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Monday, 11/14/2016
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Tips and events 2016
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MEDICA Magazine
New Trachea Engineered from Amniotic Fluid Cells
New Trachea Engineered from Amniotic Fluid Cells
Cartilage tube made from mesen-
chymal stem cells; © Dario Fauza
The tracheal repair technique is one of several tissue-engineering approaches pioneered at Children's Hospital Boston that use the foetus's own cells, drawn from the amniotic fluid that surrounds it, to create patches to fix birth defects - in this case, before birth.
Paediatric surgeon Dario Fauza's team multiplied the amniotic mesenchymal cells in culture, then "seeded" them onto biodegradable tubes of the needed dimensions and shape. The tubes and cells were then exposed to growth factors that caused the mesenchymal cells to differentiate into cartilage cells. When the engineered grafts were ready, they were used to reconstruct defective tracheas in seven foetal lambs. Four to five weeks later, the lambs were born, and all five lambs that survived to term were able to breathe spontaneously at birth, four of them with no sign of respiratory distress.
While many congenital defects can be safely repaired after birth, Fauza's goal is to fix tracheal defects in utero. Once the baby is born, tracheal surgery requires that the baby be intubated and ventilated long after the operation while the trachea heals; this can lead to many complications, including failure of the repair. Foetal surgery would eliminate these interventions and their resulting problems. "The foetus doesn't need the trachea, so the repair would have time to heal in utero," Fauza explains. "And foetal healing is good, better than adult healing."
Less than two tablespoons of amniotic fluid provide enough foetal cells to repair a malformation in utero or after birth – potentially, even years later, Fauza says. He envisions a future in which amniotic fluid is banked for everyone's use. "Foetal cells are the best cells you can have for tissue engineering," he says. "They grow very well and you can coach them to do what you want."
MEDICA.de; Source:
Children's Hospital Boston


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I have a question about the recipe "Polenta with Peas and Pork Sausage" from thirschfeld. What is the "Genius Recipe" ??
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
So, what upsets you?
Posted on | September 30, 2007 | No Comments
Getting ticked off sucks. If we get ticked off at 8AM, by 5PM we're still ticked off but can't quite remember why. We just attribute our ticked-off-ness to "events of the day" and leave it at that.
Many of us get screamed at for a living. Yes, your job description might say "system administrator" (or insert your job title here), however, in reality, you get screamed at for a living and work well under pressure. All of us have little tricks for preventing immediate stress from invading our consciousness, yet many neglect the persistence and obstinance of pressure. Here's some neat questions to ask yourself:
- If I e-mail someone and don't get a reply within 24-72 hours, do I consider myself to be "blown off"?
- If my car can no longer nudge forward in traffic, do I get mad?
- If the elevator is stuck 8 floors above me, do I get impatient?
These are just a few questions, there are many more that you could (and should) ask yourself. It boils down to this easy question, "Am I a victim of circumstance, or is someone deliberately trying to upset me?". At least 2/3 questions above clearly indicate that you are a victim of circumstance. This means, at least 2/3 of the time, you get upset for no good reason.
The most fundamental question to ask yourself is 'Do I want to be happy?'. Everyone wants to feel good, that is why there is a war on drugs. Either you do, or do not want to be happy. Some of us delight in every opportunity to feel sorry for ourselves, this is because self-pity feels great. Bah, no good. There will be times when you feel bad, however, these need not be self-imposed
I can assure you, traffic is not some kind of conspiracy to make your day worse. Please don't react to it as such. Elevators are stupid and controlled by micro-switches, you can't hold them accountable for much. Why get upset? Oddly, during our days, we hunger for even a 10 minute break where we are forced to not work, what's the problem?
Don't see yourself as being antagonized unless, well, you are. Know the difference and be a happier person.
Just general food for thought.
Tags: advice > interesting > Parenting
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All Spice
Healthy Eating | DIY Spice Blends by Homemade Recipes at http://homemaderecipes.com/healthy/healthy-eating-diagrams
Different herb & spice combinations that are helpful for all of you who want to teach yourselves how to cook. - Imgur
Homemade Apple Pie Spice - make your ave own DIY custom blend & you can save money and a trip to the store for make plenty of pies all season long!
All-Natural Pumpkin Spice Creamer - Homemade pumpkin spice coffee creamer made with all natural ingredients, and no refined sugar. Filled with subtle flavors of pumpkin, warm spices, and vanilla, and sweetened with maple syrup.
This Pumpkin Bread is the BEST EVER! Soft, fluffy, moist and tender with perfect pumpkin spice flavor! So easy, you probably have all the ingredients on hand!
Make your own Gingerbread Spice Mix at home to use all throughout the holiday season to give baked goods a cozy, aromatic spice flavor.
How to Make Caramel Three ingredients are all you need to make smooth and creamy homemade caramel sauce. Ingredients Vegetarian Gluten free Baking & Spices 2 cups Granulated sugar Dairy 12 tbsp Butter unsalted 1 cup Heavy cream
Copycat Montreal Steak Seasoning on MyRecipeMagic.com
all the spices you need to make a really good garam masala powder at home. garam masala is one of the essential spice mix used in north indian recipes.
Because we can't all be Iron Chefs.


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Dallas Cowboys Baby
Dallas cowboys nursery.. I may have to find a cowboys baby daddy ;)
bought it :) my husband would love this!!
I don't care if we are having a boy or a girl, they will be dressed in Cowboys clothes!!
Personalized Dallas Cowboys baby blanket by GunnyBunnyBoutique
Dallas cowboys baby! If/when we have a girl, this will happen! Also, for my favorite team too. :)
Hey, I found this really awesome Etsy listing at https://www.etsy.com/listing/237854998/dallas-cowboys-baby-dallas-cowboys-baby
Dallas Cowboys Baby Fanatic Pacifier - by Sports Images
Dallas Cowboys Baby Booties... if we have a little boy he is rockin' these socks!
Can't believe I'm pinning something with Dallas in the photo, but this is an adorable idea. Some day I will do this with my children in their burgandy & gold. HAIL. GO REDSKINS! :]
Free Dallas Cowboys Baby Car Seat Cover, Click the picture, enter Promo Code "Baby23" at checkout & just pay shipping! newborn, nursing cover, baby leggings, newborn photography, crib bedding sets,baby headband, infant clothing, diaper bags, baby furniture, nursery furniture, nursery decals, nursery decoration, baby socks, baby girl shoes, baby shoes girls, baby girl dresses, bassinet, pregnancy photography, newborn photo ideas, baby shower ideas, baby ideas, newborn gift ideas, car seat…


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"For us, the idea of having a work that has contradictions is very important—when, in affirming something, it includes itself and attacks itself. How can you put together all of these things that have nothing to do with each other? You use glue! Glue can be an idea, a word. You can use an ideological glue."
"I think about the horizon a lot. Do you want the horizon to be in the middle of the picture? Do you want it to be a third? For me, it's usually balanced by whatever is below the horizon. Sometimes I feel that a picture needs a lot of air, so I will give it more sky and lower the horizon. It's not always that much of an issue for me. You know, I see the image upside down on the ground glass and it's very intuitive how it's balanced out. It's always a question of air versus solid ground. Being at sea, you really start paying attention to the horizon and how it's defined. Sometimes it's very sharp; sometimes it's hazy. Sometimes there are residues of colors on the edge. It's something I was mesmerized with."
- An-My Lê


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- Product Details
Send a unique greeting a gift in one with this Personalised Affection Art Mr and Mrs Rose Wine.
With beautiful architectural images spelling out the words "Mr & Mrs", this rose wine is guaranteed to make any couple smile.
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Opinion and Reviews
Is it time we made more of royal birthdays?
Looking at the images coming from Sweden on July 14th this year, two things struck me. Firstly, the second in line...15th July 2015
Icons of England: your 90 second summer reading review
As most readers of Royal Central know, The Prince of Wales is my favourite royal. As I have written many articles...15th July 2015
Let's give Kate a break, shall we?
I won't write about fashion trends of the royals. There are enough sites out there that analyse their fashion decisions. I...15th June 2015
A happy 10th anniversary to Charles and Camilla from Royal Central
On 9 April 2005 Prince Charles married Camilla Parker-Bowles more than 30 years after their romance began. View image | gettyimages.com...8th April 2015
Why now is the best time to be a Monarchist
Being a monarchist means something different to everyone. Everyone has their favourite royal, is intrigued by various goings-on within the Monarchy, and...24th February 2015
What should be in The Queen's handbag?
You know you've hit a certain borderline-unwholesome level of obsession when you read – and yes, re-read – books like the...7th February 2015
My Favourite Monarch: Henry VIII
Choosing a monarch that has impacted my quest to become a historian was quite easy. There was no other leader that...18th December 2014
Buckingham Palace's first Royal Cookbook: Royal dining for the domestic kitchen
Christmas came early as, to my sheer joy and pure delight, the perfect little white puffy package was waiting for me...16th December 2014
My Favourite Monarch: Edward IV
The 'My Favourite Monarch' series is a new sequence of opinion pieces from all of our editors, reporters and bloggers, where...12th December 2014
Monaco twins raise questions over country's succession laws
The Princess of Monaco gave birth to twins today at Princess Grace Hospital within the city-state. The birth, which was reported...10th December 2014


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The resume for CURO Honors Scholar Elizabeth Hardister already reads like a seasoned emergency management professional, with experience ranging from the UGA Red Cross to the U.S. Department of State. She came to UGA for its undergraduate research program and has made the most of the opportunity.
Rebecca McInroe
Rebecca McInroe has snorkeled the Great Barrier Reef, served as a club president, taught Athens second-graders, conducted research in two labs and held three internships. The future veterinarian credits UGA for making it possible to pursue all these passions.
Kevin Schatell
Kevin Schatell, who is graduating in May with a journalism degree, says "the fire that's inside of me as a result of my education at UGA is vast, blazing and infinite." He's left his mark on the campus, and remember…
Taylor Lamb
Taylor Lamb found out early in her college career about the importance of getting involved in extracurricular activities. The journalism and international affairs double major (and future lawyer) says her time at UGA will have a lasting impact on her…
Ray Paleg
Ray Paleg, a senior majoring in geography and a Ramsey Honors Scholar, has studied or interned in Thailand (twice), Hawaii, Tanzania and Washington, D.C. She says her "undergraduate experience has been filled with adventure, growth and making memories with the…
Jacob Kennedy
Foundation Fellow and senior anthropology major Jacob Kennedy has had the opportunity to study in Morocco and Ethiopia and was even able to combine his academic pursuits with his love of long-distance running.
Whitney Okie
Whitney Okie, a senior majoring in nutrition science, has been a FACS ambassador, Arch Society member and even started an anti-obesity organization for youths. And along the way, the future doctor fell in love with research.
Rachel Seasholtz
When she graduates, future math teacher Rachel Seasholtz will remember "the moments that turned into cherished memories and the friends that have turned into family." She'll also receive two bachelor's degrees and a master's degree on the same day.
Rikerrious Geter
Rikerrious Geter, a senior in landscape architecture, knows all about hard work, and how that hard work can pay off. The recipient of several scholarships, he has truly become an ambassador for his chosen profession.
Brittany Whitlock
Brittany Whitlock came to UGA looking for a way to serve others in a meaningful way. And she soon found that she could make a big IMPACT. The future medical doctor's focus is on the intersection of social justice and…


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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details
LARGE Condo - Very large, top-floor condo with laminate floors, stove/refrigerator/dishwasher, LARGE balcony, working gas fireplace, TONS of closet space, and extra-large master bathroom. This well-maintained apartment also includes two parking spaces in tandem, laundry on-site, security entry, and kind, quiet neighbors. The location couldn't be better. Close to the Grove, Beverly Center, CBS, Brunch, Shops, Grocery, and MUCH MUCH MORE. Sorry, no pets.
Call Jesse for a chance to see the condo at 310-425-9070.
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Compensation at startups is different than almost any other kind of organization you might join..
This is a repost of an article written by Prof. Noam Wasserman and myself. ——————————-..
This is a repost of an article written for Inc.com by Prof. Noam Wasserman and..
Yesterday I finally received and read iPad in the Enterprise that I had pre-ordered a..
I'd like to invite you to participate in the 2011 CompStudy, the results of which..
By now most people have heard of Sal Khan and the Khan Academy. If you..
I really enjoyed 2010 and am thankful for all the amazing entrepreneurs and investors I've..
A long time ago I had asked a VC about what pre-money valuation he was..
Here's a chart of the day worth sharing. I was working on some data analysis..
No one wants to tell you your baby is ugly. It's awkward. Think of it..


text:
Thread: tektonic.net - VPS
06-07-2005, 12:16 PM #1Web Hosting Master
- Join Date
- Feb 2005
- Location
- Kalamazoo, MI
- Posts
- 1,146
tektonic.net - VPS
Hey All,
I was just wondering if any of you had had experience trying to set up a VPS from tektonic.net? I have been charged for the account; however, it has been since Sunday after noon since I have heard anything from them.
I have submitted a Help Desk ticket and I have called and I have not been able to get a hold of them. Is it because of host con?
Let me know iwhat you think.Synersis Media | Boutique Technology Marketing Agency
06-08-2005, 06:46 AM #2WHT Addict
- Join Date
- Sep 2003
- Posts
- 151
I used Tektonic in the past and they're very reputable. Have you tried calling them? Also you might like to submit a ticket to support rather than billing etc as it might be answered more quickly, if it's been more than a few days waiting for a reply to your billing ticket.
Matt+ RetroWeb.net
+ Good value never goes out of style.
+ BSD and Linux hosting with exceptional support and service


text: We came here for breakfast 2 days in a row we liked it so much. We had a Granola Bowl (her) & Salmon Toast (me) the first day and Porridge (her) & Waffles (me) the next day. Everything was fresh and absolutely delicious and the service was exemplary. The place is cute - a little tight on room but that... More


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text:
Underwater heritage
Language(s): English
Jim Delgado, from National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOAA), talks about the impact on and opportunities arising from tourism to submerged sites
- UNESCO Scientific Colloquium on factors impacting the Underwater Cultural Heritage (13/12/2011)
Place/country: United States of America,
Type: Speech
Credits: Jim Delgado (speaker), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (publisher), UNESCO. Section for Cultural Heritage Protection Treaties (producer).
Published in: 2011


text: BRITISH Energy investors lashed out at the nuclear group's directors at an extraordinary general meeting in Edinburgh, accusing them of 'incompetence'. Pensioner David Barker, who lost £9,000 on his shares, said: 'What has happened with our money is daylight robbery. Now I am left with nothing.' BE shares, once 749p, are now 6p.Reuse content


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 9, 2005
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Markus Hölzle, Michael Jolyon Sprague, Klaus Harth, Martin Schüssler, Martin Karl, Stefan Boneberg
|Original Assignee
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (10), Classifications (23), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a methanol reforming catalyst, a process for its preparation, its use and a process for steam-reforming methanol.
In vehicles having a fuel cell drive, the hydrogen required is advantageously produced from a liquid fuel during the drive itself. In the case of methanol as a fuel, this is effected primarily by means of steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation. With the use of hydrocarbons as fuel, it is possible to obtain hydrogen by partial oxidation or autothermal partial oxidation. The CO always concomitantly formed as a main product or byproduct must either be removed by a water gas shift or be oxidized by selective oxidation to give CO2 which is not harmful to the fuel cell.
The steam reforming of methanol and the CO shift reaction are accelerated by Cu-containing catalysts. These are in general substances having the chemical composition CuO/ZnO/MeO where MeO is, for example, Al2O3, ZrO2, La2O3 or Cr2O3. Such catalysts are prepared in oxide form and then generally activated in the reactor under reducing conditions, the CuO then being converted into elemental Cu, the actual catalytically active species. The reduction of such catalysts is always associated with a volume and mass shrinkage of the catalyst molding. This is typically of the order of magnitude of from 10 to 25%. In a completely filled reactor (e.g. a tube-bundle reactor or a plate-type heat exchanger reactor), this leads to up to a fourth of the reaction space remaining unused. This is undesirable particularly in the case of mobile reformers which are designed to be as compact as possible.
The use of catalysts for steam production in mobile applications, primarily in cars operated using fuel cells, imposes general conditions which go well beyond those necessary in industrial applications.
Thus, owing to the small amount of space available in the car, the size of the reactors, too, is very limited. The reaction space present in the reactor must be completely filled with catalyst so that no excess empty volume is present. The empty space formed may eliminate the fixing of the catalyst. If the catalyst is present, for example, as a bed, the catalyst pellets can then fly around during driving, owing to the high mechanical loads. This can lead to a substantial increase in the abrasion. This abrasion is undesirable since it can lead to blockages or other impairments of downstream components.
An additional problem may arise when the reformers are directly heated. Here, a heat transfer liquid is dispensed with and instead the heat required for the reforming is generated directly by catalytic combustion of hydrogen or methanol. In this method of heat generation, overheating can rapidly occur if parts of the reactor tubes or plates are not in contact with catalyst. Such overheating leads on the one hand to material fatigue in the reactor but on the other hand can also lead to coking of the fuel used.
The problem of volume shrinkage has long been known and proposed solutions to it have also been described. For example, EP-A-0 884 272 relates to the preaging of a Cu-containing catalyst by methanol reforming for about 50 hours. The preaging can be effected in a separate reactor or in the actual reformer reactor, it being necessary to replenish the catalyst several times in the last-mentioned case.
EP-A-0 884 270 relates to another pretreatment process for the same catalyst system. Here, the catalyst is preaged under an inert or oxidizing atmosphere at >300° C. However, the volume shrinkage in this type of pretreatment is not comparable with the volume shrinkage when the catalyst is treated with hydrogen. The heating of a catalyst under oxidizing/inert atmospheres leads merely to decomposition of hydroxide or carbonate species still present from the original precipitated product and, at higher temperatures, to burning-out of the tableting aid, such as graphite or magnesium stearate. Such a treatment does not lead to reduction of the copper oxide component in the catalyst to elemental copper, but it is precisely the reduction of the copper oxide to copper that is primarily responsible for the volume shrinkage of the catalysts since, in the reduction, the copper component, which is homogeneously distributed in the carrier matrix on precipitation, is dissolved out of this and hence numerous microscopic cavities remain. This is all the more pronounced when it is considered that a typical catalyst precursor has a density of about 1 g/ml whereas metallic copper, as present after the reduction, has a density of 9 g/ml. Although a catalyst heated under oxidizing/inert conditions suffers a decrease in volume, the volume shrinkage on subsequent activation under reducing conditions will be greater than the volume shrinkage during heating without a reducing agent.
According to DE-A-198 01 373, the catalyst is reduced and then deactivated again before introduction into the reactor.
Another constantly occurring adverse side effect in the reduction of catalysts is the substantial reduction in the mechanical stability. Particularly in the case of catalysts in tablet form, the hardness when removed (lateral compressive strength/end face compressive strength) is often only a fraction of the initial hardness measured when the catalyst was still in oxide form. The low mechanical stability of the tablets is however undesirable in the case of mobile reformers. If, for example, a compacted bed of catalyst tablets is present, there is always a certain friction of the tablets against one another during driving, which can lead to increased abrasion particularly at the corners and edges of the tablets. This abrasion is substantially independent of whether a cavity forms above the bed as a result of the volume shrinkage.
For obtaining a catalyst tablet which is mechanically stable in the reduced state too, there are various approaches which, on the one hand, aim at improving the active material and, on the other hand, also describe tableting additives for increasing the mechanical stability. For example, DE-A-195 05 347 describes a process in which a Cu-containing catalyst is tabletted by adding copper powder or aluminum powder. This leads to a substantial increase in the hardness of the catalyst in the reduced state too. However, a disadvantage of this process is that the activity of such catalysts is always lower than the activity of comparable catalysts without added metal.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a methanol reforming catalyst and a process for its preparation, the catalyst being distinguished by low volume shrinkage and high mechanical hardness. It is intended in particular to prepare copper-containing catalysts.
We have found that this object is achieved, according to the invention, by a methanol reforming catalyst containing passivated copper and zinc oxide and/or alumina, which can be prepared by
We have found that this object is furthermore achieved by a process for the preparation of such a catalyst, said stages being carried out.
The expression passivated copper means at least surface oxidation of the copper cluster in the catalyst to form at least a surface copper oxide layer. Passivated copper is stable and non-pyrophoric in the air. The term passivated copper can also include completely oxidized copper and hence copper oxide. However, this expression is preferably understood as meaning that the copper cluster or copper crystallites are oxidized on the surface so that they are not pyrophoric in air.
The novel methanol reforming catalyst preferably contains passivated copper and zinc oxide and/or alumina as main components. It may substantially comprise these components, only small amounts of other ingredients being present. The catalyst may also consist of passivated copper and zinc oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
A catalyst prepared in this manner is preferably used, according to the invention, for steam-reforming methanol, but can also be used for steam-reforming higher alcohols, such as C2-20-alkanols and hydrocarbons, for steam-reforming these hydrocarbons with addition of air or as a CO shift catalyst.
In a process for steam-reforming methanol by reacting methanol and water over such a catalyst, a pressure of from 0.5 to 10 bar and a temperature from 150 to 450° C. are preferably employed.
A large number of methanol reforming catalysts can be prepared by the novel process. Such catalyst compositions are described, for example, in DE-A-197 39 773 and EP-A-0 296 734.
Catalysts which contain (passivated) copper, zinc oxide and alumina are particularly preferred. Some or all of the zinc oxide may be replaced by other divalent metal ions, such as Mg2+, Ni2+ or Mn2+. Some or all of the alumina may be replaced by other trivalent or tetravalent metal oxides, for example by zirconium, chromium, lanthanum, etc. In general, salts or oxides of one or more elements of the platinum metals, of groups 4, 5 and 11 and of the lanthanides of the Periodic Table of the Elements can additionally be introduced in the preparation.
The present invention relates in particular to copper-containing catalysts as used in fuel cell vehicles for methanol reforming and for the CO shift reaction. Such catalysts are distinguished by very good activity, which simultaneously permits small amounts of catalysts. This is a necessary condition for use in cars. Such catalysts are typically reduced with hydrogen in the reactor before the beginning of the reaction. Copper oxide is reacted with hydrogen to give copper and water. The metallic copper is present in the form of very small clusters which, for example, have a diameter of a few nm. They form the actual catalytically active species. For the reduction of copper-containing catalysts, such as methanol catalysts, synthesis catalysts or TTK catalysts, there are precise and detailed specifications, cf. for example Catalyst Handbook, Second Edition, Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1989.
The novel catalysts have a combination of low volume shrinkage and high mechanical strength.
Both are achieved by reducing a catalyst precursor with hydrogen during the preparation itself and then passivating it again with oxygen. The dried and calcined precipitated powder, which is generally present in the form of spray-dried powder in industrial production, is advantageously used for this purpose. The powder pretreated in this manner can then be further processed to give moldings, possible steps including the following:
In all processes, the use of binders and additives is of course also permitted. There are also numerous other possibilities for further processing.
The procedure described permits the production of moldings having
The reduction of a catalyst precursor with hydrogen has also been used to increase the activity of the catalyst. EP-A-0 296 734 discloses this process for increasing the copper surface area in Cu-containing catalysts. As a result, the activity of the catalyst also increases, as described for the water gas shift reaction in the abovementioned patent. According to EP-A-0 296 734, however, the reduction is carried out using an intermediate which was not calcined beforehand. Furthermore, the temperature during the reduction with hydrogen may not exceed 200° C. Catalysts prepared by this method are however mechanically not very stable since they primarily still comprise metal carbonate and basic carbonate phases. Catalysts pretreated in this manner are very suitable for steady-state applications but not very suitable for mobile use.
According to the invention, the catalyst is first calcined at preferably >300° C. and then reduced or calcined at preferably <300° C. under reducing conditions. After the reduction, the catalyst is passivated by oxygen or air at least until further handling of the catalyst under air is possible. The unpassivated catalyst would be pyrophoric. A suitable reducing agent is primarily hydrogen, but it is also possible alternatively to use any desired other reductions.
Inter alia, the following process variants are possible for the reduction of the catalyst with hydrogen:
The reduction is preferably carried out, at least initially, using dilute hydrogen, an inert gas, such as nitrogen or helium, being possible for dilution. Typical hydrogen concentrations are from 1 to 5%; however, it is also possible to employ pure hydrogen toward the end of the reduction. Throughout the process, it should be ensured that the exothermic nature of the reaction remains controllable. Furthermore, the agglomeration of the resulting copper crystallites as a result of sintering is accelerated if the reduction is too rapid, leading to a considerable decline in the catalyst activity.
The subsequent passivation is preferably likewise carried out, at least initially, using dilute oxygen (dilute air or another oxidizing agent). Process sequences analogous or similar to those in the reduction are possible.
If passivation is effected using exclusively dilute air at room temperature (e.g. 1% of air in nitrogen), the clusters are only externally passivated, i.e. a covering of copper oxide forms. Elemental copper is still present in the interior of the clusters. Such a state is very much more likely to apply to the novel pretreatment than stronger passivation at higher oxygen concentrations or temperatures since, under these conditions, all the copper reduced beforehand is reoxidized. Accordingly, only external (surface) passivation is preferably effected.
A possible technical solution is, for example, the coupling of two rotating tubes, separation of the atmospheres being ensured by means of an inert lock. Hydrogen or oxygen (air) can be passed countercurrently to the catalyst powder in the respective rotating tube, with the result that an advantageous concentration gradient is achieved.
The shaping in stage (4) preferably leads to layers, extrudates, monoliths, strands, pellets or tablets.
In stage (2), the calcination and reduction can be carried out simultaneously (calcination in reducing atmosphere) or in succession, it being possible for the calcined catalyst precursor to be comminuted in between.
In addition to copper and zinc oxide, the catalyst may additionally contain alumina and further oxides. Solutions of zinc, aluminum and copper salts may be precipitated simultaneously or in any desired sequence in stage (1).
Stages (1) and (2) are particularly preferably carried out as follows:
Particularly preferred catalysts have a Cu:Zn atomic ratio of from 1:5 to 5:1, particularly preferably from 1:1 to 4:1, in particular from 2:1 to 3:1. The (Cu+Zn):Al atomic ratio is preferably from 99:1 to 70:30, particularly preferably from 95:5 to 80:20. A Cu:Zn:Al ratio of about 65:25:10 is especially preferred.
This corresponds to a composition of about 67% by weight of Cu, 26.4% by weight of ZnO and 6.6% by weight of Al2O3 in the prepared catalyst.
In addition to the three elements Cu, Zn and Al, further elements may also be introduced into the catalyst, such as platinum metals and elements of groups 4, 5 and 11 and of the lanthanides of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Preferred examples are Pd, Pt, Rh, Ln, Os, Au, Zr, Ti, V, Nb, Ta and the lanthanides.
Preferred novel catalyst compositions are described in DE-A-197 39 773.
In stage (1), the drying is preferably carried out at from 20 to 400° C., particularly preferably from 50 to 200° C., in particular from 80 to 130° C. The calcination in stage (2) is preferably effected at from 200 to 800° C., particularly preferably from 250 to 600° C., in particular from 300 to 500° C.
The novel catalysts have a very low volume shrinkage in combination with only a slight loss of lateral compressive strength during operation in the reactor, in particular as a motor vehicle catalyst. The novel process steps are carried out during the catalyst preparation itself. There are no additional, expensive forming steps.
If the passivation of the catalyst is carried out under mild conditions, i.e. low temperatures (<50° C.) and low hydrogen partial pressures are employed, it is possible for the copper cluster present after the reduction to be only surface-passivated with a layer of Cu2O. The core of the cluster furthermore consists of metallic copper. A catalyst prepared in this manner can be handled under air and, after filling of a mobile reformer, can be very easily reactivated there with only moderate evolution of hydrogen since a major part of the copper is still present in metallic form. If, on the other hand, an unpretreated catalyst is introduced into such a reformer, the catalyst must be completely activated in the reformer, which is associated with a strong exothermic reaction and very long times for the procedure. A catalyst pretreated according to the invention can accordingly substantially simplify the startup in the car by suitable reduction/passivation.
The present invention also relates to a process for reducing the volume shrinkage and for increasing the mechanical hardness during operation of methanol reforming catalysts, in which the methanol reforming catalyst is prepared by the process described above.
An example which follows illustrates the invention. In addition, corresponding counter-examples are intended to show that, when other methods are used, greater complexity is required in order to achieve the same target parameters with regard to volume shrinkage and hardness. When such methods are used, catalysts which have either hardness or low volume shrinkage are generally obtained. However, the two together are not possible according to the prior art.
A copper catalyst based on copper carbonate is prepared analogously to EP-A-0 296 734 (Example 1). The composition in atom % is: Cu=65%, Zn=25%, Al=10%. The precipitated product of the second precipitation stage is washed sodium-free and is dried at 120° C. Thereafter, the product is calcined at 300° C. for 4 hours and is comminuted to give from 0.5 to 0.7 mm chips.
4060 g of these chips are installed in a heatable tubular furnace (diameter: 100 mm, height: 1000 mm). The furnace is heated at 200° C. and a mixture of 1% of H2 and 99% of N2 (total: 100 l(S.T.P.)/h) is passed through the chips for 16 hours.
The hydrogen is then shut off and the furnace is cooled to room temperature. For passivation, the nitrogen is gradually enriched with air so that the temperature in the catalyst never exceeds 50° C. The end part of the passivation is reached when all nitrogen has been exchanged for air. The removed catalyst has a 14.2% lower mass and a 14% lower volume than the installed catalyst.
The chips are then precompacted and tableted on a tablet press to give small 1.5×1.5 mm tablets. The tableting is carried out in such a way that the lateral compressive strength of the tablets is about 40 N. The BET surface area of the tablets is 51 m2/g.
A copper catalyst based on copper carbonate is prepared analogously to EP-A-0 296 734 (Example 1). The composition in atom % is: Cu=65%, Zn=25%, Al=10%. The precipitated product of the second precipitation stage is washed sodium-free and is dried at 120° C. Thereafter, the product is calcined at 300° C. for 4 hours and is comminuted to give from 0.5 to 0.7 mm chips. The chips are converted directly into 1.5 mm tablets, a lateral compressive strength of about 50 N being established. The BET surface area of these tablets is 65 m2/g.
Catalyst Test:
The catalysts are introduced into a tubular reactor (diameter 10 mm; amount introduced=10 ml) and a 1.5 m/m mixture of methanol and water is passed over said catalysts at 280° C. and 2 bar. The catalysts are operated under these conditions for from 30 to 40 hours. Both catalysts have a comparable methanol conversion and hence also a comparable hydrogen evolution. The volume shrinkage and lateral compressive strength of the catalysts removed are measured. The results are summarized in Table 1:
Lateral compressive strength and volume
shrinkage after catalyst test
Catalyst from
Catalyst before
Catalyst from
Example 1
example 1
Lateral compressive
strength [N/tablet]
Catalyst from
Catalyst after
Catalyst from
Example 1
example 1
Lateral compressive
strength [N/tablet]
Volume shrinkage
The catalyst from Counter-example 1 is subjected to a repeated oxidation and reduction cycle before being installed in the test reactor. During the reduction, the hydrogen content is gradually increased to 3% by volume, and the oxygen content during the passivation is from 0.5 to 1.0% by volume. The cycle is carried out 5 times. After the end of the pretreatment, the catalyst has shrunk by about 20% by volume; the lateral compressive strength has decreased to a tenth of the original value. The abovementioned test is then carried out with this catalyst. The MeOH conversion achieved is about 10% below the value of the catalyst from Example 1. The catalyst removed after the end of the test has the properties summarized in Table 2:
Lateral compressive strength and volume
shrinkage after catalyst test
Catalyst before
Catalyst from
test (but after
Catalyst from
Example 1
example 2
Lateral compressive
strength [N/tablet]
Catalyst from
Catalyst after test
Catalyst from
(but after pretreatment)
Example 1
example 2
Lateral compressive
strength [N/tablet]
Volume shrinkage
The results show that, as a result of the chosen pretreatment, the volume shrinkage of the catalyst is reduced but at the same time the lateral compressive strength declines to such an extent that use in a mobile reformer is no longer possible. The catalyst pellet from Comparative example 2 can be crumbled with the hand without problems.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 1995
|Jul 27, 1999
|Imperial Chemical Industries Plc
|Copper catalysts
|Sep 9, 1998
|Apr 18, 2000
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Catalyst for steam-reforming methanol
|Mar 6, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Markus Holzle
|Preparation of catalysts having low volume shrinkage
|Feb 17, 1995
|Sep 7, 1995
|Basf Ag
|Producing catalyst tablets with increased mechanical strength
|Jan 16, 1998
|Jul 29, 1999
|Daimler Chrysler Ag
|Pretreatment of catalyst to prevent shrinkage in the reactor, especially catalysts for methanol reforming reactions to obtain hydrogen
|Jun 9, 1998
|Dec 16, 1998
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the treatment of a methanol reforming catalyst
|May 28, 1998
|Dec 16, 1998
|DBB Fuel Cell Engines Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
|Reactor for methanol reforming and method for treating a catalyst for such a reactor
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 8, 2003
|Jul 10, 2007
|Suzuki Motor Corporation
|Dimethyl ether steam reforming catalyst and method for producing the same
|Mar 25, 2004
|May 5, 2009
|Haldor Topsoe A/S
|Process for the preparation of a hydrogen-rich stream
|Dec 4, 2004
|Oct 5, 2010
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Catalyst extrudates based on copper oxide and their use for hydrogenating carbonyl compounds
|Dec 17, 2007
|Jun 21, 2011
|Sud-Chemie Inc.
|Iron-based water gas shift catalyst
|Aug 26, 2011
|Sep 10, 2013
|National Tsing Hua University
|Process for hydrogen production
|Dec 8, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Kaoru Takeishi
|Dimethyl ether steam reforming catalyst and method for producing the same
|Mar 25, 2004
|Jul 27, 2006
|Nielsen Poul E H
|Process for the preparation of a hydrogen-rich stream
|Dec 4, 2004
|May 24, 2007
|Stephan Schlitter
|Catalyst extrudates based on copper oxide and their use for hydrogenating carbonyl compounds
|Dec 17, 2007
|Jun 18, 2009
|Chao Chen
|Iron-Based Water Gas Shift Catalyst
|Feb 27, 2009
|Apr 1, 2010
|Huang Yuh-Jeen
|Self-started process for hydrogen production
|U.S. Classification
|423/648.1, 502/345, 502/346, 252/373, 423/656
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 6, 2002
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Disclaimer: This piece deals with racism and white supremacy in MMA. The opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by the various authors on this web site do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs and viewpoints of the thefightnerd.com. The editor of this site has chosen to censor a few sensitive words in this piece as well.
The bell rang. Round four of the five round title bout between the newly crowned Quinton "Rampage" Jackson and everyone's favorite red-head, clown underdog Forrest Griffin had just come to a close. I had the champion up by one point on my scorecard, but the majority of the rounds were close enough to go either way. With five minutes left, the most coveted title in all of MMA, the UFC light heavyweight belt, was still up for grabs.
It was the perfect fight, except for the locale. Some poor choices I made that day had me observing the drama from a Hooters in rural Pennsylvania. The waitress, who I guess did the best she could to cover her caesarian scar while still displaying her midriff, couldn't seem to get the hint that what I was spectating was far more important than whatever horrible food I had to choose from.
The crowd were also Hooters. And Hollerers to boot. Fiercely pro-Griffin based on the nonsensical advice that every drunk has to shout at live sporting events.
Griffin has been a fan favorite ever since his bout with Stephan Bonnar at the end of the first Ultimate Fighter reality series. The Bonnar fight was a slobber knocker with less competent defense than a Harlem Globe Trotters game, far inferior to the technical drama that was unfolding on the big flat screen. But Griffin's eagerness to bleed for fans has always taken precedence over his ability to win for them. His history of hard-fought brawls and his whacky sense of humor had this crowd won long before he stepped into the cage that night.
Or maybe that wasn't why they liked him.
"Kill the n****r!"
The shout came from behind me as the round five bell opened. It was the first time I did a 180 away from the action all night. I looked through the room, wondering who could be so classless. But, among the Hooters and the Hollerers, everyone and no one fit the description. What I heard was a ghost.
A specter of something I thought was long dead before that light heavyweight tilt.
During the days before the Unified Rules of MMA, the competitive circuit was nowhere near as robust or standardized as it is, today. No Holds Barred fighting ranged from legitimate precursors to American MMA to bar-room Tough Man fights.
In many rural areas, including small pocket locations in Pennsylvania, NHB clubs were used as a front for white supremacist groups. While a few had real skill, the vast majority were glorified fight clubs. The membership were local tough guys: Strong. Throw mostly overhands. Angry. Care more about laying a beating on someone than accumulating competitive skill. Sucker for a straight left. Perfect for cult or paramilitary recruitment, really.
Long before Forrest or Rampage were household names, I was an 18 year old fight fan going to college in Pennsylvania looking to get back into competitive martial arts. I had become intimately familiar with these groups. It actually took me a solid year to find a legitimate coach.
For all the credit that people give to the UFC for growing the sport of mixed martial arts, there's one accolade that is often left out. The boom of the Ultimate Fighting Championship's popularity encouraged real training centers to pop up in main stream America. Every region developed its own fight teams and MMA promotions, cutting the cancer of white supremacist rhetoric out of the sport in just a few years.
By the time Griffin squared off against Jackson, the weight advantage of the majority had won out. Google hits for the UFC and the short-lived stroll of EliteXC onto network television had buried the remains of the sport's darker time. The Hooters and the Hollerers were probably as much a stranger to the idea of extremists in MMA as anyone who grew up training in New York, where the culture was mercifully absent.
But, hearing those three words, "kill the n****r," my mind started to play tricks on me. Maybe the crowd was pro-Griffin because he's one of the most beloved name in the sport. Certainly likely.
But maybe I was sitting in the middle of a bastion of something that I thought was long dead. A bunch of hard line white supremacists gathered to witness their great white hope taking the belt from a black man who cut his fighting teeth in Japan.
Of course, it's far more likely that the voice I heard was just that of an asshole- a creature indigenous to sports bars the world around- just shouting the most obnoxious thing he could think of. But, looking around that night, all I could see was a room full of ghosts.
Listening to UFC middleweight contender Chael Sonnen talk up his title contention against Anderson Silva, I started seeing those ghosts again.
Sonnen, previously an obscure grinder known for getting some upset victories by sacrificing damage to his body to score takedowns, has quickly risen to prominence through his sheer ability to talk trash. Sonnen's sheer lack of respect for his opponent and the sport's most dominant champion has resonated with the MMA fan base.
Anderson Silva's recent show boating and temper tantrums in the octagon have given him a reputation as a Prima Donna. And the champion's falling out of favor has provided the perfect spring stage for Sonnen's mouth.
However, many of the challenger's comments have had an increasingly less subtle subtext of bigotry. A full treatment of his commentary, including a tweet where he recommends Silva's manager, Brazilian-American Ed Soares, pray to "whatever voodoo idol" he believes in, can be found on Bloody Elbow. The short version is that Sonnen's talk has had an air of nationalistic superiority over countries with an African influenced culture.
My initial reaction to Sonnen's nationalism is, "well, yeah." Combat Sports are inherently nationalistic. Fighters are always talking about representing their country, which they do. Filipino national treasure Manny Pacquiao is arguably the best pound for pound boxer in the world. Now, they love fighters in the Philippines, but I think the near god-like status of the Pac-Man might have something to do with the fact that he is from the Pacific isle.
Ricardo Mayorga says worse things ordering lunch than Sonnen has said in his entire media circus. Sensitivity to Chael's fight selling tactics may lead newer fans to wonder why suburban white males are the only people who seem suspicious when they root for the guy they most identify with.
The reason is that specter of white supremacy. Fans could have any of the logical reasons to root for Sonnen mentioned above. But as soon as comments start touching the race line, every Sonnen fan has that phantasmagorical shadow cast on them. Because every legitimate fan is a hiding space for that subculture we wished long dead.
It might seem a radical, even paranoid suspicion. Except for the fact that the Nazis at Hoelzer Reich had to be banned from sponsoring fighters as recently as last year.
This bares repeating. As recently as last year, a group of bonafide, SS thunderbolt wearing, my grandfather proudly displayed his medals for shooting them Nazis were sponsoring fighters.
Some things just won't stay dead.
Peter Lampasona is a guest contributor for thefightnerd.com. He may be reached for comment or questions at email@example.com.


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Blacktown mynas are trapped for good
Blacktown Council uses traps and gas in its battle against the Indian myna pest.
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Indian mynas and rats have a few things in common.
Not only are they detested by just about everyone but they've got a healthy reputation of being disease ridden and both have a penchant for making large nests in the wrong places.
These are probably some of the reasons why Blacktown Council will vote to continue its eradication program on Indian myna birds when the council meets tonight.
The council's program has included the provision of special bird traps to residents.
Councillor Leo Kelly says the eradication program has been a resounding success.
"Council's report shows 95 birds have been caught, with each trap snaring an average of 1.22 birds a week,' he said.
Councillor Kelly says the introduced species feed on refuse and old pet food, and take over an environment that should belong to native birds.
"They are the rats of the skies."
Naturalist John Dengate told 702 ABC Sydney Breakfast that the Indian myna is a smart and vicious bird that is very good at competing with native birds for nest sites.
"They love anything hollow, from power boxes to traffic lights and about one third of native species also nest in hollows.
"They are good at stuffing vast amounts of their nesting material in on top of some little parrot or kingfisher that's already nesting in a hollow."
"They'll get that bird to desert their eggs or young and they make their own nest on top and occupy the whole area."
In the suburbs of Sydney, Mr Dengate says mynas are a especially the major reason for the rate of extermination of kingfishers.
The traps being used in the Blacktown trial use baits to attract the birds, and they encouraged to roost in the cage. At night, they are poisoned by gas.
While 95 birds does not seem like a large amount, he says it's a start and like most pest species such as foxes or goats we will never be rid of them all.
"Bushland managers are doing what they can to control the numbers, so good on Blacktown Council."
Some animal rights activists have expressed opposition to the trapping program, but Mr Dengate dismissed their claims that it is inhumane or unwarranted.
"If we've brought something here, we have to do something about it. As a true conservationist, we should try and redress the mistakes of the past."


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Public Spaces
Add a piano to make your city square sing
Here's a fun way to add vitality to a public space: Outdoor pianos.
In 2009, Denver started adding public pianos along its busy mile-long downtown pedestrian mall. The pianos have become a popular and noticeable part of that city's public realm. 5 years later, they're still there, and people are still playing them.
Even if weather or careless use ruins them after one season, upright pianos aren't particularly expensive. It would be completely practical for DC to buy one or two per year and put them in squares or circles around the central city. Roll them out in spring, and pack them back up around Thanksgiving.
The idea could work great in Farragut Square or along the Georgetown waterfront.
A potentially bigger holdup might be getting the National Park Service to allow it.
Cross-posted at BeyondDC.
by Navid Roshan on Mar 28, 2014 12:22 pm • link • report
by Navid Roshan on Mar 28, 2014 12:40 pm • link • report
As a drummer, I have to second giving the drummer some. It doesn't need to be a loud drum kit or even a bucket setup. You could bolt a cajon (box percussion hand drum made entirely of wood...no membrane to get damaged by weather) to the ground and that would work great. Really, any percussion played with your hands wouldn't be that loud. Also, it can be played by someone with zero experience in that instrument, unlike a piano, so would probably get a lot of use, particularly from kids. If you had like three cajons (you can get a cheap one for around $100) you could do some cool drum circle stuff.
--- to get a way from the noise ---
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- What happens when people without cars move to places built for driving?
- If racial inequities didn't exist, DC would look like this...
- Metro now has an official plan for getting better in 2017. It's called Back2Good.
- WMATA recommended express bus service along 14th Street NW four years ago. Is it time to make it happen?
- The DC reps on the WMATA board might veto late-night closures


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Skip to comments.North Dakota statehood called into question
Posted on 07/15/2011 11:30:51 AM PDT by CalinectesSapidus
North Dakota earned its star on the American flag on Nov. 2, 1889, becoming the 39th or 40th state as it was admitted to the union along with South Dakota or maybe not.
Grand Forks resident John Rolczynski, 82, said he has discovered a flaw in North Dakotas Constitution that he believes means the state is technically still a territory more than a century after its statehood was approved by Congress and authorized by the president.
He noticed the flaw on Jan. 31, 1995, and soon set out to notify judges, lawmakers and federal authorities, even sending a letter to President Bill Clinton, and said his concerns were largely ignored.
(Excerpt) Read more at grandforksherald.com ...
Lucky them if they can get out from under this government's thumb.
Dear Lord,
If You should allow me to live into my eighties, please guide my thoughts and actions that I don't waste the precious years You gave me in being an obnoxious pimple on the butt of society.
In Jesus' precious name,
Dont fight it, ND!
Become the Peurto Rico of the north, or just declare independence.
Now's your chance, ND'ers !
Form your own Free Nation, separate from this 0bamanation while you still can !
Yeah, I am afraid that is all this amounts to, but if he is right they would not have to secede to avoid the abominations the Democrats have tossed on the rest of us .
I might even think of moving there if I can get enough fuel to keep me warm.
That means every vote the North Dakota Senators ever voted on is void!
If this is successful, then is the income tax valid?
We all know that the alleged creation of West Virginia was unconstitutional.
Moving to ND yesterday if that actually happens
Seeing as there is a big oil and natural gas boom going on in ND right now - that shouldn't be a problem. Rename themselves to North Dakotastan and keep the oil royalties to themselves - all 675,000 of them or whatever. (Alaska on the Red River).
ND is one of the 3/4 of the states that ratified the 16th amendment. By all means, don't fight this and we all win.
Do we get to keep the ICBM's that we still have?
I was wondering the same thing. Maybe they can get a rebate on their past federal income tax paid...
So, if you were born before the final change to the state's Constitution and acceptance into the Union, are you a Natural Born Citizen of the US or not?
Well, West Virginia is a special case since Virginia was in open rebellion against the United States at the time and depending on your point of view, was part of a foreign nation and was not subject to the Constitution of the United States. Under those circumstances, the Congress didn't need the permission of some foreign nation's legislature. It would be like checking in with England first before admitting Ohio.
The West Virginians said "Hey, we're not associating with those people. If Virginia's out, we'll replace her."
I meant invalid for all of us. They were one of the minimum number of ratifying states.
"It would be like checking in with England first before admitting Ohio."
I'm all for expelling Ohio!
So that's what my friend meant when he told me there was no such thing as 'North Dakota' in 1973. He was from South Dakota and when I mentioned North Dakota he simply replied, "There is no such place." and would not elaborate. I have been puzzled ever since...............
>>Well, West Virginia is a special case since Virginia was in open rebellion against the United States at the time and depending on your point of view, was part of a foreign nation and was not subject to the Constitution of the United States. Under those circumstances, the Congress didnt need the permission of some foreign nations legislature. <<
The flaw in your argument is that the Yankee government NEVER recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation. WV was created out of VA's sovereign territory; which violated the Constitution. But then, Presidents from IL seem to have a problem with understanding and upholding the Constitution.
Mere technicalities. The way to secede is like South Carolina did.
If north Dakota can do this, then I propose all those Midwestern states all the way down to Texas form a new country. They can call it Ameristine.
Been there did that got frostbite an trenchfoot all in same day.... Strategic Air Command...SAC trained killer, frozen till needed.
Why not Minot .....not !
Way past stompin snow snakes an such....:o)
Stay safe !
In other words, State officials who don't take the oath are simply in violation of the law. That doesn't make their state a Territory. It's ridiculous. He was not taken seriously by anybody because he's not a serious person.
Yeah. That worked out well.
Yes. Barry Goldwater settled that question 50 years ago.
short answer is no, the weapons are subject to US jurisiction and under the terms of the SALT treaties
would not be able to be transferred to another country.
I've always hoped North and South Dakota would set aside their differences and join up to become just Dakota
Right. That's why I wrote "depending on your point of view." And that is the flaw. But at the time there was nobody to object but a legislature in rebellion. And they had other things to worry about than the population beyond the mountains. They made their move the the US took advantage. Were I in the government at the time, I probably wouldn't have bothered checking in with Virginia's legislature either.
From Wiki:
Ukraine had 220 strategic weapon carriers on its territory, including 130 RS-18 (SS- 19), 46 sophisticated RS-22 missiles, and 44 strategic bombers carrying 1,068 long-range cruise missiles. In November 1993, the Ukrainian parliament adopted a resolution On the Ratification of the Treaty Between the USSR and USA On the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons of June 7, 1991 and the Protocol to the Treaty of May 23, 1992. The next stage was the signing on January 14, 1994 of the Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of Ukraine, Russia, and the United States under which Ukraine was to destroy all nuclear weapons on its territory, including strategic offensive weapons.
Ukraine, Washington and Moscow reached an agreement in January that allowed for the dismantling of Ukraine's 176 Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBMs) ahead of Kiev's formal ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). France and China provided unilateral security assurances in the form of diplomatic notes. The missiles130 SS-19's and 46 SS-24'scarried about 1,800 nuclear warheads altogether.
Before voting on accession, Ukraine demanded from Russia, the USA, France and the United Kingdom a written statement that these powers undertook to extend the security guarantees to Ukraine. Instead security assurances to Ukraine (Ukraine published the documents as guarantees given to Ukraine[3]) where given on 5 December 1994 at a formal ceremony in Budapest (known as the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances[4]), may be summarized as follows: Russia, the UK and the USA undertake to respect Ukraine's borders in accordance with the principles of the 1975 CSCE Final Act, to abstain from the use or threat of force against Ukraine, to support Ukraine where an attempt is made to place pressure on it by economic coercion, and to bring any incident of aggression by a nuclear power before the UN Security Council.
Ukraine was scheduled to submit its instruments of accession to the NPT as a non-nuclear state and formally enter into START at the OSCE summit in Budapest in December 1994. The Rada resolution on accession to the NPT, however, was ambiguous as to whether Ukraine was acceding as a nuclear or non-nuclear state, which was unacceptable to the Russians. The compromise reached after intense negotiations was to attach a diplomatic note from the Ukrainian president to the Rada resolution stipulating that Ukraine was acceding as a non-nuclear state.
The "Yankee" government was the government of the United States of America. Not even Jefferson Davis disputed that claim.
NEVER recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation.
NO COUNTRY ON EARTH recognized the "Confederacy" as a separate nation.
WV was created out of VAs sovereign territory; which violated the Constitution.
This is your opinion, but it is not the opinion of the people of West Virginia, or the Supreme Court of the United States. Article IV Section 3 makes clear that new states may be formed from existing States by acts of their legislature. The legislature of Virginia declared itself void by its act of secession. The Wheeling Convention was therefore legitimate to represent the people of Virginia. It did so, and announced the formation of a new State in compliance with Article IV Section 3. The Supreme Court upheld this decision, and the admisssion of West Virginia was ratified by Congress.
The theory that the Constitution was a compact among States which retained their rights to remove themselves from it was settled when the various armies in rebellion surrendered. You can refight that war if you wish, but that won't change the historical outcome, nor invalidate decisions of the Supreme Court, nor acts of Congress.
"That means every vote the North Dakota Senators ever voted on is void!"
No, but maybe everything one or both of them voted on that passed by a single or a couple votes.
"depending on your point of view, was part of a foreign nation and was not subject to the Constitution of the United States"
The point of view of the U.S. government was and is that it was a state all along. That's why they were fighting a war with it, duh.
"The way to secede is like South Carolina did"
You mean by giving a much larger and more sophisticated entity an excuse to crush you?
If you are going to secede secede. Otherwise stand and deliver. I am starting to study the Constitution. There is no reason to secede and every reason not to when you begin to understand it.
The Dakota Territory was an organized, incorporated territory. This means it was a fully integrated part of the national territory of the United States. All provisions of the Constitution fully applied there. Every person born there was a natural born citizen, except Indians.
Until the Constitutionally questionable Insular Cases, in the early 20th Century, there was never a question that the residents of all territories were fully defined as citizens just as were the citizens of each State.
The insular cases created the constitutionally questionable distinction between incorporated territory and unincorporated possessions.
It was a poor attempt at a joke. :)
But, I do appreciate you taking the time to share more information about citizenship with me.
No, a technical irregularity will not void a states admission, it did not for Ohio in 1953, it will not for North Dakota in 2011.
Every act by North Dakota's government and Congressional delegation is fully lawful. One missing word cannot void the clear will of the Congress and the people of North Dakota.
I kinda got the joke, but I've seen people (not on this forum) try to argue that territorial residents and even Washington, DC residents were not citizens, when that clearly was not the founders intent.
Don't even get me started on the insular cases...
Just because everybody says something is right, doesn't make it right. The Supreme Court has been wrong n so many cases that it is laughable to cite them as supreme anything (see Dred Scott, Roe v. Wade, Wickard v. Filburn, Kelo v. City of New London, etc.)
Just because slave masters and their apologists claim the cotton States had the "right" to secede, that doesn't make it so.
And of course, just because slave owners and their sympathizers claim West Virginia had no right to secede from Virginia (an interesting contradiction, since they think Virginia had the right to secede to begin with) that doesn't make it so, either.
But in fact, the people of West Virginia acted according to the US Constitution. The people of Virginia didn't. Saying they didn't doesn't make it right, either.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Amazon Offering One-Hour Delivery Through Prime Now
Amazon is now offering one-hour delivery to Amazon Prime members in Manhattan and hopes to expand to other cities soon.By Madison Burke | December 18, 2014
Starting Thursday, Amazon can get daily essentials like paper towels, shampoo and batteries to your door in less than an hour.
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The service is available from 6 in the morning to midnight, seven days a week. One-hour delivery is $7.99 and two-hour delivery is...wait for it...free to Prime members.


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Schneider's Guest House White River: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 5 stars hotels in White River, South Africa.
Schneider's Guest House White River provides 5-star accommodation in White River. It also offers a swimming pool and an outdoor pool.
Hotel description
The guest house has a golf course, a beauty centre and massage services. Airport transfers, a laundry service, babysitting/child services and a dry cleaning service are available upon request.
Rooms at Schneider's Guest House White River are spacious and feature slippers, a mini bar and a flat-screen TV. Each provide a ceiling fan, tea and coffee making facilities and a private bathroom with a shower.
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Cybele Forest Lodge and Spa
R40 Spitskop Road, Kiepersol, White River
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R 538 Airport Road, next to White River, White River
R 538 Airport Road, next to White River, White River
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A freelancer works with a variety of clients. When you work as one, you need to be good at what you do. Besides that, the best way to attract more business is to collaborate with other freelancers. Many businesses are looking for a single place to get all the skills for their project. Collaboration really improves business prospects for the future.
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Managing virtual teams and making sure they are productive can be challenging at times. Using the right set of tools helps simplifying the process and amplifying the results. Here is a list of some very useful tools:
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Silver Star of David Filigree Pendant with
Guide price: $100
Last updated on 15th Apr 2011
Tags: star davidfiligree pendant
Silver Star of David Filigree Pendant with
Handcrafted in Israel.
On the back it is hand engraved in Hebrew "Yevarecheha Adonai ve Ishmereha" which means "May God bless You and Guard You". The pendant will keep you safe wherever you go.
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Hotfrog Canada provides information regarding Enterprise Rent-A-Car in Pointe-Aux-Trembles QC. Enterprise Rent-A-Car is located at 13300 Sherbrooke Est, Pointe-Aux-Trembles QC H1A 4X9 and provides Car Rental services. Contact them on 5146444440.
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Gender: Girl
Meaning: Clouds
Origin: Indian
Religion: Hindu
Sajala is a Hindu Girl name, meaning of the name is Clouds and origin of the name is Indian. This name is mostly used in Hindu.
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The RAK Infinity Rectangular Bathroom Mirror, 800mm High x 600mm Wide, Illuminated comes from the exciting Infinity range of Bathroom Mirror by RAK. The inimitable Infinity Demistable LED Mirror from RAK provides infinite convenience. Aesthetically crafted, the beautifully beveled mirror comes complete with demistable LED lights. Suitable for landscape and portrait wall installation, it is operated with on/off rocker switch.
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Strawberry Milkshake's
Total Time
Prep 2 mins
Cook 0 mins
Youve got to love Strawberry Season-this recipe is fast, easy, and a quick fix on a hot summer's day!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 pints strawberries, halves frozen
- 3⁄4 cup milk
- 1⁄4 cup powdered sugar
- 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
- 1 pint strawberry ice cream
- Place the first four ingredients into a blender and puree to smooth.
- Add the Ice Cream and process until well blended-garnish with a fresh berry or whipped cream.
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Wonderful, quick and easy. Loved this recipe. The best thing about it is that the ingredients are simple and I have these on hand most of the time. I did leave out the powdered sugar because I have a slight problem with my sugar. It was still plenty sweet for me.


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For those tethered to biological reality, the self-evident truth that, prior to birth, people develop either "XY" or "XX" genetic markers and, as such, are objectively, and shall forever remain, either male or female, is as plain as blue is blue or pink is pink.
- Shebel
You gotta admit that the boy does look kind of faggy.
- mauser 98
Wynne agenda
- Shebel
No. You use your mindless ABUSE of the children to shut us up.
You should be ashamed.
- mauser 98
not mindless .. planned
Wynne enables child abuse.
- JoKeR
- Shebel
What are you going to do ?–Justin
You are going to apologize to the Natives for the Catholics and their paedophile Priests -and then anoint them with money for the wrongs that were done to their Children.
What are you going to do , when you realize that you have been sucked in by Kathleen Wynne ?
How many kids are you going to destroy? How many Parents are you going to label as unfit because they don't go along with your sick agenda . Not everybody can afford to home school their children.
Justin—At what age are going to teach your kids about anal sex ?
Prove that you are a Leader -Justin-,please— You can fuck the people up their ass -Justin—
Please let the children -just be children—- for a short while .
Then you can fuck them along with the rest of us.
- Shebel
The more I look at that kid–the more I would like hurt him.
Oh my goodness -maybe -he feels like a girl— because both his caregivers are Lesbians. Maybe ,neither of them is a bull dog dike.
The poor kid has no Father Figure.
He is so feminine. Doesn't he look Happy ?
- Shebel
That stupid kid is still sitting there —staring at me.
He is getting on my nerves.
There is an objective biological reality. XX and XY tell the story. The only exceptions are the EXTREMELY RARE cases of intersex genetic makeup. But such exceptions do not justify the way society is being dragged.
It is an attack on society, on the family.
- Justin St.Denis
Yet many parents are in the bag for this bullshit. I can ALMOST understand women swallowing this trans crap, but I find it utterly mystifying that allegedly hetero fathers also ride along in the trans CrazyBus. Guys have not traditionally been suckers for such OBVIOUS bullshit.
It's terrible. Shows how most people are easily manipulated.
Very much so. As Paul Watson pointed out in a recent video that you posted, this is all part of an across-the-board leftist assault on our common values, with a view to weaken society and take it over.
- Shebel
That miserable kid is still staring at me. He is not nice and I don't like him.


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15 May 2011
It was a good weekend for the Dogs, just wasn't our day yesterday.¬Ý Now, looking at the SEC standings the upcoming weekend should be awfully exciting and, for some, quite nerve-racking.
As it stands Vandy, Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia are in.¬Ý Tennessee and Kentucky are out.¬Ý LSU has managed to work itself back into a mathematical chance at making the top eight.¬Ý That means that the entire SEC west is battling for the final four slots in the SEC tourney.¬Ý
At the top there is a four team logjam.¬Ý Auburn, Arky, Bama and MSU are all tied at 13-14.¬Ý TSUN is fifth at 12-15 and LSU is last at 11-16.¬Ý Auburn has the easiest road with a 3 game series against Tennessee.¬Ý They could easily sweep that one and win the West.¬Ý Bama has the toughest task when they go to South Carolina for 3.¬Ý TSUN travels to Arky and LSU comes to our house.¬Ý
It's simple for State, win one game and we're in.¬Ý That way, if TSUN sweeps Arky will be out.¬Ý If TSUN takes 2 there will be a 3 way tie between MSU, Arky and TSUN and TSUN's 6-9 record against the West will leave them out.¬Ý For TSUN, anything less than a sweep will mean elimination.
But all State needs is one win.¬Ý Just one.¬Ý If they get swept they're out.¬Ý On the flip side, if we sweep the Tigers we are in the best position to win the West given our tiebreaker edge over Auburn (and the unlikelihood of Arky or Bama sweeping).¬Ý But I think it's important to also consider seeding.¬Ý If we're just worrying about making the field then we aren't thinking right.¬Ý
If MSU makes the tourney they should be a #2 NCAA seed given their mid-20s RPI.¬Ý This would be solidified with a win in the SEC tourney.¬Ý That means you don't want to be the 8-seed facing Sonny Gray in game one.¬Ý 7 seed would be fine (against the West champ).¬Ý Even a 5 or 6 seed would be ok because we've been able to hit Hudson Randall and Palazzone.¬Ý We just need to avoid the 8 seed.¬Ý We can do that by winning at least 2 against LSU.¬Ý And for¬Ýsome real down-the-road thinking, if¬ÝMSU wins the West and manages to at least make the SEC Championship¬Ýgame they will have a very real shot at a top 16 NCAA seed and maybe a host site.¬Ý¬ÝYes, it's a long shot but not out of the realm of possible.¬Ý
That's how it breaks down.¬Ý State could be the West champs and tournament #2 seed or they could be packing their bags and waiting for the NCAA field to be announced.¬Ý But at least they control their own destiny.¬Ý Take care of business and all will be well.
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Mail: Murky gas price irks Colorado traveler
Groene at the Legislature: Running for chairman of the Education Committee
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Taxes, ag economy to be focus of annual Farm Bureau convention
More Ag News
A trash truck collision three months ago turned into a boon for the public service department, after the city council gave its blessing Oct. 16 to five brand new garbage trucks.
When the lead truck came over a hill near Yucca Road, driver Richard Karre, 52, saw a cow loose on the road and quickly slowed down. Adam Anderson, 32, driving the second truck, didnt see Karre slow down and ran into the back of his truck, according to investigators from the Lincoln County Sheriffs Office.
Anderson said he was also watching the cow.
The trucks were totaled, Public Service Director Wes Meyer told the city council, and the city received $79,225 from insurance and salvage.
That $79,225 will make the down payment on the five new trucks. City Finance Director Dawn Miller will take bids for a lease-purchase agreement to pay the rest of the price, Meyer and City Administrator Jim Hawks said.
The new trucks cost $540,054 from Nebraska Truck Center, the lowest price submitted, according to council records.
The only other bidder was Iowa State Truck Center and Elliot Sanitation of Sioux City, Iowa, which offered to sell the trucks to the city for $551,940.
The trucks are Freightliner M2106 with New Way Cobra 18 refuse compactor bodies, according to council reports.
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'No such external ID currently defined in the system' while installing a new module
Byon 7/28/13, 11:11 AM • 541 views
i tried to install a new module but i've this error: "No such external ID currently defined in the system: reclam" reclam is my module name.
here is some lines of my __openerp__.py file :
'depends': ['crm'],
'init_xml': [
'update_xml': [
the beginning of my python file:
class ownfield_claim(crm.crm_case, osv.osv):
_name = "ownfield.claim"
_inherit = ['crm.claim']
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