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July 19, 2011
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,v.OMAR VILLANUEVA, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. S-1307-01.
Argued March 16, 2011
Before Judges Ashrafi, Nugent and Newman.
Defendant Omar Villanueva appeals from denial of his petition for post conviction relief (PCR) alleging ineffective assistance of counsel and other grounds for relief. We reverse and remand for an evidentiary hearing.
Between 1996 and 2000, defendant was a basketball coach at a parochial middle school. He supervised a conditioning program for students on the basketball team between twelve and fourteen years old. As part of the program, defendant weighed the boys in the school nurse's office in the nude. When school administrators learned about this practice, they contacted the county prosecutor's office, and an investigation was conducted of defendant's activities with the basketball team. Detectives obtained statements from some members of the team alleging sexual and other inappropriate conduct by defendant, in particular, on out-of-state trips. Other members of the team denied any misconduct had occurred. The prosecutor's office also searched defendant's home computer and allegedly found evidence of child pornography.
In May 2001, defendant was indicted on six counts of second-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a; two counts of second-degree causing or permitting a child to engage in a prohibited sexual act, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4b(3) and N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4b(4); and one count of fourth-degree possession of child pornography, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4b(5)(b).
Defendant moved to dismiss the counts charging endangering the welfare of a child on the ground that the evidence presented to the grand jury was not sufficient to prove that crime. The court heard argument and denied the motion.
Defendant and his attorney then negotiated a plea agreement with the prosecutor's office for a non-custodial sentence. On April 29, 2002, defendant entered a plea of guilty to one count of third-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a, by weighing the boys in the nude. In exchange for his guilty plea, the State agreed to dismiss the other charges and to recommend a sentence of five years' probation with sex offender counseling.
At the plea hearing, the court stated among other things that defendant's sentence would subject him to the sex offender registration and notification requirements of Megan's Law, N.J.S.A. 2C:7-2 to -11, and to community supervision for life, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4. To establish a factual basis for entry of the guilty plea in accordance with Rule 3:9-2, defense counsel elicited the following testimony from defendant:
Q: Mr. Villanueva, during the period culminating in August of the year 2000, did you run a conditioning program for basketball students at [a parochial middle school]?
A: Yes.
Q: How old were the children participating in the program?
A: Between the ages of twelve and fourteen Q: As part of the program were the children weighed?
Q: And they were weighed in the nurse's office?
Q: During the course of that weighing were the children in fact weighed in the nude?
Q: Was there any reason why the children needed to be weighed in the nude?
A: No.
Q: And you understand that the issue of whether that constituted sexual conduct was a subject of a hearing that took place before the Honorable Joseph Conte*fn1 ?
Q: At that time Judge Conte found that the allegations were sufficient to sustain the charges. You recall that hearing?
Q: At this time you understand by pleading guilty to this offense we're stipulating the conduct that took place constituted sexual conduct?
Assistant Prosecutor: The State is satisfied.
The court accepted the guilty plea and ordered that defendant be evaluated in accordance with N.J.S.A. 2C:47-1 at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center for sex offenders at Avenel. The psychological evaluation concluded that defendant was not eligible for sentencing in accordance with the Sex Offender Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:47-1 to -10.
The sentencing hearing occurred on December 13, 2002. Defense counsel argued that a probationary sentence was appropriate because defendant had no prior criminal convictions or arrests, he had been devoted to helping children in his teaching and coaching career, and this one "lapse of judgment" would prevent him from pursuing that career. In response, the judge remarked that defense counsel had "denuetered" the sexual crime to which defendant had pleaded guilty. The judge questioned whether defendant was declaring innocence of the charge or still admitted his guilt.
Defense counsel referred again to the pretrial ruling of the court that the conduct alleged was sufficient to support the charge, and he stated: "we're in a position where we have to accept the proposition that nudity itself constitutes sexual conduct." The court immediately added: "If depicted for the purpose of your client's sexual stimulation or gratification, that's right in the statute."
The court and counsel discussed whether defendant wanted to proceed with sentencing or was now professing innocence. See State v. Reali, 26 N.J. 222, 224 (1958) (court must not accept a guilty plea where the defendant claims innocence). The court stated that defendant was facing "tremendous consequences" as a result of his guilty plea, including community supervision for life. The prosecutor then spoke, repeating the court's statement that defendant would "be supervised for life." The prosecutor described some restrictions that might affect defendant in the future:
[C]ommunity supervision for life . . . is, it's really quite restrictive. If the parole officer that will be supervising Mr. Villanueva feels that in addition to the counseling that he may be attending . . . through probation . . . is not enough. For example, if he needs to go to other individual or group therapy, they will enforce that therapy, they will make sure he goes. If he feels that he should stay out of events that involve teens, basketball games, football games at schools, they will make sure that he's not present. They can, unlike Megan's Law . . . request the defendant himself notify his employer. They can request . . . a curfew and that he be home at 10 o'clock and he call in to make sure he's home.
The court asked defense counsel what defendant's intention was as to proceeding. Counsel answered: "Judge, we are prepared to proceed with the sentence today."
In accordance with the plea agreement, the court sentenced defendant to five years' probation with a special condition that he attend counseling. The court also imposed money penalties and specifically stated that the sentence would include community supervision for life. The judgment of conviction also checked off that defendant was sentenced to community supervision for life.
Defendant did not appeal from his conviction and sentence. He states he served the five-year term of probation without incident and was discharged from probation in 2007. After his term of community supervision began, he consulted with his current attorney and filed the PCR petition that is now before us. He claimed he did not file an earlier challenge to his conviction because he only learned at the end of his probationary term that the conditions of community supervision for life were significantly more restrictive than his probationary restrictions.
From a list of restrictions given to him in early 2008, defendant learned that he would permanently*fn2 have to see his parole officer every month; he would be subject to unannounced home visits; he would be restricted as to where he could live and what jobs he could take; he would have to provide regular urine screens for drug testing; and he would be barred from outof-state travel without permission. To emphasize the effect of community supervision on his life and future, defendant provided a detailed account of how his parole officer belatedly denied him permission to attend an out-of-state conference that was necessary for advancement in his employment.
Defendant's new attorney conducted an investigation and gathered statements from potential student witnesses who denied defendant had engaged in misconduct on out-of-state trips. Defendant learned the witnesses had been questioned by detectives at the time of the prosecutor's investigation, but their exculpatory statements had not been provided to his prior defense attorney in discovery before he entered his guilty plea.
Defendant filed his verified PCR petition on November 14, 2008, almost six years after the date of conviction and sentencing. He professed innocence, stating he had not weighed students nude for purposes of his sexual gratification but only because he believed the conduct was acceptable in an athletic, "locker room" setting. Defendant also submitted a certification from his prior attorney stating he had not informed defendant of the consequences of community supervision for life, and that "[a]t the time of the entry of his plea, I did inform Defendant that the mere weighing of children in the nude was considered a crime."
The court did not hold an evidentiary hearing. It issued a written opinion denying relief. Although the opinion made reference to the late filing of the petition beyond the five-year limitation period of Rule 3:22-12, it did not include an express ruling under that rule. The court considered the PCR petition on its merits and concluded that defendant had not presented a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel or other grounds for relief. It found that defendant had been adequately informed about the consequences of community supervision for life and that a factual basis for the guilty plea was established through the combination of the plea and sentencing hearings.
On appeal, defendant makes the following arguments:
Our standard of review from the decision of the PCR court is plenary on questions of law. See State v. Harris, 181 N.J. 391, 415 (2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1145, 125 S. Ct. 2973, 162 L. Ed. 2d 898 (2005). We defer to the factual findings of that court, however, if they are supported by adequate, substantial, and credible evidence. Ibid.
As a preliminary matter, we will not address the late filing of defendant's PCR petition because the State has not argued that point on appeal. Although defendant's petition was not filed within five years of the date of the judgment of conviction, as required by Rule 3:22-12(a)(1), the rule permits limited expansion of the time period. For purposes of the appeal, the State has waived a contention that defendant's PCR petition should be dismissed as untimely filed.*fn3
In considering the merits of the PCR petition, we begin with a presumption that defendant received the assistance of counsel that is mandated by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article I, paragraph 10, of the New Jersey Constitution. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065, 2068, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 694, 698 (1984); State v. Loftin, 191 N.J. 172, 198 (2007). Defendant bears the burden of proving that his attorney's performance was ineffective under constitutional standards. Loftin, supra, 191 N.J. at 198.
In Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, the United States Supreme Court established a two-part test for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.
To satisfy the second part of this test, "[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698. The Strickland standard was adopted by the New Jersey Supreme Court in State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58 (1987).
Where ineffective assistance is alleged following a guilty plea, the defendant satisfies the second part of the Strickland test by showing "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial." Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203, 210 (1985).
The primary issue before us is whether the PCR court erred in deciding defendant's petition without an evidentiary hearing. We conclude it did. In State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 462-63 (1992), the Court stated:
[T]rial courts ordinarily should grant evidentiary hearings to resolve ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims if a defendant has presented a prima facie claim in support of post-conviction relief. As in a summary judgment motion, courts should view the facts in the light most favorable to a defendant to determine whether a defendant has established a prima facie claim.
"To establish a prima facie claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable likelihood of succeeding under the test set forth in Strickland v. Washington[.]" State v. Goodwin, 173 N.J. 583, 596 (2002). However, where a "court perceives that holding an evidentiary hearing will not aid the court's analysis of whether the defendant is entitled to post-conviction relief, or that the defendant's allegations are too vague, conclusory, or speculative to warrant an evidentiary hearing, then an evidentiary hearing need not be granted." State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 158 (citations omitted), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 850, 118 S. Ct. 140, 139 L. Ed. 2d 88 (1997).
Here, defendant made specific allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel and supported those allegations with his own verification of the PCR petition, with the transcripts of the proceedings at the time of his plea and sentencing, and with a certification from his defense attorney confirming defendant's claims of incorrect or inadequate legal advice. The attorney acknowledged that he had advised defendant he could be convicted of endangering the welfare of a child simply for weighing boys in the nude. He gave that advice because the trial court had denied defendant's pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment. The attorney also certified that he had not advised defendant about the consequences of community supervision for life. As we will further explain, these allegations were sufficient to establish a prima facie claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Defendant relies upon State ex rel. T.M., 166 N.J. 319 (2001), to argue that "[a] factual basis for a plea 'must obviously include defendant's admission of guilt of the crime or the acknowledgment of facts constituting the essential elements of the crime.'" Id. at 333 (quoting State v. Sainz, 107 N.J. 283, 293 (1987)). He contends his agreement to a stipulation at the time of the plea hearing was not an admission that he weighed the boys nude for sexual stimulation or gratification.
As a general matter, a court may accept a stipulation in lieu of a personal admission by a defendant to establish an element of a crime to which a plea of guilty is offered. See id. at 335. Although admission of guilt must come from "the lips of the defendant," State v. Smullen, 118 N.J. 408, 415 (1990) (quoting State v. Barboza, 115 N.J. 415, 422 (1989)), the Supreme Court has not required that a defendant admit every specific fact necessary for conviction. In Sainz, supra, 107 N.J. at 293, the Court stated: "The factual basis for a guilty plea must obviously include defendant's admission of guilt of the crime or the acknowledgement of facts constituting the essential elements of the crime. However, the defendant's admission or acknowledgment may be understood in light of all surrounding circumstances." See also State v. Mitchell, 126 N.J. 565, 581 (1992) ("In determining whether an adequate factual basis exists, the court may consider the defendant's statements as well as information gleaned from the surrounding circumstances.").
Neither Rule 3:9-2 nor constitutional rights require that a defendant personally provide all the facts that establish a basis for accepting a guilty plea. A defendant may honestly not recall certain pertinent facts, and others may never have been within his knowledge. But a defendant may have no dispute that facts necessary for conviction are true and can be proven at trial. A stipulation is simply a statement of that concession. It may support a factual basis for a guilty plea as long as the stipulation is entered into knowingly and voluntarily.
In T.M., supra, 166 N.J. at 335-37, the Court reversed a guilty plea entered on stipulated facts because the juvenile, mentally-limited defendant did not have the capacity to agree knowingly and voluntarily to a stipulation of the relevant facts. Furthermore, the stipulation was not sufficient to establish the mental state necessary for a finding of guilt.
Id. at 335. Here, we must address whether the stipulation that defendant accepted at the time of his guilty plea was sufficient to establish a necessary element of the offense.
Subsection a of the endangering statute to which defendant pleaded guilty prohibits "sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child." N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a (emphasis added). It does not expressly define "sexual conduct." See State v. Hackett, 323 N.J. Super. 460, 471 (App. Div. 1999), aff'd as modified, 166 N.J. 66 (2001). Subsection b(1)(i) of the statute defines "prohibited sexual act" as including "[n]udity, if depicted for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification of any person who may view such depiction." By the terms of the statute, the quoted reference to "nudity" is applicable to subsection b of the statute, which prohibits depiction of sexual acts by children in photographs, films, the internet, and similar reproduction, in other words, child pornography. See State v. Hackett, 166 N.J. 66, 84 (2001). In this case, defendant's weighing of the boys did not involve any photographing or other similar depiction of nudity. Thus the reference to nudity in the portion of the statute prohibiting child pornography is not expressly applicable to subsection a of the statute and hence to defendant's guilty plea.
If nudity is the "sexual conduct" charged under subsection a, it must be of such nature that it would impair or debauch the morals of a child. Id. at 76. Subsection a focuses on the effect of defendant's conduct on children and not only on the defendant's specific purpose in engaging in that conduct. Id. at 77. In Hackett, which was a prosecution based on defendant's own nudity rather than the children's, the Supreme Court stated: "mere nudity repeatedly presented . . . can constitute endangering the welfare of children if the other elements of the endangering crime are met." Id. at 80. The Court also referenced State v. White, 105 N.J. Super. 234 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 54 N.J. 242 (1969), in which a defendant's showing pictures of nude men and women to children was the basis for sustaining his conviction for endangering the welfare of children.
In State v. Bryant, 419 N.J. Super. 15, 24, 28 (App. Div. 2011), we held that conviction for endangering the welfare of a child under subsection a of the statute requires proof that defendant knowingly engaged in sexual conduct, but not that he knew his conduct would impair or debauch the morals of a child. We recognized that some conduct is obviously sexual in nature but other conduct may be ambiguous as to its sexual purpose.
Id. at 24. The weighing of the boys in the nude in this case is such ambiguous conduct. Therefore, proof was required that defendant knew his conduct was sexual in nature when he engaged in it.
In advising defendant of the nature of the offense to which he was pleading guilty, prior defense counsel relied on the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss the endangering counts of the indictment. Because a transcript of the pretrial motion hearing has not been produced on this record and an evidentiary hearing was not conducted on the PCR petition, we cannot evaluate the basis for counsel's advice that the judge had already determined defendant's actions were sexual conduct.
It seems unlikely that the judge in a pretrial motion made a factual finding that the State's evidence proved defendant had violated the criminal endangering statute by knowingly engaging in sexual conduct. More predictably, the judge denied defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment because of the restrictive standard of review applicable to the motion. See State v. N.J. Trade Waste Ass'n, 96 N.J. 8, 18-19 (1984). In all likelihood, the court appropriately left the issue of defendant's knowledge and intent, or whether nude weighing would impair or debauch the morals of the children, for a trial jury to decide. See Hackett, supra, 166 N.J. at 81-84.
It may be that counsel gave proper legal advice to defendant, in accordance with the holding of Hackett, that the jury would be given the opportunity to and might find defendant's conduct of weighing the boys in the nude was knowing sexual conduct that impaired or debauched the morals of children. But the stipulation as stated, that "the conduct that took place constituted sexual conduct," did not include an explicit admission by defendant that he knew he was engaging in sexual conduct at the time of its occurrence.
The sentencing judge attempted to fill the gap in defendant's factual allocution. He stated the sexual conduct charged required that defendant engaged in the nude weighing of the boys for his own sexual gratification. The parties have not disputed that construction of the statute. We do not decide for purposes of this appeal whether sexual stimulation or gratification of defendant was a necessary element of the third-degree charge to which he pleaded guilty. We leave for another day determination of whether nude weighing of children could have been viewed as sexual conduct in some other manner than personal stimulation or gratification of defendant.
We note, however, that the sentencing judge discussed in detail an admission from defendant that was necessary for acceptance of his guilty plea, and defendant chose to maintain his plea rather than pursuing the issue at that time when the court invited him to do so. Rule 3:22-4 might otherwise bar a challenge to a factual basis for a guilty plea that was or could have been raised in a prior proceeding. However, defendant's claim on PCR was that he acted upon incorrect or inadequate legal advice from his attorney.
Defendant's submissions showed that his attorney advised him nudity alone could constitute a violation of the statute. Without a more precise explanation of the necessary elements under the statute, that advice would be legally inaccurate. Defendant also adequately asserted that the allegedly faulty advice directly affected his acceptance of the stipulation admitting an element of the offense and his decision to plead guilty. Defendant's PCR petition and supporting evidence made a prima facie showing of deficient performance by counsel and prejudice to defendant in agreeing to plead guilty. The prima facie showing entitled defendant to an evidentiary hearing to prove his claims.
Also, the absence of advice from defense counsel on the meaning and effect of community supervision for life could satisfy the Strickland standard. Defendant contends he would have elected to stand trial if he had been advised more specifically about the highly-restrictive consequences of community supervision for life.
In State v. Jamgochian, 363 N.J. Super. 220, 222-24 (App. Div. 2003), we held a defendant had shown a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney had failed to advise him that community supervision for life would include travel restrictions. In other contexts, too, courts have held a defendant must be advised of important consequences of his guilty plea that would affect a knowing and voluntary decision to plead guilty. See Padilla v. Kentucky, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 1482-83, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284, 294-95 (2010) (risk of deportation); State v. Bellamy, 178 N.J. 127, 138 (2003) (statutory provisions for civil commitment as a violent sexual predator); State v. Howard, 110 N.J. 113, 124-25 (1988) (parole restrictions applicable to sentence to sex offenders prison).
At the plea and sentencing hearings, the court told defendant community supervision for life would be included in his sentence, and the prosecutor recited some of the specific consequences. But, according to defendant's PCR petition, the restrictions actually imposed by the parole officer were significantly more burdensome than anything that defendant was previously told.
Defendant attached to his PCR petition a written list of twenty-two restrictions placed upon him. The list was given to him by his current attorney and his parole officer when his community supervision began five years after he was sentenced. Our record does not indicate whether such a list was available for prior defense counsel's use at the time of the guilty plea. If it was, counsel's performance may have been deficient in failing to inform himself and defendant of the nature of restrictions imposed during community supervision.
We make no finding on this record that counsel's representation was in fact deficient, or that defendant was prejudiced by the absence of more detailed advice. We hold only that defendant presented a prima facie case of ineffective assistance with respect to community supervision for life, and he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing and an opportunity to prove his claims.
Finally, defendant also appeals from the trial court's denial of his motion for discovery. He sought to prove his due process rights were violated by the prosecution's alleged failure to disclose exculpatory evidence in accordance with Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). He seeks additional information from the investigations conducted by the prosecutor's office and the Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS) to find witnesses and evidence supporting his factual defenses.
The Brady and discovery issues are not a separate claim entitling defendant to PCR review. They are part of his overall claim grounded upon ineffective assistance of counsel and his assertion of innocence. On remand, defendant may make further application to the trial court for discovery as relevant to his claim of innocence of the crimes charged in the indictment. The trial court shall have discretion to determine the scope of appropriate discovery consistent with the issues on remand.
Because we lack a full record of the nature of defense counsel's advice to defendant before he pleaded guilty, our decision does not determine whether defense counsel's performance was in fact deficient, or whether defendant would nevertheless have accepted the non-custodial plea agreement and pleaded guilty under the circumstances presented to him. We only hold that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to present proofs relevant to his claims. The trial court must evaluate those claims and the evidence developed in light of the legal framework we have discussed pertaining to the endangering charge to which he pleaded guilty.
Reversed and remanded for an evidentiary hearing. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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Talk WNBA playoffs with Mechelle Voepel!
A writer for the Kansas City Star, Voepel is a regular contributor to ESPN.com's coverage of women's basketball. And with Detroit and Connecticut set to meet in the East and Sacramento and Los Angeles squaring off out West, now is the perfect time to pick her brain about what happened in the first round and what may happen next.
Mechelle will be stopping by at 2 p.m. ET on Thursday, so join us then or submit your questions now!
Buzzmaster (2:00 PM)
Mechelle will be here in a few minutes. Send in those questions now!
Tizzle (Fairfield, CT)
On whom does the burden of Douglas' absence fall on most heavily? What does she need to do in order to try to make up for that loss?
Mechelle Voepel (2:04 PM)
It's sort of the nature of the Sun, as MikeThibault has designed the team, that no one has to feel she "carries" the weight by herself. That said, Douglas was so good this year that she's made herself close to indespensible, in my view. Nykesha Sales is one of the best players in this league, though, and she and Taj McWilliams Franklin have to really play well for the Sun to move on.
Tia Dalma from Tortuga
I love Ruth Riley ... but since Detroit's 2003 title run, she hasn't done a whole heck of a lot. What gives? Don't you think her performance vs. the Sun's better frontcourt could be a key for Detroit?
Mechelle Voepel (2:08 PM)
Absolutely. Coach Laimbeer talked last week about how Ruth Riley was on the trading block before this season, but he's been pleased with how she's responded. Her ability to hit those short and mid-range face-up shots was so huge to Detroit winning it all in 2003. A similar kind of performance this year from her would be a huge boost to the Shock having a shot at the title again.
Steve (Baltimore)
It seemed early on the WNBA had its dynasty's (comets and sparks) but as of late it seems like its a crap shoot, why is this?
Mechelle Voepel (2:11 PM)
I think the talent level goes deep on virtually all the WNBA teams now. And so it's a lot tougher for any one franchise to really separate itself. It's tougher to be a "dynasty." And that's a good thing, I think.
Do you think the Shock have an advantage because of their physical style of play and the intimidation factor of the coach?
Mechelle Voepel (2:13 PM)
That's an interesting question. But I don't think Laimbeer's style or anything he says will bother Connecticut. But I think with Douglas out, the Sun is going to have a harder time defending the Shock, and that's where I think Detroit's biggest advantage is. That and Detroit can be such a dominating team on the boards.
Will Turner
On TV the other night, they said Lauren Jackson has said she will not go to Oklahoma City if the Seattle franchise moves. Is that fact? Also, with such a great fan base, don't you think the Storm need to stay in Seattle? And, lastly, what's the next city to get a WNBA team?
Mechelle Voepel (2:18 PM)
I've kind of not wanted to think about Seattle moving it's franchise, to be honest. It's not that I don't want to see another team in the Midwest _ that would be cool _ but Seattle is such a great WNBA market it would be horrible to see those fans lose their team. Absolutely horrible. I don't know what Lauren will do, but I sure hope we see her in Seattle for many more years to come. As for expansion, it's very hard to get a read on where might be the next city or cities to get a team. I think if the WNBA gets to 16 in the next couple of years, it should stay there for a while and really strengthen the product. As you could guess, I would be EXTREMELY happy to have a team in ... say ... how about Kansas City? :)
Like Mike
Thibault is the best coach in the WNBA. It was ridiculous that he just now won his first Coach of the Year honor! Which coaches' jobs do you think might be in jeopardy now that the season is winding down?
Mechelle Voepel (2:21 PM)
I think Mr. T has a few more coach-of-the-year awards in his future. Congrats to him, well-deserved. As for who's on the hot seat, you have to wonder if New York will continue with Pat Coyle. I guess that's pretty obvious. Some fans in Houston are none too happy with Van Chancellor, but I don't know that that will have a big impact on his future with the Comets. That's an interesting situation to watch, though.
pilight (macon ga)
Looking at Team USA, I'm concerned about the age of our front court. Leslie, Milton, Thompson, and Griffith are all on the dark side of 30. Do you think we need a young post?
Mechelle Voepel (2:26 PM)
I think you are right on the money. I received another question about the USA squad, in terms of who I would add. Well, they don't ask me, of coure, but ... if they did, I'd say Courtney Paris of Oklahoma. I think she will be the dominant player of her era, so long as she stays healthy. And I'd love to see her with those older players on the senior national, getting her time learning from them. The kid is a sponge and absorbs info so quickly. She's going to be a USA Basketball fixture for many years to come,.
Mickey (Seattle, WA)
What's with the love fest for Lisa Leslie this season? Sure she's had a good season, but Lauren Jackson ate her up when pitted against her in the west semi-finals. And if it weren't for timely shooting by Johnson and Page, LA would be sitting at home tonight. The MVP trophy was given to Leslie before the season even started. What about the other contenders? Douglas, Jackson, Taurasi, Ford, to name a few, deserve some credit. They are not even mentioned by media for MVP. Based on the media's method of voting - player was injured last year, then comes back and plays next season like normal - means Lauren Jackson or Katie Douglas should get MVP next season, correct? Go ahead and etch that one into the trophy, like you did for Leslie.
Mechelle Voepel (2:31 PM)
If I could have voted for both Leslie and Lauren Jackson as a tie, I would have. It was a hard, hard decision. But it's preposterous to think we "decide" this before the season starts or that anyone in the media isn't trying to do his or her best to pick the right person. When it comes down to it, you could pick Leslie, Jackson, Cheryl Ford, Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Katie Douglas ... none of those would be "wrong."
Captain Jack
I read your most recent column about maybe changing your mind and picking Detroit and Sacramento. Didn't realize you were THAT high on Holdsclaw's contributions in LA. Doesn't the Sparks' win over Seattle say something about whether they need 'Mique on the court?!
Mechelle Voepel (2:34 PM)
I think the Sparks survived without Holdsclaw against Seattle, but right now Sacramento is going to pose a tougher matchup because the Monarchs appear to be in better shape health-wise than Seattle was. I think Holdsclaw is so productive when she's healthy that the Sparks may not be able to beat Sacramento without her. But ... I could be wrong.
Bootstrap Bill
Bill Laimbeer says he's not counting Katie Douglas out of playing in the East finals. We all know KT is tough and all, and it is the playoffs, but still ... your thoughts?
Mechelle Voepel (2:37 PM)
She looked to be in so much pain at Sunday's game ... so I guess it seems doubtful to me. But, there are those athletes who you know if they possibly can be on the floor, in spite of a lot of pain, they will be. We saw that from Lindsay Whalen last year, and Katie Douglas is the same kind of athlete.
Derek (Raleigh)
Will Charlotte EVER have a team that competes for the playoffs? They seem to always be at the bottom of the league.
Mechelle Voepel (2:42 PM)
Well, the Sting was in the WNBA Finals in 2001 ... but that was five years ago, wasn't it? It's kind of bittersweet to see the ACC women at their highest point ever right now, with a national champion and two other 2006 Final Four participants, and not have a lot of success in the WNBA in Charlotte. Let's hope that changes.
pilight (macon ga)
Only three months to the start of college ball. Who do you have #1, Tennessee or Maryland?
Mechelle Voepel (2:43 PM)
Considering I picked against Maryland pretty much every step of the way during the NCAA Tournament, I'm not making that mistake again. :) Provided everyone is healthy when we submit our preseason polls, I'll have the defending national champions No. 1.
Stewart (Alexandria, VA)
Despite the obvious growth and popularity of the league, it still has its cynics and doubters out there (Bill Simmons The Sports Guy being a BIG one). How does the league gain more acceptance? I'm a straight guy and I think the WNBA great and exciting. Thanks for taking my question.
Mechelle Voepel (2:49 PM)
I've also gotten a few questions about the future of the WNBA, so I'll try to answer that here, too. I don't know what makes people so openly hateful and vindictive toward a sport or a league just because they don't happen to be interested in it. My feeling is if someone doesn't like the WNBA or women's basketball or whatever, they are free to completely ignore it. Fine by me. I ignore what I'm not interested in and don't spend time or energy spewing venom at it. I think the league can't gain acceptance from people like that and should even worry about it. Focus on making a better product that appeals to sports fans who are open to enjoying the game. That's going to take consistent efforts to make travel better and a true good-faith effort by the league in collective bargaining when the next deal is struck (which is coming up).
Atlanta, Ga
Why did the WNBA not stay with Oxygen? we saw more games on Oxygen than we do on ESPN. It is a shame that we can't watch the women's basketball games on tv, but we can show re-runs of poker and darts. What's with that?
Mechelle Voepel (2:52 PM)
Donna Orender spent many years with the PGA Tour working on the television end of things. She knows that part of the industry very well. But I think that's one of the challenges she faces in coming year - getting better TV coverage and making sure the "right" games are on television. I know fans get frustrated when a late-season big game isn't on TV. Improvements have to be made here to both satisfy the fans already committed to the WNBA and bring in new ones.
Ryan F. (Tiburon, CA)
Hi Mechelle! Which do you think was more impressive? Whitmore's 41-point game or Diana's 47? Also, why don't you run a blog on WNBA.com?
Mechelle Voepel (2:56 PM)
They were both pretty darn awesome. Whitmore's did come in the playoffs and DT's was in three OTs ... so I guess scoring "performance of the year" might go to Whitmore. But I have a feeling DT will break her own scoring record. There's probably a 60-point game in that kid in the future.
Cynthia - Morro Bay, CA
Hi Mechelle, Who do you think will win the series between Sacramento & LA? Also, which home court in the WNBA do you think draws the loudest crowds?
Mechelle Voepel (2:59 PM)
I picked Sacramento, for whatever that is worth. The loudest arena I've ever been in for a WNBA game was Seattle for the 2004 finals. It was great!
Darren (Los Angeles, CA)
Mechelle, great job as always this season on your coverage. The LA Times had the coaching matchup in the LA-Sacramento series as "even"...considering that John has won a championship already, do you agree with that?
Mechelle Voepel (3:03 PM)
I guess what I'd say with that is that both John Whisenant and Joe Bryant really seem to understand what motivates their players and how best to manage them. Of course, Whisenant has been in this league longer, but Bryant has coached around the world a lot.
pilight (macon ga)
Do you think Marsha Sharp will be in the mix for a WNBA coaching job?
Mechelle Voepel (3:06 PM)
Ah, now that's a great question. Sure would make sense to me that someone with that much success in the women's game would be of interest to a WNBA franchise. And I think she'll have the urge to coach again. But she's a lifelong Texan and the situation would need to be right for her.
Mechelle Voepel (3:08 PM)
Well, I wish I could answer more questions but I unfortnately have a dentist appointment. Believe me, I'd rather stay here. :) Thanks and hope you all enjoy the rest of the WNBA playoffs.
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Crocs, Inc.NASDAQ
Dec. 30, 2013, 2:44 AM
- Blackstone (BX) has agreed to pay $200M to acquire a 13% stake in Crocs (CROX), the latter said late yesterday, adding that CEO John McCarvel will retire at the end of April.
- Blackstone will receive newly issued preferred equity that it can convert into common shares at $14.50 each vs Friday's close of $13.33, and which will have a cash dividend rate of 6%. The private-equity firm will also receive two board seats.
- Crocs will use the proceeds to help pay for a $350M repurchase program; along with Blackstone's investment, the buyback will reduce the footwear maker's publicly traded common stock float by 30%.
- Blackstone's investment comes after Crocs' Q3 profit dropped 71% to $13M on revenue of $288.5M. The company expects Q4 earnings to be at the low end of its guidance range for a loss per share $0.20-0.23 - meaning the loss will be greater - and for revenue of $220-225M. Analysts predict $0.19 and $222.25M respectively. Crocs will also take charges of $47-52M in Q4 and may need to carry out further restructuring in 2014. (PR)


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February 8, 2010
Date: February 8, 2010 Time: 1:30 p.m.
Courtroom: 16
This matter came before the Court for hearing pursuant to the Order of this Court, dated September 25, 2009, on the application of the Settling Parties for approval of the Settlement set forth in the Stipulation of Settlement dated August 28, 2009 (the "Stipulation"). Full and adequate notice having been given to the Class as required in the Court's Order, and the Court having considered all papers filed and proceedings held herein and otherwise being fully informed in the premises and good cause appearing therefor,
1. This Judgment incorporates by reference the definitions in the Stipulation, and all capitalized terms used, but not defined herein, shall have the same meanings as in the Stipulation.
2. This Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of the Consolidated Action and over all parties to the Consolidated Action, including all members of the Class.
3. Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court hereby certifies the Consolidated Action as a class action for settlement purposes only. The Class consists of all persons or entities (and their beneficiaries) who purchased or acquired the publicly traded securities of International Rectifier Corporation ("IR Securities") from July 31, 2003 through February 11, 2008, inclusive, and who suffered damages as a result. Excluded from the Class are:
(i) the Defendants; (ii) members of the immediate family of each Individual Defendant; (iii) any person who was an officer or director of the Company during the Class Period; (iv) any firm, trust, corporation, officer or other entity in which any Defendant has a controlling interest; and (v) the legal representatives, agents, affiliates, heirs, successors-in-interest or assigns of any such excluded party. Also excluded from the Class are any persons who excluded themselves by submitting a valid and timely request for exclusion in accordance with the requirements set forth in the Notice, a list of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
4. With respect to the Class, this Court finds, solely for the purposes of settlement, that:
(a) the members of the Class are so numerous that joinder of all Class Members in the Consolidated Action is impracticable;
(b) there are questions of law and fact common to the Class; (c) the claims by Co-Lead Plaintiffs are typical of the claims of the Class;
(d) Co-Lead Plaintiffs and Co-Lead Counsel have and will fairly and adequately represent and protect the interests of the Class Members;
(e) the questions of law and fact common to the members of the Class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members; and
(f) a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy, considering: (i) the interests of the Class Members in individually controlling the prosecution of separate actions; (ii) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by Class Members; and (iii) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of these claims in this particular forum.
5. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, this Court hereby approves the Settlement set forth in the Stipulation and finds that the Settlement is, in all respects, fair, reasonable and adequate to Co-Lead Plaintiffs, the Class and each of the Class Members. The Court further finds that the Settlement set forth in the Stipulation is the result of arm's-length negotiations between experienced counsel representing the interests of the Settling Parties and is in the best interest of the Class. The Court further finds that the record is sufficiently developed and complete to have enabled Co-Lead Plaintiffs and Defendants to have adequately evaluated and considered their positions. Accordingly, the Settlement embodied in the Stipulation is hereby finally approved in all respects. The Settling Parties are hereby directed to perform its terms.
6. Except as to any individual claim of those persons who have validly and timely requested exclusion from the Class (identified in Exhibit 1 hereto), the Consolidated Action and all claims contained therein, including the Settled Claims and the Released Parties' Claims, are dismissed with prejudice as to Co-Lead Plaintiffs, together with their officers, directors, employees, agents and attorneys, and all other Class Members, and as against the Released Parties. The Settling Parties are to bear their own costs, except as otherwise provided in the Stipulation.
7. Upon the Effective Date, Co-Lead Plaintiffs and each of the Class Members shall be deemed to have, and by operation of this Judgment shall have, fully, finally and forever released, relinquished, waived, discharged and dismissed each and every Settled Claim, and shall forever be enjoined from prosecuting any or all Settled Claims, against any Released Party.
8. Upon the Effective Date, Defendants and each of the other Released Parties, on behalf of themselves, their heirs, executors, administrators, predecessors, successors and assigns, shall be deemed by operation of law to have released, waived, discharged and dismissed each and every of the Released Parties' Claims, and shall forever be enjoined from prosecuting any or all of the Released Parties' Claims, against Co-Lead Plaintiffs, their officers, directors, employees, agents and attorneys, and all other Class Members.
9. The distribution of the Notice and the publication of the Summary Notice as provided for in the Preliminary Approval Order constituted the best notice practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all Class Members who could be identified through reasonable effort. Said notice provided the best notice practicable under the circumstances of those proceedings and of the matters set forth therein, including the proposed Settlement set forth in the Stipulation, to all persons entitled to such notice, and said notice fully satisfied the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, Section 21D(a)(7) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(7) as amended by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, due process, and any other applicable law.
10. Any plan of allocation submitted by Co-Lead Counsel or any order entered regarding any attorneys' fee and/or expense application shall in no way disturb or affect this Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice and shall be considered separate from this Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice.
11. Neither the Stipulation nor the Settlement shall be: a. offered or received against any of the Released Parties as evidence of, or construed as, or deemed to be evidence of any presumption, concession or admission by any of the Released Parties with respect to the truth of any fact alleged by Co-Lead Plaintiffs or the validity of any claim that was or could have been asserted against any of the Released Parties in this Consolidated Action or in any litigation, or of any liability, negligence, fault or other wrongdoing of any kind of any of the Released Parties;
b. offered or received against any of the Released Parties as evidence of a presumption, concession or admission of any fault, misrepresentation or omission with respect to any statement or written document approved or made by any of the Released Parties, or against Co-Lead Plaintiffs or any Class Member(s) as evidence of any infirmity in the claims of Co-Lead Plaintiffs or the other Class Member(s);
c. offered or received against any of the Released Parties, or against Co-Lead Plaintiffs or any other Class Member(s), as evidence of a presumption, concession or admission with respect to any liability, negligence, fault or wrongdoing of any kind, or in any way referred to for any other reason or purpose as against any of the Released Parties, in any other civil, criminal or administrative action or proceeding, other than such proceedings as may be necessary to effectuate the provisions of this Stipulation; provided, however, that if the Stipulation is approved by the Court, Defendants or any other Released Party may refer to it to effectuate the protection from liability granted them hereunder;
d. construed against any of the Released Parties, Co-Lead Plaintiffs or any other Class Member(s) as an admission, concession or presumption that the consideration to be given hereunder represents the amount which could be or would have been recovered after trial; nor
e. construed against Co-Lead Plaintiffs or any other Class Member(s) as an admission, concession or presumption that any of their claims are without merit or that damages recoverable under the Complaint would not have exceeded the amount of the Settlement Fund.
12. The Stipulation may be filed in an action to enforce or interpret the terms of the Stipulation, the Settlement contained therein, and any other documents executed in connection with the performance of the agreements embodied therein. Class Members, Defendants and/or the other Released Parties may file the Stipulation and/or this Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice in any action that may be brought against them in order to support a defense or counterclaim based on the principles of res judicata, collateral estoppel, full faith and credit, release, good faith settlement, judgment bar or reduction or any other theory of claim preclusion or issue preclusion or similar defense or counterclaim.
13. Without affecting the finality of this Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice in any way, this Court hereby retains continuing jurisdiction over: (a) implementation of this Settlement and any award or distribution of the Settlement Fund, including interest earned thereon;
(b) disposition of the Settlement Fund; (c) hearing and determining applications for attorneys' fees and expenses in the Consolidated Action; and (d) all parties hereto for the purpose of construing, enforcing and administering the Stipulation.
14. The Court finds that during the course of the Consolidated Action, the Settling Parties and their respective counsel at all times complied with the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.
15. In the event that the Settlement does not become effective in accordance with the terms of the Stipulation or the Effective Date does not occur, or in the event that the Settlement Fund, or any portion thereof, is returned to the Defendants, then this Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice shall be rendered null and void to the extent provided by and in accordance with the Stipulation and shall be vacated and, in such event, all orders entered and releases delivered in connection herewith shall be null and void to the extent provided by and in accordance with the Stipulation.
16. There is no just reason for delay in the entry of this Judgment and immediate entry by the Clerk of the Court is expressly directed.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 16, 1974
|Filing date
|Jan 27, 1971
|Priority date
|Mar 13, 1970
|Also published as
|Publication number
|N Hashimoto, T Ando, H Yamamoto, K Uda, H Tada, K Tokushige, T Segawa
|Original Assignee
|Showa Denko Kk
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (24), Classifications (24)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [191 Tokushige et al.
Assignee: Showa Denko K.K., Tokyo, Japan Filed: Jan. 27, 1971 Appl. No.: 110,188
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Mar. 13, 1970 Japan 45-20855 [52] US. Cl 156/60, 156/78, 156/324, 161/161, 161/247, 264/48, 264/95, 264/321, 264/DIG. 14, 425/392 Int. Cl 829d 27/00, B32b 31/02 Field of Search 264/47, 48, 210 R, 321, 264/D1G. 14; 156/303, 324, 77, 78, 198, 60, 324; 425/463, 464, 392; 161/160, 161, 247
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Noland 264/321 Lux 264/48 [451 Apr. 16, 1974 3,391,051 7/ 1968 Ehrenfrennd 264/48 X 3,516,886 6/1970 Anackenbush... 264/210 R 3,317,363 5/1967 Weber 264/48 X 3,426,111 2/1969 264/48 3,560,600 2/1971 Gliniecki 264/48 3,238,565 3/1966 Jacobs 264/321 X 3,525,125 8/1970 Berger 264/48 3,311,681 3/1967 Chemey 264/321 X 3,670,059 6/1972 Winstead 264/48 3,213,071 10/1965 Campbell 161/160 UX 3,322,870 5/1967 Sacks 264/95 3,557,265 1/1971 Chisholm et al. 161/160 UX 3,558,755 1/1971 Laban et a1 264/95 3,578,549 5/1971 Cleereman 161/160 3,726,743 4/1973 Reifenhauser et a1... 264/95 X 3,758,354 9/1973 Sakurai et a1 264/95 X 3,194,864 7/1965 Richie 264/53 X Primary Examiner-Philip E. Anderson Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Kemon, Palmer 8L Estabrook [57] ABSTRACT Foamed synthetic resin extrudate and the process and equipment for manufacture thereof, comprising forming a melted body of foamable and thermoplastic synthetic resin in an extruder, extruding said body into a tubular body through one or plural dies under atmospheric pressure, forcibly cooling the surface layer of said tubular body to suppress the foaming in the cooled portion and to allow foaming in the other portion and deforming under pressure said tubular body before it loses plasticity.
4 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures PATENTEDAPR 16 m4 MEI 2 or 5 PATENTED AFR 6 i974 SHEET 3 OF 5 rill!!! PATENTEUAFR 16 1974 sum in 0F 5 r v r n m "I'll illlll n 2 ml PATENTEUAPR 16 I974 SHEET 5 0F 5 FIG.
PROCESSFOR MANUFACTURING A COMPOSITE FOAMED SYNTHETIC RESIN EXTRUDATE HAVING AN OUTER HARD SURFACE LAYER AND AT LEAST ONE HARD INTERLAYER BACKGROUND or THE INVENTION This invention relates to a process for manufacturing from foamed synthetic resin extrudate a continuous body of plate, pillar, or rod having beautiful appearance and being heat insulating, sound and shock absorbing to some extent, particularly to a synthetic wood, i.e., a material substitutable for wood in the field of architecture, furniture making, or packing.
In recent years, foamed synthetic resin products substitutable for wood have tentatively been manufactured, but no products are yet found to perfectly satisfy the requirements for a substitute wood such as mechanical property, i.e., tensile strength, compressive strength, rigidity, surface hardness, etc., application of nails or wood screws, and a beautiful appearance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has for its object to provide extruded bodies of foamed synthetic resin having beautiful appearance dense, hard, smooth, and lustrous surface as well as excellent mechanical strength satisfactorily substitutable for wood. The present invention is a process for manufacturing foamed synthetic resin extrudate having hard layers in the surface and central portions, characterized by forming a melted body of foamable synthetic resin in an extruder, extruding said body into a tubular body through a die having an annular nozzle, forcibly cooling the surface portion of said tubular body to suppress the foaming in the cooled portion and to allow foaming in the other portion, and deforming under pressure said tubular body before it loses plasticity.
The products obtained in accordance with this invention have hard layers in the surface and central portions which contribute to high hardness on the surface and good mechanical strength; the products, owing to this property, may be cut with saws and fastened with nails, wood screws etc., being satisfactorily substituted for wood. The products may be colored at will and the apparent specific gravity is generally equal to or less than that of wood, and the desired apparent specific gravity will be obtained wholly or locally in the product by changing the quantity of the blowing agent and the degree of cooling. The interior portion of an extruded body of foamed synthetic resin consists of foamy substance; and the product is therefore heat insulating, sound and shock absorbing to some extent, and widely useable as material for building, packing, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side view illustrating the operation of an equipment used in a first embodiment of this invention;
'FIG. 2 is a plan view of the equipment shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view on line III-III of FIG.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view on line IV-IV of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an extruded body of foamed synthetic resin manufactured in the first embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a side view illustrating the operation of an equipment used in a second and third embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the equipment shown in FIG.
FIGS. 8 and 9 are both cross-sectional views on line VIII-VIII of FIG. 7, FIG. 8 illustrating the operation performing the second embodiment and FIG. 9 illustrating the operation performing the third embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an extruded body of foamed synthetic resin manufactured in the second embodiment of this invention; and
FIGS. 11 and 12 are cross-sectional views of extruded bodies of foamed synthetic resin manufactured in the third embodiment of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be explained in detail referring to the drawings.
FIGS. 1 to 5 explain the first embodiment of the present invention. In FIGS. 1 and 2, the reference numeral 1 denotes an extruder, 2 a die, 3 a tubular body of synthetic resin which is extruded and foaming, 4 a cooling ring for cooling the outside surface layer of said tubular body, 5 an air supply pipe for cooling the inside surface layer of said tubular body, 6 a blower for supplying cooling air, 7 and 8 molding rolls, and 9 a foamed synthetic resin plate, i.e., a product.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in detail taken on line III-III of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is the cross-sectional view in detail taken on line lV-IV of FIG. 1, i.e., a front view showing, partly in section, the die 2 and the outside cooling ring 4. The die 2 has an annular nozzle 10 which is provided inside with an air jetting opening 11 for cooling the inside surface layer of the tubular body and an air outlet opening 12; the cooling ring 4 is provided with numerous air jetting holes 13 for cooling the outside surface layer of the tubular body, all of said air jetting holes being connected to the blower 6 for supplying cooling air.
The synthetic resin material melted in the extruder l and in a foamable state is extruded through the annular nozzle 10 of the die 2 into a tubular body 3, and starts foaming; the outside surface portion 14 of the tubular body 3 is cooled by air jetted from the air jetting holes 13 provided in the outside cooling ring 4 to suppress the foaming in the outside surface portion 14, while the inside surface portion 15 is cooled by air from the cooling air jetting opening 11 provided in the die to suppress the foaming in the inside surface portion 15 and the interior portion 16 alone is allowed to foam and forms a foamy body. However, the cooling over the inside surface portion 15 of the tubular body 3 is restricted to such degree that the inside surface portions 15, 15 can adhere to each other.
Subsequently, the tubular body 3 is forcibly deformed by rolls 7 and 7 before the tubular body 3 as a whole loses plasticity, so that the inside surface 15 of the tubular body is adhered to form a plate of a predetermined thickness. Said plate is further cooled and shaped by rolls 8 and 8 to obtain a plate body 9.
FIG. 5 shows the cross-section of a synthetic resin plate 9 obtained in the above process. The surface 17 of the plate 9 is composed of the foaming suppressed outside surface portion 14 of the tubular body 3 and therefore is dense, smooth, and lustrous. The central portion of the plate 9 is composed of the inside surface layer 15 of the tubular body adhered while the foaming is suppressed, serving as the core body 18 of a hard layer. The intermediate part between the surface 17 of the plate and the core body 18 is composed of the interior portion 16 of tubular body 3 and therefore is full of foamy body 19.
In the above-mentioned first embodiment, an example is shown wherein an extruder having one die is used, and the second and third embodiments described in the following are examples wherein an extruder provided with a plurality of dies is used.
To explain the second embodiment of this invention according to FIGS. 6 to 8, synthetic resin material melted in an extruder 1 and in a foamable state is continuously extruded through annular nozzles 10, 10 of two dies 2, 2 into tubular bodies 3, 3 and starts foaming. The outside surfaces of the tubular bodies are cooled by air jetting from numerous air jetting holes 13 provided in the outside cooling rings 4, 4 so that the foaming is suppressed in the outside surface portions 14 while the inside surface portions 15 and the interior portions 16 foam and become foamy bodies because said portions are not cooled. Two tubular bodies 3, 3 are thereafter continuously compressed by guide rolls 20 and 21 roughly into plates before they lose plasticity; subsequently, the inside surface layers l5, l5 and the contact surface 22 between two tubular bodies 3,
3 are adhered to form one body of plate form 23, i.e., a product.
FIG. 10 shows the cross-section of a foamed synthetic resin plate 23 obtained according to the second embodiment. The foaming suppressed outside surface portions 14 of tubular bodies 3 form the surfaces 17 of plate 23 and also a hard core body 24 in the middle of the plate 23; the intermediate portion between said surface 17 and core body 24 consists of the interior portion 16 of the tubular bodies 3, being full of foamy bodies 19.
The number of extruded tubular bodies in said second embodiment is not limited to two as shown in the figure but may be more than two. In case thermoplastic synthetic resin material different in kind and/or color is employed as extruded synthetic resin material, the inherent property or color of each material can be well developed in the products.
Now referring to FIGS. 6, 7 and 9, the third embodiment of this invention will be explained in the following. The synthetic resin material melted in an extruder 1 is continuously extruded through annular nozzles 10, 10 of two dies 2, 2 into tubular bodies 3, 3; said tubular bodies 3, 3 are cooled from both inside and outside surfaces simultaneously, respectively, by air jetting from numerous air jetting holes 13 of cooling rings 4, 4 for cooling the outside surface portions 14 and by air jetting holes 11 for cooling the inside surface portions 15 of tubular bodies 3. The foaming in the outside surface portions 14 and the inside surface portions 15 of the tubular bodies 3 is thus suppressed, while the interior portions 16 of tubular bodies 3 foam and become foamy since the interior portions are not cooled. Subsequently, in the same manner as in the second embodiment, two tubular bodies 3, 3 are compressed roughly into plate-form bodies by guide rolls 20 and 21 before the tubular bodies lose plasticity, and then adhered by rolls 7, 7 and 8, 8 to form a plate-form body 23.
FIG. 11 is the cross-sectional view of a foamed synthetic resin plate 23 manufactured in the third embodiment of this invention. The outside surface portions 14 of the tubular bodies 3, where foaming is suppressed by cooling, form a surface portion 17 and a hard core body 24 in the central portion of the plate 23; and the inside surface portions 15 of the tubular bodies 3, where the foaming is suppressed by cooling, form the other hard core bodies 18.
The intermediate portions between said hard cores are filled with foamy bodies 19.
If only one of the tubular bodies is cooled from the inside of the tubular body in the third embodiment, there is obtained a product having the sectional structure including hard core bodies 24 and 18 respectively in the central portion and in one side alone as shown in FIG. 12, and this product has high mechanical strength comparable to the product shown in FIG. 11.
It is also possible in the third embodiment as in the case of the second embodiment to increase the number of tubular bodies to more than two and to employ materials different in composition and/or color.
The synthetic resin material usable in this invention includes all thermoplastic materials from which foamed bodies are produced by extrusion; for example, general purpose polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, styreneacrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene inter-polymer, polymethyl-methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or polypropylene.
As blowing agents may be used such substance as azodicarbonamide, dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, p-toluen-sulfonyl hydrazide, sodium bicarbonate, or combination of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate which decomposes or reacts to liberate gas by heating, or volatile liquid like petroleum ether. It is necessary, however, that foaming is suppressed by such moderate cooling as not to solidify the resin. It is also preferable that such a blowing agent foams at a relatively high temperature so as to homogenize the foam. The blowing agent must properly be selected depending upon the temperature at which the resin is extruded. To reduce and homogenize the size of foam or to color and extend, additives such as plasticizer, lubricant, powder of inorganic substance like calcium carbonate or talc, etc. may be added to the resin whenever occasion arises.
In the invention under the present application, products of various sections like L- or T-shape, in addition to plate-form products as shown in the drawing, or products having uneven surfaces may be obtained by properly selecting molding rolls when such products are necessary. Also according to this invention, various materials such as plywood, plastic sheet, and metal foil may be applied to a tubular body on one or both sides, interposed between the tubular bodies and formed while the tubular body is extruded and deformed; thus composite products of said various materials and the foamed body are obtained. Further, products having foam locally to different degree may be obtained by changing the quantity of a blowing agent in the second and third embodiments.
In this invention, the more vigorously the tubular body is cooled, the more severely the foaming is.suppressed. The cooling of the tubular body may be controlled depending on the surface condition and me- The obtained product was a white plate 70 mm wide and 6 mm thick with dense surface and had a sectional structure shown in FIG. 5, the apparent specific gravity being 0.6.
chanical strength desired for the product, so far as the 5 contacting surfaces of the tubular products can adhere 2 to each other during molding into one body. Also by locally controlling the cooling, there may be obtained Usmg the q p t h n FIG. 8, general pursuch products that the surface is very hard or the inter- P05e Polystyrene f l 8 percent PetrQleum l nal core is very hard although the surface is not very 10 l v mlxed 3 Small f of hard. Needless to say, the tubular body may be cooled sodlum carbonate, and yellow was by other means than air blowing truded under the condition that the temperature of the In case that continuous body required as a product is extruder cylmder was l25 tO 130 C and a relatively narrow plate or rod, it may be Obtained by melted resin temperature 1n the die was from 100 to first manufacturing a wide plate and then cutting in the 105 two molded Pubular bodles were by longitudinal direction, but the cutting with saw exposes g z g i .defqrmed p the foamed portion, spoiling. the external appearance -M and decreasing the strength. It is therefore preferable .mm f P mi 7 I ,7 .1 in such case to cut the plate continuously with rolls pro- Th obt i d rod t was lik a wooden plate 70 mm vided with edge-tools before the plate solidifies comwide and 10 mm thick, and had a sectional structure pletely during molding. According to this method, any shown in FIG. 10. plate or rod is covered over all the surface with the earlier formed not-foamed layer and the obtained product EXAMPLE 3 is excellent in external appearance and strength. m As for die used in this invention, a circular die shown Using the q p Show" In a y blend of in the drawing. is easy to make and use; however, it is 50 weight Parts of f f P p Polystyrene Pellet, recommended in the case of manufacturing wide prod- 50 welgllt Parts of hlgh Impact p y ly P a ucts to adopt an elliptical form or other appropriate one Welght part of azod'carbonamlde f blowmg form. In case that plural dies are used as in the second agent w extruded under the same condmon as h and third embodiments, dies may be different in size. precedmg exampleiand, two molded tllbular bodies were cooled by blowmg air from the outside and the 1n- The examples of this .-invention will be described in Slde thereqf i mm a plate-form b by detail as follows: rolls, drawing it at a velocity of 1 meter per mmute. V
The obtained product was 70 mm wide and I0 mm thick as was the preceding example, and had a sectional Using the equipmentshown in FIG. 3, a dry blend of sguctuie sh m 6- .1 100 Weight Parts of g f Purpose polystyrene Specimens of 70 mm in length were taken from the l we ght part of din1trosopentamethylenei l 40 three products of Examples 1 to 3 and tested to deterl' 336m) was extruded under the condmon that mine the mechanical strength and foaming ratio. For the y temperature was from to C and the purpose of comparison, plate-form bodies obtained the melted resin temperature in the was from 90 110 extruding as in Example 2 and forming unaccompaand the formed tubular y was cooled y 5 nied by forced cooling were put to the same test. blowing air from the outside and the inside thereof and L The result of suchtest is shown in a table. The values deformed into a plate-form body by rolls, drawing it at measured for Japan cedar (67 mm thick) are also listed a velocity of l meter per minute. i V thetable for reference. H A V Table i Example I Example 2 Example 3 Trans- Longi- Trana- Longi- Trans- I Longiverse tudinal verse tudinal verse tudinal Bending strength kg/cm 120 70 133 so 400 201 Modulus of bending elasticity 10 kg/cm 1.8 1.4 2.6 1.7 14.5 8.3
Breaking load kg 115 66 12s 74 373 I87 Compressive strength kglcm 70 so 230 Missile impact strength kg.cm 52 60 Table Continued Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Trans- Longi- Trans- Longi- Trans- Longiverse tudinal verse tudinal verse tudinal Bending strength ratio (longitudinal to transverse) 0.58 0.60 0.50
Foaming ratio 5.0 5.0 1.8
Surface flat, smooth flat, smooth flat, smooth Condition heavy yellow heavy yellow tubular body by blowing a gas thereon sufficiently Specimen for Jap to suppress foaming only in the cooled surface porcomparison cedar tion while leaving the surface thereof In a tacky Trans- Longi- Trans- Longicondition and to allow foaming in the inner portion verse tudlnal verse tudlnal of each tubular y Bending d. and deforming said plural tubular bodies by rolling before losing plasticity thereof so that the inside kg/cm 108 60 502 70 surface portions of the plural tubular bodies are Modulus fused together and the plural bodies are fused together into an integral laminate. |0- kg/cm 1.0 37 2. A process for manufacturing foamed synthetic B resin extrudate having an outer hard surface layer and H32! in l [Md I02 5 a plurality of inner hard surface layers consisting essentially of gfiriggsswe a. forming a melted body of foamable thermo-plastic kglcm 64 277 synthetic resin in an extruder, said synthetic resin being selected from the group consisting of polystylSSl B impact rene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylomtril- 35 e-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polymethyl- 40 25 methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, Bending and polypropylene, 2352 62 b. extruding said melted body into a plurality of tubutudinal m lar bodies adjacent to each other through a plural- "ansve'scl 044 40 ity of dies having an annular nozzle, Foaming c. forcibly cooling the outside surface portion and the ratio 5.0 inside surface portion of each tubular body by Surface rough surface blowing air thereon sufficiently to suppress foamcondition light yellow ing only in the cooled surface portions while leaving the surfaces thereof in a tacky condition and What we claim is:
l. A process for manufacturing foamed synthetic resin extrudate having an outer hard surface layer and at least one inner hard surface layer, consisting essentially of a. forming a melted body of foamable thermo-plastic synthetic resin in an extruder, said synthetic resin to allow foaming in the inner portions of each tubular body,
(1. and deforming said plural tubular bodies by rolling before losing plasticity thereof so that the inner surface portions of the plural bodies are fused together and the plural bodies are fused together as an integral laminate.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said melted body is polystyrene containing azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent.
4. The process of claim 2 wherein said melted body contains a blowing agent selected from the group consisting of azodicarbonamide, dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, sodium bicarbonate and mixtures of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 1961
|Jul 13, 1965
|Owens Illinois Glass Co
|Method for producing cellular thermoplastic tubing without corrugations
|Nov 16, 1959
|Oct 19, 1965
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Foamed olefin polymer process
|Sep 22, 1961
|Mar 8, 1966
|Sun Chemical Corp
|Continuous hot forming apparatus
|Oct 28, 1960
|Mar 28, 1967
|American Can Co
|Method of extruding a foamed plastic sheet having a skin on one surface
|Nov 29, 1963
|May 2, 1967
|Haveg Industries Inc
|Corrugated product
|Apr 6, 1965
|May 30, 1967
|Union Carbide Corp
|Method of producing clear, crystalline, high-gloss thermoplastic film
|Sep 15, 1964
|Jan 9, 1968
|Haveg Industries Inc
|The process of blow molding a hollow article from a tubular parison of a thermoplastic resin foam
|Apr 19, 1965
|Jul 2, 1968
|Bell & Richardson Inc De
|Thermoplastic foam sheet material and apparatus for the manufacture thereof
|Apr 13, 1965
|Dec 10, 1968
|Haveg Industries Inc
|Process for making a sewable polyethylene upholstery material
|Oct 19, 1964
|Feb 4, 1969
|Dow Chemical Co
|Method and apparatus for the production of foam plastic sheet
|Dec 14, 1966
|Jun 23, 1970
|Nat Distillers Chem Corp
|Multi-web laminated extrusion process
|Jul 10, 1968
|Aug 25, 1970
|Basf Ag
|Annular die for extruders,particularly an annular die for the production of blown tubular film and sheeting from expandable thermoplastics
|Dec 29, 1967
|Jan 19, 1971
|Dow Chemical Co
|Method of extruding laminates
|Mar 10, 1969
|Jan 26, 1971
|American Enka Corp
|Manufacture of layered synthetic products
|Nov 7, 1963
|Feb 2, 1971
|Dow Chemical Co
|Surface treatment on extruded plastic foam
|Nov 24, 1969
|May 11, 1971
|Dow Chemical Co
|Expandable plastic articles
|Dec 24, 1969
|Jun 13, 1972
|Thomas W Winstead
|Method of producing a skin-covered foamed thermoplastic
|Nov 2, 1970
|Apr 10, 1973
|Reifenhaeuser Kg
|Film blowing method and apparatus
|Oct 15, 1970
|Sep 11, 1973
|Gunze Kobunshi Kogyo Co Ltd
|Manufacture of multi ply board of thermoplastic material
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 12, 1974
|Jan 13, 1976
|Free-Flow Packaging Corporation
|Method for producing free-flow interlocking foamed packing material
|Feb 19, 1976
|Jun 20, 1978
|Victor E. Buehrle
|Method of manufacture and retreading of tires
|Mar 1, 1979
|Sep 15, 1981
|Plaskolite Inc.
|Extruded wall paneling system
|Sep 1, 1987
|Mar 7, 1989
|Japan Styrene Paper Corp.
|Process for producing a foamed base material for car ceiling member
|Nov 18, 1993
|Oct 29, 1996
|Lin Tec Verpackungstechnik Gmbh
|Process for the production of a foldable blank of plastic foam by cold forming
|Apr 26, 1996
|Dec 1, 1998
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Cross-linked low-density polymer foam
|Jun 11, 1997
|Jan 12, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Open cell foamed articles including silane-grafted polyolefin resins
|Jul 9, 1996
|Mar 16, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Laminated foam structures with enhanced properties
|Feb 25, 1997
|Mar 16, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Cross-linked foam structures of polyolefins and process for manufacturing
|Jul 12, 1996
|Jul 27, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Crosslinked foamable compositions of silane-grafted, essentially linear polyolefins blended with polypropylene
|Jun 21, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Polymer blend
|Aug 16, 1996
|Aug 17, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Polymer structures with enhanced properties
|Mar 21, 1991
|Aug 31, 1999
|Illinois Tool Works Inc.
|Foamed acrylic polymer compositions
|Jul 7, 1997
|Dec 21, 1999
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Polymer blend
|Apr 30, 1999
|Apr 25, 2000
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Polymer structures with enhanced properties
|Mar 16, 1999
|Aug 15, 2000
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Silane-grafted materials for solid and foam applications
|Oct 6, 1998
|Jan 2, 2001
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Laminated foam structures with enhanced properties
|Dec 21, 1999
|Apr 10, 2001
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Ethylene-styrene single-site polymer blend
|Apr 24, 2000
|Nov 13, 2001
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Silane-grafted materials for solid and foam applications
|Sep 5, 2000
|Feb 26, 2002
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Cross-linked polyolefin foam
|Apr 10, 2001
|Mar 19, 2002
|Sentinel Products Corp.
|Polymer blend
|May 5, 1997
|Oct 29, 2002
|Sentinal Products Corp.
|Cross-linked polyolefin tape
|Jan 25, 2002
|Mar 11, 2003
|Sentinel Products Corporation
|Polymer blend
|Mar 16, 1992
|Sep 23, 1992
|Illinois Tool Works Inc.
|Process for the preparation of foamed acrylic polymer compositions
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Axial's dig transmission case is easily upgradable for dig (patent pending) function which, when installed, gives you a three function transmission. The transmission also includes all steel outputs. The optional Dig Upgrade Set comes with servo linkage, slider parts and a new output shaft. When installed you have 4x4, 4x2 (freewheel) and Dig (rear locked). This aids in extreme climbs, descents and tight technical turns.
• Compatible with Axial's dig transmission case - AX80051
• All hardware included for easy bolt on application
• Sintered steel working internals
• Hardened steel main slider shaft
• Servo not included
> Click here for Dig Component Set Instructions
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text: This is the second time I have jailbroken my 2g. The first time i could not get it to reboot and i had to restore. Now my second time through iRecovery will not work. I have used the gui's that people have made, the first redsn0w tool,I tryed to cd into it, and just opening it up. None of them work. I have downloaded it again, reinstalled libusb, and rebooted my computer multiple times. iRecovery will come up but it closes as soon as it does. I am on windows xp if it helps. Anybody have a simalar problem or a fix. Thanks


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Congrats on your first cook! The hook is set now!
First run baby backs - Page 2
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What missing rib? 😁
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Nice job-great looking ribs! Enjoy that new smoker!
That looks great!
I wish i had co-workers like you :-)
How did you like the pellet smoker? Was this your first smoker? I have a 40" MES 2nd generation and I'm not impressed with the uneven heat and I am thinking about switching to a pellet smoker or the Weber Smokey Mountain.
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Great ribs!
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looks good yummy
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Wow, thats a load of ribs, they look tasty!
Jakester, I also have the mes40 and love it for certain things. the temp gauge is notoriously off so a maverick is needed. Ive smoked 4 briscuits at once with excellent results.
I do enjoy the learning curve on a new smoker. The pellet grill is off to a good start. all I,ve done so far is some ribs and a chicken :)
Here are a few picks of the brisky on the MES. I cut them in half, smoke them in 1/2 sheet trays and no foil.
over the pellet smoker?
That's a tricky question.
The short answer is, If I could only have one, as an all around cook anything, I would have to say the pellet.
If I'm smoking I tend to smoke a large quantity. I haven't done Butts or Brisket yet on the pellet but I can fit a lot on the MES and with the cold smoke attachment I get very smokey excellent results.
So far I like the ribs and chicken better on the pellet and I'm sure steak, burgers and vegetables will be great also.
I'm believe I will like ABT's and large cuts on the MES better.
The pellet is a much milder smoke and that's with the amazin smoke generator.
So for now at least, I like having both...
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Fleming to Close Joplin Center os. here will close its Joplin, Mo., distribution center and transfer the business to larger facilities here and in Kansas City, Kan. The process of moving customers to the larger facilities begins May 9, Fleming said. Jerry Charrlin, president of the Joplin division, said the facility is closing as part of Fleming's plan to move to larger and more efficient distribution facilities. "Careful studies indicated that our customers could be better served by the ...
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400ml Silicone Lubricant
Stock No: 41923 Part No: ARE-SIL/A
List Price: £6.56 Ex. VAT £7.87 Inc. VAT
Colourless and non-toxic anti-static lubricant ideal for use on metals, plastics, vinyl, rubber and wood. Safe for use on food machinery. CFC free. Sold loose.
View product in our catalogue: Page 685
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The Draper range is our standard Draper product, suitable for trades and the enthusiast. Manufactured with quality in mind and comes with our guarantee.
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Schonbek Lighting 3724 Roman Empire 58 Light Chandelier
This item has been discontinued, however we may still be able to have it custom made. Prices on discontinued items are not guaranteed. Please call 877-237-9098 with inquiries.
Schonbek Lighting 3724-20S is an extravagant 58 Light Chandelier features a truly impressive design in crystal lighting from Schonbek Swarovski's Roman Empire collection. The abundant trims of crystal accents against the variety of finish options illuminate beautifully when lit.
Model No.: 3724-20S
Number of Bulbs: 58
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Collection: Roman Empire
Bulb Wattage: 60W
Finish: Optional
Height: 51"
- Schonbek Lighting 3724-20L
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text: Recipes & Food Prep Recipe : Posted 08-24-2016 15 Delicious Duck Recipes The end of summer brings fall, and fall brings waterfowl season, which puts delicious duck on the table. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-22-2016 Crush Recipe: Fresh Turkey Nuggets These nuggets are easy to prep and a Lee & Tiffany go-to when cooking turkey Read More Recipe : Posted 08-22-2016 From Trail-Camera to Rolling in Dry BBQ Rub Recipe If you have wild venison, feral hog, wild turkey or any other wild game slated to go on the smoker and/or grill, give Tom Rainey's dry-rub recipe and cooking tips a try. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-17-2016 Pan-Fried Duck with Root Vegetables Roasted parsnips and sweet potatoes make the perfect base for freshly pan-fried duck. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-17-2016 Wild Edible: Cattail a Good Versatile Food for Foragers Common cattail has been described as the grocery store of the wild because every part of the plant is edible. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-16-2016 Simple and Savory Roast Duckling A rich, roasted duck filled with herbs and more is an easy way to bring everyone to the table. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-15-2016 Crush Recipe: Pull-Apart Elk Sandwiches Lee & Tiffany know that the best way to a juicy and flavorful elk dish is to cook it low and slow. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-10-2016 3 Must-try Recipes for Camping Vacations Meal planning for RVing is part of the adventure; try these tips and recipes to help maximize the camping experience. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-08-2016 Easy Orange Duck Recipe Simple and fast, this duck recipe uses a gravy mix so you can have a meal on the table in a jiffy. Read More Recipe : Posted 08-04-2016 For Crispy Pork Ribs, Make it Low, Slow and Dry No matter where your pork comes from – the grocery store or wild outdoors – this easy-to-follow pork ribs recipes is a must-try. Read More Page 7 of 51 Prev ...45678910... Next Categories Appetizers Breakfast Campfire Desserts Drinks Grilling Main Course Sauces and Rubs Sides Slow Cooker Snacks Features Miss Homemade Game Recipes Nevada Foodies Game Recipes Field to Fork with Julie Golob Wild Game & Meat Processing Weston Products Recipes Explore the United States. Find information about and activities within your state. Get Started


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