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what I did to my WR 450 today - and smart guy jetting question!?
Posted April 17, 2008 - 07:30 PM
What I came from: stock pipe, opened air box, GYTR AIS removal with GYTR 165 main jet and needle and a 48 pilot. 2 turns out. All other items are stock including air filter with Belray. How it ran was very responsive and right on the money through the entire powerband. Small amount of bog when riding singltrack at 15mph or less. Ran good at all temperatures and humidity from 0 to 4000 altitude (ran better in the 80-100 temp than in 50-70 but still adequate). Always hard to start though.
What it is NOW: FMF PowerCore with PowerBomb and quiet core, UNI air filter with NO-TOIL oil and very open air box, 170 main, JD Red #5, 48 pilot, 40 leak jet, ran best with 1 turn out of my zipty. How it ran in 65 degrees at 200 altitude close to ocean. Starts very easy. good response through whole powerband if I am not twisting hard. If I yank the throttle hard which is how I always ride, the first 1/8 throttle is good response and then 1/4 through 3/4 is not consistant and seems to be blotchy and boggy and a little bit of popping. 3/4 to full is pretty much the same.
My original thoughts were to tune it to 80+ degrees cuz summer is here and I ride mostly between 2000 to 3000 altitude inland in the mountains, not by the ocean. I went with what I did because of what I thought from reading my JD jet directions and from Indy 450 and others. I know my riding condition is now different than it is going to be at the 60 degrees and 200 altititude but should I start with dropping the 170 main to 168 or 165. I thought that since I had a 165 already before opening up my exhaust that I could afford to do the 170 - guess not. Or should I change the eclip on my JD red to #4 position or move to the Blue #3 as seeming to be for all the winter riding?? Please advise on where and what I should do?? Thanks, Jason:confused:
Posted April 18, 2008 - 01:42 AM
Posted April 18, 2008 - 01:43 AM
Because you plan to ride at a higher alititude where the air becomes thinner you will need to go leaner on the jetting to compensate for that.
As you are having dramas between 1/4-3/4 throttle I would start with the needle moving it down a clip to # 4, then possibly # 3 if # 4 is not much of an improvement.
You might even need to go to a 162 or 160 main as well. I had the same deal when I added my GYTR race pipe, I went richer on the jetting from 165 to 170 and two days later had to go back to where it was, originally a 165. Finally I went to a 162 and that improved it further. Seemed weird to me but worked out great.
The small amount of bog when riding 15mph is probably caused your AP pump timing being slightly off.
Don't want to insult your intelligence but make sure you change just one thing at a time or it will be confusion city.
Posted April 18, 2008 - 09:25 AM
Posted April 18, 2008 - 12:40 PM
Do I change the needle next to 4th position or .........? Also, still want opinion on the AP timing. Did I adjust my screw out too much and am flooding my carb. I read on the AP 101 that it can make the bike boggy it is turned out too far, but dont know if that effect goes through the powerband. I know that I adjusted the AP about 3 turns out from where it was to get it to the specs on the JD jet kit directions!??
I need somemore opinions. thanks, Jason
Posted April 18, 2008 - 04:56 PM
If you take off the airbox boot from the carb and warm the bike up open the throttle as you would when riding and see if the squirt of fuel from the AP is clearing the carb slide or not, if it is not then the AP needs further adjustment.
Go out and get a 45 PJ then set up your pilot circuit as per the link below from Eddie the jetting man.
Then you can eliminate the PJ and pilot circuit from the equation - I would do this first as its the easiest to check.
If that doesn't improve things work, drop the needle to position 4.
Posted April 18, 2008 - 05:46 PM
I do agree that I need to do one thing at a time but that will be hard cuz my head is spinning and I want so bad to just twist and get it on.
I know what you mean, I'm laid up for 6 weeks after a knee operation so TT helps relieve the boredom and I learn stuff too!
Check out this thread below for AP timing mainly from Barton, some really great info.
Your best bet might be to get the bike on the dyno and let a respected tuning shop do the hard work?
http://www.thumperta...ing AP FCR carb
Posted April 18, 2008 - 07:01 PM
Posted April 18, 2008 - 09:45 PM
Posted April 19, 2008 - 11:24 AM
Posted April 19, 2008 - 01:11 PM
Posted April 19, 2008 - 02:04 PM
Posted April 19, 2008 - 08:41 PM
I hear you on needing the entire throttle capability and believe me - I use all of it. I am always WOT (wide open throttle) from slow to fast. I was just under the impression that with the yz cam you have starting issues and then a more touchy and sensitive low end closed to 1/8 throttle!?? I went up to Kennedy Meadows last year with my original settings (see first write up on this page) and went 22 miles and had to fill up again on gas. I think the guy behind me got sprays of gas on him everytime I hit the throttle (haha!) Beatiful country up there - might try to do it again this year before summer hits. This time I'll be tuned for it though!
Hey Daz,
Hope your knee gets better - when you can - start doing range of motion excersizes to increase blood flow. That will push out toxins and scar tissue and inrease spead of healing by bringing in more nutrients to your injured tissue. Eat good balanced meals and no heavy smoking and drinking as this has many adverse effects on healing.
As to someone putting my bike on a dyno - A respected tuning shop - maybe if I could find one. I go down to the dealers and ask their mechanics questions and find that they cant answer the questions I ask. Much better to ask guys with a passion for what they do than someone that just earnes a dollar for twisting a wrench. I find that it all trades though. I know there are good honest hardworking trustfull people out there but they are scarce - so as I stated I trust in people with a passion about what they have and do and that is a value in this web site. Happy healing. Jason
Posted April 20, 2008 - 06:58 PM
Posted April 23, 2008 - 03:19 PM
Ok, changed my stuff around for trial and error. 170 main, 45 pilot, #50 leak jet, blue needle at #3 from top, AP squirt cant hit the slide when turned in or out. Duration is dont know now, but was app. .8 seconds with the #40 leak jet. Its problably close. My timing adjustment is as recomended by JD jetting (I called and talked with them re my situation). That is 2.75 mm. When I turned the screw out 1 full turn from there it seemed to be a little better on response but still has hesitation.
HOW did it run - Not compleetely sure cuz I dont have a place to ride it around alot. It had ok bottom from 0 - 1/8, It had good hit from 1/8 to 1/4, It had ok 1/2 to 3/4 and full but seamed to flatten out and loose my power when WOT. Dont like that cuz thats the position I am usually in - I ride my bike like a 2strke. I am trying things on the rich side of things to see if that works better without hurting my engine. Any ideas??? Jason
Posted April 23, 2008 - 04:13 PM
Posted April 24, 2008 - 02:03 PM
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Gothic Class
Posted by Angel April 14, 2014
Posted in DAZ | Poser | Carrara, Toons
Tagged Cookie
Cute and Sweet can be Dark and Dangerous in this expansion texture set for LLF's Gothic Gown for Cookie. We've pulled out our favorite dark textures and created this colorful yet mysterious set of textures for all of those renders that Cookie needs to be cute, but look dangerous!
Have Fun
|Link to post:
|Goth Gown for Cookie

subset: commoncrawl


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Hearty Shepherd's Pie
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 30 mins
So yummy and comforting on a chilly evening! Left over mashed potatoes work great.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb ground beef
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 garlic clove, minced
- 1⁄4 teaspoon dried thyme
- 2 tablespoons ketchup
- 1 tablespoon flour
- 1 (10 ounce) package frozen mixed vegetables
- salt & pepper
- 3 cups prepared mashed potatoes
- Preheat oven to 425 degrees. In a large saucepan cook beef, drain.
- Add onion and garlic, cook until softened.
- Add thyme, ketchup, and flour. Stir until combined.
- Add 1/2 cup water and veggies. Cook until veggies are warm through and liquid has thickened.
- Season with salt and pepper.
- Spoon into 2 quart baking dish, spread mashed potatoes evenly over beef mixture using a fork.
- Place dish on a rimmed baking sheet and bake 10-15 minutes or until potatoes are lightly browned.
- Enjoy!
Most Helpful
There wasn't much flavor to this, so I added a 1/2 cup of beef broth. I also added extra thyme.


text:
A closer look inside Trek Bicycle Corp., the family business that forms the cornerstone of Mary Burke's campaign for governor.
Today's Paper, also known as the e-Edition, is an online replica of the printed newspaper. You can view today's paper or previous issues.
For your convenience, the same email address and password can now be used to:


text:
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This T-Bar Door Handle will suit any home.
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Rated 5 out of 5 by 3 reviewers.
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Mr Gamrat, London
Bairstow Eves were efficient, professional and extremely courteous, right through to completion. Going beyond what one would expect from any estate agent.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
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text:
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- "You're an experiment. You're going to Alamogordo."
- ―Chester Phillips
Alamogordo is a city located in the state of New Mexico.
Alamogordo was the location of a facility run by the Strategic Scientific Reserve during World War II.
Colonel Chester Phillips tried to send Steve Rogers to Alamogordo in an attempt to reproduce the Super Soldier Serum, as its developer, Doctor Abraham Erskine, was killed by HYDRA agent Heinz Kruger.
With all samples of the serum destroyed, and its formula never written by Erskine to avoid it falling in the wrong hands, analyzing Rogers' blood in Alamogordo was the only hope to quickly reproduce the results of Project Rebirth.[1]
- Alamogordo translates into "Fat Cottonwood" in Spanish.


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A show of confidence
The new Highlander has a distinct presence. It proudly stands apart for all the right reasons. A bold upright grille tastefully edged with chrome combined with sleek LED headlamps and daytime running lights, create a stylish front. Along the side, crisp-cut lines flow smoothly front to back with subtle contours around the 19" double-spoke alloy wheels.


text: First I believe this is in the right sub-section of the forum since it's related generally to all ipod touches / iphones. It seems there are certain individuals that want to ride on their high-horse and look down upon other users for their decisions on what they want to do with their own hardware, that they've purchased. I'll cut to the chase, people whining, "ohhh you're only going to jailbreak because for cracked apps", need to sit down and reconsider their generalizations. TL;DR at bottom. Apple has created a platform that is closed and strictly controlled. When I buy a 16 GB Ipod Touch for $340 dollars I want to feel like my money has been well spent. I don't want to be limited by the fact Apple doesn't want you to mess around with a device you own. This is similar to DRM on music. It's plain stupid. I can't access the file system. I can't download files off the web browser. I can't run applications in parallel in the background. I have a computering platform in the palm of my hand that is capable of so much and yet so limited. Why is it I can't develop applications freely on other platforms besides Mac OS? Why is it that I am not freely able to decide how I want to distribute applications I develop? Apple charges developers money just to be able to distribute apps and they have no choice but to distribute them the way Apple wants: the app store. It doesn't make sense to offer free applications when you had to spend money to develop them. I get free apps bundled with advertising, demo apps, watered down versions of paid software and I get developers asking 15 dollars for a instant messaging client. The app store is a capitalist's cesspool. On my desktop computer instead of using Microsoft Office I use Openoffice. I won't claim innocence, but most of the time I just look for reasonable alternatives and I pay for what I feel has value to me. Apple forgets that a platform is only as good as it's community. They should be encouraging freedom, alternatives and choices for people or eventually the crowd will look for alternatives. Don't get me wrong all this might seem like bashing, but I think the Ipod Touch is a great device. It's some pretty impressive hardware. I also think Apple does a fair job of designing operating systems. I am just disappointed at the direction they have taken with this and I am highly impressed by the direction that Google's Android operating system has taken: completely open, encouraging and rewarding to customers and developers. I'd even endorse a jailbreak just to see Android on the iphone/ipod touch. Rapping this rant up. Stop generalizing people as thieves. Look at the whole picture instead of posting on preconceptions. Piracy can be left open to discussion on another forum/website. Too long; Don't Read - It's called jailbreak because breaking out of a jail is a metaphor for escaping from restrictions. The iphone os platform, is so restricted that jailbreaking is around to open up options and take full advantage of the hardware. It's not all about stealing, it's about being able to make choices.


text:
Welcome to the new and expanded EACE Blog...Trending. (formerly the Bridges Blog) Check out what is Trending every Tuesday morning. Blog contributors write posts to educate and inform the EACE community about topics ranging from assessment to diversity and inclusion, technology and more! We are always looking for new blog contributors. Submit a blog to the Trending Committee today and you could be the next featured post!
Questions? Contact Christine Cervelli.
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text: Office Max $10 off $30 Printable Coupon This post may contain affiliate links. See my disclosure policy for details.January 20, 2011 By Ann-Marie Leave a Comment If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to my email updates or my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting! Get a coupon worth $10 off a $30 purchase at OfficeMax here. In-store only, excludes computers, furniture and HP ink & toner. Expires Sunday 1/22/11. Thanks, Common Sense with Money!


text:
Speed up your debug routine!
Automated exception search integrated into your IDE
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Hydecker Designs
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Hydecker Designs is an architectural firm featured in the ARG Flynn Lives. The company is responsible for structures like the ENCOM Tower featured in TRON and TRON: Legacy, designed by Jordan Canas, the wife of Kevin Flynn.
At an unspecified time, the Flynn estate donated a blueprint of a building Jordan designed to the company.[1]


text:
New Star retail fund19 Oct 2009
Take a Financial News trial today:
- Breaking industry news & commentary
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New Star retail fund to resume investments in commercial property
New Star's £650m (€713.5m) flagship retail property fund is seeking fresh investments in the recovering commercial real estate sector for the first time in two years, underscoring the broader level of interest in property from the fund management industry.
The vehicle is now attracting between £20,000 to £50,000 daily on an overall net basis, although redemptions worth £300,000 continue to take place every day.


text:
The Voice of the Turtle (1947)
Critic Consensus: No consensus yet.
The Voice of the Turtle Videos
The Voice of the Turtle Photos
Movie Info
Watch it now
as Sally Middleton
as Sergeant Bill Page
as Olive Lashbrooke
as Comm. Ned Burling
as Kenneth Bartlett
as George Harrington
as Storekeeper
as Henry Atherton
as Headwaiter
as Woman
as Woman
as Man
as Stanley Blake
as Soda Clerk
as Theater Party
as Girl at Telephone
as Ticket Agent
as Director
as Woman in Delicatessen
as Theater Party
as Theater Party
as Theater Party
as Doorman
as Vendor
as Box-Office Clerk
as Bill's Former Girl Friend
as Elevator Man
as French-Speaking Couple
as Elevator Boy
as French-Speaking Couple
as French-Speaking Waiter
as French Hatcheck Girl
as Naval Officer
as Boy
Critic Reviews for The Voice of the Turtle
All Critics (1) | Fresh (1) | Rotten (0)
The less than talented thespian Ronald Reagan gives one of his more pleasing performances.
Audience Reviews for The Voice of the Turtle
Reagan does fairly well with this flimsy story. Unfortunately, Eleanor Parker has to struggle with incredibly lame character & dialogue, and the film becomes increasingly embarassing.
Even with Reagan's questionable talents this is a cute little comedy helped vastly as always by Eve Arden. good comedy
Wonderful classic comedy, it is one of Eve Arden's best roles and performances. The performances are fine from everyone. A light and amusing story, good score.
The Voice of the Turtle Quotes
There are no approved quotes yet for this movie.
Discussion Forum
Discuss The Voice of the Turtle on our Movie forum!


text:
5 (1) 4 (1) 3 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0)
4.5 stars 4.5/5 Stars Average score of 2 user reviews spread across 0 releases and 0 DLC
Wonderful Surprise! 0
I am obviously not a professional reviewer and I tend to review things like how I would talk to a person, not as if I were writing an article.So I had to be talked into playing Farcry 3. I spent 3 hours playing Farcry 2 and I said: "Never again". My husband began playing it and the first thing that caught my attention was the acting of the character named Vaas. I was absolutely blown away at the caliber and believably of the character. I mean he was one crazy fool! I was so drawn in by that char...0 out of 0 found this review helpful.
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 0
Visually this game is pretty awesome. It's quirky looking and I like that. It gives the game a really fun vibe. Basically you are going to build an amusement park. You can add pre-made coasters or you can make your own. Making your own coasters is super tricky. The physics are precise. If you wouldn't get a real coaster to go over an impossible hill, you're not going to get it to do it here. It is time consuming and you really start to grasp how gravity works. You will most like spend hours sitt...1 out of 2 found this review helpful.


text:
WHERE: Main Stage
Experience the sound and soul of Tower of Power!
Oakland Stroke recreates the sound and soul of fabled Bay Area band, Tower of Power! Hear TOP classics like: "You're Still a Young Man", "Down to the Nightclub", "You've Got To Funkifize" and many more. Founded in 2014 by Lou Pomanti and Tony Carlucci, Oakland Stroke has been a labour of love from the very start. Lou and Tony grew up with the music of Tower of Power right from the early 1970s, first seeing them in concert at Massey Hall in Toronto in 1976.
Oakland Stroke is a smokin' 10 piece band, including a 5 man horn section, the same line-up Tower of Power uses live to this day. The band consists of a 'who's who' of Canadian musicians, all well known in their own right. Their list of credits is far too long to do justice to here but check out the band's line-up below to see for whom the musicians have played.
Lou Pomanti, organ (Michael Buble, BS&T)
Marc Rogers, bass (Nikki Yanofsky, Serena Ryder)
Steve Heathcote, drums (Drummer of the Year Canadian Smooth Jazz Awards)
Lou Bartolomucci, guitar
Tony Carlucci, trumpet (Fabulous T-Birds, Corey Hart)
Chris Howells, trumpet (Lighthouse)
John Johnson, tenor sax (Molly Johnson, Holly Cole)
John Panchyshyn, tenor sax (Ian Thomas, The Lincolns)
Simon Wallis, bari sax (Lighthouse)
George St. Kitts, lead vocals
Oakland Stroke captures the 'sound' and the 'soul' of Tower of Power, one of the world's funkiest bands. Experience it live.


text:
Eagle Creek Apartments in Indianapolis, IN
Located at 4061 Eagle Roost Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46234
4061 Eagle Roost Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46234
Newly Updated One Bedrooms, Pet Friendly, Only Community On Eagle Creek Reservoir, Swimming Pool Sauna, Free Carport Storage, 24 Fitness Center
We cannot find any listings from Eagle Creek Apartments on Marketplace. Check out these other listings near Indianapolis.
Similar Listings
Listings (1 - 5 of 20,591)


text:
Hidden Movie
Jen, the protagonist of the film "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000), is a fierce, stubborn sword-wielder who eschews an arranged marriage for her true love.
Maya Bay "the beach" - Thailand. Be Inspired! Travel and Volunteer in Thailand…
Harry Potter Spells Word Search + more. Great for HP week!
The Graphic Art of the Harry Potter Films - Imgur
Michelle Yeoh in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Wing Chun (personal fav!), Supercop, and a Bond girl in Tomorrow Never Dies
Whenever the Potter/Weasley girls had a sleepover, chaos ensued. Lorcan, Lysander, and Scorpius always ended up joining Teddy, Hugo, James, Albus, Louis, and Fred whenever they crashed it. The ladies were usually able to paint their nails before the...
Star Wars VII: The Force Awakens - Created by Derek Payne
Wall TV Cabinet Storage Wall in Small Space Flat Design Ideas. A wal mounted storage cupboard bookcase that is also a Cabinet TV. Design ideas to make this small flat feel bigger.
Little Women, 1994
Rhod Gilbert & Greg Davies / Never Mind The Buzzcocks


text:
Beauty: Recent Hair Tutorials & A Question
10 comments:
- Taryn Knight said...
A bow bun or a knotted braid would be nice to see!
- May 11, 2015 at 3:08 PM
- Angela Potter said...
I'd love to see a French twist!
- May 11, 2015 at 3:11 PM
Crown braid!
- May 11, 2015 at 5:00 PM
- andi said...
HairNailsInspiration on Youtube
All the tutorials you could want...
The Long Hair Community
Loads of interesting and useful stuff, you don't have to sign up but some of the stuff only unlocks when you do
Flettemama on Instagram
Should keep you going...
- May 11, 2015 at 11:15 PM
- Tessa said...
I adore all of these styles! Need to teach myself how to do that waterfall twist!
Tessa at Bramble & Thorn
- May 12, 2015 at 2:04 AM
- Christiana said...
Perhaps some variation on the fishtail braid? Is a fishtail wrap-around possible?
- May 12, 2015 at 6:16 AM
- Nikki Williams said...
you come up with the cutest hair styles!
xx nikki
- May 12, 2015 at 6:19 AM
A braided headband like Ginger Rogers' in Top Hat!
- May 12, 2015 at 7:26 AM
- Lucie Lardy said...
Hi! I wondered ... what coloration do you use for your hair ? I would like mine to have the same color ! It is superb !
Best regards from France.
Tu es géniale ;)
- May 15, 2015 at 7:20 AM
- Rebecca, The Clothes Horse said...
@Lucie Lardy, I talk about my dyes in this post. But the lighter copper shades you see here are what it looks around 3 weeks faded; I start with a darker red, so that's not what it looks like at the start with me.
- May 16, 2015 at 7:57 AM


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text: Create ringtones on Audiko.net! Use an opportunity to download a free Amy Winehouseက ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Select your favorite trim from your favorite audio track - Amy Winehouse 'Rehab' For Orchestra by Walt Ribeiro, Amy Winehouse Back To Black / RmX FREE DOWNLOAD, Yesking Remix of Amy Winehouse's You Know I'm No Good ft. Gh, or any other track. It's possible to gain your ringer both in the MP3 and m4a formats, played by both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Amy Winehouseက ringtones download option.


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This little lovey is about 20 weeks old. He loves to cuddle but is also very playful. He might do better in a little bit quieter home, with adults or older kids and maybe another pet. He has been raised in a house with a big dog so living with a dog should be fine.
Please call there foster Mom Lee @ 699-1457
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to CNY ADOPT A CAT.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


text:
A new report by Ernst & Young suggests that three minor modifications to the tax code could produce 623,000 jobs at small and new businesses and boost investment in small firms. Proposals are on the table that would alter the way losses are handled by acquiring companies and make permanent a tax break on the sale of qualified small-business stock. Another key proposal would give investors more flexibility to use losses to offset income.
Full Story:The Washington Post (tiered subscription model)


text:
Building Social Networks to Enhance Postpartum Weight Loss and Appropriate Infant Feeding Practices
This study has been completed.
Vanderbilt University
American Heart Association
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Sabina Gesell, Vanderbilt University
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: March 3, 2010
Last updated: April 18, 2012
Last verified: April 2012
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Detailed Description:
The purpose of this study is to examine whether we can use social networks to spread health information and health behaviors that 1) support women in returning to their pre-pregnancy weight after delivery; and 2) promote healthy infant feeding practices.
Behavioral: Social network building intervention
Behavioral: Home visit
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Prevention
|Official Title:
|Building Social Networks to Enhance Postpartum Weight Loss and Appropriate Infant Feeding Practices
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: Body Weight Postpartum Care Weight ControlU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Vanderbilt University:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Weight (kg) [ Time Frame: 6 times over 10 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]gestational weight gain and postpartum weight loss
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Body composition [ Time Frame: 3 times over 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]BIA postpartum
- Infant feeding practices [ Time Frame: 3 times over 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]duration of breastfeeding, use of supplemental fluids, overfeeding, timing of the introduction of solids
- Social network structure [ Time Frame: 6 times over 10 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]number and type of relationships
- Waist Circumference [ Time Frame: 3 times over 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Depression [ Time Frame: 6 times over 10 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Nutrition [ Time Frame: 6 times over 10 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]Fat/Fruit/Vegetable intake
- Physical Activity [ Time Frame: 6 times over 10 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]self-report
|Study Start Date:
|May 2010
|Study Completion Date:
|August 2011
|Primary Completion Date:
|August 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Social network building intervention
Healthy lifestyle intervention focused on building reciprocal social ties between the intervention group members
Behavioral: Social network building intervention
Group support and health education sessions weekly during third trimester and once every two weeks until 6 months postpartum
Active Comparator: Home visit
Home visits focused on preventable infant injuries
Behavioral: Home visit
Three home visits during third trimester and three during postpartum period until 6 months postpartum
Detailed Description:
The long-term goal of this research is to prevent obesity-related adverse health outcomes for future generations by applying information emerging from social network studies to the development of new population-based behavioral interventions. There are a number of critical periods during fetal and infant development that appear to influence the later development of obesity. Interventions that prevent insult to these critical windows from occurring could improve children's life course trajectories. This project sets the groundwork for examining whether social networks could explicitly be utilized to prevent obesity from developing by transmitting health information and health behaviors that 1) prevent postpartum weight retention in first time mothers and 2) promote appropriate infant feeding practices. The secondary aim is to assess which individual-level network-related characteristics best predict postpartum body composition and infant feeding practices.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Latina (self-defined, or born in Central or South America)
- Spanish-speaking and/or English-speaking,
- 18 years of age or older
- less than 24 weeks pregnant
- did or did not have a termination of a previous pregnancy before 20 weeks
- has not carried a pregnancy to term
- normal, overweight or obese (pre-pregnancy BMI >18.5 and <39)
Exclusion Criteria:
- non-Latina,
- non-Spanish-speaking or non-English speaking
- less than 18 years of age
- more than 24 weeks pregnant
- had a termination of a previous pregnancy after 20 weeks
- multiparous
- underweight (pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5)
- morbidly obese (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 39)
- currently enrolled in another program that targets weight, physical activity, or nutrition
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01081340
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01081340
|United States, Tennessee
|Coleman Regional Community Center - Parks & Rec Department
|Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37211
Sponsors and Collaborators
Vanderbilt University
American Heart Association
|Principal Investigator:
|Sabina B Gesell, PhD
|Vanderbilt University
More Information
Keywords provided by Vanderbilt University:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on December 07, 2016
|Responsible Party:
|Sabina Gesell, Research Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01081340 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|March 3, 2010
|Last Updated:
|April 18, 2012
|Health Authority:
|United States: Institutional Review Board
Keywords provided by Vanderbilt University:
gestational weight gain
postpartum weight loss
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Weight Loss
Body Weight Changes
Body Weight
Signs and Symptoms
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on December 07, 2016


text:
Jewelry for You! How to Make Handmade Beaded Bracelets and Necklaces
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Latest Comments
"Pretty, yet simple to make how I would describe this bracelet. Any girl would like to make this and wear one. This would be a great group project for girls to make together at a sleep over or a birthday party. I think I'll have to make one for me too."
"Get a life.Quit your bickering."
"Speaking of gadgets...More than anything I would like to find a clicker or counter that I could click with my foot. When I am working with my hands and doing multiple pieces, it would help if I didn't have to stop at every one to count it on a hand clicker. And the finger one just gets in my way. Any help?"
Bright Color Bangles
By: Sherri Ragsdale for Plaid
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Use colored tissue papers, printed napkins and decoupage techniques to decorate plain bangles. Use tissue papers and napkins in bright spring colors and designs.
- CS11305 - Mod Podge ® Matte, 4 oz.
- 3 wooden or plastic thick bracelets
- Pink tissue paper
- Yellow tissue paper
- Purple tissue paper
- Napkins
- Scissors
- Paint brush
- Cut out small square of each color. Glue each color to a seperate bracelet using the mod podge.
- Once the tissue papers have dried, remove the top layer of the napkin with the printed icons and begin to cut out. Glue on top of the tissue paper. Apply a top coat.
There are more great decoupage jewelry projects in our collection of 33 Fabulous Decoupage Ideas Plus 3 Helpful Tutorials. Don't miss out!
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quanahs 5032097
Mar 07, 2016
I love making decoupaged bangles. I have found great deals on plain wood bangles on eBay and Etsy. Michaels also carries a good selection. You can also recycle wood bangles you find at the thrift store, just sand them a bit and paint in your favorite color. I often use gift wrap as my source of design because there is such a wide range of colors and finding floral or other interesting prints is easy -- check the dollar store for great deals.
onecraftymomma4lif e
Feb 18, 2012
Azslp1842 ... this is alittle late , but i have found wood bangles , in diffrent shapes and sizes at Michelles craft store
Aug 27, 2011
I had to order the wooden bangles from DIYbangles.com. They don't have them at ANY major stores, craft or otherwise, in my area. I tried this technique today, and it took me a few minutes to get it right. Using one large piece of tissue for a bracelet did not come out as smooth as it looks in the picture. I tried white tissue paper as a background on one of them, and it was totally lost in the wood. I would have had to do a whole bunch of layers, so instead I painted the wood white.I also painted the wood white and used a patterned napkin as the base. The pattern was black and white, and in order to make the white parts look white, and not take on a wooden-tone, it needed to be white underneath. The first two I did were so-so but the last couple I think will be cute when they dry. Be prepared to play around a little at first! I also added my own little touches, like polka-dots around one of the designs.
Aug 31, 2010
I cannot find a good supply of wood or plastic bangle bracelets.
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Brow.si is a user engagement plugin for the mobile web. It provides web publishers with extensions that enhance the user experience and engagement with respect to their sites and content on mobile devices.
Provides a widget which lets a visitor translate your webpage into a different language.
Google Translate is leading in Top 10K Sites, Top 100K Sites, Top 1M Sites and The Entire Web.
In terms of market share, Brow.si is clearly lagging behind, losing to Google Translate in all segments.
Google Translate has better usage coverage in more websites categories. Including People & Society, Arts & Entertainment, Business & Industry, News & Media and 238 other categories.
Brow.si hasn't got a lead over Google Translate in any websites category.
Google Translate is leading in most countries, including United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Spain and 215 other countries.
Brow.si hasn't got a lead over Google Translate in any country.


text:
No Tubes Tyre Sealant - 2oz
RRP $4.28Save 18.5%
In Stock
Code: ST0033-Stan
Stans NoTubes Tyre Sealant - 2oz bottle supplied individually
Convenient 2 ounce bottles, pre-filled for one application in a bicycle tyre. Easily fits in a backpack or saddle bag. A must have for the repair kit and perfect for any tubeless tyre installation. Refillable with Stan's quart or pint. Remove valve core apply threw stem of any tubeless tyre or tubes with removable valve cores. Or dismount tubeless tyre and apply directly into tyre.
- Will stop slow leaks and punctures.
- This Solution converts standard (non tubeless) tires to tubeless.
- Also works with any tubeless tire or tubular tires.
- When properly used, it will seal up to 1/4 inch punctures.
- The Solution can be used year round, even in sub freezing temperatures.
- It will not throw the tire out of balance like other sealants are known to do.
Please enter your e-mail address below then click Notify Me to be notified when this item comes back into stock. We will not use your e-mail address for any other purpose.
Shipping charges for this item to United States: $6.43
Spend $64.25 or over and get free shipping
|$ 6.43
SteveI use these for trips away for which they've been spot on. Easy to carry around and perfect for a single use top up.
LilliottOk, so it's an expensive way to buy stans but it does ensure you get a perfect 'mix' every time and also it stays fresh as each bottle is sealed. May need 3 bottles for 2 29er tyres.
Mr NivenEasy to fill tire with these when removing the valve core. You will need a tool for that, but if you are going tubeless, you already know that.
AnomA slightly expensive way to buy stans but a least it stays fresh as each bottle is foil sealed. After adding to my tyres, stans saved my first ride, as following some hawthorn hedge trimming, I got home to find 3 large thorns in the front tyre , pulled them out span the wheel and they sealed instantly!
JamesGreat product.Love to get the small portable replacement 2oz sealants, very handy to carry around on rides.....


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text:
- Product Description
- Product Features
- Technical Specification
- Additional Information
- Customer Reviews
- Questions and Answers
Product Features
- Steps
Every step counts! Know where you stand and how fast you are progressing.
- Elevation
The Pulse Ox counts the feet you climb because it represents extra effort.
- Distance
Track the distance to realize how far and how fast you have traveled.
- Calories
To reinforce your motivation, instantly know how many calories you burned.
- Wear it your way
Slap it on your wrist using the adjustable watchband. Attach it to your belt or apparel using the clip. Drop it in your pocket or bag.
- Run smarter
Analyze running in real time: When jogging, pressing the button once will bring forward your duration and distance.
- Heart rate
Check your heart rate after exercising to monitor your recovery rate.
- Oximetry
Check your blood oxygen level to assess the overall efficiency of your respiratory function.
- Faithfully follows your nights
Time to go to bed? Place the Withings Pulse Ox in the wristband and launch the sleep cycle analysis. The next morning you can precisely assess your sleep. The in-app graph shows your sleep cycles and lists sleep quality indicators.
- Swipe for motivation
Did you beat your previous record?
Slide your finger across the touch screen to go back into time. The Withings Pulse Ox features History Browsing which displays 10 days worth of data, giving you instant insights on your progress.
- Sync seamlessly
The Pulse Ox automatically syncs to your smartphone all throughout the day thanks to its embedded Bluetooth Low Energy technology.
- See the data come to life
The Health Mate turns raw numbers into easy-to-read graphs showcasing your day-to-day progress to better understand how your habits impact your health.
Technical Specification
|Product Description
|Withings Pulse Ox activity tracker - black
|Product Type
|Activity tracker
|Supported Host Device OS
|iOS 6 or later, Android 2.3.3 or later
|OLED - 128 x 32 pixels
|Touch screen
|Tracking Data
|Distance, calories burned, sleep activity, heart rate, steps taken, elevation, blood oxygen saturation
|Heart rate sensor
|Battery Run Time
|Up to 336 hours
|Dimensions (WxDxH)
|22 mm x 8 mm x 43 mm
|8 g
- headerText
- More from this range
- numRecs
- 13
- renderer
- SDG_renderer1
- order
- 1
- dataItems
- brand
- link
- nowPriceText
- wasPriceText
- savePriceText
- warranty
- minimumWeeklyPriceText
- atgProductId
- sdgProductId
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- Alternatives
- numRecs
- 13
- renderer
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- order
- 2
- dataItems
- brand
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- nowPriceText
- wasPriceText
- savePriceText
- warranty
- minimumWeeklyPriceText
- atgProductId
- sdgProductId
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and waste batteries must never be placed in your waste disposal or recycling bins. WEEE is taken back free of charge at electrical retail outlets on a one-for-one like-for-like basis. There is a bin for small batteries in your local store. Local authority civic amenity facilities also take back WEEE and waste batteries free of charge. WEEE and waste battery recycling is free. For more detail please see our Policy Pages at www.littlewoodsireland.ie/help/en/weee-directive.page.


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Ciro Ferrara: I won't quit Sampdoria
Under-pressure Sampdoria coach Ciro Ferrara has said he will not resign despite seeing his team slump to a seventh consecutive defeat.
GettyImagesCiro Ferrara is a man under pressure
After Sampdoria had lost 2-0 to Palermo on Sunday, a group of around 50 of the clubs Ultras supporters prevented the team bus from leaving Genoa's Christopher Columbus airport.
Fans who had gathered to the airport to protest about the form of the club - now in the relegation zone with nine points from 12 games - and staged a sit-in, denying the team bus space to leave and demanded a meeting with officials and players.
Police eventually intervened and the episode was resolved peacefully.
Ferrara told Sky Italia he had to find a way to arrest the slump, but said he would not be walking away.
"I take responsibility for this situation, and I am the one who must find the right key to solving it. Will I resign? No, it is not the right gesture to make," he told the broadcaster.
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Today, I went to the park and people were crowded around some dancers. One of the dancers danced up to me, gave me a flower, and winked at me. I was very flattered, until the same dancer asked me to give the flower back after the dance so he could use it on the next show. FML
by DietWater / 08/07/2015 at 6:13pm / United States (California) / Miscellaneous
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Single family home has 2 beds, 1 baths, 940 sq. ft., was built in 1958 and is pet friendly. Offered as for sale by owner with a price of $600.
|Rental Fee
|Property Type
|Single-Family Home
|Not available
|940 sq. ft.
|Pets Allowed
|Please inquire
|Provided By
|Direct Link
|Last Updated
|6 days ago
This property is For Sale by Owner or FSBO , which can offer significant advantages to home buyers. Even though a homeowner chooses FSBO to save money on real estate fees, those savings can be passed on to the buyer as a lower purchase price. Some FSBO homeowners may also offer flexible financing options, including Owner Financing (a good alternative to a bank loan) or Rent to Own. The Rent to Own option would allow you to rent this home for a period of time with an option to purchase it for a predetermined price after the rental period. This...
gives you time to build up your credit and accumulate your down payment, all while living in the home of your dreams.
Single-family home located at E Robson St in Tampa, FL 33614 has 2 beds, 1 baths, 940 square feet and available to rent for $600. E Robson St was listed on RentalSource 67 days ago by RentBeforeOwning. E Robson St is in zip code 33614 which is located in Tampa, FL. The rental price of $600 is 48% lower than the average rental price of $1,166 for homes for rent in 33614 and 60% lower than the average rental price of $1,503 for homes for rent in Tampa, FL.Report listing | Visit website
Beware of rental scams! Situations involving wire transfers or a landlord who can't meet you in person can be red flags.
All information listed is provided by third parties and is deemed reliable, but should be independently verified. Price and specifications are subject to change without notice. RentalSource provides this service without representations or warranties of any kind either expressed or implied.


text:
DC COMICS: DC Animated Universe Bios Resistance Fighter Tim Drake
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SAVAGE TIME:Edit
The Justice League is returning to Earth from a mission in a distant galaxy; the Javelin's engines having run out of fuel, Green Lantern is towing the vessel with his ring, which he mentions is running low on power. As they approach the Watchtower, Superman contacts Batman in the tower. Before they arrive, there is a blinding flash of light. When the light fades, Batman and the Watchtower are gone. The League lands on Earth, in Metropolis and is shocked to find things changed: huge buildings, and a Nazi-style flag everywhere. A squad of security officers appears and demands their identification. When The Flash makes a sarcastic remark, the guards open fire. The League runs, and are pulled into an underground hideout by Batman – only a different Batman, dressed in futuristic armor. J'onn J'onzz quickly concludes that something has happened to alter time – why the League wasn't affected isn't certain, but likely Lantern's ring shielded them from the effects. In this timeline, Bruce Wayne's parents were executed as dissidents by the fascist regime headed by Vandal Savage. Bruce now leads the resistance against the regime. When Lantern asks how long the regime has been in place, Bruce answers, since World War II – which the Axis Powers won. The League, with Batman's help, infiltrates Savage's laboratory, and finds a time machine. It seems obvious that Savage has used it to alter history. The League decides to travel back in time and try to put things right – it is risky, as they have heard Savage's scientists saying that the portal will collapse in forty-eight hours. Batman decides to remain behind, saying that if they fail, someone will have to keep fighting against the regime.
RESISTANCE FIGHTER TIM DRAKEEdit
In this reality, Tim Drake was brought up as a Resistance FIghter instead of Robin.


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Beefy Vegetable Bake
Total Time
Prep 12 mins
Cook 1 hr 30 mins
If you like you can sprinkle a little cheese on top of the baked casserole, and let it melt.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 medium sliced potatoes, peeled if you wish
- 3 carrots, sliced
- 3 celery ribs, sliced
- 2 cups fresh green beans
- 1 cup chopped onion
- 1 lb ground beef (I use lean)
- 1 teaspoon thyme
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 1⁄4 teaspoons pepper
- 4 tomatoes, peeled,seeded,and chopped
- Layer half the vegetables in 3 qt casserole.
- Crumble on half the uncooked ground beef.
- Mix thyme, salt, and pepper.
- Sprinkle half on top of ground beef.
- Repeat layers.
- Top with tomatoes.
- Cover and bake at 375* for about 1-1/2 hour, until done.
Most Helpful
My family loved this! I topped with american and parmesan cheese.
I love this recipe! It's difficult to find a good ground beef recipe that actually involves real vegetables. I used grass fed ground beef, and I didn't snip the ends of the green beans which meant I kept hitting those weird hard things (that was completely my own fault, of course, I've never cooked green beans fresh before). The tomatoes were a surprisingly understated flavor in the final dish, and the thyme, pepper, salt seasoning combination was such a huge hit with the husband that he wants me to figure out some way to use it with hamburgers. At times like this I wish I had a garden so I could make this all of the time. But I suppose I'll have to keep it for the times when I have the time to go to the farmer's market. Speaking of time, that was really the only problem I had with this: It is very time consuming. I think I spent my entire morning preparing and cooking this. But good food is worth time, and this is excellent food.
I like this a lot, but other family members felt that something was missing. So, with the remaining food, we added tomato soup-and then they loved it! My dad said that next time we could add the tomato soup after it is cooked, and then when serving you can put cheese on top at microwave it. Although it took a long time to prepare (we don't have a food processor)I am sure I will make it again! *I cooked the ground beef first even though the recipe says to put it in uncooked. (I think that having it uncooked may be a typo)


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Discussion in 'iPod touch' started by Furniss12, Mar 5, 2008.
... are these any harder to jailbreak and if so what do you have to do differently?
its no different than a 8 gb or 16 gb. all the apps are the same and everything, if you buy a new ipod though it will have upgraded firmware so you will have to downgrade to 1.1.1 then jailbreak and upgrade. but it is no harder than buying a 8 gb. Please Register or Log in to view images
Please Register or Log in to view images
If you are fine with one thats already opened but in perfect condition, feel free to check out the marketplace. I ordered mine from Apple, reconsidered thinking its really not worth all the money that could be spent elsewhere, but am too lazy to ship back to Apple store and wait for long processing time. It's on ebay. Cheers.
In regards to your question it is "harder" to jaibreak the 32GB because there really arn't any surefire methods for it such as for example Ziphone, because the 32GB is equipped with 2 flash chips so the filesystem is slightly different. However restoring to an earlier firmware version does work however keep in mind you lose the january appack, though you can get them back through jailbreak.
With a 32GB, you cant use ZiPhone (Right? No updates?)
Its a little more work, downgrading and using soft upgrades.
The 32gb is in the same boat as the 16gb.
In posting this from my 32gb jailbroken iPod touch
Separate names with a comma.


text:
The Church of England has planned to overhaul its traditional baptism service. The new services will incorporate the language of EastEnders rather than the more traditional language of the Bible in order to make the service more "accessible".
According to clergy serving working-class communities, prayers used in traditional services in English churches are "not earthed enough" so they are to be re-written.
The movement comes after the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, voiced his fears that even members of the congregation switched off during his baptism services.
Members of the General Synod voted in favour of updating the texts after this revelation.
He said he was "very much in sympathy with the motion", adding that he had "a slight feeling of eyes glazing over, which is not, I think, solely the fault of my delivery".
Renovating the traditional wording is part of a wider initiative attempt to encourage more people to be baptised into the Church of England. The new form of words will be used at about 150,000 christenings across England every year.
The ceremony had not been altered for more than 400 years until it was changed in 1980 and this will be the third revision in 30 years.
Do you agree that the service should be altered? Or is this an insult to the tradition of religion?


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ATLANTIC CITY - The National Weather Service says the snowstorm that battered New Jersey has led to coastal flooding with some areas of major flooding possible.
State police reported Route 30 in Atlantic City was closed due to tidal flooding, as is the George Redding Bridge between Cape May and Middle Township.
Police in North Wildwood posted a photo on Twitter of heavy flooding near Delaware and 26th avenues.
Emergency officials in Cape May County say flooding had first responders busy, but that the waters were receding as the tide went out.
The American Red Cross opened several shelters in the southern half of the state to help flood victims.
The Associated Press wire services contributed to this report.


text:
What His Drink Of Choice Says About Him
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- Previous Next2 of 13Food Image Source/Brian Leatart/StockFood
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RELA_Intro_v011 of 13
Jack & Coke2 of 13
Manhattan mixologist Dara Mahler calls this "a weeknight drink for men who wear suits." A whiskey and soda guy often appears as if he could drink for eight hours straight—even while making business deals—without slurring a word. While he can be overly macho, we'd like to think that this guy isn't into playing games.
Wine3 of 13
According to Jordan Catapano, bartending blogger and author of This Girl Walks Into a Bar: A Women's Guide to Professional Bartending and Home Mixology, a guy who asks to see the wine list usually has an interest in art, culture and travel. But if he orders the house varietal without thinking, he might need some more grooming.
Light Beer4 of 13
The light beer drinkers that Mahler serves are most often partiers after quantity not quality, though there's also the occasional fitness fanatic who doesn't want to ruin his six-pack. The quantity guy may seem affable and fun-loving, but his heavy drinking could be a sign of trouble, whereas a calorie counter may be judgmental and unable to let loose.
Craft Beer5 of 13
Catapano has found that "a man who drinks craft beer appreciates the finer things in life." This type typically isn't looking for a quick buzz, but rather seems to enjoy savoring the moment. And we like to believe that a man who sips high-quality beer will value a high-quality woman, as well.
Gin & Tonic6 of 13
These men are generally polite and reserved—until they perhaps enjoy a few too many cocktails and morph into their more rambunctious alter egos. "These are often the guys who get thrown out of the bar then appear a few weeks later as if nothing ever happened," adds Mahler, citing her experience.
Scotch7 of 13
Characteristically patient and wise with a strong work ethic, a man who drinks fine-aged scotch is "accomplished but rarely boasts," says Catapano. This kind of man is often serious and contemplative, so chances are he's looking for more than a casual fling.
Redbull & Vodka8 of 13
Either right out of college or still holding on to those glory days, this guy is—more often than not—a "hard partier who doesn't mind waking up without a clue as to what happened the night prior," says Mahler.
Dirty Martini9 of 13
A martini man "likely has money and wants you to recognize it," says Mahler. If he knows exactly what he wants in a drink (Grey Goose, straight up, with two olives), then he probably also has specific criteria for a mate. He can be difficult to please, as he looks for faults in everything, says Mahler.
Tropical Cocktail10 of 13
Pastel-colored drinks festooned with umbrellas may look feminine, but don't be fooled—a man who drinks them can be both strong and quick-witted. Most often comfortable in his own skin, "he likes what he likes, and the viewpoints of others are irrelevant," says Catapano.
Tom Collins11 of 13
Since this drink requires fresh ingredients and a perfect balance of flavors, this guy "understands that when you want something done right, you need to put some TLC into it," says Catapano. We imagine that this man has a passion for details and would love planning fantastic date nights for the two of you.
White Russian12 of 13
If he loves this hipster drink of the moment, then this guy probably regularly quotes The Big Lebowski. Likely a liberal into indie rock and anything retro, he may come off as trying too hard, but he is often well read and well spoken, ensuring conversations will never be dull.
Whatever You're Having13 of 13
If a man doesn't have a set drink and tends to just piggyback on your order, then he's certainly easygoing, but he may also be complacent. A man who's agreeable will probably treat you well, but his "whatever you want" routine could become frustrating over time.
Julie Fishman is Glo's Hump Day Happy Hour columnist.
NEXT ON GLO: What His Dating Past Says About Him


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 10, 1987
|Filing date
|Jan 31, 1986
|Priority date
|Mar 1, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jitsuho Hirota, Kazumichi Machida, Noriko Watanabe
|Original Assignee
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (34), Classifications (55), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to bonding wires for use in fabricating semiconductor devices and to a method for producing such bonding wires. Particularly, the invention relates to ball-type bonding wires used in forming connections to electrodes of semiconductor chips.
Gold has been widely employed as the material of bonding wires used in semiconductor devices. However, since gold is expensive and since the long-term reliability of connections between a gold wire and an aluminum electrode on a semiconductor chip is relatively low, it has been proposed to use instead copper, aluminum, palladium, or certain alloys of these elements. Particularly, an aluminum alloy containing 2.0% magnesium and an aluminum alloy containing 1.0% silicon are recognized as acceptable, as disclosed in Johnson et al., "Ultrasonic Wire Welding", Solid State Technology, vol. 20, pages 91-95, April 1977, and Gehman et al., "Aluminum Wire for Thermosonic Ball Bonding in Semiconductor Devices", Solid State Technology, vol. 26, pages 151-158, October 1983.
As disclosed in these articles, in order to eliminate the directional restriction of the wire when connected to the electrode of the semiconductor device, a tip of the metal wire is shaped into a ball. The shaping of the tip of the wire is usually performed by applying a high d.c. voltage between the tip of the wire and a consumable electrode to form an electric discharge therebetween and thereby melt the tip and shape it to a ball by surface tension. In such a case, a positive potential is applied to the electrode and a negative potential is applied to the wire in view of ease of insulation breakdown.
FIG. 1a illustrates ball formation at the tip of a metal wire 1 made of copper or aluminum using the same method as that used for ball formation at the tip of a gold wire. In FIG. 1a, the metal wire 1, supported by a capillary chip 5 which is also used as a bonding tool, is disposed opposite a consumable electrode 2 in an inert gas atmosphere 7 of a gas such as argon. A d.c. source 4 is connected between the wire 1 and the electrode 2 with the positive and negative terminals of the d.c. source 4 being connected to the electrode 2 and the wire 1, respectively. An arc 3 is thereby formed between the wire 1 and the electrode 2. Due to the discharge, the tip portion of the metal wire 1 is heated and melted.
Thermal electron emission at the negative potential side tends to occur in areas whose work function is smaller than other areas, that is, in areas in which more stable emission than other areas is possible. Since the wire 1 of copper or aluminum has a naturally formed oxide film several tens of angstrom thick on its surface, the area where thermal electron emission occurs tends to expand, as shown by the hatched in FIG. 1a. Therefore, heat is applied to such a widened area, resulting in a defective ball 8 having a non-melted portion 1a formed around the tip of the wire 1, as shown in FIG. 1b. Such a non-melted portion 1a causes minute cracks to be produced in a silicon chip when the defective ball 8 is bonded to one of its pads, even if such a portion exists invisibly within the ball 8. (There is no such problem for gold wire because no oxide film forms on a gold wire.)
Further, when copper wire is used, to provide acceptable bonding characteristics to an electrode of a semiconductor device, the wire should have a hardness compatible with that of the electrode of the semiconductor device, which pad is usually made of aluminum. The Vickers hardness of an aluminum pad is about 30 to 40, which is acceptable for gold wire. However, since ordinary copper has a Vickers hardness of 60 or more, it generally has not been preferable to use copper for bonding wires.
Further, it has been known that the shear strength of an aluminum pad formed by vapor deposition of highly pure aluminum is as low as 5 to 7 kg/mm2, and, when a wire of copper of the like is bonded to such pad and the semiconductor device molded in resin, breakage or deformation of the aluminum pad may occur during the molding process. That is, if the molding resin is of the thermoplastic type, the molding temperature is about 300� C., and if it is a low temperature resin, the molding must be performed under a high pressure. In such cases, the conventional aluminum pad, having a low shear strength, cannot withstand the high temperature or high pressure.
An object of the present invention is to provide a ball bonding technique which allows the use of copper, aluminum or palladium, or an alloy or combination thereof, as a metal bonding wire for semiconductor devices capable of reliable bonding to aluminum pads.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of forming a ball at a tip portion of a metal wire.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of improving the mechanical strength of an aluminum pad of a semiconductor device.
In accordance with the above another object, the invention provides a method for forming a ball at a tip of a metal wire so as to produce a wire suitable for use in forming interconnections between pads of a semiconductor device and externally extending terminals, in which the improvement comprises the step of connecting an electric power source between the metal wire and a consumable electrode so as to cause a discharge to occur between the tip of the wire and the consumable electrode with the polarity of the voltage source being such that, of the energy contained in the discharge, a majority is produced when the wire is positive with respect to the consumable electrode. The wire may be made of a material such as aluminum, copper, palladium, or alloys or combinations of aluminum, copper and palladium. The discharge occurs in an inert gas or reducing atmosphere, preferably, such an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of not more than 5000 ppm.
Preferably, the hardness of a balls thus formed and the pad of the semiconductor devices to which it is to be bonded are similar. To harden the pads of the semiconductor device, a minute amount of an impurity can be added thereto. To soften the wire, for instance if it is a copper wire, a metal purity of not less than 99.99% is preferred.
FIGS. 1a and 1b respectively illustrate conventional ball formation at the tip of a metal wire and the resulting ball;
FIGS. 2a and 2b respectively illustrate ball formation according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention and the resulting ball;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing acceptable discharge currents and discharge times to be used in the ball formation technique illustrated in FIG. 2a;
FIGS. 4a and 4b respectively illustrate ball formation according to another embodiment of the present invention and the resulting ball;
FIGS. 5a and 5b show waveforms of voltages suitable for use in the ball formation techniques illustrated in FIG. 4a;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relation between the shear strength of an aluminum electrode and the pressure under which the aluminum electrode is damaged;
FIG. 7 illustrates an application of pressure to a ball-type bonding wire to obtain the relation of FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the improved shear strength of an aluminum electrode according to the present invention.
FIG. 2a illustrates a preferred embodiment of a method of forming a bonding wire of the present invention, which is similar to FIG. 1a except that the polarity of the voltage applied by a d.c. voltage source 14 between a metal wire 1, made of copper, aluminum, palladium or an alloy of combination thereof, and a consumable electrode 2 is reversed.
That is, the wire 1, supported by a capillary chip 5 acting as a bonding tool is connected to the positive terminal of a d.c. high voltage source 14, and the consumable electrode 2 is connected to the negative terminal thereof. The discharge region is held in an inert gas atmosphere of a gas such as argon to prevent oxidation of molten portions of the wire 1.
With this arrangement, only the tip portion 6 of the wire 1 is heated when thermal electron emission occurs on the surface of the electrode 2, and thus only the tip portion is melted. That is, the molten portion is defined strictly at the tip portion of the wire 1, resulting in a completed ball 18 as shown in FIG. 2b.
The stability of the discharge between the wire tip at the positive potential and the consumable electrode at the negative potential may be degraded to some extent compared with the case where the opposite potentials are employed. However, it has been found by the present inventors from analysis of the phenomena of melting of a wire having a diameter of 25 microns and tip ball formation that a non-melted portion is unavoidably left in a portion of wire when the polarities of the wire and the electrode are negative and positive, respectively. According to the present invention, the stability of the discharge is improved by increasing the voltage and using an inert shielding gas such as argon, which can more readily be converted to a plasma than air.
In order to stably form a ball 18 having a diameter two to three times that of the metal wire 1 for a wire of diameter in a range of 15 to 35 microns, the discharge current and discharge time may be selected suitably from ranges of 30 to 200 mA and 1 to 10 msec, respectively.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing experimental data of discharge current and discharge time obtained for a copper wire having diameter of 25 microns. In FIG. 3, the hatched area shows preferred range of these parameters.
In the above-described embodiment, only the tip portion of the wire is heated and it is heated concentrically to thereby melt that portion completely, resulting in a ball having no non-melted portion. Although this method is very effective, there may occur a problem in some situations in that, due to such complete melting, the mechanical strength of the neck portion (the boundary portion between the ball portion and the wire portion) is lowered during a bonding operation, resulting in looping of the wire portion or breakage of the neck portion. This may be ameliorated by leaving the neck portion partially non-melted.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the above problem is effectively eliminated by making the discharge voltage applied between the wire and the consumable electrode alternating with the electric energy when the polarity of the wire is positive being larger than that when the polarity is negative.
FIG. 4a illustrates an arc when an alternating voltage is applied by an a.c. source 24 between the wire 1 and the discharge electrode 2. In FIG. 4a, when the polarity of voltage applied to the wire is positive, an arc 3 is formed between the tip of the wire and the discharge electrode 2, as shown by solid lines, whereupon the tip portion is concentrically heated as in the preceding embodiment. When the voltage polarity of the wire is switched to negative, the arc 3 tends to form in a wider area of the wire, as shown by chain lines, as in the conventional ball formation process for gold wire. By repeating the alternating polarity cycles to the applied voltage, a small non-melted portion 28a is left in the neck portion of a ball 28, as shown in FIG. 4b. The discharge region may be held in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent oxidation during melting as in the preceding embodiment.
In order to form such a non-melted portion 28a efficiently, the voltage applied to the wire 1 should be selected so that the electric energy supplied to the wire 1 when the polarity is positive is larger than that when the polarity in negative. For example, the voltage V1 applied to the wire 1 when its polarity is positive is made larger than the voltage V2 applied to the wire when its polarity is negative, as shown in FIG. 5a. Alternatively, it is possible to make the time t1 for which the voltage of a positive polarity is applied to the wire 1 longer than the time t2 for which the voltage of negative polarity is applied, as shown in FIG. 5b. Empirically it has been found preferable that the ratio of the energy supplied to the wire when its polarity is positive to the energy supplied thereto when its polarity is negative is about 3 to 4.
The above embodiments have been described as using an electrode wire made of any of copper, palladium, aluminum, or alloys or combination thereof. It should be noted that, in order to obtain good bonding, the hardness of the ball formed at the tip of the wire must be compatible with the hardness of the electrode on the semiconductor chip to which the wire is to be bonded, which electrode is usually made of aluminum. The Vickers hardness Hv of an aluminum electrode is usually in a range of 35 to 40, while that of the ball formed at the tip of the copper wire is 60 or more. Therefore, the hardness of a copper wire is too high to obtain good bonding to an aluminum electrode.
In order to make the hardness of the wire and the electrode compatible with each other, it is necessary to either lower the hardness of the copper wire or increase the hardness of the aluminum electrode. As to the copper wire, the copper should be as pure as possible, preferably 99.99% or more. By using such copper, the hardness of the wire can be lowered to about 50 to 60 Hv. In addition, in order to prevent oxygen from mixing into the ball and to thereby restrict any hardness increase caused thereby to prevent degradation of the roundness of the resulting ball due to oxide film formation, the oxygen concentration of the inert gas or reducing gas should be 5000 ppm or less.
It has been found by the inventors that the hardness of the aluminum electrode can be increased by adding thereto a minute amount of an impurity. The impurity may be selected from materials such as Mn, Mg, Cu and/or Si, or gases such as O2, N2, etc., and the amount thereof may be 10 to 5000 ppm. The hardness of aluminum containing such an impurity is increased to 45 to 60 Hv, which is compatible with hardness of the copper wire. Furthermore, other mechanical properties of the aluminum electrode are also improved by the addition of the impurity. For example, the shear strength of an ordinary aluminum electrode is only about 5 to 7 kg/mm2, which is not sufficient for the wire to withstand the subsequent molding process for encapsulating the semiconductor chip in resin. That is, the semiconductor chip is usually molded with a resin which may be of the thermoplastic type, in which case molding is carried out at a high temperature. When an ordinary aluminum pad is sujected to such conditions, it tends to break or deform internally, causing the resultant device to be unstable in operation.
FIG. 6 is a graph obtained by plotting critical values P of pressure applied in a direction shown by a double arrow in FIG. 7, which illustrates a copper wire 1 ball-bonded to an aluminum electrode 20 formed on a silicon chip and measured when the aluminum pad is broken, with the shear strength of the aluminum pad being taken as a parameter. It is clear from FIG. 6 that the pressure value P increases with shear strength in a range below about 8 kg/mm2. The damage to the aluminum electrode subjected to the critical pressure in this range is usually inner breakage of the pad. On the other hand, for an aluminum electrode having a shear strength of about 8 to 12 kg/mm2, the damage which occurs is breakage of only interface regions thereof, while for an electrode having a shear strength larger than 12 kg/mm2, the semiconductor chip is damaged due to the inner stress of the electrode. Therefore, the shear strength of the aluminum electrode should be in a range of about 8 to 12 kg/mm2.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relation of the shear strength of an aluminum film to the amount of impurity contained therein when copper is selected as the impurity. From FIG. 8, it is clear that the shear strength of the aluminum film increases with an increase in the amount of the impurity, and the desired shear strength is obtained when the amount of copper is in a range of about 100 to 500 ppm.
As described hereinbefore, according to the present invention, ball-type non-gold bonding wires are greatly improved by improving the ball formation at the tip of the wire, lowering the hardness of the ball, and increasing the mechanical strength of the aluminum electrode.
|Cited Patent
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|Transitron Electronic Corp
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|Sep 14, 2005
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|U.S. Classification
|228/180.5, 219/69.17, 219/56.22
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 13, 1987
Owner name: MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA, NO. 2-3, MARUNO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HIROTA, JITSUHO;MACHIDA, KAZUMICHI;WATANABE, NORIKO;REEL/FRAME:004736/0525
Effective date: 19860110
|Apr 24, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 24, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 3, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Civilians suffer in Gaza
Relevant offers
A former Timaru resident who visited Gaza on the border of Egypt and Israel just before the latest bombings is sad that the people she met have had their hopes for the future dashed again.
The latest round of attacks by Israel is in reponse to the abduction and killings of three Jewish teenagers, allegedly by the military arm Hamas last month.
Christian World Service (CWS) international programmes co-ordinator Trish Murray visited in May and said there was a sense of optimism as shops, accommodation and businesses had been rebuilt since the 2008 bombings there.
"People were feeling hopeful ... and positive about employment and education."
CWS is a development, justice and aid agency arm of the New Zealand churches. It partners the Department of Service to Palestinian Refugees (DSPR) in running three mother and baby health clinics in Gaza, providing vital health services. One of the clinics had to be relocated and re-equipped after it was bombed in 2009.
When Murray visited in 2009 the people were still traumatised from the bombings. She had communication with some of them last week and they were very worried about what was happening.
On one of her visits the programmes co-ordinator met a 16-year-old whose father had been killed, and as oldest male in the family it was his responsibility to gather his father's body parts for burial.
"He was stunned and was just existing, fortunately he had people around him to support him."
When rockets start it was hard to know when they would finish, according to Murray.
"The suffering of civilians, especially children and older people, is of great concern ... Over half of the population are under 18 years old," she said.
Gaza is a poor area which is under blockade.
"The people's lives are limited - fishermen can only fish up to 3 nautical miles (from land)."
She said it was easy to blame Hamas for Gaza's problems but she pointed out Israel had the advantage of more military power.
"People need peace so they can move on."
- The Timaru Herald
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Men's Norwin Go
$100.00 CAD) 70% Off
Combining the look of a classic loafer with casual details of a boat shoe, this lace-up offers casual comfort. Synthetic off-white leather makes its understated style slightly dressier. Pair it with denim or warm-weather outfits. Features laces that are both functional and decorative, fabric lining for comfort, and a rubber sole for grip.
- Strikes the perfect balance of form and function for wear anywhere style
- Clarks Plus intelligent underfoot cushioning
- Ortholite dual density footbed absorbs impact with every step
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Get next business-day shipping on orders at SHOEme.ca OUTLET. Some exclusions apply, including Naot and Altra.
Please note all OUTLET sales are final. For more information, please visit our Shipping & Returns Policy page.


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The average cost for a Fuel Tank Replacement is between $938 and $1026. Labor costs are estimated between $330 and $417 while parts are priced between $608 and $609. Estimate does not include taxes and fees.
Fuel Tank Replacement Cost for Lexus RX450h
Fuel Tank Replacement Estimate (National Average)
Validated estimate range for national average.
View Estimate Details
Parts & Labor Breakdown
Labor: $330 - $417
Parts: $608 - $609
Estimate does not include taxes and fees.
Last step before receiving your estimate: