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Sep 12, 2011
SummerGlauFan Profile
Forums Owned
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Nice! Summer Glau was perfect for that role. I saw lovely pictures of her at fansite Summer Glau Wiki taken at this year Dallas Comic Con : http://summerglauw iki.com/news/pictu res_summer_glau_at _dallas_comic_con_ day_2/2012-05-21-2 88 (Jun 8, 2012 | post #1)
Summer Glau at Emerald City ComicCon
Summer Glau will attend Emerald city Comic, held at Seattle, Wahington. More information : http://summerglauw iki.com (Nov 22, 2011 | post #1)
Neve Campbell in 10 Former Ballerina Turned Actress List
Neve Campbell (Scream films) made the list of 10 Ballerina turned actresses at fansite Summer Glau Wiki. The list includes a short bio and pictures for Neve Campbell as well as Sarah Jessica Parker (Sex in the City), Summer Glau (Firefly, Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles),... Check the complete list at : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/24-2 78-1 (Oct 8, 2011 | post #1)
10 Former Ballerina Turned Actress
Fansite Summer Glau Wiki has made a list of 10 former ballerina turned actresses. Summer Glau is in the list as well as other actresses like Neve Campbell or Sarah Jessica Parker . Check the complete list with short bio and pictures at : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/24-2 78-1 (Oct 8, 2011 | post #1)
Fansite has created a calendar dedicated to Summer Glau
Fansite Summer Glau Wiki has created a calendar with the help of members of the wiki; even if it's made by fans of Summer Glau, the result is really good-looking, to the point a copy was sent to Summer Glau herself. The final result of the Summer Glau Wiki 2012 calendar : http://summerglauw iki.com/news/the_f inal_result_of_the _summer_glau_wiki_ 2012_calendar/2011 -06-04-181 The forum thread relating the making of at the Summer Glau Wiki : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/6-13 2-1 (Sep 25, 2011 | post #1)
Terminator The Sarah Connor Chronicles season 1 : HD 1080...
Screencaps from Terminator the Sarah Connor Chronicles season 1, in high resolution ( HD 1080p ) have been added to the Summer Glau Wiki gallery. TSCC HD screencaps : http://summerglaup hotos.fanfusion.or g/gallery/index.ph p?cat=70 (Sep 22, 2011 | post #1)
The Cape DVD will be released on September 26 in the UK and Universal Playback has given copies of The Cape: The Complete Series to film-oriented websites. The latter are offering their readers a chance to win a copy of the discs. List of websites and contest rules at : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/18-2 24-7553-16-1316679 690 (Sep 22, 2011 | post #1)
2011 Desktop Girl of the Week Champion : Summer Glau
Summer Glau won the Desktop Girl of the Week Tournament with a whopping 95.6% of the vote in the final where she was pitted against Emma Stone (star of the upcoming 'The Amazing Spider-man'). Source : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/9-26 1-2 (Sep 19, 2011 | post #1)
Cameron (Summer Glau) TSCC season 1
Cameron (Summer Glau) TSCC season 1 Fansite Summer Glau Wiki at http://summerglauw iki.com has created a video based on its HD 1080p screencaps of Summer Glau as Cameron in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Cronicles. Music : Weird Al Yankovic Link to video on Youtube : http://youtu.be/T1 DX8GGBruE Screencaps at Summer Glau Wiki:http://summer glauphotos.fanfusi on.org/gallery/ind ex.php?cat=70 (Sep 18, 2011 | post #1)
Summer Glau won two Tubey Awards 2011
More infos about about the Tubey Awards with pictures and others winners : http://summerglauw iki.com/blog/tubey _awards_2011_winne rs_list/2011-09-13 -103 (Sep 16, 2011 | post #2)
Summer Glau receives positive response for Alphas perform...
Fansite Summer Glau Wiki has collected some really good reviews of Catch and Release for you to read. All reviews praises Summer's acting performance and credibility as Skylar Adams and every columnist wishes that Summer Glau will return to the show in the next season. http://summerglauw iki.com/news/revie ws_of_alphas_catch _and_release/2011- 08-25-216#comments (Sep 16, 2011 | post #1)
Summer Glau won two Tubey Awards 2011
Summer Glau won in two categories : 1)Supporting Actor/Actress Most Deserving of a Starring Role Winner: Summer Glau (The Cape) 2)Best Sidekick Winner: Orwell (The Cape) This is a great result, considering The Cape is not on air for a long time and Summer is not on a weekly tv show. Source : fansite Summer Glau Wiki at http://summerglauw iki.com (Sep 16, 2011 | post #1)
San Antonio's Summer Glau & Jared Padalecki rule sci-fi's...
The funny thing is that Summer Glau was not on the original list released by Syfy UK; a member of fansite The Summer Glau Wiki tweeted to @syfyuk that Summer should be added to the list; a few minutes later, Syfy Uk admitted his mistake and asked tweeps to nominate other people. Full story at Summer Glau Wiki : http://summerglauw iki.com/forum/9-25 3-1 (Sep 16, 2011 | post #1)
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IELTS Speaking Partner - Page 6
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IELTS Speaking Partner - Page 6
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decided: November 10, 1964.
COMMONWEALTHv.NORTHERN METAL COMPANY, APPELLANT
Appeals from judgments of Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, Nos. 367 and 368 Commonwealth Docket, 1962, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Board of Finance and Revenue, v. Northern Metal Company.
Morris Wolf, with him Steven A. Arbittier, Raymond J. Bradley, and Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen, for appellant.
Vincent X. Yakowicz, Deputy Attorney General, with him Walter E. Alessandroni, Attorney General, for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Finance and Revenue, appellee.
Bell, C. J., Jones, Cohen, Eagen, O'Brien and Roberts, JJ. Opinion by Mr. Justice Cohen. Mr. Chief Justice Bell dissents.
[ 416 Pa. Page 76]
Northern Metal Company (appellant) is a Pennsylvania corporation with its sole place of business in Philadelphia. Originally incorporated in 1932 as a dealer in metals, it amended its charter in 1954 to permit it to engage in the business of stevedoring. All of its real and personal property is located in Pennsylvania. All of its employees are located and work in Pennsylvania. It is not registered to do business in any other jurisdiction, nor does it pay any tax to any other state or country.*fn1
[ 416 Pa. Page 77]
During the year 1957*fn2 appellant filed its Pennsylvania corporate net income tax report showing net income in the amount of $52,901.02. From this it subtracted interest on United States securities of $2,094.91 and paid tax (at 6%) on the remainder. The tax, thus computed, was $3,048.37. The State settled the tax by determining net income to be $676,140.18 (the amount of taxable income reported to the Federal Government) which, after substracting the interest on United States securities, left an income of $674,045.27 subject to tax. Tax was then computed at $40,442.72. The State's computation was made without resort to the allocation fractions set forth in the Corporate Net Income Tax Act, Act of May 16, 1935, P. L. 208, as amended, 72 P.S. §§ 3420a-3420n. It simply applied the six percent tax rate to 100% of appellant's net income as determined by the State.
Appellant then filed a petition for resettlement in accordance with § 1102 of The Fiscal Code, Act of April 9, 1929, P. L. 343, as amended, 72 P.S. § 1102; and the State resettled appellant's tax at $31,982.18. This amount was computed by allowing appellant to use the allocation fractions and determining that a partial allocation of gross receipts could be made outside of Pennsylvania.*fn3
[ 416 Pa. Page 78]
Subsequently, the Commonwealth, in accordance with the authority granted it under § 1105 of The Fiscal Code, supra, 72 P.S. § 1105, resettled appellant's 1957 corporate net income tax by disallowing the use of any allocation fractions and imposing tax at the rate of six percent on appellant's total net income. The total income was the $676,140.18 previously determined by the State plus $15,665.17 added to federal taxable income by the Federal Government or $691,805.35. From this total was substracted the interest from United States securities,*fn4 leaving a taxable net income of $689,711.34 and a tax of $41,382.68.
Appellant filed a petition for review with the Board of Finance and Revenue which upheld the final resettlement. On appeal to the court below from the board's refusal, appellant was again denied relief. This appeal followed.
In preparing its corporate net income tax report for 1957, appellant resorted to a procedure it had previously followed in earlier years.*fn5 It determined the amount of its federal taxable income -- here, $676,140.18*fn6
[ 416 Pa. Page 79]
-- and subtracted an amount which it computed as income from its stevedoring activity. This latter figure was determined by breaking down total sales into two categories -- stevedoring and other activities*fn7 -- and subtracting from each the cost of goods sold computed for each category. To these gross profit from sales figures other items of income (e.g., bond interest, rents, capital gains) were added, where appropriate, to each category; and the items of expense were then deducted from each. In determining how to allocate expenses between stevedoring income and other income, two methods were used: (1) expenses specifically identifiable with one or the other type of income were allocated to that type and (2) items not so identifiable were allocated in accordance with the direct labor ratios or cost of goods ratios previously determined. It is clear from the record that in making this breakdown of income and expense, appellant necessarily had to make arbitrary decisions, albeit reasonable in the minds of appellant's officers and accountants, because no contention is made by appellant that it was engaged in separate businesses for which it maintained separate books and records. Its activities were purely unitary, and its categorization was made solely for Pennsylvania tax purposes.
[ 416 Pa. Page 80]
While the State complains that there is no justification for the arbitrary allocation and points specifically to various items of income and expense allocated to stevedoring without, it contends, reasonable basis therefor, we need not pursue this aspect of the case further for appellant, before us, apparently has abandoned any argument that its procedure was proper. Instead, it argues that it should be entitled to allocate its income by use of the apportionment fractions provided for in the Corporate Net Income Tax Act and, in so doing, to exclude from the numerator of each fraction the tangible property values, wage expenditures and gross receipts attributable to its stevedoring activity. Further, appellant states, if the statute is interpreted in such a way as to deny it the right to make such allocations, the statute, as so applied, is unconstitutional for it would contravene both the commerce clause*fn8 and the export-import clause*fn9 of the Federal Constitution. This is so, says appellant because stevedoring is an inseparable part of foreign commerce and of the exporting process.
The Corporate Net Income Tax Act, supra, as re-enacted and in effect during 1957, Act of April 30, 1957, P. L. 80, imposed a tax for the privilege of doing business in Pennsylvania on every corporation exercising such privilege. The tax rate was six percent, and the measure of the tax was the corporation's net income. Net income was defined in the Act as the taxable income returned to and ascertained by the Federal Government. The Act, § 2, stated that if the entire business of the corporation is transacted within the State, the net income is 100% of the federal taxable income. However, to provide for situations where a corporation transacts business outside the State, the Act, § 2, further stated that in such situation a corporation
[ 416 Pa. Page 81]
could apportion its Pennsylvania net income (i.e., federal "taxable income") by use of allocations and apportionments, including the above-mentioned tangible property, wages and salaries and gross receipts fractions.
It is perfectly clear, and we do not find appellant arguing otherwise, that appellant transacts all of its business in Pennsylvania. Hence, under the wording of the Act, appellant is not entitled to apportion any part of its net income outside of Pennsylvania.
While the State argues before us that appellant's income should all be allocated to Pennsylvania by applying the allocation fractions at 100% each to such income and that the Department of Revenue followed this method in determining appellant's tax, we believe the State has misinterpreted both the statute and what the Department did. As just pointed out, the statute does not permit resort to the fractions in a case like this one; it requires simply that tax be imposed at six percent on all of appellant's net income (federal taxable income). Moreover, in resettling appellant's tax, the taxing departments did not resort to the allocation fractions; they simply did what the statute requires and taxed the total income at six percent. The court below also pointed out that this was the correct procedure, and the State apparently recognizes this difference for it refers to the lower court's method as an "alternative theory." This, it is not; it is the only statutorily prescribed "theory" and the only one which could be applied here within the terms of the Act.
Hence, we are faced squarely with a situation where the statute permits no allocation and a claim that, in this case, the statute is unconstitutional unless an extra-statutory method of allocation is allowed.
We indicated at the inception of the corporate net income tax that if in a particular case the apportionment
[ 416 Pa. Page 82]
formula provided in the Act produced an illegal result, we would consider the claim in the context of the case. Turco Paint & Varnish Co. v. Kalodner, 320 Pa. 421, 184 Atl. 37 (1936). Subsequently, the concept was approved that a corporation carrying on an activity separate from and unrelated to its business in Pennsylvania could exclude from its tax computation for Pennsylvania the proceeds from and factors applicable to this separate business. Commonwealth v. Baker-Whiteley Coal Co., 60 Dauph. 434 (1950), aff'd, 62 Dauph. 207 (1951). We have recognized the availability of this procedure. Commonwealth v. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 382 Pa. 509, 115 A.2d 373 (1955). However, the very statement of the rule precludes its application to appellant's situation because appellant is not, in carrying on its stevedoring activity, engaged in a separate business unrelated to its Pennsylvania activity.
Therefore, we must decide (1) if appellant is entitled to make some unique extra-statutory allocation of its income and (2) if so, what sort of allocation would be proper. Appellant's argument is that while it is proper for a state to impose a tax on the net income of a corporation, such a tax must be properly apportioned so as fairly to impose tax only upon the corporation's "local activities;" that stevedoring is not a "local activity" but an integral part of foreign commerce; and, therefore, that receipts from stevedoring cannot be taxed by a state since such activities are beyond the jurisdiction of the state. Alternatively, appellant argues, stevedoring is part of the exporting process; and no tax can be imposed on such activity without violating the Federal Constitution's prohibition*fn10 against a state's imposing an impost or duty on imports or exports.
[ 416 Pa. Page 83]
As the record makes abundantly clear, appellant is not engaged exclusively in foreign commerce. Rather, it is engaged in a combination of foreign, interstate and intrastate commerce. In such a situation it has long been held that a state may impose a tax or excise on the privilege of doing business within the state and require such a tax to be measured by the net income of the corporation derived from all of its activities as long as that income is fairly apportioned to the taxing state by reference to in-state factors. Memphis Natural Gas Co. v. Beeler, 315 U.S. 649, 86 L. Ed. 1090, 62 S. Ct. 857 (1942); Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton, Ltd. v. State Tax Commission, 266 U.S. 271, 69 L. Ed. 282, 45 S. Ct. 82 (1924). Moreover, it would appear to be immaterial if the tax in such a case is laid directly on the net income rather than on the privilege of doing business and measured by such income. Underwood Typewriter Co. v. Chamberlin, 254 U.S. 113, 65 L. Ed. 165, 41 S. Ct. 45 (1920).
Furthermore, it has more recently been determined that a state may impose a properly apportioned tax on the net income of a corporation engaged solely in interstate commerce activities in such state. Northwestern States Portland Cement Company v. Minnesota, 358 U.S. 450, 3 L. Ed. 2d 421, 79 S. Ct. 357 (1959). In such a situation a state necessarily is gathering tax from what appellant here would refer to as a "non-local activity." The problem is that appellant confuses the concept of "local activity" with the income derived from such activity. What the Supreme Court of the United States has upheld is a tax on or measured by all net income apportioned only by reference to activities and property producing the income. Where all of these activities take place in one state and all the property is located in the same one state, as here, all of the net income, regardless of its source, is subject to tax. Appellant, agreeing that it
[ 416 Pa. Page 84]
cannot exclude directly its income from foreign commerce, wants to accomplish that result indirectly by creating allocation fractions in which exclusion from the numerators are computed by reference to the receipts from foreign commerce rather than by reference to the factors measuring the activities carried on by appellant in Pennsylvania which produce the receipts.
In other words, there is no constitutional restriction upon a state's imposing a tax on or measured by the net income of a corporation engaged in all forms of commerce within the state as long as the state provides an apportionment formula permitting a reduction of tax where out-of-state factors exist. "Out-of-state factors" is not a phrase, however, which is synonymous with foreign or interstate commerce itself; it refers, rather, to factors which indicate the presence of a corporation in another state or country. Thus, where a corporation is transacting part of its business outside of Pennsylvania, this state permits it to apportion out of the state values and amounts based on tangible property, wages and salaries and gross receipts. On the other hand, where a corporation conducts all its activity in one state, even if that activity be a combination of foreign, interstate and intrastate commerce, there exists no basis for saying that some other apportionment, based on excluding directly the income derived from foreign and interstate commerce, must be permitted.
Illustrative of this distinction are two of the cases above mentioned. In Underwood Typewriter Co. v. Chamberlin, supra, the company reported to the State of Connecticut, where it carried on its manufacturing activity, that it had a net profit for the year of $1,336,586.13. Connecticut had a one-factor apportionment formula based on tangible property, and application of this factor resulted in attributing 47 percent of the company's net profits to Connecticut for taxation.
[ 416 Pa. Page 85]
The company complained, in part, because only about 3 percent of the profits were received in Connecticut. The Supreme Court refuted this contention, pointing out that the operations of the company giving rise to the profits were conducted in a substantial part in Connecticut even though the sales were made elsewhere.
Again, in Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton, Ltd. v. State Tax Commission, supra, the company was held to be liable for tax in New York even though its New York activities showed a loss. Application of New York's single apportionment factor based upon assets to all of the company's income from all its business, however, resulted in tax. The company's contention that New York was thus taxing income from business carried on elsewhere was rejected.
In a similar vein, involving companies conducting business in intrastate, interstate and foreign commerce, as here, is Matson Navigation Company v. State Board of Equalization of California, 297 U.S. 441, 80 L. Ed. 791, 56 S. Ct. 553 (1936). There, the Supreme Court upheld inclusion of the net income from all activities in the measure of the tax against the companies' contention that the net income from foreign and interstate commerce should all be excluded. Thus, we must conclude on this aspect of the case that no violation of the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution is involved in Pennsylvania's taxation of appellant here.
Appellant's second contention -- that Pennsylvania's tax, as applied here, violates the export-import clause of the Federal Constitution -- is likewise without merit. It is true that this clause prohibits more than just a tax upon the articles of export and import themselves. Canton Railroad Company v. Rogan, 340 U.S. 511, 95 L. Ed. 488, 71 S. Ct. 477 (1951). It is equally true that it may invalidate a tax otherwise valid under
[ 416 Pa. Page 86]
the commerce clause. Joseph v. Carter & Weekes Stevedoring Co., 330 U.S. 422, 91 L. Ed. 993, 67 S. Ct. 815 (1947) (partial dissent by Douglas, J.). As indicated by the dissenting opinion writer in this last case, the scope of this clause protects from taxation any step in the import-export process -- such as stevedoring -- and a state tax on the gross receipts from stevedoring would presumably infringe upon this protection. This is not the present case, however. Pennsylvania imposes no tax upon appellant's gross receipts; rather, the tax is upon net income, a factor far removed from the import-export process. Accord, Peck & Company, Inc. v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 165, 62 L. Ed. 1049, 38 S. Ct. 432 (1918). Accordingly, appellant's contention must be rejected.
The judgments of the court below are affirmed.
Judgments affirmed.
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When Vikram Pandit was appointed CEO of Citigroup last December, the studious, mild-mannered former fund manager could not have predicted that two months later he would be defending the continued existence of the $250bn (£124bn) institution.
But over the past week, Wall Street has succumbed to seemingly irredeemable pessimism over the prospects of the huge firm and the 51-year-old executive's commitment to making the changes it needs to survive.
On Tuesday, investors sent shares tumbling to a nine-year low after a respected analyst at Merrill Lynch warned that Citigroup might have to write down a further $18bn in sub-prime and other mortgage-related losses. On top of similar write-downs last autumn, that cost then-CEO Chuck Prince his job, analyst Guy Moszkowski warned that the firm still has 'quite a way to go' before resolving the fate of its $37bn portfolio of junk mortgages.
In a move to boost confidence, the bank last week announced it would reduce its $200bn mortgage portfolio by 20 per cent, mostly by cutting back on new loans. But it is questionable if Pandit, who announced a 41 per cent cut in dividends in January, can reduce Citigroup's exposure to riskier assets and improve performance before pressure from analysts and investors to break it up becomes irresistible.
Last week's stock rout, which saw Citi shares fall to $20.89 - comfortably less than half their value of a year ago - came as one prominent Middle Eastern banker suggested it would take more than just infusions of cash from sovereign wealth funds in the Gulf and Far East to keep the company intact. Over the past three months, Citigroup has tapped foreign investors for nearly $30bn.
Adding to the gloom, rumours have spread on Wall Street that the company may dismiss a further 30,000 employees, on top of 21,000 jobs already lost, in the coming months.
Reviving the firm is among the stiffest challenges facing any Wall Street executive. Citigroup is not only the largest bank but also one of the sickest after ingesting billions of dollars of mortgage-backed securities, even when it was apparent that the US housing market was in trouble.
With credit-market losses expected to mount, the concept of an all-in-one financial powerhouse that includes a commercial bank, a brokerage firm, an investment bank, and a credit card company, is being reconsidered.
Pandit, who was born in the south-western Indian state of Maharashtra and schooled in Mumbai before moving to the US to study electrical engineering at Columbia, has spent the past month inspecting his far-flung empire, travelling to branch offices in London, Mexico City, Warsaw, Istanbul, Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong and Seoul. Since taking the job, he has said that he wants to re-orient the company to focus on customer needs. But until his review is complete, he has declined to decide which bits will be divested. Pandit is expected to outline his plan to investors and analysts at a meeting on 9 May.
Last Thursday, the CEO tried to put a positive spin on the situation in a memo to staff. In it, he conceded Citigroup faces a 'challenging economic environment' but said 'fundamentally we remain strong'. He was also upbeat about the foreign cash injection, saying that capital is at 'a level that was stress-tested against a number of economic downturns'.
But there is still unease among investors and analysts over whether Pandit can turn around its fortunes. His 100-day honeymoon, they say, is close to conclusion and the investment banker, who has never run a public company, must show he can act with a firm hand over the 330,000-employee firm.
Pandit was chosen in December after recruiters spent a fruitless month polling suitable executives. Several candidates - including Royal Bank of Scotland's Sir Fred Goodwin and Deutsche Bank's Josef Ackermann - turned Citigroup down flat, fearing the extent of exposure to mortgage-related debts. Others, including former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin and John Thain, now CEO at Merrill Lynch, declined after it became clear that Citigroup's board wanted to keep the conglomerate intact.
In choosing Pandit, the Citi board selected an analytical technocrat over a charismatic figurehead. Despite misgivings over his experience, Pandit has proved himself an able businessman. He joined Citigroup in 2006, to run its alternative assets division after selling his hedge fund, Old Lane, to the firm for about $800m. This was barely a year after founding it - and at the very top of the market. After graduating with a PhD in finance in the mid-Eighties, he joined Morgan Stanley. By 1994, he'd risen to become head of its institutional securities division and helped build up the firm's electronic trading and prime brokerage divisions. According to his father, Shankar Pandit, the Citigroup CEO was 'a brilliant student throughout' and possessed a 'steely resolve'.
Pandit, who lives with his wife and two children in an $18m apartment on Central Park West, resists the typical profile of a Wall Street titan. He maintains that he's never been on a golf course; he's not known as a lavish spender on art or fine wine; and he's more likely to be reading a book than showing off on a yacht.
'He has an analytical mind. He won't ever get perturbed by problems. He'll jot down the pros and cons of the issue and then come up with a workable solution,' says his father.
The changes Pandit is said to be considering involve combining Citigroup's low-margin consumer unit with its wealth-management division, to give its brokerage business, Smith Barney, better access to branch customers.
The structure of Citigroup's investment bank may also need to be altered, say analysts. But some also warn that Citigroup, like many huge companies, represents the vision and energy of one man, in this case Sandy Weill. As is often the case, the firm has struggled for direction without him. Weill's designated successor, Chuck Prince, came from the firm's legal arm, not one known for making money.
So far, Pandit has attempted to limit the excesses of the Prince era by installing a new risk-management team, cutting exposure to sub-prime, and focusing on its wealth-management operation. Some analysts say the sell-off of Citibank stock has gone far enough, but others remain unconvinced.
'Unless he is willing to engage in a decisive plan to break up this company, you have a highly disruptive year coming up,' warns Meredith Whitney, the banking analyst at Oppenheimer, who first warned last year that Citigroup would need to cut its dividend or sell assets to avert a $30bn capital shortfall.
Other analysts criticised Citi's claim that its sovereign-wealth cash infusion was enough. Christopher Whalen at Institutional Risk Analytics told the New York Post: 'It's trying to do this in bite-size pieces. But everyone's still waiting for the other shoe to drop.'
But will it? In spite of his optimistic 'Dear Colleagues' memo last week, Pandit is a realist: the colossus that was built on ego and hubris in the Nineties may not be the same one that flourishes in what remains of the Noughties.
The CV
Born 14 January 1957 in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Education Studied electrical engineering at Columbia University. He received a master's degree in 1977 and went on to do a PhD in finance
Family Married with two children
1983, joined Morgan Stanley, eventually becoming head of institutional securities
2006, founded Old Lane hedge fund, selling it to Citigroup for $800m in 2007
2007, named CEO of Citigroup


text:
hehehe...well said "and..."
~ old habits die hard, older ones never do ~
only rock stars and famous people travel on virgin? or are we all rock stars and famous for travelling on virgin? either way, i don't give a flyin' f. ha.
give the children a candy. they'll quiet down soon enough and better they learn harsh lessons sooner than later. innocence lost is knowledge gained. LOL!
Like the billboard, but the ad itself is not great.
Doin' it for the points
I don't find CP+B's Virgin work up to their usual high quality.
this was actually done by a MAS student.
I agree, CPB jumped the shark.
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Hospitals in Aleppo 'all but obliterated'; civilians in 'living hell,' U.N. warns
ALEPPO, Syria, Oct. 2 (UPI) — Civilians in the rebel-held portions of Aleppo are enduring a "living hell" and the hospitals there have been all but obliterated, the United Nations warned Sunday as bomb attacks continued to hit the city.
UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Stephen O'Brien said in a statement that civilians in Aleppo are being subjected to "a level of savagery that no human should have to endure," NBC News reported.
"We are in a race against time to protect and save civilians in eastern Aleppo city," he said. "They need our urgent action to bring an end to their living hell."
RELATEDBombs strike largest remaining hospital in Aleppo
O'Brien said the indiscriminate bombing and shelling "in a shocking and unrelenting manner, killing and maining" residents is unprecedented.
He urged the warring parties to allow hundreds who need medical care to evacuate, BBC reported.
Overnight, rebel-held front line areas were subjected to dozens of Russian air strikes, witnesses said, which allowed government troops to gain ground in the northern part of Aleppo.
The Syrian army, just hours later, offered safe passage to rebel fighters if they would evacuate eastern Aleppo.
"The army high command calls all armed fighters in the eastern neighbourhood of Aleppo to leave these neighborhoods and let civilian residents live their normal lives," the army said a statement, announced by state news agency Sana on Sunday. The Russian and Syrian military leaderships will guarantee safe passage for the fighters and will give them aid as necessary."
The Syrian army, which is supported by Russian air power and Iran-backed militias, began its offensive to take control of the divided city after a week-long ceasefire broke down in September.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the military and its allies advanced south from the Handarate refugee camp north of Aleppo, which it took earlier in the week.
The largest trauma and intensive care center in eastern Aleppo was badly damaged by air strikes Saturday and forced to close. Two patients were killed.
The Syrian American Medical Society said the hospital has been hit seven times since July. Three of those attacks took place this week.


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A Tree
Wood Wall Sculpture(ID: A83944)
Created by Ingela Noren and Daniel Grant
Wall piece, painted with milk-paints and lacquered on wood. This hangs easily with a picture wire across the back.
other artwork you may like


text:
Rhode Island ranked 35th in the nation for $1.6 million in venture capital investment in the third quarter, according to The MoneyTree Report by PricewaterhouseCoopers based on data from Thomson Reuters. more
By Lori Stabile
Bank of America Corp., the second-biggest U.S. lender by assets, said third-quarter profit rose 7.3 percent, beating analysts' estimates, as revenue from fixed-income trading was better than predicted and expenses fell. more
By Laura J. Keller
Rhode Island has one of the highest percentages of Latino-owned businesses in New England, but many of these entrepreneurs report challenges in gaining access to capital and resources that could help their business grow, according to a new report by the Latino Policy Institute at Roger Williams University. more
By Mary MacDonald
Rhode Island had three deals totaling $500,000 for venture capital-backed companies in the third quarter, according to CB Insights and KPMG International's latest "Venture Pulse" report released Thursday. more
By Lori Stabile
Jonathan Nelson is one of the 400 richest Americans, according to Forbes. more
By Lori Stabile
A Morgan Stanley unit allegedly set up a high-pressure contest to spur financial advisers to cross-sell loans backed by investment accounts in an effort to boost banking and lending business and gain ground on rivals, the Massachusetts securities regulator said in a complaint against the company. more
By Chris Dolmetsch and Dakin Campbell
Banco Santander SA lowered its profitability target for 2018 as growth expectations worsened in the U.K. and other countries where the Spanish bank does business. more
By Macarena Munoz
(Updated 11:51 a.m.) Faced with high fees and poor performance, Rhode Island's general treasurer plans to reduce the state's investment in hedge funds, walking back a strategy implemented during the Great Recession. more
By Eli Sherman
The Slater Technology Fund on Monday announced it is committing another $250,000 to the biomedical company ProThera Biologics, bringing Slater's total investment in the company to $950,000. more
By Eli Sherman
Banco Santander SA pulled out of talks with Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC to buy the British firm's Williams & Glyn division, according to two people with knowledge of the matter. more
By Richard Partington


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241 Carson Oaks Lane,Santa Rosa Beach FL, 32459
3 beds , 3 Full baths
2,346 sq. ft
Status: Active
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices PenFed Realty
(866) 225-5778
Last Updated: 12/11/2016 12:37 AM
Description for 241 Carson Oaks Lane Santa Rosa Beach, FL 32459
Hurry! It won't last! This Florida Cottage sits on a corner lot and is full of light, with spacious living areas and three bedrooms. One bedroom on the ground floor, and two upstairs bedrooms share a second floor living area large enough to be a family room, game room or media area. Granite countertops; travertine flooring in the living, kitchen and dining area downstairs; metal roof; stainless appliances; 10-foot ceilings with crown molding; a great screened porch ready to welcome you home. Carson Oaks is known for its spectacular stone-gated entrance lined with ancient oaks. But what people who live there love is the PRIVATE boat launch and storage on the bayou (deep water that leads to Choctawhatchee Bay) and huge central Neighborhood Park with a pool. Renter to verify details.
Listing Information
Carson Oaks
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Living Room
Dining Area
Interior Features
Central Air
Electric Heating, Central
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Current market conditions for 241 Carson Oaks Lane
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$699,000
Days on market188
Properties for sale708
Sold Market Trends
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Median sold price$428,000
Sales to list price9,654.0%
Properties sold276
Median sq ft price$237
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 241 Carson Oaks Lane
Santa Rosa Beach Real Estate
Santa Rosa Beach is located in Florida. Santa Rosa Beach, Florida 32459 has a population of 11,977.
The median household income in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida 32459 is $56,851. The median household income for the surrounding county is $44,254 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Santa Rosa Beach 32459 is 44 years.
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Item will be delivered by Bikroy
For sale by Chowdhury Electronics MEMBER17 Nov 12:55 pmElephant Road, Dhaka
40 Inch Samsung J5500 FULL HD SMART LED TV, Series- 5, Smart TV, Clear Motion Rate 100Hz , 100% Brand New and Intact Boxed, Made by Samsung, Country of Origin-Korea, Assembled in Egypt/Malaysia/Vietnam, 05 Years Service Warranty.
Samsung TV Apps supported, Dual Core Processor, Web Browser, Connect Share Movie™, Planet First, Wide Colour Enhancer, Digital Noise Filter, Full HD 1080p (1920 x 1080 Resolution), 03 HDMI, 2 USB, AV, USB Playback (Audio/Video/Photo), Built in Wifi, Picture-In-Picture, USB HID, Smart Phone Remote, WiFi Direct available, HyperReal Picture Engine, Sound output (RMS)- 10Wx2, Dts 2.0+Digital Out available, Auto Volume Leveler, Analog Clean View, Mega Contrast, Vibrant colors and outstanding images, Power Consumption- 75W,
Contact: CHOWDHURY ELECTRONICS,
Shop-424,425,426, Level-4, Alpana Plaza,
Elephant Road, Dhaka-1205.
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3719599 - Small Block Chevy Fuel Pump to Block Adapter Plate.
This product may require vehicle validation(s) for proper fitment. Please contact us to confirm correct vehicle fitment and usage.
Pricing: $7.03
Fits all small block Chevy engines with a mechanical fuel pump. Bare steel finish.
Application List
- 3719599
- 3719599
- GM (General Motors)
- New
Shipping Information
- Item Requires Shipping
- 0.2 lbs.
- W3.1000" x H0.3000" x L4.3000"
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Subcategory: Snow Removal
Model: 8' blower
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TALLAHASSEE | When courts redrew districts for Florida's congressional delegation and the state Senate, assumptions quickly poured in.
TALLAHASSEE — There might not be a national television commentator writing "Florida Florida Florida" on a whiteboard, as Tim Russert infamously did on the night of the 2000 presidential election, but both parties will be eagerly watching the Sunshine State on Tuesday as the polls close.
TALLAHASSEE | For months, Democrats have counted on demographic shifts to help former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton lock down Florida's 29 electoral votes in the race for the White House.
TALLAHASSEE | Fracking, a dispute about a campaign sign and an attempted political comeback have heated up the battle for a North Florida Senate seat in a key swing district.
Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton has taken the lead in Florida after many voters thought she won last week's first head-to-head debate with Republican nominee Donald Trump, a new poll shows.
TALLAHASSEE — The Florida Board of Education appears ready to request another record figure of per-student funding for public education,... Read more
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text:
I wrote an almost 1500-word document until I verified and saw we should post only 200 words, so I'll attach the longer version as a PDF.
I come from a very poor and dangerous neighbourhood in Bucharest, Romania (Eastern Europe) where everything was scarce, including education. Because I come from a poor background and am part of a minority group, it was difficult for my family to achieve normal levels of education, so education and academic succes are very important to me.
I decided to use my educational background and my knowledge to help bring and raise awareness and create advocacy among women and men for women's rights, and to help women and men in their search for professional succes with my two small and voluntary platforms.
This is done mostly online and by community organizing. I hope to get more input and knowledge from World Pulse and its wonderful team and members.
Attachments0Send Me Love
Hello ANAB,
It is really great reading about you on your journey.
Education is very important in any society. Despite growing up in a dangerous neighborhood you have an educational background, which is a plus on your achievements. It is a tremendous job you are doing by creating a platform where you are able to help both men and women in their search for professional success.
No doubt you are in the right place, because world pulse is a place to be to voice out and have solutions to issues as it affects us all.
You inspire me, keep up the good work.
I believe education is the basic right of every human on this planet. I wish you good luck for your good work.
Dear Anab,it's amazing how you have decided to help men and women in your environment not minding your educational background.Indeed education is the only way your community can be liberated from the shackles of poverty.
Jane Kalu
Dear Anab,
What a wonderful thing, to want to spread awareness on women's issues through education! I agree that education is the most powerful tool for enacting true, long-lasting change. It is through education that we open minds, allow for new perspectives and do away with mentalities that may be outdated or harmful to women or other oppressed groups. It's great to read about your work online and I hope World Pulse will help to equip you with the tools you need to keep making a difference in your community!
All the best,
Hi AnaB,
Impressive work sis. Please what's the link to your website? Would love to subscribe and visit it from time to time so I can learn one or two things from you.
Keep working sis for we all learn everyday.
Best wishes,
Emilia Miki
Founder Denis Miki Foundation
Associate Fellow of The Royal Commonwealth Society


text:
In an effort to assist students in attending one of the Assemblies of God's endorsed schools, AG Trust and The Alliance for Assemblies of God Higher Education created the Riggs Scholarship Fund available at AG Trust Online.
The scholarship is named after former General Superintendent Ralph Riggs, who was an early advocate for higher education in the Assemblies of God. Ten semi-finalists will be chosen for the General Superintendent scholarship. However, only two scholarships - up to $30,000 each, awarded over a 4-year period - will be awarded to one male and one female high school senior. The eight finalists not chosen will receive one-time $5,000 scholarships that will be awarded over the first two semesters they are enrolled in an Assemblies of God school.
In order to apply, students must demonstrate leadership potential through past and present involvement in an AG church, school and community; have a minimum GPA of 3.7 on a 4.0 scale; maintain a 3.5 GPA and continue attendance and active involvement in an AG church while enrolled in school and demonstrate a dedicated walk with God and a commitment to use his or her gifts toward Kingdom expansion.
For more information about AG Trust and to complete an application, visit AG Trust Online. For more information about the Alliance for Assemblies of God Higher Education, visit Colleges on AG.org.
2017 Historical Study ToursMarch 10-19 & May 20-28, 2017
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Dallas Jazz OrchestraApril 8, 2017, at 7:00 pm
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SAGU Cinema Set to Release Newest Film in JanuaryDecember 2, 2016
SAGU Participates in Academy of Preachers Texas Regional FestivalNovember 30, 2016
18 Lions receive CSFL post-season honorsDecember 2, 2016
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Air Flow Monitoring for Tunnels
By Optical Scientific Inc. (OSi) based in Gaithersburg, MARYLAND (USA).
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Precision high pressure mass flow control is very difficult. Sierra has met this challenge with a patented high pressure mass flow controller design that offers impermeable elastomers with very little leakby.
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Sierra has a complete line of fuel instrumentation to cover both steady-state gravimetric and transient consumption measurement. Our ultrasonic and vortex flow meters are an ideal choice for accurate fuel flow applications found in general industry. Through our Automotive Test Division, we also manufacture a line of ultra-high accuracy gravimetric and coriolis based fuel flow meters for engine and vehicle fuel consumption research.
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By Valeport Ltd based in Totnes, UNITED KINGDOM.
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text:
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We all probably know someone who is or has been affected by cardiovascular disease. Heart disease is the country's No. 1 killer and stroke is the No. 3 killer. NSU has joined the fight against these killers. Norfolk State will participate in the American Heart Association's Heart Walk, September 22 at Mount Trashmore Park in Virginia Beach. Join our team today. Contact email@example.com.
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12/15/2016NSU vs. William & Mary (Women's Basketball Rock Green & Gold Night)
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1/27/2017Norfolk State Baseball: Inaugural First Pitch Dinner


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Gray Nicolls Long Sleeve Cricket Shirt, Medium (White)
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Wilton 601-5580 1/2-Ounce Certified-Kosher Icing Colors, Set of 12
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Chicago manager Dusty Baker is hoping some unexpected rest has given his team a boost for the stretch run toward the playoffs.
The Cubs will try to maintain their slim lead in the NL wild-card race as they continue a three-game series with the Montreal Expos at Wrigley Field.
Chicago has a half-game lead over the Giants for the wild card with Houston, Florida and San Diego all within four games.
Aramis Ramirez hit a pair of two-run homers and Carlos Zambrano allowed four hits in eight innings to lead the Cubs to a 9-1 victory over the Expos on Monday.
Mark Grudzielanek, Derrek Lee and Michael Barrett also homered for Chicago, which played its first game since Wednesday's 2-1 extra-inning victory at Montreal. The Cubs had their weekend series at Florida postponed because of Hurricane Frances.
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Zambrano gave up one run, struck out five and walked one Monday to match his career high with 13 wins.
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"You just hope they are as sharp as Carlos was today," Baker said. "Strength is one thing, sharpness is something else."
Ramirez took advantage off the long weekend to rest his sore left groin, which has been bothering him since July.
"I feel a lot better. I'm not a 100 percent, but the four days off really helped my groin," he said.
The Expos have lost four of their last five games. Monday's defeat opened a season-high 14-game road trip for Montreal.
Team Comparison
|5th East
|Away 32-50
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Blog Coverage from SB Nation
Federal Baseball
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Local exporters recognized with award
MARTINSBURG – Although the economic climate has many companies focused on simply surviving, three Eastern Panhandle businesses were recently recognized for expanding globally.
The West Virginia Export Council, Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin and the West Virginia Development Office recently recognized 52 businesses statewide that have exported a product or service to a new country in 2012.
Growth Media Services in Martinsburg, Schonstedt Instrument Company in Kearneysville and Caperton Furnitureworks in Berkeley Springs were commended for beginning a business relationship with a new country – and for some, with their first country.
Growth Media Services is a video production agency and advertising provider that designs marketing campaigns for businesses through print media, television and the Internet. It was the company's production of the science fiction web series "Shotgun Mythos" that launched husband and wife team Clint and Darla Gaige into the international market.
With more than half of the show's viewers located outside of the United States, the international popularity of the show drew the interest of an investor in Hong Kong.
"At first we were hesitant to take on an investor. Anything creative is a long shot, and you know the potential, but you don't know the reality. You don't want to make promises you can't keep, so we actually turned (the investor) down twice," Darla said.
After accepting the partnership, the show received money for equipment upgrades and marketing. With only two days of shooting left, the season one finale to air in November and approval given for a second season, Darla said the company and the actors have been on "one wild ride."
This is the first time Growth Media Services received the Governor's Commendation for International Market Entry award.
Although not new to the international marketplace, Schonstedt Instrument Company began offering its services to Tanzania in 2012. The Kearneysville business ships to more than 85 countries around the world, and more than 30 percent of its business comes from outside of the United States.
Schonstedt Instrument Company produces equipment used for detection and location of objects underground and underwater, larger and deeper than what is picked up by traditional metal detectors.
The company headquarters has been located in Jefferson County since 1998, and celebrated its 60th anniversary this year.
Located in Berkeley Springs, Caperton Furnitureworks, also known as Gat Creek, produces handmade furniture made completely from native West Virginia woods. The company has been in business for more than 50 years and has exported their products internationally for the last five years.
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Each business received the Governor's Commendation for International Market Entry award – a framed piece of currency from the new country the business began exporting to in 2012.
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– Staff writer Samantha Cronk can be reached at 304-263-8931, ext. 132, or twitter.com/scronkJN.


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Is that legal flag behavior? Some Florida laws may surprise you
It's a grand old flag. And there are some interesting state laws governing how it's purchased, displayed and treated in Florida. The All-American Flag Act, which becomes law on July 1, is the latest in more than a century's worth of legislation governing the symbols of the nation, state and even the Confederacy. Read the article……….
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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
Causes of Criminal Behavior
Although crimes have been committed since times immemorial, a systematic study of the causes of criminal behavior (or why crimes are committed) is a relatively recent phenomenon. Various theories have been put forward and numerous research studies have been conducted to better understand the criminal mind in order to prevent or reduce crime. It is, perhaps, a tribute to the complexity of the human brain that most of these theories remain just "theories" with little evidence to support definite and irrefutable patterns of criminal behavior. This is not to suggest that all theories of "criminology" are worthless -- most of them do provide useful insight into the criminal mind and at least partially explain the reasons why crimes are committed by certain individuals. In this paper we shall explore some of the theories of criminal behavior that have attempted to throw light on the causes of criminal behavior. It includes a discussion of the 'serial killer' and the possible reasons behind their deviant behavior.
The earliest theories about crimes attributed the 'evil' acts to the influence of demons or the planets (i.e., 'demonology' and 'astrology'). Religious scriptures and Christianity discuss crime in theological terms and consider it to be a sin. Punishment for crimes during early parts of human history was often brutal, although Christianity emphasized penitence by the criminal for forgiveness by God. (Lynch, "Criminology") Systematic study of crime and its causes in isolation from the concept of "sin" only started in the late eighteenth century.
Classical Criminology
An Italian jurist, Marchese di Beccaria published an important work in 1764 titled "Essays on Crimes and Punishments" in which he opposed the overly severe punishments that were in vogue during the times, including death penalty and argued that the certainty -- rather than the severity -- of punishment was a more effective deterrent to crime. (Ibid. para on "Classical Criminology") This was also the period when the famous British philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that punishments should be based on the principle of utility and was instrumental in lowering the severity of punishments in Britain. The contributors to 'classical criminology' were more concerned with improving the existing standards of crime and punishment and did not specifically produce studies about the causes of crimes, but laid the foundation of scientific and systematic study in later times.
Lombroso's Theory of the 'Criminal Type'
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) was an Italian criminologist who advocated the theory that hereditary factors were responsible for the predisposition towards crime in certain individuals. Although his theories have largely been discredited by later research into the subject, they evoked considerable interest when they were first unveiled. Lombroso attributed distinct physical characteristics to criminal 'types' such as asymmetry of skull; low, retreating forehead; strongly arched brows; large, outstanding ears, and left-handedness. (Reckless, p. 164) He also attributed a number of mental attributes to criminals such as relative insensibility to pain; acuteness of vision; obtuseness of the sense of smell or of vision, taste, touch, and hearing; absence of remorse; lack of moral sense; violent temper and extreme vanity. (Ibid)
Most of Lombroso's theories were proved wrong by Charles Goring, a British criminologist in the early 20th century, who used comparative studies of prisoners and non-prisoners to show that the so-called 'criminal type' as described by the Italian did not exist. The importance of Lomboro's work in understanding of the causes of criminal behavior, however, cannot be denied since his work focused attention on the scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior and laid the foundations of 'modern criminology.'
Modern Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior
Lomboro's theories may have been largely discredited, but other more sophisticated 'biological' theories that are off-shoots of his theory have persisted. Instead of considering physical appearance as an indicator of the 'criminal type' these theories emphasize genetic inheritance or irregularities in neurological / brain development. Despite, some co-relation found in studies of twins toward criminal disposition, genetic disposition of criminality remains inconclusive. Similarly some evidence co-relates certain brain irregularities such as low levels of serotonin or and an impairment of the frontal lobe of the brain's cerebrum to aggressive behavior and violent crime. However, more research is required to verify these findings. (Lynch, Para on "Biological Theories of Crime")
Psychological Theories
The psychological theories about the causes of criminal behavior can be divided into (1) moral development theories, (2) social learning theories, and (3) personality theories.
The moral development theories contends that all individuals go through different stages of 'moral development' and those people whose moral development is not complete due to whatever reason, cannot differentiate between right or wrong. Such people are likely to exhibit criminal behavior. The social learning theories emphasize that the process of learning and internalizing moral codes has more to do with 'socialization' than with 'development stages.' Learning theorists believe that all children learn to behave in response to how elders (particularly parents) respond to their compliance with or violations of rules. The rewards and penalties prescribed by the elders / parents become so ingrained in the psyche of the children that such behavior becomes second nature for life -- hence it is believed that criminal or non-criminal behavior of a person depends on the 'type' of socialization that he/she has undergone. Studies of delinquent youth indicate that they were either subjected to overly lax and erratic discipline or by unduly harsh discipline. Personality theories are largely based on the theories of Sigmund Freud who believed that there was a connection between deviant behavior and the unconscious mind and that criminal behavior is the result of the failure to resolve the tension between individualism and society.
Social Causes
Perhaps the most common reasons for criminal or deviant behavior are ascribed to the environment or social factors. One of the first 'social' theories was put forward by a French sociologist, Gabriel Tarde who was opposed to Lombroso's theory about the physical traits of the criminal. While recognizing the influence of 'biological' factors, Tarde contended that the main causes of crime were social. He believed that the major reason behind the adoption of crime as a career by people was the imitation of criminals' behavior by others. (Reckless, pp. 166-67)
Another early and pioneering 'social theorist' was Frenchman Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), who believed that crime is related to the loss of social stability and the breakdown of social bonds that results in feelings of confusion and alienation.
Other important theories that also fall under the broad category of 'Social Theories' of criminal behavior include the 'structural strain theory' developed by American sociologist Robert Merton in the late 1930s. Merton's strain theory attempts to explain the prevalence of greater amounts of crime among the poorer sections of the population as compared to wealthier sections. It explains that all people aspire to achieve economic success but when they are denied legitimate means to reach their goal they experience 'strain.' One of the 3 possible responses to the 'strain' according to Merton is criminal behavior. (Lynch)
Opportunity Theory
Opportunity theorists point out that criminal motivation alone was not sufficient to cause crime and the criminal requires the opportunity to commit crime. Hence, the theory contends that the physical and social environment of the offender and the victim are important factors in limiting or encouraging criminal opportunity.
Serial Killers
Serial Killers are the 'ultimate criminals' since they are responsible for committing the most heinous of crimes, i.e., of taking another human's life without legitimate cause, perform the dastardly act repeatedly and usually derive pleasure by doing so. It is, therefore, instructive to briefly look at their behavior pattern as it gives us a useful insight into the functioning of the criminal mind. Studies made by FBI reveal that serial killers fall into two fairly distinct categories: the 'organized' and the 'disorganized.' (Reed, "Specialists look...") The organized killer is usually male, white and fairly intelligent, socially adept and ordinary looking who can easily blend into the background. He plans his crimes with great detail, leaving very little evidence behind. Jeffery Dahmer -- "the Cannibal" -- convicted of 17 young men and boys, is a classic example. Such killers are often 'sexually competent,' may be married or live with a girl friend. Their victims are usually strangers, mostly women of a particular type. They are usually mobile (and hence his victims can belong to a wide geographical location) and in short -- very hard to locate. (Ibid.)
The 'disorganized' serial killer, on the other hand tends to kill impulsively, without much planning or effort to cover his tracks. He is usually less intelligent and socially inadequate -- may be living alone or with a parent; is more than likely not to have been married, or have a girl-friend. Usually lives in the area where the murder(s) are committed and most of his sexual assault / mutilations are performed on the dead victim. Disorganized serial killers may also keep the dead bodies with them for long periods. (Ibid.)
In addition, while examining the backgrounds of…[continue]
"Causes Of Criminal Behavior" (2003, November 29) Retrieved December 10, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-criminal-behavior-158763
"Causes Of Criminal Behavior" 29 November 2003. Web.10 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-criminal-behavior-158763>
"Causes Of Criminal Behavior", 29 November 2003, Accessed.10 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-criminal-behavior-158763
43) Foundation and Focus The foundation for the Classical Theory to crime focused less on the criminal and targeted more on securing a rational, fair system for controlling and putting punishments in order. Little concern was given to causes of criminal behaviors. Significant words/definitions related to this theory include: Classicism - The Enlightenment view of crime that stresses free will and rationality and the corresponding rationality of the justice system.... Free will
" These authors purport that although mood and behaviour may constitute a vital part in disorderly outcomes of drinking scenarios, other social factors can equally contribute influences. These factors, according to these authors, can be categorized by the following factors: the attitude and motivations that young binge drinkers bring to drinking, the social and peer group norms under which they operate, and features relating to the drinking environment. Reasonable Investigations In the journal
What seems clear is that while not all criminality is stable, those people who begin offending at relatively young ages are generally those who are lifelong offenders. In this way, it can be said that some criminality is stable over time. The stability of criminal behavior can have a significant impact on criminal justice policy. When rehabilitation efforts proved largely unsuccessful, there was a conservative swing back towards incarceration to
Criminal Behavior Approaches to Understand Criminal Behavior Psychological Approaches Sociological Approaches Biological Approaches Psychosurgery Chemical Methods of Control Imagine yourself having a walk in the premises of your house and a stone come flying through the boundary wall and hits you. As a layman, one might face difficulty in defining this incident. It can be termed as an assault, an act of violence or a criminal offence. This is a layman's term to define this act but
Likewise, full-body tattoos are considered deviant behavior and people who are completely tattooed are ostracized from some elements of society, but that behavior has never been considered illegal. In contrast, most people do not consider jaywalking or speeding to be extremely deviant behavior. On the contrary, most people have probably engaged in these criminal behaviors and may even be habitual offenders, but one would be unlikely to label them
Leaders in society understand the need to resist putting unfair labels on people; this has been a positive trend over the recent past. Feminist Theory: Feminist theories suggest, "…criminal justice decisions reflect male dominance and functioning to support patriarchy"; in short, the system is bias against women (Akers, 1999). This has changed society because women's liberation, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, have made it illegal to discriminate based
Criminal Justice Theory and the Los Angeles County Probation Department Criminal and antisocial behaviors have been studied in the field of criminology for many years. Criminologists are very interested to learn what types of things cause specific criminal and antisocial behaviors. While criminal behavior and antisocial behavior are not always related, they often have close ties. Criminologists and other researchers are looking to find commonalities between certain genetic makeups and deviant


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