;HARB, CHARLES C.;REEL/FRAME:010548/0355
Effective date: 20000128
|Oct 18, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 23, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 16, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
VTech: iDiscover Panda App Pack
By VTech Electronics Limited
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
VTech, the creator of the Electronic Learning Products (ELP) category, is a world leader of age-appropriate learning toys.
Panda Case for iPhone App Pack is a free app that can be used with the VTech® Panda Case for iPhone.
The app contains 6 fun and educational activities created with children in mind. It allows the parents to create avatars for their children to use in the activities, and provides bonus photos and short videos of the avatars.
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o With 6 playful activities, children can simply watch the activity like a short video or they can tap, tilt or shake the screen to interact with the activities. Each of the 6 activities introduces different curriculum, including animal names and sounds, shapes, numbers, letters, parts of the body and fun sing-along nursery rhymes.
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o Create an avatar for your child. Once an avatar is created, it will be used to include your child the activities.
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o By creating an avatar you will unlock extra photos and videos that you can include your child in.
For more details about VTech, please visit our website: http://www.vtechuk.com/
What's New in Version 1.2
Updated for iOS7.
iPhone Screenshots
Customer Reviews
My toddler loves this app
I purchased the panda for my 14 month old daughter, and downloaded this app to go with it. She loves the app and at 21 months now she still goes back to it as a favourite - she now knows how to open it herself and plays with it without the panda now. Great way to keep your toddler entertained when they don't want to sit still in a restaurant :)
There is a French and American version also, somehow she ended up with all of them - the American is a little strong on the accent though and for English ears just a bit grating when you're used to the British version.
The only thing I could suggest as an improvement is a way to lock kids out of the setup sections.
- Free
- Category: Education
- Updated: 04 December 2013
- Version: 1.2
- Size: 107 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: VTech Electronics Limited
- © 2013 VTech Electronics Europe plc
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.3 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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50-14950 - Ultra Slim On-Wall Speaker Pair 5" Two-Way - Black
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text:
Woman Gets 13 Years For Hitting State Trooper In Drunken CrashA 61-year-old woman has been sentenced to 13 years in prison for running over an Illinois State Police trooper on the Tri-State tollway two years ago, and causing a crash that injured four other people.
State Police Trooper Released From Hospital After Altercation On I-294Police said the altercation happened around 7 p.m. Monday at the Halsted Street toll plaza in the northbound lanes of the Tri-State Tollway in South Holland.
Person Shot On Tri-State Tollway In MarkhamA vehicle pulled alongside the victim and someone started shooting at the victim's vehicle.
Woman Arrested After Police Chase Of Stolen AmbulanceA woman was arrested Tuesday morning after allegedly stealing an ambulance in Chicago and leading Illinois State Police on a chase on the Tri-State Tollway.
Police: Man Killed In Tri-State CrashA man was killed early Friday in a two-vehicle crash on the Tri-State Tollway.
Two Killed In Fiery Tri-State Tollway CrashA 2007 Chevrolet crashed into a toll plaza, rolled over and caught fire about 4:30 a.m. on the Halsted northbound entrance ramp to southbound I-294, according to Illinois State Police.
Man Shot While Driving On Tri-State Tollway A motorist on the Tri-State tollway was injured after shots were fired at the vehicle on Monday morning.
Illinois Tollway Green Lights $106 Million In Contracts For Tri-State WorkReconstruction won't happen until at least 2020, but design planning and advance work on the Central Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294) will begin as early as 2018 between Balmoral Avenue in Rosemont and 95th Street in Oak Lawn.
Family Mourns Teen Girl Killed In Tri-State AccidentDestiny Horton's happy last hours were spent with her cousin and other relatives at Great America. CBS 2's Mike Parker reports.
Girl, 14, Killed In Crash On Tri-State TollwayThree people were ejected from a 2002 Ford Explorer on the Tri-State near Half Day Road around 10:30 p.m., when the SUV blew a tire, went out of control, and struck a guardrail, according to Illinois State Police. A 14-year-old girl who was thrown from the SUV was hit by a semi-trailer truck, and pronounced dead at the scene.
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text:
(W) Dennis Hopeless (A/CA) Robbi Rodriguez. CIVIL WAR II TIE-IN! Spider-Woman has history with both sides of CIVIL WAR II, so things are more complicated than just picking a side. Plus, shes got her baby to consider now, and she cant risk her life putting him in harms way. But Jess has never been one to just sit on the sidelines. Rated T+
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♥ Add EpisodeTube.com to your favorite bar.
Blackish S02E21
|Watch Online Blackish: Season 2 Episode 21 (S02E21) Stream
|Air Date: 27/04/2016
The Johnson Show
Plot: Dre has always strived to mirror his life after the model families he grew up watching on TV. When news spreads that Stevens & Lido is going through layoffs, Dre panics that his family's reputation will be tarnished if he loses his job. Meanwhile, Bow has something to prove when she's put in charge of the school auction and refuses to ask the other moms for help. Instead, she enlists the kids who end up doing more harm than good to the family name.
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Tv France
Whenever I think of meals on wheels I always think of little Yorkshire puddings on roller skates. - Miranda Hart
They are trying to keep uour focus away from what's really important. Your soul, your eternity. Satan came to kill steal and destroy jesus came to give life. John 10:10
Summer surfing at Fistral Beach, Newquay
Pierrefonds Castle in Picardie (Picardy), France. Rebuilt during the 19th. century by Viollet-le-Duc, it is mostly a reinterpretation of what would have been a medieval castle... adapted to the19th century way of life of the emperor Napoleon III who ordered the work.
Papillon (1973) one of my all time favourite movie f all time, top 5.
1975 to 1984 (UK) Bod was a BBC children's television programme first shown in 1975, with thirteen episodes, based on four original Bod books by Joanna and Michael Cole. It was an animated cartoon series narrated by John Le Mesurier with music by Derek Griffiths and produced by David Yates. The four books were published in 1966 in the United Kingdom and later in the United States and France. They were: Bod's Apple, Bod's Present, Bod's Dream and Bod and the Cherry Tree. The French ve
Funny Face (1957) by Stanley Donen with Audrey Hepburn, Fred Astaire...
Panoramic 111 straight from the 1957 future. only feature missing: it still doesn't prepare and serve tea for you
FleaingFrance Brocante Society love
rugs in the home | living room decor | a subtle geometric rug to tie a space together


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Framburg Nocturne 15"e 3 Light Chandelier in Polished Silver
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This sounds like a fascinating talk, by someone who really knows his stuff. Paul Carter works for The National Archives, where his job title is Principal Records Specialist for Domestic Records. 276 more words
Tags » Poor Law
Poisoned treacle in Lewisham (and an empty poor box in the City)
In a report of a meeting of the Lewisham Board of Works (which sounds as riveting as its title suggests) from 1877, it was claimed that a supply of poisoned treacle was being sold in the borough. 295 more words
Thomas Turner's Diary 1754-1765
This week's Country Matters theme has given me the perfect opportunity to dig out my copy of my favourite country diarist, Thomas Turner. He was a shopkeeper who lived in the village of East Hoathly near Lewes in Sussex in the latter half of the 18th century. 2,071 more words
Inhumanity towards migrants is nothing new
In 1819 Parliament passed the Irish and Scotch Vagrant Act (59 Geo III, c.12) as a reaction to complaints from parishes in England that they were being swamped by impoverished migrants. 647 more words
Nixon's Guaranteed Basic Income Proposal
Imagine my recent surprise on learning Republican president Richard Nixon, in 1968, was on the verge of enacting an unconditional income for all poor families. It would have guaranteed a family of four $1,600 a year, equivalent to roughly $10,000 in 2016. 371 more words
On this day... Belper Union Meeting of Guardians 10th June 1916
A post from Bernadette, currently on a work placement at the Record Office
As part of my work experience at the Record Office, I recently carried out a transcription of a meeting from Minute Book of the Belper Union Meeting of Guardians. 848 more words
Elation and Frustration: The Reality of Family History Research
Another day, another archives visit. Off I went to the aptly named "Discovery Museum" in Newcastle which houses the Tyne and Wear Archives. Filled with anticipation and enthusiasm, I was on the trail of my one-handed gypsy 5x great grandmother Charlotte Burnett. 650 more words