text:
Having unwanted fat in numerous areas of your body can have a considerable effect on your health and self-confidence. While conventional weight-loss through workout and diet plan is an excellent method to drop weight in general, even the best workouts cannot target problem areas like the stomach, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time checked treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from specific locations of the body, enabling a specific to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are lots of advantages to this cosmetic procedure, including:
• Immediately obvious modifications. Unlike traditional weight loss, liposuction creates modifications that are instantly noticeable in the body. Some distinction is visible right away, and the wanted results are usually attained in just a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic procedure has actually been performed by knowledgeable surgeons all over the world for several years and the method has actually been improved over and again to be safe and efficient.
• Recovery time is usually quick. The downtime required after having this type of procedure is usually much less than what is needed for other types of cosmetic treatments, consisting of abdominoplasty, breast reduction, and more. Individuals who have had the procedure can often go back to work far more quickly than they prepared for and can get back to living a healthy, active way of life.
• Weight reduction can be permanent. With the ideal upkeep strategies, the fat that was eliminated during the liposuction procedure will not return.
• Complete control over your physique. With liposuction, a person can have complete control over how they want to look, beyond exactly what traditional diet plan and workout can supply. Offering people this power over their bodies enhances self-confidence and aid people feel their best.
While there are numerous advantages to liposuction, there are obviously a few cautions that should be taken into consideration before making the decision to move on with the treatment.
Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having actually liposuction done, it is necessary to examine the prospective drawbacks of the procedure and figure out if the benefits exceed the dangers in your specific case. Your surgeon can assist you learn more about the dangers connected with the procedure and can help you decide if moving forward is the ideal thing for you.
• Problems with basic anesthesia. Since liposuction is carried out under basic anesthesia, the treatment carries the same risks as other kind of surgical treatment where general anesthesia is utilized. Hidden medical conditions might enhance these dangers.
• Negative responses. Bruising, bleeding, and pain are all to be expected, nevertheless, in rare cases can cause more significant problems.
• The possible to get the weight back. After having actually liposuction done, it is critical to keep a healthy diet plan and exercise appropriately as recommended by your doctor. Failure to do so could lead to acquiring back the weight that was lost or possibly much more.
There are risks associated with liposuction, for lots of people, the benefits far exceed them. Educate yourself about the procedure by having in-depth discussions with your surgeon and consider how liposuction has the prospective to affect you as a special individual. Only you and your specialist can determine if liposuction will supply you with the outcomes you are looking for within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Lopez Island Washington
Laser liposuction is a more recent, minimally invasive procedure that includes heating the fat cells to melting point and eliminating the melted fat through a small cannula. The treatment is typically done right in your physician's workplace and is an excellent alternative for individuals who have less than 500 ml of fat to eliminate from any one location. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary treatment to weight loss in order to shape the body you've always desired.
Contact a Cosmetic surgeon in your Lopez Island Washington today.If you're thinking about liposuction as a weight-loss solution, it is very important that you discuss your desires with a qualified cosmetic surgeon in your location. Your cosmetic surgeon will carry out a complete exam and health history questionnaire to determine if liposuction can benefit you and assist you reach your physical and psychological objectives. Call today for an assessment and learn more about how liposuction can help you attain the body of your dreams.


text:
Question goes here
1,300 Followers
The biggest marketing mistake made by startups
Time and again, I see startups create really, really bad marketing. I say this as someone that used to run big agencies and now works with a lot of startups.
Often they think that because they know how to place adwords, or use Photoshop, or use social media, or buy media, that they know how to create marketing. That is not marketing. That is mechanics.
Marketing is behavioral science, which separates the good campaigns from the bad. As an example, which will people remember more, losing fifty dollars, or finding fifty dollars? If you don't know the answer to this, you shouldn't be creating marketing campaigns. If you can edit together a video, that doesn't mean you can create a marketing campaign. A graphic designer is not a marketer. If you can place Google adwords, do you really know what triggers to use to elicit action?
The irony is I come across a lot of startups so focussed on minimising costs, they don't realise they are costing themselves far more by producing media instead of producing advertising. Marketing strategies are not just how and where you spend, but more importantly what you say when you spend. The emphasis needs to change from cost to value. And the key point: average marketing activities severely restrict growth, and it stuns me how many startups don't have a qualified (read NOT a "social media expert") marketer on their board.
So which is it, finding or losing the fifty dollars?
43 Replies
Tamika James Entrepreneur
Owner and Creator at From Mother's Garden, LLC.
What are some of these marketing disasters you've seen? Could we have examples of things to never do? What are some of the most effective marketing techniques? What are some of the best tactics? Sent from the mind and IPhone of Tamika...
Carey Martell Entrepreneur
New Media Expert and Entrepeneur
Finding fifty dollars. People will talk about how they found money on the ground in a store, or won a big prize at a casino. But they generally won't include information about the wasteful purchases they might have made while in the store, or how much money they lots in the casino. Most marketing performed in the passive income niche is focused on how much money a person can earn with x software program or ebook, and will downplay that the promise of riches will come at a cost of $10 or something outrageously low. As soon as the purchase is made, the buyer is then presented with opportunities for an upsell on a product that costs more like $100 to $500 depending on what it is. The sales copy will focus on how since the person has already invested some small amount, they might as well invest more to improve their chances of making a bunch of money in the future using the information and/or software being offered to them. This works effectively to convert many people because they are focused on what they could earn, rather than what they have already spent. It's not necessarily wrong though the time investment necessary to recoup the investment into material and/or software being sold is and then start reaping a profit, is usually higher than the sales copy leads on.
Gloria Luna Entrepreneur
VP Marketing - Brand builder and creative problem solver
Thank you for the thoughtful and direct post, Peter. As a marketer, I too have worked with a number of startups and founder-driven brands that make these same mistakes and then some.
I'm sure many of you face the same resistance to good marketing once the conversation is introduced that some $$ needs to be (judicially) spent to create awareness and engagement. In this age of social media, too many believe you can create scale by simply hiring a social media manager, as you imply in your post.
The question I have here is, has anyone made the successful argument for good marketing to a client and how did that work out? Do you simply avoid or walk away from those clients that have to be convinced or believe they can do it themselves by bootstrapping?
Rod Speelman Entrepreneur
Director at TRIZ Management
Finding fifty or losing fifty?
It depends, are you a glass half full or half empty person.
It depends, are you a glass half full or half empty person.
Annette Tonti Advisor
Founder, President at The Start Exchange
Peter - well said! I come across startups that are run by very smart technology driven people who do not understand marketing. The notion of getting known, getting a customer to buy once, then buy again and the key performance indicators to know they are doing this well over time. Rate of growth is another misunderstood metric.
Edward M. Yang Entrepreneur
Managing Partner at Firecracker PR
As a PR agency that works with a ton of startups, I also see the same thing that Peter sees.
The first problem is, most startups are driven by engineers. Thus, their preconceptions of marketing are usually already skewed right off the bat.
The first problem is, most startups are driven by engineers. Thus, their preconceptions of marketing are usually already skewed right off the bat.
For those who do understand the value of marketing, how to execute and test the various channels is the next hurdle.
This has become more complicated by the proliferation of marketing channels, creating confusion due to the plethora of choices.
Here's a real-world example: we were working with a consumer electronics company who was launching in the US. Within 6 months we got them covered and reviewed in Engadget, Forbes, USA Today, Techrepublic and soon to be CNET, among many other places.
However they felt that their marketing dollars would be better spent creating high quality photos and videos that they then post on social media.
The problem, as I've pointed out to them, is that organic reach on social media is near zero these days. Their internal Facebook stats bear that out. Their preference is to focus on creating content which no one is really seeing at the moment.
The point of this isn't to say "PR good, social media bad". It's back to Peter's point about qualified marketers versus people who dabble with Instagram and think that qualifies them to drive an entire company's marketing strategy.
The point of this isn't to say "PR good, social media bad". It's back to Peter's point about qualified marketers versus people who dabble with Instagram and think that qualifies them to drive an entire company's marketing strategy.
Dimitry Rotstein Entrepreneur
Head of R&D at SafeZone
As for me, I remember finding and losing money on the street more or less equally well.
But in the broader sense, I would say it depends on the manner of finding and losing money, and also on the exact meaning of "remembering".
On one hand, if we take lotteries or casinos, people do tend to remember their sparse winnings, while completely ignoring the fact that they've probably lost more than they've won.
On the other hand, according to research, people who "play" on the stock market feel much stronger about the stocks going down that up. So even if you break even, you'll feel bad because the bad feelings trample the good ones. In that sense, you remember losing better than you do gaining.
Josh McCormack Advisor
Owner, InteractiveQA - Marketing, Web Dev, Testing, Data & Market Analysis
Perfectly said, and so timely. I was just in a discussion about this last night. There are a lot of people with production and executions abilities but without the knowledge to listen, understand, craft messages and deliver.
Bettina Bennett Entrepreneur
CEO @whichbox® // We help you make people fall in love with your brand ... Forever! // Storytelling + Crowdsourced UGC
My 2 cents:
1. I'm with Tamika: It would be great to learn from the marketing experts in this thread, what those "mistakes" are that you are referring to, and how to avoid them. That would be really helpful.
2. Not all startup are created equal. For example: We are a (mostly) self funded/bootstrapped startup that actually runs on revenue, not a SV venture backed, millions of $$ in the bank kind of startup. Our technology is used by companies to make people fall in love with their brand. Since we have to make the $$ before we spend it, our marketing budget is kind of small. It's not that we DON'T WANT TO SPEND the $$, it's simply that they don't exist (yet). We talk with marketing agencies and experts all the time (frequently they are the ones re-selling our technology to their customers), who tell us all the things we need to do to grow from a marketing perspective, and that we need to pay them to help us get there, but they are not sharing in the risk we take.
The model is still: We pay a marketing agency or expert, and there is no shared accountability for the outcome. So maybe the solution is to offer marketing services to startups for a piece of the results? IOW: we will help you with marketing strategies to grow your revenue by X, and we'll get Y% of that growth.
Peter Bray Entrepreneur • Advisor
CEO at Bray & Co
Happy to compile a list of what I see as the top 5 mistakes particularly as they relate to startups, would love other people's views first.
Join FounderDating to participate in the discussion
Nothing gets posted to LinkedIn and your information will not be shared.
Just a few more details please.DO: Start a discussion, share a resource, or ask a question related to entrepreneurship.
DON'T: Post about prohibited topics such as recruiting, cofounder wanted, check out my product
or feedback on the FD site (you can send this to us directly email@example.com).
See the Community Code of Conduct for more details.
Give your question or discussion topic a great title, make it catchy and succinct.
Make sure what you're about to say is specific and relevant - you'll get better responses.
Tag your discussion so you get more relevant responses.
Question goes here
1,300 Followers
Be part of an exclusive network of entrepreneurs and advisors
Latest Questions
- Why do you think Africa cannot produce global scale startups?
- Are there existing application examples of distributed (cloud) reviewing ?
- What terms should I ask for when selling equity to a potential CTO?
- How do you overcome not wanting to write your business plan because you would rather produce product?
- What to do when a Chinese startup clones your website?
Popular Questions
- Considering offering spreadsheet to application conversion service/product - good idea? Naming?
- What is your take on raising more funds than the actual capital you need to execute? Good or bad idea?
- What are you working on and why is it awesome?
- How do you overcome not wanting to write your business plan because you would rather produce product?
- Considerations when asked to write a book?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home /
Our Sources / About Us
/ FAQs /
Advanced Search
Not what you're
looking for? Try an advanced search.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
November 18, 1936
CAMPBELL et al.
LAGO PETROLEUM CORPORATION et al.
BYERS, District Judge.
This is a motion to dismiss a bill of discovery (attached to which are 116 interrogatories) on behalf of two of the defendants named therein, the Chase National Bank of the city of New York, and the Corporation Trust Company.
The object of the bill is to procure discovery in aid of an action at law now pending in this court against the remaining defendant named in the bill, Lago Petroleum Corporation, hereinafter called Lago.
The amended complaint and the answer thereto are annexed to the bill of discovery. The answer denies the material allegations in the amended complaint, and pleads the statute of limitations.
The lawsuit is to recover a large sum of money in the nature of brokers' commissions for alleged services to Lago, in interesting persons, firms or corporations in the purchase of crude oil "to the extent that such persons etc. would negotiate with defendant regarding same * * *."
The alleged contract was oral, and is said to have been entered into on or about November 8, 1923, between the plaintiffs and Lago, acting through one Joshua S. Cosden.
The nature, extent and character of the latter's capacity to act as agent for Lago, in the making of the contract sued upon, is the subject concerning which the plaintiffs seek discovery through the bill.
In order to demonstrate the agency -- circumstantially perhaps -- the plaintiffs wish to establish that "Joshua S. Cosden was during the period 1924 to 1925, a large stockholder of said defendant (Lago) and together with his associate, George F. Naphen dominated and controlled said defendant, was in complete charge of said defendant, dictated its policies, and determined its business affairs * * *."
The foregoing is from paragraph 7 of the bill. That paragraph is 3 1/2 pages long and recites the acquisition by Lago commencing about November 30, 1923, of certain oil properties in South America which are described and identified.
Also the making of a preliminary contract in April, 1924, which was followed by a more formal one on May 27, 1924, whereby the output of the oil properties so acquired was agreed to be taken by a British corporation which was to organize a Canadian corporation to become the medium of purchase of the oil.
Then follow allegations of a contract between Lago and the Canadian corporation, dated August 22, 1924, and a supplemental agreement of November 18, 1924.
It is alleged that Cosden's capacity to negotiate all of the foregoing must be shown, and ratification of his acts and confirmation thereof by Lago, in order that Cosden's authority to deal on behalf of Lago with the plaintiffs on or about November 8, 1923, may be demonstrated.
To this end, plaintiffs desire discovery as to transfers of Lago stock during 1924 and 1925, which would be revealed through the records of the Corporation Trust Company, the transfer agent of Lago during those years.
Likewise it is urged that the records of the Chase National Bank, as successor to Seaboard National Bank, should be the subject of discovery to bring to light corroborative data concerning transfers of stock during those years, because the Seaboard National Bank was the registrar of the Lago stock.
Separately, discovery is sought from the Chase National Bank in respect of a loan said to have been made by it in May or June of 1924 to the British corporation above referred to, in the sum of $950,000.00, on a draft "made by J. S. Cosden and drawn on" the said company and accepted by it. At the time of making the loan, it is averred that there was deposited at the Chase Bank, as collateral for the said draft, 300,000 shares of Lago.
The proceeds of that loan, it is said, can be shown to have played a part in the acquisition of the oil properties in South America, by Lago.
The bill says as to this (par. 10): "The plaintiffs desire to prove these facts on the trial of the litigated issue of the agency of Cosden for the Lago Petroleum Corporation."
The motion to dismiss is based upon the theory that, as neither the bank nor the Corporation Trust Company is a defendant in the lawsuit, they are not properly parties to the discovery.
It is common ground that, according to the general rule which has been frequently stated, the motion would have to be granted; but the plaintiffs urge that this case falls within an exception whereby the agents, officers and employees of a corporate defendant named in the principal litigation are proper parties to a discovery proceeding in aid of the latter.
Thus the exception which, for instance, would permit a bookkeeper, employed by the principal defendant, to be named as a party defendant in the bill of discovery, would justify the retention of this bill against the registrar and transfer agent of Lago, since each is but a bookkeeper of Lago.
It will be convenient to consider the motion in three aspects:
A. Would discovery be proper with reference to the corporate keepers of the stock transfer records, as such?
B. If so, has the plaintiff shown that the desired discovery would be appropriate in aid of the instant lawsuit?
C. Would the discovery sought with reference to the loan be appropriate?
The answer to A. is thought to lie in the affirmative: The mere circumstance that modern conduct of corporate records or activities may enlist exterior agencies, seems not to change the principle that corporate agents, in appropriate circumstances, may be properly joined as parties defendant; nor does the corporate character of such an agent contrive a different result.
Many v. Beekman Iron Co., 9 Paige (N.Y.) 188, is in point.
This was a bill in equity in which it was sought to reform a contract for the purchase of iron, and to have it specifically performed as reformed. Agents who had negotiated the contract on behalf of the corporate defendant, the seller, were made parties defendant.
The bill sought discovery from them as to the fact of agency and as to an alleged practice touching the nature of the units of tonnage involved.
A demurrer by the agents was overruled upon the ground that they fell within the exception to the general rule that a mere witness having no personal interest, cannot be made a party. The chancellor said: "In a bill against a corporation for relief, its officers and agents, who are cognizant of the facts to which it relates, may be made defendants for the purpose of obtaining an answer on oath, which cannot be obtained in any other way."
That case was cited with approval in McComb v. Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans R. Co. (C.C.) 7 F. 426.
The recent cases cited on behalf of the motion do not involve the effort to obtain discovery on the part of corporate agents who are made parties to a bill against the corporation.
There seems to be no real necessity for treating this situation as an exception to the rule touching witnesses and third parties; the discovery sought is really from the corporation; that is, those who conduct its affairs. They are not third parties at all; they are merely the instrumentalities through which the corporate entity, Lago, functioned in part. That these two were themselves corporations, did not change them from instrumentalities of Lago in the making and keeping of its records, into third parties having no part in the controversy.
The answer to B. necessarily involves matters pertaining to this controversy. In order that the bill may prevail, "The plaintiff must of course show that the answers [to interrogatories] will be relevant to the issues at law, and that will appear from inspection of the pleadings in that action. Under modern conditions he must do more; that is, show that without them he cannot safely go to trial. That too will in most cases appear from an inspection of the pleadings in the action at law." See Lansing B. Warner, Inc., v. Lehigh Valley R. Co. (C.C.A.) 75 F.2d 483, 485.
The rule so expressed is binding upon this court, for the decision was made by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.
The complaint in the lawsuit, as amplified by the bill of particulars, fixes the date of the contract under which the plaintiffs sue, as November 8, 1923.
Recourse being had to paragraph 7 of the bill, it appears, as has been stated, that the plaintiffs aver that, in order to establish Cosden's authority to deal with them on behalf of Lago, it is necessary to prove certain transactions, subsequent in point of time, which embraced the acquisition of the oil producing properties in South America, and the making and carrying out of the contract for the purchase of the oil produced in those properties; and the stock ownership on the part of Cosden, also subsequent, in point of time, to the alleged dealings with plaintiffs; and also the financial transaction to which allusion has been made.
Seemingly these are sought to be related back to Cosden's alleged authority on November 8, 1923, on the basis of ratification and confirmation of the said series of acts, the first of which is said to have occurred on November 30, 1923, and the later ones during 1924 and 1925.
There is no allegation in terms, no showing in the bill, that the plaintiffs "cannot safely go to trial" without the benefit of the discovery sought.
While it may be true that Cosden's authority as at November 8, 1923, can be demonstrated by appropriate corporate records made later, there is no apparent sequitur embodied in the assertion that the plaintiffs desire to lay bare, for the information of the court and jury in the lawsuit, the extent of Cosden's transactions in Lago stock during the two years immediately succeeding the alleged hiring of the plaintiffs.
It is supposed that there are many major stockholdings in corporations in which no relation of principal and agent exists between the company and the holder of its stock.
The answer to question B. is in the negative.
As to the third question, the showing is equally lacking in substance, so far as the alleged loan in May or June, 1924, by the Chase Bank is concerned. In that aspect, the bank is not joined as the successor to the Seaboard National Bank as registrar of Lago stock.
It is joined in the bill in its own individual capacity, not as an agent of Lago, for of course it made the loan as a principal and as an incident to the pursuit of its own affairs.
Clearly the answer to question C. is in the negative, under the general rule mutually recognized in the briefs.
It results that the motion to dismiss the bill, as to the two-co-defendants to Lago, cannot be granted for the reasons specifically stated, and probably not at all under the practice adopted.The bill is objectionable as to them, however, in the view of this court, upon the grounds stated.
The prayer for other and further relief has been construed to invite an expression of opinion as herein contained, to the end that future procedural requirements may be clarified.
It seems that only such pleas to the bill may be entertained as are discussed in Pressed Steel Car Co. v. Union Pacific R. Co. (D.C.) 241 F. 964. See Lansing B. Warner, Inc. v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., supra (C.C.A.) 75 F.2d 483, at page 485. Probably this means that a motion under Equity Rule 29 (28 U.S.C.A. following section 723) as in Pressed Steel Car Co. v. Union Pacific R. Co. (D.C.) 240 F. 135, would be dismissed; if so, defendants are remitted to the practice under Equity Rule 58 (28 U.S.C.A. following section 723) discussed in H. Wagner & Adler Co. v. Mali (C.C.A.) 74 F.2d 666, at page 669.
Assuming that these two co-defendants dispute the plaintiffs' rights to any discovery from them, they must so allege in an answer which will contain "such facts as they deem apposite" and obtain from the court, under Equity Rule 58, an enlargement of their time to answer the interrogations which affect them, until the plaintiffs' right to discovery from them shall be established.
The order to be entered hereon may provide, if counsel be so inclined, that the motion to dismiss is dismissed without prejudice to the right of the Chase National Bank of the city of New York, and the Corporation Trust Company to file answers raising the issue of the plaintiffs' right to discovery from them within 20 days from the service of the order, and to apply for an order in connection therewith extending their time to answer the interrogatories addressed to them until the plaintiffs' right to discovery from them shall be established.
Settle order.
© 1992-2004 VersusLaw Inc.
Our website includes the main text of the court's opinion but does not include the
docket number, case citation or footnotes. Upon purchase, docket numbers and/or
citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a legal proceeding.
Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
LRC, Inc. About Us


text:
Artis Leon Ivey Jr. (born August 1, 1963), better known by the stage name Coolio, is an American Grammy Award-winning musician, rapper, actor, and record producer. He is best known for the song 'Gangsta's Paradise', and the theme song for Kenan & Kel, a Nickelodeon show from 1996 to 2000. He recorded two singles in 1987, titled 'Watcha Gonna Do' and 'You're Gonna Miss Me'. Neither single was successful, but Coolio had made connections in the Los Angeles rap scene, and ended up joining the group WC and the Maad Circle in 1991. WC was the group's lead rapper, but Coolio was another rapper in the group. He had a few verses on the group's debut album, Ain't a Damn Thang Changed, including on the single 'Dress Code'. The album was regionally successful, but did not make much impact on a national scale. Three years later in 1994, Coolio signed to Tommy Boy Records and released his debut solo album, It Takes a Thief.
Contributions by 188.8.131.52, 18.104.22.168, and WatchAndObserve.


text:
- Reliable Pool Companies in Espanola, NM
- Expert Pool Companies in Espanola, NM
- Free Quotes with Pool Companies in Espanola, NM
Pool Companies in Espanola, NM
The pool companies Espanola, NM has to offer will be able to install the exact pool you want in back of your house so you do not have to do any of the work yourself. You will find that Espanola pool companies can install either an aboveground or underground pool so you will be able to get all of your needs met. A pool is a great purchase to make, especially if you have a family. Children love to play in pools and it is also a good form of exercise for them.
Avg Costs for Pool Companies
Min Cost
Max Cost
Avg Cost
$7,607.77 - $10,645.59
Find the Best Quality Pool Companies - Espanola, NM
The pool companies in Espanola, NM can build the kind of pool you want to your exact specifications so you won't have to worry about whether or not you are going to get your money's worth. A good pool company in Espanola, NM will be able to do all of this installation work for you at a reasonable amount so you will not have to worry about going over your budget. You will find that these businesses also offer repair services, allowing you to get anything wrong with your pool fixed promptly by professionals who are experienced and know what they are doing. Overall, these services can be very beneficial for you and your family.
Pool Companies Companies
Star Design
89 County Rd 2
Espanola, NM 87532
Serna, E. R. General Contractor
Po Box 717
Espanola, NM 87532
Lopez, R.A. Construction
Po Box 755
Espanola, NM 87532
Serna, E. R. General Contractor
Po Box 717
Espanola, NM 87532


text:
Home /
Our Sources / About Us
/ FAQs /
Advanced Search
Not what you're
looking for? Try an advanced search.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
December 26, 2012
NATHSON FIELDS, PLAINTIFF,v.CITY OF CHICAGO, ET AL., DEFENDANTS.
Plaintiff Nathson Fields sued a number of Chicago police officers and two former Cook County prosecutors, Larry Wharrie and David Kelley, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law, in connection with his wrongful conviction for a double murder. Fields alleged that Wharrie, who was the prosecutor at his first trial on these charges, coerced a witness named Anthony Sumner to falsely implicate him in criminal activity and that this directly resulted in his wrongful incarceration. Fields alleged that while his conviction was on appeal, Wharrie also procured false statements from Earl Hawkins for use at a possible retrial. Fields also alleged that Kelley, who was the prosecutor at his retrial, coerced a witness named Randy Langston to falsely implicate him at that trial. Finally, Fields alleged that both Wharrie and Kelley concealed this and other exculpatory evidence from him in connection with the two trials.
In April 2011, the Court dismissed all of Fields' federal constitutional claims against Wharrie except the claim relating to Hawkins and also dismissed all of his federal constitutional claims against Kelley. See Fields v. City of Chicago, 805 F. Supp. 2d 536 (N.D. Ill. 2011). Fields has moved for reconsideration of the dismissal of his claims against Wharrie to the extent those claims are based on Wharrie's alleged role in fabricated inculpatory statements by Sumner. The motion requires the Court to discuss the basis for its April 2011 dismissal of the claims against Wharrie; the Seventh Circuit's ruling on an interlocutory appeal; and the Seventh Circuit's decision several months later in another case.
In addition, the Court addresses in this decision the issue of prosecutorial immunity as it applies to Fields' state law claims against Wharrie and Kelley.
1. This Court's dismissal of Fields' federal claims against Wharrie
In addressing Fields' federal claims regarding Wharrie's alleged coercion of
Sumner before charges were filed and Kelley's alleged coercion of Langston before the retrial, the Court assumed for purposes of discussion that this was investigative conduct for which Wharrie and Kelley were not entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity. The Court concluded that Fields' federal claims against Wharrie and Kelley involving this conduct were barred by Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 20 F.3d 789 (7th Cir. 1994) ("Buckley IV"). Specifically, the Court concluded that under Buckley IV, the coercion of a false statement is not actionable; rather, only use of such a statement in court is actionable, and a prosecutor has absolute immunity from liability for using the statement in court. Fields, 805 F. Supp. 2d at 547 (citing Buckley IV, 20 F.3d at 794).
The Court overruled Wharrie's absolute immunity and qualified immunity defenses, however, regarding Fields' contention that Wharrie had solicited Hawkins' false testimony prior to the retrial. The Court based its decision on Seventh Circuit law as it existed at the time, namely Houston v. Partee, 978 F.2d 362 (7th Cir. 1992). The basis of Houston was that if a prosecutor is no longer part of a trial team at the time of challenged misconduct, he is not entitled to absolute immunity.
2. The interlocutory appeal
Wharrie and Kelley filed an interlocutory appeal. Wharrie appealed from the Court's rejection of absolute immunity on Fields' claim concerning Hawkins' testimony. See Fields v. Wharrie, 672 F.3d 505, 510 (7th Cir. 2012). Kelley appealed from the Court's failure to accord him absolute immunity on Fields' claim regarding Langston. See id. The Seventh Circuit did not consider the claim against Wharrie relating to his alleged coercion of a false inculpatory statement from Sumner.
The Seventh Circuit decided the appeal February 28, 2012. In addressing the Hawkins claim, the Seventh Circuit concluded that the aspect of Houston upon which this Court had relied had been effectively overruled by Van de Kamp v. Goldstein, 555 U.S. 335 (2009). After further analysis, the court concluded that Wharrie was entitled to absolute immunity from suit for his Hawkins-related conduct because he was still acting as a prosecutor even if he was not on the trial team. Fields, 672 F.3d at 514-16.
In an alternative holding, the court concluded that even if Wharrie had not been acting as a prosecutor when he obtained Hawkins' incriminating statements against Fields prior to the retrial, "Fields did not suffer a constitutional harm with respect to [the witness's] new, incriminating version of events until [another prosecutor] introduced the testimony at retrial." Id. at 516. The court reaffirmed its determination in Buckley IV that "fabricating evidence, including in the form of testimony, is not an actionable constitutional wrong. The constitutional violation occurs when the means by which the testimony was acquired are not disclosed at trial -- or when other information that impeach[es] the testimony's reliability [is] not shared with the defense." Id. at 516-17. Thus any constitutional wrong occurred when Kelley introduced the alleged false testimony at the retrial. Id. at 517. The court said that if Wharrie had handled the retrial himself, his violation of Hawkins' due process rights would be subject to absolute immunity. But because Kelley had conducted the retrial, Wharrie was subject to liability "only if Kelley did not know that he had asked Hawkins to lie and would not have retried the case had he been aware of that information." Id. The court said that Fields "suggests . . . that Kelley knew Hawkins' testimony was false and retried the case regardless. . . . Although he does not explicitly state that Kelley knew that Wharrie asked Hawkins to lie, he strongly implies that [Kelley] did." Id. For this reason, the constitutional injury to Fields resulted from Kelley's prosecutorial decision to use the testimony. Id. As a result, the court said, "Fields has not . . . stated a claim against Wharrie based upon his soliciting [the witness's] false testimony." Id. The court rejected Fields' claim against Kelley regarding Langston on the same basis -- he was aware, in his capacity as a prosecutor, of the alleged coercion of Langston that he had previously conducted. Id. at 517-18.
3. Whitlock v. Brueggemann
About three months after it decided the interlocutory appeal in this case, the Seventh Circuit decided Whitlock v. Brueggemann, 682 F.3d 567 (7th Cir. 2012). Judge Flaum, the author of the decision in Fields' case, was a member of the panel that decided Whitlock.
Whitlock involved two plaintiffs' claims that they had been wrongly tried and convicted of a double murder. They sued several police officers and a prosecutor, Michael McFatridge. This Court's discussion of the Whitlock decision focuses on the disposition of the plaintiffs' claims against McFatridge.
The plaintiffs in Whitlock alleged that the defendants failed to pursue two more likely suspects and instead focused on the plaintiffs. They eventually encountered a witness named Herrington, who initially implicated two other men but then, after a lengthy meeting with investigators and McFatridge, named plaintiffs as the murderers. The police then put Herrington in seclusion, gave him money, and supplied him with details about the crimes. He changed his story again, however, and said he could not implicate the plaintiffs. Several months later, two of the police officers allegedly coerced a witness named Reinbolt to implicate the plaintiffs. The police then obtained a warrant to arrest the plaintiffs. Id. at 572. The plaintiffs were convicted after both Herrington and Reinbolt implicated them at trial. Years later, Herrington and Reinbolt recanted their inculpatory statements and said the police had told them what to say. McFatridge allegedly drafted statements retracting the recantations, and the witnesses signed them. Reinbolt later recanted again, and McFatridge taped a retraction of this recantation too. Id. The plaintiffs' convictions were eventually overturned.
On appeal from the district court's denial of summary judgment, the Seventh Circuit noted that plaintiffs claimed McFatridge had violated their rights during three periods: before he applied for arrest warrants; between the issuance of the warrants and the date he left the prosecutor's office; and between the time of his resignation and the date the plaintiffs' convictions were reversed. The district court held that McFatridge had absolute prosecutorial immunity for his conduct during the second period, and this ruling was not before the Seventh Circuit in the interlocutory appeal. As for the third period, the court concluded that there were genuine factual issues regarding whether McFatridge had acted under color of law. Id. at 577-58.
The court then considered whether McFatridge was entitled to absolute immunity for his conduct before the arrest warrant issued. The court determined that under the Supreme Court's decision in Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259 (1993), McFatridge was not entitled to absolute immunity until probable cause to arrest the plaintiffs existed. Whitlock, 682 F.3d at 578-79 (citing Buckley and Hill v. Coppleson, 627 F.3d 601 (7th Cir. 2010)). The court ruled that there was a genuine factual dispute over when probable cause first existed. Id. at 579. The court distinguished the claims in Whitlock from those it had dealt with in its decision in the present case. In particular, the court noted that the claims it had addressed against Wharrie and Kelley all concerned "challenged acts while acting in a prosecutorial role," rather than acts they had taken before probable cause supported making a charge against Fields. Id. at 579-80.*fn1
The court in Whitlock next addressed the issue of qualified immunity. The court first noted that a police officer who manufactures false evidence against a criminal defendant is liable if the evidence is later used to deprive the defendant of his liberty. Id. at 580. It determined that the same rule applies to a prosecutor "who manufactures evidence while acting in an investigatory role." Id. It is "beside the point," the court said, that the prosecutor who introduces the evidence at trial (either the same one who manufactured the evidence or a different one) cannot be held liable for the introduction of the evidence.
The court in Whitlock rejected McFatridge's argument that the plaintiffs' rights were not violated until the false testimony was introduced at their trial and that "[t]he only wrong . . . is the one that occurred at trial." The court conceded that the alleged constitutional violation "was not complete until trial." Id. at 582. But section 1983, the court stated, imposes liability not just on those who subject others to constitutional deprivations, but those who "cause" others to be subjected to constitutional deprivations. Id. The court stated that "[t]he actions of an official who fabricates evidence that later is used to deprive someone of liberty can be both a but-for and proximate cause of the due process violation. Without the fabrication, the prosecuting attorney would have had no tainted evidence to introduce at trial." Id. at 583. The prosecutor's introduction of the evidence at trial "may be a second proximate cause," but "there is no rule demanding that every case have only one proximate cause." Id.
The causal link may be broken, the court said, if the prosecutor who introduces the fabricated evidence at trial is made aware of the fabrication. Id. Specifically, "a prosecutor's action in putting evidence on, known to be fabricated, may in some circumstances be a superseding or supervening cause of the violation." Id. at 584. This principle did not assist McFatridge, the Court ruled, because he himself had allegedly assisted in fabricating the evidence and had also introduced it: "[o]ne's own conduct cannot be an intervening cause sufficient to defeat a finding of causation." Id.
The court acknowledged that in Buckley IV, it had"also dealt with a claim against a prosecutor who collected evidence as an investigator and then went on to use that evidence at trial" and had barred the claim. Id. The court, however, distinguished Buckley IV, stating that "the alleged constitutional violations in Buckley IV were different from those here and thus do not control our analysis." Id. In Whitlock, the court stated, McFatridge was alleged to have "fabricated evidence, and from a common-sense standpoint, the only reasonable explanation for this act was to make that evidence available in later proceedings." Id. Buckley IV, the court stated, was different: there the plaintiff "sought to hold prosecutors liable for repeatedly interrogating two witnesses and paying them for statements inculpating the plaintiff, as well as for seeking out and hiring witnesses." Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Tactics that involve coercing, paying, or shopping for witnesses "may contribute to wrongful convictions, but they do not necessarily add up to a constitutional violation even when their fruits are introduced at trial," because "[e]vidence collected with these kinds of suspect techniques, unlike falsified evidence and perjured testimony, may turn out to be true."
Id. "In this . . . group of cases, any resulting due process violation that occurs when the evidence is introduced at trial cannot be traced back as far as its creation." Id. at 585. By contrast, the court concluded, McFatridge's alleged conduct would amount to a violation of constitutional rights. Id. The court went on to conclude that the right to due process that plaintiffs claimed McFatridge had violated was clearly established by 1988, the time relevant in plaintiffs' case. Id. at 585-86.
The distinction that the Seventh Circuit sought to draw in Whitlock between the conduct that was at issue in that case and in Buckley IV is somewhat difficult for this Court to grasp. Both the defendants in Whitlock and the defendants in Buckley IV were alleged to have coerced false inculpatory statements from witnesses. Indeed, the court's earlier decision in the Whitlock case, Steidl v. Fermon, 494 F.3d 623 (7th Cir. 2007), which the court specifically referenced in Whitlock for its discussion of "the facts in this case," Whitlock, 682 F.3d at 571, says unequivocally that the plaintiffs claimed that the defendants "coerced testimony" from both Reinbolt and Herrington. Steidl, 494 F.3d at 626. Thus there is no apparent factual distinction between the underlying fabricatory conduct in Whitlock and that in Buckley IV. Even if one sets this aside, it is hard to fathom where the line would be drawn -- if coercion, payoffs, and witness-shopping to get a false inculpatory statement (as referenced in Buckley IV) are not actionable as having caused a constitutional violation, but some other type of conduct to get a false statement is, what would be actionable? Simple persuasion?
On the other hand, the discussion of these points in Whitlock is consistent with long-standing Seventh Circuit law concerning causation in section 1983 cases of this sort. In particular, in Jones v. City of Chicago, 856 F.2d 985 (7th Cir. 1993), the court ruled that police officers may be liable for fabricating evidence, even though the evidence, of course, was not introduced until later, by prosecutors. The court in Whitlock relied heavily on Jones and on tort-law causation principles in reaching a similar result. See Whitlock, 682 F.3d at 582-84. The Court notes that if the contrary proposition were true, there would be no effective federal claim for violation of due process in this context that the Seventh Circuit has repeatedly approved, because fabricated evidence is almost always created before trial even though it is not introduced until trial.
The bottom line, as best as the Court can divine it, is this. The Seventh Circuit quite unequivocally ruled in Whitlock that a prosecutor acting as investigator is subject to potential liability for fabricating evidence, if the prosecutor himself introduces the evidence against the defendant at trial, or if some other prosecutor unaware of the fabrication introduces the evidence. The Court also reaffirmed Jones, as it has done repeatedly over the years. But the court also appeared to be trying to preserve or reinterpret Buckley IV, which at least arguably points in a different direction. The law from the Seventh Circuit on this point thus appears to be continuing to evolve.
4. Fields' motion for reconsideration
Fields' motion for reconsideration is focused on his federal claim against Wharrie
concerning the fabrication of false evidence from Anthony Sumner. Fields claimed that Wharrie assisted in the fabrication of false inculpatory statements by Sumner before probable cause existed to arrest or charge Fields for murder. Wharrie was also the prosecutor who introduced those false statements at Fields' first trial. The Seventh Circuit did not deal with this particular claim in the previous interlocutory appeal in this case.
This claim is a duplicate of the sort of claim that the Seventh Circuit said in Whitlock would be actionable against a prosecutor. The prosecutor is claimed to have assisted in the creation of false evidence in an investigatory role, for which he does not enjoy absolute immunity. This is actionable conduct in Wharrie's case, because a prosecutor's introduction at trial of false evidence that he himself helped to create does not amount to a superseding cause. And the court further ruled in Whitlock that this conduct violated clearly established law as of 1987, the same period that is relevant here. Whitlock, 682 F.3d at 585-86.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that intervening developments in the law render erroneous its earlier ruling granting Wharrie qualified immunity for this alleged conduct. The Court therefore grants Fields' motion for reconsideration and vacates its April 2011 dismissal order to the extent it dismissed this particular claim against Wharrie.
5. Fields' state law claims
The Court also asked the parties to address more specifically whether the legal principles regarding a prosecutor's immunity from suit apply under Illinois law and if so whether they applies in a way that differs from federal law.
There is not much Illinois law on the subject, but what there is indicates that Illinois applies the principle of absolute prosecutorial immunity to state law claims in the same way that federal courts apply it to section 1983 claims, drawing the line between investigatory conduct (which is actionable) and prosecutorial conduct (which is not). Indeed, the Illinois cases addressing prosecutorial immunity in the state law context rely on federal cases. See White v. City of Chicago, 369 Ill. App. 3d 765, 769-78, 861 N.E.2d 1083, 1088-94 (2006). The Court therefore concludes that defendants Wharrie and Kelley are entitled to absolute immunity on Fields' state law claims against them in the same way that absolute immunity applies to Fields' federal claims.
Qualified immunity is a different matter. Qualified immunity is a concept that applies under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; it focuses on whether a viable federal constitutional claim has been alleged and whether federal constitutional law was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. Conceptually, this does not apply to state law claims. Thus the discussion of qualified immunity in this Court's and the Seventh Circuit's earlier decisions in this case do not apply to Fields' state law claims against Wharrie and Kelley.
Fields' section 1983 claim against Wharrie concerning Earl Hawkins has been dismissed on the basis of absolute immunity. The same rules applies to his state law claims to the extent they arise from the Hawkins episode. This leaves the aspects of Fields' state law claims against Wharrie that concern the fabrication of the allegedly false inculpatory statement by Anthony Sumner. Wharrie is entitled to absolute immunity on those claims for his introduction of the statement at trial but not for his role in the statement's fabrication.
With regard to Kelley, the Seventh Circuit upheld the dismissal of Fields' claim regarding the fabrication of a false inculpatory statement from Randy Langston on the basis of qualified immunity, not absolute immunity. See Fields v. Wharrie, 672 F.3d at 517-18 (finding that "Fields suffered no constitutional violation" from the fabrication of the statement apart from its introduction at the trial). Kelley is entitled to absolute immunity for his introduction of the statement at trial but not for his role in the statement's fabrication. Thus Fields' state law claims against Kelley remain alive to the extent they concern his conduct relating to the fabrication of Langston's inculpatory statement. With regard to Hawkins and Sumner, Kelley's alleged involvement was in a prosecutorial, not an investigatory capacity, so he is entitled to absolute immunity on Fields' state law claims against him to the extent they concern those matters.
For the reasons stated above, the Court grants plaintiff's motion for reconsideration and vacates its order of April 4, 2011 to the extent it dismissed plaintiff's federal claim against defendant Wharrie arising from the fabrication of false evidence from Anthony Sumner. Plaintiff is entitled to proceed with that claim. He is also entitled to proceed with his state law claims against Wharrie to the extent they arise from that conduct, as well as his state law claims against defendant Kelley to the extent it arises from the fabrication of false evidence from Randy Langston.
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY United States District Judge
Our website includes the main text of the court's opinion but does not include the
docket number, case citation or footnotes. Upon purchase, docket numbers and/or
citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a legal proceeding.
Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision.
Official citation and/or docket number and footnotes (if any) for this case available with purchase.
Learn more about what you receive with purchase of this case.
LRC, Inc. About Us


text:
So, how's everyone holding up without fantasy baseball every day? I don't know what to do with myself! This week I wandered into a Starbucks and told the coffeerista about Aaron Sanchez for 2017. Then I sobbed into a cheddar scone until someone asked me to leave. We've gone over the final 2016 fantasy baseball rankings for hitters and the top 20 starters. This is different than Final Fantasy rankings where you rank Final Fantasy 1 thru Final Fantasy 15. That's hardcore nerd shizz! This is simply fantasy baseball, we're softcore nerds like Emmanuelle. So, there's no more of these godforsaken recap posts left. You're welcome. I, my over-the-internet friend, will be talking next about 2017 rookies. Anyway, here's the top 40 starters for 2016 fantasy baseball and how they compare to where I originally ranked them:Please, blog, may I have some more?
Michael Fulmer
Can you imagine such a surprise thing in the delivery room? I can barely fathom the idea of fatherhood, let alone the extra money and work having two babies at one time can be. Thankfully, this isn't a stay at home dad blog so of course, the title don't mean shizz in terms of giving birth to two bundles of expensive joy at once. Nay, I'm talking about my favorite type of bundle of joy: cash. The kind of cash you get when starting someone against the Twins. Heck, you can look back just to my Friday post to see how I think of said Twinkies. Synopsis: they trash and I look to take advantage of that knowledge as often as possible. How do I plan to implement this info today, you ask? By starting Jason Vargas. Yes, I hate Minnesota that much…apologies to Prince #RIP. Vargas showed decently in his last outing but really, this is a two fold call. One, the Twins have been at or near the bottom all year in terms of offensive output and are currently streaking further down, dropping a wRC+ of 41 and a 31.3% K rate over their last 7 and a 62 and 27.9% over their last 14. Basically, Dozier stopped hitting a HR every day so their offense went south. Funny that. Anyhoo, we now get to look at that Vargas price tag of $4,600 and get to ask ourselves a very simple question: can he score around 15 points against such a bad opponent? Well if his 11.2 in Cleveland over just 4 innings in his last outing is any indication, the answer is yes. Due to pitch count concerns and because, well, he IS Jason Vargas, I wouldn't play him outside of tourneys tonight but he's a great price reliever if you wanna pay up for an SP2 or for big bats. So grab a couple of cigars and celebrate with me. Here's my spank to make you cry taeks for this Wednesday DK slate…
New to DraftKings? Scared of feeling like a small fish in a big pond? Well reserve your spot in the 25 Team Razzball Exclusive League set to run Monday October 3rd to wet your DK whistle. Just remember to sign up through us before you do. Wanna know what the best part is about signing up with us? The free subscription for the rest of the season to our DFSBot, that's what! For details on the how to, please visit our Razzball Subscriptions page.Please, blog, may I have some more?
Mets outfielder Michael Conforto was 2-for-3 last night, scoring two runs with his 12th home run, and three RBI. Could this be the start of something big? Who's Conforto, you ask? Lol, you pleb–Don't you know anything? He's just an uber prospect for the New York Mets. *Sips cold brew coffee, adjust horn rimmed glasses, strokes beard* Sigh. You've probably never heard of him. Have I mentioned he's the hipster's favorite player? Do I really have to mention that? The man hit .365 with four homers, 11 doubles and 18 RBI in April, then completely fell of the planet. He was busy working on his documentary film/visual novel/app for dogs. Sitting in an abandoned warehouse turned secret speakeasy/corn hole arena/craft cider house/live-bluegrass music cafe, I sip my gluten-free organic cold brew coffee (cage-free beans, obv) and curl my finely waxed mustache, pondering what life would be like with a fantasy baseball championship. I put down my Gabriel García Márquez book (I only read South American novelists), let my hair free out of its man-bun, and realize that Michael Conforto could be the key to everything. All that magical realism is really paying off! Sure, he struggled mightily all year, and sure, Jay Bruce threatens to steal some of his playing time. But Bruce is also 2-for-31 (.065 BA) in the past two weeks, and Conforto's got all the upside. If I were you, and I'm not, because I'm obviously way hipper than you, I'd grab Michael Conforto, who's available in about 90% of fantasy leagues, before he gets hot. In fact, this could only make you cooler because when he does finally break out, that means you picked him up before he was cool. And there's nothing cooler than that!
Here's what else happened in fantasy baseball Friday night:Please, blog, may I have some more?
Oakland rookie third baseman Ryon Healy continued to rake Friday night as he collected two hits and scored a run to extend his hitting streak to seven, with six multi-hit games in that span. Sometimes I get fantasy advice from good friend of mine and rapper 50 Cent, who is a much better fantasy baseballer than he is a real baseballer. In between freestyle seshs, Fitty says to me, "Yo D (he calls me D), you gotta get on Ryon Healy, if you been Patiently Waiting for a decent corner, dude is a P.I.M.P., get rich and buy Ryon, do-you-know-what-I-am-saying?" OK, thanks, Fitty. Not a bad headline either…also, funny, how you plugged a bunch of your songs there, but I guess these be tough times. He's right though. Healy has been a certified G-Unit soldier in the month of September, batting .400, with 9 runs, 4 homers, 5 doubles and 12 RBI. If that ain't a wanksta, I don't know what is. Honestly, I really don't. Is it bad or good? Regardless, in the past week the rookie has been very, very good. He's hitting .517 with 8 runs, 3 homers and 9 RBI. That's in seven days, people! How many more fantasy days left? Can't be much more than seven, so sounds like Ryon Healy could be a nice player to own down the stretch. He was a BUY this week and I picked him up! 50 grabbed him too and he's available in about 80% of leagues. Hate it or love it, pick him up if you want to win!
Here's what else I saw Friday night in fantasy baseball:Please, blog, may I have some more?
Houston's 32-year old Cuban rookie Yulieski Gurriel was 2-for-4 with his first stolen base Friday night. Or is it Guerriel? Gourriel? Don't worry about spelling his name correctly, the media sure doesn't–what's important is Friday's two hit night capped off an impressive week for the third baseman where he hit .321 with four runs, two home runs and drove in five runs. Debuting at the end of August, Yulieski got off to a slow start after struggling with a mild hamstring injury, but that looks to be a thing of the past and he's now hit safely in his last six games, and has homered in two of his last three games. Players like Yulieski require praise, they demand it. As soon as manager A.J. Hinch let him know he was a good Gurriel, and started rewarding him with treats (he really likes Combos) Yulieski turned it on. Atta Gurriel! Yes, you are! Who's a good Gurriel? You arrrre! Yulieski was less than impressive during his short minors stint (.250/.262/.429 line with two home runs and 14 RBI in 15 games), but he bat .500 with 15 homers in 50 games in Cuba last year which is a about as good as it sounds, so there is little doubt our boy is major league ready. Did you read Grey's Yulieski Gurriel fantasy? I read it while conducting a scientific tasting of all the different Combos flavors. Pepperoni pizza won in a landslide. Lord Byron Buxton will be the hot-shot rookie pick up of the week, and by all means, if he's available grab him, but Gurriel could be a nice add if you lost the Buxton sweepstakes, and he's still out there in over 80% of leagues. I'd own him in any league where wanted to win. Yulieski can do it!
Here's what else I saw in fantasy baseball Friday night:Please, blog, may I have some more?
Not quite as spiritually moving as John Lennon, but imagine for a moment Jose Abreu were to actually put together two solid halves in the same year. "Imagine there's no heaven, it's easy if you try. No 'He'll end up below Andrus,' for half the year. Above Andrus only this Jose guy. Imagine Abreu playing a decent, full season like today. Aha-ha… Imagine there's no countries. It isn't hard to do. Nothing to drop or trade for, and no 'Abreu's so cold it's like this hell has a fridge in it' too. Imagine all the people living to get a piece of…Abreu… You may say I'm a dreamer, but I'm not the only one! I hope some day Abreu'll be better than Andrus, and play an entire season as one." So, Jose Abreu hit two homers yesterday (3-for-7, 7 RBIs, and 21st and 22nd HRs), and he's been great recently, but it's hard to get that excited about a guy for 2017 who invariably takes three months off every year. Can't imagine he's a top 25 player ever again. You-WHO-OOH! Anyway, here's what else I saw this weekend in fantasy baseball:Please, blog, may I have some more?
2015 was a golden year for rookies. Carlos Correa, Kris Bryant, Noah Syndergaard, Francisco Lindor, Addison Russell, Lance McCullers, Roberto Osuna, and many other youngsters made a huge impact for their respective teams during their first run through the big leagues. This season's rookie crop hasn't been quite as impressive as that historically productive group, but it's been a pretty strong one as well. Corey Seager (technically in his rookie season), Trevor Story, Trea Turner, David Dahl, Jon Gray, and Michael Fulmer are some of the players who have been outstanding in their first full MLB seasons. Perhaps the brightest prospect of them all, however, especially on the pitching side, is 20-year-old Dodgers phenom Julio Urias. He's considered by many to be the best pitching prospect in baseball over the past several years, and it's not difficult to see why. With plus velocity (his fourseam fastball can reach 96 mph at times) and a varied arsenal (fastball/slider/curve/change) that can generate swings and misses with regularity, it doesn't seem to be a matter of if Urias will be successful, but when. Considering he was still a teenager for the bulk of his rookie season, it's reasonable to question whether or not Urias is ready to contribute down the stretch for fantasy owners this season. What can be expected from him over the next month or so?
Let's take a look at his profile to determine how the rookie has been performing during his first run in MLB. Here are a few thoughts and observations:Please, blog, may I have some more?
Gerrit Cole has an injured arm, possibly elbow spurs. I love this scenario: a pitcher throws like garbage for weeks then the team announces he's hurt. Love, love, love. This is my favorite. Five innings, five runs, but it's likely nothing, just a bad start. Cut to five weeks later of terrible starts. "Oh, yeah, he's got a torn tendon/elbow spur/missing forearm due to lost baggage. Oops! We should've sent him to a doctor six starts ago. Our bad!" Here's what I said after his last start, "I don't know what's going on with Cole, but I'd guess injury or dead arm." And that's me quoting me! How is it that I can guess there's a problem but a major league team can't figure shizz out? That should never be possible. I couldn't even pass Bio 101, and a MLB team has a staff of doctors. Seriously, how does this happen? I want answers! Anyway, here's what else I saw this weekend in fantasy baseball:Please, blog, may I have some more?
It's not much of a secret, of course; or at least, it's not an undocumented fact: the Rockies away from Coors can be a bore with the bats. Wanna know an undocumented fact? Harambe might be a more long lasting meme than Crying Jordan when all is said and done. I don't know how I feel about that, honestly, but #DicksOutForHarambe needs to go. NOW. Or at least, the pics preceding do…because gross. But more to the point, the Rockies and the road are the antithesis of Forrest and Jenny. Ice cream and cyanide? Gingers and souls? Jose Canseco and Grey? All important things to factor here as really, Rockies are generally trashy Mctrashersons on the road, holding down the 6th worst wRC+ while K'ing the 4th most at 23.6%. And with that, we turn to our key bold faced name for the intro: A.J. Cole. Cole's season debut wasn't spectacular, but definitely useful as he K'd 8 Orioles over 7 IP. He finished just short of 20 points and that was without a win and in Camden Yards. You intrigued yet? Mmm-hmm, thought so. Throw in the fact he's only $6,300 and for once, it's alright to get a Cole in your stocking so let's roll. Here's my I'm still pretending summer will last forever taeks for this Saturday DK slate…
New to DraftKings? Scared of feeling like a small fish in a big pond? Well reserve your spot in the 25 Team Razzball Exclusive League set to run Monday August 29th to wet your DK whistle. Just remember to sign up through us before you do. Wanna know what the best part is about signing up with us? The free subscription for the rest of the season to our DFSBot, that's what! For details on the how to, please visit our Razzball Subscriptions page.Please, blog, may I have some more?
Chad Green was out there painting corners like he was on work release and someone decided the yellow curb needed to be yellower! Green ball in the corner pocket is what he felt! Green was dealing like a sad-looking, poker dealer at a poker room that is badly lit, which is known for having great dealers! Green for the money, gold for the honeys! Yesterday, Green was the envy of the league, though not a shizzton happened, admittedly. He threw 6 IP, 0 ER, 2 baserunners, 11 Ks vs. the Jays. Because his name is Green! Nah, that's prolly not the reason, but it's an interesting thought. Green has worked well in the minors (1.52 ERA in Triple-A), and gets strikeouts (9.5 K/9) with his mid-90s MPH fastball, and cutter. At this point, I'd still rely on the Stream-o-Nator with him for shallower mixed leagues, but I could see a flyer on him in keeper leagues for a chance there's something here moving into 2017. Anyway, here's what else I saw yesterday in fantasy baseball:Please, blog, may I have some more?


text:
Slide to see the images
Joe and Lola. Or is it Lola and Joe? We don't want to call him a mama's boy, but sweet Joe is never far from Lola's side. We'd never split up this gorgeous pair, especially when Joe is so devoted to his mama. If you've been thinking of adding a pair of cats to your family, you couldn't find a nicer duo than Lola and Joe!
JerseyCats adoption fee is $100 for an adult cat and $150 for a kitten.
Adoption fee includes FVRCP vaccine and booster, FeLV and FIV testing, spay/neuter and microchip.


text:
Olive is extremely smart and learns very quickly. She knows the commands sit and lay down (as long as her bed is near by). Olive has some food allergies (we think) so has been switched to grain free food ( we use Costco grain free salmon and sweet potato). Olive loves to be around people. If crated when people come into the house she is very unhappy until she can greet the "new" person. Olive's favorite things to do are to cuddle and give kisses and to get scratched on her front legs. Olive will be a great dog for anyone lucky enough to adopt her -- she is truly an amazing girl!
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Red Hook Dog Rescue (NY/NJ).
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.
Contact this Rescue Group about Olive gentle and sweet again.


text:
Britain's leading art galleries and museums, including Tate Modern and the Victoria & Albert, will have to scale down their exhibition and expansion plans as recession threatens millions of pounds in business sponsorship.
The V&A is hoping to attract £120m for "phase two" of its exhibition plans, Tate Modern is seeking £125m for an extension and the National Gallery and National Galleries of Scotland need £100m to save two Titian paintings for the nation by 2012. But they might not be able to realise their ambitions if the economy stays in the doldrums. Colin Tweedy, chief executive of the organisation Arts & Business, said that scaling down shows would be an "inevitability". He said: "I'm trying to be optimistic but these are incredibly worrying times for people trying to raise money. If this recession is short and sharp and projects can be delayed or extended, all will get their money. But if it drags on, I can't see they will all do it."
His warning came as figures revealed business sponsorship was down by 7 per cent in 2007-8. While Mr Tweedy said the drop was likely to be cyclical, an attitudinal survey conducted by Arts & Business asking companies if they would be giving more or less over the next few years found great nervousness among sponsors.
Mr Tweedy predicted business sponsorship would slow until 2013: "Because of the time lag with art and sponsorship, if you talk to art galleries, their sponsorship continues. But the arts can't be immune from the downturn, although I think it could suffer less than sports sponsorship which has traditionally been higher," Mr Tweedy said. "Sponsors are delaying rather than pulling sponsorship right now, or taking longer to confirm sponsorship." The Earl of Cadogan, the 17th-richest man in Britain, reportedly decided not to plough £37,000 into the Chelsea Art Festival, which he had backed for 15 years. The event has been cancelled.
Alistair Spalding, the chief executive of Sadler's Wells, revealed that while current sponsors were "honouring their commitments", the theatre was finding it tough. "Fresh opportunities are very hard to come by. It's the last thing these companies are going to be thinking about," he said.
An exhibition of works by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio at the Royal Academy of Arts had trouble finding funding. In the end, the architects Lord Foster and Lord Rogers and a group of Royal Academicians stepped in.
The National Gallery attracted individual American philanthropists rather than corporate sponsors for a show on religious Spanish sculpture. Emma Collings, head of corporate fundraising at the National Gallery, said: "We are concerned, but the National Gallery is fortunate to have in place a three-year partnership with Credit Suisse and a strong upcoming exhibition schedule."
Arts funding: Projects under threat
*Titian £100m
Thirty-seven of Britain's leading artists campaigned with the National Gallery and National Galleries of Scotland in an attempt to keep two Titian paintings, Diana and Acteon, and Diana and Callisto, from being sold to foreign buyers. It is expected to be announced today that £50m has been raised to buy Diana and Acteon.
*Tate Modern extension £125m
Nicholas Serota, the director of Tate Galleries, said he hoped the money would be raised by 2012. The gallery has a third of the funding. The revised plans await planning permission.
*V&A's extension plans £120m
The museum has secured the £120m funds for the first phase, but the second phase will cost another £120m, to create more gallery spaces for fashion and textiles, photography and furniture. The museum is making feasibility studies of the development project.
- More about:
- Arts
- Credit Suisse
- National Gallery
- Tate Modern


text:
Would You Like To Know How To Build
Is there a way to make solar panels cheap? If you are like most people, you would love to take advantage of the sun's natural energy and power. It is clean. It is renewable. It is available every day, free to everyone... For many people, however, the initial investment of buying and installing solar panels is a major expense that remains out of reach. You are wondering if there is a way to make solar panels cheap, making it possible for you to power your home for a fraction of your current costs.
The answer is yes. A very simple step-by step guide for this process would be:
1. Create modules by soldering multiple cells.
That's not a very detailed explanation, and it probably won't help you if you aren't familiar with solar energy and how it works. Let's look at the process in detail then...
While manufactured solar panels are often far from cheap, before you start to make a solar panel, investigate your options and understand the various methods of production. Commercially constructed solar panels begin with a single solar cell. The electricity produced by a solar panel always originates within the cell. The most commonly used elements in the creation of solar cells are mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride or copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. These materials, either in bulk or thin film state, are layered to create an individual cell. Each of these materials has its' own list of benefits and drawbacks, when it comes to the ability to create photovoltaic energy. Some of these materials work by harnessing the sun's natural radiation, yet others create electricity through the use of light itself. While you probably will not be makeinging your own cells, it is always beneficial to understand the nature and make-up of the materials with which you will be working.
Once the cell has been constructed, it is joined to others cells, in order to create small modules. These modules are then joined together and placed in a non-conductive frame, creating what we call a solar panel. A solar panel, then, is simply a solar module which has been mounted to a frame. Once construction of the entire panel is complete, it is covered with a sheet of glass or plexiglass, in order to protect the fragile solar cells. Commercially manufactured solar panels range in size and wattage production. Visit the US Department of Energy's web-site to find free resources that can help you determine the amount of voltage needed to power your home.
While the cost of new solar cells can vary, used cells are becoming more readily available. These cells can be obtained in quantity, often for less than $10.00 a box. A quick search of the internet will provide you with multiple options for obtaining used solar panels. Purchasing used cells is perfectly acceptable, and in fact doing so is crucial, especially if you want to make a solar panel for as cheap as possible. Select cells which, when joined together on the panel, will produce enough wattage to power your home. If possible inspect the cells before purchasing. It is important to ensure that they have metal tabs, and that those tabs are still in tact. The tabs enable the cells to be soldered together into modules. Keep in mind that the cells are easily damaged, so a gentle hand is important for successful construction of your module.
The frame, which will support your solar module, should be made of non-conductive material; plastic or wood are both good options. As with cells, the materials you select to make the frame do not have to be new or expensive. If you select to use wood in constructing your frame, make sure to weather proof exposed surfaces.
Earth 4 Energy
It's Easy To Learn
How To Make Solar Panels
Solar Power For Home Energy Solutions
Reduce Your Electricity Bill And
Build Solar Panels For Home Use
Would You Like To Know
How To Build Solar Panels Cheap?
Learn How To Build A Solar Panel
For Pennies On The Dollar
Learn How Easy And Inexpensive
It Is To Build Solar Energy Systems
Ice Storm Still Has The Kentucky Area
Griped in a Power Outage. Here is a Possible Solution
Homemade Solar Manuals Are the Best Way
to Learn How to Build Solar Panels
What Is Homemade Solar Power?
Homemade Solar Panels: For Beginners
Homemade Solar Panel: Energy Storage
Installing Solar Panels for Home Use
Going Green with a Solar Panel? Build Your Own
Want To Build A Solar Panel? How to Make it is a Snap
Want to Learn
How to Build Your Own Solar Panel?
Using Solar Panels,
Build Your Own Energy Reservoirs
Solar Panels Make Your Own Life Safer
Solar Panels For The Home it's in Vogue
Got Solar Panel?
Make Your Own Using These Technical Tips
How To Make Solar Panels,
Secrets Revealed
Solar Panels: How to Build Them
Using Diverse Design Concepts
Wind Power Solutions For Your Home:
Building A Homemade Wind Turbine
What Are the Benefits of a
Residential Windmill?
Wind Generator Designs
Wind Power Information
What Price Can I Expect To
Pay For A Wind Turbine?
What Are Residential Windmills?
Residential Windmills Are They Useful?
Getting Started With a Residential Windmill
Searching For Wind Turbine Price?
What's Behind Wind Turbine Kits
How Wind Power Works
Homemade Energy: Wind Power
How Do Wind Turbines Work?
Homemade Energy Wind Power
Home | Reviews | Articles | Site Information
BestHomemadeEnergy.com © 2008 - 2015 All Rights Reserved World-Wide


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 1989
|Filing date
|Dec 18, 1987
|Priority date
|Dec 18, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John T. Ioannou
|Original Assignee
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (5), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to monitoring stress and temperature distributed along an array of optical fibers The array can be integrated into a composite sheet, and stress patterns in the sheet mapped in x-y directions. The optical fibers may also be used to monitor stress, movement, and temperature of objects to which the optical fibers are attached or embedded.
In the prior art of measurement of mechanical stress, monitoring of physical movement, and measurement of temperature of physical objects, it is known to place a sensing means along the length of the object to be measured
U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,520 to Griffiths discloses the use of an optical fiber which is securely fastened to a long, continuous structure such as a pipe line. Light is passed into an end of the optical fiber and any physical movement of the structure including deflection, bending, displacement or fracture produces changes in the optical fiber which can be measured by means of reflection of light from the fiber, or by means of light which is passed through the fiber to the other end.
In Griffiths, the detecting means measure and display in the time domain the reflected intensity from various points along the fiber. This technique is based upon changes in reflection (Rayleigh backscattering) and detection of light that is passed completely through the fiber. All of the measurement techniques are dependent upon the ability to measure accurately the light emanating from the optical fiber end.
The Griffith approach falls into the general category of optical time domain reflectometry. A short pulse is launched down the fiber and a sensor detects the light continuously backscattered by the fiber core. The exponential attenuation rate of a fiber of this type is normally known. Stresses applied to the fiber will cause a drop in light intensity at the location of each stress, and the stress amplitude and its location can be determined.
The optical time domain reflectometry approach suffers from the weakness that the backscattered signal is normally small and the signal reflected out of the fiber optic core is small. The measure of stresses in tens of meters of fiber length requires a transmitted optical pulse of a few nanoseconds in length. Such narrow pulses limit the magnitude of the energy that can be put into such a fiber.
Interferometry may also be used with fiber optics to detect stress or changes in the optical fiber. The signal in the sensing fiber is compared to the signal in a reference fiber and any phase shift between the two measured. This phase shift is sensitive to sensing fiber elongation (strain) and to changes in light velocity, as for example affected by the refractive index.
The weaknesses of the interferometer approach are (1) implementation is mechanically very delicate and (2) changes in fiber temperature result in strain changes. Thus, changes in fiber temperature appear as stress changes. The nature of the measurement is not distributive along the fiber, but it is a net, cumulative effect. Multiple stresses along the fiber cannot be resolved either in amplitude or in location.
This invention uses an optical fiber which consists of a solid silica core material clad with another silica material. In such optical fibers, the key is that the core material is a good conductor of light waves, and has an index of refraction higher than the cladding index of refraction. This establishes a critical angle below which light rays entering the fiber are totally reflected off the core-cladding boundary and remain within the core unable to escape into the cladding.
Whenever such an optical fiber is mechanically stressed at any point along its length, some quantity of light traveling through the fiber will escape from the core and into and through the cladding. Often referred to as "microbending", this causes the critical angle of the light in the core to be exceeded and the index of refraction of the core material to be changed.
In the present invention, the light escaping into the cladding from a stressed microbend is sensed in magnitude and position along the fiber by means of charged-coupled device (CCD) technology. A CCD consists of a series of individual stages, referred to as pixels, each of which can detect incoming light level, convert the light energy to an analog electrical charge, upon command transfer that charge to a shift register stage of the CCD, and upon command serially shift that charge through an amplifier resulting in a video output signal. The video signal representing the series of pixels is an amplitude replica of the light profile detected by the pixels. The CCD is geometrically integrated along with the cylindrical surface of the fiber cladding. The optical fiber is thereby intimately coupled to the CCD sensors distributed along the length of the optical fiber. Light emitted along the fiber is sensed by the CCD array. The width of the CCD pixels is determined by the desired stress resolution. The light detected by the CCD array is spatially stored along the length of the fiber as analog data. This spatially stored CCD analog data is transferred to the charge-coupled analog shift register within the CCD which serially shifts out (bucket-brigade) the data to a single output line.
Ne external wiring is required between CCD pixels, as all necessary interconnections are accomplished within integrated circuitry of the CCD.
The light passing through the cladding and into the CCD pixels represents an amplitude measurement at the output of the shift register. A given amplitude along with its associated pixel number yields the precise magnitude and location of a stress condition.
The invention also contemplates the use of an optical fiber having a CCD located on its surface for measurement of temperature. As explained in detail hereinafter, temperature measurements can be made by accumulating dark currents in the CCD pixels and the CCD output measured as described above.
By the use of CCD technology to detect light escaping from a fiber optic, two-dimensional stress mapping of a surface giving both amplitude and location of multiple stresses existing within the surface can be made. The response time of the CCD technology is sufficiently fast to allow mapping of dynamic stress.
FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of an optical fiber having a cladding and CCD located thereon.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the fiber and CCD of FIG. 1. A CCD pixel is shown circumscribing the optical fiber; however, depending upon the direction of the applied stresses, it may not be necessary to completely circumscribe the fiber.
FIG. 3 shows schematically a uni-axial array of parallel fibers capable of two-dimensional x-y mapping of stress and temperature.
FIG. 1 of the drawing shows an optical fiber with a CCD jacket. The fiber includes a core 10 that has an index of refraction higher than the index of refraction of a cladding 12 circumscribing the core. Core 10 is also a good conductor of light waves. Next to cladding 12 is a CCD 14 layer having discrete pixels 15. Pixel width is determined by the required resolution of stress location along the optical fiber.
A light source 16 is located at one end of the fiber, and may provide a single pulse of light, a plurality of light pulses, or any combination thereof which inserts sufficient light energy to produce detectable light at stress locations. This is possible because the CCD pixels integrate the light energy they receive. The device of FIG. 1 also includes a means 18 for measuring the output of the CCD pixels.
FIG. 3 shows an uni-axial array of optical fibers. The fibers are impregnated into a matrix composite sheet (not otherwise shown) which allows the two-dimensional (xy) surface of the sheet to be completely mapped for strain measurements. The Y position on the array is defined by each fiber while the X position is defined by the particular CCD pixel of a given fiber. This eliminates any need of an orthogonal array of fibers. The fibers of the array can be optically pulsed simultaneously or sequentially. For simultaneous light pulsing the stress image that exists at any given time creates an immediate electronic snapshot of the surface. Sequentially pulsing each fiber creates the same snapshot after all fibers have been pulsed.
In FIG. 3 stresses S1 and S4 are shown on an optical fiber 20, the locations of which are determined uniquely because of the use of CCD technology. Current technology utilizing interferometry or optical time domain reflectometry is not capable of resolving the location of two nearby stress points on a single fiber. The CCD outputs from the fiber array of FIG. 3 may be serially fed into a common amplifier and common signal processing electronics (not shown). This approach can also be extended to three-dimensions by adding further layers of uni-axial fiber optic sensors, i.e., optical fibers with CCD pixels. By interrogating the fibers in a prescribed manner, the three-dimensional data can be preserved.
Signal level from the fibers can be enhanced by increasing the on-time of the light pulse of 16, or by allowing each pixel 15 to integrate its signal resulting from a sequence of light pulses. This allows the detection of extremely small values of stress and provides operation over a wide dynamic range of signals.
Normally, CCDs at room temperature and above exhibit significant dark current. The dark current doubles for every 7� to 10� C. increase in temperature. During the time that there is no light pulse transmitted down the fiber, the CCD pixels can be detecting dark currents along the fiber. Pixel dark current is directly proportional to the temperature of the pixel. This data may then be shifted out of the CCD and provides direct temperature mapping of the temperature along the fiber. This use of dark current may also be expanded to the use of multiple fibers, and can provide a mapping of a sheet surface temperature.
Temperature data during mapping of a surface serves two purposes, namely, (1) surface temperature is provided; and (2) stress data may be corrected for temperature.
Pixel dynamic range as determined by thermodynamic noise is typically 1000:1. Therefore a temperature of 100� C. can be accommodated by this dynamic range.
Because CCDs have high sensitivity to light, substantial signal sensitivity is achieved by the invention. In a 30-foot length of optical fiber with a core diameter of 100 um and an attenuation of ten decibels per kilometer (db/km), the light signal received at the end of the fiber is attenuated by 0.1 db (2%). Therefore, in this 30-foot section of optical fiber, the attenuation may be considered negligible. A 5 mW laser diode coupled to a single fiber with a 50% coupling efficiency, produces a power density within the fiber of: ##EQU1##
If any array of 1,000 fibers is driven simultaneously by the 5 mW laser diode, the power density in each fiber is: ##EQU2##
A typical CCD pixel saturation exposure (Esat) is 0.45 micro joules per centimeters squared (uj/cm2). If integration over a time of 40 ms is used, then the following equation gives the saturation power per pixel: ##EQU3## The ratio of available power in a fiber to the power density required to saturate a pixel is as follows: ##EQU4##
Therefore, if the stress in a fiber, as described above, causes 1/3000 of the light to escape from the fiber, this would be sufficient to saturate the pixel at that location.
By the use of this invention, high speed stress mapping can provide dynamic stress data. The pixels can be scanned at a rate of up to 10 MHz. For example a 30 by 10 foot surface with one pixel per square centimeter requires 278,709 pixels with a total scan time of 28 ms per snapshot. If a 40 ms exposure time is used for all pixels simultaneously, an effective data rate of 12 snapshots per second is possible. This relies upon the ability of the CCD to receive new exposure information during the period old data is being scanned out of the shift register.
In order to provide accurate stress data, the effect of temperature must be subtracted from the stress data. This requires that a first measurement be made of the dark current, and a second measurement during energization of the fiber by a light source. When both measurements are completed, the temperature data is subtracted from the light excitation data, and stress reading is the result.
In conclusion, the present invention provides (1) two dimensional stress mapping of a surface, providing both amplitude and location of multiple stresses existing within a surface, (2) a response time sufficiently fast to allow mapping of dynamic stresses, (3) temperature mapping of a surface provided by inherently available dark current in the CCD structure, (4) only a uni-axial layer of sensing fibers is required for two dimensional mapping, and (5) small signal levels are easily amplified.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 10, 1978
|Feb 12, 1980
|Optical fibre positioning ferrule and connector comprising such a ferrule
|Aug 27, 1981
|Oct 16, 1984
|Trw Inc.
|Microbending of optical fibers for remote force measurement
|Mar 18, 1985
|Mar 31, 1987
|Griffiths Richard W
|Structural monitoring system using fiber optics
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 1989
|Jun 2, 1992
|Fiber Options Corporation
|Apparatus and method for fiber optics communication with dark current correction
|Apr 3, 1992
|Jan 4, 1994
|Dolan-Jenner Industries, Inc.
|Linear backlighting system and method
|Dec 20, 1993
|Jul 7, 1994
|Daimler Benz Ag
|Tactile sensor arrangement
|Aug 2, 2002
|Feb 20, 2003
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|System, assembly and methods for sensing
|Aug 2, 2002
|Nov 6, 2003
|Hrl Lab Llc
|System, assembly and methods for sensing
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 1, 1988
Owner name: ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, PITTSBURGH, PA A CORP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:IOANNOU, JOHN T.;REEL/FRAME:004829/0913
Effective date: 19880126
Owner name: ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, A CORP. OF PA,PENNSY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IOANNOU, JOHN T.;REEL/FRAME:004829/0913
Effective date: 19880126
|Nov 10, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 11, 1993
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 29, 1993
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19930411


text:
Sci fi/Fantasy image byClaire Hassell
'Well it was this big! It's teeth were huge and I took it down with only two swipes of ym mighty weapon Spunky!' Sorry, had to give her dialogue, named Bellona and she's a warrior. She's a prime example of the larger eared race (For details on this see #01 or #02 of this series.)
Published More than a year ago
Category Anime/Manga
Be the first to favourite this image.
An angel loses her wings to a vampire and his deadly kiss...
In this chapter our lovely Laura suddenly becomes very brave and mischievous, and well... I'll let you guess what happens, sorry about the ending, the next chapter is a flashback so... enjoy! Note to the mods, I put this under modern fantasy because I was unsure of its category.