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Index of content:
Volume 32, Issue 3, May 2014
Samples of cerium were exposed to hydrogen under controlled conditions causing cerium hydride sites to nucleate and grow on the surface. The hydriding rate was measured in situ, and the hydrides were characterised using secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. The results show that the hydriding rate proceeded more quickly than earlier studies. Characterisation confirmed that the hydrogen is confined to the sites. The morphology of the hydrides was confirmed to be oblate, and stressed material was observed surrounding the hydride, in a number of cases lathlike features were observed surrounding the hydride sites laterally with cracking in the surface oxide above them. It is proposed that during growth the increased lattice parameter of the CeH2 induces a lateral compressive stress around the hydride, which relieves by the ca. 16% volume collapse of the γ-Ce to α-Ce pressure induced phase transition. Cracking of the surface oxide above the laths reduces the diffusion barrier to hydrogen reaching the metal/oxide interface surrounding the hydride site and contributes to the anisotropic growth of the hydrides.
- Letters
Effect of surface derived hydrocarbon impurities on Ar plasma properties32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867158View Description Hide Description
The authors report on Langmuir probe measurements that show that hydrocarbon surfaces in contact with Ar plasma cause changes of electron energy distribution functions due to the flux of hydrogen and carbon atoms released by the surfaces. The authors compare the impact on plasma properties of hydrocarbon species gasified from an etching hydrocarbon surface with injection of gaseous hydrocarbons into Ar plasma. They find that both kinds of hydrocarbon injections decrease electron density and slightly increase electron temperatures of low pressure Ar plasma. For low percentages of impurities (∼1% impurity in Ar plasma explored here), surface-derived hydrocarbon species and gas phase injected hydrocarbon molecules cause similar changes of plasma properties for the same number of hydrocarbon molecules injected into Ar with a decrease in electron density of ∼4%.
Influence of pulse power amplitude on plasma properties and film deposition in high power pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867442View Description Hide Description
The discharge characteristics in high power pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is studied with the aim to characterize the impact of high power pulses (HiPP). Using a power scheme of combined HiPP and direct current (DC) to ignite the plasma discharge, and adjusting the HiPP/DC time-averaged power ratio while keeping the total power constant, the effect of the high power pulses was isolated from the total power. By monitoring the discharge current along with the optical emission from the plasma, it is found that the amount of available ions increased with increasing HiPP/DC ratio, which indicates a higher plasma density. Using carbon films deposited from acetylene in an argon plasma as model system, a strong increase in deposition rate with higher HiPP/DC is observed. The increased deposition rate is ascribed to a more efficient plasma chemistry generated by the denser plasma.
Effect of WN content on toughness enhancement in V1−xWxN/MgO(001) thin films32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867610View Description Hide Description
The authors report the growth and mechanical properties of epitaxial B1 NaCl-structure V1−xWxN/MgO(001) thin films with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.60. The Gibbs free energy of mixing, calculated using density functional theory (DFT), reveals that cubic V1−xWxN solid solutions with 0 ≤ x ≲ 0.7 are stable against spinodal decomposition and separation into the equilibrium cubic-VN and hexagonal-WN binary phases. The authors show experimentally that alloying VN with WN leads to a monotonic increase in relaxed lattice parameters, enhanced nanoindentation hardnesses, and reduced elastic moduli. Calculated V1−xWxN lattice parameters and elastic moduli (obtained from calculated C11, C12, and C44 elastic constants) are in good agreement with experimental results. The observed increase in alloy hardness, with a corresponding decrease in the elastic modulus at higher x values, combined with DFT-calculated decreases in shear to bulk moduli ratios, and increased Cauchy pressures (C12–C44) with increasing x reveal a trend toward increased toughness.
Characterizing low-frequency oscillation of Hall thrusters by dielectric wall temperature variation32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4869284View Description Hide Description
The low-frequency oscillation characteristics of a Hall thruster were investigated by varying the dielectric wall temperature. Experimental results indicate that increasing the dielectric wall temperature can result in an increase in the amplitude of low-frequency oscillation and a slight decrease in its frequency. Physical analysis revealed that this change is related to the secondary electron emissions at different dielectric wall temperatures. The evidence suggests that this technique can serve as an effective way for future studies to examine how secondary electron emissions affect a discharging thruster.
Structural and composition investigations at delayered locations of low k integrated circuit device by gas-assisted focused ion beam32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4869283View Description Hide Description
The authors report a new delayering technique – gas-assisted focused ion beam (FIB) method and its effects on the top layer materials of integrated circuit (IC) device. It demonstrates a highly efficient failure analysis with investigations on the precise location. After removing the dielectric layers under the bombardment of an ion beam, the chemical composition of the top layer was altered with the reduced oxygen content. Further energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the oxygen reduction lead to appreciable silicon suboxide formation. Our findings with structural and composition alteration of dielectric layer after FIB delayering open up a new insight avenue for the failure analysis in IC devices.
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- Review Articles
Atmospheric-pressure low-temperature plasma processes for thin film deposition32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4828369View Description Hide Description
Nonthermal plasmas generated under atmospheric pressure (AP) have been receiving increased attention in direct plasma technology applications for thin film deposition. This is because the atmospheric-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (AP-PECVD) is expected to realize low-cost and high-throughput processing with open air systems, which are of prime importance for various industrial applications. A large number of studies have been reported on the preparation of thin films using various types of AP plasma sources such as corona, dielectric barrier and AP glow discharges excited by pulsed or low-frequency power sources that can produce a nonequilibrium AP plasma. Most of the reported films using these common AP plasma sources have been related to polymers, oxides, and carbon materials. On the other hand, by virtue of the low ion energy due to the high collision frequency, AP-plasma process can have a nature of soft or gentle processing in addition to high-rate processing. Therefore, AP-PECVD also has a potential to form good-quality functional thin films, such as high-purity semiconductor or insulator thin films, which may be applicable for electronic devices. Although the development of AP-PECVD technology for such applications are attractive in the future advanced industry, the reports on these applications are limited. The reason may be related to the fact that the high collision frequency in AP plasma enhances secondary reactions in the gas phase to generate dust particles which will deteriorate the film quality, and also limits mass transport, which leads to poor uniformity of the resulting film. In the present article, the authors review the present status of AP low-temperature plasma processes, bearing in mind their application for high-purity functional thin films including silicon and related materials. The authors first summarize recent progress in the use of common AP plasma sources for direct PECVD processes. To grasp the present status of AP-PECVD technique, the authors have picked up popular materials for AP-PECVD, such as carbon, oxides, and other inorganic materials as well as silicon and related materials. Although there already exists a plenty of good review articles dealing with PECVD using common AP plasma sources, works on reviewing PECVD using radio-frequency (RF) and very-high-frequency (VHF) excitations of AP plasma seem to be insufficient. RF and VHF excitations of AP plasma are capable of generating continuous oscillating glow discharges without unstable streamers and filaments, which will be important to form uniform and dust-free films. So, secondly, the authors discuss the key distinguishing features of PECVD using RF and VHF excitations of AP plasma from the common AP plasma sources. Finally, they describe examples of the application of AP-VHF plasma to the preparation of silicon and related thin films.
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- Interfaces
Control of the interfacial abruptness of Au-catalyzed Si-Si1−xGex heterostructured nanowires grown by vapor–liquid–solid32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867264View Description Hide Description
Axial Si-Si1−x Ge x heterostructured nanowires were grown by Au-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid method. In this work, the authors examine the changes in growth parameters on the interfacial-abruptness of Si-Si1−x Ge x heterointerfaces in nanowires. The authors have investigated the effect of temperature drop, pressure change, and growth stop on the droplet stability which in turn modifies nanowire morphology and interfacial abruptness. The authors found that Si/Si1−x Ge x heterointerface is relatively sharp while Si1−x Ge x/Si is much broader. They demonstrate that a short growth stop is a good way to minimize reservoir effect resulting in small interfacial abruptness value. Our observations reveal that Si/Si1−x Ge x interfacial abruptness is 20 ± 5 nm irrespective of the nanowire diameter while interfacial abruptness for Si1−x Ge x/Si is linearly dependent on nanowire diameter.
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- Plasma Science and Technology
Comparative study of GaN mesa etch characteristics in Cl2 based inductively coupled plasma with Ar and BCl3 as additive gases32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4868616View Description Hide Description
GaN thin film etching is investigated and compared for mesa formation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) of Cl2 with Ar and BCl3 gas additives using photoresist mask. Etch characteristics are studied as a function of ICP process parameters, viz., ICP power, radio frequency (RF) power, and chamber pressure at fixed total flow rate. The etch rate at each ICP/RF power is 0.1–0.2 μm/min higher for Cl2/Ar mixture mainly due to higher Cl dissociation efficiency of Ar additive that readily provides Cl ion/radical for reaction in comparison to Cl2/BCl3 mixture. Cl2/Ar mixture also leads to better photoresist mask selectivity. The etch-induced roughness is investigated using atomic force microscopy. Cl2/Ar etching has resulted in lower root-mean-square roughness of GaN etched surface in comparison to Cl2/BCl3 etching due to increased Ar ion energy and flux with ICP/RF power that enhances the sputter removal of etch product. The GaN surface damage after etching is also evaluated using room temperature photoluminescence and found to be increasing with ICP/RF power for both the etch chemistries with higher degree of damage in Cl2/BCl3 etching under same condition.
Precision plasma etching of Si, Ge, and Ge:P by SF6 with added O232(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4868615View Description Hide Description
The impact of the O2 content in SF6-O2 gas mixtures on the etch rate and sidewall profile of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and phosphorous doped germanium (Ge:P) in reactive ion etching has been studied. The characteristics of etch rate and sidewall profile are greatly affected by the O2 content. Below 50% of O2 content, a large variation in Ge etch rates is found compared to that of Si, but for O2 content above 50% the etch rates follow relatively the same trend. Lightly doped Ge shows the highest etch rate at a O2 concentration up to 20%. Sidewall angles range from a minimum of 80° to a maximum of 166°, with O2 concentration of 20% yielding perfect anisotropic mesa etch. Also at this O2 concentration, reasonable Si/Ge selectivity is possible. These observations indicate that by adjusting the O2 concentration, precision plasma etching of Si, Ge, and Ge:P is possible.
Argon–oxygen dc magnetron discharge plasma probed with ion acoustic waves32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4871081View Description Hide Description
The precise determination of the relative concentration of negative ions is very important for the optimization of magnetron sputtering processes, especially for those undertaken in a multicomponent background produced by adding electronegative gases, such as oxygen, to the discharge. The temporal behavior of an ion acoustic wave excited from a stainless steel grid inside the plasma chamber is used to determine the relative negative ion concentration in the magnetron discharge plasma. The phase velocity of the ion acoustic wave in the presence of negative ions is found to be faster than in a pure argon plasma, and the phase velocity increases with the oxygen partial pressure. Optical emission spectroscopy further confirms the increase in the oxygen negative ion density, along with a decrease in the argon positive ion density under the same discharge conditions. The relative negative ion concentration values measured by ion acoustic waves are compared with those measured by a single Langmuir probe, and a similarity in the results obtained by both techniques is observed.
Observation of radio frequency ring-shaped hollow cathode discharge plasma with MgO and Al electrodes for plasma processing32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4871467View Description Hide Description
Various high-density plasma sources have been proposed for plasma processing. Especially, the hollow cathode discharge is one of the powerful ones. In this work, radio-frequency (RF) driven ring-shaped hollow cathode discharges with high secondary-electron emission have been investigated, using an aluminum (Al) cathode, coated or not with magnesium oxide (MgO). The thickness of MgO thin film is approximately 200 nm. The RF discharge voltage for the coated cathode is almost the same as that for the uncoated one, in a wide range of Ar gas pressure, from 5.3 to 53.2 Pa. The results reveal that the plasma density has a peak at an Ar gas pressure of 10.6 Pa for both cathodes. The plasma density for the coated cathode is about 1.5–3 times higher than that for the uncoated one, at various gas pressures. To the contrary, the electron temperature for the coated cathode is lower than temperature obtained with the uncoated cathode, at various gas pressures. Radial profiles of electron saturation current, which is proportional to plasma flux, are also examined for a wide range of gas pressure. Radial profiles of electron temperature at various axial positions are almost uniform for both cathodes so that the diffusion process due to density gradient is dominant for plasma transport. The secondary electrons emitted from the coated cathode contribute to the improvement of the plasma flux radial profile obtained using the uncoated cathode.
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- Surfaces
Portable total reflection x-ray fluorescence analysis in the identification of unknown laboratory hazards32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867462View Description Hide Description
In this study, a portable total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometer was used to analyze unknown laboratory hazards that precipitated on exterior surfaces of cooling pipes and fume hood pipes in chemical laboratories. With the aim to examine the accuracy of TXRF analysis for the determination of elemental composition, analytical results were compared with those of wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, x-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Detailed comparison of data confirmed that the TXRF method itself was not sufficient to determine all the elements (Z > 11) contained in the samples. In addition, results suggest that XRD should be combined with XPS in order to accurately determine compound composition. This study demonstrates that at least two analytical methods should be used in order to analyze the composition of unknown real samples.
Microstructure of surface cerium hydride growth sites32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867475View Description Hide Description
Samples of cerium were exposed to hydrogen under controlled conditions causing cerium hydride sites to nucleate and grow on the surface. The hydriding rate was measured in situ, and the hydrides were characterised using secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. The results show that the hydriding rate proceeded more quickly than earlier studies. Characterisation confirmed that the hydrogen is confined to the sites. The morphology of the hydrides was confirmed to be oblate, and stressed material was observed surrounding the hydride, in a number of cases lathlike features were observed surrounding the hydride sites laterally with cracking in the surface oxide above them. It is proposed that during growth the increased lattice parameter of the CeH2 induces a lateral compressive stress around the hydride, which relieves by the ca. 16% volume collapse of the γ-Ce to α-Ce pressure induced phase transition. Cracking of the surface oxide above the laths reduces the diffusion barrier to hydrogen reaching the metal/oxide interface surrounding the hydride site and contributes to the anisotropic growth of the hydrides.
Recycling gold nanohole arrays32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4869299View Description Hide Description
The authors report the impact of common cleaning methods on the stability of gold nanohole arrays used as extraordinary optical transmission surface plasmon resonance sensors. Their optical sensitivity, physical structure, and surface contamination levels were measured before and after multiple cycles of monolayer adsorption and removal with various wet chemicals (sulfochromic acid, piranha, or ammonium hydroxide: hydrogen peroxide) and dry oxygen plasma etchants. While these oxidative chemical and plasma etches remove organic monolayers and other contaminants, the oxidation and associated heating also damages the gold nanostructures to varying degrees. The authors observed decreases in the arrays' optical sensitivities via changes in the shapes and positions of their surface plasmon resonance peaks. The optimum recycling process was a room temperature, aqueous ammonium hydroxide: hydrogen peroxide treatment (15 min) commonly referred to as Radio Corporation of America Clean 1, followed by immersion in dilute nitric acid (0.1M, 30 min). This method was effective at removing an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid; after six recycles, no loss in optical sensitivity was detected with minimal changes in the gold film thickness (−10%), hole area (−10%), and hole circularity (+6%).
Observation of dynamic water microadsorption on Au surface32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4870929View Description Hide Description
Experimental and theoretical research on water wettability, adsorption, and condensation on solid surfaces has been ongoing for many decades because of the availability of new materials, new detection and measurement techniques, novel applications, and different scales of dimensions. Au is a metal of special interest because it is chemically inert, has a high surface energy, is highly conductive, and has a relatively high melting point. It has wide applications in semiconductor integrated circuitry, microelectromechanical systems, microfluidics, biochips, jewelry, coinage, and even dental restoration. Therefore, its surface condition, wettability, wear resistance, lubrication, and friction attract a lot of attention from both scientists and engineers. In this paper, the authors experimentally investigated Au 2O3 growth, wettability, roughness, and adsorption utilizing atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, reflectance spectrometry, and contact angle measurement. Samples were made using a GaAs substrate. Utilizing a super-hydrophilic Au surface and the proper surface conditions of the surrounding GaAs, dynamic microadsorption of water on the Au surface was observed in a clean room environment. The Au surface area can be as small as 12 μm2. The adsorbed water was collected by the GaAs groove structure and then redistributed around the structure. A model was developed to qualitatively describe the dynamic microadsorption process. The effective adsorption rate was estimated by modeling and experimental data. Devices for moisture collection and a liquid channel can be made by properly arranging the wettabilities or contact angles of different materials. These novel devices will be very useful in microfluid applications or biochips.
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- Thin Films
Effect of stacking sequence on crystallization in Al/a-Ge bilayer thin films32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867478View Description Hide Description
Two types of bilayer thin films with different deposition sequences, i.e., amorphous Ge under Al (a-Ge/Al) and the inverse (Al/a-Ge), were prepared by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. In-situ and ex-situ thermal annealing were compared to study the effect of the stacking sequence on crystallization of amorphous Ge. Although metal-induced crystallization occurred in both cases at low temperature, layer exchange was observed only in a-Ge/Al. In fact, compressive stress could usually be produced when Ge atoms diffused into Al grain boundaries and crystallized there. In the a-Ge/Al system, the stress could be released through diffusion of Al atoms onto the surface and formation of hillocks. Thus, grain boundary (GB) mediated crystallization was dominant in the whole process and layer exchange occurred. However, in the Al/a-Ge system, it was difficult for stress to be relaxed because the Ge sublayer and substrate restricted the diffusion of Al atoms. GB-mediated crystallization was, therefore, considerably suppressed and interface-mediated crystallization was preferred without layer exchange. This leads to distinct morphologies of dendrites in the two systems.
Electrical conductance behavior of thin Ni catalyst films during intermittent direct current magnetron sputtering32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867459View Description Hide Description
Electrical conductance of thin Ni films, deposited on insulating SiO2 substrates, was investigated for the initial stage of magnetron sputtering for the purpose of optimize control of catalyst particles sizes of carbon nanotubes. The conductance was not proportional to the deposition time in the early phase of deposition. The conductance rapidly increased, after a period of near-insulating behavior from the start of deposition, and thereafter the increase of conductance was almost proportional to the total deposition duration. The period of near-insulating behavior and the rapid increase of conductance in the early deposition phase were attributed to growth of island structures in the initial deposition and formation of a continuous film through the connection of islands. The effect of base vacuum pressure prior to sputtering deposition also was investigated by conductance measurements. It was demonstrated that measuring electrical conductance during sputtering deposition was a convenient tool to examine the structures in the deposited film.
Phase formation and morphological stability of ultrathin Ni-Co-Pt silicide films formed on Si(100)32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4868121View Description Hide Description
Ultrathin Ni, Co, and Pt films, each no more than 4 nm in thickness, as well as their various combinations are employed to investigate the competing growth of epitaxial Co1-y Ni ySi2 films against polycrystalline Pt1-z Ni zSi. The phase formation critically affects the morphological stability of the resulting silicide films, with the epitaxial films being superior to the polycrystalline ones. Any combination of those metals improves the morphological stability with reference to their parent individual metal silicide films. When Ni, Co, and Pt are all included, the precise initial location of Pt does little to affect the final phase formation in the silicide films and the epitaxial growth of Co1-x Ni xSi2 films is always perturbed, in accordance to thermodynamics that shows a preferential formation of Pt1-z Ni zSi over that of Co1-y Ni ySi2.
Analytic expressions for atomic layer deposition: Coverage, throughput, and materials utilization in cross-flow, particle coating, and spatial atomic layer deposition32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4867441View Description Hide Description
In this work, the authors present analytic models for atomic layer deposition (ALD) in three common experimental configurations: cross-flow, particle coating, and spatial ALD. These models, based on the plug-flow and well-mixed approximations, allow us to determine the minimum dose times and materials utilization for all three configurations. A comparison between the three models shows that throughput and precursor utilization can each be expressed by universal equations, in which the particularity of the experimental system is contained in a single parameter related to the residence time of the precursor in the reactor. For the case of cross-flow reactors, the authors show how simple analytic expressions for the reactor saturation profiles agree well with experimental results. Consequently, the analytic model can be used to extract information about the ALD surface chemistry (e.g., the reaction probability) by comparing the analytic and experimental saturation profiles, providing a useful tool for characterizing new and existing ALD processes.
Effect of NH3/N2 ratio in plasma treatment on porous low dielectric constant SiCOH materials32(2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4868631View Description Hide Description
This study investigates the effect of the NH3/N2 ratio in plasma treatment on the physical and electrical properties as well as the reliability characteristics of porous low-k films. All of the plasma treatments resulted in the formation of a thin and modified layer on the surface of porous low-k films, and the properties of this modified layer were influenced by the NH3/N2 ratio in the plasma. Experimental results indicated that pure N2 gas plasma treatment formed an amide-like/ nitride-like layer on the surface, which apparently leads to a higher increase in the dielectric constant. Plasma treatment with a mixture of NH3/N2 gas induced more moisture uptake on the surface of the low-k dielectric, degrading the electrical performance and reliability. Among all plasma treatment with NH3/N2 mixed gas, that with pure NH3 gas yielded low-k dielectrics with the worse electrical and reliability characteristics.


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Category: Spanish Cinema
LFF2016 #4: The Reunion (La Reconquista, Spain 2016)
The Reunion was presented in the comfortable surroundings of the Ciné Lumière in South Kensington – an excellent cinema and one I wish I could attend more frequently. I enjoyed the film but it was only later that I began to wonder about the Spanish title which has all kinds of possible interpretations. The writer-director Jonás Trueba is known for three previous features, all seen as 'festival films' centring on relationships but geared towards character studies rather than plot. The characters are often roughly the same age as the director so here a couple in their early 30s meet for the first time in 15 years. Then, they were still at school and experiencing first love, now Manuela (Itsaso Arana) lives in Buenos Aires and has returned as a visitor to Madrid at Christmas. She has contacted Olmo (Francesco Carril) and when they meet she hands him a letter. We don't find out until later exactly what the letter contains but we follow the couple to a restaurant and then to a gig in a bar where Manuela's father (played by singer-songwriter Rafael Berrio) is performing. After switching to another bar, they are invited to a private dancing club. In the early hours of the morning Olmo heads for home – the flat he shares with his partner Clara, an academic psychiatrist. He wakes Clara by accident and she quizzes him before he falls asleep. The last section of the film features his dream about the time when he and Manuela first met and we learn how the letter he was given at the beginning of the evening was first written.
I don't think I've spoilt any narrative pleasure in revealing the structure of the film. Most audiences will be more interested in the interactions between the characters than the sequence of events. The Hollywood Reporter's reviewer is not particularly sympathetic to the film, suggesting it is too slow, but he does reference Eric Rohmer as a possible model. Rohmer seems a good shout and the Spanish press reports on the film include comments about the director's seeming interest in la nouvelle vague. We slowly learn about each character – the flirtatious Manuela and the more reserved Olmo. He is a translator and would-be writer, she is an actress who tells him that since she's been in Madrid she's had a different partner each night. There must be something that keeps Olmo interested (besides the fact that Manuela is so attractive).
To return to the title, 'La Reconquista' generally refers to Iberian history and the long struggle by Christians to recover the lands occupied by Moorish invaders between the 8th and 15th centuries. Why then choose this title? I haven't worked that out yet but it suggests something different to 'Reunion' in English. Trueba himself emphasises that it is not just the meeting but the 'recovery' of the time they had together? I'm also slightly baffled by a reference to a Patricia Highsmith novel, The Suspension of Mercy (known in Spanish as Crímenes imaginarios) made by the 15 year-old Olmo. It's only a couple of weeks since I saw the last of several European film adaptations of Highsmith novels and they are all 'disturbing' in one way or another and the reference here seems to contradict the tone of the narrative – or at least to suggest a whole new facet of the relationship. I need to see La Reconquista again to get my head round these references. I should also add that the music performances are presented in such a way that they are directed to Olmo and Manuela – one is a song Manuela's father had written around the time the couple first met.
In the Q&A after the film, the director told us that the film has struggled to find an audience on its Spanish release despite good reviews – so I might find re-watching it difficult in the UK. I think there will always be an audience for this kind of intelligent cinema, but it may be too small to sustain a cinema release. But do try to catch it if it turns up. I'll be looking for Jonás Trueba at future festivals.
Spanish trailer (no EST):
Julieta (Spain 2016)
A new film by Pedro Almodóvar is an occasion for joy in my book and I found Julieta to be utterly absorbing and thrilling. 'Un film de Almodóvar' is like a gourmet meal – every ingredient is rich in meaning and exquisitely presented. Gourmet meals are sometimes more about style than nourishment, but not with Almodóvar. I find his films as sustaining as the best peasant food. Unfortunately not everyone agrees. Julieta has received some lukewarm reviews alongside the majority of favourable ones, mainly I think from writers who don't know the range of his work – or possibly from younger reviewers who don't fully appreciate what it means to look back? I was going to write a full-blown defence of the film, but I discovered that Mark Kermode, in one of his most perceptive and informed reviews, has already done it. So I'm not going to repeat all his points – you can find Kermode's review here. Instead I'll expand on some of the aspects that interest me most.
Julieta is Almodóvar's third 'literary adaptation', following Live Flesh (1997, based on a Ruth Rendell novel of the same title) and The Skin I Live In (2011, based on Tarantula, a novel by Thierry Jonquet). This time Almodóvar has turned to Runaway (2004), a collection of short stories by the celebrated Canadian short story specialist Alice Munro. Three stories, 'Chance', 'Soon' and 'Silence', are about the same character at different stages of her life. I read these after seeing Julieta and then found Almodóvar's explanation of what he did. There are useful pieces in both the Guardian/Observer (interview by Jonathan Romney) and Sight and Sound (September 2016 – article by Maria Delgado, review by Jonathan Romney). In the UK Julieta is distributed by Pathé which offers little documentation in support of the film but in Canada the distributor Mongrel Media offers a Press Pack in which Almodóvar provides a delightful set of notes which are almost as entertaining as the film and I recommend them to you.
Julieta is a story about a young woman from Madrid who falls passionately in love with Xoan, a married man in Galicia, and who later marries him in difficult circumstances that to some extent mirror what has happened to her own parents back in Andalucía. She is then dismayed to find her relationship with her daughter from the marriage breaking down and bringing the past back to her as she tries to live a new life in Madrid.
Pedro tells us that he'd acquired the rights and started adapting the stories before making his earlier film The Skin I Live In and that Munro's book actually appears as a prop in that film. He'd already switched the location from British Columbia and Ontario to New York before deciding that he wasn't confident enough in English and transposed the action again to Madrid, Galicia and Andalucía. He suggests that in North America, the physical separation of parents and grown-up children is common but in Spain it is exceptional – "the umbilical cord joining us to our parents and grandparents survives the passing of time". He says that the original stories are still Munro's but that he's had to change them for cinema and he hopes that Julieta will be seen by Munro's admirers as "a tribute to the Canadian writer". In fact, he hasn't changed that much. The main thing he has done is to find a way to 'stitch' the three separate episodes together so that one coherent narrative can be manipulated on the cinema screen with flashbacks and the use of two actors to play Julieta at different times of her life. The transformation shot when the younger Adriana Ugarte becomes the older Emma Suárez is quite remarkable. (Both actors are very good, Agarte is well known from Spanish TV and it's a welcome return for UK audiences to see Suárez who starred in the early films of Julio Medem in the 1990s.) Almodóvar is not the first director to adapt Munro and one of my favourite films is Away From Her (Canada 2006) directed by Sarah Polley. As a young and inexperienced director she didn't have the weight of Almodóvar's experience in 2006 but she does have a woman's perspective – and an affinity with Canadian life. When I first remembered the connection I thought that the two films were very different but on reflection they are both recognisably Munro's narratives, so Almodóvar has been 'faithful' to the author in one sense.
In the Press Notes Pedro makes several claims and assertions that I take with a pinch of salt:
"I've contained myself very much in the visual composition, in the austerity of the supporting characters. No one sings songs. Nor do I introduce scenes from other films to explain the characters. There isn't the slightest trace of humour, or any mixing of genres, or so I believe. From the outset I had in mind that Julieta is a drama, not a melodrama, a genre to which I'm partial. A tough drama with a hint of mystery: someone who's looking for someone without knowing why she left. Someone with whom you've lived for a lifetime disappears from your life without a word. You can't understand it. It happens, it's in our nature, but it's incomprehensible and unacceptable. Not to mention the pain it causes."
I would argue that it is a melodrama, that the visual compositions are, as usual, extraordinary and that the film refers back to various periods of Almodóvar's filmmaking, as well as clear references. It is this which makes the film 'un film de Almodóvar' as well as a wonderful adaptation of a great writer's work. Elsewhere, Pedro remarks that Ava, the woman Julieta meets in Galicia and who may be her husband's on/off mistress is perhaps named after Ava Gardner. At the house in Galicia which will become Julieta's home she must grapple with the housekeeper Marian, played by Rossy de Palma, one of Almodóvar's 'go to' character actors, here playing Mrs Danvers to Julieta's Rebecca from Hitchcock's 1940 film. Later on a character will tell us that he feels like a character from a Patricia Highsmith story. The earliest part of the story is set in 1985 and Pedro tells us that he had to explain to Adrianna Ugarte how a young woman from Madrid on a train (Hitchcock/Highsmith again – but also in the Munro story) might behave in the sexually liberated 'Movida' period when the first outrageous Almodóvar films appeared. The Press Notes finish with these lines:
"Almost all my films gain the second time they're seen. Julieta will certainly be enjoyed more when you've already seen it and know the story. I'd like to persuade my brother (the producer) to offer a free second viewing to people who have already seen the film."
Julieta is a work of genius in which the adaptation becomes a personal exploration of grief, loss, passion and memory. I know some audiences drifted away from Almodóvar, disappointed by I'm So Excited (Spain 2013) (but not me). Julieta should bring them back – after 10 days, it had made over £820,00 in UK cinemas – on the way to perhaps making £1 million and emphasising Almodóvar's status as the most consistent foreign language director distributed in the UK.
¡Viva! 22 #7: Truman (Spain-Argentina 2015)
Truman didn't turn out to be quite the film I was expecting. I usually choose ¡Viva! screenings because of which day and what time they are playing. I might briefly skim the blurb in the brochure but then quickly forget it and I usually like the surprise I get when I'm in the screening. This was certainly the case with Truman – an entertaining and enjoyable film with high-quality contributions all round. However, there isn't as much use of Truman, the dog played by 'Troilo', as I expected – and this might disappoint those who go to the film expecting a canine-centred story.
I'll outline the simple plot since there isn't much chance of 'spoiling' the narrative. Tomás (Javier Cámara) flies into Madrid from Canada to visit his old friend Julián (Ricardo Darin), a theatre actor. Julián is terminally ill and focused on finding a home for his dog Truman. This involves auditioning possible 'adoptive parents' for Truman and visiting the vet etc. to find out about Truman's health and psychological well-being. But Tomás has come a long way to spend four days with Julian and there are many other things to do in order to get Julián's affairs into some kind of order. We quickly realise that Tomás is there as the calm, reasonable character who will allow himself to be hoodwinked, up to a point, and relieved of quite a lot of money to satisfy all of Julián's demands. The other major character is Paula (Dolores Fonzi), Julián's cousin, who is much more visibly angry about Julián's approach to his impending demise. What follows is a form of comedy drama that delicately and adeptly treads a fine line between acerbic wit and sentimentality. As the director says in the Press Notes:
Truman is an attempt at overcoming the panic we all feel in life when faced with illness and impending death: our own or that of a loved one. It is an exploration of how we react to the unexpected, to the unknown, to grief.
I found myself with a wry smile one moment and then immediately afterwards realising the import of what was going on the next. Julián is an actor and a rogue and the centre of the narrative features three encounters with colleagues in the business, each involving Julián in a kind of guessing game – what do they know about his position, what should he tell them? What is the right thing to do? All of this is watched by the calm Tomás who has to decide how to respond to his friend – to console him or get him to face reality. I don't think there is anything new or surprising about the narrative but I agree with some reviewers who think that Tomás is involved in a sequence towards the end which is unnecessary and detracts a little from the narrative's resolution (though I suspect I could change my mind).
The success of the film depends firstly on the two male leads and their performances. The rest of the cast is good as well (with the dog effortlessly stealing his scenes) and the script is excellent. The director and co-writer is Cesc Gay whose previous work I don't know, but who seems to have been successful since writing and directing his first feature in 1998. IMDB reports a budget of €3.8 million which I would argue has been spent sensibly. Apart from a trip to Amsterdam, the story stays in Madrid (though some scenes were shot in Barcelona – presumably for funding purposes) and the locations are all effective. The trip to the funeral services company was a standout for me, lending an air of surrealism.
Truman is interesting in bringing two Argentinian stars to Spain. Ricardo Darin is arguably Argentina's leading male star and Dolores Fonzi is a very well-known figure in Argentina, a model before becoming an actor and for several years part of a celebrity couple with Gael García Bernal. She was the lead in Paulina, the festival prizewinner of 2015. I presume that Spanish audiences will detect Argentinian accents so both Julián and Paula are written as Argentinians in Madrid. I'm not sure if it was spelt out in the film but I assume that Julián would have come to Madrid as a student and met Tomás at that point. Javier Cámara is seen as a Madrid actor (and he has featured in Almodóvar's films, most notably I'm So Excited (Spain 2013)). Truman opened in Spain and parts of South America in Autumn 2015 (generating around €6.5 million at the box office) and is rolling out across Europe at the moment. StudioCanal have the film for the UK and it should open later this year. I think it could do well, especially since Wild Tales, the Argentinian film in which Ricardo Darin features, was the biggest non-Hindi subtitled film in the UK in 2015 (though it was the worst year for subtitled films for some time). It should appeal to older audiences for whom the dilemmas will be more meaningful. It might work in a different way for younger audiences. In Manchester, the film attracted a healthy audience and proved a fitting climax before the Saturday night party began.
¡Viva! 22 #6: Marsella (Spain 2014)
I'm reluctant to be too judgemental about this film because I missed the first 25 minutes. Reading Jonathan Holland's review in The Hollywood Reporter, to try to discover what I missed, I have to agree with everything he says. Marsella (Marseille) appears to be a film which explores the relationships between three female characters who are affected by what is an important social issue. Sara (María León) is a 28 year-old from Andalusia who has been allowed by a judge to resume her legal position as mother to Claire (Noa Fontanals), the 10 year-old who was taken from her when Sara had alcohol and behavioural problems as a teenager. Claire has been fostered by a middle-class couple, Virginia (Goya Toledo) and Alberto, who are reluctant to let her go because they still believe Sara is not a 'fit mother'. The narrative is constructed as a road trip taken by Sara and Claire with the aim of finding Claire's father. All Sara knows about Jerome, who she has not seen since she became pregnant, is that he worked in a soap factory in Marseille. This genre structure should work well but the real problem with the film seems to be a sub-plot in which Sara has agreed to smuggle a package of cocaine into France. The sub-plot is necessary to the extent that Sara's pre-occupation with this criminal task means she neglects Claire one night and the child phones Virginia because she is scared. Virginia rushes to her aid and eventually it is agreed that she will join them in the quest to find Jerome. But the scripting of the sub-plot doesn't really work and it takes time away from the road movie which ends in a more low-key manner than we might expect.
The film is co-written and directed by Belén Macías and this is her second feature film (most of her earlier work being for television). She is one of two female directors in ¡Viva! this year dealing with middle-class couples who are/have been engaged in adopting/fostering children from working-class families (see the earlier post on L'adopció). Here, the male characters are less important and there is a real opportunity to focus on the relationships between them. I thought that when this happened it worked very well but there isn't enough of it. The child actor is good and this was the second appearance of María León in this ¡Viva! festival (see the post on Carmina y amén) . She is a commanding presence and the social class difference between Sara and Virginia is represented through the performances of León and Goya Toledo as well as in the dialogue.
Part of that class difference refers to learning foreign languages so that Virginia (and Claire to a certain extent) have an advantage over Maria when they cross the border. The plot also includes an encounter with a truck driver (played by the engaging Eduard Fernández) and his son, an older teenager. I enjoyed this encounter which again could have been expanded but instead it is dragged into the smuggling sub-plot. Overall this film felt like a missed opportunity in which good ingredients were not allowed to come together to make a satisfying film – but perhaps that's unkind and if I'd seen the opening I would think differently?

subset: commoncrawl


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US Marine Tahmooressi Stripped Naked and Chained to Bed in Mexico Like POW (Video)
We don't treat prisoners in Gitmo like this:
A friend of the U.S. Marine being held in a Mexican prison on gun charges has compared his plight to that of a prisoner of war, telling Fox News' Greta Van Susteren that Sgt. Andrew Tahmooressi told him he had been beaten and chained to a bed by Mexican authorities.
Mark Podlaski said on "On the Record with Greta Van Susteren" he spoke with Tahmooressi on the phone last week from the prison where he is being held, and Tahmooressi told him "very disturbing details" about how he had been treated.
Tahmooressi was arrested March 31 after accidentally crossing the border with weapons in his vehicle.
Podlaski said Tahmooressi, whom he described as a "Marine's Marine," told him he was beaten with a bat and that the beating was so brutal, it dislocated Tahmooressi's jaw. Podlaski said his friend also told him he was stripped naked and chained to a bed.
"This is from his mouth, what I'm telling you right now is what he endured as an American citizen and a U.S. Marine," Podlaski told Van Susteren, "was that he was chained to his bed for so long that when they finally released him at the end of that four weeks he couldn't even walk, he was crippled from such bad muscle dystrophy and joint pain and not being able to fire the muscles in his body."
Podlaski said it is absurd that Mexico, which he pointed out is supposed to be an ally of the U.S. and receives U.S. aid, would treat an American citizen this way.
"This is like POW, Vietnam, you know prisoner of war camp type stuff," said Podlaski, a Marine himself who served with Tahmooressi in Afghanistan.
Meanwhile, the Obama Admistration is doing nothing.
Here's video:
Hat Tip: Gateway Pundit
See also: : Big Government, Big Unions, and the VA Debacle
Also see...
Even though my father, brother, uncles and grandfather were in the military, I seldom handled guns growing up. That's because unlike many of the other people in my family, I've...Read More
Duane Lester
Duane Lester is co-founder of All American Blogger, and the primary writer. Following graduation, Duane entered the United States Navy as a journalist. He spent five years touring the world, reporting on local news and sports. Following his enlistment, Duane spent almost 10 years working with adjudicated youth in residential treatment environments. Duane discovered politics after September 11. He credits Erich "Mancow" Muller for opening his eyes to his conservative beliefs. Since then, Duane has devoured books and literature on politics, reading everything he can from Adam Smith to Larry Elder to Thomas Sowell. He refers to his style of politics as "conserva-tarian", a mixture of conservative and libertarian beliefs.
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The stock of Vina Concha y Toro SA (ADR) (NYSE:VCO) hit a new 52-week high and has $53.18 target or 50.00% above today's $35.45 share price. The 7 months bullish chart indicates low risk for the $1.33B company. The 1-year high was reported on Oct, 3 by Barchart.com. If the $53.18 price target is reached, the company will be worth $665.00M more.
The 52-week high event is an important milestone for every stock because it shows very positive momentum and is time when buyers come in. During such notable technical setup, fundamental investors usually stay away and are careful shorting or selling the stock. The stock increased 1.48% or $0.52 on October 3, hitting $35.45. About 87,387 shares traded hands or 545.59% up from the average. Vina Concha y Toro SA (ADR) (NYSE:VCO) has risen 4.21% since February 29, 2016 and is uptrending. It has underperformed by 8.01% the S&P500.
According to Zacks Investment Research, "Vina Concha Y Toro produces, bottles and labels premium wines, varietal and varietal blend wines, all of which are marketed and exported by its susidaries. The Company, together with Hiram Walker, also distributes Hiram Walker whiskey, vodka and gin throughout Chile."
More notable recent Vina Concha y Toro SA (ADR) (NYSE:VCO) news were published by: Quotes.Wsj.com which released: "DOW JONES, A NEWS CORP COMPANY" on February 11, 2011, also Seekingalpha.com with their article: "A Chilean Wine Producer You Missed Despite Its Size (VCO)" published on May 23, 2015, Seekingalpha.com published: "Viña Concha Y Toro: Overlooked And Undervalued" on March 29, 2016. More interesting news about Vina Concha y Toro SA (ADR) (NYSE:VCO) were released by: Benzinga.com and their article: "Latin American ADRs Getting Slaughtered, Brazilian Real And Crude Continue To …" published on September 22, 2015 as well as Dividend.com's news article titled: "Anheuser-Busch InBev (BUD)" with publication date: June 29, 2008.
VCO Company Profile
Vina Concha y Toro S.A, incorporated on November 6, 1922 is a wine producer in Latin America. The Firm owns approximately 10,800 hectares of vineyards in Chile, Argentina and the United States. The Company's renowned portfolio includes wines from these three origins, including icons Don Melchor and Almaviva, brands Marques de Casa Concha and Casillero del Diablo, and wines from its subsidiaries Cono Sur, Quinta de Maipo in Chile, and Trivento Bodegas and Fetzer Vineyards abroad. The Firm carries out its activities directly through its subsidiaries, including Vina Cono Sur, Quinta de Maipo, Vina Maipo, Vina Maycas del Limari, Trivento Bodegas y Vinedos in Argentina, and Fetzer Vineyards in the USA. It participates in the distribution business through its subsidiaries VCT Chile, Concha y Toro UK Limited, VCT Brasil Importacion y Exportacion Limitada, Concha y Toro Sweden AB, Concha y Toro Finland OY, Concha y Toro Norway AS, VCT Group Asia, VCT Africa & Middle East, Concha y Toro Canada, Cono Sur France S.A.R.L., Gan Lu Wine Trading (Shanghai) CO. Ltd., VCT Norway AS, and the distribution joint ventures Excelsior Wine Company, VCT & DG Mexico, VCT Japan Company Ltd. and Escalade Wines & Spirits Inc.
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A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market
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By (author) John Allen Paulos
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Mathematician Plays the Stock Market by John Allen Paulos
Book DescriptionFrom America's liveliest writer on mathematics, a witty and insightful book on the stock market and the irrepressibility of our dreams of wealth. In A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market best-selling author John Allen Paulos demonstrates what the tools of mathematics can tell us about the vagaries of the stock market. Employing his trademark stories, vignettes, paradoxes, and puzzles (and even a film treatment), Paulos addresses every thinking reader's curiosity about the market: Is it efficient? Is it rational? Is there anything to technical analysis, fundamental analysis, and other supposedly time-tested methods of picking stocks? How can one quantify risk? What are the most common scams? What light do fractals, network theory, and common psychological foibles shed on investor behavior? Are there any approaches to investing that truly outperform the major indexes? Can a deeper knowledge of mathematics help beat the odds?All of these questions are explored with the engaging erudition that made Paulos's A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper and Innumeracy favorites with both armchair mathematicians and readers who want to think like them. Paulos also shares the cautionary tale of his own long and disastrous love affair with WorldCom. In the tradition of Burton Malkiel's A Random Walk Down Wall Street and Jeremy Siegel's Stocks for the Long Run , this wry and illuminating book is for anyone, investor or not, who follows the markets-or knows someone who does.
Buy Mathematician Plays the Stock Market book by John Allen Paulos from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780465054817
(204mm x 135mm x 16mm)
Pages: 224
Imprint: Basic Books
Publisher: The Perseus Books Group
Publish Date: 14-Apr-2004
Country of Publication: United States
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Books By Author John Allen Paulos
Irreligion, Paperback (September 2009)
Are there any logical reasons to believe in God? This book refutes the twelve arguments that are often put forward for believing in God's existence.
Mathematician Plays the Market, Paperback (June 2004)» View all books by John Allen Paulos
Offers an account of how the stock market both follows and defies mathematical principals. This title also offers an overview of various things from 'betas' to the efficient market hypothesis.
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Author Biography - John Allen Paulos
John Allen Paulos' previous books include Innumeracy, Beyond Numeracy, A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper, and Once Upon a Number. He is a Professor of Mathematics at Temple University, a columnist on ABCNews.com, a member of the editorial board of the Philadelphia Daily News, and a frequent commentator on the intersection of mathematics, psychology and everyday life.
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Festival-goers this summer are more concerned with personal hygiene and keeping clean than letting their hair down and partying hard, according to new research issued today (20 June 2012).
And music events are being invaded by an ageing generation of 'crock stars', with one in six festival-goers being over the age of 45 this year.
The study by The Co-operative Pharmacy among 2,000 festival-goers* has revealed that rather than beers, roll ups and condoms, it is antibacterial wipes, wellies and hand sanitiser which top the list of camping essentials. And music lovers are more likely to worry about the state of the toilets and poor weather than getting an injury from the mosh pit.
Other festival fears included being robbed, getting ill and losing something valuable.
Worryingly, one in five aged 55 and above aimed to drink excessively at an event while overall, almost a quarter of festival-goers consumed energy drinks to enhance their experience.
Festival injuries included sunburn, food poisoning, hearing loss and broken bones. One in four aged 45 and over have had their festival experience spoiled by food poisoning, falling over in the dark or from excessive drinking.
Sunburn topped the reasons for festival goers to seek medical help while one in 15 over 45 year olds admitted to having long-term hearing problems after attending gigs and festivals.
Singletons and divorcees owned up to risky sexual health practices, with more than one in 20 having picked up a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at a music event.
However, older rockers were less likely to miss a band because they had overslept while more than one in three 18-25 year olds admitted missing acts because they were still in bed or had fallen asleep because they were drunk.
Fiona Caplan-Dean, Pharmacist and Clinical Services Manager at The Co-operative Pharmacy, said: "While younger festival-goers might be keen to crowd surf and revel in having a hangover, older attendees are more worried about taking loo roll and hand cleansers.
"However, festival injuries affect all age groups, from hearing loss, sexual infections, sunburn, food poisoning and foot problems. One in 10 said they had suffered permanent damage due to an accident or injury at a festival.
"Common festival health hazards can be avoided without spoiling peoples' fun so being prepared and staying healthy can lead to a more enjoyable time."
Top five essentials:
The top five things people have sought medical treatment for after a festival are:
About The Co-operative
The Co-operative Pharmacy – part of The Co-operative Group – is the UK's third largest pharmacy chain with nearly 800 branches.
The Co-operative Group is the UK's largest mutual business, owned not by private shareholders but by over seven million consumers. It is the UK's fifth biggest food retailer and a major financial services provider, operating The Co-operative Bank and The Co-operative Insurance. Among its other businesses are the number one funeral services provider, the third largest pharmacy chain and one of Britain's largest farming operations. As well as having clear financial and operational objectives, the Group has also set out its social and sustainability goals in its groundbreaking Ethical Plan, which specifies over 50 commitments in these areas.
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Craig NoonanPR Manager – Specialist RetailThe Co-operative GroupTel: 0161 266 3589 / 07702 email@example.com
Alex WilsonSenior Public Relations Officer – Pharmacy The Co-operative GroupTel: 0161 2663416 / 07540 firstname.lastname@example.com


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organization chart
A graphic display of reporting relationships in an organization, sometimes displaying position titles and position holders.
A graphic display of reporting relationships in an organization, sometimes displaying position titles and position holders.
Examples of organization chart in the following topics:
The Organization Chart
- An organization chart outlines the structure of an organization and the relative relationships between various functions and positions.
- A typical organization chart illustrates by name and by title the relationships between senior executives and the general management of an organization.
- There are several limitations in the use of organizational charts with regard to the management of organizations:
- Organizational charts can very quickly become out-of-date in rapidly growing organizations and large organizations that change their staff regularly.
- Explain why organizational charts are limited in regard to the management of an organization
Line Structure
- An organizational chart (often called organization chart, org chart, organigram, or organogram) is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions or jobs.
- A company's organizational chart typically illustrates relations between people within an organization.
- When an organization chart grows too large, it can be split into smaller charts for separate departments within the organization.
- There are several limitations of organizational charts.
- If updated manually, organizational charts can very quickly become out-of-date, especially in large organizations that change their staff regularly.They only show "formal relationships" and tell nothing of the pattern of human (social) relationships which develop.
Layers in an Organization: Tall vs Flat Organizations
- A tall organization is a more formal bureaucratic or mechanistic organizational structure and management system.
- Tall organizations have several tiers in their structural hierarchy and multiple levels of management control with regard to the daily operations of the organization.
- Flat organizations follow the decentralized approach or organic system of organization and management.
- Internally, the organization as a whole encourages more participation between all levels within the organization, promoting closer working relationships that potentially lead to better communication and creativity.
- Various factors, both internal (i.e. management style, culture, etc.) and external (i.e. competition, regulation, etc.) to the organization, influence what type of structure an organization assumes.
Principles of Organization Design
- Organizational design is more than just an exercise in creating an organization chart as it integrates the human capital resources and the operational processes of an organization and aligns them with its vision, mission, and goals.
- an impact assessment of the contextual dimensions or externalities surrounding an organization (i.e., macro-economic conditions, geographic location, work culture, organization size, dependence on and implementation of technology)
- This step in the process entails deciding the operational structure of an organization.
- The classic options for strategic groupings are to organize by:
- Explain the function of organizational design and how it impacts an organization
Summary and discussion questions
- We explained the six different types of accounts, their characteristics, and how they are used to create a detailed chart of accounts which is tailored to the specific needs of your organization.
- Which one is most important to owner/managers of a start-up organization and why?
- Why is it important to have a chart of accounts that is tailored to particular types of organizations rather than one chart of accounts that applies to all types of organizations?
- Where can you find sample charts of accounts that apply to your type of organization?
- What sort of difficulty can you imagine the manager of an organization would be in if the organization did not routinely prepare cash flow forecasts and working capital analyses?
Management Areas: A Functional View
- Functional management is focused on the execution of a specific organizational task within functional areas, through organizing and leading an organization's talent in a given field.
- A human resources manager in an organization would be expected to oversee all operations within the scope of human resources.
- A simple way to understand how this all plays out in an organization is a simple organizational chart (org chart, as they are commonly referred to).
- As a result, it's fairly common to receive an org chart when you start a job (particularly at larger companies), to understand who reports to whom, and regarding what tasks.
- This is a simple example of an organizational chart, in this case at an advertising agency.
Matrix Structure
- The matrix structure organizes employees by function and output to capitalize on strengths and improve efficiency.
- A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of strengths, as well as mitigate weaknesses of functional and decentralized forms.
- It brings the best aspects of functional and projectized organizations.
- Representing matrix organizations visually has challenged managers ever since the matrix management structure was invented.
- Most organizations use dotted lines to represent secondary relationships between people, and charting software such as Visio and OrgPlus support this approach.
- Committees draw together people of relevant expertise from various parts of an organization and are often responsible for making decisions.
- Governance: in organizations considered too large for all the members to participate in decisions affecting the organization as a whole, a committee (such as a Board of Directors or "Executive Committee") is given the power to make decisions, spend money, or take actions.
- Large academic conferences are usually organized by a co-ordinating committee drawn from the relevant professional body.
- An organization can have many subcommittees, as shown here in this organizational chart .
- Committees are a necessary aspect of organizations of any significant size (say, more than 15 or 20 people).
Using Formatting for Visual Flow
- Use bullet points or create lists to organize material; make sure this is "nice" to look at (easy to read)
- Make sure there is clear information presented and that it supports your point; color coordinate charts/graphs if necessary.
- Use text to support/explain charts and graphs (be brief but cover the high points)
- Avoid charts and graphs that can be misleading to your readers
Network Structure
- It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment.
- An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives.
- The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs.
- While business giants risk becoming too clumsy to act and react efficiently, the new network organizations contract out any business function that can be done better or more cheaply.


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March 24, 2010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICAv.NOBEL LEARNING COMMUNITIES, INC.
The United States of America moves to amend its complaint against Nobel Learning Communities, Inc. ("NLC"), a private, for-profit corporation that operates a private school network throughout the country. The United States claims that NLC is engaged in discriminatory practices in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("Title III or "ADA"). The government filed its original complaint on April 29, 2009, and on November 2, 2009, the Court granted in part and denied in part NLC's motion to dismiss. The government now seeks to replead certain claims dismissed by the Court's memorandum and order. For the reasons stated below, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the government's motion to amend.
I. Background
The government brought suit against NLC to enforce Title III of the ADA, alleging that NLC discriminates against children with disabilities and their families in the operation of NLC's daycare, preschool, elementary, and secondary school programs. The complaint stated that twelve students with disabilities were either disenrolled or denied enrollment from an NLC school between 2005 and 2008. The twelve students were associated with seven NLC schools located in six states across the nation. Eleven of the twelve students were under age six. Compl. ¶¶ 5-17.
Based on the disenrollments and denials of enrollment alleged in the complaint, the government asserted that all NLC schools engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination, used standards or criteria of administration that have the effect of discriminating, imposed or applied eligibility criteria that screen out or tend to screen out individuals with disabilities, and failed to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, and procedures to avoid disability discrimination. The government further alleged that parents, guardians, and siblings were discriminated against because of their association with a child with a disability, and that other children and families may be discriminated against if NLC continues its practices. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 6-17, 18-21.
NLC moved to dismiss all claims in the complaint except for any claim of individual discrimination against the twelve identified children. On October 6, 2009, the Court held oral argument on the defendant's motion. In a memorandum and order, the Court granted in part and denied in part the defendant's motion to dismiss.
The Court held that allegations of discrimination, including a pattern or practice of discrimination, use of standards and eligibility criteria, and a lack of reasonable modifications, could go forward solely with respect to preschool children because eleven of the twelve children identified in the complaint were preschool students at the time of the alleged discrimination. The Court dismissed any allegations of discrimination to the extent that they related to NLC's daycare, elementary, and secondary settings. The Court also dismissed all allegations of associational discrimination because the government premised its allegations on indirect consequences that families suffered due to their association with a disabled child. The Court held that Title III's prohibition of associational discrimination does not encompass indirect consequences.
The Court told the parties to report to the Court with how they would like to proceed in this matter. In view of the parties' submissions, the Court issued an order on December 10, 2009, setting the parameters and timetable for discovery, which is to conclude on February 15, 2011.
On December 14, 2009, the government moved to amend its complaint to address pleading deficiencies that the Court identified in its memorandum. The government attached a redacted version of the proposed amended complaint as Exhibit A to its motion ("PAC").*fn1 The PAC contains several new allegations. First, it includes allegations that NLC discriminated against a thirteenth child with a disability, A.O.R., and his family. The PAC alleges that A.O.R.'s parents enrolled A.O.R. in a daycare program at an NLC school. Months after A.O.R. was diagnosed with autism, NLC disenrolled A.O.R., and A.O.R.'s parents found a replacement daycare program fifteen miles away. PAC ¶ 27.
Second, the PAC states that NLC's daycare programs are not distinct from its preschool programs, and discrimination occurs at both the preschool and daycare level. The new factual allegations concerning the thirteen children who were disenrolled or denied enrollment from NLC schools note that the children are daycare or daycare-preschool students. Id. ¶¶ 8-9, 19-32.
Third, the PAC includes new factual allegations about the parents of the thirteen children with disabilities who were disenrolled or denied enrollment from an NLC school. It asserts that these parents sought to contract with NLC for daycare services that NLC marketed to them for their own benefit, and that the parents were denied the ability to contract for these services because of the parents' association with their disabled children. It alleges discrimination against parents or guardians of children with disabilities who seek to purchase NLC daycare programs. Id. ¶¶ 8, 11, 15-16, 19-32, 34-38.
Fourth, the proposed amended complaint includes new factual allegations about siblings of children with disabilities who were disenrolled or denied enrollment from an NLC school. Specifically, it alleges that the siblings of A.M., T.C., A.R., and M.E. were enrolled in NLC schools, and that these non-disabled students were effectively disenrolled when NLC disenrolled A.M., T.C., A.R., and M.E. Three of the siblings, those of A.M., T.C., and A.R., attended an NLC daycare-preschool, and the sister of M.E. attended an NLC elementary school. The complaint states that NLC knows or should know that parents want their children to attend the same facility and that disenrolling one child effectively disenrolls that child's sibling who attends the same school. It alleges discrimination on behalf of siblings who were effectively disenrolled from daycare-preschool settings and on behalf of M.E. at the elementary school setting. It does not seek to reallege associational discrimination by NLC in the elementary school context outside of the alleged discrimination experienced by M.E.'s sister. Id. ¶¶ 20, 22, 24, 32, 39-44.
The defendant opposes the government's motion to amend and argues that the PAC would be futile. It asserts that the addition of A.O.R. does not alter the focus of the case because the allegations concerning A.O.R. are similar to those for the other identified students. NLC also argues that the addition of daycare in the PAC is an attempt to replead associational discrimination, which is futile because the allegations do not evince direct discrimination.
II. Analysis
Pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleading either with the opposing party's written consent or the court's leave. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). A court should freely give leave when justice so requires. Id. Such leave should be granted in the absence of undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party, and futility of the amendment. Forman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).
A court determines the futility of a proposed amendment by the amendment's ability to survive a motion to dismiss. In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1434 (3d Cir. 1997). Under this standard, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads sufficient factual content to allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Id. Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is a context-specific task that requires a court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense. Id. at 1950.
Under this analysis, the Court concludes that the government may amend its complaint to the extent that it seeks to allege discrimination suffered by A.O.R. and at the daycare and preschool level. It may not amend its complaint to allege associational discrimination experienced by parents and siblings because such claims would be futile.*fn2
The PAC contains factual allegations with respect to A.O.R., who at one years old was enrolled in a daycare program at an NLC school in Sacramento, California. According to the PAC, at the time of his enrollment, A.O.R. had not yet been disagnosed with autism. Months after his diagnosis, the school disenrolled A.O.R. because it "did not accept children with special needs." PAC ¶ 27.
This new allegation, accepted as true, states a claim for relief that is plausible on its face with respect to disability discrimination under Title III. A.O.R. is similar to the twelve other students named in the original complaint and the PAC who were allegedly disenrolled or denied enrollment from an NLC school on the basis of discrimination. For the reasons stated in the Court's November 2 memorandum, claims related to the alleged discrimination experienced by A.O.R. are viable, and the government may amend its complaint to include these allegations.
B. Daycare/Preschool
The government may also amend its complaint to allege discrimination at both the daycare and preschool level. The PAC sufficiently pleads facts to demonstrate that NLC provides daycare and preschool services and that NLC's allegedly discriminatory policies extend to the daycare and preschool settings. According to the PAC, NLC makes no distinctions between its daycare and preschool programs.*fn3 The PAC also asserts that NLC denied admission to daycare and preschool programs to children with disabilities. All thirteen named children in the PAC are alleged to have enrolled or attempted to enroll in daycare or daycare-preschool programs. PAC ¶ 8, 11, 13, 19-22, 24-32.
C. Parents
The Court will not allow the government to amend its complaint to allege associational discrimination experienced by parents of daycare-preschool children with disabilities who were disenrolled or denied enrollment from an NLC school because such an amendment would be futile. Title III of the ADA provides:
It shall be discriminatory to exclude or otherwise deny equal goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, accommodations, or other opportunities to an individual or entity because of the known disability of an individual with whom the individual or entity is known to have a relationship or association.
42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(E).
As the Court held in its November 2 memorandum, to assert a claim of associational discrimination, a plaintiff must allege that he or she experienced direct discrimination because of his or her association with a disabled person. Memorandum 15-21. Such discrimination requires a separate and distinct denial of a benefit or service to a non-disabled person; it may not be premised on a derivative benefit or harm based on treatment towards a disabled person. See 28 C.F.R. § 36, App. B (commentary to Section 36.205) ("It would be a violation of [the associational discrimination provision] for a daycare center to refuse admission to a child because his or her brother has HIV disease."); Larsen v. Carnival Corp. 242 F. Supp. 2d 1333, 1349-50 (S.D. Fla. 2003) (rejecting wife's associational discrimination claim when disabled husband was forced to disembark cruise ship because wife was not forced to leave ship); Simenson v. Hoffman, No 95 C 1401, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15777, at *13-16 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 24, 1995) (rejecting parents' associational discrimination claim when child was refused treatment at hospital).
The PAC purports to allege that parents suffered from direct discrimination because daycare services provide a benefit to both parents and children, and parents were denied this benefit because of their association with their disabled children. The benefit to parents is described as time free from their children, as "NLC markets and offers its services to working parents who need flexible daycare and educational programs." PAC ¶ 8. For example, A.M.'s mother "needed full-time daycare so that she would have the flexibility to pursue work and educational opportunities." PAC ¶ 20. R.R.'s mother "needed daycare for R.R. at least six hours a day in order to study for [] exams." PAC ¶ 29; see also ¶¶ 22, 24, 27 (parents needed daycare for children to accommodate work schedules); ¶¶ 21, 28, 30, 31, 32 (parents had to find alternative arrangements, which took time and effort).*fn4
These allegations do not establish distinct benefits to parents and instead read like reformulated recitations of the same claims that the Court rejected in its November 2 memorandum. Any benefit to parents premised on time free from their children is not a benefit that is separate and distinct from the benefit to the child in attending daycare. Although parents enjoy a derivative benefit in sending their children to daycare, and suffer a derivative harm due to the attendant consequences of a child's disenrollment or unenrollment, daycare is not a service for parents because children, not parents, partake in the daycare activities.*fn5 See Simenson v. Hoffman, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15777 at * 13-16 (rejecting parents associational discrimination claim because medical treatment was for child, not parents).
The fact that NLC's daycare provides extended hours or year-long programs does not alter the Court's analysis. To hold that such accomodations are a distinct benefit to parents would offer no limiting principle and allow parents to assert associational discrimination claims when any child, no matter what age, was disenrolled from school. Just as elementary or middle school is not a service to parents to the extent that it provides parents with time away from parenting, neither is daycare.*fn6
D. Siblings
The Court will also not grant the government leave to amend its complaint to allege that siblings of disabled students suffered from associational discrimination because the PAC fails to allege that NLC directly discriminated against siblings. The PAC asserts that the children were "effectively disenrolled" because, in essence, parents prefer their children to attend the same school, and when one child is disenrolled, a parent disenrolls his or her sibling. Compl. ¶¶ 20, 22, 24, 32, 39-44. Nowhere in the PAC does the government allege that NLC took any direct adverse action against the non-disabled siblings. As such, this claim fails. See Larsen, 242 F. Supp. 2d at 1349-50 (dismissing non-disabled wife's associational discrimination claim because she was never asked to leave cruise ship, although husband was forced to leave); see also 28 C.F.R. § 36, App. B (commentary to Section 36.205).*fn7
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, the government's motion to amend its complaint is granted in part and denied in part.
An appropriate order shall issue separately.
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Architecture: Cargill Street Weatherboard
October 3, 2010
Fringe Architects transform a 1920s cottage, introducing contemporary design elements yet heeding heritage planning constraints.
Fringe Architects transform a 1920s cottage, introducing contemporary design elements yet heeding heritage planning constraints.
This weatherboard cottage, first built in the 1920s, sits in two significant heritage housing precincts given significance through the recently introduced precinct policies of the local municipality.
Consequently, all alterations and additions are to be fully encapsulated within the pragmatic program of the precincts design guidelines. These guidelines included sameness in materials, details, roof pitch, building form and scale and mass while still encouraging contemporary interpretations of housing design.
The new design approach sought to assimilate with the constraints, while providing increased accommodation for the young couple.
The original lean-to is reinterpreted as an open plan living space, the new studio third bedroom given a half-gabled double volume scale. Spaces are eroded at edges to link the volumes and create a more random spatial sequence.
New details and materials are integrated into the shell of the existing cottage with large sections of the original joinery retained and refurbished. Glass punctuates the walls and erodes divisions between roof plane and ground, to create a sense of bigness.
A thin edged aluminium awning is introduced at a high level and compliments performance glazing, to control heat loads.
Spaces that were once stuffy and impermeable are now naturally ventilated and flooded with light.
*Team* Designers: Andrew Hangemann, Aileen Angus


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