text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 1989
|Filing date
|Jan 13, 1989
|Priority date
|May 13, 1976
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David E. Ellis, Herman S. Chiu
|Original Assignee
|Viskase Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (28), Classifications (10), Legal Events (20)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/143,306 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 06/849,341, 04/07/86 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 06/498,709, 05/27/83 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 06/157,008, 06/06/80 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 06/014,644, 02/23/79 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 05/874,293, 02/01/78 abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 05/844,987, 10/25/77 abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 05/686,248, 05/13/76 abandoned.
This invention relates to improved food casings and more particularly to large tubular cellulosic food casings, particularly fibrous food casings.
Food casings are used throughout the world in the processing of a great variety of meat and other food products, such as sausages of various types, cheese rolls, turkey rolls, and the like. Casings that are most generally used are artificial tubular food casings prepared from regenerated cellulose and other cellulosic materials, that may be of several different types and sizes to accommodate the different categories of food product to be prepared. Tubular food casings are provided in supported or unsupported form with the supported casings, which are commonly referred to as "fibrous casings", being prepared with a fibrous support web embedded in the wall thereof.
A common feature of many processed food products, and particularly meat products, is that the mixture of ingredients of which the food product is made up, commonly called an "emulsion", is stuffed into a casing under pressure, and processing of the food product is carried out while encased in the casing. The food product may also be stored and shipped while encased in the casing, though in many instances, and particularly in the case of small sausage products such as frankfurters, the casing is removed from the food product after the processing procedures are completed.
One category of tubular food casings is commonly referred to as "small food casings", which designation generally refers to those casings employed in the preparation of small size sausage products such as frankfurters. As the name suggests, this type of food casing is small in stuffed diameter, generally having a diameter within the range of from about 15 mm to about 40 mm, and is most usually supplied as thin-walled tubes of very great length. For convenience in handling, these casings, which may be 20 to 50 meters in length or even longer, are shirred and compressed to produce what is commonly referred to as "shirred casing sticks" of from about 20 cm to about 60 cm in length. Shirring machines and the products thereof are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,983,949 and 2,984,574 among others.
In the preparation and use of artificial food casings, particularly small size casings formed of regenerated cellulose, the moisture content of the casings is of extreme importance. When small size cellulosic casings are first formed, it is generally necessary that they be dried to a relatively low water content, usually in the range of about 8% to 12% by weight, to enable shirring operations to be carried out without damage to the casings. To permit ready deshirring of the compressed, shirred small size cellulosic casing and prevent tearing and breaking of the casing during stuffing operations, shirred casings having an average moisture content of between about 14% to 20% by weight are required. This relatively narrow range of moisture content is important because excessive breakage of the casing during stuffing has been found to occur at lower moisture contents, and greater moisture content results in excessive plasticity of the casing material and overstuffing.
Generally, the instant invention is directed to food casings which require a relatively large moisture content which can generally exceed about 20%. Such food casings are characterized by a relatively thicker wall thickness than small food casings and therefore, require the higher moisture contents in order to provide extensibility to the casings to permit stuffing operations without undesirable levels of internal pressure. Casings of the invention generally include the class of casings identified as "large size food casings."
"Large size food casings" is a common designation for casings that are used in the preparation of generally larger food products, such as salami and bologna sausages, meat loaves, cooked and smoked ham butts and the like, and that are produced in sizes ranging in stuffed diameter from about 50 mm to about 150 mm or even larger. In general, such casings have a wall thickness about three times greater than "small size casings," and are provided with a fibrous web reinforcement embedded in the wall, though they may be prepared without such supporting medium. In most cases, large size tubular casings are supplied to the food processor in flattened condition, cut to predetermined lengths of from about 2 feet (0.6 m) to about 7 feet (2.2 m), but improvements in shirring and packaging techniques and increased use of automatic stuffing equipment is increasing the demand for supplying large size fibrous and unsupported casings in the form of shirred sticks containing up to about 100 feet (30 m) and even more of casing.
A number of patents have issued in recent years dealing with the problem of the moisture content of shirred small size tubular food casings, and suggesting various method for obtaining the desired moisture level and maintaining it during storage and shipping. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,181,329 to Hewitt, 3,250,629 to Turbak, and 3,471,305 to Marback, packaging means are disclosed that will enable a plurality of shirred casing sticks of small size tubular casing to be humidified while packaged; and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,222,192 to Arnold, 3,616,489 to Voo et al., 3,657,769 to Martinek, 3,809,576 to Marback et al. and 3,981,046 to Chui various means are disclosed for moisturizing generally small size tubular food casings before or during the shirring operation.
Conventionally, large size casings, which are generally supplied in short lengths of flattened tubing and are quite stiff in the dry state, are normally softened for stuffing operations by soaking in water, preferably for about an hour, to raise the moisture content to about 60%. Therefore, the need to supply such casings with a predetermined moisture content has not been found to be necessary, and controlled moisturization by the casing manufacturer has not been warranted. However, the wider use of automatic stuffing equipment for products employing large size tubular food casings, and the increased demand for supplying such casings in shirred form as compared to short, flattened lengths, has emphasized the problems of moisturizing such casings by soaking. Moreover, the need for greater control of all aspects of the manufacture and use of large size food casings has been increasing. For example, the uniformity of dimensions of stuffed food casings and food products processed therein has become an increasingly important commercial requirement, and casing moisture content has been found to be a factor in control of uniformity, as well as in meeting the continuing need to readily and economically stuff the casings without damage or breakage thereof.
Providing shirred casing sticks of small size casings, having uniformly distributed throughout the length therefore the relatively narrow range of moisture content that is required for stuffing operations, has been more economically accomplished by the food casing manufacturer during the manufacture or packaging of the casings, and it is becoming increasingly evident that similar advantages could be realized if means were developed for the casing manufacturer to supply large size casings, both in flattened and shirred forms, that could be readily employed in casing stuffing operations, particularly mechanical stuffing operations, without the need for undue manual handling by the food processor.
Although it has not been found necessary in the past to maintain the moisture content of large size food casings within a relatively narrow range, somewhat higher levels of moisture content are required to afford the desired flexibility of such casings as compared to that required for "small size casings," and the greater amounts of water and increased weight of the casings substantially increases the cost of packaging and shipping. In addition, one of the problems which may be encountered during the handling and processing of such high moisture containing cellulosic food casings involves the growth of molds, fungi, or other microorganisms, since high moisture is one of the necessary factors for inducing such growth on cellulosic casings. It is known, for example, that cellulosic food casings have a critical moisture content above which the growth of molds or fungi during periods of storage is greatly enhanced. Keeping the moisture content of cellulosic casings below a predetermined level, generally below about 20% by weight of moisture based on the total weight of the casing, is an effective measure that may be taken to control the development of such growth. However, in cases where proper control of moisture content cannot be used to inhibit such growth, it is necessary to provide other means to inhibit the growth of molds or fungi.
Consequently, large size tubular cellulosic food casings, and particularly tubular fibrous casings, that may be readily stuffed without damage or breakage, must be provided with moisture contents that afford adequate flexibility and also with suitable means for inhibiting the growth of molds or other microorganisms during periods of shipping and extended storage.
The problem of mold growth in food products due to the presence of nutrients that promote the growth of microorganisms and cause food spoilage has been the basis of a number of studies over the years. As a result of these studies, various treatments have been evaluated and recommended, including combinations of sugars and polyhydric alcohols, as inhibitors for preventing the growth of microorganisms that are commonly recognized as being responsible for food spoilage. However, the antimycotic treatment of cellulose food casings has presented problems due to the processing techniques employed in the preparation and stuffing of the casing. Some suggestions for overcoming such problems and achieving antimycotic treatment of casings used for sausage products, such as dry sausages, have been the subject of several recently issued patents. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,312 to Rose, an antimycotic agent is applied to cellulose casings as a component of a curable, water-insoluble coating, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,320 to Chiu et al., cured, water-insoluble cationic thermosetting resin coatings applied to the surfaces of casings reduce deterioration wrought by enzymatic action.
The additional processing steps required for antimycotic treatment of casing with curable coating compositions adds to the costs and complexity of the casing manufacturing process, and the need still exists for the development of "large size" casings that are suitable for stuffing without further soaking by the food processor, particularly when such casings can be prepared by methods that do not substantially increase the complexity and costs of manufacturing and storage.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a large size tubular cellulosic food casing suitable for being stuffed with a foodstuff without requiring an additional moisturizing step prior to stuffing, comprising the steps of providing a large size tubular cellulosic food casing including a plasticizer substantially uniformly incorporated therein, adjusting the moisture content of the casing to impart to the casing sufficient extensibility and flexibility for the casing to be stuffed without the addition of further moisture prior to the stuffing of the casing, and treating the casing with an antimycotic agent to incorporate a sufficient amount of the antimycotic agent in the casing to render the casing resistant to growth of molds, fungi, and microorganisms prior to the stuffing with the foodstuff.
Preferably, the antimycotic agent comprises propylene glycol in the amount of at least about 10% by weight of the liquid components in the casing for a moisture content of at least about 17.5 by weight. The propylene glycol can be present in greater amounts such as at least about 20% by weight of the liquid components in the casing.
Generally, it has been discovered that a large size tubular cellulosic food casing, including fibrous casing, having sufficient moisture for the casing to be stuffed with a foodstuff, can be stored for extended periods of time and then stuffed without an additional moisturizing step prior to the stuffing and no growth of molds, fungi, or other microorganism occurs in the casing during the period of time prior to the stuffing of the casing. This is a surprising and advantageous result because it permits the elimination of a moisturizing step just prior to the stuffing and thereby improves substantially the operations associated with stuffing as well as providing economy.
The present invention also relates to a process for preparing an encased food product which comprises providing a large size cellulosic food casing; adjusting the moisture content of said casing to impart to the casing sufficient extensibility and flexibility to be stuffed with a foodstuff without the addition of further moisture; incorporating into the casing an antimycotic agent in an amount sufficient to render the casing, prior to stuffing, resistant to growth of molds, fungi and microorganisms; and without adding moisture, stuffing the casing with the foodstuff to form the encased food product.
Preferably, the food casing is treated with an amount of an aqueous propylene glycol solution of a concentration that will concurrently provide both the predetermined moisture content for the casing and the desired amount of propylene glycol.
Reference to the terms "moisture content," "propylene glycol content," "glycerine content," "polyol content," as used throughout this specification and in the appended claims with respect to the cellulosic casings of the invention, unless otherwise specified, are intended to refer to, and should be understood as referring to:
"moisture or water content"
the weight % of water or moisture in the casing based on the total weight of all the ingredients in the casing.
"propylene glycol content," "glycerine content," "polyol content"
the weight of polyol in the casing divided by dry weight of cellulose plus surface coating, if any, in the casing, expressed as the weight percent (%).
Further, reference to the term "weight of liquid components in the casing" should be understood as referring to the weight of the liquid ingredients in such casings including water, polyols, and/or other soluble antimycotic agents, but excluding mineral oil and other non-miscible lubricants.
As used herein, the term "foodstuff" is intended to include food emulsions and food in chunk form and the like for use in stuffing a food casing.
Large size tubular cellulosic food casings that are suitable for use in the casings of the present invention may be prepared by any one of the methods well known in the art. The tubular casings are generally flexible, seamless tubing formed of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ethers and the like, and can be prepared by known processes, such as the cuprammonium process, the deactylation of cellulose acetate, the denitration of cellulose nitrate, and preferably the viscose process. Tubular casings reinforced with fibers such as, for example, rice paper and the like, hemp, rayon, flax, sisal, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate and the like, are most advantageously employed in application requiring large diameter tubular food casings. Tubular fibrous casings can be made by methods and apparatus described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,015,273; 2,144,899; 2,910,380; 3,135,613; and 3,433,633.
As is well known in the art, tubular cellulosic casings prepared by any one of the well known methods are generally treated with glycerine, as a humectant and softening or plasticizing agent, to provide resistance to drying or cracking of the casing during storage prior to stuffing. The glycerine treatment is usually carried out by passing the casing while still in the gel state through an aqueous glycerine solution, after which the plasticized casing is dried to a predetermined moisture content prior to further processing or winding up on reels for storage. Generally, large size tubular casings will contain about 25% to 40% glycerine and have a moisture content of about 5% to 10% prior to being moisturized.
Generally, large size cellulosic food casings of this invention suitable for being stuffed with a foodstuff have a moisture content of at least about 17.5%, although a moisture content as low as about 13% may be acceptable for certain operations. Manufacturing standards require that casings be produced within a predetermined range of moisture contents and this range is generally from about 17.5% to about 27%. In actual practice, the higher level of moisture content is used as the target value in order to allow for expected loss of moisture during the handling and storage of the casings. Although the lower limit of casing moisture content is important, there is no critical upper limit and moisture content in excess of that actually required is determined generally by economic considerations. However, casing moisture content greater than about 35% may adversely affect desirable characteristics of the casings for certain applications and should be avoided.
In view of the high moisture content necessary to impart desired extensibility and other stuffing characteristics, antimycotic treatment of the casings is essential to prevent growth of molds, fungi, or other micoorganisms during storage and shipping. Suitable antimycotic agents that have been found to afford at least some degree of protection are polyhydric alcohols that are normally liquid at ambient temperatures, and solutions of normally solid polyols. Exemplary agents are glycerine, triethylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycols, and sorbitol solutions. Most suitable and especially preferred are propylene glycol and mixtures of propylene glycol with glycerine.
Also suitable are chemical antimycotic agents such as, for example, potassium, sodium, and calcium propionate or sorbate, sorbic acid, propionic acid, and the lower alkyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl-parahydroxy-benzoate.
The quantity of antimycotic agent applied to the casing is important, and generally depends on the moisture content of the casing. Propylene glycol, which is especially preferred for use as an antimycotic agent, should be employed in an amount of at least about 5% by weight and preferably about 10% by weight of the liquid components in the casing, while the upper limit of the amount of the propylene glycol is not critical and is determined primarily by economic considerations. It has been found, however, that it is necessary to use substantially greater amounts of other polyol antimycotic agents for the particular levels of casing moisture content that impart the required extensibility and stuffing characteristics to casings of the present invention. The amount of such other polyol antimycotic agents required may be readily determined in accordance with the teaching of the present invention.
Preventing the growth of molds and fungi on cellulose casing will also provide control over the growth of bacteria and yeasts, since it is known that, in general, molds require less moisture for growth than yeasts and bacteria.
Tubular cellulosic food casings of the present invention may be prepared by applying the essential amounts of water and antimycotic agent to suitable "dried" tubular food casings using any one of a number of methods well known in the art. In general, casings may be treated by spraying, brushing, dipping, slugging, etc. Preferably, the casing should be treated with the desired amounts of moisture and antimycotic agent as flattened casing on storage reels is being made ready for packaging in short, flat lengths thereof, or is being rewound on a reel for advancing through a shirring machine. By proportioning the amounts of water and antimycotic agent, either individually or in combination, to the size of casings to be treated, relatively precise control of the moisture content and antimycotic agent content of the casings of the invention may be attained.
In preparing the tubular cellulosic food casings of the present invention, various other materials or treatments well known in the art can be utilized to impart particular characteristics or properties to the casing provided, of course, that such material or treatment is compatible with and has no adverse effect on the food casings or the use thereof. Among further treatments that may be employed are, by way of illustration, coatings applied to improve peelability of the casings from encased food products such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,901,358 to Underwood; coatings applied for improving adhesion to dry sausage products such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,378,379 to Shiner et al.; coatings applied to afford vapor barrier properties such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,979 to Rasmussen, and the like. Moreover, tubular casings of the present invention may be shirred and compressed employing conventional shirring machines and methods as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,984,574 to Matecki, 3,110,058 to Marbach, and 3,397,069 to Urbutis et al.
This invention will become more clear when considered together with the following examples which are set forth as being merely illustrative of the invention and which are not intended, in any manner, to be limitative thereof.
A substantial quantity of tubular fibrous casing having a moisture barrier coating of polyvinylidene chloride copolymer applied to the outside surface thereof was prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,979 to Rasmussen. The casing had an average dry flat width of about 3.8 inches (about 97 mm) and a recommended stuffed diameter of about 2.87 inches (73 mm).
100 foot lengths of the casing were internally treated with varying amounts of aqueous propylene glycol solutions by the well known "slugging" technique and the treated lengths of casing were then shirred and compressed on a standard shirring machine and retained in an elastic sheathing material. Each of the samples of treated and shirred casings of this Example were mounted without soaking on a stuffing apparatus such as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,941, and stuffed with a liver sausage emulsion to make 25 inch long sausage logs that were then water cooked. For comparison purposes, a shirred length of barrier coated fibrous casing that was not treated with propylene glycol was soaked in water for about an hour and then stuffed with liver sausage emulsion and water cooked.
Summarized in Table 1 below are the moisture and propylene glycol contents of the various casing samples of this Example and several of the measurements made on the stuffed casings. Casing Samples A, B, and C were stuffed using the apparatus of the U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,941, wherein the control mechanism of such apparatus was operated to vary the location of the casing sizing means and thereby provide diameter control of the size of a stuffed casing. Sample Casings D, E, and F were stuffed with the same stuffing apparatus with a fixed location of the casing sizing means.
Casing Samples A, B, D, and F were all found to stuff satisfactorily and produce substantially uniformly sized sausage products. Casing Sample C produced sausage products with "ballooned" ends and Casing Example E exhibited an unacceptably large breakage rate during stuffing.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Moisture Content Propylene Glycol Weight % of Wt. % on Wt. % of Green Stuffed Diameter,Casing Weight % of Bone Dry Bone Dry Liquid Inches (Average)Sample Total Casing Cellulose Cellulose Components First Middle Second__________________________________________________________________________A 13.3 28.1 22.9 25.7 2.88 2.88 2.875B 14.0 29.1 27.7 37.0 2.87 2.86 2.87C 10.7 22.0 31.3 34.2 2.88 2.87 2.87D 13.5 28.3 22.9 25.7 -- 2.84 --E 10.7 22.0 31.3 34.2 -- 2.90 --F Soaked Soaked None None -- 2.89 --__________________________________________________________________________
A quantity of tubular fibrous cellulosic casing prepared using conventional methods and coated internally with an easy peel coating as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,901,358 to Underwood was used in preparing the casing samples of this Example. The casing had an average dry flat width of about 6.1 inches (155 mm) and a recommended stuffing diameter of 4.59 inches (177 mm).
The casing was treated with an aqueous propylene glycol solution by brushing the solution on the outside surface of flattened casing that was then fed to a standard shirring machine. Three lengths of shirred casing, each containing about 200 feet of casing, were prepared. Each shirred length of casing was retained in an elastic sheathing material and then packaged in a polyethylene lined carton. The casing samples were determined to have a moisture content of 21.8% based on the weight of casing and 40.9% based on the weight of dry cellulose, and to have a propylene glycol content of 18.8% based on the weight of dry cellulose and 20.7% based on the weight of liquid components.
Each of the lengths of shirred casing was stuffed without soaking on stuffing apparatus such as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,941. A bologna type meat emulsion was used to make 60-inch sausage logs that were processed using conventional methods. The bologna sausages produced had substantially uniform stuffed diameters and no casing damage or breakage occurred during the stuffing of any of the casing sample.
In this Example storage tests illustrate the effectiveness of various proportions of mold growth inhibitory agents used to treat large size tubular cellulosic casings having various levels of moisture content.
A group of tubular casing samples were prepared with the following proportion of ingredients.
______________________________________Regnerated cellulose 72.5 parts by weightGlycerine 22 parts by weightMoisture variableMold growth inhibitors variable______________________________________
#8 size fibrous casings, which have a recommended stuffed diameter of about 4.79 inches, were used in the storage tests of this Example.
Casing samples were prepared by adding various amounts of water and mold growth inhibitors by brushing aqueous solutions thereof over the surface of the casing in the following proportions:
A first set of casing samples contained moisture levels of about 20%, 25%, 35% and 45% by weight of casing with varying propylene glycol levels. Samples at each moisture level contained propylene glycol in amounts of about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of liquid components in the casing.
A second set of casing samples contained casing moisture levels of about 25%, 30%, and 37.5% by weight of casing with varying potassium sorbate levels. Samples at each moisture level contained 0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5% by weight of potassium sorbate based on the weight of liquid components.
A third set of casing samples contained casing moisture levels of 25%, 30%, and 27.5% by weight of casing with varying sodium benzoate levels. Samples at each moisture level contained 0.05% and 0.1% by weight of sodium benzoate based on the weight of liquid components.
Also prepared, for control purposes, were casing samples having moisture content levels of 21.0% 26.2%, 37.2%, and 59.2%, to which no mold growth inhibitors were added.
Where possible, 50 foot lengths of the moisturized and mold inhibitor treated casings were shirred and compressed to about 1 foot in length, and thus retained in an elastic sheathing material. In those instances where greater amounts of moisture and mold growth inhibitors were used, flattened casing samples 5 feet in flattened length, were prepared.
A mixture containing thirty-one different mold spores in a 1% sodium citrate solution was prepared using conventional aseptic procedures with a concentration of about 1 to 5 million mold spores per milliliter of solution. Among the mold cultures included in the mixture was Aspergillus niger (ATCC #1004), Chaetonium globosum (ATCC 116021), Memnoniella echinata (ATCC #11973), Myrothecium verrucaria (ATCC #9095), Trichoderma viride (ATCC #26921), and Whetzelinia schlerotiorum (ATCC #18657), all of which were purchased from American Type Culture spores of nine unknown cultures that were isolated from mold contamination found on various cellulosic food casings, and mold spores of sixteen unknown cultures that were isolated as naturally occurring air borne contaminants obtained from within casing manufacturing sites.
The solution was employed as an inoculant in evaluating the mold growth resistance of the various casing samples of this Example.
All inoculations of casing samples were done by brushing several milliliters of the mold spore containing solution over a 3 inch by 6 inch area of exposed casing surface. The inoculated casing samples were then packaged in sealed polyethylene bags and stored at room temperature for extended periods of time.
After 10 weeks of aging, mold growth was visually observed on the control samples without mold growth inhibitor having moisture contents of 26.2% (55% by weight based on dry cellulose) and more. The growth of mold was also observed on casing samples with moisture contents of about 35% and 45% having propylene glycol contents of 10% and 15% based on liquid components (8.2% and 13% respectively based on the dry cellulose); on casing samples with 25% and more moisture content containing 0.5% and 1.25% potassium sorbate; and on casing samples with 30% and more moisture content containing 0.056% and 0.1% sodium benzoate. After more than 30 weeks of storage, casing samples containing at least 20% propylene glycol based on the liquid content of the casing and at least 18% based on the dry cellulose exhibited no mold growth, regardless of the casing moisture content. Casing samples containing 2.5% of potassium sorbate were similarly free from mold growth at all moisture content levels.
A culture dish mold growth test was used to illustrate mold growth inhibition by various polyhydric alcohols (polyols).
A conventional potato-dextrose agar solution was used as the base media into which was incorporated various proportions of polyols. The agar and polyol component solutions were sterilized using well known procedures and tartaric acid was added to combined solutions to obtain a pH of about 3.5 in the final agar media. The mold culture of Example 3 was used as the inoculant in this Example.
Test solutions were prepared with glycerine, propylene glycol, d-Sorbitol, triethylene glycol, Carbowax 300 (low molecular weight polyethylene glycol), and 25%/75%, 35%/65%, 45%/55% mixtures of propylene glycol/glycerine. The test solutions were prepared in polyol concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 1.25%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 30%, 40% 50%, and 60% by weight.
The inoculated test solutions were stored in covered dishes for sever days at ambient temperature and were then visually observed for any growth of mold. Propylene glycol was found to inhibit mold growth in concentrations of 15% or greater, whereas none of the other polyol materials exhibited mold growth inhibition at less than 30% concentration. The mixtures of propylene glycol and glycerine were also substantially better mold growth inhibitors than the other polyols tested, including glycerine by itself. The 25%/75% mixture of propylene glycol and glycerine inhibited the growth of mold in test solution concentrations of 25% and greater, and the 35%/65% and 45%/55% mixtures of propylene glycol and glycerine inhibited mold growth in test solution concentrations of 22.5% and greater.
Tests were carried out to learn the effect of water content in casings for different amounts of propylene glycol.
A group of #8 size fibrous casings were used as in the Example 3. The casing samples were prepared by brushing solutions of water and propylene glycol over the surfaces of the casing samples in order to obtain the amounts of water and propylene glycol in the casing samples as set forth in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Casing composition (variable basis) Propylene glycolCasing Composition Water (% of(parts by weight) Propy- (% of liquidCasing Cell- Glyc- lene total components MoldSample ulose erol Water glycol weight of casing) Growth__________________________________________________________________________A 72.5 22.0 15.3 0 13.9 0 0B 72.5 22.0 17.9 0 15.9 0 0C 72.5 22.0 25.1 0 21.0 0 0D 72.5 22.0 30.8 0 24.6 0 +E 72.5 22.0 33.5 0 26.2 0 +F 72.5 22.0 38.4 0 28.9 0 +G 72.5 22.0 41.1 0 30.3 0 0H 72.5 22.0 56.0 0 37.2 0 +I 72.5 22.0 137 0 59.2 0 +J 72.5 22.0 12.8 1.8 11.7 5 0K 72.5 22.0 14.0 1.9 12.7 5 0L 72.5 22.0 24.4 2.4 20.1 5 0M 72.5 22.0 28.2 2.6 22.5 5 0N 72.5 22.0 36.4 3.1 27.2 5 +O 72.5 22.0 9.7 3.5 9.0 10 0P 72.5 22.0 15.9 4.2 13.9 10 0Q 72.5 22.0 23.0 5.0 18.8 10 0R 72.5 22.0 27.2 5.5 21.4 10 0S 72.5 22.0 31.5 5.9 23.9 10 0T 72.5 22.0 35.2 6.4 25.9 10 0U 72.5 22.0 36.4 6.5 26.5 10 0V 72.5 22.0 55.5 8.6 35.0 10 +W 72.5 22.0 90.8 12.5 45.9 10 +__________________________________________________________________________ Visible mold growth after 12 months at room temperature where 0 = no growth; + = growth.
As described in the Examples 3, where possible, 50 foot lengths of the treated casing samples were shirred and compressed to about 1 foot in length, and retained in an elastic sheathing material. In those instances where large amounts of moisture and propylene glycol were present, flattened casing samples 5 feet in length were used.
A mixture containing thirty-one different mold spores as described in the Example 3 was used by brushing several milliliters of the mold spore solution onto a 3 inch by 6 inch area of exposed casing surface. The inoculated casing samples were thereafter packaged into polyethylene bags and stored at room temperature for one year.
A period of one year was selected because it represents a reasonable upper limit between the manufacturing of a food casing and the stuffing of the food casing. In current practice, the period of time between the manufacturing of a food casing and the stuffing of the food casing generally is a few months. It is anticipated that mold growth would occur earliest for a food casing having a relatively high moisture content, so that the absence of mold at the end of a one year period is an indication of mold growth being inhibited.
The casing samples A to I show the visible appearance of mold growth occurred at a moisture content of about 24.6% by weight and higher. The negative results for the casing sample G is not unusual for experiments of this type and should be regarded as typical mold growth anomaly lacking significance for the tests. The conclusion is supported by the other results for casing samples having no propylene glycol.
The casing samples J to N show that the presence of about 5% propylene glycol based on the liquid components of the casing improved the resistance of the food casings to mold growth.
The results best suited for commercialization of the invention were obtained for the casing samples O to W, each having about 10% propylene glycol based on the liquid components of the casing. It is surprising that this level of propylene glycol can be effective for inhibiting mold growth in a casing sample having a relatively high moisture content.
The results of this Example show that a propylene glycol content of about 10% by weight of the liquid components of the casing inhibits the growth of mold for moisture contents as high as about 26.5% by weight or higher. Thus, this propylene glycol content would provide protection for casings having a moisture content within the upper range of casings manufactured commercially.
We want it to be understood that we do not desire to be limited to the exact details described herein, for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art. Having thus described the invention, what we claim as new and desire to be secured by Letters Patents, is as follows:
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 12, 1926
|Jul 19, 1932
|Visking Corp
|Sausage casing and method of preparing the same
|Feb 26, 1940
|Jun 26, 1945
|Best Foods Inc
|Process of inhibiting growth of molds
|Feb 18, 1946
|Dec 5, 1950
|Ferguson Carl S
|Composition for preserving articles of food and the like
|Nov 23, 1954
|Aug 13, 1957
|Weingand Richard
|Method of producing synthetic sausage casings
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|Sep 29, 1959
|Milprint Inc
|Food preserving wrapping material and process of preparing the same
|May 13, 1957
|Apr 11, 1961
|Tee Pak Inc
|Food package and packaging film therefor
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|Gen Foods Corp
|Animal food and method of making the same
|Jun 14, 1963
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|Tee Pak Inc
|Process of shirring synthetic sausage casings
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|Feb 11, 1969
|Tee Pak Inc
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|Tee Pak Inc
|Antimycotic overcoating treatment of cellulose sausage casing
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|Union Carbide Corp
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|Apr 23, 1974
|Tee Pak Inc
|Method of humidification of synthetic sausage casings
|Jul 20, 1970
|Feb 4, 1975
|Tee Pak Inc
|Adjuvent containing polymeric sausage casing and method of preparation
|Mar 14, 1974
|May 20, 1975
|Union Carbide Corp
|Method for producing flexible regenerated cellulosic tubing and the tubing obtained therefrom
|Aug 1, 1972
|Jun 3, 1975
|Union Carbide Corp
|Shirred tubular food casings having a barrier coating
|Nov 12, 1973
|Aug 5, 1975
|Union Carbide Corp
|Food casing and method of preparing same
|Mar 1, 1974
|Mar 23, 1976
|Towa Kako Co., Ltd.
|Meat casing with internal release coating
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|The Quaker Oats Company
|Stabilization of dry pet food
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|Continental Can Company, Inc.
|Method of making vacuum wrapped shirred sausage casings
|May 5, 1972
|Sep 21, 1976
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Process for production of shirred moisturized food casings
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|Feb 8, 1977
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Fiber reinforced regenerated cellulose sausage casing for dry sausages
|May 5, 1975
|May 31, 1977
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Shirred tubular food casings having a barrier coating
|Nov 18, 1974
|Jul 5, 1977
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Self-sustaining stick of shirred food casing
|Jun 13, 1972
|F. Turbak Albin
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|Jun 19, 1930
|Kalle & Co Ag
|Verfahren zum Aufziehen von Celluloseschlaeuchen fuer Wursthuellen auf Staebe
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|Dec 10, 1932
|Kalle & Co Ag
|Verfahren zur Behandlung von Kunstdaermen aus regenerierter Cellulose
|Title not available
|"A Study of the Inhibitory Concentrations of Glycerin-Sorbitol and Propylene Glycol-Sorbitol Combinations on the Growth of Microorganisms", J. Am. Phar. Assoc., vol. XLVI, No. 4 (1956), pp. 217-218.
|"CRC Handbook of Food Additives" (2d ed., 1972), pp. 129-137.
|"Sterilization Disinfection Konserverung Chemotherapic", by Wallhauser and Schmidt (Stuttgart 1067), p. 155.
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|A Study of the Inhibitory Concentrations of Glycerin Sorbitol and Propylene Glycol Sorbitol Combinations on the Growth of Microorganisms , J. Am. Phar. Assoc., vol. XLVI, No. 4 (1956), pp. 217 218.
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|Sterilization Disinfection Konserverung Chemotherapic , by Wallhauser and Schmidt (Stuttgart 1067), p. 155.
|The Effect of Propylene Glycol (1,2 Propanedial) on Bacteria , Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol, 147 (1963), pp. 189 200.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 7, 1992
|Jun 1, 1993
|Viscofan, Industria Navarra De Envolutras Celulosicas
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|Kalle Gmbh & Co. Kg
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|Casetech Gmbh & Co. Kg
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|Jan 3, 2008
|Manos Paul D
|Lower alkyl carboxylic acid moieties for preventing oxidative corrosion of metals and organoleptic stabilizer for food and beverages
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|Naturin Gmbh & Co.
|Stabilized longlife non-edible collagen casing ready-to-stuff
|Aug 20, 2009
|Feb 25, 2010
|Sara Lee Corporation
|System and method for forming a co-extruded food product
|Dec 12, 2012
|Jun 20, 2013
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|Cellulose-based food casing having a fungicidal finish and a method for protecting cellulose-based food casings from mold infestation
|Aug 29, 2013
|Mar 5, 2015
|Case Tech Gmbh
|Lebensmittelh�lle mit biozider Ausstattung und Verfahren zu deren Hestellung
|Aug 29, 2013
|Mar 3, 2016
|Case Tech Gmbh
|Lebensmittelh�lle mit biozider Ausstattung und Verfahren zu deren Hestellung
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|Sep 8, 1993
|Viskase Corporation
|Cellulosic articles and their manufacture
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|Naturin GmbH & Co
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|NATURIN GmbH & CO.
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|Dec 14, 2011
|Jun 19, 2013
|CaseTech GmbH
|Food casing on the basis of cellulose with fungicidal characteristics and method for protecting food casings on the basis of cellulose from mould
|Aug 19, 2014
|Apr 15, 2015
|Casetech GmbH
|Casings for foodstuffs with a biocidal effect and method for their manufacture
|May 13, 2014
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|Alfacel S.A.
|Antimicrobial treatment of sausage casings
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|Teepak Properties, Llc
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|Devro Plc
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|Kalle Gmbh
|Foodstuff skin provided with antimicrobicide
|U.S. Classification
|138/118.1, 428/34.8, 426/135
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 14, 1989
Owner name: CONTINENTAL BANK N.A., ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VISKASE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005132/0012
Effective date: 19890601
|Sep 24, 1991
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 3, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 19, 1994
Owner name: CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SANDUSKY PLASTICS, INC.;VISKASKE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006839/0085
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|Jun 28, 1995
Owner name: BT COMMERCIAL CORPORATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, IL
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VISKASE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007526/0584
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text:
Senior / Solo Pastor
This posting is no longer available. This is either because the employer has filled the position or the position has closed. Click here to find more jobs like this one.
Pauma Valley Church
Pauma Valley, California, United States
Solo Pastor
Pauma Valley Community Church is a non-denominational church located in rural North County San Diego, whose pastor is retiring. We welcome the Holy Spirit's ministry in our personal and corporate life together. We love to worship. Prayer is a significant part of our church life together. We are students of God's Word who appreciate good teaching and expect to be challenged to apply the Word to our lives. We are blessed with many who freely share their faith and minister effectively outside the walls of the church. Our buildings are paid off and we use funds to minister to the poor and promote God's kingdom in our realm of influence. We expect the Kingdom of God to be manifest in our midst and in our lives outside the church.
We generally have ninety to one hundred adults at the worship service on Sunday morning. Our Sunday school programs and our VBS outreach each summer touch a good number of children. We have a food ministry and reach out to the reservations and private campgrounds in the area. The people living in these facilities are living on the margins and are often just one step from homelessness. Many of those we have helped from these communities have come to the Lord and have become involved in our Sunday worship experience, and several attend one of the weekday men's, women's or home bible studies we offer. The Valley Center Pauma School District provides an excellent education for children throughout our community.
The candidate will be Biblically-grounded, prayer-driven, and Spirit-guided. They will be currently experiencing an active relationship with God through meditation on the scriptures, listening to Him during personal and leadership prayer, and receiving guidance from the Holy Spirit. They will be a Servant Leader who will cooperate with the Holy Spirit and partner with the Elders to lead. They will be a "point-person", fully engaged with all the members of the church body. They will be a prophetic teacher/pastor who is relational and joyful in their teaching, disciplining, counseling, outreach, and celebrations. Duties include but are not limited to:
Pastoral Care
Preaching and Teaching
- Skilled communicator who both explains and applies the truths of God's Word in his public ministry (messages and meetings) and through his personal ministry (decisions, relationships, and other situations) (Nehemiah 8:7-8; II Timothy 4:2)
- A master's degree in any religious field from an accredited college or university, or equivalent experience.
- Five years' full-time senior pastoral experience leading 0r equivalent experience.
- Self-motivated and able to lead lay leaders and ministry partners.
Compensation: $48,000.00 per year, includes all benefits, also provided is a Parsonage - 4 brm and 2 bath, new kitchen in a country setting!
Send Resumes to: email@example.com
To apply for this job opening, please first post your resume.
Date Posted
Senior PastorPrivate Profile
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- December 1
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Pauma Valley Church
For more information about Pauma Valley Church visit our website: paumavalleychurch.com More...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Group Booking Terms and Conditions
Because you are making a Group Booking, there are additional Terms and Conditions that apply. Please read them and click 'I Accept' below to continue with your booking
General Group Booking Terms
By making a group reservation through Hostelworld.com you agree to the following terms and conditions as set by Hostelworld.com and as set by the hostel in question.
- In order to make a group reservation on Hostelworld.com it is necessary to pay a deposit. The balance is due directly to the hostel according to their payment conditions.
- The booking deposit is non-refundable.
- Please note that any cancellations must be notified directly to the hostel at least 24 hours in advance of your scheduled arrival date, unless otherwise stated in the hostel's conditions.
- Hostelworld.com are not responsible for changes or amendments to your reservation once it has been processed. All correspondence with regard to changes to your booking need to be dealt with directly with the hostel.
- Cancellations for reservations must be made directly with the hostel and must conform with the individual hostels cancellation policy (see below)
- It is your responsibility to pay the balance of your accommodation cost to the hostel in accordance with their payment conditions (see below). Failure to do so may result in your reservation being cancelled by the hostel.
- Individual hostels may have special booking conditions relating to group stays, please read the hostel booking conditions carefully before making your reservation.
Hostel Specific Terms & Conditions
The remainder of the amount due will be charged to your credit card on arrival. Should numbers or room selection change, the per person deposit times the number of people who actually travelled will be deducted from the total accommodation charge levvied by the hostel.
Cancellation / No Show & Reduction in Numbers Policy
All cancellations must be written and sent via email (email@example.com). Any cancellations must be made 7 days prior to your arrival for a fully refundable payment, otherwise it will result in a one-night penalty fee per tent booked.
Additional Terms and Conditions
Pets are not allowed
If the group are under 18 years old must be accompanied by an adult.
For every 16 people paid you will receive a complimentary stay.
Additional Info:
This is not a Party Hostel, even if we have 2 bars. It is not allowed to be extremelly noisy or disturbable.
Any cancellations resulting from agreement to these terms and conditions under false pretences will result in loss of deposit.
Selling Out Soon
최근 리뷰
" This place is disgusting. I would NEVER recommend it. It was obvious that the sheets in my private room hadn't been changed. There were pubes & dirt ALL over them. The shower was super clogged, so you had to take 5 minutes, otherwise it'd overflow on the floor. The check-in staff (male) was very helpful & booked me for a bus in the morning. However, the female who was working the next day was terrible. She wasn't interested in working & didn't know about my bus. Terrible experience. "- 익명
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text:
Sci fi/Fantasy image byWinnie Reyes
"Earth" is the guardian of the cardinal earth. She has the Earth Dragon and four woodland faeries to aid her in guarding and maintaining her charge. The welfare of the planet as well as its inhabitants in all realms is under her care.
Published More than a year ago
Category Fantasy
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Click a video to watch us in action
Cleaning Carpets in Liverpool
Here at the Liverpool Carpet Cleaner we are extremely passionate about carpet cleaning, of course we offer other cleaning services but it's our carpet cleaning service in Liverpool that has loyal customers coming back to us year after year. With a steam generator mounted inside our van and over 200ft of hoses that stretch from our van into your property, this allows us to provide a Liverpool carpet cleaning service that is un-rivalled by any of our competitors.
- 0151 601 5270
- 0771 949 4768
- theliverpoolcarpetcleaner
Why We are Liverpools Best Carpet Cleaning Company
We can clean your carpets with temperatures as high as 285c , natural steam sterilisation will instantly give you a feel of freshness back to your environment, whist it also eliminates dust mites living in your carpet.
Caring for the Environment while Cleaning Carpets in Liverpool
If all that isn't enough… listen to this, we NEVER use toxic chemicals, your water or electricity……and have a 100% money back guarantee if you're not completely satisfied with any of our services. That's how confident we are that you'll love the Liverpool carpet cleaner!
- Carpet re-piling
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Commercial Carpet Cleaning Jobs we've done
Thank you very much for a friendly service from start to end. Contacting you was quick and easy, the quoting was clear and precise, your carpet cleaning was very efficient, and we would definitely use the Liverpool Carpet Cleaner again.
Kailey Powell, Dealership Secretary, Liverpool AudiJob detailsGo to Commercial Carpet Cleaning
We uses Eco Group for or carpet cleaning after a flood. The results were fantastic. They were prompt, professional and so much so I'd love him to come back and clean the carpets in my house.
Andy Cotton, Managing Director, Concept HygieneJob detailsGo to Commercial Carpet Cleaning
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text:
The J.M. Smucker Co. gave coupons for free four-packs of Smucker's Uncrustables Sandwiches to the first 20,000 adults to register online and submit a tip for after-school organization. Though the offer was good through Oct. 30 or while supplies lasted, the coupons were snapped up within hours.
Full Story:MediaPost Communications


text:
New home developments for sale near Newport, Wales
Property type
More options
- Pre-owned / New homes No preference
- Ownership type No preference
- Retirement No preference
- Buyer incentives No preference
4 bed terraced house for salePlots 213 & 214 Kensington Mid, Bridgwater Road, Bathpool, Taunton TA2
Only 2 kensingtons remaining. The Kensington has an open plan kitchen/diner, cloakroom & laundry space on the ground floor. On the 1st floor there is a lounge with balcony, master bedroom & en suite. The top floor has 3 bedrooms & family bathroom. Garage
Special Offers available: Part exchange
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Taunton (2.2 miles)
- Bridgwater (7.0 miles)
** Calls to this number will be recorded for quality, compliance and training purposes.
Latest Newport, Wales new homes
Zoopla is one of the UK's leading property portals, helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the UK. Discover information on homes in Newport, Wales by researching Newport, Wales property values, Newport, Wales house prices paid, our Newport, Wales property market overview and find Newport, Wales agents.


text:
Conway's Law
It is worth recalling Conway's law (first published 1968) for this discussion:
Any organization that designs a system will inevitably produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication structure.
Conway's Law gives us a prognosis for what kind of software firms will succeed in the cloud computing market place: GenXY firms.
Design of the cloud computing firm
Definitions aside, objectively speaking, cloud computing system requirements boil down to modular, distributed software that can integrate with a variety of systems internal and external at low costs (compared to pre-existing systems). Great examples of this are SaaS providers. No legacy architecture to deal with and a computing system entirely with the business model driving software design. These systems need to interact and integrate with a variety of other systems, quickly and elegantly to be successful. No long wait times of months, and sometimes even years of partner meetings between teams to figure out the interfaces and specifications to interact. This is software that is built for an entirely new business model – meaning no 'cloud washing' of existing enterprise shelfware, ahem, software with, 'cloud in a box', 'cloud ready' and other such useless marketing labels. In the cloud, everything is a service and everything needs to be plug and play to work with other complimentary, adjacent services. These fundamental characteristics demand modularity not seen in typical silo based software design of a previous generation.
If we look at nature of firms best suited to deliver the design required for cloud computing – a design devoid of traditional siloed enterprise software design, the firms themselves need to be modular and distributed. Only an organizational design that supports those values will succeed in producing software optimal for systems like cloud computing. So that brings us to the question of what are GenXY firms and what makes GenXY firms best suited for that?
GenXY Firms
GenXY firms are firms that are founded and filled with young, enterprising people from Generations X and Y who carry significantly different workplace attitudes from the previous generations. People at GenXY firms value openness, cooperation, common goals, meaning and a purpose. They have very little tolerance for being managed within the archaic command and control structure that is the predominant organizational design in many large firms. GenXY firms are lean organizations and innovative by every measure right from start. They do not deliver incremental changes to existing products. They create an entirely disruptive product innovation stream. Above all, they are driven by an organizational design and culture of openness and 'hierarchy busting meritocracy'. Because they are organized in flat, hierarchy-less teams, peer to peer cluster groups, they design software that is also peer to peer in design, ala plug and play. They are able to integrate with products from other/similar firms effortlessly and quickly. Examples? Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Netflix, Zynga, Salesforce, Amazon, Google…the familiar list goes on. In other words, your end product and its design mirrors who you are.
Summary claim
The lesson is simple here – if you are looking to drive innovation and formulate a growth strategy in an innovation driven market place like cloud computing, organize yourself first – be like a GenXY firm – be lean, be flat, bust your organizational silos before they appear.
Here's a parting question – is acquiring a GenXY firm a winning strategy for a command and control company and the larger society as a whole? What are your personal experiences?
For further reading on this topic:
Gary Hamel's fantastic exposition at Opensource.com about what he calls the Facebook generation is a great read. Also related to this topic is the book Managing the Generation Mix by Carolyn Martin and Bruce Tulgan. Two empirical studies, one regarding open source and another by Microsoft researchers on Windows Vista validate the claim about organizational structures affecting the quality and type of software produced.
Tweet this: @PGopalan Conway's law & Org Design for Cloud firms http://wp.me/pXBON-26u #cloud #prodmgmt


text: my name is brandon, a recent customer for demon ink. The atmosphere and the staff there are amazing. The walls are covered in artwork letting me know first i was in a custom shop and i was in good hands. The tattoo portfolios speak for themselves and if you are in the houston area(nw tomball area) go check it out for yourself. no attitudes just professional ARTISTS!!!


text:
Originally posted on Fox Sports Arizona | Last updated 1/10/13
Broncos offensive coordinator Mike McCoy interviewed with the Cardinals late last week, and while he was not made available to the Phoenix media afterwards, he did have this to say to the Denver Post and other Denver media outlets on Wednesday: "We told the teams up front at our meetings -- we told them ahead of time -- that our No. 1 focus is to keep moving on with the tournament (playoffs). They understood. They were great with that. I told them, 'Listen, there are certain things I may not know about your organization or certain things I haven't researched as much as I would have liked, but all my time and effort in preparation last week was in breaking down our opponents.' The last (interview) we had Sunday, I said we need to be done by a certain time because we needed to move on." Its unknown how serious a candidate McCoy is for the Cardinals post. Hes also high on the Bears' list -- the job in Chicago is widely considered the top job available this offseason -- and he is known to have interviewed with the Eagles last weekend. Bears general manager Phil Emery is under the gun to find an offensive mind to harness the enigmatic talents of quarterback Jay Cutler, who will turn 30 in April and is about to play for his fourth offensive coordinator in five seasons in Chicago. The situation is similar in Arizona, where quarterback Kevin Kolb will turn 29 in August and is about to play for his second coordinator in three seasons -- third if you believe, like some, that former coach Ken Whisenhunt was calling many of the plays in Millers first year on the job in 2011. McCoy is intriguing because of his success molding systems around vastly different quarterbacks, those being Jake Delhomme in Carolina and Tim Tebow and Peyton Manning in Denver. If the Cardinals do want McCoy, they will likely have to wait until the Broncos playoff run is over. That could make for a long wait since Denver is the AFCs top seed and a favorite to advance to the Super Bowl. McCoy can't meet with teams for a second interview until the Broncos are either through playing or have advanced to the Super Bowl, allowing him to conduct those second interviews in the days after the AFC championship game Jan. 20. HAZY ON HALEY Todd Haley either has interviewed with the Cardinals or hasn't interviewed with the Cardinals, depending whom you choose to believe. Steelers president Art Rooney II told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Wednesday that Haley, currently the offensive coordinator in Pittsburgh, had interviewed in Arizona. But Haley's agent, Jerome Stanley, told NFL.com later in the day that Rooney was incorrect. "The report is wrong," Stanley told NFL.com's Ian Rapoport. "I stand by my statement. Period. You can report that!" The Cardinals have not confirmed or denied an interview with Haley, who was their offensive coordinator in 2008 and '09. TURNER TO THE DESERT? XTRA Sports 910's Mike Jurecki reported Thursday that Cardinals defensive coordinator and head coaching candidate Ray Horton has reached out to former Chargers coach Norv Turner to gauge his interest in becoming the team's next offensive coordinator if Horton should become the Cards' coach. Turner reportedly wants to stay out west and has already declined an opportunity with a team back east. Turner won two Super Bowls with the Dallas Cowboys as OC in 1992 and 1993. He also has served as head coach of the Washington Redskins and the Oakland Raiders, and as offensive coordinator for the Chargers, Miami Dolphins, and San Francisco 49ers. Follow Craig Morgan on Twitter
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In this study, we propose a special type of slow light photonic crystal (PC) waveguide structure to achieve slow light with an improved delay and bandwidth product (DBP). The waveguide is based on a triangular lattice PC with a line defect imposed by changing the radii and locations of the holes lying along the waveguide centerline. By altering the locations of these central holes, group indices ranging approximately from 25 to 40 are obtained over frequency intervals, attaining a nearly constant group index. It is also observed that the group index spectrum has an -like shape under certain circumstances. The manipulations of structural parameters easily allow attaining higher or lower group indices. For special configurations, normalized DBPs can be enhanced up to a value of 0.554. According to the best of the authors' knowledge, this value is the highest value achieved with PC waveguide structures, and this value is achieved without using any special optimization methods such as topology optimization. Group velocity dispersion values of various configurations are minimized to enable proper optical pulse propagation.
© 2012 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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text:
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Build with one of Townsville's premier and multi award-winning new home builders
As a multi-award-winning builder, Bauer Constructions specialise in exquisite quality with craftsmanship and close client relationships a major focus.
With a combined experience of 40 years working within the building and construction industry, Quinn and Janna Bauer have the expertise, knowledge and commitment to deliver the highest standard of homes. Their completely hands-on approach ensures that you receive a personalised service and the flexibility to achieve a home that suits your individual requirements.
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text: What was your source for this crocheting project? Online Photo or Website Name of website or photo Crochet Trillium Wildflower and Fiddlehead Fern Boutonniere Pattern Link to website or photo www.etsy.com/listing/78164211/crochet-trillium-wildflower-and What are you most proud of? I love making realistic 3 dimensional crochet and am very pleased with this project! What advice would you give someone starting this project? This is a very easy crochet project, just uses the simplest of crochet stitches. The pattern is available in my Etsy shop for $5 and I also sell the finished boutonnieres as well. Click on the pattern and shop links above to take a peek!


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> hey anon, wanna give your opinion?
2 new threads. 1 new replies.
#1107 - anon id: 0b49b468
Reply 0 123456789123345869(04/22/2013) [-]
American's are so ******* stupid, honestly I have no idea why people want to go to that rathole of a country...
#1221 to #1107 - grandmabetty
Reply 0 123456789123345869(04/22/2013) [-]
America's not that bad. There's just a lot of cunts on the internet.
Also from England,
Also from England,
#1114 to #1107 - penusflytrap
Reply +2 123456789123345869(04/22/2013) [-]
The same could be said about any country. And don't even begin to try to tell me that every other country is so well off. People across seas hear America is doing incredibly badly, when it's really not that bad, and people there hear that people across seas are living in a new Eden, when they're really just doing okay.
So **** you.
From England.
So **** you.
From England.


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This square is known as Parque Cespede.This is a good place to start your walk around the old part of Santiago.The attractive square with its gas lanterns,tall trees and iron benches is a nice place to sit and watch the Cuban folk going about their daily life.
It was from the balcony of the City Hall on Parque Cespedes that Fidel Castro gave his victory speech on the 1st January 1959.
Warning - While i was sat in the town square i was approached several times by people requesting money.
The park square is surrounded by the Town Hall, the Catedral de la Asuncion, and the Hotel Casa Granda. The rooftop patio of the hotel offers beautiful views of the surroundings, as well as a bar. The streets leading away from the park house many shops, restaurants, etc. to explore. In the park itself there are benches to rest on and there will likely be local musicians playing.
A museum to be visited once you are at the central of Santiago . Next to political discussion on the famous square - next to the Music temples in the Calle Heredia - enjoy the furniture of the Spanish period - the house of Diego - the conqueror of Cuba after CC discovered this island
The house of aristocrats - habitant Diego Velaquez - conqueror of Cuba
NW of this famous and central park.
The wooden balconery is impressive and the inside of the museo will show you many furniture of the 16th century.
In the early 16 century the basic floor was used to melt gold - before shipping it to Spain. (Pic by J@C)
A topic to visit - not only the Cathedral itself but there is also a museum inside named "Museo Ecleslastico" which has on display frescoes of the domenican friar Desangles.
We visited this famous square during X-mas time - talking with locals - visiting the famous "Trova" twice - having a cocktail and evening show in the hotel "Casa Granda"
An evening never to forget !
Town Hall and symbol of the city was build in 1950.I was from this Hall that Fidel Castro made it's first speech to the people.
On jan 01/2004 he did it again - but we were to early (haha)
Simple the Square in Santiago. Why?
1. Catedral de Santa Ifigenia
2. Hotel Casa Granda
3. Casa de Velazquez
4. Moving
5. People
Calle Heredia and the famous Casa de la Trova - and a view on the "Cathedral de la Asuncion" People say that the famous Diego Velazquez is buried beneath the building.This was never proofed.
The central area of Santiago !
Parque Cespedes - the center and place of many political debats - forum of Fidel talking to the locals - long speeches - he was there on the first of january 2004


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Great Opportunity to purchase a sports bar with a motivated seller! Located in the Rockland & Ulster Counties Area. The sports bar features DJ's and Live Bands on Weekends.
The seller is recently widowed and wished to leave the business industry.
Financials (USD)
Asking Price $149,000
Sales $765,000
Profit $135,000
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The great debate
It took the Roman Catholic Church 350 years to admit that Galileo was right about planets revolving around the sun.
Cold comfort for a man who was accused of heresy, tried by the Inquisition, forced to recant and lived the remainder of his days under house arrest. What was their evidence? Biblical references that said "the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved, the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved and the sun rises and sets and returns to its place".
History is replete with examples of scientific discoveries that challenge popular beliefs, and consequently entrenched societal norms, being met with such conservative stonewalling. Over 100 years ago the Nobel prize winning Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius faced similar criticism for his discoveries on the effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on global climate.
It has taken almost a century for his work to filter through to popular consciousness. Will we have to wait another 250 years before the obvious is accepted as obvious?
In a 2007 paper 'Why do some people resist science?' psychologists Paul Bloom and Deena Skolnick Weisberg from the Department of Psychology, Yale University wrote:
'...both adults and children resist acquiring scientific information that clashes with common-sense intuitions about the physical and psychological domains. Additionally, when learning information from other people, both adults and children are sensitive to the trustworthiness of the source of that information. Resistance to science, then, is particularly exaggerated in societies where nonscientific ideologies have the advantages of being both grounded in common sense and transmitted by trustworthy sources...'
They go on to say:
'...The community of scientists has a legitimate claim to trustworthiness that other social institutions, such as religions and political movements, lack. The structure of scientific inquiry involves procedures, such as experiments and open debate, that are strikingly successful as revealing truths about the world. All other things being equal, a rational person is wise to defer to a geologist about the age of the earth rather than a priest or to a politician...'
You'll have gathered that I, for one, don't accept that there's any room for debate about a link between climate change and the global build-up of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide. Reputable, independent scientific bodies in our own country - institutions worthy of our trust like the Australian Institute of Physics, the Geological Society of Australia, the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, the Australia Coral Reef Society, the Australian Medical Association, and the CSIRO - seem to agree.
The point is that what should be a simple search for the truth, aimed at gaining knowledge to address what may well be an unprecedented disaster, is being derailed by an ongoing "debate" which in reality is a fatuous, never-ending, point scoring slanging match.
The "debate" has actually been set up a bit like a game: in the true spirit of popular sporting entertainment, the competing positions have been polarised by the media into two sides, with any intermediate positions being ignored, and then both sides have been radicalised as extremes (alarmists vs sceptics). The stage having been set, virtually their every utterance is sensationalised or misrepresented as the ball is hit back and forth. When either side "scores" there's a blaze of "news", and then it lapses back to the perpetual slog.
It may be an entertaining game, but when it peters out the assembled audience - which is all of us - will be left to shuffle home no better informed and no further ahead in terms of addressing the problems we face.
But if there must be a debate why don't we try to have a proper one right now, right here in Australia, on national television, and get it over and done with? Why doesn't Tony Jones moderate a Q&A discussion between the heretics, on the one hand, and the modern day orthodox theologians on the other?
The 'warmist fraudsters' are easy: they could be represented by the likes of Professors Matthew England, Penny Sackett and Ian Lowe.
For the "scientific sceptics" we could line up a multi-disciplinary team. From politics, Opposition leader Tony Abbott or Senator Nick Minchin spring to mind, and from the academy, Professor Ian Plimer. And to cap it off, who better than that self-proclaimed iconoclastic polyhistor, Andrew Bolt, someone who will "fearlessly cut through the myths and the spin to tell you the bottom-line facts behind everything from global warming to terrorism... No sacred cow of the New Age is safe from his scalpel...." (courtesy of ICMI).
So we can all sit back as Bolt slaughters the livestock (watch that scalpel Jonesy!) while the others grapple with hard hitting questions like: How can the mean temperature of the ground be in any way influenced by the presence of the heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere? Isn't current global warming just part of a natural cycle? And (ooh, a really curly one) doesn't water vapour account for almost all of the greenhouse effect? To enhance the debate's integrity (or perhaps to shorten it, or maybe even to add spice) all panellists should be asked for their primary sources each and every time they assert a scientific fact or quote anyone else!
So come on Jonesy, what about it?
Topics: environment, government-and-politics, science-and-technology
First posted


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A Different Kind of Teacher: A practical guide to understanding and resolving difficulties within the schoolRecognising many of the difficulties facing teachers today, bestselling author and clinical psychologist Dr Tony Humphreys provides innovative and practical ways to bring about a more positive climate within staffrooms and classrooms.A key theme in A Different Kind of Teacher is that of self-esteem. The self-esteem of both the teachers and the students is a major determining factor of the
Catch a Falling Star: A Tale from the Iris the Dragon Series
Tales from the Iris the Dragon SeriesIn "Catch a Falling Star" a young boy named Fish begins to experience feelings of anxiety and confusion. It feels like his brain is very busy and noisy. Fish feels scared when this happens and it gets worse when he goes to school. Fish meets Iris the Dragon and learns techniques to help him relax and understand that his parents and doctors can help. This is a story about a boy who has a variety of
Problem Solver Guide for Students with ADHD
Ready-to-Use Interventions for Elementary and Secondary StudentsParents and teachers need strategies for helping children with ADHD who have problems in organization, behavior, study habits, reading, written language, and socialization. The hundreds of solutions offered in this quick-reference guide offer nuts and bolts ideas that work with ADHD kids in both elementary and secondary school. Information is offered on how to help students with short attention
Problem Solver Guide for Students with ADHD: Ready-To-Use Interventions for Elementary and Secondary StudentsParents and teachers need strategies for helping children with ADHD who have problems in organization, behavior, study habits, reading, written language, and socialization. The hundreds of solutions offered in this quick-reference guide offer nuts and bolts ideas that work with ADHD kids in both elementary and secondary school. Information is offered on how to help students with short attention
Addressing the Challenging Behavior of Children with High-Functioning Autism/Asperger Syndrome in the Classroom
A Guide for Teachers and ParentsHow do teachers and parents of children with autism address a child's social skills? And what do they do about problem behaviors? This book provides possible explanations for these behaviours, and a wealth of practical help for both teachers and parents to address them. Teachers learn how to create environmental supports and how to incorporate specific teaching strategies. Students with autism
$62.99This collection is the result of action research carried out by teachers, administrators and professors operating a school-university collaboration. It creates a model of mentoring where guided but flexible structures are used to unleash the creative capacity of the group. The research accounts reveal much about the nature of mentoring organizations, as they are now and how they might be improved.
Developing Teaching and Learning in Higher EducationAs a result of development within Higher Education teaching and learning, new lecturers are expected to have training and induction in teaching and learning strategies. This book provides an easy and accessible approach to the planning and preparation of teaching sessions, teaching in different settings and teaching across a diverse student population.Developing Learning and Teaching in Higher
Peer Tutoring in Higher EducationThe number of students in higher education has expanded dramatically in recent years, but funding has not kept pace with this growth. The result is less contact time for lecturers and their students, and corresponding worries about how the quality of teaching and learning can be improved. Peer tutoring is one method which is growing in popularity, and has already proved successful in a number of
Investigating Troublesome Classroom Behaviours'Get on with your work!', 'Stop talking!', 'Pay attention!'Does it sound familiar?Research evidence worldwide shows that managing classroom behaviour continues to cause difficulties for teachers. It is not the acts of violence or defiance that grind down teachers' energy and enthusiasm for their work, but dealing with constant repetitions of minor misbehaviours.The prevalent explanation for
Better Behaviour in ClassroomsThis complete INSET course for schools shows teachers how to improve behaviour in the classroom. It provides support, guidance and information to facilitate the application of positive behaviour management approaches. The authors have produced photocopiable resources and training materials for use with staff groups or individuals, and the materials have been developed for use with both


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text:
ISA Firewall Service Cannot Start with More Than 85 IP Addresses on the External Network Adapter
This article was previously published under Q318005
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
The Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server Firewall service may not start if you add more than 85 IP addresses to the external network adapter. When you start your computer after you do so, you may see an event that is similar to the following event:
Event Type: Error
Event Source: Service Control Manager
Event ID: 7031
The Microsoft Firewall service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 0 milliseconds: No action.
Event Source: Service Control Manager
Event ID: 7031
The Microsoft Firewall service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 0 milliseconds: No action.
A supported hotfix is available from Microsoft. However, this hotfix is intended to correct only the problem that is described in this article. Apply this hotfix only to systems that are experiencing this specific problem. This hotfix might receive additional testing. Therefore, if you are not severely affected by this problem, we recommend that you wait for the next software update that contains this hotfix.
If the hotfix is available for download, there is a "Hotfix download available" section at the top of this Knowledge Base article. If this section does not appear, contact Microsoft Customer Service and Support to obtain the hotfix.
Note If additional issues occur or if any troubleshooting is required, you might have to create a separate service request. The usual support costs will apply to additional support questions and issues that do not qualify for this specific hotfix. For a complete list of Microsoft Customer Service and Support telephone numbers or to create a separate service request, visit the following Microsoft Web site: Note The "Hotfix download available" form displays the languages for which the hotfix is available. If you do not see your language, it is because a hotfix is not available for that language.NOTE: You must install ISA Server 2000 ServicePack 1 before you apply this hotfix. For additional information about how to obtain ISA Server 2000 ServicePack 1, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
313139 How to Obtain the Latest Internet Security andAcceleration Server 2000 Service PackThe English version of this fix should have the following file attributes or later:
Date Time Version Size File name -------------------------------------------------------- 28-Feb-2002 09:21:34 3.0.1200.171 294,672 Wspsrv.exe
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed at the beginning of this article.
Article ID: 318005 - Last Review: 10/26/2013 10:33:00 - Revision: 3.0
Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server 2000 Standard Edition
- kbnosurvey kbarchive kbautohotfix kbqfe kbhotfixserver kbbug kbenv kberrmsg kbfix kbisaserv2000presp2fix kbnetwork KB318005


text:
Check in from 14h / Check out prior to 12h
Guilong Hotel: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 4 stars hotels in Guiyang, China.
Guilong Hotel offers 4-star accommodation in Guiyang. It also provides room service, a currency exchange and a concierge.
Hotel description
There are a range of amenities at Guilong International Hotel Guiyang on offer to guests, including a laundry service, a safe and a gym. It also provides a lift, a business centre and a wake-up service.
Guests can start the day with breakfast every morning at the hotel.
Guilong Hotel provides easy access to the Showroom of Provincial Working Committee of Guiyang Underground Party and Guiyang Forest Park. It is also within walking distance of Qianming Temple and Dade School Guizhou.
Hotel features
Room Service, Restaurant
Business Center, Concierge, Elevator / Lift, Currency Exchange, Safe-Deposit Box, Wake-up Service, Laundry service
Fitness Room/Gym
Availability and Prices
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Top Searches: Jazzmaster, Les Paul, Rickenbacker, Gretsch, JHS
From TC Electronic:
One of the most frequent questions we receive from our users is, "How do I make sure that I supply my TC effect pedal with the correct amount of power?" Questions surrounding Voltage and Milliamps are probably some of the most important, since too little can lead to noise, hum and unwanted tone degradation, while too much or the wrong kind of power can seriously damage your equipment. With our new PowerPlug power supplies we've taken all the guesswork out of the equation for you, so you can be sure that your TC Electronic stompbox is only supplied with the correct amount of TC approved power every single time! So why spend time worrying about voltage? You got songs to write, gigs to play and solos to shred!
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Enables you to manipulate your effects in real-time without having to take your hand away from your instrument or bend down. Tap the wings left and right with your toes...
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Welcome to the exclusive world of our Centre Point Wireless Road on Wireless Road. It is luxurious elegance in Thai contemporary style on prestigious Wireless Road, the ultimate space in an ultimate place. Furnished with typically Thai motifs, you will find an excellent combination of Thai style an...
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Swissôtel Resort Phuket is the perfect spot for those wanting to relax or rejuvenate. Catering for up to 150 persons, with a choice of 8 function room, be it for a romantic wedding or an exclusive gala dinner.
Hyatt Regency Phuket Resort is nestled on the hillside overlooking Kamala Cove at the southern tip of Kamala Beach. Terraced up the verdant hill, this five-star resort offers unobstructed panoramic views of the Andaman Sea and spectacular sunsets.
The Phuket Marriott Resort & Spa, Merlin Beach is conveniently located at 99 Muen-Ngoen Road, Tri-Trang Beach, Phuket. We offer spacious rooms and suites. We have different tpyes of meeting space and can accommodate any kind of event.


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Free Delivery to Europe +150€
Returns up to 30 Days
Opticians in Barcelona
5% Welcome Discount:
The Ray·Ban RB3183 sunglasses are slick and like speed. The sunglasses feature a lightweight semi-rimless rectangular shape and the temples have a classic Ray-Ban printed logo.
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