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Well then take some time off work to go to your appointment. Can you leave 1/2 hr early one day? Or make early morning appointments when you know he has slept and does not need a nap yet.
Well then take some time off work to go to your appointment. Can you leave 1/2 hr early one day? Or make early morning appointments when you know he has slept and does not need a nap yet.
@heartstringz....GP's are actively discouraged from prescribing anxiolytics. As a pp said...go to a Psychiatrist. They have the "authority"/responsibility/right to prescribe these medications and once a psychiatrist diagnoses and prescribes anti-anxiety medications your regular GP will generally feel more able to support this course of action.
I have dealt with anxiety all of my life. I've tried many psychological therapies but I can say that nothing has helped me to live a 'normal' life better than Xanax or Seroquel. I accept and am completely comfortable with this.
I can't take time off work weekly. Im only there 3 days & im busy enough as it is. I start work at 8.30am & the psychs close dont see patients earlier than that & i cant get back in time on public transport if i go further.
Ill have to keep looking for someone that does weekend appointments
Sorry if this has been said but can you speak to your Ds's daycare and book him in for an extra day? Make that day specifically for your ongoing appointments?
You don't have to go weekly though. You can do fortnightly/monthly. Also look into occasional care? You can drop your DS off for a few hours for your appointment. I'm not sure what else to suggest. I'm from Bris and I do not think many or any psychs work on weekends/nights. Possibly public if they are connected to the hospital?
Its a bit silly if they don't work weekends/evenings, i dont know what people are supposed to do!
I can talk to daycare but they are pretty full, i dont think they'll be able to fit him in. We cant afford it anyway, to pay for a day at daycare when i have the day off.
Ill talk to dh on the weekend & keep looking for psychs that do weekends/evenings & if i cant find anyone i guess ill just keep doing what im doing. The mental health system in this country is a joke. Ive been asking for help since i was 12 weeks pregnant, no-one cares, so i might as well just give up. No wonder there are so many tragedies when this is how post partum women are treated.
I had a thought - try hiring a babysitter. Will be cheaper than childcare and your DS will be at home.
ETA. Unfortunately pretty much every medical specialist works 'office' hours in the private sector.
Last edited by twinklify; 02-10-2015 at 12:36.
GrabbyCrabby (02-10-2015),heartstringz (02-10-2015)
@heartstringz, I realise this might feel challenging to hear. It's challenging for me to say it but....yes there are psychologists who work outside normal business hours. They won't advertise it. You'll need to call them and explain your circumstances. And now, for the difficult part...I started driving only a couple of years ago so I know how hard it is to get around but it's probably not any easier for anyone else. Most people have a mortgage, most people get by on very little disposable income, no-one can really afford to pay for an extra day of childcare and a whole day off work to see the Doctor. Many of us have jobs that aren't family friendly and we also have partners who work fulltime and can't easily take time off work to look after the kids or take us to an appointment.
However, it is a matter of priorities. How important is it to you that you get medical help?
Are you prepared to forgo a day of work and an extra day of childcare? Are you prepared to assert yourself with your DH and tell him that without your health the whole family thing just won't work and that a trip to a psychiatrist once a month or two is the kind of investment that you need.
babyno1onboard (02-10-2015),Californication (02-10-2015),DreamyMummy (02-10-2015),HollyGolightly81 (02-10-2015),Lincolns mummy (02-10-2015),LittleBug'sMum (04-10-2015),PomPoms (02-10-2015),Rose&Aurelia&Hannah (02-10-2015),snowqu33n (02-10-2015),TheGooch (02-10-2015)
Im prepared to but how do i pay for it? An extra day childcare fees, plus the cost of the psych, plus the cost of public transport or the taxi to get there. We cant afford that regularly.
Dh is supportive but hes also been made redundant 3 times in the last 4 years. His industry is completely decimated thanks to the government. I cant risk him losing his job again by constantly taking time off.
If you have sick leave you can use that to attend your appointment as the Psych will give you a medical certificate.
TheGooch (02-10-2015)
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text: My wife and I found this pub located in central Bonn, beautifully decorated for Christmas and very inviting. The food was tasty which we washed down with some great beers brewed onsite. A starter, main and beer for a couple came to around €45 for both of us which is a bargain. Only downside was that a group who had... More


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Thank you for your interest in one of our rescues.
Meet Jill! A beautiful tux gal, Jill seemed shy at first, but she was just adjusting to her foster home, and now is quite sweet and playful!
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Very good hotel. Friendly staff and clean rooms with nearby shopping. Popular among couples.
Guest Review Highlights
- Great location
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- Room is all right
- Bathroom is ok
- Great view
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- Ordinary amenities


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How many miles? 92 Miles / 148 Km
How many times? 1 hour 37 mins
Distance from Pikeville, TN to Knoxville, TN is 92Miles or 148 Km. You can get this distance about 1 hour 37 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 76 Miles or 122 Km, You can get this distance about 39 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 4.26 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Pikeville, TN and Knoxville, TN is $9.67.
During the route, an average car will release 83.46 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Pikeville, TN is 35.6054765, -85.188875 and coordinates of Knoxville, TN is 35.9606228, -83.9207782
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Both trucks with steel bumper, fender flares, lifted 6", a/t tires, and light bar
- Ram 150056% (5)50% (4)53% (9)Vote
- Chevy 150044% (4)50% (4)47% (8)Vote
Most Helpful Girl
I picked Ram.00|00|0
Both trucks with steel bumper, fender flares, lifted 6", a/t tires, and light bar
I picked Ram.
Ram 1500 deffinitly
Any truck is sexy, its hard to say but I picked Chevy
I will pick the chevy
Just two weeks ago I purchased a Chevy 1500 with great 40 Inch Light Bar ( www.ledoutfitters.com/.../...zor-tir-lightbar.html ), lol :) So that my vote is for Chevrolet, it is the third car of this brand I chose, seems to be the best in it's price range.
I picked the ram that chrome grill make me smile. For off-roading I would pick the Chevy with the z71 package with that limited slip differential.
Ford is better
You cannot undo this action. The opinion owner is going to be notified and earn 7 XPER points.


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Marshal's Scaled Bracers
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- Marshal's Scaled Bracers
- Item Level 113
- Binds when picked up
- Plate
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- 624 Armor
- +11 Intellect
+26 Strength
+22 Stamina
- Yellow Socket
- Durability 55 / 55
- Requires level 70
- Equip: Improves resilience rating by 8.
Equip: Improves critical strike rating by 7.


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- Health Needs for Bi Men
- Prostate Cancer Registry Helps Black Men
- Quick Start to Healthy Weight Loss
- 'Really, Really Messed Up My Life'
- Black Men Can Beat Prostate Cancer
- Health Screenings for Older Black Men
- Healthy Man of the Month for July 2016
- HIV Testing is HIV Prevention
- Your 'Mental' Endurance
- Entertainment CEO DonJuan Clark
Got Sore Muscles?
Anyone who has ever had a vigorous workout knows the joy of accomplishment and often the sorrow of muscle pain. Muscle soreness is commonplace when engaging in physical activity for millions. Here are three specific ways to heal sore muscles.
Remedy for Sore Muscles
Option #1. Chances are you've heard of common remedy of a cup or two of Epsom salt dissolved in a warm tub of water works wonders for aching muscles. Soak for 20-30 minutes or until the water has cooled, up to 3-4 times per week. Check with your doctor because it may not be recommended for those with health conditions such as heart problems, high blood pressure or diabetes.
Epsom salts are made up of magnesium sulfate. Magnesium is natural muscle relaxant.
Option #2. Massage helps to stimulate blood circulation to an area, which speeds healing. When combined with healing oils, such as the essential oils blends listed above or pepper rub below, you get a double benefit.
Option #3. Another Earth Clinic user (Ackbar) says 1 tablespoon of blackstrap molasses in a cup of coffee each day cured his chronic muscle pain. This is likely due to the magnesium content. Another way to get combine ACV and molasses is the old fashioned drink called Switchel, which was commonly used before the age of brightly colored sports drinks and juices shipped from around the world.
This version of the drink is from Hillbilly Housewife.
Switchel Recipe
- 1/2 cup apple cider vinegar
- 1/4 cup molasses
- 1/2 cup sugar or honey
- 1 1/2 teaspoons ground ginger
- tap water to make 2 quarts
Mix first four ingredients to blend, then add water and mix until dissolved. Chill or serve over ice, if preferred.
According to the National Institutes of Health, people who work at a desk should make an effort to get up and stretch at least every 60 minutes (NIH, 2011). Sore muscles might be due to something other than physical activity. If this is the case, your doctor will advise you on how to treat your muscle pain.
Some content provided courtesy of Commonsense.com and the National Institutes of Health.


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Transform tiny hallways and foyers into stylish catch-all corners with Lee's inexpensive trick: Stretch rubber boating straps across the wall. In this example, Lee positioned white against a tangerine-orange wall. The tension of the straps can keep mail, keys, small toys and shoes firmly in place on the wall.
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UN Says The World Needs To Do More To Fight AIDS
A joint commission between the United Nations and experts at The Lancet released a report Thursday detailing the world's progress combatting AIDS.By Jake Godin | June 25, 2015
We're winning the fight against AIDS... But not fast enough. (Video via UNAIDS)
A commission made up of experts from the United Nations and The Lancet medical journal released a new report Thursday detailing how far the world has come in fighting AIDS. (Video via UNAIDS)
It's somewhat sobering. According to the report, the world isn't doing enough to combat the AIDS epidemic — at least not quickly enough. (Video via UNAIDS)


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Universities and colleges set their own admission requirements for higher education courses, so they vary broadly. Depending on the course, graduate student may be able to get into higher education with a range of qualifications. If you're applying to do a Foundation Degree course, you may find that work experience is taken into consideration alongside any qualifications you have. Some higher education institutes and colleges offer Foundation Years as preparation for a certain degree courses. They usually don't result in separate criteria as they simply qualify you to enter the degree program itself. Foundation Years aren't within reach for all degree courses, however.
UK, United Kingdom is more than 300 years old and comprises four constituent nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has been a centre of learning for the past 1,000 years and possesses many ancient and distinguished universities. Foreign students make up a significant proportion of the student body at UK universities.
Top Course Studies in Security in United Kingdom 2017
Aim to further your knowledge of the Cisco networking environment by studying this Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Routing & Switching Course with Live Labs. [+]


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Tubular Target
Tue Oct 18, 2016 11:55
CXMET is one of the best China tubular target manufacturers and suppliers, and we are also a professional company with productive and effective factory. Welcome to wholesale products from us, we have tubular target, rotatable sputtering targets in stock for you.Tubular TargetCXMET is the leader of sputtering targets in china,,Always involved in development and production of coating materials for tools,glass and decorative coatings PET flakes,including Gold series,Silver series and color series,as raw materials of magnetron Tubular Target sputtering coating.Sputtering Targets For many materials and all shape:mainly Rotatable sputtering targets: Following the client's need, we supply also a large range of sputtering target in various materials and dimensions, like Titanium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Tantalum. Other special alloys are also feasible, for new coating development.Please provide a drawing if possible when requesting a price quote for rotatable targets. url:
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Jake Chair
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About Mark Poloncarz
Mark C. Poloncarz is Erie County's eighth County Executive. Since taking office as Executive in January 2012, Mark has returned county government to its core mission of providing the programs and services that residents demand as effectively and efficiently as possible, while also ensuring that we invest in our libraries, arts and cultural institutions, infrastructure and address issues of poverty.
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Statement of Mark Poloncarz in response to the election of Donald Trump as our 45th president. Originally published November 9, 2016 on Facebook Since the adoption of our Constitution the American Democracy has been a perpetual work in progress. Every four years we come together to elect one person to lead us forward, though no one person can ever truly represent the diversity and differing opinions that make up the three hundred twenty million citizens of our country. Yesterday was … read more
In Erie County, the weather can change in a matter of hours and conditions can deteriorate quickly when a winter weather event strikes. It is important to be prepared in the event of such an occurrence, as well as ensuring that your family, friends, and even your pets are ready to weather the storm. While winter storms are something we've seen and know how to handle, other unforeseen emergencies or disasters can occur, such as flash floods, and you need … read more
Since Hillary Clinton announced her Tim Kaine as her choice for vice president there have been some grumbles from those on the left of the Democratic Party. However, I think her choice of Kaine for vice president is a good one. The most important factor in choosing a VP is whether the person is ready to be president. Tim Kaine is just that: he is a senator, former Virginia governor, former Richmond mayor and former progressive civil rights lawyer who … read more
Comments of Mark Poloncarz, Erie County Executive, as prepared for delivery before a vigil in remembrance and honor of the victims of the Pulse Orlando massacre on June 13, 2016 at Niagara Square, Buffalo. Today we gather to remember and honor the victims of the horrible massacre perpetrated this weekend at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida. 49 lives were cut short at the hands of a madman. 49 families have been destroyed because of the twisted hatred of one man. … read more
By Mark C. Poloncarz June 9, 2016 In 1787, our nation's forefathers met in Philadelphia to draft a new set of laws to govern the fledgling United States of America. Though they could not have known it when they gathered to create, as the Preamble to the Constitution says, "a more perfect Union," the country governed by that Constitution would still be around 229 years later, still seeking perfection. As our nation learned during the presidential primary season of 2016, … read more
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This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
I have new Curve 9320 with the latest OS 7.1. I am new user of Blackberry, but I am fond of the system and I want to continue to use it!
Every time I connect on my Wi-Fi (home and secure) there is only browser which is working. None of my applications (App world, Googlemaps, LogicMail, Twitter, Facebook, RSS etc.) work. The only solution seems to be to restart my phone completely. Then everything is fine except Gmaps and RSS (- there is still an announcement: please ensure that your device is connected to the wireless network and try again). I don´t understand it. If I turn on Wi-Fi, it everything should work normaly.
Hi and Welcome to the Community!!
With a strong carrier network signal (e.g., not WiFi), I suggest the following steps, in order, even if they seem redundant to what you have already tried (steps 1 and 2 each should result in a message coming to your BB...please wait for that before proceeding to the next step):
1) Register HRT
2) Resend Service Books
3) Batt Pull Reboot
Hopefully that will get things going again for you! If not, then you may want to contact your mobile service provider for formal support...while rare, I've heard of some carriers denying BB-proprietary services via any channel but their own carrier data network (e.g., they restrict the use of WiFi).
Good luck!


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'Entre Sueños': Humanizing Stories of People Imprisoned
Six stories with a goal of overcoming their 'frequent demonization'.
Six stories with a goal of overcoming their 'frequent demonization'.
A 2013 law bars cities from the practice and newer law provides for financial penalties.
Electronic monitoring will take place along a 10-mile stretch between Eloy and Casa Grande.
Federal indictment accuses him of stealing anti-crime money over four years.
Vector Space Systems will add $225 million to the local GDP over the next five years.
But it won't count, because the candidate isn't registered as an Arizona write-in.
Within a half hour, 150 people had warrants cleared, legal issues resolved.
No comment from incumbent Nanos; challenger Napier says 'healing' needed.
Second in command Chris Radtke resigns after federal grand jury action, sheriff says.
Information and reporting on mosquito-borne diseases available.
Tucson Botanical Gardens won right to exhibit's second U.S. showing, replicating her Mexico City flora.
Over 100,000 visitors expected for 43rd edition of the event featuring food, music and more.
The unique Tucson tradition will mark its 29th year on Saturday.
The Community Food Bank of Southern Arizona is trying new strategies to solve the root causes of hunger.
Also on Arizona Spotlight: Finding new purpose after breast cancer strikes twice; and "Feeding Our Future" asks if the Community Food Bank of Southern Arizona can solve the root causes of hunger.
Arizona remains one of two states in the US where driving and texting is legal.
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December 1, 2010
BALKAR SINGH, PLAINTIFF AND APPELLANT,v.WESTERN WORLD INSURANCE CO., DEFENDANT AND RESPONDENT.
Singh v. Western World Ins.
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
Balkar Singh brought an action against Western World Insurance Company ("WW Insurance") for breach of an insurance contract and tortious bad faith with regard to an insurance claim for fire-related losses to insured Khalsa, Inc. ("Khalsa") doing business as "99 Cent City." WW Insurance demurred to the second amended complaint on the ground that Singh lacked the legal capacity to sue because Khalsa, which had allegedly assigned its claims to Singh, had lost the corporate capacity to sue due to its suspended status. The superior court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend and entered a judgment in favor of WW Insurance.
On appeal, Singh asserts that the court erred in sustaining that demurrer because he has the capacity to maintain this action as an assignee and respondent WW Insurance cannot raise the defense of incapacity to sue because the corporate suspension occurred after the assignment. He further contends that respondent's delay in settling Khalsa's insurance claim caused the business to fail and "sound public policy" mandates that a defense of corporate incapacity to sue be disallowed where an insurer's bad faith conduct in failing to promptly pay an insured corporation's claim under its policy forces the company out of business.
We affirm.
A. Background
On August 2, 2007, an action was filed against WW Insurance Company and 50 Doe defendants. The named plaintiff was "Balkar Singh dba 99 Cent City." The complaint alleged that plaintiff was an insured under a policy issued by WW Insurance "to cover his business, including but not limited to personal property, commercial property and inventory of [his] business (99 Cent City) . . . ." It further alleged that, during the policy period, on or about February 22, 2005, a fire caused "substantial damages to [his] inventory and to the building in which [he] was conducting his business." According to the complaint, "[t]he fire caused such damage that Plaintiff could not continue his business without a prompt settlement of his damage claims by Insurance Company." It stated that plaintiff "promptly reported the fire and the damages to his business not later than March 3, 2005."
The complaint alleged that WW Insurance misrepresented pertinent facts and policy provisions relating to coverage, failed to act promptly, ignored the terms of the policy "in an effort to force an unfair settlement," "did not attempt [to act] in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair, and equitable settlement" of the claim, delayed investigation and payment of the claim by requiring submission of a preliminary claim report and formal proof of loss forms, and "failed to provide promptly a reasonable explanation of the basis" for its offer of a compromise settlement. The complaint further averred that, "[a]s a result of Insurance Company's and Defendants' continuous and malicious conduct, Plaintiff's claim was not paid until October, 2006."
The original complaint's first cause of action alleged that the foregoing conduct constituted a breach of the insurance contract and caused him to lose his lease, his bond securing payment of the lease, and his business and also caused him to incur attorney fees. The second cause of action alleged that the same conduct constituted a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, which proximately caused the same damages.
WW Insurance brought a motion for summary judgment. It argued that the insurance contract was with 99 Cent City, the fictitious business name for Khalsa. It also contended that Singh had no standing to sue and no right to seek policy benefits for himself.
Singh then moved for leave to amend the complaint. A declaration in support of the motion, filed on October 28, 2008, offered a proposed first amended complaint. It changed the named plaintiff to "Balkar Singh." It modified the complaint to make clear that Khalsa was the insured, 99 Cent City was Khalsa's business, and Singh was Khalsa's sole shareholder. It stated that "[o]n or about August, 2005, Khalsa, for valuable consideration, assigned any and all claims it might have against Defendants and each of them to Balkar Singh."*fn1 The court granted permission to file the first amended complaint, which was then filed on December 23, 2008.
WW Insurance demurred to the first amended complaint pursuant to section 430.10, subdivision (b). It asserted that Singh lacked the capacity to prosecute the action. It argued that the first amended complaint "continue[d] Singh's attempt to knowingly circumvent California law prohibiting the prosecution of a lawsuit by a suspended California corporation (Khalsa, Inc.)."
The court granted WW Insurance's request that it take judicial notice of certain documents and facts, including a Fictitious Business Name Statement filed in Santa Clara County, Statements of Information regarding Khalsa filed in the Office of the Secretary of State, and the Certificate of Status, executed by California's Secretary of State on January 16, 2009. The Fictitious Business Name Statement indicated that the corporation Khalsa was doing business as "99 Cents City." The Statements of Information indicated that Khalsa's business was a "99 Cents Store" and Singh was the corporation's chief executive officer, secretary, chief financial officer, and director. The Certificate of Status stated that the Secretary of State suspended Khalsa's "powers, rights and privileges on December 14, 2006" pursuant to the Corporations Code, the Franchise Tax Board suspended its corporate "powers, rights and privileges on February 01, 2007" pursuant to the Revenue and Taxation Code," and those powers, rights and privileges remained suspended.
The court sustained the demurrer to the first amended complaint with leave to amend. Singh filed a second amended complaint. It added the allegation that at the time of the assignment, "Khalsa, Inc., was a valid California corporation, in good standing with the State of California, with all rights and powers to do business in the State of California."
WW Insurance demurred to the second amended complaint, again pursuant to section 430.10, subdivision (b), on the ground that plaintiff did not have the legal capacity to sue. It again requested the court to take judicial notice of certain facts and documents, including the Fictitious Business Name Statement, the Statements of Information, and the Certificate of Status.
Declarations of Singh and his retained attorney were filed in support of opposition to the demurrer. WW Insurance filed written objection to the declarations.
The superior court granted WW Insurance's request for judicial notice and sustained the demurrer to the second amended complaint without leave to amend. Citing Cleveland v. Gore Bros., Inc. (1936) 14 Cal.App.2d 681, the superior court stated that Singh, as Khalsa's assignee, was " 'subject to the same incapacities with respect to its commencement and prosecution' as the assignor corporation." It did not rule on the insurer's objection to the declarations filed in opposition to the demurrer, stating that the objection was moot.
B. Demurrer
Code of Civil Procedure section 430.30, subdivision (a), provides: "When any ground for objection to a complaint, cross-complaint, or answer appears on the face thereof, or from any matter of which the court is required to or may take judicial notice, the objection on that ground may be taken by a demurrer to the pleading."*fn2 "As a general rule in testing a pleading against a demurrer the facts alleged in the pleading are deemed to be true, however improbable they may be. (Griffith v. Department of Public Works, 141 Cal.App.2d 376 . . . .)" (Del E. Webb Corp. v. Structural Materials Co. (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 593, 604.)
Code of Civil Procedure section 430.10 states in pertinent part: "The party against whom a complaint or cross-complaint has been filed may object, by demurrer or answer as provided in Section 430.30, to the pleading on any one or more of the following grounds: . . . [¶] (b) The person who filed the pleading does not have the legal capacity to sue." "Unless the governing statute states otherwise, a complaint need not allege the plaintiff's capacity to sue." (Hydrotech Systems, Ltd. v. Oasis Waterpark (1991) 52 Cal.3d 988, 994, fn. 4; see Los Angeles Ry. Co. v. Davies (1905) 146 Cal. 179, 180-181.) Ordinarily, "[i]f lack of capacity does not appear on the face of the complaint, it cannot be raised by demurrer, but is a special plea in abatement. (See, e.g., Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc. (1967) 66 Cal.2d 368, 370 . . . ; Haley & Co. v. McVay (1924) 70 Cal.App. 438, 440 . . . ; 5 Witkin, Cal.Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Pleading, §§ 1055-1056, pp. 470-471.)" (Hydrotech Systems, Ltd. v. Oasis Waterpark, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 994, fn. 4.)
We examine the complaint de novo. (See McCall v. PacifiCare of Cal., Inc. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 412, 415.) "On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. We give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their context. (Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1126 . . . .) Further, we treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but do not assume the truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. (Ibid.; Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 966-967 . . . .)" (City of Dinuba v. County of Tulare (2007) 41 Cal.4th 859, 865.) "A reviewing court may consider facts judicially noticed by the trial court or those which the trial court properly could have noticed. (Evid.Code, § 459.)" (StorMedia Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 457, fn. 9.) When a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, "we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse. (Ibid.)" (City of Dinuba v. County of Tulare, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 865.) "If there is a reasonable possibility that the defect in a complaint can be cured by amendment, it is an abuse of discretion to sustain a demurrer without leave to amend. (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318 . . . .) The burden is on the plaintiff, however, to demonstrate the manner in which the complaint might be amended. (Goodman v. Kennedy (1976) 18 Cal.3d 335, 349 . . . .)" (Hendy v. Losse (1991) 54 Cal.3d 723, 742.)
C. Corporate Capacity to Sue
"Incapacity [to sue] is merely a legal disability, such as infancy or insanity, which deprives a party of the right to come into court." (Parker v. Bowron (1953) 40 Cal.2d 344, 351.) Under California law, a corporation ordinarily has the capacity to sue. (See Corp. Code, § 207 [corporation generally has "all of the powers of a natural person in carrying out its business activities"].) Thus, normally, "[a]n allegation by a plaintiff that it is a corporation is sufficient to show that it has the general capacity to sue. (Friendly Village Community Assn., Inc. v. Silva & Hill Constr. Co., supra, 31 Cal.App.3d at p. 224.)" (Color-Vue, Inc. v. Abrams (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1599, 1605; see California Steam Nav. Co. v. Wright (1856) 6 Cal. 258, 261.) Similarly, an allegation of assignment is ordinarily sufficient. (See California Steam Nav. Co. v. Wright, supra, 6 Cal. at p. 261.)
"Suspension of corporate powers results in a lack of capacity to sue, not a lack of standing to sue. (See Hydrotech Systems, Ltd. v. Oasis Waterpark (1991) 52 Cal.3d 988, 994, fn. 4 . . . ; Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc. (1967) 66 Cal.2d 368, 370 . . . .)" (Color-Vue, Inc. v. Abrams, supra, 44 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1603-1604, fn. omitted.)*fn3 A domestic corporation's powers, rights and privileges may be suspended for failure to pay any franchise tax, penalty, or interest (Rev. & Tax Code, § 23301) or failure to file a tax return (Rev. & Tax Code, § 23301.5). (See Rev. & Tax Code, §§ 23302 [transmission of name of corporate taxpayer subject to suspension to Secretary of State by Franchise Tax Board]; 21020 [notice requirement].) While its corporate rights are suspended for failure to pay taxes, a corporation may not prosecute or defend an action and may not appeal from an adverse judgment in an action. (See Reed v. Norman (1957) 48 Cal.2d 338, 343.) Additionally, under certain specified conditions, a corporation's powers, rights, and privileges may be suspended if a corporation fails to file annual statements of information pursuant to Corporations Code section 1502. (See Corp.Code, § 2205.) "[A] corporation suspended under the Corporations Code, like a corporation suspended under the Revenue and Taxation Code, is also disabled from participating in litigation activities." (Palm Valley Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Design MTC (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 553, 556.)
"[A] plea of lack of capacity of a corporation to maintain an action by reason of a suspension of corporate powers for nonpayment of its taxes 'is a plea in abatement which is not favored in law, is to be strictly construed, and must be supported by facts warranting the abatement' at the time of the plea. [Citations.]" (Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc., supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 370.) A corporation may be reinstated once it fulfills the statutory requirements. (See Rev. & Tax Code, § 23305 [application and issuance of certificate of reviver]; Corp. Code, § 2205, subd. (d) [relief from suspension]; see also Rev. & Tax Code, § 23305a ["Upon the issuance of the certificate by the Franchise Tax Board the taxpayer therein named shall become reinstated" and "certificate of revivor shall be prima facie evidence of the reinstatement"].)
D. Assignment of Insured Khalsa's Causes of Action against Insurer WW Insurance
1. Assigned Claims
"Originally codified in 1872, section 954 states: 'A thing in action, arising out of the violation of a right of property, or out of an obligation, may be transferred by the owner.' An assignment is a commonly used method of transferring a cause of action." (Essex Ins. Co. v. Five Star Dye House, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1252, 1259.) "Actions for bad faith against an insurer have generally been held to be assignable (Comunale v. Traders & General Ins. Co. (1958) 50 Cal.2d 654, 661-662 . . . .) . . . . Although some damages potentially recoverable in a bad faith action, including damages for emotional distress and punitive damages, are not assignable (Murphy, supra, 17 Cal.3d at p. 942 . . . ), the cause of action itself remains freely assignable as to all other damages (id. at p. 946 . . .)." (Id. at p. 1263.) In addition, "[a] breach of contract cause of action is assignable (Civ. Code, §§ 953, 954) . . . ." (Schaffter v. Creative Capital Leasing Group, LLC (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 745, 756.) The general rule is that "notice to the debtor or to creditors of the assignor is not essential to complete the assignment. [Citations.]" (Smith v. Harris (1954) 127 Cal.App.2d 311, 316.)
In this case, it appears from the face of the second amended complaint that the assignment, which allegedly took place in about August 2005, was valid. Even though respondent now insinuates that appellant backdated the assignment and seemingly disputes its validity by referring to the assignment as "dubious," "highly questionable," a "ruse," and a "pretense," "[a] demurrer is simply not the appropriate procedure for determining the truth of disputed facts." (Ramsden v. Western Union (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 873, 879.) "[T]he question of plaintiff's ability to prove [the complaint's] allegations, or the possible difficulty in making such proof does not concern the reviewing court . . . ." (Alcorn v. Anbro Engineering, Inc. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 493, 496.)
2. Cleveland v. Gore Bros., Inc.
The trial court cited Cleveland v. Gore Bros., Inc., supra, 14 Cal.App.2d 681 ("Cleveland") in support of its order sustaining the demurrer to the second amended complaint. Respondent now inaccurately represents that "Cleveland holds [that] the corporation's rights cannot be prosecuted by either the corporation or its assignee while the corporation is suspended."
In Cleveland, the plaintiff sought to recover damages for the wrongful "eviction of her assignor from leased premises." (Id. at p. 681.) The corporate assignor had been placed in suspended status for failure to pay taxes prior to the commencement of the action. (Id. at p. 682.) An answer asserting a statute of limitations defense was filed almost six months prior to the date of revivor of the corporation, which occurred after the statute of limitations had already run. (Id. at pp. 682-683.) The trial court, following trial, found that the plaintiff assignee " 'was subject to the same incapacities with respect to its commencement and prosecution as Dome Billiard & Bowling Company, during the period of time that its corporate rights, privileges and powers were suspended.' " (Id. at pp. 682-683.) The appellate court upheld the judgment, observing that the statute of limitations defense was asserted during the suspension. (Id. at p. 683.)
The result in Cleveland was consistent with the principles governing a statute of limitations defense against a corporation whose powers have been suspended, which were more fully articulated in cases subsequent to Cleveland. "[W]hen a suspended corporation commences an action during its suspension, the statute of limitations continues to run. (ABA Recovery Services, Inc. v. Konold, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at p. 725 . . . ; Welco Construction, Inc. v. Modulux, Inc. (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 69, 74 . . . .)" (Sade Shoe Co. v. Oschin & Snyder (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 1509, 1513.) "[T]he statute of limitations is regarded as a substantive defense, not a procedural right. [(Welco Construction, Inc. v. Modulux, Inc. (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 69, 73.)] Revival cannot be given a retroactive effect so as to permit the filing of an action at a time of incapacity to toll the running of the statute of limitations. In other words, if an action is commenced during the period of suspension and the corporate powers are revived after the limitations period expires, the revival does not toll the running of the limitations period. (See Hall v. Citizens Nat. Tr. & Sav. Bank (1942) 53 Cal.App.2d 625, 630-631 . . . .) In such a case, the plea is not one in abatement, but a plea of the statute of limitations-a substantive defense to the action on the merits. (Ibid.; see Welco Construction, Inc. v. Modulux, Inc., supra, 47 Cal.App.3d at p. 73.)" (Benton v. County of Napa (1991) 226 Cal.App.3d 1485, 1491.) The California Supreme Court viewed Cleveland as a case that "presented a statute of limitations problem." (Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc., supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 372.)
The Cleveland opinion does not state that the defendant had notice of the assignment before the lawsuit was filed, by which time the assignor corporation's powers had already been suspended. (Cleveland, supra, 14 Cal.App.2d at p. 682.) There was no issue in Cleveland concerning the timing of any notice of assignment with regard to the defenses available against an assignee. " 'It is axiomatic, of course, that a decision does not stand for a proposition not considered by the court.' [Citation.]" (Agnew v. State Bd. of Equalization (1999) 21 Cal.4th 310, 332.)
In this case, respondent did not file a general demurrer specifying that the action was barred by a statute of limitations.*fn4 Cleveland is inapposite to this appeal.
3. Alter Ego Doctrine
Respondent WW Insurance asserts that alter ego doctrine applies to Singh and he cannot circumvent the requirements of Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301 by the device of assignment. The applicability of alter ego doctrine involves facts beyond those appearing on the face of the complaint and judicially noticed and, therefore, could not be resolved on demurrer.
"Ordinarily, a corporation is regarded as a legal entity, separate and distinct from its stockholders, officers and directors, with separate and distinct liabilities and obligations. [Citations.]" (Sonora Diamond Corp. v. Superior Court (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 523, 538.) "[W]hile a corporation is usually regarded as an entity separate and distinct from its stockholders, both law and equity will, whenever necessary to circumvent fraud or protect the rights of third persons, disregard this distinct existence and treat them as identical. [Citations.]" (Katenkamp v. Superior Court in and for Santa Barbara County (1940) 16 Cal.2d 696, 700-701.) "There are . . . two general requirements: '(1) that there be such unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individual no longer exist and (2) that, if the acts are treated as those of the corporation alone, an inequitable result will follow.' (Automotriz etc. de California v. Resnick (1957) 47 Cal.2d 792, 796 . . . .)" (Mesler v. Bragg Management Co. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 290, 300; see Hollywood Cleaning & Pressing Co. v. Hollywood Laundry Service (1932) 217 Cal. 124, 129 (per curiam).) "[T]he corporate form will be disregarded only in narrowly defined circumstances and only when the ends of justice so require." (Mesler v. Bragg Management Co., supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 301.)
A variety of factors are relevant in determining whether alter ego doctrine applies. (See Associated Vendors, Inc. v. Oakland Meat Co. (1962) 210 Cal.App.2d 825, 838-840.) That determination is "a question of fact which necessarily varies according to the circumstances of each case. [Citations.]" (Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Inc. v. California Health Laboratories, Inc. (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 111, 119; see Glendale Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. v. Marina View Heights Dev. Co. (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 101, 155 [whether "individual is the alter ego of a corporation is a question of fact"].)
Respondent's special demurrer raised only the question whether appellant Singh had the legal capacity to sue. (Code Civ. Proc., § 430.10, subd. (b).) Appellant did not concede that he was the alter ego of Khalsa for purposes of demurrer. The allegation that Singh was the sole stockholder, which we must take as true for purposes of demurrer, does not in itself establish that Khalsa is his alter ego. (See Waters v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (1962) 58 Cal.2d 885, 898.) The factual allegations and judicially noticed facts did not establish that Singh was the alter ego of Khalsa as a matter of law for purposes of determining Singh's capacity to maintain this action as an assignee.
E. Defenses Against Assignee Singh
"As a general rule, the assignee of a chose in action stands in the shoes of his assignor, taking his rights and remedies subject to any right to offset or other defenses existing against the assignor prior to actual notice of the assignment. (Civ. Code, § 1459; Code Civ. Proc., § 368.)" (Salaman v. Bolt (1977) 74 Cal.App.3d 907, 919; see Bliss v. California Co-op. Producers (1947) 30 Cal.2d 240, 250.) Code of Civil Procedure section 368 provides in pertinent part: "In the case of an assignment of a thing in action, the action by the assignee is without prejudice to any set-off, or other defense existing at the time of, or before, notice of the assignment . . . ."*fn5 (See Civ. Code, § 18, subd. 1 [actual notice is "express information of a fact"].)
Citing two appellate cases, Royal Bank Export Finance Co. v. Bestways Distributing Co. (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 764 and Music Acceptance Corp. v. Lofing (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 610, appellant Singh contends, that "[o]nce the assignment of claims has been made, the assignee then 'stands in the shoes' of the assignor, and takes all rights and remedies of the assignor, subject to those defenses existing at the time of the assignment." (Emphasis in original.) The cited cases do not support appellant's assertion that the defenses against an assignee are limited to those existing at the time of assignment.
Royal Bank Export Finance Co. v. Bestways Distributing Co., supra, 229 Cal.App.3d 764 is entirely consistent with the general rule that a defendant may avail itself of any defense acquired against an assigned "chose in action" before it is notified of the assignment. In that case, the assignee bank sued for money due under a purchase order and the purchaser defended on the ground that the products delivered by the assignor were not merchantable. (Id. at pp. 765-766.) The appellate court stated: " 'The assignment merely transfers the interest of the assignor. The assignee "stands in the shoes" of the assignor, taking his rights and remedies, subject to any defenses which the obligor has against the assignor prior to notice of the assignment.' (1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1987) Contracts, § 948, p. 844.)" (Id. at p. at p. 768.)
Music Acceptance Corp. v. Lofing, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th 610, is completely distinguishable from this case. In that case, the defendant and cross-complainant purchased a defective piano from Sherman Clay & Co. (Sherman Clay) and "received financing through Sherman Clay's finance company." (Id. at p. 613.) After the defendant stopped making payments, the finance company sued defendant for breach of contract to recover the unpaid balance. (Id. at pp. 613, 621.) The parties agreed that Sherman Clay and its finance company were to be treated as the same entity. (Id. at p. 613, fn. 1.) In addition, "[t]he sales contract contained a clause providing that '[a]ny holder of this consumer credit contract is subject to all claims and defenses which the debtor could assert against the seller of goods or services obtained pursuant hereto, or with the proceeds hereof.' " (Id. at p. 622.) The appellate court agreed that the plaintiff financing company stood in the shoes of Sherman Clay and was subject to the same claims and defenses that the defendant had against Sherman Clay. (Id. at p. 622.) That was a matter of contract and stipulation.
Here, the second amended complaint alleged facts showing that the assignment occurred before the corporation's powers were suspended but contained no allegation indicating that WW Insurance had actual notice of the assignment before Singh filed the complaint, by which time Khalsa's powers, rights and privileges had already been suspended as indicated by the judicially noticed Certificate of Status.*fn6 Appellant Singh has not carried his burden of showing the second amended complaint might be amended to show that WW Insurance was notified of the assignment before the assignor corporation Khalsa was suspended.*fn7 Neither has he shown that the complaint might be amended to show that the corporation has been reinstated and "incapacity to sue" is no longer a viable ground for demurrer. (See Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc., supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 370 [approving several appellate decisions in which corporate plaintiffs were allowed to maintain lawsuits despite their suspension at the time the complaints were filed where corporate powers were revived by payment of delinquent taxes]; see also Peacock Hill Assn. v. Peacock Lagoon Constr. Co. (1972) 8 Cal.3d 369, 374 [corporate appellant whose powers were revived by payment of taxes entitled to proceed with appeal].)
F. No Public Policy Exception
Appellant Singh urges this court to recognize a public policy exception to the rule of corporate incapacity to sue where the lawsuit seeks damages for an insurer's misconduct against the corporation and that very misconduct led to the suspension of corporate powers, rights, and privileges. He argues that "public policy concerns dictate an insurance company must not be able to take advantage of it own wrongful conduct, as Respondent is alleged to be doing in this case." This court cannot create such an exception.
"The purpose of Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301 is to ' "prohibit the delinquent corporation from enjoying the ordinary privileges of a going concern," ' in order to pressure it into paying its taxes. (Peacock Hill Assn. v. Peacock Lagoon Constr. Co. (1972) 8 Cal.3d 369, 371 . . . .)" (Center for Self-Improvement and Community Development v. Lennar Corp. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1543, 1552.) Corporations Code section 2205 and Revenue and Taxation Code section 23302 presumably have similar purposes of forcing a corporation to file its annual information statement and to file its tax returns, respectively. Respondent is only an incidental beneficiary of the law. (See Gar-Lo, Inc. v. Prudential Sav. & Loan Assn. (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 242, 244.)
"The fundamental rule of statutory construction is that the court should ascertain the intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the law. [Citations.]" (Select Base Materials, Inc. v. Board of Equalization (1959) 51 Cal.2d 640, 645.) "If there is no ambiguity in the language of the statute, 'then the Legislature is presumed to have meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the language governs.' " (Lennane v. Franchise Tax Bd. (1994) 9 Cal.4th 263, 268.)
" '[A]s [the Supreme Court] has often recognized, the judicial role in a democratic society is fundamentally to interpret laws, not to write them. The latter power belongs primarily to the people and the political branches of government . . . .' (Kopp v. Fair Pol. Practices Com. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 607, 675 . . . (conc. opn. by Werdegar, J.).) It cannot be too often repeated that due respect for the political branches of our government requires us to interpret the laws in accordance with the expressed intention of the Legislature." (California Teachers Assn. v. Governing Bd. of Rialto Unified School Dist. (1997) 14 Cal.4th 627, 633.) "The judiciary, in reviewing statutes enacted by the Legislature, may not undertake to evaluate the wisdom of the policies embodied in such legislation; absent a constitutional prohibition, the choice among competing policy considerations in enacting laws is a legislative function. (See, e.g., Werner v. Southern Cal. etc. Newspapers (1950) 35 Cal.2d 121, 129-130 . . . .)" (Superior Court v. County of Mendocino (1996) 13 Cal.4th 45, 53.)
The judgment is affirmed. Appellant shall bear the costs of appeal.
WE CONCUR: PREMO, Acting P. J. McADAMS, J.
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Brief Summary
Capsicum annuum, bell, sweet, or chili pepper—with cultivated varieties including bell, sweet, chili, and paprika peppers—is a perennial herbaceous plants in the Solanaceae (nightshade family), which originated in Central and South America and the Caribbean and was domesticated over 5,000 years ago. Peppers from C. annuum have been developed into numerous varieties that are now cultivated around the world for sweet and hot varieties of green and red bell peppers and chili peppers, that are one of the world's most widely used spices, with dried forms including paprika, chili powder, and cayenne.
Capsicum annuum, which is perennial but often cultivated as an annual in temperate climates, is a many-branched plant, growing up to 75 cm (30 in) in cultivated varieties, often shrubby in appearance. The leaves are simple and alternate, elliptical to lanceolate, with smooth margins (entire). The small flowers (around 1.5 cm, or 1 in, in diameter), re borne singly or, rarely, in pairs in the axils (where leaves join stems); they are white or occasionally purple, campanulate (bell-shaped), often with 5 lobes, and contain 5 bluish stamens. The fruits are many-seeded berries--pod-like, but with no sutures—that vary considerably in size and shape, ripening to green, yellow, orange, red, or purple.
The numerous varieties that have been developed are categorized in five major groups: 1) Cerasiforme (cherry peppers); 2) Conoides (cone peppers); 3) Fasciculatum (red cone peppers); 4) Grossum (bell or sweet peppers); and 5) Longum (chili or cayenne peppers). These varieties include well-known Mexican peppers such as jalapeños, serranos, and poblanos. However, some pepper varieties known as chili and cayenne peppers come from the closely related species, C. frutescens, including the Tabasco varieties used in Tabasco sauce, and the intensely spicy Habanero peppers.
Peppers are used fresh, cooked, or dried in an enormous variety of dishes characteristic of different regional cuisines. They are high in vitamins A and C. Some varieties have been developed to use as ornamentals, often for indoor pots; these often have small, brightly-colored, persistent fruits.
Capsaicin, which is obtained from C. annuum and other Capsicum species, is an intense skin and eye irritant, and is the ingredient used in pepper sprays sold for self-defense. However, it also has numerous medical uses, including topical pain relief for muscle soreness, shingles, skin irritations, and rheumatism, and as an anti-inflammatory. Recent medical research has also documented antimicrobial and antifungal activity of capsaicin obtained from several Capsicum species, and on-going studies are exploring its use in cancer treatment.
Although known as pepper, Capsicum annuum is not closely related to the spice known as black pepper (Piper nigrum, in the Piperaceae), which was prominent in the spice trade of the Middle Ages, and for which Christopher Columbus may have been searching when he brought Capsicum annuum to Europe and referred to it by the same common name.
(Bailey et al. 1976, Chowdhury et al. 1996, Cichewicza and Thorpe 1996, Hedrick 1919, van Wyk 2005, Wikipedia 2012.)
"New Mexico chile" group
noun | encyclopedia/cuisine
Pronounced: \chil-ee, chee-lay\
IPA: /ˈtʃɪl i, ˈtʃi lɛ/
Definition of New Mexico chileDepiction of New Mexico chile, by Heaven Sent Gaming
Capsicum annuum L. 'New Mexico chile' group Cultivar of the shrub that produces perennial peppers (capsicum), native to the Americas. The edible fruit of New Mexico chile is a many-seeded, savory and lightly-pungent, long berry; which usually is green and matures to red. The New Mexico chile cultivar grows best along the Rio Grande, the Rio Grande Bosque, and in inland with New Mexico's unique "landrace" chile.
Cultural significance of the New Mexico chile within New Mexico
The New Mexico chile is not only important in New Mexico from a culinary aspect, as an essential part of New Mexican cuisine, but also as an economic value as a cash crop; and an even larger cultural value with family recipes, artistic depictions decorative arrangement of drying chile ristras, and deep symbolism of being sacred among the Acoma -to- being a respected state icon. As such, it is a primary part of New Mexican cuisine, and a part of the much more capacious Mexican cuisine and Southwestern American cuisine. Since the fruit is savory and not sweet, it is referred to as a vegetable, and is the New Mexico state vegetable. The New Mexico state question, "Red or Green?," references a common question at restaurants which refers to the choice of green chile or the matured red chile. Requesting the combination of red and green chile, is referred to as "Christmas".
Origin of New Mexico chile
There are multiple varieties of the New Mexico chile pepper, and each of them has a history of its own. The oldest forms of which can trace their lineage back 400+ years, to the Pueblo modern culture and the Spanish modern culture. However the modern New Mexico chile owes its roots to, being mixture of many of those Pueblo and Spanish peppers, being mixed by early horticulturalist Dr. Fabian Garcia. Most of the New Mexico chile peppers mature from green to red unless otherwise stated by the breeder. The most popular varieties are the 6-4, No. 6, No. 9, Anaheim, and Big Jim. The old Pueblo and Spanish town peppers often offer up a piquancy much different than the popular varieties, however their are the "Heritage" varieties of Heritage 6-4 and Heritage Big Jim which attempt to reclaim those variety's piquancy.
Family solanaceae; genus capsicum; species c. annuum; sub-cultivars anaheim, 6-4, sandia, big jim, española, zia pueblo,isleta pueblo, and others.
Alternate spellings exist; chile, green chile, red chile, numex pepper, chile Nuevo Méxicano.
First Known Use: 16th century as chile de nuevo mexico
Comprehensive Description
Derivation of specific name
Miscellaneous Details
Worldwide distribution
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
Habitat & Distribution
Aceria kuko causes gall of live leaf of Capsicum annuum
Foodplant / parasite
Aculops lycopersici parasitises leaf of Capsicum annuum
Foodplant / parasite
sporangium of Peronospora tabacina parasitises live Capsicum annuum
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
Tomato Spotted Wilt virus causes spots on ring-spotted, unevenly ripening fruit of Capsicum annuum
Population Biology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Contains the alkaloids capsaecine, solanidine and solasodine.
Barcode data: Capsicum annuum
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Capsicum annuum
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 13
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Fruit: Boiled as a curare admixture by the Surinam Tirio of Tepoe, Guyana Arawak and Macushi (and Brazil Tirio). Used as a remedy for serious indigestion due to alcohol consumption. Powerful stimulant; combined with quinine for intermittent fevers. Used in a gargle to remedy mouth sores. An extract is used to treat the first appearance of hemorrhoids.
Economic Uses
Uses: Fruit, Spice/herb/condiment, MEDICINE/DRUG
Comments: A common pepper of Mexican origin.
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America.[1][4] This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety of shapes and sizes of peppers, both mild and hot, ranging from bell peppers to chili peppers. Cultivars are descended from the wild American bird pepper still found in warmer regions of the Americas.[5] In the past some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many populations of C. annuum and there is no consistently recognizable C. frutescens species.[6]
Although the species name annuum means "annual" (from the Latin annus "year"), the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts can survive several seasons and grow into a large perennial shrub.[7] The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and up to 60 centimetres (24 in) tall. The fruit is a berry and may be green, yellow or red when ripe.[8] While the species can tolerate most climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates.
The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world.
In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers[9] and the hot varieties chillies,[10] whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is often used to encompass the hotter varieties. Americans call the sweet types "peppers" or "bell peppers" and the hot ones "chili peppers" or "chilies" (sometimes spelled "chiles").
Sweet peppers are very often used as a bulking agent in ready-made meals and take-away food, because they are cheap, have a strong flavor, and are colorful. Foods containing peppers, especially chili peppers, often have a strong aftertaste due to the presence of capsinoids in peppers. Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested, which can last for several hours after ingestion.
Hot peppers are used in medicine as well as food in Africa[11] and other places around the world.
English botanist John Lindley described C. annuum on page 509 of his 1838 'Flora Medica' thus:
|It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diphtheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignent Scarlet fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally.)
In ayurvedic medicine, C. annuum is classified as follows:[12]
- Gunna (properties) – ruksh (dry), laghu (light) and tikshan (sharp)
- Rasa dhatu (taste) – katu (pungent)
- Virya (potency) – ushan (hot)
Some cultivars grown specifically for their aesthetic value include the U.S. National Arboretum's Black Pearl[13] and the Bolivian Rainbow. Ornamental varieties tend to have unusually colored fruit and foliage with colors such as black and purple being notable. All are edible, and most (like Royal Black) are hot.
Dried Guajillo chile pod
See also[edit]
- International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
- List of Capsicum cultivars
- Capsicum
- Paprika
- Chili pepper
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capsicum annuum.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Capsicum annuum
- ^ a b "Capsicum annuum L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1997-01-22. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ Minguez Mosquera, M. I.; Hornero Mendez, D. (1994) "Comparative study of the effect of paprika processing on the carotenoids in peppers Capsicum annuum of the Bola and Agridulce varieties", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42(7): 1555-1560
- ^ "The Plant List".
- ^ Latham, Elizabeth (2009-02-03). "The colourful world of chillies". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ Francis, John K. (2003-09-09). "Capsicum annuum L. bird pepper - USDA Forest Service". Retrieved 2013-09-30.
- ^ Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu & William G. D'Arcy. "Capsicum annuum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 188. 1753". Flora of China 17. pp. 313–313.
- ^ Katzer, Gernot (May 27, 2008). "Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)". Retrieved December 1, 2012.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1 July 2006). Safety assessment of transgenic organisms: OECD consensus documents. OECD Publishing. pp. 299–. ISBN 978-92-64-02258-4. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
- ^ Pepper
- ^ Chilli
- ^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
- ^ "Capsicum Annuum". Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ "Capsicum annuum "Black Pearl"". U.S. National Arboretum. March 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
|This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011)
|Medium (SR: 2,500-10,000)
The jalapeño ( /ˌhaləˈpiːnjo/; Spanish: [xalaˈpeɲo]) is a fruit, a medium sized chili pepper with a warm, burning sensation when eaten. A mature jalapeño is 2–3½ inches (5–9 cm) long and is commonly picked and sold when still green, but occasionally when ripe and red. It is a cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum originating in Mexico. It is named after Xalapa, Veracruz, where it was traditionally cultivated. About 160 square km are dedicated for the cultivation in Mexico, primarily in the Papaloapan river basin in the north of the state of Veracruz and in the Delicias, Chihuahua area. Jalapeños are cultivated on smaller scales in Jalisco, Nayarit, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chiapas.
The jalapeño is variously named in Mexico as huachinango and chile gordo. The cuaresmeño closely resembles the jalapeño. The seeds of a cuaresmeño have the heat of a jalapeño, but the flesh has a mild flavor close to a green bell pepper.
As of 1999[update], 5,500 acres (22 km2) in the United States were dedicated to the cultivation of jalapeños. Most jalapeños are produced in southern New Mexico and western Texas.
Jalapeños are a pod type of Capsicum. The growing period is 70–80 days. When mature, the plant stands two and a half to three feet tall. Typically a plant produces twenty-five to thirty-five pods. During a growing period, a plant will be picked multiple times. As the growing season ends, jalapeños start to turn red. Jalapeños thrive in a number of soil types, and temperatures if they are provided with adequate water. Once picked, individual peppers ripen to red of their own accord. The peppers can be eaten green or red.
Jalapeños have 2,500 - 8,000 Scoville heat units. Compared to other chilis, the jalapeño has a heat level that varies from mild to hot depending on cultivation and preparation. The heat, caused by capsaicin and related compounds, is concentrated in the membrane (placenta) surrounding the seeds, which are called picante. Handling fresh jalapeños may cause skin irritation. Some handlers wear latex or vinyl gloves while cutting, skinning, or seeding jalapeños. When preparing jalapeños, hands should not come in contact with the eyes as this leads to burning and redness.
Jalapeño is of Nahuatl and Spanish origin. The Spanish suffix -eño signifies that the noun originates in the place modified by the suffix, similar to the English -(i)an. The jalapeño is named after the Mexican town of Xalapa (also spelled Jalapa). Xalapa is itself of Nahuatl derivation, formed from roots xal-li "sand" and a-pan "water place."
Serving styles
- Chiles toreados are fresh jalapeños that are sauteed in oil until the skin is blistered all over. They are sometimes served with melted cheese on top.
- Chipotles are smoked, ripe jalapeños.
- Jalapeño jelly can be prepared using jelling methods.
- Jalapeño peppers are often muddled and served in mixed drinks.
- Jalapeño poppers, also called armadillo eggs, are an appetizer; jalapeños are stuffed with cheese, usually cheddar or cream cheese, breaded or wrapped in bacon, and cooked.[1][2]
- Stuffed jalapeños are hollowed out fresh jalapeños (served cooked or raw) that are stuffed, often with a mix containing seafood, meat, poultry, and/or cheese.
- Texas toothpicks are jalapeños and onions shaved into straws, lightly breaded, and deep fried.[3]
See also
- List of capsicum cultivars
- Washington's Birthday Celebration in Laredo, Texas, which includes the annual Jalapeño Festival in February.
- Habanero
- List of North American hot sauces
- Scoville scale
Fresno pepper
|Medium (SR: 2,500-10,000)
The Fresno chili pepper a cultivar of Capsicum annuum, with bell peppers and other chili peppers. It is similar to the Jalapeño pepper but it is significantly hotter (2500-10000 Scoville units) increasing in heat as it ripens. It is frequently used for ceviche and making salsa. They do not dry well and are not good for chili powder.
Health benefits
Since the Fresno chili is riper and redder than the jalapeño, it has more vitamins, most notably Vitamin C. They are an excellent source of B vitamins, and contain significant amounts of iron, thiamin, niacin, magnesium and riboflavin. They are low in calories, fat, and sodium.[1]
See also
|This Mexican cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Cayenne pepper
A large red cayenne
|Scoville scale
The cayenne pepper, also known as the Guinea spice,[1] cow-horn pepper, red hot chili pepper, aleva, bird pepper,[2] or, especially in its powdered form, red pepper, is a cultivar of Capsicum annuum related to bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika, and others. The Capsicum genus is in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is a hot chili pepper used to flavor dishes. It is named for the city of Cayenne in French Guiana.
The fruits are generally dried and ground, or pulped and baked into cakes, which are then ground and sifted to make the powdered spice of the same name.
Cayenne is used in cooking spicy dishes, as a powder or in its whole form (such as in Korean, Sichuan, and other Asian cuisine), or in a thin, vinegar-based sauce. It is generally rated at 30,000 to 50,000 Scoville units. It is also used as an herbal supplement, and was mentioned by Nicholas Culpeper in his Complete Herbal, 1653, as "guinea pepper",[3] a misnomer for "guiana pepper".[1]
Most cultivated varieties of cayenne, Capsicum annuum, can be grown in a variety of locations and need around 100 days to mature. Peppers prefer warm, moist, nutrient-rich soil in a warm climate. The plants grow to about 0.5–1 m (20–39 in) long in height and should be spaced 1 m (3 ft 3 in) apart.[4] In gardens, the plants may be planted as close as 30 cm (1 ft) long apart in a raised bed. This may reduce the yield of an individual plant, but will increase yields per unit area.
Chilis are mostly perennial in subtropical and tropical regions; however, they are usually grown as annuals in temperate climates. They can be overwintered if protected from frost, and require some pruning.[5]
Cayenne pepper, by weight, is relatively high in vitamin A. It also contains vitamin B6, vitamin E, vitamin C, riboflavin, potassium, and manganese.[6] However, given the very small amount of cayenne pepper typically consumed in a serving, it makes a negligible contribution to overall dietary intake of these nutrients.
Cayenne pepper consumption dilates the blood vessels and speeds the metabolism due to the high amounts of capsaicin. With the consumption of cayenne peppers, the amount of heat the human body puts off is influenced. In animal studies, capsaicin has the ability to boost metabolism, which in turn causes weight loss. This increases circulation and blood flow to all major organs, facilitating oxygen and nutrient delivery. Capsaicin may support a healthy energy balance[7] while suppressing appetite. Capsaicin has been shown to increase energy expenditure, so acts as a metabolism booster and is beneficial in long-term weight loss.[8] A correlation has been shown between substrate oxidation and capsaicin. Capsaicin treatment sustained fat oxidation during weight maintenance, but did not affect on weight regain after modest weight loss. [9]
Cayenne pepper is also claimed to be an aphrodisiac because it contains capsaicin. It has also been shown to aid in the oxidation of adipose tissue,[10] regulate high blood pressure, promote healthy liver function and tissue production, help regulate the digestive system, and promote healthy mucus production in the membranes that line internal organs.
In cuisine[edit]
Cayenne is a popular spice in a variety of cuisines. It is employed variously in its fresh form, dried and powdered, and as dried flakes. It is also a key ingredient in a variety of hot sauces, particularly those employing vinegar as a preservative. Cayenne pepper is often spread on sandwiches or similar items to add a spicy flavor. Buffalo wing sauce often contains cayenne.
In beverages[edit]
Beverage foods are emerging with cayenne extract as an active ingredient.[11][12] One example is Bonavitas cayenne pepper energy drinks.[13]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Culpeper, Nicholas (1814) [1653]. "Guinea Pepper". Culpeper's Complete Herbal. David Hand (Web publication). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Therapeutic Research Faculty (2009). "Capiscum". Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Consumer Version). WebMD. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ The pepper from Guinea is Aframomum melegueta, "Malagueta pepper".
- ^ Brown, Ellen (27 April 2006). "Growing: Cayenne". ThriftyFun.com. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ South Devon Chilli Farm (2010). "Chilli Seed Propagation and Plant Care". South Devon Chilli Farm. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ "Nutrition Facts: Spices, pepper, red or cayenne". Nutrition Data. Condé Nast Digital. 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Westerterp-Plantenga, MS; Reinbach, HC; Smeets, A; Martinussen, T; Møller, P (June 2009). "Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance.". Clinical Nutrition 28 (3).
- ^ Diepvens, K; Westerterp K; Westerterp-Plantenga M. "Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea". The American Journal of Psychology 292: 77–85.
- ^ Lejeune, M; Kovacs E; Westerterp-Plantegna M (2003). "Effect of capsaicin on substrate oxidation and weight maintenance after modest body-weight loss in human subjects". British Journal of Nutrition 90: 651–659. doi:10.1079/bjn2003938.
- ^ Takahashi, M; Snitker, S; Fujishima, Y; Ott, S; Pi-Sunyer, X; Furuhata, Y; Sato, H (Jan 2009). "Effects Of Novel Capsinoid Treatment On Fatness And Energy Metabolism In Humans: Possible Pharmacogenetic Implications.". American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition. 1 89.
- ^ Latif, Ray (30 May 2011). "Extreme and Edgy Flavors". Beverage Spectrum Magazine (Bevnet). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Stanton Lee, Kendra (March 2011). "Slimming Prospects". Beverage Spectrum Magazine (Bevnet). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ "Bonavitas Cayenne Pepper Energy Drink". PRWeb (USA). 30 June 2011.
Further reading[edit]
- Nutrient Data Laboratory et al. "99369: Peppers, cayenne, raw (Capsicum annuum)". USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods (2.1 ed.). p. 68 (PDF p. 3). Retrieved 13 July 2011. [dead link]
|Very hot
Dundicuts are a variety of small, round (approx. 1/2" to 1" diameter), dark red chili peppers grown in Pakistan. Dundicuts are similar in size and flavor to Scotch bonnet peppers, but not as hot, and are of a different species. A major commercial spice vendor describes dundicuts as "quite hot, with a full-bodied, complex flavor. A single crushed pepper will add heat and flavor to a dish for two."[1] Dundicuts have a heat rating of 55,000-65,000 Scoville Units.[1]
- ^ a b "Dundicut Peppers". Penzeys Spices. http://www.penzeys.com/cgi-bin/penzeys/p-penzeysdundicut.html. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
|This Pakistani cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Bell pepper
Bell pepper, also known as sweet pepper, capsicum or a pepper (in the UK), is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum (chili pepper). Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange and green. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers". Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Pepper seeds were later carried to Spain in 1493 and from there spread to other European, African and Asian countries. Today, Mexico remains one of the major pepper producers in the world.
The misleading name "pepper" (pimiento in Spanish) was given by Christopher Columbus upon bringing the plant back to Europe. At that time peppercorns, the fruit of Piper nigrum, an unrelated plant originating from India, were a highly prized condiment; the name "pepper" was at that time applied in Europe to all known spices with a hot and pungent taste and so naturally extended to the newly discovered Capsicum genus. The most commonly used alternative name of the plant family, "chili", is of Central American origin. Bell peppers are botanically fruits, but are generally considered in culinary contexts to be vegetables.
While the bell pepper is a member of the Capsicum genus, it is the only Capsicum apart from Capsicum rhomboideum that does not produce capsaicin,[1] a lipophilic chemical that can cause a strong burning sensation when it comes in contact with mucous membranes. The lack of capsaicin in bell peppers is due to a recessive form of a gene that eliminates capsaicin and, consequently, the "hot" taste usually associated with the rest of the Capsicum genus.[2]
The term "bell pepper" or "pepper" or "capsicum" is often used for any of the large bell shaped capsicum fruits, regardless of their color. In British English, the fruit is simply referred to as a "pepper", or additionally by colour (as in the term "green pepper", for example), whereas in many Commonwealth of Nations countries, such as Australia, India, Malaysia and New Zealand, they are called "capsicum". Across Europe, the term "paprika", which has its roots in the word for pepper, is used—sometimes referred to by their color (e.g., "groene paprika", "gele paprika", in Dutch, which are green and yellow, respectively). Paprika also refers to the powdered spice made from the fruits in the Capsicum genus.[3] In France, it is called "poivron", with the same root as "poivre" (meaning "pepper"), or "piment". In Korea, the word 피망 ("piman" from the French) refers to green bell peppers, whereas 파프리카 ("papurika" from paprika) refers to bell peppers of other colors.
The color can be green, red, yellow, orange and more rarely, white, rainbow (between stages of ripening) and purple, depending on when they are harvested and the specific cultivar. Green peppers are less sweet and slightly more bitter than red, yellow or orange peppers. The taste of ripe peppers can also vary with growing conditions and post-harvest storage treatment; the sweetest are fruit allowed to ripen fully on the plant in full sunshine, while fruit harvested green and after-ripened in storage are less sweet.
|None (SR:0)
|Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
|84 kJ (20 kcal)
|4.64 g
|- Sugars
|2.40 g
|- Dietary fiber
|1.7 g
|0.17 g
|0.86 g
|Thiamine (Vit. B1)
|0.057 mg (5%)
|Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
|0.028 mg (2%)
|Niacin (Vit. B3)
|0.480 mg (3%)
|Pantothenic acid (B5)
|0.099 mg (2%)
|Vitamin B6
|0.224 mg (17%)
|Folate (Vit. B9)
|10 μg (3%)
|Vitamin C
|80.4 mg (97%)
|10 mg (1%)
|0.34 mg (3%)
|10 mg (3%)
|20 mg (3%)
|175 mg (4%)
|0.13 mg (1%)
|Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
Nutritional value
Compared to green peppers, red peppers have more vitamins and nutrients and contain the antioxidant lycopene. The level of carotene, like lycopene, is nine times higher in red peppers. Red peppers have twice the vitamin C content of green peppers.[4] Also, one large red bell pepper contains 209 mg of vitamin C, which is almost three times the 70 mg of an average orange.
|United States
|Korea, South
- Note: Serbia before 2006 incl. Montenegro
See also
|Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bell pepper
- ^ http://www.chiliwonders.com/chili.scoville.htm
- ^ "The World's Healthies Foods". http://whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=50. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
- ^ Azhar Ali Farooqi; B. S. Sreeramu; K. N. Srinivasappa (2005). Cultivation of Spice Crops. Universities Press. pp. 336–. ISBN 9788173715211. http://books.google.com/books?id=7KPUlXxOYZAC&pg=PA336. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ http://www.fitsugar.com/node/167874/results
- ^ "Table 64--World bell and chile peppers: Production 1990-2007". United States Department of Agriculture. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/ers/BellAndChile/Table64.xls. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
Common Names
French Guiana: piment. Surinam Kaxuyana: ah-se-se. Surinam Sranan: pepra, pepre. Surinam Tirio: pom-we. Surinam Tirio of Tepoe: pom-wa.
The practice of referring woody plants of this species to Capsicum frutescens Linnaeus has little merit since herbaceous plants often become woody with age, and other characters supposed to distinguish the two species occur in various populations in both herbaceous and woody plants.
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: For North America and the U.S. Caribbean, Kartesz (1999) recognizes two varieties of Capsicum annuum, with var. annuum present in this range only as an exotic, and var. glabriusculum present as a native (although an exotic in portions of its range). Two other varieties have sometimes been recognized: var. aviculare is included by Kartesz in his var. glabriusculum, and var. frutescens is included by him in his var. annuum. LEM 17Jan00.
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Revoltech toys - highly jointed, poseable figures from Kaiyodo Japan featuring the "revolver-tech" joint system.
Show off your Revoltech toys!
Additional Info
- Members can post 25 things to the pool each day.
- Accepted content types: Photos, Images, Art, Screenshots
- Accepted safety levels: Safe


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Our friends at @3000_waves to Fight Cancer are headed down the coast right now on a 30 day road trip from SF to SD. Their goal is to raise 100K! Check out their site www.3000waves.surf and spread the word! Yew!


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Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
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Supreme Court of Hawaii
June 28, 2013
GERALD VILLANUEVA, Petitioner,v.STATE OF HAWAII, Respondent.
Mark E. Recktenwald, C.J., Paula A. Nakayama, Simeon R. Acoba, Jr., Sabrina S. McKenna, and Richard W. Pollack, JJ.
Upon consideration of petitioner Gerald Villanueva's "Declaration of Independence of 1776 Oath of Allegiance to the Republic of Hawai[']i", which was filed on May 3, 2013, and which we review as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, the supporting documents and the record, it appears that habeas corpus relief is available to petitioner in the circuit court and petitioner presents no special reason for the supreme court to invoke its original jurisdiction at this time. See Oili v. Chang, 57 Haw. 411, 412, 557 P.2d 787, 788 (1976). Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the clerk of the appellate court shall process the petition for a writ of habeas corpus without payment of the filing fee.
IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied.
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Porto - 135cm (Double) Headboard Fabric A
Description - Dimensions - Features
Porto 135cm Headboard Fabric A in a choice of covers
Width: 135cm
Depth: cm
Height: 65cm
Contemporary Design
Pillow Board
Choice Of Fabrics
All screens vary in colour reproduction and whilst every effort has been made to display the colour as accurately as possible it is for guidance only.
Product Reviews
23rd February 2015
"Great headboard"
5th November 2013
"Very happy with service when ordering. Delivery was also excellent ; the guys were very helpfull."
Item Number: 9000151914
Availability: This item is made to order
Lead Time: Made for you in Approx 6 weeks
Delivery Charges: Click here for details
Delivery Options:
- Fishpools Home Delivery
- FREE Collect In Store