text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 30, 1993
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 1992
|Priority date
|Oct 15, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Antonello Marega, Andrea Gabrielli
|Original Assignee
|Calzaturificio Tecnica Spa
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (32), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a tongue for the anatomical liner of a rigid-shell ski-boot of plastic or similar material.
Tongues of the type in question are already known and it is also known that they consist of a front portion made of rigid material, such as plastic for example, intended to engage with the internal wall of the boot, a padded portion being applied to the rear of said front portion and being intended to engage with the user's leg, in particular with the shin and zone surrounding it.
In this way, when the boot is put on, its flaps close over each other, being secured by the usual clamping levers, and the front flaps of the anatomical liner correspondingly move towards each other, the said liner being arranged inside the boot into which the user inserts his/her foot, the instep of which is duly enclosed by the aforementioned flaps which partially overlap the abovementioned tongue.
Tongues of the conventional type, while performing in a satisfactory manner the function assigned to them, i.e. principally that of protecting the user's shin, nevertheless possess drawbacks which mean that they are not yet entirely reliable or satisfactory in terms of their use.
The abovementioned drawbacks are all due to the fact these tongues consist of a single-piece body in which the padded part is fixed completely to the rigid portion, so that their thickness remains that established by the manufacturer. A common experience in the area of ordinary footwear as well, is that frequently two persons will ask for the same model of shoe and the same size, but whereas the shoe will fit one person perfectly, it may cause considerable problems for the other person such that he or she will discard that particular type of shoe.
In fact the two abovementioned parameters are not determining factors at all when choosing a shoe since the shape of foot may vary considerably from one person to another.
The abovementioned drawbacks obviously also occur in the case of ski-boots and in fact they are accentuated precisely on account of the particularly use of this type of footwear, i.e. mainly for competitive purposes where the foot is subjected to a considerable amount of stress so that the boot must not be uncomfortable at all for the wearer and at the same time must possess good stability characteristics.
A tongue for the anatomical liner of a rigid-shell ski-boot which is able to overcome all of the abovementioned drawbacks has now been devised and forms the subject of the present invention.
It is therefore one of the main aims of the present invention to provide a tongue as defined above, the particular and original design of which enables its thickness to be modified according to the shape of the user's foot, in particular the zone in the region of the shin.
Another not insignificant aim of the present invention is to provide a tongue of the type in question as a result of which the modifications referred to above may be performed by the user him/herself according to the specific requirements which may arise in each case when using the boot.
The present invention therefore relates to a tongue for the anatomical liner of a rigid-shell ski-boot, consisting essentially of a front part, made of rigid material, intended to engage with the internal wall of the boot and a rear part, generally padded, intended to engage with the user's leg, which is characterized in that between said front and rear portions there is provided a substantially longitudinal recess designed to receive filling material and/or elements for modifying the thickness of the tongue, there being provided moreover means for securing said filling material and/or elements inside the recess.
The characteristic features as well as the advantages of the tongue according to the present invention will appear more clearly from the following detailed description of two of its non-limiting embodiments, with reference to the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the tongue in its position during use, provided with a removable insert;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the tongue of FIG. 1 with the abovementioned insert almost entirely removed;
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view with the tongue of FIG. 1 partially removed;
FIG. 4 is a view of only the rear part of the tongue along the section IV--IV of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a view of only the rear part of the tongue along the section V--V of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a partially exploded, schematic, perspective view of the second embodiment of the tongue according to the invention;
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a possible modification of the insert according to FIGS. 1 to 3; and
FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a further possible modification of the abovementioned insert.
With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, the first embodiment of the tongue according to the invention will now be described.
With reference first of all to FIGS. 1 to 3, the tongue according to the present invention has overall a shape of the conventional type, i.e. is substantially wide at the top end, narrower towards the bottom end and then wide again at this bottom end with a width less than that of the top end.
The tongue consists of a front part or portion, denoted in its entirety by 10, made of rigid material, such as plastic or the like, and a rear part or portion, denoted in its entirety by 12, which can be defined generally as tongue padding. In reality it will be seen that the part 12 is more precisely a composite or composable portion, it being possible for it to be structured in different ways for example with zones with a varying degree of padding and/or zones with reinforcing elements or finally with padding which can be varied and/or modified. All these aspects will obviously be clarified in the continuation of the present description.
Both the part 10 and the part 12 have a cross-sectional shape which on the whole is of the conventional type since both are concave on the side facing the user's leg against which in particular the rear part 12 must adhere. The front part 10 is therefore convex at the front so as to engage with the opposing wall of the boot.
The material from which the front part 10 is made is known per se and generally is a plastic such as, for example, polyethylene of suitable rigidity. From the aforementioned figures in particular it can be seen also that, according to the invention, applied to the top end of the part 10 there is a central strip 14 consisting of temporary fixing means such as, for example, a Velcro type fastening (a textile mechanical hook and lock arrangement), the strip 14 of which may for example constitute the "furry" half of the said fastening.
The part 10 is provided finally in a known manner, at its bottom end, with a hole 16 for applying a screw or a rivet for fixing the tongue to the anatomical shoe not shown.
According to one of the main characteristic features of the tongue according to the present invention, the said tongue is not a single-piece body as in the case of tongues of the conventional type but, on the contrary, the front part 10 and rear part 12 are separate from one another and connected to each, for example by means of stitching, only along a part of their contour as indicated by the stitching line 18 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 which ends at 20 and 22, before reaching the top end of the parts 10 and 12.
As a result of the above design, the parts 10 and 12 define in the tongue a substantially longitudinal recess 24 which is partially visible in the cut-away zone of FIG. 1 and the entry end of which is denoted by 26 in FIG. 1 and 2.
The aforementioned recess 24 is intended to receive in general filling material for modifying the thickness of the tongue. Furthermore, depending on the particular design of the tongue and the type of material used, it will be possible to modify simultaneously the degree and/or type of padding and/or the thickness of the tongue.
In this embodiment the filling material which is inserted into the recess 24 is in practise intended to modify the thickness of the tongue. From the aforementioned figures it can be seen, in fact, that a substantially flat bar-shaped insert 28 is introduced into the recess 24, the length of which is slightly greater than that of the recess 24 such that its top end projects from the same.
This end of the insert 28 has formed in it a transverse slit 30 designed to allow a strip 32 to pass through, which strip forms the second element of the Velcro fastening referred to above and consists, for example, of the "hooked" half of the said fastening. As can be seen in particular from FIGS. 2 and 3, the rear end 32a of the strip 32 is fixed in any known manner, for example by means of glueing, to the rear part 12 of the tongue. The strips 14 and 32 therefore enable the insert 28 to be secured inside the recess 24 as can be seen in particular in FIG. 1 which shows how the strip 32, after passing through the slit 30 of the insert 28, is able to be easily applied to the strip 14. FIG. 7 also shows a possible advantageous modification of the insert 28, whereby it has more than one slit 30 through which the strip 32 is able to pass, in particular three slits, 30, 30a and 30b located one above another for example. This makes it possible to vary the amount by which the insert 28 is introduced into the recess 24, by passing the strip 32 through one slit rather than another. By introducing the aforementioned insert to a greater or lesser extent, the tongue can be adapted to the particular contour of the foot's instep.
A further possible modification of the insert 28 can be seen in FIG. 8 which illustrates its bottom end having formed in it a weakening (or perforated) line 28a which allows the said user to shorten the insert 28 by removing a strip portion of insert 28, as shown in FIG. 8. It is obvious that there may be more than one weakening (or perforated) line.
However, it is obvious that any other securing means, for example snap-engagement buttons or the like, could be used as an alternative to the Velcro fastening envisaged in the example of embodiment considered. The material from which the insert 28 is made may consist of a known moldable material, such as plastic or the like, such that its shape can be adapted perfectly to that of the user's leg.
With reference now, in addition to FIGS. 1 to 3, to FIG. 4 as well, it can be seen that the rear part 12 of the tongue has a rear coating or lining 34 and a front coating or lining 36 joined together at their perimeter for example by means of a stitching 37. A shaped insert 38 made of a plastic such as polyethylene or the like is fitted internally and is combined in any known manner with the linings 34, 36. Said insert 38, in the example considered, has two thicker portions 40 arranged in a substantially symmetrical position with respect to an essentially vertical median line and two portions 42, which are also thicker, essentially in the shape of a triangle with curvilinear sides, they too being arranged symmetrically with respect to the aforementioned vertical median line. As can be seen in particular from FIG. 1, the portion 42 define a seat 44 for the top end of the insert 28 in the secured position.
The shaped insert 38, like the insert 28, may also be made of moldable material such as plastic or the like.
From FIGS. 3 and 5 it can be seen that a shaped anatomical padding 46, having substantially the same shape as the corresponding part of the front portion 10, is fitted between the lining 34 and 36, beneath the insert 38. The padding 46 is made of a foam-like material known per se, the density of which may vary from case to case. The padding 46 is extended at the top and at rear of the shaped insert 38 by a layer of foam-like material 48 so as to soften the pressure exerted by the shaped insert 38 on the user's leg.
The shape of the shaped insert 38 as well as that of the anatomical padding 46 and the provision of the layer of foam-like material 48 are to be regarded as being only examples of embodiment of the rear part 12 of the tongue, and the possible variations thereof must be regarded as an indication of the numerous constructional designs of the tongue.
The second embodiment of the tongue according to the present invention will now be described, with particular reference to FIG. 6.
This variation of embodiment is particularly interesting since, as a result of its design, the tongue may be assembled, as and when required, by the user him/herself. The manufactured is therefore able to sell the tongues in the form of an assembly pack or kit.
In the aforementioned Figure the elements which are the same as those in preceding figures are indicated by the same reference numbers.
It can be seen that, in this embodiment, the front part 10 is still the same as that of the first embodiment, while the rear part 12 consists of a single lining 34 which, in this case also, together with the front part 10 defines the recess 24.
50 and 52 illustrate, schematically and by way of example, two inserts which may both consist of spongy material, or one of which may be spongy and the other one made of plastic, and which are designed to be introduced into the recess 24 as indicated by the arrows F of FIG. 6. The shape of the inserts 50 and 52, as shown in this figure, is purely indicative for the sake of simplicity of the drawing, this shape having to be adapted in each case such that the insert fills the recess 24 completely. Obviously the number and type of the inserts to be introduced into the aforementioned recess will vary from case to case, depending on the thickness and the degree of packing of the tongue. Advantageously the manufacturer will be able to sell the tongue in an assembly pack containing a greater number of inserts than strictly necessary such that the same assembly pack is able to satisfy the requirements of a greater number of users. Furthermore the user, as a result of the above expedient, will be able to vary the structure of the tongue as required. Securing of the inserts 50, 52, in this case also, is performed by joining the strips 32 and 14 and obviously the height of the inserts must be equal to or slightly less than the length of the recess 24. The advantages arising from the tongue according to the invention are obvious and may be summarised as follows: the versatility of use of the said tongue, the possibility of modifying or diversifying its structure and its adaptability to a wide range of customers.
Finally it is obvious that structurally and conceptually equivalent variations and/or modifications may be made to the tongue according to the present invention without departing from the protective scope of the invention itself.
It is obvious, for example, that, in the case of the first embodiment also, it is possible to envisage the possibility of introducing padding material into the aforementioned recess in place of the insert 28.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 23, 1927
|Nov 18, 1930
|Lurella Harper
|Tongue for shoes
|Sep 8, 1939
|Jun 3, 1941
|Teehan John F
|Apr 6, 1959
|Dec 8, 1959
|Brown H H Shoe Co Inc
|Safety shoe with instep guard
|Mar 29, 1961
|Feb 16, 1965
|Fesl Franz
|Sports boot closure construction
|Oct 18, 1963
|Nov 15, 1966
|Dassler Adolf
|Sport shoe
|Oct 6, 1980
|Feb 8, 1983
|Mcf Footwear Corporation
|Construction of tongue for shoe or the like article
|Jul 25, 1983
|Dec 23, 1986
|Kangaroos U.S.A., Inc.
|Shoe with gusset pocket
|Oct 14, 1987
|Feb 21, 1989
|Kangapoos U.S.A., Inc.
|Reversible shoe tongue
|Nov 10, 1988
|May 1, 1990
|Calzaturificio Tecnica Spa
|Dynamic inner lining shoe for boots
|Aug 18, 1989
|Sep 11, 1990
|Fagan Nancy L
|Identification system for footwear
|May 23, 1991
|Dec 29, 1992
|Calzaturificio Tecnica Spa
|Inner lining shoe for boots
|Title not available
|Oct 30, 1968
|Feb 10, 1977
|Josef Lederer
|Ski boot giving additional pressure on ski - has hinged saddle piece in front of ankle with elastic area in front of shin
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 15, 1994
|Jun 6, 1995
|Emrick; Steven C.
|Shoe sole wiping pad
|Jan 3, 1995
|Feb 13, 1996
|Dolomite S.P.A.
|Article of sport footwear, in particular a ski boot
|Jul 20, 1995
|Jul 15, 1997
|Tecnica Spa
|Tongue for internal shoes of ski boots
|Oct 6, 1998
|Aug 1, 2000
|In-Stride, Inc.
|Tongue for footwear
|Dec 7, 1999
|Mar 26, 2002
|The Burton Corporation
|Tongue stiffener for footwear
|Jun 12, 2000
|Jun 4, 2002
|Mcatee Bradford
|Shoe tongue accessory
|Jan 12, 2001
|Feb 18, 2003
|K-2 Corporation
|Snowboard boot with removable upper support
|Feb 11, 2003
|Aug 30, 2005
|K-2 Corporation
|Snowboard boot with removable ankle supports
|Jul 12, 2007
|Feb 22, 2011
|Randy Neihoff
|Cover for a shoe tongue
|Sep 28, 2010
|Feb 26, 2013
|Ober Alp S.P.A.
|Ski boot, in particular alpine ski boot
|Nov 18, 2010
|Mar 25, 2014
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with tongue of varying thickness
|Jan 27, 2014
|Feb 10, 2015
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with tongue having holes
|Dec 30, 2010
|Sep 1, 2015
|Sport Maska Inc.
|Skate boot tongue
|Oct 31, 2012
|Jan 12, 2016
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with customizable stiffness
|Dec 8, 2015
|May 24, 2016
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with customizable stiffness
|Jul 11, 2013
|Oct 18, 2016
|Nike, Inc.
|Article with adjustable stiffness tongue
|Jul 11, 2013
|Oct 25, 2016
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with adjustable stiffness
|Feb 11, 2003
|Jun 26, 2003
|K-2 Corporation
|Snowboard boot with removable ankle supports
|Aug 12, 2003
|Feb 17, 2005
|Eddie Chen
|Boot with adjustable fitting
|Sep 28, 2010
|Apr 14, 2011
|Ober Alp S.P.A.
|Ski boot, in particular alpine ski boot
|Apr 30, 2009
|Mar 1, 2012
|Selle Royal S.P.A.
|Sport footwear having an outsole in composite material and process for obtaining the same
|Nov 18, 2010
|May 24, 2012
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of Footwear With Tongue of Varying Thickness
|Dec 30, 2010
|Jul 5, 2012
|Sport Maska Inc.
|Skate boot tongue
|Nov 18, 2010
|Oct 11, 2012
|Bruce Roland Booth
|Method and apparatus for protecting a foot
|Oct 31, 2012
|May 1, 2014
|Nike, Inc.
|Article Of Footwear With Customizable Stiffness
|Jun 25, 2014
|Dec 25, 2014
|Daniel Vincent Zynn
|Footwear device with upper support
|Nov 27, 2013
|Nov 5, 2015
|Vans, Inc.
|Tuning elements for footwear
|Mar 13, 2014
|Feb 4, 2016
|Cifosport Licensing, S.L.
|Weighting device for footwear
|Apr 12, 1999
|Oct 20, 1999
|La Sportiva Spa
|Insert for a tongue of a mountain shoe and a device to make the use if it easier
|Dec 7, 1999
|Oct 29, 2003
|The Burton Corporation
|Tongue stiffener for footwear
|Aug 24, 2005
|Mar 15, 2006
|Deeluxe Sportartikel Handels GmbH
|Shoe, in particular mountain or trekking shoe with tongue having adjustable stiffness
|Jan 10, 2002
|Aug 1, 2002
|K-2 Corporation
|Snowboard boot with removable forward support
|U.S. Classification
|36/54, 36/117.6, 36/50.5, 36/132
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 30, 1992
Owner name: CALZATURIFICIO TECNICA SPA, ITALY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:MAREGA, ANTONELLO;GABRIELLI, ANDREA;REEL/FRAME:006261/0704
Effective date: 19920824
|Mar 27, 1995
Owner name: TECNICA S.P.A., ITALY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CALZATURIFICIO TECNICA S.P.A.;REEL/FRAME:007388/0489
Effective date: 19950126
|Apr 18, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 26, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 30, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 5, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011130


text:
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August 3, 2012
BOROUGH OF DOWNINGTOWN AND COUNCIL OF THE BOROUGH OF DOWNINGTOWNv.FRIENDS OF KARDON PARK, ANN M. FELDMAN, MARION UNGRICH, EVELYN HOPKINS, PROGRESSIVE HOUSING VENTURES, LLC, J. LOEW & ASSOCIATES, INC., KIM MANUFACTURING CO., STEWART HALL, L.P. AND COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, ATTORNEY GENERAL APPEAL OF: THE BOROUGH OF DOWNINGTOWN, PROGRESSIVE HOUSING VENTURES, LLC, AND J. LOEW & ASSOCIATES, INC.
Argued: February 15, 2012
BEFORE: HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, President Judge HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Judge HONORABLE RENEE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
OPINION BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH
The Borough of Downingtown (Borough), Progressive Housing Ventures, LLC (Progressive), and J. Loew & Associates, Inc. (Loew) (collectively, Developers) appeal from the October 7, 2010, order of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County, Orphans' Court Division (trial court) denying the Borough's Petition for Approval of the Sale of Real Property (petition). We vacate and remand.
In July 2006, the Borough issued a Request for Proposal to develop approximately 51.7 acres of land owned by the Borough (Property), of which 27.8 acres are located in East Caln Township (Township) and 23.9 acres are located in the Borough. The successful respondent is a joint venture by Developers, who entered into an agreement with the Borough in 2007, with subsequent amendments, to convey for development approximately 40.5 acres with 305 residential dwelling units, 40 "live over work" rental units, and 20,000 square feet of commercial space.
The land to be developed is composed of the following five parcels. Parcel UPI No. 11-4-23 consists of 7.6 acres partly located in both the Borough and the Township. The Borough acquired this parcel by purchase from Kathryn Meisel in 1962. This parcel is wooded and contains two man-made ponds known as Second and Third Lakes, which are part of the original millrace system that was fed by the Brandywine River. The proposed plan would retain this parcel as parkland.
Parcel UPI No. 11-4-13 consists of 6.8 acres in the Borough and was
acquired in 1968 for recreation, conservation, and historical purposes
pursuant to Act
70.*fn1 This parcel was released from the Act 70 deed
restrictions by the General Assembly in Act 29 of 1999*fn2
and would be developed under the proposed plan.
Parcel UPI No. 40-1-23.1 consists of 14.3 acres in the Township and was acquired by purchase from Downingtown Paper Company for $12,000 in 1968 under Act 70 for recreation, conservation and historical purposes. Another man-made pond, known as Fourth Lake, is located on this parcel. In 1984, a paved walking, jogging, and biking trail known as the "Lions Trail" was installed and bisects the southern portion of the parcel. Legislation is pending to release this parcel from the Act 70 deed restrictions. The proposed plan would retain a portion of this parcel as parkland and another portion would be developed.
Parcel UPI No. 11-4-14.2-E consists of 7.4 acres in the Borough and was acquired by condemnation on December 5, 1974, for park and recreation purposes pursuant to section 2702 of the Borough Code.*fn3 Likewise, UPI No. 11-4-14 consists of 4.3 wooded acres in the Borough and was acquired by condemnation on June 30, 1977, for park and recreation purposes.*fn4 Both parcels would be developed under the proposed plan.
Beginning in the 1930s, the parcels west of UPI No. 11-4-23 (the first parcel that was purchased from Meisel) were privately owned and used as a quarry. When this use ended, the exposed cavities were filled in with industrial waste byproducts and municipal waste. On October 5, 1978, the Borough held a ceremony to "dedicate" as "Kardon Park" the 12 acres of UPI Nos. 11-4-14.2-E and 11-4-14 that had been acquired by condemnation. The Borough intended for Kardon Park to serve as a passive recreational park rather than an active park. The ponds in the park have been historically used for fishing in the warmer months and for ice skating in the winter. In 2004, a public monument known as the Victims of Violence Memorial was erected, and a public ceremony is held annually to honor victims of crime.
The Borough began planning to develop the Property in the early 1990s and applied to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) for clearance under Act 2*fn5 to use the Property as a passive park and for commercial development. In 1999, the Borough had Golder Associates conduct site specific analysis for contaminates in the Property's surface soil, subsurface soil, and groundwater. Golder issued a report that identified a layer of "historic fill," composed of iron slag, metal, paper and wood products, and plastics, as thick as 2 to 12 feet that covers nearly the entire property to the west of the existing ponds. The fill area encompasses a volume of greater than 250,000 cubic yards and contains benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic, iron, lead, mercury, and vanadium. Golder prepared a cleanup plan which proposed the continued recreational use of the eastern portion of the Property and commercial uses for the contaminated area. The report found that the risks to both park users and groundkeepers due to direct contact with contaminants in the surface soil were within limits established by DEP. Golder conducted surveys establishing that 77% of the recreational use of the Property is for walking, running, jogging, biking, skating, and skateboarding on the trails, and that the recreational use was predominantly by adults for about ten minutes or less.
In 2008, in conjunction with the proposed plan, Advanced GeoServices performed a review of the original risk assessment. In its report, Advanced GeoServices found that exposure to the collective concentrations of arsenic, iron, and mercury on the Property posed an unacceptable risk to park users. On August 6, 2008, DEP approved Advanced GeoServices' new cleanup plan that was integral to the proposed development. The cleanup plan involved installing a "cap" over the contaminated areas of the Property to be developed for residences.
The Borough has amended its zoning ordinance and approved a conditional use application for the proposed development of the Property. Under the agreement, the Borough will receive a percentage of the sale of each dwelling unit and will receive funds to provide for another public use, most likely the construction of a new firehouse.
Friends of Kardon Park (Friends), Kim Manufacturing (Kim), Stewart Hall, L.P. (Stewart Hall), Ann M. Feldman, Marion Ungrich, Evelyn Hopkins, and Rosetta Tootle (Residents) (collectively, Objectors) oppose the sale.*fn6 On January 30, 2009, Friends and Residents filed an equity action against the Borough and Developers seeking declaratory and injunctive relief prohibiting the Borough from selling the Property for development. Likewise, on February 6, 2009, Kim and Stewart Hall filed an equity action seeking the same relief.
On March 27, 2009, the Borough filed the instant petition with the trial court seeking approval to sell the Property under the agreement. In the petition, the Borough alleged that the trial court had jurisdiction under the Inalienable Property Act,*fn7 the Dedicated or Donated Property Act (DDPA),*fn8 or the common law public trust doctrine*fn9 and sought approval of the sale under the Inalienable Property Act or the DDPA; in the alternative, the Borough requested a finding that court approval was not required because the DDPA does not apply to the sale of purchased or condemned property. By order filed June 9, 2009, the trial court consolidated the equity actions filed by Objectors in the Civil Division with the instant action on the petition filed by the Borough in the Orphans' Court Division.
At trial on the petition, the Borough argued that pursuant to section 6 of the DDPA,*fn10 the DDPA does not apply to this matter because the parcels comprising the Property were acquired by purchase or condemnation. The Borough also argued that even if the DDPA does apply, section 4 of the DDPA*fn11 permits a municipality to request permission of the trial court to sell property held in trust when the municipality determines that the original use is no longer practicable or possible or has ceased to serve the public interest. *fn12 Friends and Kim argued that the common law public trust doctrine was applicable, not the DDPA, and, further, that the Borough did not meet its burden under the statute to convey the Property.
However, the trial court determined that the DDPA applies in this case, and not the public trust doctrine, based on our Supreme Court's decision in In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. 484, 992 A.2d 75 (2010). (Trial court op. at 12) The trial court pointed out that in In re Erie Golf Course, the Supreme Court found that the DDPA incorporates the "salient common-law principles" of the public trust doctrine and held that, "[t]o the extent the [DDPA] modifies the public trust doctrine, the prior common-law principles are superseded." (Id. quoting In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. at 503-04 n. 16, 992 A.2d at 86 n.16). The trial court also recognized that under In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. at 504-06, 992 A.2d at 86-88, the essential discretion lay with the trial court, not the municipality, to determine whether the requirements to sell dedicated or donated property have been met under the DDPA; therefore, appellate court deference is due to the trial court. (Trial court op. at 12-13.) Accordingly, the trial court framed the issues as: (1) whether the Property was dedicated, formally or informally; and (2) whether the original use of the Property is no longer practicable or possible or has ceased to serve the public interest. (Id. at 13.) The trial court determined that, if it concluded that the Borough did not meet its burden under the DDPA, it then had to determine whether the Borough could obtain relief under the Inalienable Property Act. (Id.)
With respect to the DDPA, the trial court found that substantial evidence supported a finding that the ponds, the paved trails, and the area surrounding the Victims Memorial were all dedicated to and accepted by the public for its use and, given the fact that the public has been given access to the entire Property, the less-visited contaminated areas have also been dedicated to public use. (Trial court op. at 16.) The trial court also concluded that the Borough did not meet its burden of showing that the parkland use of the Property is no longer practicable or possible due to the past contamination of the site. (Id. at 16-22.) Instead, the trial court determined that: (1) there was no significant evidence that it was impossible for the public to use any portion of the Property throughout the years; (2) regardless of the levels of contamination, the paved trails and the area around the Victims Memorial continued to serve the public interest; and (3) the area west of the Lion's Trail was also used by the public for biking and other activities. (Id.) The trial court specifically rejected the Borough's assertion that it is necessary to sell the Property because the Borough does not have the funds to clean up the contamination. (Id. at 21.) As a result, the trial court held that the Borough did not have the authority under the DDPA to sell the property for private development, citing In re Erie Golf Course and In re Estate of Ryerss. (Id. at 21-22.)*fn13 Accordingly, the trial court denied the Borough's petition and the Borough and Developers filed this appeal.*fn14
On appeal from an order of an orphans' court, this Court's scope of review is limited to determining whether the record is free from legal error and whether the orphans' court's factual findings are supported by the evidence. In re Estate of Ryerss, 987 A.2d at 1237 n.12. Thus, our scope of review is quite narrow. In re Estate of Schram, 696 A.2d 1206, 1211 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 550 Pa. 712, 705 A.2d 1313 (1997). As the trier of fact, the trial court resolves conflicts in the evidence presented and its findings, if supported by competent record evidence, are entitled to the weight of a jury's verdict. Id.
In the present appeal, the Borough and Developers claim that the trial court erred in determining that, pursuant to the DDPA, the Borough did not have authority to sell the Property for private development. More specifically, they contend that the Borough is free to sell the parcels obtained by condemnation under section 301(a) of the Code*fn15 because they have been used for the purpose for which those parcels were condemned, i.e., as parkland, for the requisite period under the Code and that neither the DDPA nor the public trust doctrine restricts the Borough's power to dispose of the Property. With respect to the remaining parcels obtained by purchase, the Borough and Developers allege that the trial court erred in failing to find that the Property may be sold pursuant to section 4(3) of the DDPA because its continued use as parkland is impracticable and does not serve the public interest due to its contamination. Because the Borough obtained the parcels comprising the Property through various means at different points in time, we will consider the Borough's and Developers' claims with respect to each of the parcels seriatim.
Parcels UPI 11-4-13 and 40-1-23.1
The trial court made the following specific findings with respect to parcels UPI 11-4-13 and UPI 40-1-23.1 in disposing of the Borough's petition. Both of these parcels were acquired in 1968 with Act 70 funds for recreation, conservation, and historical purposes. (Trial court op. at 4, 22.) The General Assembly released parcel UPI 11-4-13 from the Act 70 deed restrictions by Act 29 of 1999, and it would be developed under the proposed plan. (Id. at 4) Legislation is pending to release parcel UPI 40-1-23.1 from the Act 70 deed restrictions. (Id.) A portion of this parcel would remain as parkland and another portion would be developed under the proposed plan. (Id.)
However, the trial court failed to consider the application of Act 70 in disposing of the Borough's petition under the DDPA. As noted above, section 20(b) of Act 70 provides, in pertinent part, that "[n]o lands acquired with funds made available under this act shall be disposed of or used for purposes other than those prescribed in this act without the express approval of the General Assembly.." 72 P.S. §3946.20(b). Thus, the public trust doctrine does not preclude the sale of parcel UPI 11-4-13 to Developers because, although this parcel was purchased with Act 70 funds, the General Assembly's subsequent enactment of Act 29 of 1999 permitted its conveyance. As this Court explained in Pilchesky v. Rendell, 932 A.2d 287, 290-91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007):
[T]he respondents are correct that the common law public trust doctrine does not apply in light of the legislative enactments concerning the Complex. The General Assembly acted pursuant to its authority under Art. VIII, Section 15 of the Pennsylvania Constitution in enacting [Act 70], and it approved the acquisition of the property under that Act. Because the General Assembly acted in the first instance under its constitutional authority (in adopting [Act 70]), and in the second instance acted pursuant to its authority under the Act (approving the transfer of the property), we conclude that the second amended petition fails to state a claim against the Senate.
Because the DDPA incorporates the "salient common-law principles" of the public trust doctrine, In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. at 503-04, 992 A.2d at 86, the DDPA likewise may not prohibit the sale of this parcel because the General Assembly, through Act 29 of 1999, specifically authorized its conveyance to Developers.*fn16
With respect to the conveyance of parcel 40-1-23.1, section 20(e) of Act 70 states that "[t]he Commonwealth of Pennsylvania may specifically enforce the provisions of this requirement by application to a court of equity or may invoke other remedies deemed appropriate under the circumstances." 72 P.S. §3946.20(e). Thus, this Court has repeatedly held that only the Commonwealth, and not private citizens, can initiate proceedings to enforce the restrictions relating to the use of parcels purchased with Act 70 funds for recreation, conservation, and historical purposes. See White v. Township of Upper St. Clair, 799 A.2d 188, 199 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002); Humphreys v. Cain, 477 A.2d 32, 35 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984); Quirk v. Schuylkill County Municipal Authority, 422 A.2d 904, 905 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1980). Moreover, at a minimum, the provisions of Act 70 and the DDPA must be considered together in determining whether either of these parcels can be conveyed by the Borough under the agreement. Avery v. Commonwealth, 276 A.2d 843, 844 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1971).*fn17
Because the trial court did not consider the application of Act 70 to the instant proceedings, we will vacate its order with respect to the sale of parcels UPI 11-4-13 and UPI 40-1-23.1 under the agreement, and remand for the trial court to consider the provisions of Act 70 in disposing of the parties' claims with respect to these parcels. As we explained in Gubernick v. City of Philadelphia, 481 A.2d 1255, 1257 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984):
[O]rdinarily, questions not properly raised below will not be considered by this Court on appeal. However, when an issue which the Court sees as paramount is not addressed by the parties, it will not decide the case sua sponte but will allow the parties an opportunity to address that issue. We therefore remand this case to the common pleas court for determination of which law controls and disposition of the [plaintiffs'] position in accordance with that law.." (citations omitted).
See also section 706 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. §706 ("An appellate court may affirm, modify, vacate, set aside or reverse any order brought before it for review, and may remand the matter and . require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances.").
Parcels UPI 11-4-14.2 E and 11-41-14
The trial court also made the following specific findings with respect to parcels UPI 11-4-14.2 E and 11-41-14. The Borough acquired both of these parcels in the 1970s by condemnation for park and recreation purposes. (Trial court op. at 4-5.) Both of these parcels would be developed under the proposed plan. (Id.)*fn18
As noted above, section 310(a) of the Code provides that "[i]f a condemnor has condemned a fee and then abandons the purpose for which the property has been condemned, the condemnor may dispose of it by sale, lease, gift, devise or other transfer" so long as it has been held for at least 10 years and is undeveloped or has not been substantially improved, or for at least 21 years and is undeveloped or has not been substantially improved and has been used for agricultural purposes. 26 Pa.C.S. §310(a). In addition, in order for an abandonment to occur, there must be an intent to abandon the condemned property coupled with external acts to achieve that end; mere non-use or lapse of time is not an abandonment. Miller v. Department of Transportation, 498 A.2d 1370, 1374 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985); In re Appeal of Moyer, 468 A.2d 536, 537 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983). Moreover, the question of whether property has been abandoned is generally for the trier of facts. See, e.g., Lawson v. Simonsen, 490 Pa. 509, 518, 417 A.2d 155, 160 (1980) ("Accordingly, we hold that while the Penn Central abandoned the easement, it has not been shown that it also abandoned the track, equipment, and other personalty placed upon the easement. The question of whether property has been abandoned is generally for the jury to decide.") (citation omitted).
The trial court did not make any factual findings regarding how long the Borough held the parcels following their condemnation or the Borough's purported abandonment of the parkland use for the parcels, nor did the trial court consider the application of section 310(a) of the Code or whether the DDPA would still apply in light of section 310(a)'s provisions permitting the sale of previously condemned property that is held for the prescribed period of time.*fn19
Thus, we will also vacate the trial court's order with respect to the sale of parcels UPI 11-4-14.2 and UPI 11-41-14 under the agreement, and remand for the trial court to make necessary findings and to consider the provisions of section 310(a) in disposing of the parties' claims with respect to the sale of these parcels. Gubernick; section 706 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. §706.
Parcel UPI No. 11-4-23
The Borough acquired this 7.6-acre parcel by purchase from Kathryn Meisel in 1962. The parcel is wooded and contains Second and Third Lakes. Under the development plan, this parcel would not be developed but would be dedicated as parkland. (R.R. at 0376a, 0378a, 0383a.)*fn20 In addition, this parcel would not be sold to Developers under the agreement. Rather, under the agreement, the Borough would grant Developers "[s]uch free, uninterrupted perpetual and/or temporary (as applicable) easements over, under and through" this parcel as required to: (1) construct improvements or perform work on the parkland as required by any approved conditional use or subdivision or land development plans, or other governmental approvals; (2) construct or extend utilities to serving the development on the adjacent parcels; (3) discharge storm water from the adjacent developed parcels into the ponds; and (4) maintain improvements necessary for the maintenance of common amenities on the neighboring developed parcels. (Id. at 1552a.) Because the easements that the Borough conveyed are ancillary to the uses on the other parcels, we will also vacate the trial court's order with respect to the easement for parcel UPI 11-4-23 under the agreement, and remand for the trial court to consider the easement in light of its disposition of the parties' claims regarding the sale of the other parcels and to determine whether the construction, maintenance and utility easements as well as permission to discharge storm water into the two lakes are inconsistent with the use of the parcel as parkland.*fn21 Gubernick; section 706 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C.S. §706.
Accordingly, the trial court's order is vacated and remanded and Stewart Hall's and Kim's motion to dismiss this appeal is denied.
: No. 2392 C.D. 2010
Borough of Downingtown and Council : of the Borough of Downingtown : v. : : Friends of Kardon Park, Ann M. : Feldman, Marion Ungrich, Evelyn : Hopkins, Progressive Housing : Ventures, LLC, J. Loew & Associates, : Inc., Kim Manufacturing Co., Stewart : Hall, L.P. and Commonwealth of : Pennsylvania, Attorney General : : Appeal Of: The Borough of : Downingtown, Progressive Housing : Ventures, LLC, and J. Loew & : Associates, Inc. :
AND NOW, this 3rd day of August, 2012, the October 7, 2010, order of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County, Orphans' Court Division, is vacated and the matter is remanded for proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion. Stewart Hall, L.P.'s and Kim Manufacturing Company's Motion to Dismiss Appeal for Mootness is denied.
Jurisdiction is relinquished.
PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
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Various industry groups continue to work together to alleviate the workers' compensation crisis in California. Current contracts held by about 300 trainers in the state were set to expire March 1.A meeting in Northern California was scheduled for Feb. 25 between representatives from the California Horse Racing Board, California Thoroughbred Trainers, and the Thoroughbred Owners of California, among others. The TOC reported that some trainers met Feb. 24 at Santa Anita Park to discuss the matter.CHRB chairman Alan Landsburg appointed a committee to discuss the situation with the California insurance commissioner's office.Legion Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania informed policyholders, which make up the majority of racing stables in California, their premiums would not be renewed. Workers' compensation rates have jumped about 80% the past three years.In California, trainers cover jockeys and exercise riders under one policy. Because of that, "all of the industry is considered high-risk," said Charlie Dougherty Jr., deputy director of the CTT.Dougherty said the CTT had attempted to work on a joint program with racetracks, but it didn't work out. Now, he said, the "momentum is going again for us to put together a program. I think the racetracks realize we're reaching a crisis stage."Trainers can obtain coverage through the State Fund, but those costs are higher than those of Legion.
California: Solutions Sought for Worker's Comp Crisis
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Skip to comments.F-35B Short Takeoff/Vertical Landing Variant Ship Suitability Testing (Video)
Posted on 11/05/2011 8:07:52 AM PDT by lbryce
The F-35B short takeoff/vertical landing variant completed ship suitability testing aboard the USS WASP (LHD-1) off the coast of Virginia in October 2011. Combined, F-35B test aircraft BF-2 and BF-4 accomplished 72 short takeoffs and 72 vertical landings during the three-week testing period.
Wow! Watching the F-35B land vertically on an aircraft carrier, take off in an amazingly short distance is a sight to behold. The only problem is the way too intrusive, overwhelmingly annoying, monotonous background music.
Click on pic for past Navair pings. Post or FReepmail me if you wish to be enlisted in or discharged from the Navair Pinglist. The only requirement for inclusion in the Navair Pinglist is an interest in Naval Aviation. This is a medium to low volume pinglist.
The more things change, the more they stay the same. I remember the first tests to see if a B-25 could take off from a carrier was done off the Virginia coast.
They then trained at Eglin AFB.
I think the same thing applies to the F-35, not sure if the original ac was the Wasp but it could have been.
Very cool!
God Bless the USA.
This could explain a lot of UFO sightings.
True that. I would have preferred to hear what this bird sounds like when it hovers in or takes off.
Great! Ya Know, libs say they are "progressive" because they want same sex marriages. I say conservatives are progressive because they design progressive jets such as these. While the libs are still packing poopers, conservatives build things
That looks far more manageable and safer than how plans take off and land on carriers tosay, especially in bad weather.
Peace through strength bump.
New tagline ...
Amazing video. What a difference 50 years of technology makes. A Harrier always looked like it was balancing on top of a beach ball. The F-35 is rock solid in hover.
I'm surprised they used one front lifting flap on top, rather than two side lifting flaps on top. It looks like it would snap off if not lowered in time on a quick take off.
I think it was originally designed with side opening doors but they had an airflow problem so it was redesigned. About halfway through the video you can see some side opening doors behind the rear hinged door open up.
It's all about getting air to the fan.
You're right though, it looks like that main door will be stressed a lot over the plane's lifetime. There's probably a software limiter so it doesn't open above a certain airspeed.
Great... Eliminate the Departments of Commerce, Education, Interior, the EPA, The BATF, HUD, Fannie & Freddie, and many
do-nothing paper pushers at the DOD.
There.. fixed it... Now you can afford to buy the F-35.
Sounds like a plan.
1. Why when landing does the plane come alongside, then slide over the deck, as opposed to approaching directly frorm astern?
2. I understand why CVNs go to max speed during air ops..( to increase airspeed over the deck) ..but during VL recoveries, does the carrier all but slow down? Is it safest to land on a stationary deck?
A couple of reasons. If the defecation hits the oscillation during approach, as could occur during landings of the AV-8As and AV-8Bs, you don't want the deck to get fouled if the bird crashes. Punching out over the water makes for a safer recovery of the pilot. Also, in rotary wing flight ops aboard LHAs and LHDs SOP is to approach the ship from an oblique angle. Since an arrested landing isn't a consideration pilots are paying close attention to the flight directors - yellow shirts. 50 years of rotary and VTOL flight ops at sea has allowed NAVAIR to hone their craft.
2. I understand why CVNs go to max speed during air ops..( to increase airspeed over the deck) ..but during VL recoveries, does the carrier all but slow down? Is it safest to land on a stationary deck?
The syllabus as conducted on the Wasp included wind conditions from 5 knot tailwinds to 30 knot headwinds. One might think that a stationary deck would be the safest to recover on but that isn't necessarily so since sea conditions won't always allow a stationary deck and wind conditions at sea are dynamic not static. The testing on the Wasp confirmed what they've been seeing in the simulators and at PAX River; the F-35B is extremely stable across a wide spectrum of conditions.
Navy Sees Few Anomalies in F-35B Ship Trials
Oct 31, 2011
By Amy Butler
Onboard the USS Wasp
Within sight of the Virginia coast, the USS Wasp amphibious assault ship has been circling since the beginning of the month in a 20 X 20-mi. box quietlyuntil nowmaking history as the host of the very first sea trials of the Lockheed Martin F-35B, which is designed for short-takeoff-and-vertical-landing (Stovl) operations for the U.S. Marine Corps.
Only miles inland, in Washington, Pentagon officials and lawmakers continue debating the fate of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program, whichas the single most expensive planned Pentagon procurementis perhaps the most vulnerable to funding cuts, in light of deficit talks.
But, last week before wrapping up the first developmental test period for the aircraft, the U.S. Marine Corps and F-35 Joint Program office broke their silence on the testing and invited a handful of reporters onto the amphibious assault ship for a firsthand look. The limited results that have been released have largely indicated no major anomalies. But, it is unclear whether testing progress can save not only the F-35B but the entire nine-nation program as customers scramble to secure funds for their development and purchasing commitments amid mounting national debts.
Only a year ago, test aircraft BF-1 was stuck on the ground related to repairs and the failure to produce the vertical landings needed to clear the envelope for the remainder of the test fleet; this bottlenecked progress with other Stovl test aircraft and earned the variant an on probation status by former Defense Secretary Robert Gates.
With a dearth of test data, the Marine Corps at the time was arguing in favor of the program based largely on faith that Lockheed Martins projections and the companys models would prove valid. Now, however, the service has a windfall of data from work this year as well as from these inaugural ship-based operations. In defending once again against killing the Bthe most expensive of the F-35 variantsthe service now plans to lean on knowledge rather than faith.
The trials were designed to test basic integration of the F-35B with the LHD-class ships; Marines plan to house up to six F-35Bs on the ships to provide air support for activities at sea and during assault landings. Thus far, officials have conducted more than 60 vertical landings and short takeoffs (STO) here.
They have also determined that the B has better deck and hangar-handling qualities than the AV-8B, the aircraft the JSF will replace on these decks, says Capt. Brenda Holdener, the Wasps commanding officer.
Testing experts at NAS Patuxent River, Md., are combing through data to explore the thermal dynamics on the ship. Test officials are keenly interested in understanding how the Pratt & Whitney F135 engine, and its hot exhaust, as well as the Integrated Power Pack affects the deck itself and impacts operations.
The vertical landing approaches mirror those used by the AV-8B, says Marine Corps Col. Roger Cordell, director of test and evaluation for the F-35B as well as the C designed for aircraft carrier use. He says that pilots initially approached from stern to bow and crossed over above the deck at a 90-deg. angle. Only after ship operators were comfortable with pilots skills were they able to begin cutting that angle to 45 deg. Harrier pilots use both angles.
Although in land testing the F-35B pilots often conduct hovers around 100 ft., Cordell says that on deck they have narrowed that down to 40 ft. It is counterintuitive, but the airplane has a less harsh environment hovering at 40 ft. than it does at 100 ft., he says. Land-based, we did most of our hovers at 100 ft. to avoid kicking up rocks . . . and then we worked our way to a reasonable height for the ship. During descent, the aircraft is set to reduce its altitude by 7 fps.; officials say they will eventually experiment with that number to widen the envelope.
Lt. Col. Matt Kelly, the lead F-35 test pilot at Patuxent River, originally a Hornet pilot, says that his first time conducting a vertical landing on an L-class ship was with the F-35B. The challenge is not am I going to get my aircraft onboard, he says. The challenge really becomes 'can I put my nose tire in a 1 ft. X 1-ft. square box where I want to on the deck. That is really a testament to the flight controls and the tools that pilots have.
Kelly acknowledges that the deck motion does impact landing operations, but the control law you have is so good, you can compensate.
Thermal impacts to the ships deck have been a concern leading up to these trials. Though formal data havent yet been analyzed, Tom Briggs, the integrated test team engineering lead at Patuxent River who is helping to oversee the ship trials, says the aircraft is performing as predicted by the models in terms of heat ingestion on the ship. Officials had been concerned that the F-35B would reingest its own hot exhaust, impacting performance of the propulsion system and potentially damaging hardware. There are no such performance impacts thus far, Cordell says. We feel like we are running where we intended to crawl.
Additionally, there is nothing mysterious about the thermal qualities of the F-35B on the deck, says Ansis Kalnajs, a test director for Naval Sea Systems Command who is leading the effort to study the aircraft impacts on the ship.
Pilots and crews were qualified in Harriers in advance of the F-35Bs arrival Oct. 3.
Prior to that work, the ship received a number of standard modifications, such as a new aft non-skid deck coating in parking spots 7-9, Holdener says. The remaining spots on deck appear lighter in color owing to the aging of the deck.
Also, in a square on spot 9, Navy officials laid a new material called Thermion, which is expected to require less upkeep while withstanding the same temperatures as the existing formula. The impacts of F-35B vertical landing operations can be studied on the Thermion as part of these trials.
The yellow tramline used by pilots as a target for the nose gear upon landing was moved roughly 38 in. outboard on the Wasp to accommodate the wider wingspan of the F-35B. Officials also removed a WSC satellite antenna, some life rafts and a missile launcher, and shielded other equipment to reduce the potential of harming sensitive electronics on the aircraft; this was done for testing only.
Though vertical landings are quite similar to those of the Harrier, the STO operations do vary for the F-35 owing to the different lift qualities of the F-35s stealthy, supersonic-capable design. For testing on the Wasp, the nozzles and control surfaces actuate with 225 ft. of runway remaining on deck, creating an angle of attack and allowing for the wings to produce enough lift for takeoff from the deck, Cordell says. The Harriers rotation line is at the bow, owing to its wing design creating the required lift without the corresponding angle-of-attack change. Cordell says that the testing equipment at the ships bow has also not detected any problems with the F-35s nozzle clearance as it takes off.
Pilots were qualified using the heart of the Harrier wind envelope. During testing they have expanded that up to a 30-kt. headwind, 10-kt. crosswind and 5-kt. tailwind. Pilots report good handling qualities, Cordell says.
The goal for STO testing was to establish the wind envelope for at-sea performance of manual settings on the aircraft. There are three methods for takeoff: manual (pilot pulling back on the stick); using a button that actuates the nozzle at the rotation line; or auto STO, which places the aircraft at a known distance from the rotation line. In this auto setting the aircraft will actuate automatically when the pilot reaches that rotation line. Cordell says pilots were able expand the scope to experiment with the auto-STO mode.
Tests have been conducted on the ship by BF-2, designed for flight sciences and BF-4, optimized with a data-collecting pod in the weapons bay, for mission systems. During the Oct. 18 visit, BF-4 conducted two VLs and two STOs. BF-2 had returned to the beach at Patuxent River for undisclosed repairs and checkout, Holdener said. Earlier in testing, BF-2 also underwent repairs related to a fuel leak. Several repairs have been conducted on the ship, according to Briggs.
Among them was the replacement of a flat tire, which required an aircraft to be hoisted on jacks in the hangara first for the F-35 program. Incidentally, Briggs says the aircraft are using tires at a slower rate while on deck than during testing at Patuxent River. There, maintainers were replacing tires faster than expected in crosswind conditions.
Maintainers also replaced a testy upper lift fan door actuator on BF-4 while on the ship, Briggs says. The aircraft was down for this repair midday Oct. 16 and back flying Oct. 18. BF-4 suffered another problem with this actuator shortly after reporters left the deck. And, BF-2 returned to the Wasp late on Oct. 18. Overall, repairs havent gotten worse out there [than at Pax], Briggs says.
Rear Adm. Kevin Scott, commander of Expeditionary Strike Group 2, says lessons from the Wasp trials could eventually inform F-35C carrier-based testing.
Ground-based trap landing continues by the team at Patuxent River. Briggs says the team is exploring a new tailhook design, as the existing model is not catching the arrested landing wire.
Conducting the Wasp trials was one of five goals for which F-35 prime contractor Lockheed Martin can earn fees in 2011; in 2010 the company earned only $7 million of $35 million in available fees (AW&ST Oct. 3, p. 30). The Marine Corps intends to declare initial operational capability for the F-35B in 2015; the original plan was 2012 and was later slipped to 2014. After the U.K. opted to forgo the F-35B, the Marine Corps and Italy remain its only likely customers.
One more query, if I may:
Article says that this plane seems to have better "deck and hangar handling qualities" than the Harrier it is replacing.
What actually are these. The Harrier is smaller, would seem therefore easier to move about the ship. Also, aren't they towed on deck and in hangar? Again, thanks
My brother was an insurance adjuster in the '80s and had to make visits to Eglin as the Zoomies were always wrecking their cars. He said that at one of the landing strips, you could still see the white lines that simulated the end of the carrier's deck and Doolittle's B-25 pilots had to be airborne before crossing that line.
Yup..makes a lot of sense..thanks..
This effectively disperses the fleet air wing to every vessel in the US Navy. Outstanding achievement Gentlemen.
The pilot's name under the left side of the canopy shows the rank as Lt. Col. I'm presuming the pilot is a USMC officer?
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Hotel Mazatlan
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Hotel Mazatlan in Mazatlan, you'll be near the beach and minutes from La Gran Plaza Mall and El Cid Country Club Golf Course. This hotel is within close proximity of Plaza de Toros and Sea Shell City Museum.
Make yourself at home in one of the 63 air-conditioned guestrooms. Cable television is provided for your entertainment. Conveniences include complimentary bottled water and blackout drapes/curtains.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a business center, and coffee/tea in a common area.
Hotel Facilities
- Business center
- Total number of rooms - 63
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Tours/ticket assistance
Room Facilities
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Air conditioning
- Private bathroom
- Free bottled water
- Cable TV service
- Television


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Ricotta Cheese Scones
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 15 mins
My husband likes ricotta cheese a lot, so I came up with this recipe .. You won't believe how light these scones are .. Next time I will sub lemon juice for the milk, and grated lemon rind for the cinnamon ..
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄2 cup light ricotta cheese (or regular)
- 1 egg
- 1 tablespoon nonfat milk (or regular, cream .. etc)
- 2 teaspoons cinnamon
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1⁄2 cup white sugar
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1⁄2 teaspoon baking soda
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 cup shortening
For dusting
- sugar
- cinnamon
- Preheat oven to 350F degrees, and spray a baking sheet with non-stick cooking spray.
- In a small bowl, combine ricotta cheese, egg, milk and cinnamon.
- Mix well with a fork until well combined and not very lumpy.
- (Do not mix until all lumps disappear).
- In a large bowl, combine flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda and salt.
- Cut in shortening until mixture resembles coarse cornmeal.
- Stir in cheese mixture lightly, then combine quickly.
- Be careful not to overmix, knead no more than 10 times.
- You may need to add another tablespoon of milk depending on your flour, dough should be slightly sticky and shiny.
- Place on the baking sheet, and pat into 3/4 inch thickness.
- Cut round into 6 wedge-shaped pieces.
- Move scones so they are not touching, and dust with sugar and cinnamon.
- Back 15-20 minutes, or until browned.
Most Helpful
too much flour, consistency is not right, cup and a half of flour at most is probably a better bet.
WOW....these are delicious scones. I was reluctant to use shortening. I love to bake with butter, just because I love the flavor it adds. But, I decided to give the shortening a try and they came out PERFECT! Light and tender. I did refrigerate the shortening before cutting it in and only used 1 1/2 cups of flour. I did bake mine about 1/2 an hour. I think my oven temp is off. I know I'll make these again. Thanks so much for posting the recipe.
I ha dnever made scones, but had some ricotta cheese to use up and didn't want to make yet another Italian dish. These are very tasty!


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Gov. Scott Walker signs his 2013-2015 State Budget, during a signing ceremony at Catalyst Exhibits in Pleasant Prairie
Today's Paper, also known as the e-Edition, is an online replica of the printed newspaper. You can view today's paper or previous issues.
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- Worldwide Rank #92,566,853
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.19
- Daily New Followers 0
Sonia Ducharme Twitter Stats
@00FluMp00 - Tracking Sonia Ducharme Twitter profile since September 8, 2012
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@00FluMp00 has 25 followers on Twitter.
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1 Page
A Comparison of The Things They Carried and A Clockwork Orange
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Pages: 1
Word Count: 406
Category: English
Word Count: 406
Pages: 1
The Things They Carried vs A Clockwork Orange The two stories A Clockwork Orange and The Things They Carried both demonstrate Free Will and Grace In both stories groups of people do things in certain ways so that emotions can be distorted When men went to war in Vietnam their morals and lives were different from the rest of society In the story A Clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess expresses how the adolescent society of England has much different morals than the mature society In the story A Clockwork Orange Alex and his friends represent the adolescence of that time They show how it is possible to have total free will While not having any Grace This free will that they take advantage of ends up coming back to Alex by getting punished This expresses how one can not practice free will and not have any punishment for bad actions Alex gets caught and is part of a test When out of prison and allegedly cured of his evil it is seen that he still does not have grace His mind is just afraid of committing bad acts Alex doesnt truly experience this because he is seen doing the same acts he did in the beginning This shows that Free Will can given if your actions dont compromise someone elses free will Also to distort Alexs brain to thinking he was doing unmoral acts the nadsat language was used This distorted the action and in turn distorted the option of having grace This also took place in The Things They Carried Through going to war the soldiers were granted the ability to kill without consequence They saw it more as survival than doing bad Their free will was taken away by society They were forced to go to war by being drafted They also distorted this idea just to get by This is expressed in the actual items they carried Through having certain items
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text: Nana Mouskouri - Xypna agapi mou • Music Box • Year : 0 • On demand! (album available 128-320kbs)* 0 Label Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Hide/Show Album Info The Festival de la Canción Mediterránea was born in Barcelona in 1959 and was alive hardly for one decade till its most important sponsor (TVE) decided to apply its funds to the Eurovision festival. However, during that time, important European voices performed in Barcelona. This is the case of an almost unknown Greek singer with intellectual aspect, Nana Mouskouri, who pleasingly surprised us in 1960 with the prized tune Xypna Agapi Mou (Awake, my love).(Note: Another vinyl disks by Nana Mouskouri may be downloaded in Memorias Musicales)(Catalogue): Fontana 466 217 BE (España)(Edition): 1960Cara (Side) 101 Xypna agapi mou / Despierta, mi amor02 To tragoudi tis Khalimas / La canción de KhalimasCara (Side) 203 O Karaziozis04 Mia mera akoma / Un día más The album is currently available for download only with a Premium account. To get a premium account, click here #tags The album code is : ODI85551 You may also like ... Nana Mouskouri - Story - 1990 Nana ... Nana Mouskouri – Spiti mou spitaki mou Nana ... Nana Mouskouri – Chante la Grece Nana ... Nana Mouskouri - 1999 - 20 Beautiful Songs Nana ... Nana Mouskouri - The Farewell World Tour - Live At The Odeon Herodes Atticus (2008) Nana ... Dorit Farkash - Sings Nana Mouskouri (1995) Dorit


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Molded Battery Position Pieces (2) by Calandra Racing Concepts
Calandra Racing Concepts
$1.99 Flat Rate Shipping!
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This is a set of replacement CRC Molded Battery Position Pieces, and are intended for use with the CRC Gen-XL and X10-LE Pan Cars. The plastic battery position pieces are used to position the battery forward or rearward to adjust the weight bias.
This product was added to our catalog on December 1, 2009.


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Wellness / Mental Health / Poetry / Inspiration / Philosophy / Self-Help Notes for the soul - and for the road - since 2003! * See how you can meet poet and film director Jean Mercier in person or on Skype: www.apoemaday.TV (Join or see the page at: https: //www.facebook.com/apoemaday) .." thought-provocative, deeply curious and calmly celebratory, the magic of Mercier's words could certainly change one's life within a year." Ellen Tanner Marsh New York Times Best Selling Author "May poetry find its way to us forever now, wherever we are, because without its magic, we are truly not much of anything." - Jean Mercier. ------ Teachers and Students: The author authorizes the use of this book in your classroom. ------ Ask your library to get it, offer yourself or someone the gift of love, self-help, poetry and positive philosophy all in one with these books! 366 original simple short poems in each book that will touch everybody's heart. IMAGINE SOCIETY: A POEM A DAY, Volume 1 (Compilation from year 2004-2005, 2nd edition, 2013) presents the writings of Canadian Poet Jean Mercier as delivered daily all around the world through the web series Jean Mercier's A Poem A Day co-created by Junichiro Kuniyoshi and Jean Mercier. This Canadian book is printed locally when needed, for prompt delivery by Create Space, an AMAZON.com company. Published by: apoemaday.TV (Canada) ISBN-13: 978-1482745016 ---- (Watercolour on the cover by: Colette Mercier) A message from the author: By ordering my books through Create Space (also an AMAZON company, but partner with the publisher) you also help us more as AMAZON pays us a little more for the reference. Want them all? The author gets a little more when you buy it here on CreateSpace. Find the Volume 1 of this series at: https: //www.createspace.com/4203357, Vol. 2 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4203362 Vol. 3 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4158750 Vol 4 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240078 Vol 5 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240080 Vol 6 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240085 Vol 7 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240093 Vol 8 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240095 Vol 9 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240096 Vol 10 at: https: //www.createspace.com/4240097 Thank you in advance for your kindness. Please leave us comments or write anytime through my Facebook page or by email. I'd love to hear from you!
About MR Jean MercierAt the time of this 2nd edition, Jean Mercier had written an astounding 163 poetry booklets (Series Imagine Society). His films and series for television have been seen in more than 50 countries to date. Among his many clients and broadcasters, we find: Disney Channel (Australia and New Zealand), RTVE (Spain) Television Monte-Carlo, Canal DA and Studio Canal (France), YTV, TVA, TV Ontario, TFO (French Network), The Movie Network, Super-Ecran, The Knowledge Network, Movie Central, Moviepix. Bravo, Cine-Pop, CFCF-12 Montreal, and TLN (Canada), the Israeli Broadcasting Corporation (Israel), Beta Taurus (Germany), B SKY B (UK), and the GoodLife Network (US). The productions of Mr. Mercier have also been distributed in Japan through courses of English as a second language with the Global Learning Channel of Sky Perfect TV, in Korea via EBS (Educational Broadcasting System), Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Indonesia, the Philippines, Bopthuswana, in every country from the Arab World and many other territories from Eastern Europe like the Ex-USSR, Poland, Slovenia, Belarus and Hungary. Some of his titles are also currently available on DVD and can also be found via broadband on demand since 2007 with Amazon.com and since 2013 with VIMEO.COM Mr. Mercier also produced a few music CDs from the soundtracks of his films. He spends most of his time writing and developing new projects. He studied in the Film Production Program at the Faculty of Fine Arts of Concordia University in Montreal. Jean Mercier is Canadian, born in La Tuque in the Province of Quebec in Canada and he now lives in Montreal. To find more about Jean Mercier, or to contact him, please visit us at: http: //www.apoemaday.TV"
Details Book
|MR Jean Mercier
|Data Published
|04 April 2013
|Format Book
|PDF, Epub, DOCx, TXT
|Number of Pages
|114 pages
|Age +
|15 years
Reviews Imagine Society a Poem a Day - Volume 1
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I was suspicious at first when i got redirected to the membership site. Now I'm really excited i found this online library....many thanks Kisses
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so many fake sites. this is the first one which worked! Many thanks
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Just select your click then download link, and complete an offer to start downloading the ebook. If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you.
Kevin Mason
lol it did not even take me 5 minutes at all! XD


text:
85-year old inducted into the Donation Hall of Fame
- WWSB ABC 7 Tampa, FL
- 0
Blood donations affect the lives of many in our community, now, an eighty-five year-old Suncoast man is honored and inducted into the Donation Hall of Fame, for his outstanding commitment and passion for donating more than 145-gallons of life saving blood and platelets.
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Bodies of Evidence: Women, Society, and Detective Fiction in 1990s Japan
University of Hawaii Press, 2004 - Literary Criticism - 196 pages
The publication in 1992 of Miyabe Miyuke's highly anticipated Kasha (translated into English as All She Was Worth) represents a watershed in the history of Japanese women's detective fiction. Inspired by Miyabe's success and the increasing number of Western mysteries in translation, women began writing mysteries of all types, employing the narrative and conceptual resources of the detective genre to depict and critique contemporary Japanese society - and the situation of women in it. Bodies of Evidence examines this recent boom and the ways in which five contemporary authors (Miyabe, Nonami Asa, Shibata Yoshiki, Kirino Natsuo, and Matsuo Yumi) critically engage with a variety of social issues and concerns: consumerism and the crisis of identity, discrimination and harassment in the workplace, sexual harassment and sexual violence, and motherhood. Bodies of Evidence moves beyond the borders of detective fiction scholarship by exploring the worlds constructed by these authors in their novels and showing how they intersect with other political, cultural, and economic discourses and with the lived experiences of contemporary Japanese women.
What people are saying - Write a review
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Selected pages
in Miyabe Miyukis All She Was Worth
Police Work as Womens Work
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
Ando authors Balloon Town become body characters consumption contemporary create crime critical culture depiction desire Despite detective novel detective's Edogawa Rampo female detective female police Frozen Fangs gender genre hard-boiled detective heroine Honma Ibid identity Ikumi investigation Japan Japanese detective fiction Japanese women Kirino Natsuo Kyoko lesbian literary literature lives male Mari Matsumoto Matsumoto Seicho Miro Miro's misuterii Miyabe Miyuki Miyabe's modern Murder in Balloon mystery writers Naoki Prize narrative Naruse Nonami Nonami Asa nostalgia parody particular plot police detective police officer police procedural political popular pornography pregnant problems protagonist rape readers relationship Riko—Forever Venus Riko's sexual harassment Shibata Yoshiki Shinchosha Shinseinen shitamachi Shoko shosetsu social society space story Sue Grafton Takako Takizawa tantei tion tive Tokyo traditional trans translated Ueno Chizuko urban violence Walton and Jones woman women writers women's detective fiction workplace Yamamae Yashiro Yoshimoto Yoshimoto Banana
References to this book
Murder Most Modern: Detective Fiction and Japanese Culture
Sari Kawana
Limited preview - 2008


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TurningVibes is a Global Interactive Training Platform started by experienced industry experts with.. an aim to provide High Quality Online Training in the latest IT.. Technologies. http://www.turningvibes.com
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OTTAWA – The Hamilton Cardinals scored three runs in the top of the second inning and it proved to be enough to grasp their third win of the season, as they defeated the Ottawa Fat Cats 4-2 in the lone game played in the Intercounty Baseball League on Saturday night.
Starter Tim Black earned the win, giving up six hits and one earned run with two walks and six strikeouts over 6 2/3 innings. Matt Fortuna picked up the save, pitching the final 1 1/3 innings allowing just one hit while issuing one walk.
Colin Porter had a pair of hits and a run scored for the Cardinals (3-7), adding a run scored, while Chike Springer doubled and scored a run. Anthony Rizquez singled and drove in a pair of runs.
Starter Brandon Huffman suffered the loss for the Fat Cats (4-6), giving up four hits and four runs – two earned – with three walks and seven strikeouts.
Eitan Maoz had three hits, while Wade Wilson singled and doubled. Cody Mombourquette doubled, scored and drove in a run. Kevin Dietrich and Matt McGovern also added doubled in the loss.
The Cardinals continue with another game in Ottawa on Sunday (June 2) at 1pm. They will finish a three-day series in Ottawa as the home team with a school-day game on Monday.


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2410 E Business 190
Copperas Cove, TX 76522
Is this your business? Claim it now!
|MON 7:30am - 5:30pm
|TUE 7:30am - 5:30pm
|WED 7:30am - 5:30pm
|THURS 7:30am - 5:30pm
|FRI 7:30am - 5:30pm
|SAT 9:00am - 12:00pm
|SUN closed
Additional Contact Information
Fax: (254) 547-4095
Toll Free: (800) 375-6035
by ron , 10/13/2009
this credit union is user freindly and isvery good. the employees are freindly and eager to assist. The loan officers willing to listen and advise. I highly recommend this credit union. I have had nothing but positive responses and services


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HAND SR., WILLIAM L. , 82, a resident of Glen Burnie, MD, went to be with his lord on January 30, 2013.He is survived by his wife, Lola L. (McCleaf) Hand and their children: William L. Hand, Jr. (Beth), Lora L. Eddy (John), Bruce M. Hand (Sandy), and grandchildren:Amanda, Erin, Stacy, Travis, and Scott, as well as two sisters and two brothers and many nieces and nephews. He served four years in the
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Air and then 37 years at Westinghouse as a engineering logistics manager.He served as a committee chairman for the Scouts, president of the Suburbia Civic Association, and "Chief" in the Indian Guides.He was a member and elder of the Harundale Presbyterian Church and of the church's investment club.He enjoyed traveling with his grandchildren and was happiest in the company of his family. A celebration of his life will be held at the Singleton Funeral Home, 1 2ndAve, SW, Glen Burnie, MD, on February 6, 2013, from 3-5 pm and 7-9 pm.The funeral will be held at the Harundale Presbyterian Church, 1020 Eastway, Glen Burnie, MD 21060 at 2 pm on February 7, 2013. Graveside service will be held at the Germantown Church of God Cemetery, 16924 Raven Rock Rd , Cascade, MD 21719 on February 8, 2013. In lieu of flowers, the family requests that memorial donations in Bill's name may be made to the Harundale Presbyterian Church. In consideration of those with sensitivities, please do not wear perfumes or aftershaves to the services.
Published in the Maryland Gazette on Feb. 2, 2013
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Computer manufacturers seem to be making laptops smaller and smaller while simultaneously cramming them full of more features. And desktop computer systems seem to get cheaper and cheaper. So which is right for you? Here are some tips to determine which platform to pick for your business computing needs.
Lock down your budget. It's not a hard and fast rule, but a notebook computer will cost roughly double what a comparably equipped desktop computer would cost. If you are just starting out, or if you are trying to outfit an entire office, your budget may keep you out of laptop land.
If, however, you can afford to go mobile, your investment may pay big dividends in increased productivity. That depends, of course, on what you demand from your work computer.
Develop a shopping list. What are your "have-to-haves" in a computer? If your work is graphics-intensive Web design, graphics, or related fields a laptop's 15-inch LCD screen may not cut it. Of course, you can always plug it in to a fancy external monitor at the office, but make sure the added cost of the laptop is actually going to pay off. If you can only do your work effectively at the office, you may be better off with a desktop.
Of course, this is only one example. There are other categories where desktops will almost always win out: memory, processor speed, peripherals, and so on. If you are leaning toward a laptop, make sure it will actually meet your needs.
Size does matter. Especially with portable computers. The smaller they are, the more expensive they tend to be and the less features they may have. The lightest and smallest laptops, known as ultraportables, are smaller because they have had much of the extraneous hardware stripped out of them. For this reason, ultraportables probably are not a good bet for a combination home/away computer.
The next step up in size (and down in price) is a thin-and-light. These notebooks try to balance size and features, and are excellent choices if you are looking to meet all of your computing needs with a single machine.
Desktop replacement laptops are the biggest and most feature-packed laptops, and can be a good choice if you are not constantly on the go. Because they're bigger, you are probably less likely to lug it with you when you leave the office. And what they lack in portability they make up for in features.
Ergonomics: the hidden cost. If you have ever used a laptop for an extended length of time, you know they are not the most comfortable things in the world. They sacrifice comfort for size, and that can put a dent in your productivity. If you get fatigued after working on a laptop for a couple of hours, you will probably find reasons to get up and do something else. When you are at the office, you can plug in a full-size keyboard and mouse to mitigate this, but there are some people who just can't get used to laptops. Before you buy, test-drive a few and make sure you buy one that agrees with you.
Business is all about balancing costs and benefits, and nowhere is this clearer than in picking a computer. You can get a laptop packed with desktop-type features, but you will pay dearly for it. But if it means dramatically improved productivity for you or for your employees, it very well may be worth it.


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Call 800 499-4810Se habla Español
Call 800 499-4810Se habla Español
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Formally TruNutrition Sciences. Now Body Nutrition! This company was founded to supply the highest quality nutritional supplements to professional, college, Olympic and Armed Forces athletic programs around the world. Whether you belong to a football, basketball, hockey or baseball team, or if you're a member of the Marine Corps, Army, Navy or Air Force, or if you're a recreational athlete seeking a nutritional edge, Body Nutrition supplies the highest-quality supplements available.


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- Product Details
Remember your loved ones in an elegant and heartfelt way with a little help from our Engraved Wooden Heart Tree Decoration - Cross. We know that your friend or loved one will always be in your heart, and this decoration offers a keepsake that can be treasured forever.
This heart decoration has been crafted using high-quality wood, and shaped like a heart for added charm. It even comes equipped with a string for hanging, so it can be displayed on your Christmas tree right away. The decoration would be a lovely way to send your condolences to others, as it offers the chance to immortalise their memory in a unique and elegant way.
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I love her tits and I'd love to shoot my load of come all over them ;-)
I would love to suck them and stick my dick between
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[URL=http://www.sexualforums.com/gallery/photos/do-you-like-her-tits.28875/]Do you like her tits[/URL] by [URL=http://www.sexualforums.com/gallery/authors/cheshire20.69450/]Cheshire20[/URL] on SexualForums


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Obama hopes his lies get him more control over Americans.
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Sorry, Terra, but he's just not that into you.
Well, we all have our disappointments in life. For example, I'm deeply disappointed in David Remnick's hairpiece. Do I think that this will go down in history as a terrible toupee? I do. He doesn't. I do.
Obama's sad little minions are now touting his sociopathy as a benefit. It's our fault that Barry is so very uncomfortable with reality. We're to blame for his inability to see the world as it is, not as he'd like it to be. That one is on us.
Nothing is ever his fault. How could it be, you racist hillbilly teabaggers?Continue reading on dailycaller.com


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45-54 year old woman treated with Tummy Tuck
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Abdominoplasty following previous liposuction by another surgeon
By uploading this photo, Richard Karoo, MBChB, FRCS(Plast) has agreed with RealSelf.com policy that they've secured proper patient consent.


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Property Description
BEST PRICE FOR HGH FLOOR AND BEST VIEW IN THE TOWER. Panoramic views of By with East - Skyline - Cruise ships Spacious Full one bedroom Unit . This complex has 4 pools, State of the art Amenities, 10000 SF Fitness center Spa, catering Room, Business Center , amazing grounds . Located across Bayside , Parks, Close to Entertainment , downtown America Arena, . Great commute with the Metrorail to Brickell, and South Miami. Best location for 1st home or Investment.


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