text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 23, 2009
|Filing date
|Feb 6, 2007
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kelly M. Orth, Chad M. McGuire
|Original Assignee
|Rosemount Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (48), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (14), Classifications (17), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a Divisional of and claims priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/942,340, filed Sep. 16, 2004, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to electronic field devices, such as process transmitters, that are used to monitor industrial processes. More particularly, the present invention relates to electronic field devices used in industrial process environments that may have high electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Generally, electronic field devices (such as process transmitters) are used to monitor the operation of industrial processes such as those in oil refineries, chemical processing plants, paper processing plants, biotechnology plants, pharmaceutical plants, food and beverage plants, and the like. Process transmitters for monitoring an industrial process may measure pressure, flow rate, fluid or material level in a tank, temperature, vibration, and the like. Additionally, such field devices may include analytical electronics, diagnostic electronics, or other process monitoring electronic devices, or even electronic, hydraulic or pneumatic actuator devices used for industrial process control.
Process transmitters are typically positioned within the processing plant in locations where liquids, dust and humidity and various industrial contaminants may be present. In some environments, process liquids such as acid solutions or base solutions can be present. Liquids may also include spray from hoses used to clean plant equipment. Liquids can drip, splash or spray onto the process transmitter and its electrical connections. Additionally, dust, humidity, and liquids in the environment may contaminate and degrade the electrical connections to and within the process transmitter.
Transmitters that include circuitry disposed in a sealed housing and protected by an outer cover are known in the art. It is also known to include one or more actuatable switches for modifying a parameter of the circuit, such as a zero or span setting. Typically, the one or more switches or the field wiring terminals are accessible only after removal of the outer transmitter cover.
Unfortunately, removal of the outer cover exposes the electronics within the transmitter housing to contaminants and electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. One technique for maintaining EMI protection for electronics within the transmitter housing includes an electrically conductive inner cover disposed within the transmitter housing and in frictional contact with electrically conductive walls of the housing to reduce the effects of EMI when the outer cover is removed. One example of a process transmitter with an inner conductive cover is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,200 issued to Bodin et al. and entitled "PROCESS TRANSMITTER WITH INNER CONDUCTIVE COVER FOR EMI SHIELDING" issued Oct. 4, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
There is an ongoing need in the art for industrial process transmitter housing configurations with improved humidity and environmental contamination robustness as well as efficient EMI/RFI filtering capabilities. Embodiments of the present invention provide solutions to these and other problems, and offer other advantages over the prior art.
A field hardened industrial device is described. A housing of the field hardened industrial device has electrically conductive walls surrounding a cavity with an open end. An electronics assembly is adapted to fit within the cavity. A portion of the electronics assembly is a circuit card assembly, which is a multi-layered printed wiring board with pass-through electrical connections and an embedded ground plane electrically coupled to the housing to shield the electronics assembly from electromagnetic interference and to provide environmental protection to the electronics assembly.
In one embodiment, the multi-layered printed wiring board with pass-through electrical connections is sized to fit within the cavity of the device housing. A ground plane embedded within the printed wiring board extends substantially a full extent of the multi-layered printed wiring board. The ground plane is electrically coupled to the device housing to shield electronics within the device housing from electromagnetic interference and to provide environmental protection to the electronics.
While the above-identified illustrations set forth embodiments of the present invention, other embodiments are also contemplated, some of which are noted in the discussion. In all cases, this disclosure presents the illustrated embodiments by way of representation and not limitation.
The present invention is directed to a field hardened industrial device, such as a process transmitter, preferably utilizing a single compartment electrical housing that maintains EMI protection and environmental protection even with the outer transmitter cover removed. As used herein, the phrase "field hardened industrial device" refers to a device with a housing that is sealed against environmental contamination. In a preferred embodiment, in addition to the housing being sealed against the environmental contamination, the electronics are additionally sealed against environmental contamination, as well as electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. In a preferred embodiment, the environmental seal provided by the circuit card assembly is a hermetic seal. As used herein, the term "hermetic" refers to a seal having a leak rate that is less than approximately 5�10−8 std cc/sec He (0.00000005 cubic centimeters of Helium per second given at one atmosphere of pressure). Additionally, as used herein, the term "EMI" or "Electromagnetic Interference" refers to interference from electromagnetic radiation containing primarily electrostatic (electrical field or E-field) energy at a frequency between 0 Hz (DC) and approximately 10 GHz.
The present invention incorporates a circuit card assembly (CCA) that serves as an electrical connection from the device electronics to the field wiring and to the local operator interface (LOI) or LCD display on the field wiring side of the device. Moreover, the CCA is provided with an embedded ground plane electrically connected to the electrically conductive device housing to provide EMI shielding. The ground plane of the CCA effectively divides the device housing into two "Faraday cages" and serves as both an environmental shield and EMI barrier.
In general, a Faraday cage is an enclosure formed from conducting materials designed to prevent the passage of electromagnetic waves, either by containing them within or excluding them from its interior. Process transmitters are typically formed from conductive metal and are themselves Faraday cages. Effectively, the exterior surface of the transmitter housing serves as an equipotential surface having essentially the same electrical potential at every point. The principle of the Faraday cage is that a charge on a charged conductor resides only on its exterior surface. If there is no electrical charge inside of the structure, then by Gauss' law and the divergence theorem, there is no electrostatic field inside the equipotential surface, even if the structure is exposed to an external field.
Within the process industry, such conductive structures are utilized to eliminate electric fields within the structure so as to protect electronics from undesired electromagnetic signals. Ideally, electric fields and radio frequencies cannot penetrate the Faraday cage to affect the electronics. It should be appreciated that the Faraday cages of the present invention are not perfect because the housing material (though conductive) is not a perfect conductor, and because the enclosure is provided with an opening for wiring to enter the housing. In addition to moisture and other contaminants, radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be coupled (conducted) into the electronics within the housing via the wires. Nevertheless, as used herein, the term "Faraday cage" refers to an electrically conductive structure having sufficient Faraday cage properties to shield the enclosed volume from external electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference.
In general, transmitter 102 includes a housing 110 with a cover 112. A housing 110 is coupled to the pipe segment 104 via a sealed base 114, which may include a coupling flange or other attachment mechanism provided by a customer for a specific installation. A wiring conduit 116 is provided on the housing body 110 to provide an access opening for the field wiring 108 to enter the housing 110 for connecting electronics within the transmitter housing 110 to the control center 106.
A circuit card assembly (CCA) 270 shown in
The transmitter 200 includes a transmitter housing 202 coupled to a base portion 204 defining an enclosure 206 with an opening. A releasable cover 208 is sized to fit over the opening to seal the enclosure 206 from the environment. The housing 202 includes an upper portion 210 and a lower portion 212. The upper portion 210 is provided with threads 214 on an outer surface sized to mate with threads 216 on an inner surface of the cover 208. Additionally, a recess 218 sized to receive an o-ring seal 220 is preferably provided in the outer surface of the upper portion 208. An overhang portion 222 of the cover 208 compresses the o-ring seal 220 to isolate the enclosure 206 from the environment.
Generally, the upper portion 210 is coupled to the lower portion 212 via weld joint 224 or other conductive means. The lower portion 212 is coupled to the base portion 204 via weld joint 226 or other conductive means.
Field wires 228 extend through wire opening 230 into the upper portion 210 of the housing 202. A conduit connection 232 having a body portion 234 and coupling portions 236 and 238. The body portion 234 is sized to mate with a corresponding recess 240 provided in an outside surface of the upper portion 210 adjacent to the wire opening 230. Coupling portion 236 is provided with threads adapted to mate with a coupling nut 242 within the enclosure 206. A gasket 244 is disposed over the coupling portion 206 between the coupling nut 242 and the inner surface of the upper portion 210 to seal the enclosure 206 around the opening 230. Alternatively, a conduit or entry spud or a preformed receptacle can be welded or permanently attached to the housing directly.
The field wires 228 are positioned within a wire connector 246, and connector nut 248 is threadably attached to coupling portion 238 to fix the field wires 228 in position. In particular, as the connector nut 248 is tightened onto the coupling portion 238, flange portions 250 of the wire connector 246 are forced against the inner surface of the coupling portion 238 causing the wire connector 246 to clamp the field wires 228 into position.
Within the enclosure 206, the field wires 228 are broken out into individual leads, including a ground lead 252 coupled to a ground lug 254 and a power lead 256 and a signaling lead 258 coupled to spring loaded electrical contacts 280 provided on coupling board 270. The coupling board 270 is readily accessible to an operator in the field upon removal of cover 208. The Local Operator Interface (LOI) board 262 connects to the coupling board 270 and provides easy access to field device elements that may need to be accessed, including the span setting push button 264 and the zero setting push button 266 for resetting the transmitter 200, as well as the alarm switch 260 and the write protect switch 261.
In this embodiment, the LOI board 262 is fixed within the upper portion 210 of the transmitter housing 202 via screws 268 and is separated from the circuit card assembly or coupling board 270 by standoffs 272 and by clamping ring 274. Clamping ring 274 mates with coupling board 270, which in turn mates with seal 290. Threaded fasteners 288 extend through the clamping ring 274, the coupling board 270 and through seal 290 and into the lower portion 212 of housing 202, fixing the coupling board 270 in place. In general, fasteners 288 may include bolts, screws, or other threaded fastening elements. Alternatively, the fasteners 288 need not be threaded, and may include fasteners such as pins, drive screws and the like.
A radio frequency interference filter (RFI filter) 278 located on the coupling board 270 capacitively couples the pins of the field wiring connector 280 to the ground plane 350 and hence to the transmitter housing 202. The RFI filter 278 is adapted to filter radio frequency interference, which may be coupled in on the field wiring 228, and generally to protect the electronics assembly from line conducted interference.
Finally, the circuit card assembly (CCA or coupling board) 270 is preferably comprised of a multi-layered printed wiring board (PWB) that is plated on its outer circumferential edge with a conductive layer 282. Generally, the PWB is formed from an insulating material, such as ceramic, plastic, and the like, on which wire traces and electrical interconnections can be formed.
As will be discussed in greater detail below, the coupling board 270 includes an embedded ground plane 350, which extends substantially the entire diameter of the coupling board 270 and which couples to the conductive layer 282. The embedded ground plane 350 is a planar layer disposed within the CCA 270 and extending substantially the entire diameter of the CCA 270. The embedded ground plane 350 is formed from a conductive material (such as copper), and is intended to electrically connect with the conductive walls of transmitter housing 202 to shield the electronics assembly from EMI. In general, the electrical connection between the ground plane 350 and the housing 202 may be completed through the conductive layer 282, via fasteners 288, through the conductive edge layer 282, or by other means. In one embodiment, seal 290 is electrically conductive and the ground path is established through the seal 290.
By electrically coupling the ground plane to the housing 202, the CCA 270 effectively divides the housing 202 into two Faraday cages (Faraday cage 284 above the CCA 270 and Faraday cage 286 below the CCA 270).
In this embodiment, within the lower portion 212 of the housing 202, the CCA 270 is coupled to a transmitter circuit card assembly (CCA) 292 via a flexible circuit 294. Connector 296 couples the flexible circuit 294 to the CCA 270. Connector 297 couples the other end of the flex circuit 294 to the transmitter CCA 292. A heat sink 295 is preferably fixed between the CCA 270 and the flex circuit 294 to provide a thermal conduction path for any heat generating components, such as a heat generating component 299, located on flex circuit 294.
The transmitter CCA 292 is seated within a cup 298, which has a hook 300 adapted to mate with a recess 302 provided in the lower portion 212. The hook 300 secures the cup 298 in position within the lower portion 212. A connector 304 couples flexible circuit 306 to the low-level transmitter CCA 292, which in turn connects to the pressure sensor 308 via contact pins 310.
In the embodiment shown, the pressure sensor 308 includes a glassed feed through 312 for the electrical contact pins 310. The glassed feed through 312 extends to the environmentally sealed sensing diaphragm 314 adjacent to the oil filled cavity 316 within the sensor 308. An oil filled tube 318 connects the sensor 308 to the cavity 320 adjacent to the isolating diaphragm 322, which is coupled to the process.
A fill tube 324 is provided on sensor 308 to backfill the oil filled cavity 316, tube 318 and cavity 320 to the desired level. An air filled tube 326 connects the sensor 308 to a vent to atmosphere 328, which allows the transmitter to measure gage pressure.
Finally, the base 330 is preferably coupled to the process by a clamp 332 and flange 334 provided by the customer to mate with their particular implementation. Recesses 336 and 338 provided in the base 330 and the flange 334 are sized to receive gasket 340, which seals the base 330 to the flange 334.
In general, it should be understood by a worker skilled in the art that the present invention may be used with any type of sensing element, not just the gage pressure sensor shown. In particular, the CCA 270 of the present invention may be used with any process transmitter, provided the skin depth of the ground plane embedded within the CCA 270 is of a thickness sufficient to effectively isolate the electronics from EMI, which may be coupled in on the field wiring 228 or which may be introduced from the operating environment when the outer cover 208 is removed. Additionally, the present invention may be used with any field-hardened industrial device, including remote meters, wireless gateways, remote monitoring units, industrial process transmitters, and the like.
As previously discussed, threaded fastener 288 extends through the clamping ring 274, through the CCA 270, through gasket 290 and into the lower portion 212. The opening through the CCA 270 that accepts threaded fastener 288 is also plated by a conductive layer 356 to prevent moisture from entering the board through the opening. Depending on the specific implementation, the ground plane 350 may be etched away from the plated layer 356 of the holes to prevent a short to ground via the threaded fastener. Alternatively, the plated layer 356 may provide a path to the ground for the ground plane 350, depending on the specific implementation.
As previously discussed, the threaded fastener 288 frictionally mates with the conductive lower portion 212 (and/or upper portion 210 of the housing 202 and the PWB conductive layer 364, and electrically connects to the ground plane 350 via conductive layer 356 or conductive layer 282 to shield the sensor electronics (such as sensor 308 in
In one embodiment, the seal 290 is an electrical insulator, which prevents the CCA 270 from frictionally mating with the housing 202. Clamping ring 274 frictionally mates with a conductive trace on the outer surface of the CCA 270, while threaded fasteners 288 ultimately provide the ground path to the housing 202. If seal 290 is electrically conductive (such as with commercially available EMI gaskets), the ground path could be made through seal 290 instead of through threaded fastener 288.
Fastener openings 408, electrical connection vias 410, and component thru-holes 416 are formed in the PWB 402. The edge of the board (channel 404) and the openings 408, vias 410, and component thru-holes 416 are coated with a conductive layer 412. To assist an operator in completing the installation using the PWB 402, connector outlines and text may be printed on the PWB 402 as indicated by reference numeral 414.
For complete protection against the moisture "wicking" problem, the channel 404 in the PWB panel can be routed through tabs 406 at a partial depth such that ground plane layer 350 and lower conductor layer 366 are completely exposed around the entire circumference of the PWB 402 without any breaks or gaps. When conductive layer 282 is plated on the PWB 402, the conductive layer 282 covers the entire edge of the PWB 402 between layer 350 and layer 366. This provides a complete diffusion barrier to prevent moisture from entering the lower portion of the housing through the edge of the PWB. It is important to note that moisture entering through the remaining exposed edge of the PWB 402 in the area of the cut out tabs 406 enters only into layer 352 of the PWB 402. Moisture is prevented from entering into layer 354 of the PWB 402 and from there into the lower portion of the housing by conductive layers 282, 350, 356 and 366 and by seal 290.
The CCA 402, in addition to the openings 408 and vias 410, includes contact pads 420 for establishing an electrical connection with a circuit element (not shown). Underlying electrical trace lines 418, which may be traced on an inner layer of the board, are shown in phantom. Finally, a heat fin 422 is provided to assist in transferring heat away from the electrical components mounted to the CCA 402 or thermally coupled to CCA 402 via heat sink 295.
Finally, it should be understood that the ground plane (shown in
It should be understood by a worker skilled in the art that the PWB 402 may be formed in any shape desired. Though it is shown as a substantially circular shape, the PWB may be square, elliptical, triangular, or of any other shape desired. In any case, the ground plane extends substantially a full extent of the PWB.
In general, to establish the electrical connection without shorting the via to ground, the ground plane 430 is etched away immediately adjacent to the vias 438 and 440 and the trace line 446. Conductive mounting pad 466 is provided on the field wiring exposed surface 428 and coupled to conductive layer 442 of via 438 by trace 472 and by via pad 437. Circuit element 448 is fixed to mounting pad 466 by solder joint 470. Similarly, a conductive mounting pad 468 is provided on the sensor exposed surface 426 for mounting electrical component 452 via solder joints 474. The conductive mounting pad 468 is coupled to conductive layer 444 of via 440 by trace 476 and by via pad 443. Though the etched area 436 introduces another flaw in the Faraday cage, by confining the etched area 436 to the immediate vicinity of the vias and the trace line, the etched area 436 allows negligible EMI leakage.
In general, the etched area 436 is sized as small as possible, and is preferably sized just large enough to accommodate the trace line 446 and the two vias 438 and 440 without shorting the elements to ground. Preferably, the etched area has a maximum linear extent of about 10 millimeters or less to, limit the amount of EMI and moisture, which can diffuse through the etched area 436.
Thus, the ground plane 430 serves as both an EMI barrier and a humidity shield or environmental diffusion barrier. More specifically, the ground plane provides a path to the housing for EMI, and the transmitter housing provides a path to ground for EMI, shielding electronics beneath the printed wiring board 270 within the housing from EMI. Moreover, the conductive layer plating the edge of the board prevents moisture from wicking into the printed wiring board, and the ground plane provides a diffusion barrier to moisture, such that even if moisture somehow bypasses the conductive layer and enters the upper layer of the coupling board, it is halted by the ground plane and prevented from passing all the way through the coupling CCA 270 to the electronics housed below.
In general, to establish the electrical connection without shorting the via 482 to ground, ground plane 430 is etched away immediately adjacent to the via 482. Electrically conductive mounting pad 466 is provided on the field wiring exposed surface 428 and coupled to conductive layer 442 by trace 472 and by via pad 437. Circuit element 448 is fixed to mounting pad 466 by solder joint 470. Similarly, a conductive mounting pad 468 is provided on the sensor exposed surface 426 for mounting electrical component 452 via solder joints 474. The conductive mounting pad 468 is coupled to conductive layer 442 by trace 476 and via pad 443. Though the etched area 436 introduces another flaw in the Faraday cage, by confining the etched area 436 to the immediate vicinity of the via 482, the etched area 436 allows negligible EMI leakage through the PWB 402.
It should be understood that vias are typically coupled to electrical components using trace lines and contact pads. Openings and holes sized to receive electrical leads or pins of electrical components may be larger or of varying sizes. However, openings of all sizes in the printed wiring board are plated with a conductive layer, both to prevent wicking into the layers of the printed wiring board and to provide an electrical path for interconnecting electrical elements through the board. Depending on the specific implementation and/or type of connection, the holes and openings may employ staggered ("blind") or direct paths through the board, as described above with respect to vias.
As used herein, the term "pass-through electrical connection" refers to an electrical connection or pathway formed through the board. Preferably, the pass through electrical connection is adapted to permit electrical conductivity through channels or vias in the board while preventing undesired moisture and other contaminants from passing through the board. A pass-through electrical connection may be made using a "blind-via" configuration such as that shown in
As electrical signals are carried into the assembly on field wiring and transmitted through the CCA 270, the signal is permitted to pass-through the CCA 270 to the shielded electronics while EMI is filtered out by the embedded ground plane 430 and while environmental contaminants are stopped by the CCA 270. Thus, the ground plane 430 serves as both an EMI barrier and a humidity shield or environmental diffusion barrier. More specifically, the ground plane provides a path to the housing for EMI, and the electronic device housing provides a path to ground for EMI, shielding electronics beneath the printed wiring board within the housing from EMI. Moreover, the conductive layer plating the edge of the board prevents moisture from wicking into the printed wiring board, and the ground plane provides a diffusion barrier to moisture, such that even if moisture somehow bypasses the conductive layer and enters the upper layer of the coupling board, it is halted by the ground plane and prevented from passing all the way through the coupling CCA to the electronics housed below.
It should be understood by a worker skilled in the art the CCA of the present invention can be fabricated using standard PWB manufacturing processes. It also should be understood that the ground plane embedded within the CCA of the present invention must be sufficiently thick to shield the sensor electronics from electromagnetic interference. Depending on the frequency of the interference, the thickness of the ground plane may need to be adjusted to achieve the desired skin effect. The "skin effect" refers to the tendency of a high-frequency electrical current to distribute itself within a solid conductor so that the current density near the surface of the conductor is greater than at its core. To make use of the Faraday cage principle, the ground plane must be sufficiently thick to diffuse high frequency EMI and to ground it to the housing, thereby isolating the sensor electronics and other circuitry from undesired electromagnetic and radio frequency interference.
By coating cut edges and openings of the board with conductive material and by maximizing the coverage of the ground plane to all but a very small percentage of the board, the CCA of the present invention serves as both an EMI barrier and an environmental shield. This makes it possible to use electronic device structures with a single opening that allows access to both field wiring terminals and Local Operator Interface (LOI) or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) terminals with only one cover, while protecting sensitive electronic circuits within the housing. Additionally, by having only one cover, the electronic device has a more compact "in-line" form factor.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|257/659, 257/678
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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decided: January 21, 1982.
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, PETITIONERv.STATE SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, LOCAL 1830, PENNSYLVANIA FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, AFT, AFL-CIO, BY JOHN D'ELETTO, TRUSTEE AD LITEM, RESPONDENTS
Appeal from an award of a labor arbitrator in case of In Re: Labor Arbitration Proceedings Between Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Public Welfare and American Federation of Teachers/Pennsylvania Federation of Teachers, Local 1830 AFT, AFL-CIO, Issued February 19, 1981.
Kristen W. Brown, Assistant Counsel, with her, John D. Raup, Chief Counsel, and Jay C. Waldman, General Counsel, for petitioner.
Sandra R. Kushner, with her Louis B. Kushner, Rothman, Gordon, Foreman, Groundine, P.A., for respondents.
Judges Rogers, Williams, Jr. and Palladino, sitting as a panel of three. Opinion by Judge Williams, Jr. This decision was reached prior to the expiration of the term of office of Judge Palladino.
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 216]
This case comes before the Court on an appeal by the Commonwealth of an award issued by an arbitrator sustaining grievances filed by members of the State Schools and Hospitals Federation of Teachers, Local 1830, Pennsylvania Federation of Teachers, AFT, AFL-CIO (union). The grievances contested furloughs of certain employees at six facilities for the mentally retarded and mentally ill, operated by the Department of Public Welfare (DPW), alleging that the method used violated past furlough practices and the collective bargaining agreement.
I. Background
In May, 1972, the federal district court for eastern Pennsylvania entered as a consent decree an agreement
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 217]
of the parties terminating the action in Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Civil Action No. 71-42 (E.D. Pa. 1971) (PARC), which resulted in a guarantee of free public education for mentally retarded school-age children. Pursuant to that order, the Department of Education (Education) and DPW jointly issued a document, dated October 24, 1973, entitled General Guidelines for Transferring State School Education Programs to Intermediate Units (Guidelines). Its prefatory language states that the Guidelines constitute an agreement between the two departments to the transfer of the affected education programs for school-age children from the jurisdiction of DPW to that of Education.*fn1
At the time of the implementation of the Guidelines, no collective bargaining agreement between the Commonwealth and the union had been signed; the union did not even obtain certification as a bargaining unit from the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board until April, 1973. It is apparent from the language of the preamble and the lengthy quasi-titular statement preceding it, that the Guidelines, a unilateral management personnel policy, were specifically developed to effectuate the transfer of functions, personnel, and jurisdiction of the education of school-age children between the departments. Indeed, Section
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 2188]
.0 of the Guidelines makes clear that the instruction of "above-school-age" handicapped individuals would remain the responsibility of DPW.
The personnel policies published in the Guidelines, including the controversial provisions giving affected employes designated for transfer to an Intermediate Unit a choice of
4.1.1 Resigning and accepting a 10-month Intermediate Unit contract at a salary commensurate with his qualification and experience but no less than the gross DPW salary he would be making in the period beginning September 1, 1973, and ending June 30, 1974; or --
4.1.2 Making a 'paper' transfer to the program jurisdiction of the Intermediate Unit while remaining in his current DPW Civil Service classification, pay range, benefit package, retirement plan and 12-month employment status
are patently limited in scope to those employes who, because they work with school-age children, would be affected by the PARC consent order.
The bargaining unit, on the other hand, apparently consists of instructors of both school-age and non-school-age individuals. The record contains a memo from the Director of Labor Relations, Office of Budget and Administration, to the Executive Director of the Labor Relations Board, dated prior to the certification, in which the unit is described as containing "several classes of employees who have responsibility for the education and training of mentally retarded children." The memo additionally states that the "transfer of responsibility (from DPW to Education) will affect approximately 70% of the employes in the
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 219]
proposed Instructional Non-Tenured unit." It would be possible to deduce from that information that the remaining 30% of the employes in the unit, not being affected by the proposed transfer, are instructors of non-school age individuals. However, the scope of appellate review does not encompass the tentative deduction of necessary facts from an incomplete record, since there may well be other reasons why 30% of the members would not be moved.
II. Discussion
The Court perceives from the award of the arbitrator, which makes separate provision for the furlough of individuals working with school-age children and with adults, that employes within both divisions of the unit must be*fn2 among the grievants, who apparently all contend that they should have been given the Option choices, supra.
In upholding the grievances, the arbitrator found that certain language in the Annual Leave section of the collective bargaining agreement, relating to "option 2 of the 'Procedures and Policies for Transferring State School Education Programs to Intermediate Units'" (Guidelines), incorporated into the bargaining agreement the entire aforesaid document. He inferentially made the provisions of the Guidelines in their entirety*fn3 applicable to all members of the bargaining unit. The Commonwealth has appealed that determination, alleging that the award of the
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 220]
arbitrator does not draw its essence from the collective bargaining agreement, and is not rationally derived therefrom, because it impermissibly adds to, subtracts from, or modifies the terms of the agreement.
Because much of the factual basis for the suit has not been made clear to this Court, we cannot make a rational determination that the arbitrator did, or did not exceed the scope of his authority*fn4 to derive his decision from the agreement. It is axiomatic that the arbitrator cannot so re-write the Guidelines, which predated the collective bargaining agreement, that he unilaterally broadens its clear language to include members of the bargaining unit who patently do not fall within its parameters. However, since neither this Court nor the arbitrator*fn5 knows whether any impermissible modification*fn6 has occurred, we hereby remand the case for the addition to the record of the evidence necessary to resolve specific questions concerning (1) whether the bargaining unit includes employes who function as instructors of mentally handicapped individuals other than school-age children, and (2) in which division of the bargaining unit each grievant can accurately be placed.
[ 64 Pa. Commw. Page 221]
And Now, this 21st day of January, 1982, the decision of the arbitrator in Labor Arbitration Proceedings between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the American Federation of Teachers/ Pennsylvania Federation of Teachers, Local 1830 AFT, AFL-CIO, issued February 19, 1981, is hereby vacated. The case is remanded to the referee for proceedings not inconsistent with this Opinion.
This decision was reached prior to the expiration of the term of office of Judge Palladino.
Decision vacated. Case remanded.
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text:
Cleveland, OH
need new blend air door
The part is really cheap under $20 the issue is the whole dashboard has to come out to do this job. Labor is about 10 hours at most shops you're looking at $1000. I would shop around and see if any shops will give you a deal on it. Just make sure you use a good place because if its not put together correctly the truck will always have issues.
how much will it cost
Need more advice? Ask our experts.
do i have to re-program the anti-theft computer (if i have one) after installing a new key ignition lock on steering collume
The spedometer is reading 120 most of the time and sometimes goes down a little each time you cycle the key is this a cluster problem on this model ?
there is power but the car won't turn over.
The drive gear and 3rd don't work but 1and 2 do can u tel me wat could be the problem
Coolant issues... coolant spewing out of the reservoir... advised its prob the head gasket which I purchased - now coming of the hose on the water pump, so now I need to replace that. Any ideas on ...
My bumper end of my car is pushed in and my bumper cover is pushed off.. how could I get that piece of bumper off my tire?
for a while now maybe 1 year my car doesn't just start up, you have to feather the gas a bit to keep it going. I have gotten use to that. the problem now is that when you are going about 20 to 40 mph ...
It seems my heater/ac is stuck in the heat cycle,because it is blowing out very hot air. Is this something that I can fix. Or what would be the repair cost
installed new plugs, boot-on-plugs, and 2 different coil plates but to no avail


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The names were filed in an affidavit, after a Supreme Court bench headed by Chief Justice H.L. Dattu permitted such filing soon after Attorney General Mukul Rohatgi, representing the Prime Minister Narendra Modi government, raised the matter in the morning.
The government in its affidavit said it has no intention to hold back any information or the names it has received from foreign governments of Indian citizens holding undeclared accounts in foreign banks containing income on which no taxes were paid to the national exchequer. As per some reports, one list has as many as 780 names.
"The intention of the present government is clear and unambiguous. The government is keen to unearth the black money held abroad and for that purpose it will use all diplomatic and legal means and also all investigative agencies to obtain information that can assist in such unearthing." At the same time, the government also sought to make it clear that every foreign account held by an Indian overseas may not be illegal, even as all names cannot be disclosed till such time it has evidence of wrongdoing.
The affidavit also said one of the first tasks after the Prime Minister Narendra Modi government took charge was to set up the Special Investigation Team (SIT) on black money in tax havens abroad, as had been asked for by the apex court.
The government application sought the modification of the court's earlier order directing it to disclose all the names of the Indian citizens that it had received from German tax authorities in March 2009 who were holding accounts in LGT Bank in Liechtenstein.
From among those named, Dabur was the first to react for Pradeep Burman. "We wish to state that this account was opened when he (Pradip) was an NRI, and was legally allowed to open this account," a Dabur spokesperson said in a statement.
Pankaj Lodhiya denied holding any Swiss bank accounts and claimed that he had disclosed whatever he had to say to the Income Tax authorities. He also said he was shocked to see his name coming in the government list.
Reacting for her company, Goan mining magnate Radha S. Timblo said she needed to study the government's affidavit to the apex court first before commenting, adding she will give her reaction to the apex court. She was named along with her firm's Chetan S. Timblo, Rohan S. Timblo, Anna C. Timblo and Mallika R. Timblo.
The government had told the Supreme Court earlier that it cannot yet reveal the names of all Indians with alleged illegal bank accounts abroad, based on the information it had received information from foreign governments.
This, it had said, was mainly on account of the fact that it cannot afford to break the various treaties with foreign countries on double taxation, and that prosecution proceedings, with proper evidence in hand, had to be initiated first. "Any premature and out of court disclosure of the names of account holders would not only vitiate the investigations, but will enable such account holders to get away with their offences," Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had said. "The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government's approach on black money is doggedly persistent - not adventurist," added Jaitley, a lawyer by profession and also the country's defence minister. Even as the government officially sought to keep the mood quiet, BJP party spokespersons went on an overdrive with one of them calling it a historic day in the illegal money case. There was also some political posturing.
"The government has to answer a lot of questions. There is a reluctance on its part to give out all the names. This shows the government lacks the political will and determination to fulfil its election promises," Communist Party of India (CPI) National Secretary D. Raja said. He said this was crucial since Finance Minister Jaitley had said that some names will embarrass the Congress Party. "What has happened to those names? Why are the names of politicians not being revealed?" he asked.
Congress also joined in with spokesperson Sanjay Jha saying the action Monday was in stark contrast to the BJP's election manifesto that had promised to bring back black money speedily. "The BJP had promised to bring back black money in 100 days if they came to power. During the campaign for general election they had promised people to reveal all names who had put illegal money in foreign banks," Jha told IANS. Senior Congress minister Salman Khurshid said cherry-picking names on the list was wrong and immoral. "The government should disclose all the names on the list to the court as per law," Khurshid said.
India has no official estimates of illegal money stashed away overseas. But the unofficial ones range from $466 billion to $1.4 trillion. Industry did not react, but a day before the affidavit, leading chamber Assocham had Sunday said premature disclosure of names of Indians with allegedly illegal bank accounts abroad will hurt India's battle against black money.


text:
Lance Moore
- Despite loss, Rockets had success in regular seasonThe Toledo Blade
- UT's Woodside added to Watch List for Maxwell AwardThe Toledo Blade
- 2016 Fantasy Football Bust Alert: Carson Palmer, Cardinals' passing game no sure thingCBS Sports
- Ex-Rocket Moore leaves Falcons, retires after 10 seasonsThe Toledo Blade
- Robert Griffin III to start at quarterback for the Cleveland BrownsLA Times
- Lance Moore's retirement soon after Falcons signing prompts Twitter jokesSporting News
- AFalcons wide receiver Lance Moore decides to retireajc.com
- Lance Moore to Falcons: Latest Contract Details, Comments and ReactionBleacher Report
- James Jones is used to the situation he'll enter with ChargersSporting News
- IPizarro: It's Dada's day at San Jose's Anno Domini galleryinsidebayarea.com
- COakland: Shoppers consider options as East Oakland Wal-Mart closescontracostatimes.comSan Francisco
- SLions WR Lance Moore active for MNFscout.com
- TODAY'S GAMEArkansas OnlineNew Orleans
- Saints WR Snead drawing comparisons to Lions' Moorewkrg.com
- SLions WR Lance Moore inactive for TNFscout.com
- Lance Moore Injury: Updates on Lions WR's Ankle and ReturnBleacher Report
- SLions WR Lance Moore exits with ankle injuryscout.com
Frequent names
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text:
Möchtest du als deine Standardwährung festlegen oder nur für diese Sitzung behalten?
Horrible customer service the lady at the front desk was extremely rude. I booked a room for my father that had just driven In from Washington and she refused to give him a room. It was booked and paid for in full and my father ended up leaving and sleeping in his car. Never again
It was in the limits of our business It was loud.
Our stay would have been perfect if we hadn't been assigned a room above the event hall. The music was so loud that the floor was vibrating below us intermittently from 6pm to modnight and we could hear every song, every scream, every time the DJ said something. I wanted to take a bath and knew I wouldn't actually be able to relax. We wanted to watch a movie but had a hard time hearing the television when the music came on. I went to bed early with ear plugs in. We called the front desk several times and they said they were unable to move us and unable to give us a refund so we could check into another hotel. My boyfriend took on the brunt of the conversations and he became super upset. I could feel his blood pressure had gone up when I held his hand. Though unable to offer us a solution they were very generous in their attempts to make our stay a positive one. They comped valet and also dinner at the hotel restaurant. The next morning we were able to enjoy the hot tub and pool. I would definitely stay here again but not on a weekend probably and I would absolutely call ahead of time to make sure there's no large events happening that include a DJ. Very, very loud music at wedding. It felt like our room was above a club.
For cost of hotel they should have free WiFi in rooms
Shower didn't work. Didn't have time to wait around for it to be fixed.
Loved everything especially the spa and personal service.
Loved everything g about it
needed a little getaway and MI did not disappoint more towels at the pool
a most beautiful property. so many artifacts from so many different parts of the world. several restaurants on the property. the staff are helpful and polite. very early in the morning there was work being done outside my room that woke me up and lasted for at least an hour and a half. that was very annoying.
The Mission Inn is a beautiful, historic hotel located in downtown Riverside, Ca. The lobby and restaurants are lovely. The hotel staff is courteous and accommodating. The carpet throughout the facility appeared old and dirty, especially on the stairs behind the registration desk. The rooms definitely need freshening up. NOT what I expected for more than 200.00 per night. I was disappointed.
Staff was amazingly nice and everything made you feel on vacation. I was charged over $200 in "authorization fees" even after I had checked out and when I called to find out what it was for they told me they didn't know and it "should" clear within the next few days.
The room was a nice size. Two things I didn't like about my stay was paying for Internet. And they said I could only have one device on the Internet. I have a smartphone and a computer. It would have helped to both use Wifi. The other thing was they started cleaning the carpets for a room 2 doors down for the room I was in at 8:30 in the morning. Not a big deal but I was trying to sleep in and the machine was right outside my door. It was very loud. However, when I mentioned it upon checking out, they comped the Internet. So it made me feel better.
Very clean, friendly staff, easy access to parking & local businesses. Would definitely stay again.


text:
Arthur Rimbaud. Next up, Visions of Cody by Kerouac
Arthur Rimbaud. Next up, Visions of Cody by Kerouac
rereading Guards! Guards!, by Terry Pratchett because someone said something that reminded me of a quote from it the other day
Human beings make life so interesting. Do you know that in a universe so full of wonders, they have managed to invent boredom? -Terry Pratchett
Sarah Waters "Fingersmith"
Hot-hearted head
hoarding time and space
A single event can awaken within us a stranger totally unknown to us. To live is to be slowly born.
— Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Silence of the Lambs-Thomas Harris
very intense, but good. I can't read more then 30 pages at a time because i have to put it down and absorb what i've just read . It starts at slow but when Hannibal Lecter is introduced, the chapters with him in it are so intense, I love him. But defiently a book you need to focus on, or else you miss something important.
by @magpie
James Herriot's - Cat Stories
Robert B Parker - Ceremony
Currently I'm reading a book about a woman who suffered deeply from schizophrenia but managed to recover and are now a psychiatrist.
Her name is Arnhild Lauveng, and the book is not translated to english, but the title would be something like "Tomorrow I was always a Lion". Even just the title screams epic story.
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour
~William Blake
Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."
~Albert Einstein


text:
Having unwanted fat in numerous locations of your body can have a significant influence on your health and self-esteem. While standard weight loss through exercise and diet plan is an excellent way to reduce weight overall, even the very best exercises can't target problem areas like the belly, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time tested treatment that is utilized to remove excess fat from particular locations of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their preference. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are numerous advantages to this cosmetic procedure, including:
• Right away visible modifications. Unlike traditional weight reduction, liposuction develops modifications that are instantly visible in the body. Some difference is noticeable right away, and the wanted outcomes are usually attained in simply a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic treatment has been performed by knowledgeable cosmetic surgeons all over the world for years and the strategy has actually been fine-tuned over and once again to be safe and reliable.
• Healing time is generally fast. The downtime needed after having this kind of treatment is generally much less than exactly what is needed for other types of cosmetic procedures, consisting of tummy tucks, breast reduction, and more. Individuals who have had the procedure can typically return to work much more rapidly than they prepared for and can return to living a healthy, active lifestyle.
• Weight reduction can be long-term. With the ideal upkeep methods, the fat that was eliminated throughout the liposuction procedure will not return.
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While there many advantages to liposuction, there are obviously a couple of caveats that should be considered prior to making the final decision to move forward with the procedure.
Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having liposuction done, it is necessary to analyze the possible downsides of the procedure and determine if the benefits surpass the dangers in your particular case. Your specialist can help you learn more about the risks related to the procedure and can help you choose if progressing is the best thing for you.
• Complications with general anesthesia. Because liposuction is performed under basic anesthesia, the procedure carries the same risks as other kind of surgery where general anesthesia is used. Underlying medical conditions may increase these threats.
• Unfavorable responses. Bruising, bleeding, and discomfort are all to be expected, however, in rare cases can trigger more considerable issues.
• The possible to acquire the weight back. After having actually liposuction done, it is vital to preserve a healthy diet and workout correctly as recommended by your physician. Failure to do so might cause getting back the weight that was lost or potentially much more.
Although there are risks related to liposuction, for lots of people, the advantages far outweigh them. Inform yourself about the procedure by having in-depth discussions with your surgeon and consider how liposuction has the potential to impact you as a special person. Only you and your surgeon can figure out if liposuction will offer you with the results you are trying to find within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Glen Flora Texas
Laser liposuction is a more recent, minimally intrusive treatment that includes heating the fat cells to melting point and eliminating the melted fat through a small cannula. The treatment is usually done right in your doctor's workplace and is an exceptional choice for people who have less than 500 ml of fat to eliminate from any one area. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary procedure to weight loss in order to sculpt the body you have actually constantly desired.
Contact a Specialist in your Glen Flora Texas today.
If you're thinking about liposuction as a weight reduction solution, it's important that you discuss your desires with a qualified cosmetic surgeon in your location. Your specialist will perform a complete examination and health history survey to figure out if liposuction can benefit you and help you reach your physical and emotional goals. Call today for a consultation and learn more about how liposuction can help you attain the body of your dreams.


text:
- Serving up tradition
- Anne Dichele appointed as Interim Dean of the School of Education
- Got the finals freak outs?
- Dog Finals benefits students by reducing stress levels
- The Chronicle's top ten news stories in 2016
- Women's rugby team takes home second championship
- Women's basketball's upset bid against Michigan State falls short
- Men's basketball beats Marist for first MAAC win
- Men's ice hockey outshoots Union 54-17, but falls 5-2
- Women's basketball stifles Siena, forces 34 turnovers
WRECK: Spring Break Gone So Wrong
What do you get when you mix two Disney child stars, a couple of neon bikinis, and a cornrowed James Franco? No, this is not one of your awkward sexual nightmares; this is Harmony Korine's new film "Spring Breakers." Selena Gomez (post-Bieber, I assume), Vanessa Hudgens (who showed her boobs on the Internet after starring in a children's movie, remember?), Ashley Benson from ABC Family's teen thriller, "Pretty Little Liars," and Rachel Korine (Yes, the director's wife. Awkward.) all star in the in-your-face sexy crime thriller.
Harmony Korine is known to push the envelope, but this envelope seems to be ripped open. The trailer shows the girls hanging out with James Franco, drinking beer, going to court, chilling in their dorm, all in bikinis. As if this trailer isn't annoying enough, just add Skrillex, flashing lights that can, and probably will, induce an epileptic fit, and the words "Spring Break" being said every 15 seconds. I am all about sexy crime dramas, but could you make the trailer a little less obnoxious and strayed from the point? We get it. They're hot now. There's no need for this crazy trailer.


text:
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Free shipping on all domestic orders
Everyone should take an opportunity to hunt down the aurora sometime in their lives! @wheretowillie found a great view!!


text:
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Online Article Directory!
Cash Loans for Unemployed- to get you on your way
We all have our bad spells. Sometimes you are lucky and sometimes the die is loaded against you. And you just need that one break to make it through the lean period, that one chance. But they are not that easy to come by or conjure up and in the meantime you get hungry, the rent has to be paid, the bills to be paid, medical expenses. Every man has to live right? So do you. And in that case, in this waiting period of yours, cash loans for unemployed are your saving grace.
These loans are meant for those who need to just make it through till the next big break. So whether you are job hunting, or starting a new business or switching companies or so on. You can opt for these loans. They are available easily online and are found mainly in two formats.
In the secured version you can take amounts from £500 to £100,000. In return you provide what is called as collateral. That is a form of security that is the same value as the money you wish to receive in the form of a loan. The advantage is that you get amounts that are larger as well as longer periods of repayment time that stretch from 1 to 25 years. Also the rates of interest that are charged are lower.
In the unsecured format you do not have to provide anything other than the basic documentation. But the amounts are lower from £1000 to £25,000 and the rates of interest higher. Also monthly payments are larger as the amount is recovered within the period of 1 to 10 years.
In either format you can look at the various rates and amounts that are being provided. These cash loans for unemployed are easily found online and quite often you will find lender willing to customize a loan for you instead. Also the documentation is little and completed within a short period of time. With so many advantages it is no wonder that these loans are becoming more popular over time and many people have been opting for them.
Joe Harry - About Author:
Joe harry presently associated with loansforunemployeds and writing different topics related to cash loans for unemployed. For more details please visit at www.loansforunemployeds.com
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West Vancouver, British Columbia
- 3 Bedrooms
- 2 Bathrooms
About This Property
This semi-waterfront West Vancouver residence epitomizes West Coast living. Situated on a bluff above Eagle Harbour this home boasts mesmerizing views of the ocean, marina and Eagle Island. Enjoy the views from all principle rooms in the house or from anywhere on the 2300 square feet of decks. The home features an open plan with 2 bedrooms on the main, a family room and lounge. The kitchen, living room and dining area are open to one another. The top floor is reserved for the master bedroom, loft and office. Off the master is a private deck that hosts a very private hot tub. A funicular tram provides easy and unique access to the home and a back trail provides private access to the Seaview Trail for hiking and dog walking.
Request More Information
Presented By
- Team 3000 Realty Ltd. (WVan)
Property Facts
- 2,110 ft2 / 196.02 m2 - Living space
- 1,415.01 m2 / 15,231.54 ft2 - Lot size
- Year Built 1973
- 43 Approximate Age
- $5,141 Taxes Other 2015
ClthWsh/Dryr/Frdg/Stve/DW,Hot Tub Spa/Swirlpool, Adult Oriented,Golf Course Nearby,Marina Nearby,Private Setting,Recreation Nearby,Shopping Nearby


text:
► Watch Movie
Amrit Manthan(अमृत मंथन)
1934- Drama, White and Black
First Indian film, Celebrate Silver Jubilee. The film was produced simultaneously in Hindi and Marathi. story involves a reformist king who bans human and animal sacrifices, and a fanatical head priest who is willing to cut off his own head for a perfect sacrifice.
Director: V. Shantaram
Movie Cast[Top ⇑]
Movie Details[Top ⇑]
Movie Crew[Top ⇑]
Songs[Top ⇑]
Interesting Facts and Trivia[Top ⇑]
Similar/ Related Movies[Top ⇑]


text:
History of Magnum Hops Just a year or two ago, Hallertauer Magnum was the main bittering hop grown in Germany. According to the 2015 Northern…
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text:
Wildlife Sanctuaries In India
National Parks in India
- Bandhavgarh National Park
- Bandipur National Park
- Corbett National Park
- Dudhwa National Park
- Gir National Park
- Kanha National Park
- Kaziranga National Park
- Keoladeo National Park
- Manas National Park
- Nagarhole National Park
- Nandan Kanan National Park
- Ranthambore National Park
- Sariska National Park
- Sunderban National Park
Issacs Hotel Regency
Issac's Hotel Regency is 165 Km from Karipur Airport, Calicut and 110 Km from Calicut railway station. It is a government approved resort and is popular amongst tourist for top hospitality.
At Issac's Hotel Regency guests can choose from a host of accommodations that are categorized under standard, executive and suite rooms. It has 29 well maintained and comfortable rooms all of which are fully air conditioned. These opulent rooms are provided with modern amenities like satellite televisions, telephones and hot/cold water supply in the bathrooms. Other then the rooms the hotel also has provision for dormitory accommodation for about 20 people. The dormitory-style accommodation provides basic comfort at highly affordable rates.
Dining takes place in the air conditioned family restaurant or the roof garden restaurant. The restaurant of Issacs Regency serves lavish Continental, Indian, Chinese and Keralite cuisines. All of the dishes are prepared with fresh ingredients and herbs taken directly from the hotel farm.
Other Facilities
The auditorium cum conference hall of this hotel has a seating capacity of 500 people. Refreshments, prompt services and world class conference facilities are something that tourists look forward to while visiting Issacs Hotel.
Issac's Hotel Regency has an Ayurvedic centre where diagnosis and treatment of various ailments are provided under the guidance of expert Ayurveda physicians.
Fully A/C theatres of Issacs have been named Athulya and Aiswarya and these are equipped with state of the art technology which is excellent for watching movies.
Hotel Isaacs Regency has a beautiful swimming pool with a separate pool for kids.


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Tours Blogs - Fantastic China Travel blog
Walking in Furong Ancient Town
panda Tours
Furong Ancient Town has a local name which is Wang village. This antique beauty town has two thousand year history, it is located in the Yongshun county of the Hmong nationality autonomous prefecture, Xiangxi district. And the new name "Furong town" come from a movie, that movie's name is the same as the new name of the village, and this movie filmed in this village. Therefore they give the vil...
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by James
I carry an altiod candy can regular size, items include:
- mini multi-tool ( it has pliers, knife, file,screw drivers)
- extra bright mini led light with extra batteries
- waterproof matches
- striker
- compass and mirror
- cotton balls
- 4 feet of aluminium foil
- 3-bandages
- 2- alcohol wipes and 1 iodine wipe
- 2-asprin and 2-nonasprin pain relief pills
- 2-gallns worth of water cleaning pills
- 1-medium zip lock sandwich baggy
- small fishing kit, 6-assorted size hooks, weights
- thirty feet of thirty pound line for fishing, snares, shelter building
Comments for Back pocket survival kit
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Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Survival kit tips and advice.


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About Miss-grant Bermudas Singapore
Miss Grant Bermudas Singapore
From S$ 36.00 to S$ 90.00, you can get yourself a decent Miss Grant Bermudas online. There are two main types ofMiss Grant Bermudas, namely a Bermudas. When it comes to color, Miss Grant Bermudas today are most popular in White, Red and Pink. You can get spectacular discounts with up to 79% for Miss Grant Bermudas from iprice! Denim bermudas and Bermudas are the most popular collection of Miss Grant Bermudas. There are more brands you can check out online such as Carhartt, Myths and Dondup if you want more options apart from Miss Grant Bermudas.


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By Leslie Shields, CPC
Do you
remember the words of Dr. Seuss?
Think of
webinars as places you can go. Webinars
have evolved into a key marketing tool.
Webinars are marketing events where you invite prospects and customers
from outside your company to learn about a new product, share in your subject
matter expertise on something important to them, or just find out what makes
you a good fit to work with them.
What's in it
for you? If you effectively plan and execute a webinar you can:
• Generate
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your company's brand awareness
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inside existing customers
• Qualify
prospects and move the right customers to the next stage of the sales process
One more
thought. Webinars offer a number of benefits.
Here are 10 benefits you may want to consider:
Leslie Shields is President of Chevannes
Global, offering consulting and coaching to small businesses. Our
leadership team has over 100 combined years of diverse experience brought from
corporate, government, non-profit and entrepreneurial sectors. What
differentiates us is our unique blendof services from ourown
business evaluation tools to how we coach and strategize to move businesses forward.
Contact Info
Remember Me
Forgot your password?
Haven't joined yet?
12/13/2016IMC NCR: 2016 Annual Holiday Party
12/16/2016IMC Colorado Meeting- December 16, 2016
12/19/2016IMC NorCal 2016 Holiday Party
12/20/2016December C2M Live "When Good Enough Isn't: What You Can Do to Elevate Your Consulting Competency"
1/10/2017Forming Consulting Alliances
6/14/2016Message From The Chair IMC USA Elects Leadership
1/15/2016Welcome back to another great year with IMC USA
5/20/2015IMC USA Elects New Leadership
5/6/2015My Final Blog Post as Chair
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Copyright © 2016 All rights reserved


text:
Details of this Paper
FIN - Determine the NPV
Question;Determine the NPV of the following project for Company X. The project is equally as risky as the company itself. The project will cost $20 million to get running in the first year. The cash flows produced from the project will be:$1M in year 1$2M in year 2$4M in year 3$5M in years 4-10At the end of 10 years the project will end with zero salvage value.The company stock currently has a beta of 1.25 and the expected return of the market is 8%. The company currently operates with 45% debt financing and t-bills are currently returning 4%. The expected return on debt is 6.5%. The company operates in a 35% tax bracket. What is the NPV and should the company invest in this project? Why or why not?
Paper#49358 | Written in 18-Jul-2015Price : $19


text:
Tully's Coffee Closes, 21 Central reopens as Ariana Afghan Restaurant/
This past week saw two big changes in downtown Kirkland -- the closing of Tully's Coffee on Lake Street and the raising of signage for Ariana Authentic Afghan Cuisine located at 21 Central Way (learn more at their Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/ArianaAAC). Welcome Ariana!
Rumor on the street is that a new café or coffee shop will open soon at the Tully's location, just in time for the summer rush.


text:
Release info
Release notes
Custom Formatters 6.x-1.6, 2011-10-08
- #1255738 by scottrigby: Removed $module_name from Features integration.
- #1202930: Added missing help.
- #1181910: Added Label prefix settings.
- #1177584: Fixed issue with Insert and basic Formatters.
- #1173344: Fixed issue with Exported Formatters being exported unnecessarily.
- #1143606 by scottrigby: Fixed issue with Features integration.
- #1140492: Fixed Fieldgroup integration.
- #1103586 by nicholas.alipaz: Added support for Views display and User display.
- #1000164: Fixed issue with disabled formatters showing up on Insert config.
- #957094: Fixed issue with Multigroup formats not being respected.
- #934032: Fixed unsupported operand type issue.
- #895918: Fixed issue with Basic to Advanced conversion.
- #886150: Fixed issue with formatters with identical labels being filtered out.
- #878202: Fixed Features export location.
- #841000: Fixed issue with empty field check.
- Added support for the EditArea real-time syntax highlighter.
- Changed token selector to use token tree.
The selected release is the release that will be used for automated testing. Optional projects are only used for testing.
No required projects
No optional projects


text: I happened to be checking out the merchandise store of my frequent flyer mileage program, and I saw some interesting offerings in the store. Of course, this resulted in a horrible GAS attack . So my question is: Which do you think would be more fun, a Nikon P100/P500(superzoom), or an Olympus XZ1(high-end compact)? Some background about me: - almost 40 years in photography, used everything from box brownie to Hasselblad in the film world, in digital, I have used many different camera types since the beginning of the digital era. My current, most used gear: - Mu-43: G1, GF1, 20mm, 14-45mm, 45-200mm (75% of my current total usage) - apc-c: Nikon D100 - film: Nikons: F4s, F3HP, F2s, Leica M3, plus a huge selection of film lenses from 15mm to 500mm I shoot all genres: cityscapes, landscapes, portrait, abstracts, street. I've never had the pleasure of owning a modern superzoom, and I've been eyeing a high-end compact lately (XZ1, LX5, etc.) Unfortunately, the merchandise store didn't have the LX5, otherwise the decision might have been easier since I have had a positive experience with Lumix :smile:. This new toy would not replace anything. It will just be another tool in the arsenal, so to speak. --Warren


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1993 deaths
Category page
20,040pages onAdd New Page
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"Louise Connor was the wife of Johnny and mother of Aidan and Kate Connor. Their marriage...Louise Connor
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text:
He Did It Himself
I want to tell you something that you need to know, It happened a two thousand years ago, There was a man in the middle that died you see, and he did it so the entire world could be free, He suffered very much for me and you, He said, "Father forgive them, they know not what they do".
He raised his head to say a solemn prayer, and the whole world stopped right then and there, The planet grew dark from twelve to three, He was the perfect sacrifice, you see, All the angels in heaven couldn't understand, what made God do what he did for man,
He expressed His love for you and me, when He led us by the hand to Mt. Calvary, which is harder to say ..... I can't, or I can ..? Make up your mind .., you double minded man, what neede to be done, you couldn't buy it with wealth, so God came down and did it himself, He clothed Himself with humanity, and took on the world, singlehandedly.
Father God had a brand new plan, and made it true through a brand new man. satan shrieked, "it's a mysterious plot", but what God started, no one could stop, He promised that He would bring us through, and by His own word ..... He did it too, He shed His blood to make us free, to be with Him for all eternity.
More by this Author
- 5
"Whoever does the will of God is my brother and sister and mother." Mark 3:35 CSB Of all the institutions in the earth, 'Family' is among the most misunderstood....
Comments 14 comments
I love this. It is humbling that God even finds us flawed human beings worthy of the gift.
Grace - an unexpected gift for no reason. Truly it is that.
And you put it beautifully. I love this Hub, thank you~
beautiful is the only word i can think to say at this moment. love this one also.
Very nice poetry. Great hub.
This is a good one to me as well. Thanks for this hub!
Thank you Cristina327 and Patty for your comments.
Amen, Wehzo.
This is beautiful and the bible is such a beaufiful book. There
are so many poignant verses to read regarding Jesus and especially
the relationship he had with his father. Can I ask a question or you
finding your self "new" in spirituality or have you always been~smile?
good one..I see more are going to their old poems like me... It is fun and the difference is obvoius..isn't it? I believe as you do and know Christ will come again..sooner then we think... Great reminder of Our Savior...G-Ma :O)
This is a beautiful tribute to the act of the Atonement by our Savior. Let us all remember to apply it to our lives. Thank you.
Beautiful and inspiring to someone who has lost their way
Thank you Peter, G-Ma Johnson,NightFlower, In The Doghouse and MoralsEthics1960. I appreciate all of you for being open minded and willing to look at different perspectives to the same truth.
I always glorify Jesus, for his sacrifice


text: Yes its out people. Glassy egde, more details on my site found below Please Register or Log in to view images Can be used with most wallpapers, also the PSD files of the icons are added to the 'Extra' folder to create your own lcons if needed. Download+more details and how-to install@ my site. http://mn-themes.t83.net/ Btw its in ChrisB's repo the source is found at my site aswell. Thank you for looking


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[edit] Background
Prepare yourself for the most emotionally involving and realistic football management game in history: Championship Manager 4 has arrived.
Can you cope with the challenges of the league and the expectations of the board and fans? Can you deal with the demands of players and agents? Or will you collapse under the pressure, another mid-season casualty?
Accept the challenge: take the reins at the club of your choice and lead your squad onwards. And remember you're only as good as your last game.
[edit] Features
- The brand new game in the massively successful Championship Manager series
- With 39 national leagues, and more than 200,000 players and staff, the world of football lies at your fingertips
- Transfers, tactics, training, coaches, scouts and the crucial match: there is no more complete and accurate football management game!
- Brand new 2D match view lets you see exactly where your tactics succeed or fail
[edit] PC Hardware Requirements
Intel P3 600MHZ or equivalent
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text: Take Flight, LLC is a clothing brand founded in 2008 in Portland, Oregon that makes custom apparel for fans and practitioners of Parkour all around the world. The creation of this company contributed to the growth of Parkour worldwide.The company is currently endorsed by athletes including David Belle., Pavel Petkuns, and Shaun Wood. Take Flight has a team know simply as the Flow Team. They also have an International Team who sponsor the label. Members of the Take Flight Pro team consist of Ruslan Dzhavadov, age 23, Pavel a__Pashaa__ Petkuns, age 20, and Shaun Wood, age 24. Take Flight also endorses younger and less expireienced athletes known as the Street Team. This team consists of athletes like Keegan Swirbul.


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Does any one know where to get hacked p1 roms for neogeo games so you can play as the bosses.
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hacked roms
Started by brice , Dec 07 2003 05:40 AM
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text:
Orange And Pepper Salad
|Sweet red pepper
|1 , cut into 1/2 inch pieces
|1 Small, peeled and cut into 1/4 inch slices
|Black olive
|1 , pitted and chopped (Imported)
|Orange juice
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Chopped fresh parsley
|1 Tablespoon
|Chopped fresh rosemary
|1 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
|Grated orange rind
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Coarse black pepper
|1 Pinch
In a medium bowl, combine the red peppers, oranges and olives.
In a small bowl, whisk together the orange juice, parsley, rosemary, honey, orange rind and black pepper.
Pour the dressing over the salad and toss to coat.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 172 Calories from Fat 11
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 1 g2%
Saturated Fat 0.26 g1.3%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Sodium 19.2 mg0.8%
Total Carbohydrates 40 g13.3%
Dietary Fiber 8.3 g33%
Sugars 29.3 g
Protein 4 g7.1%
Vitamin A 117.3% Vitamin C 481%
Calcium 12.8% Iron 12.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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News, PC, Previews, PS4, Videos and Trailers, Xbox One
June 13th, 2016
by Dustin Chadwell
There's a whole lot of worthwhile things to see in last night's Bethesda showcase.
Continue reading »
Tags: bethesda, doom, e3 2016, fallout 4, fallout shelter dishonored, pc, ps4, quake champions, the elder scrolls online, the elder scrolls V: skyrim special edition, xbox one
December 7th, 2016
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© 2016 Gaming Age.
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How to Create a Free Website & Free Domain
To create an Internet presence on the World Wide Web, you need a website that is the vehicle for displaying the information and a domain name that provides an online location, such as "http://www.mydomain.com," where the website lives. Typically, you need to purchase these items; however, you can find many providers on the Internet that allow you to create a free website and secure a free domain name when you sign up for an account with them.
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Create a Free Website
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Decide on the features that want your website to have. For instance, do you require website templates that you can use and edit for your site, do you need advanced blogging capabilities to promote your pages or do you prefer a host that does not impose their advertising logos on your documents? If so, look at Webs.com, Weebly.com and Wix.com to browse the extensive designs available. Research WordPress.com, Blogger.com and LiveJournal.com to look into the capabilites of these blog site providers. Further, Weebly.com is a free provider that does not put any marketing materials on your pages. Lastly, be sure to look for the "Features" link on each provider page to get a complete listing of all the benefits available to you.
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Read every provider's specific "Help" page to make sure you understand the terms of the free website, such as not posting any adult material. Further, you can get answers to common questions, such as how to get help with your site, to understand the provider's specific processes.
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Use the chosen website provider's "Sign Up" button or similar to create your account and follow the prompts to enter the required data, such as password and email address, in the spaces provided.
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Look at free domain providers like CO.NR and ShortURL.com to read about their processes and capabilities. In addition, read through any terms of service pages to make sure you understand the conditions that allow you to retain this free domain. For example, most hosts do not tolerate spamming and may disable any accounts that do this using the domain.
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Discussion in 'Customization Requests' started by HONDACIVICKID, Feb 13, 2008.
can someone make me a mestal mulisha theme please.
That would be cool...or how about D4...bomb squad or something.
i have a meatl mulisha theme now if somone will make it a repo ill give it out let me kno if ur up to it
Separate names with a comma.