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United States District Court, N.D. New York
September 16, 2014
SOUTHBRIDGE 21 LLC, Plaintiff,v.THE STANDARD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant.
Hinman, Howard Law Firm, RICHARD C. LEWIS, ESQ., Binghamton, NY, for the Plaintiff.
Bond, Schoeneck Law Firm, SUZANNE O. GALBATO, ESQ., Syracuse, NY, for the Defendant.
GARY L. SHARPE, Chief District Judge.
I. Introduction
Plaintiff Southbridge 21 LLC commenced this diversity action against defendant Standard Fire Insurance Company, alleging breach of contract and "willful[] and negligent[] refus[al] to bargain in good faith." (Compl., Dkt. No. 1.) Pending is Standard Fire's motion for partial dismissal of the complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). (Dkt. No. 8.) For the reasons that follow, the motion is granted.
II. Background
A. Facts[1]
In 2011, Standard Fire issued a Standard Flood Insurance Policy (SFIP), pursuant to the National Flood Insurance Act[2] (NFIA), to Southbridge. (Compl. ¶ 9; Dkt. No. 1 at 7, 9-27.) The SFIP policy period ran from July 16, 2011 to July 16, 2012, and provided $250, 000 of coverage for Southbridge's Binghamton, New York, business property, and an additional $50, 000 of coverage for the contents of the property. (Compl. ¶¶ 11-13.) In September 2011, as a result of a flood caused by Tropical Storm Lee, the property was damaged in the amount of $472, 000. ( Id. ¶¶ 14, 15.) Thereafter, Southbridge filed a timely notice of loss, and complied with the requirements of the SFIP. ( Id. ¶ 16.) After conducting its own investigation, however, Standard Fire failed to tender the full amount of the coverage available under the policy or "bargain in good faith, " despite Southbridge's repeated demands that Standard Fire tender the full amount and requests that Standard Fire "amicably settle" with Southbridge. ( Id. ¶¶ 17, 20-22, 25, 28.)
B. Procedural History
Southbridge commenced this action on April 4, 2014. ( See generally Compl.) In its complaint, Southbridge asserts two causes of action: (1) breach of contract and (2) "willful[] and negligent[] refus[al] to bargain in good faith." ( Id. ¶¶ 8-23, 24-30.) On June 2, 2014, Standard Fire filed the now-pending pre-answer partial motion to dismiss, seeking dismissal only of Southbridge's second cause of action, along with Southbridge's requests for extra-contractual damages, costs, and disbursements. (Dkt. No. 8; Dkt. No. 8, Attach. 1 at 2.)
III. Standard of Review
The standard of review applicable to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) motions is well settled and will not be repeated here. For a full discussion of the standard, the court refers the parties to its decision in Ellis v. Cohen & Slamowitz, LLP, 701 F.Supp.2d 215, 218 (N.D.N.Y. 2010).
IV. Discussion
In brief, relying on "[a] national body of case law, " Standard Fire argues that, under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the only remedy available for contesting flood coverage determinations is one for breach of contract, alleging breach of the SFIP. (Dkt. No. 8, Attach. 1 at 4-7.) In response, relying on only one case from the District of Connecticut, and impermissibly attaching affidavits and exhibits to its opposition papers, [3] Southbridge contends that the NFIA's regulations specifically contemplate extra-contractual claims, such as negligence claims, rendering dismissal of its second cause of action inappropriate. (Dkt. No. 13 at 3-6.) The court agrees with Standard Fire.
Below, the court first briefly discusses the interplay between the NFIP and private insurance companies, and then addresses the merits of the parties' arguments.
A. The National Flood Insurance Program
The NFIP was created in 1968 by the NFIA in order to make it more economic for the private insurance industry to make flood insurance available to those who need it, "on reasonable terms and conditions." 42 U.S.C. § 4001(b); see Palmieri v. Allstate Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 179, 183 (2d Cir. 2006). The NFIP is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and is "supported by the federal treasury, which pays for claims that exceed revenues collected by private insurers from flood insurance premiums." Palmieri, 445 F.3d at 183 (citation omitted). Thus, "an insured's flood insurance claims are ultimately paid by FEMA." Gibson v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co., 289 F.3d 943, 947 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Van Holt v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 163 F.3d 161, 166-67 (3d Cir. 1998)).
FEMA is authorized to "prescribe regulations establishing the general method or methods by which proved and approved claims for losses may be adjusted and paid for any damage to or loss of property which is covered by flood insurance." 42 U.S.C. § 4019(a). "Pursuant to its authority under 42 U.S.C. § 4081(a), FEMA created the [Write Your Own] [(]WYO[)] Program, which allows private insurers, also known as WYO companies, ' to issue and administer flood-risk policies under the NFIP." Jacobson v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 672 F.3d 171, 174-75 (2d Cir. 2012); see 44 C.F.R. Pt. 62, app. A. As the Third Circuit has explained, while "FEMA regulations require a WYO company to defend claims, " "FEMA will reimburse the WYO company for defense costs, " and "[a]fter a WYO company depletes its net premium income, FEMA reimburses the company for the company's claims payments." Van Holt, 163 F.3d at 166. Thus, while the private insurance companies administer the federal program, "[i]t is the Government, not the companies, that pays the claims, " Palmieri, 445 F.3d at 184, and, therefore, "a lawsuit against a WYO company[, ]" like Standard Fire in this case, "is, in reality, a suit against FEMA, " Van Holt, 163 F.3d at 166-67.
WYO companies, thus, act as "fiscal agents of the United States, " 42 U.S.C. § 4071(a)(1), "but they are not general agents and therefore must strictly enforce the provisions set out in the regulations, varying the terms of a policy only with FEMA's express written consent." Jacobson, 672 F.3d at 175 (citing 44 C.F.R. §§ 61.4(b), 61.13(d)(e), 62.23(c)-(d)). Notably, the flood insurance policies issued by WYO companies all have the same terms and conditions as the SFIP here; indeed, the standard terms and conditions are codified regulations. Compare 44 C.F.R. pt. 61. app. A(2), with (Dkt. No. 1 at 10-27.)
B. Southbridge's Second Cause of Action
Standard Fire seeks to dismiss Southbridge's second cause of action, arguing that any extra-contractual claims are preempted by federal law. (Dkt. No. 8, Attach. 1 at 4-7.) Southbridge counters that its second cause of action is cognizable under FEMA's regulations. (Dkt. No. 13 at 3-6.) Again, the court agrees with Standard Fire.
The Second Circuit has noted that the FEMA regulations explicitly state that "all disputes arising from the handling of any claim under [a NFIP] policy are governed exclusively by the flood insurance regulations issued by FEMA, the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, and Federal common law."[4] Jacobson, 672 F.3d at 174 (quoting 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. IX). Accordingly, absent authorization by the NFIA and/or the SFIP, an insured may not assert extra-contractual claims against a WYO company.
Although the Second Circuit has not spoken on this issue, other circuits have held that the NFIA does not expressly authorize insureds to bring extra-contractual state law claims[5] related to the handling of a claim.[6] See Wright v. Allstate Ins. Co., 415 F.3d 384, 389-90 (5th Cir. 2005) ( Wright I ") (holding that state law tort claims arising from claims handling by a WYO are preempted by federal law); Wright v. Allstate Ins. Co., 500 F.3d 390, 394 (5th Cir. 2007) (" Wright II ") ("Even though the NFIA does allow a policyholder to sue a WYO insurer for amounts due under the contract, nowhere in the NFIA or the SFIP does Congress explicitly reference any right of a policyholder to bring extra-contractual claims against a WYO insurer."); C.E.R. 1988, Inc. v. The Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 386 F.3d 263, 270-72 (3d Cir. 2004) (holding that the NFIA preempts state law and "conclud[ing] that the application of state tort law would impede Congress's objectives... to reduce fiscal pressure on federal flood relief efforts"); Gibson, 289 F.3d at 949 ("[M]ost courts have consistently found that NFIA preempts state law claims that are based on the handling and disposition of [Policy] claims.").
Ignoring this case law, and the numerous district court decisions from across the country cited in Standard Fire's moving brief, (Dkt. No. 8, Attach. 1 at 5-6), Southbridge relies entirely on a recent decision from the District of Connecticut, Ragusa Corp. v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., No. 3:12-CV-01609, 2014 WL 1281314, at *3-4 (D. Conn. Mar. 27, 2014). In Ragusa, the plaintiffs brought an action against Standard Fire to recover amounts allegedly due under a flood insurance policy, alleging, among other things, breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Id. at *1-2. Like here, Standard Fire argued that the plaintiff's extra-contractual claims should be dismissed as preempted by the NFIA. Id. at *3. Dismissing this argument, the court cited a provision of the regulations issued by FEMA-titled "Limitation on Litigation Costs"-which, in essence, permits the FEMA Office of the Chief Counsel, together with the Federal Insurance Administrator, to determine that certain "litigation is grounded in actions by the [WYO c]ompany that are significantly outside the scope of this Arrangement, and/or involves issues of agent negligence, " and refuse to reimburse the WYO company for any award or judgment for damages and litigation costs. Id. at *4 (citing 44 C.F.R. pt. 62, app. A, Art. III(D)(3)).[7] Based solely on this language, the court concluded that extra-contractual claims could survive because "the flood insurance regulations issued by FEMA contemplate the possibility of negligence and/or other litigation actions against insurance companies that fall significantly outside the scope of the Standard Flood Insurance Policy Arrangement." Id.
This court, however, is satisfied that Ragusa is an outlier, and is persuaded instead that the limitation on litigation costs provision in FEMA's regulations is neither an explicit nor implicit invitation for extra-contractual claims. Indeed, dicta from the Third Circuit's decision in C.E.R. seems to support this notion: "FEMA ordinarily will be responsible financially for the costs of defending a lawsuit against a WYO company. The efficiency goals of the Program, on balance, would better be served by requiring claimants to resolve their disputes by means of the remedies FEMA provides." 386 F.3d at 271; see Wright I, 415 F.3d at 390 (noting that, in C.E.R., the Third Circuit "implicitly rejected the argument that state law tort claims against WYOs should not be preempted because FEMA might refuse to reimburse the WYO in some cases"). Additionally, the District of New Jersey has explained that, "because the determination by an executive branch official as to whether to deny a WYO company reimbursement... can only be made after a money judgment has been awarded, " allowing certain claims to survive "on the presumption that a FEMA official will later make a determination that [the insurance company]'s costs are non-reimbursable in reality asks this court to usurp the FEMA official's role and make a determination before-the-fact that the official will judge the funds non-reimbursable." Residences at Bay Point Condo. Ass'n, Inc. v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., No. 13-02380, 2013 WL 6252692, at *12 n.9 (D.N.J. Dec. 4, 2013). The court declines to usurp that decision-making here.
Thus, the court agrees with the majority of courts that have opined on this issue, including those cited at length in Standard Fire's moving brief, (Dkt. No. 8, Attach 1 at 5-6), and holds that Southbridge's second cause of action is preempted by federal law. Accordingly, Southbridge's second cause of action is dismissed.
V. Conclusion
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that Standard Fire Insurance Company's partial motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 8) is GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that Southbridge's second cause of action, along with its requests for extra-contractual damages, costs, and disbursements, are DISMISSED; and it is further
ORDERED that the parties notify Magistrate Judge David E. Peebles in order to schedule further proceedings in accordance with this Memorandum-Decision and Order; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk provide a copy of this Memorandum-Decision and Order to the parties.
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Vince Staples Loves Fergie, and Joy DivisionThe rapper reveals that Joy Division influenced his album 'Summertime '06.'
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Fergie's Racy New Song 'M.I.L.F. $' is Here"M.I.L.F. $" is the first single off her upcoming new album, which will be her first new music since 2006's 'The Dutchess.'
Fergie Teases 'Hungry' from Upcoming 'Double Dutchess'"Hungry—not thirsty—hungry," incants Fergie, who sits for a futuristic eye exam and takes shears to her own hair extensions in the clip.
Fergie Teases 'Hungry (1st Byte)' VideoWe're getting closer to new Fergie music.
Fergie Teases New Music VideoThe black and white clip cuts quickly and opens with the lyrics "To say it's complicated, understatement of the year."
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How to Recover an Unsaved Word Document on a Mac
Microsoft Word on a Mac computer includes an AutoRecovery option. This is turned on by default when you install Word on OS X so that the app will automatically save a copy of an open document every 10 minutes. If Word freezes while you're working on a file, or if the computer crashes, you can find and use the AutoRecovery copy after you restart Word. This is a way to recover work you haven't saved, up to the point of Word's last automatic save.
Step 1
Press "Command" and "N" simultaneously to open a new Finder window on the Mac's screen. In the left pane, under devices, choose the entire computer as the location to search. Enter "AutoRecovery" in the Search field.
Step 2
Select the file you want from the list of files returned by the search. The names of auto-recovered files begin with "AutoRecovery save of" followed by the same name as the Word document that was lost.
Step 3
Double-click the recovered file. The file is opened in Microsoft Word.
Step 4
Click the "File" menu and select "Save As." Type a new name for the file into the "Name" field at the top of the dialog box that appears on the screen. Select a folder for the file and click the "Save" button.
Tips & Warnings
- You can change how often AutoRecover saves your documents. To do this, open Word Preferences from Word's File menu.


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Description from the manager
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Homemade Mayonnaise
Total Time
Prep 30 mins
Cook 5 mins
super easy! Doesn't hold a candle to anything store-bought. Don't be intimidated, grab your blender and make some mayo to make those tastebuds sing and dance!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 egg
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 1⁄2 cup olive oil
- 1⁄2 cup cooking oil
- 1⁄8 teaspoon black pepper
- 1⁄8 teaspoon Tabasco sauce
- 1⁄8 teaspoon Grey Poupon
- 1⁄8 teaspoon Lawry's Seasoned Salt
- crack egg, let sit at room temperature for 30 minute.
- blend egg at medium speed, slowly adding lemon juice.
- combine oils in separate container, and add to mixture through top hole of blender in a tiny stream.
- add remaining ingredients, let blend 2-3 minutes more.
- transfer to container with a lid, and refrigerate 30 minutes before serving.
Most Helpful
Oh wow, is this good stuff or what! I've never tried to make my own before and this recipe has changed my mind. We loved it and it was so easy. Thanks for sharing. Made for Spring PAC 2012.


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Josette Laughlin
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|Being supernatural doesn't change who you are. I should know, I'm an ex-witch who's about to marry an ex-vampire. Deep down, you know who you are and what you want.
— Jo to Elena in I'd Leave My Happy Home For You
Josette "Jo" Laughlin (born Parker) was a major recurring character in The Vampire Diaries. Jo was the twin sister of Kai Parker, the older sister of Joey Parker and three deceased unnamed siblings, as well as Liv and Luke Parker. She was a doctor at the university hospital and described herself as a non-practicing witch, as she had relinquished her magic into a knife for safe keeping. This process is reversed in Christmas Through Your Eyes when she reactivates her powers after being given incentive by her twin, Malachai. Not being ready to merge with Kai, Luke takes her place and begins the merge. After the merge, Jo sees Kai and Luke unconscious and rushes over to Luke. Jo discovers that Kai won the merge and she cradles Luke's body as she mourns him. Although she loathed Kai for destroying her family, she agreed to help him with his post merge sickness by transferring her magic to him, considering the whole Gemini coven may suffer with his death. It is later discovered that she is pregnant with Alaric's baby and the two immediately get engaged. However, Jo was killed by Kai in I'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime at her wedding. In I Carry Your Heart With Me, Josette's body was resurrected by Bonnie through using the Phoenix Stone, making her one of the few resurrected supernatural beings that came back after the Other Side's collapse; however, only her body was alive as an unknown spirit previously preserved in the Phoenix stone inhabited her corpse.
Jo was a member of the Parker Family, and also a member of the Gemini Coven.
HistoryWhen Jo was 22-years-old, her twin brother Kai tried to gut her with a hunting knife. Since then, Jo has a large scar on her stomach. Jo was trying to protect her younger siblings, Luke and Liv, from being killed by Kai since he couldn't become the Gemini Coven's new leader until the other set of twins in the family were dead. She relinquished her magic into a kitchen knife and hid it in a tree stump on their front lawn to prevent Kai from absorbing her magic during the Coven's ritual. During this ritual, their father was able to use his magic to trap Kai in a purgatory dimension, and since then she has left the coven and her family behind. Eventually, Jo attended medical school to become a doctor. After graduating, she joined the Army as a medic. Eventually she left to teach future medic students.
Throughout The Vampire Diaries Series
Season Six
In I'll Remember, Jo is seen teaching some college students, among them are Elena and Liam. Jo asks the class a question and Liam raises his hand instantly but Jo picks on Elena, who answers it confidently, although going off topic. Later on in the episode, she is seen at a college party; she walks up to Alaric who has a flask of blood in his hand. She says to him "Ah, finally someone over 20" and introduces herself as Jo. She then notices the flask in his hand and asks if she could have a drink, to which Alaric answers with "Actually I'm a germaphobe", knowing that there is blood in the flask. Alaric then leaves to make a phone call to Elena.
In Black Hole Sun, she meets Alaric in the hospital when he brings in a hungover Jeremy. After putting Jeremy on a saline drip. Alaric asks her for some advice and she flirts with him.
In The World Has Turned and Left Me Here, Elena invites her to a homecoming party in the cornfield in an attempt to set her up with Alaric. She gets snuck up on and frightened by a student and mentions to Alaric that she thinks that anything supernatural is 'not cool'. After Tyler causes the accident in the cornfield, she tends to several injured patients even though she herself had injured her arm. Later at the hospital she tells Alaric that she thinks they were meant to meet. Alaric compels her to not to kiss him because the evening was a disaster, he is an alcoholic, and boring. Yet she kisses him for the first time; this proved that Jo can't be compelled.
In The More You Ignore Me, The Closer I Get, Alaric asks Elena to find out why Jo can't be compelled. Elena checks her coffee and her bracelet for vervain but Jo figures out what she is doing and tells her that she already knows that Elena and Alaric are vampires because he tried to compel her, she has terrible luck in her love life and has noticed the missing blood bags. Elena asks her if she is a witch but she doesn't comment. She confronts Alaric just as he is leaving for the Mystic falls border and they aren't able to talk so she follows him. He gets thrown into the anti-magic border and she rushes to help him and is able to treat his death wound so he becomes human. Later, he is admitted into hospital and thanks her for giving him his life back.
In Do You Remember the First Time?, she discharges Alaric from the hospital to be her date for the Whitmore medical fundraiser where she is being honored for patenting a battlefield medical clamp. Damon accuses her for having an advantage because she is a witch but she says that she works hard and doesn't practice magic, and later mentions that she relinquished hers for safe keeping to separate herself from a 'tragically dysfunctional' family. She and Alaric go back to her apartment after the fundraiser and he spots a scar on her abdomen when she is changing her clothes, her asks her if she was in a car accident but she says that she lost her spleen when her brother tried to gut her with a hunting knife.
In Fade Into You, Jo goes to Friendsgiving and runs into Liv, and doesn't recognize her. Elena asks her if she switched the Lady Whitmore actress's medical chart and she did. Luke plays a video of the twin's birthday and Jo discovers they are younger siblings who she hasn't seen in 18 years. After that, Jo reveals that they all share the same family friend--Sheila Bennett. She also says that Sheila also helped put Kai away and that Kai is her twin brother. Jo also reveals that Kai killed 4 of their brothers and sisters, but was really targeting Liv and Luke. She says that since twins are in line to be leader, Kai wouldn't stand a chance unless Liv and Luke were alive. She then tells the story of Kai and how he is the way he is. Jo and Ric are talking and since her father believes they want to let Kai out, he retaliates by trying to kill Jo so Kai wouldn't be able to merge with her. She also says the Ascendant is with her and before she can say anything else, she collapses due to Joshua casting a spell to kill her. She tells Stefan to find an old tree stump that's in front of the house and there's knife in it. She tells him it can help dissipate the cloaking spell on the house and it does after Stefan throws it. After she convulses, Elena saves her by giving her blood.
In I Alone, Jo and Alaric have a romantic moment, but unbeknownst to her, Damon compelled Alaric to get the truth about the Ascendant out of her since she's not saying much about it. He jokes about how her dad gave Alaric his blessing since he didn't kill him and gets to the subject about the Ascendant. She says she used to sleep with it under her bed, but it's now in her underwear drawer next to her pot. Jo soon finds out that the Ascendant is gone and asks Alaric where it is, but figures out Damon compelled him. Jo drives him across the Mystic Falls border and it is revealed Damon did compel him, but he didn't want to believe his own friend would compel him.
In Christmas Through Your Eyes, Jo tells Alaric she'll be late and sees the patient until the other doctor she's with collapses. Jo asks her what happened to her until Kai injects her with a sedative. Kai meets Liv and Luke, and Jo is seen unconscious and tied up. Liv tells her that she should merge and Kai stabs her with the knife she put her magic into, but it doesn't work. Since she put her magic in by choice, so it would be her choice to take it back, unless she bleeds to death. Kai tells Liv to figure out how to put the magic back into her while he gets a bandage. While Kai is gone, Liv and Jo talk about how she's had 18 years and she owes it to the coven and them to defeat Kai so he won't be in charge. Liv starts to hand the knife back to Jo, but Kai siphons some magic off of her and he gives her pain, causing her nose to bleed. Jo picks up the knife and starts absorbing her magic back into her and breaks the chains she was tied up in. Alaric puts a gun to Kai's head an is about to kill him until Jo tells him it isn't fair to Liv and Luke to merge. She tells them she's going to beat Kai and Alaric knocks Kai out with the gun instead. Jo and Alaric say they'll lock Kai up until the eclipse and they kiss.
In Woke Up With a Monster, Jo is seen practicing magic in the Salvatore Boarding House with Liv's help and is having trouble with it. Damon tries to have Liv help him rescue Elena who was kidnapped by Kai, but Luke takes her away. Jo decides to help and goes to the high school with Damon. After Kai walks by without seeing them, they realize Jo's invisibility spell worked. After they find Elena, Jo's nose starts to bleed, but doesn't show it to them. Damon notices Jo's nose bleeding and realizes cloaking three people is hard to her, then Kai sees them. She then runs away as she wouldn't be able to beat the way she is right now. Kai then catches up to her and he is shot in the shoulder by Jeremy with a crossbow and Alaric hugs her. Jo offers to help Elena get the blood out and Damon tells Alaric that she's not strong enough, but Alaric says they'll wait until Kai's stolen magic goes away and she'll beat him.
In Prayer For the Dying, Jo tries to revive a withered plant, but it doesn't and throws it into the trash. She has Duke transfer Colin's medical records over to the center and since the vampire blood didn't heal the cancer, it has spread and made into a stage 10, which Jo says doesn't even exist. Jo decides to give Liz a human blood transfusion which might stabilize her condition, but Damon gives her another option—Kai, who can siphon magic and also Kai has a price to saving Liz, which is that he wants to merge with Jo. After Damon tells her that he plans on having Luke and Liv merge instead, Kai magic snaps his neck and Jo tells him she doesn't want to run from him anymore and goes with him. They arrive at the park and start the merge, cutting their hands and chanting, until Jo passes out. Luke arrives and tells Kai that instead of him and Jo, Kai and Luke are going to merge instead. Kai tells him they're not twins, but since Kai was in the prison world and didn't age pass 22, they are technically the same age and they share the same bloodline. Kai tries to leave, but Luke magically pulls him and they start. Jo then wakes up and tells Luke to stop as they merging continues. Both of them fall to the ground and Jo runs to Luke, cradling his head in her lap, telling him to wake up. Jo tells him whoever wakes up is the winner and Luke takes a breath and opens his eyes, but realizes he is now dead. Kai comes out victorious and then disappears, leaving Jo grieving for Luke.In Let Her Go, Jo is seen vomiting in the bathroom, Alaric is watching and insist on helping, Jo tells him that they are not far enough into the relationship for him to see her in the condition she is in. She tells Alaric that the Thai food they ate the night before does not agree with her, she feels like she is dying. There is a knock at the door and when Alaric answers it, it is Kai. Jo tells him that she has food poisoning but he begins to vomit blood before telling her she does not have food poisoning, she is vomiting because he is. He asks her to save him. At the hospital, Jo checks Kai's vitals and tells him there is nothing medically wrong with him, he states that is because he has a 'magical disease'. Kai begins to vomit blood again and grabs Jo's arm, beginning to absorb her magic, Alaric pulls him off and threatens to break seven bones in his hand. Kai retaliates saying if he dies, she dies, he apologizes for taking her magic but says that he is feeling better and she needs to give him her magic if he is to survive. After consulting Alaric, he tells her that he will love her with or without her magic, he made a joke telling her he is ninety-two percent certain. Jo agrees to give Kai her magic, in order to save the coven and the two prison worlds, Kai jokes that he assumes the other prison world is full of psychos like him. They begin the spell and when it is finished, Kai leaves, whispering something to Jo and telling her to have a nice life. When he is gone, Alaric asks what he whispered, she reveals that he told her she is pregnant and that is why she vomited that morning. Alaric asks her to marry him, and after explaining that she will not accept a pity proposal, she agrees.
In A Bird in a Gilded Cage, Jo is seeing how Sarah is doing and tells her she's at the medical center and that she lost a lot of fluids. Jo tells Alaric she's not okay turning the center into a supernatural holding cell, but he wants to make sure Elena's blood is out of her system first so there isn't another Salvatore vampire. Jo mentions Sarah goes to Duke and says it would be a nice name, which alarms Alaric as he hasn't really been thinking of names. Jo then calls Alaric and he says he has a few names and she jokes to him that someone with the name like "Alaric" shouldn't name kids. After Alaric wakes from being knocked out earlier from a vervain bomb, Jo checks his eyes with a pen light and tells him she's marrying an idiot since he could've died. She tells him she needs him alive at least 18 years to help her raise the baby, then after it's of age, he can run around and attack vampires.
In I Never Could Love Like That, Jo is seen helping cover up Caroline and Stefan's murder spree with Elena. Elena finally tells her about the fact that Kai is again trapped in a prison world. Jo seems overjoyed by this news but soon changes her face when she quickly responds with where's the ascendant, and that it needs to be destroyed because she didn't want her father getting his hands on it. Elena realizes that Jo is pregnant and they both have a heart to heart talk about what it is like to be human. At the end of the episode, Jo reveals that the companions that were traveling with Lily were siphoners and were turned into vampires, however they retained the ability to siphon magic and that they have an unlimited supply of magic to use as they can just siphon themselves. But with the ability to use magic, and the bloodlust, they are described as extremely deadly. She wants to destroy the ascendant because if Kai does get turned into a vampire, he mustn't be allowed to escape. He will be unstoppable.
In Because, she and Alaric are on watch duty at the Bed & Breakfast where Stefan and Caroline are at. She and Alaric are talking about the wedding cake and the wedding itself being a few weeks away, and they start kissing until Elena shows up. After Caroline turns her humanity back on, Jo goes in to see how she is and tells Stefan he should see how she is.
In I'd Leave My Happy Home For You, Elena and Bonnie surprise her with a male stripper for her bachelorette party during her last shift at work. Later, they all go to a bar, which Elena compelled everyone to go home so that it was just them. Bonnie brings up the fact of being human to Elena and they all have a heart to hear convocation about being human. Elena had to go, but Bonnie and Jo still partied on. Lily showed up looking for Bonnie, Bonnie attempted to stop her with her magic, however, didn't work well as she got stabbed in the neck. Lily pounces on Jo with her super speed and is about to feed on her when she shouts that she is pregnant. Lily then stops, and listens to the heartbeat of the baby, revealing that there was not just one heartbeat, there was two. Jo was shocked as Lily left. She then shows Alaric an ultrasound of the babies and he tells her that they're going to leave and hide from the coven so they won't get a hold of the twins.
In I'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime, it is the big day for her and Alaric, and she expresses wedding jitters. Later, she collapses and ends up in the hospital. She insists that Elena should not tell Alaric about the incident, although Elena already told him. As she is getting ready for the wedding, her father shows up in the room and asks her if he could walk her down the isle. During the wedding, Jo is about to tearfully say her wedding vows to Alaric, but suddenly pauses and it is discovered that she is being stabbed. She falls into Alaric's arms and her brother Kai emerges out of a cloaking spell with a bloody dagger. Jo then dies during all of the chaos going on.
In I'm Thinking Of You All The While, her lifeless body is being held in a devastated Alaric's arms. Shortly afterwards, Alaric carries a body bag out to his car. Jo is the one in the body bag, and Alaric sadly zips the bag up. This is the last we see of Jo.
Season Seven
In I Carry Your Heart With Me, her soulless body is on an autopsy table and she is resurrected by Bonnie using the Phoenix Stone. She opens her eyes and moves them, looking at Alaric, after this the episode ends.
Jo was described as a tough and accomplished doctor at the university hospital. She demands excellence from her students and has learned the hard way that there's no room for error in her profession.
Physical Appearance
Physically, Jo was a very beautiful young woman, with long jet black hair and piercing blue eyes. She stood about 5'10" and has slim and athletic figure.
Powers and Abilities
Jo possessed all the standard abilities of a human/witch.
Jo had the typical weaknesses of a human/witch.
Alaric Saltzman
- Main article: Alaric and Jo
Malachai Parker
- Main article: Jo and Kai
Jo and Kai are twins and were the oldest children in their family. In 1994 when they were 22 years old, Kai , killed four of their six siblings and tried to gut her with a hunting knife. Since then, Jo has a large scar on her stomach. While trying to protect their younger siblings, Luke and Liv, from being killed by Kai (Since he was angry that he couldn't become the Gemini Coven's new leader until the other set of twins in the family are dead). Jo tricked him into thinking she would merge her powers with his and let him become the leader of their coven but actually ended up helping their father to imprison him in his hell. In I'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime, Kai stabs Jo to death during her wedding ceremony, almost killing her unborn twin babies.
Elena Gilbert
- Main article: Elena and Jo
Elena is Jo's new medical student. She seems impressed by Elena's intelligence and Elena originally wanted to set Alaric up with Jo. She knows that Elena is a vampire. Jo helps Elena hiding her true identity from Liam by changing the medical report of Lady Whitmore. In Fade Into You, Elena saves Jo by giving her blood when Jo was almost killed by her father. After Elena loses her daylight ring to Kai in Woke Up With a Monster, Jo makes her a new one. For Alaric and Jo's wedding, Jo makes Elena the maid of honor.
Other Relationships
- Jo and Liv (Sisters/Allies)
- Caroline and Jo (Allies)
- Luke and Jo (Brother/Sister/Former Allies)
- Joey and Jo (Brother/Sister)
- Stefan and Jo (Allies)
- Liam and Jo (Student/Teacher)
- Joshua and Jo (Father and Daughter)
- Damon and Jo (Allies/Frenemies)
- Bonnie and Jo (Friends/Allies)
Josette is a French girl name. The meaning of the name is `God Will Increase`.
Laughlin is of Irish origin; reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Lochlainn 'descendant of Lochlann', a personal name meaning 'stranger', originally a term denoting Scandinavia (a compound of loch 'lake', 'fjord' + lann 'land').
Parker is a family name of English origin and means "keeper of the park" from Old French.
- Her given name is Josette Parker but she uses the name Dr. Josette Laughlin professionally. Before she appeared in the series her name was supposed to be Josie Robles but it was changed.
- She is the second female doctor introduced in the series, after Meredith Fell and is also a lot like Meredith, both were love interests of Alaric.
- Jo is one of only ten recurring characters that appeared in more than 10 episodes in their inaugural season. The other eight are Annabelle, who appeared in 11 episodes during Season One; Elijah Mikaelson, who appeared in 12 episodes during Season Two; Rebekah Mikaelson, who appeared in 17 episodes during Season Three; Atticus Shane who appeared in 11 episodes during Season Four; Nadia Petrova, Wes Maxfield & Enzo who appeared in 12 episodes each in Season Five; Kai who appeared in 16 episodes in Season Six and Rayna Cruz who appeared in 13 episodes in Season Seven.
- She is a vegetarian & doesn't eat red meat as being a doctor, she's surrounded by blood all day.
- She cannot be compelled as she's a witch.
- In The World Has Turned and Left Me Here, she mentioned that she joined the US Army after medical school because of family problems. She later helps patients at a battlefield medical camp.
- Kai revealed that he spared Jo because she was his "favorite sister."
- However, this may be due to the fact that Jo was needed to complete the ritual for becoming the Gemini Coven's new leader.
- Jo was revealed to be Kai's twin sister and the long-lost sister of Luke and Liv.
- She stored her magic in the knife that Kai stabbed her with and hid it in a stump in front of her house.
- Elena saves her life by healing her with her blood after her father tried to kill her so if Kai escaped he wouldn't become the new leader of the coven.
- In Fade Into You, Jo reveals that she knew Bonnie's Grams, Sheila Bennett, and that she's the one who helped her father trap Kai in a 1994 purgatory universe.
- Jo's father Joshua tells Damon that he's proud of her just before he tries to kill her to prevent Kai from merging with her and becoming the new leader of the Gemini Coven.
- She regained her magic in Christmas Through Your Eyes.
- She makes a new daylight ring for Elena after her original ring was melted by her brother Kai in Woke Up With a Monster.
- She has doubts about her magic when she fails to bring a dead plant back to life, however Elena tells her she didn't burst into flames walking across campus to the Whitmore Hospital with her new daylight ring that Jo made for her.
- Jo gave her magic to Kai in order to keep him alive, this means she currently has no magic.
- Although she originally thought she had food poisoning from eating Thai Food, Jo later found out she was actually pregnant with Alaric's child (from her brother Kai).
- It is revealed in I'd Leave My Happy Home For You by Lily that she is pregnant with twins.
- Jo was the second character to become pregnant on TVD, but the first to remain on the show after finding out of her pregnancy.
- The first character being Hayley Marshall, although Hayley went to the spin-off The Originals.
- Jo was the second, also female, character to make an episode count of 17 in a single season, following Rebekah in Season 3.
- Jo is the third of Alaric's love interests to die.
- Jo was the fourth pregnant woman to be seen on The Vampire Diaries. The first was Hayley Marshall-Kenner, mother of Hope Mikaelson; seen in The Originals, Katerina Petrova, mother of Nadia Petrova; seen in a flashback in 500 Years of Solitude, and Gail, mother of Sarah Nelson; seen in a flashback in Black Hole Sun.
- Jo, like Hayley, is the only one to be seen pregnant in present time, unlike the other two mothers whose pregnancies were shown in the past.
- Jo, like Gail, was killed while still pregnant. Fortunately, the three babies all survived their mothers' deaths, as Sarah was saved by the doctors at the hospital and Lizzie and Josie were transferred to Caroline Forbes's womb.
- This also makes her the second pregnant woman in the TVD/TO universe to not make it to term due to death.
- Jo (to Alaric) : "I don't eat red meat. I look at blood all day. (beat) Because I work at the medical center. Not because I'm a serial killer or anything. I'm Jo."
- Alaric: "I teach occult studies here."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "I didn't know that was an actual thing."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "A germaphobe. So, you're like the vegetarian of cool people."
- - I'll Remember
- Jo (to Alaric) : "Oh, yeah. You mean, the ones we reserve for professional athletes and starving children in third-world countries? Yeah. I think we'll start with a full workup...Physical, blood, toxicology..."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "Okay, one more piece of professional advice: when a successful, sexy, only moderately insecure doctor is flirting with you? Give her your undivided attention."
- - Black Hole Sun
- Jo (to Alaric) : "Oh, Professor Bourbon. Perfect timing."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "Everything I see there is natural. Gross, but natural. Zombies, ghosts, the undead... not cool."
- Jo (to Tyler) : "Just try and keep him comfortable... Won't be long now."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "I think you're great. You're brave, funny, not to mention maybe the most attractive man I've ever seen, and I feel completely comfortable telling you this because I'm old enough to know what I want. And call me crazy, but I think I was meant to know you."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "This is the part where you say something, or kiss me, or run for the hills."
- Jo (to Alaric) : "You're right, tonight was a literal disaster, and you're definitely an alcoholic...But you're far from boring, Ric."
- - The World Has Turned and Left Me Here
- Jo (to Kai) : "Are you pregnant?"
- - Let Her Go
|Josette Laughlin has a photo gallery.
See also


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3038 S 1000 W Nibley, UT 84321
Hi, Blueroof 360.
My name is
and I have a question about 3038 S 1000 W Nibley
You can respond by either emailing me at
or call during
My Question Is:
Estimated Monthly Payment$5,051
- Photos
- Location
- Questions
- Share
- Mortgage Calculator
- Status: Active
Listing courtesy of Dwell Realty Group
This magnificent home in Nibley has everything! Located on a corner lot it boasts large gathering areas and a master suite that is an oasis. Located on its own level the master has a large walk-in closet, private bath, and shower with two heads. Don't miss a chance to see this home!
Interior Features Include:
Basement Daylight, Full
Fireplaces 0
Air Cond: Central Air; Electric
Heating: Forced Air, Gas: Central
Floor Type: Carpet, Laminate, Tile
Exterior Features Include:
Acreage: 0.2900 Acres
Lot: Corner Lot
Roof: Asphalt Shingles
Exterior: Aluminum/Vinyl
Garage/Parking: Attached, Opener
Driveway Concrete
Garage Capacity: 2
Other Features Include:
Inclusions: Microwave, Range, Refrigerator
Amenities: Cable Tv Wired, Electric Dryer Hookup
Water: Culinary
Utilities Gas: Connected, Power: Connected, Sewer: Connected, Water: Connected
Storage Basement
Taxes 1409
School District: Cache
Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed accurate. Buyer to verify all information.The multiple listing information is provided by Wasatch Front Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. from a copyrighted compilation of listings. The compilation of listings and each individual listing are © 2014 Wasatch Front Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The information provided is for consumers, personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.


text:
438 posts tagged with lease.
Displaying 301 through 350 of 438. Subscribe:
Forced into the car market: Lease or Buy?
We just lost our car in a garage fire, should we now lease or buy? We live in a condo, and a bunch of us homeowners lost our cars (and other belongings) in a garage fire. My wife and I want to know the hive-mind's opinion on whether we should lease or buy now that we're forced into the market for a new car. Some information: we're "tree-huggers" so we appreciate good gas mileage (and we're enamored with the upcoming 3rd gen Honda Insight). But we also drive the cars a ton, we drive everywhere. We live in Indianapolis, but our parents and families are on the east coast, so we drive to NYC and the D.C. area multiple times a year; not to mention the Chicago area, too. So that would also be a consideration whether we lease or buy... Thanks for anyone's opinion.
Can we break the lease if our neighbors blocked our view?
My roommate just signed a 12-month lease on our place in January. When she did that, our bedrooms had this view. As of this week, they have this view. Grounds to break the lease? [more inside]
Help With Getting out of Lease
My girlfriend needs to move out of her apartment she is sharing with roommates. What types of consequences could she be facing financially? Can she find any person to replace herself on the lease? [more inside]
Moving without much notice to landlord
I have a verbal month-to-month lease in Chicago, IL (there is no signed paper lease). I want to move out by March 1st (a few days from now). So there will be no 30 days' notice possible. What happens in this situation, with the deposit, etc? (more inside) and how do I deal with the landlord? [more inside]
What to put on rental application?
My boyfriend and I are planning to get an apartment together soon. I have solid rental history, but he's been moving from place to place and hasn't been on a lease in about 5 years. How do we tackle this on a rental application? [more inside]
Is it okay to sever a new lease within a certain amount of time in Ontario?
I've heard that one can sever certain contracts they sign in Ontario if it's within the first 10 days of signing. If this is true, does it also apply to a lease on a house?
Help me negotiate a new lease
How should I go about negotiating a new lease with my leasing company? Ideally I would pay the same or less in monthly rent. [more inside]
I'm Moving Out
Sort of like a question I asked before, but not quite as whimsical. I've reached the end of the lease with the apartment my wife and I live in. It's up as of February 1st and that's perfect, because we'd like to be out by then. The problem is that they're asking for a 60 day written notice and we just gave them notice today. In the last 7 days, Mrs. Bageena's father died and while we were out of town for the funeral, someone broke into our apartment and robbed us. [more inside]
Legit landlord or identity thief?
What personal info does my future landlord need from me to make sure I'm legit? How do I make sure he's legit? [more inside]
Can you break a lease in Massachusetts without pentaly because of a bad neighbor and unresponsive landlord?
My friend and his fiance have a mentally ill woman living below them who is making their lives absolute hell. They live in Massachusetts. Would there be consequences if they break their apartment's lease to leave because of her? [more inside]
DIY when apt's super & landlord don't?
My main gripe are the dirty hallways. I rent a 1BR in a 32-unit apartment building in Brooklyn. The rent is well below market and the location is good, but the building isn't properly looked after. The super and landlord and by-and-large my neighbors just don't care. What's the best approach? [more inside]
Submitting 30-Day-Notice on Apartment
I am trying to end my tenancy in a month-to-month lease in Los Angeles, but the landlord says that submitting a 30-day-notice won't absolve me of any future responsibility if my roommate stays in the apartment. Please hope me! [more inside]
Broken relationship, rental lease, one leaves, the other doesn't.
Situation: A boyfriend girlfriend sign a lease for an apartment in Mississauga, Ontario. They break up. The girlfriend leaves. The landlord did a credit check on the girlfriend. So this _might_ hold her liable. Boyfriend is still shacked up in this house and landlord keeps harassing the girlfriend for rent. What can she do? [more inside]
Am I stuck with the cat voice for another year?!
AnnoyingAptRentalFilter: I've been in the apartment a year longer than my current roommates. We're all on the lease. We get along, but I can't see doing another whole year in this setup... [more inside]
How can I use 10k ft. of space?
How can I generate some income with a 10k sq. ft space, only available three weekdays out of the week?
Renting without a signed lease. Can I still move out?
I have been renting a room in a house for 2 months, but did not receive the lease until a few days ago, and want to know what my rights are. The situation is complicated, see extended explanation. [more inside]
Roommate he-said she-said results in us being short a quarter of the rent. Help!
My roommate wants me to find someone to take her part of the rent, arguing that the people who took over my part of the rent really took over her part. She is threatening to simply not pay. We have one month (Nov) left on the lease. Her name, as well as mine and two other roommates' are on the lease. If she went ahead and didn't pay, how badly would this affect my credit? [more inside]
Lease "concessions" in Austin
Question about "concessions" on standard apartment leases in Austin/Texas. [more inside]
Roommate gone bad
Another roommate gone bad situation. She walked out on a lease, left utilities bills behind, cleaned out the apartment and took a TV and DVR that didn't belong to her. Ugh. [more inside]
Financial Lease Calculation wiz needed
Finance wiz needed: Although interest rates do not exist in leases, customers constantly ask what is the interest rate for the lease. I have a question regrading how to calculate the implied interest rate in order to get the most favorable comparison. [more inside]
THIS is why you shouldn't lease!!!
How to get out from a car lease filter.... [more inside]
Transferring a name off of a shared lease?
Los Angeles Housing Filter: Three names and signatures on our lease. One person wants out, and to substitute another individual in his place. Any experience with who typically needs to consent here? Leaving Person + Landlord? All Tenants + Landlord? Yes, we may need a lawyer, but we're still being civil enough not to call in the big guns, and any advice/resources provided here may be sufficient. [more inside]
Does this nullify my DC apartment lease?
Is my lease null and void? (DC lease question) [more inside]
Should I sign a new year-long lease even though I know I'll be leaving early?
Should I sign a new year-long lease even though I know I'll be leaving early, or try to get my landlord to agree to a shorter term? [more inside]
Don't sh*t where you eat?
RoommateConflictFilter: I'm a guy in my mid-20s living in a bachelor pad with two other similarly-aged guys. The two roommates have had a huge falling out (over a girl, naturally) on month two of a twelve-month lease, and after days of constantly talking about it, it seems like the only solution is for one of them to move out. The only thing that we've agreed on is that I'm not going anywhere. So now what? We're all on the lease, and I want to make sure that nobody gets burnt any worse than has already happened. [more inside]
Is the carpet-cleaning clause in this lease shady?
I'm about to sign a lease with a peculiar clause about carpet cleaning. I have had a lot of leases before and I don't recall ever seeing anything quite like this. I'm wondering if it's just a standard thing I haven't seen before, or if it's unusual or even unlawful. [more inside]
Anyone got a room for rent in Fullerton, CA? How 'bout advice on said subject?
I live with my parents, and I'm searching for a place to live for the first time. Somewhere near Cal State Fullerton. A question about credit checks, and how to improve my search. [more inside]
Rent undeveloped land?
I plan on spending the next few years living in different places for several months to a year at a time. One thought I've had is to get a small trailer RV or something like this, and rent land to park it on for however long I'm sticking around. Is this possible? [more inside]
Is this agreement legally binding?
I am about to lease a horse, with a 6-month option to buy. I am leasing him through a trainer who is acting as a go-between to another trainer who is representing the owner. Does this seem convoluted to anybody else...? [more inside]
Avoiding eviction after minor dog incident?
ApartmentFilter: My friend's dog got our of her NYC apartment today, and a neighbor overreacted. Now the neighbor is trying to get her evicted from the building (her lease goes all the way til February). Should she be worried? Can she fight back? [more inside]
How do I evict for unpaid rent?
EvictionFilter: How do I evict a tenant for unpaid rent in Tennessee? [more inside]
Do I have to pay my roommate's debt?
I'm in a financial pickle due to a bad choice of roommates two years ago. What are my options? [more inside]
Should I move out since there is no water?
Should I move out since there is no water? [more inside]
Should I rent an apartment with electric baseboard heat?
Should I rent an apartment with electric baseboard heat? [more inside]
Tablets, the lease of these
How might I lease a tablet PC, and will it change my life? [more inside]
Help me deal with this horrid landlord
Please help! My landlord management company refuses to let me terminate my lease early. What can I do? [more inside]
Lease question: I don't want no uncompensated burnination!
I am moving to a new apartment in Washington DC, and in reading over the lease there are a couple things I am not so sure about... Can you please take a look at the clauses and tell me if they seem reasonable? [more inside]
The landlord wants to give our money back
My management company is giving back everyone's security deposits. Tomorrow. Should we accept? [more inside]
My landlord is a slime bucket and I need to break my lease. What kind of repercussions might I face?
My landlord is a slime bucket and I need to break my lease. What kind of repercussions might I face? [more inside]
I want a backyard
How can I break my apartment lease legally here in the state of Arizona? [more inside]
Do I have to pay all of my last month's rent?
ApartmentFilter: I am currently leasing an apartment month-to-month (continuation of a twelve-month lease which ended in August 2007) and I told my landlord today that I intend to move out around May 18 of this year. He informed me that I would have to pay for the whole month of May instead of prorating the rent because "that's the way rent's done." Is this true? [more inside]
Advise a SF renter?
Advise a San Francisco renter? I've about 6 weeks left on my current lease, and just had a new roommate move in. Rather than tack him on to the remaining time, my landlord would like to scrap the previous lease and have us sign on for a year. I've a feeling my roommate would prefer that as well. I, however, don't wish to be committed that long. [more inside]
How do I best navigate through a bad landlord/tenant situation?
Complicated, messy NYC roommate/landlord question: 4 roommates share a 3 bedroom converted into 4 (with permission). One roommate signed a lease for a new building without getting permission from current building to transfer name on lease to new roommate. Said old roommate now refuses to pay six months of rent (remainder of lease). Much, much more inside. [more inside]
Is lease trading a good idea?
Have you ever taken over someone's car lease? It seems like a great way to save money while leasing (no down payment), but what are the pitfalls? [more inside]
car lease, income, and credit score
How much is a high income factoredd into a car lease loan decision? [more inside]
What are the legal consequences of breaking a lease in DC?
What are the consequences of breaking an apartment lease in Washington, DC? And is it a dumb idea to enter into a year lease agreement knowing you'll probably have to back out in 6 months? [more inside]
Roommate filter: help me find a roommate
What are some good roommate matching services? [more inside]
Lease extension to an awful roommate?
Roommatefilter: My roommate/renter has asked for an extension to her lease with only a week's notice; I don't like living with her, but don't have anyone waiting to move in, either. [more inside]
To lease or not to lease ...
Two year lease (new, used or swap) vs. buying a used car with the definite intention of getting rid of it after two years? [more inside]
Helpe me make lemonade from this lemon.
My practically-new car is having serious problems, but the dealers don't believe me. What can I do to get the car fixed once and for all, or else get out of my lease? [more inside]