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November 5, 1979
Juan P. RAMOS, Petitioner,
Richard A. SEIDL, Acting Superintendent of the New Jersey State Prison at Leesburg, Respondent.
Petitioner in this habeas corpus action, 28 U.S.C. § 2254, is confined at the New Jersey State Prison in Leesburg where he is serving a 10-to-12-year sentence for robbery. N.J.S.A. 2A:151-5. He was also convicted of armed robbery, for which he is serving a 2-to-3-year sentence concurrent with the robbery sentence, and kidnapping, for which he received a suspended sentence of 30 to 35 years. N.J.S.A. 2A:141-1; N.J.S.A. 2A:118-1.
On appeal the Appellate Division of the Superior Court set aside the conviction for receiving stolen goods but affirmed the convictions on the remaining counts. The New Jersey Supreme Court denied certification. The petitioner has filed no other appeals or applications, save for the petition in this court.
To support the petitioner's contention that he is being held in custody in violation of the United States Constitution, he urges: (1) prosecutorial misconduct denied him a fair trial; (2) his right not to be a witness against himself was violated; and (3) his right to seek counsel was violated. Each of these claims was properly raised in the state courts, so the requirement of exhaustion of state remedies has been met.
Though the petitioner presents three grounds for finding his conviction to have been secured unconstitutionally, all stem from a single aspect of the trial the prosecution's attempt to impeach the defendant's credibility. Whether the prosecution's effort at impeachment violated the petitioner's constitutional rights can be determined only in the context of the trial as a whole.
Essentially, the outcome of the case hinged on a credibility determination by the jury. The State's theory was that the petitioner had planned and arranged the hijacking of a truck. Two participants in the crime testified in direct support of this theory. Though other prosecution witnesses testified, the State's only evidence linking the petitioner to the crime came from the two participants.
James Burr was the first witness to implicate the petitioner. According to Burr, the petitioner masterminded the hijacking. Burr, who described the planning and committing of the crime in detail, had pleaded guilty to participating in the hijacking. On direct examination he testified that in return for the guilty plea he was informed that the State would recommend that his sentence not exceed 30 years,
that a charge involving counterfeit currency would be dropped (4 Tr. 71), and that after the petitioner's trial was concluded the State would speak to the sentencing judge. (4 Tr. 73). Burr had one previous conviction a 1970 conviction for robbery for which he received a sentence of 5 to 7 years. (4 Tr. 74). On cross-examination Burr testified that he had faced a possibility of 55 years in prison for the crimes to which he pleaded guilty (5 Tr. 30); he also stated that as part of the plea bargain the prosecutor would advise the sentencing judge of the "quality and the quantity of my testimony." (4 Tr. 34). Burr also admitted that he hoped to benefit himself through the testimony he gave at the trial. (5 Tr. 36).
The second witness linking the petitioner to the hijacking was Dannie Mobley. He, too, testified that the petitioner conceived the plan to hijack the truck. Mobley had pleaded guilty to three counts arising out of the hijacking; unlike Burr, however, he had not yet been sentenced. (7 Tr. 17). It was his testimony both on direct and on cross-examination that no promises had been made with respect to his sentence and that he expected nothing in return for his guilty plea. (Id.; 7 Tr. 45). At the time of his testimony Mobley also faced robbery, kidnapping, assault and conspiracy charges in Monmouth County. He had pleaded not guilty to those charges (7 Tr. 17), and, in any event, expected no leniency for those crimes. (7 Tr. 18, 48).
Six witnesses testified for the defense. The first three witnesses a businessman, a priest, and a minister testified favorably concerning the petitioner's reputation for veracity and being a law-abiding citizen. Eusebio Medena, testifying for the petitioner, asserted that Dannie Mobley had known the petitioner for many years. (8 Tr. 57). This testimony was introduced in an attempt to attack the credibility of Mobley, who had said that he had known the petitioner for only a month when the crime occurred. (7 Tr. 55). Juan Ramos, the petitioner's son, testified that he had known Mobley for at least four years. (8 Tr. 63).
The final defense witness was the petitioner. He testified that Mobley first worked for him nearly six years ago. (8 Tr. 70). Emphatically and repeatedly the petitioner denied any involvement in the hijacking. (8 Tr. 85-88).
Cross-examination by the prosecution then began. Much of the questioning focused on events after the petitioner had been arrested. For example, the prosecutor asked the petitioner if he had told a police officer he had friends "downtown." (8 Tr. 100). The petitioner remembered making such a statement, but he tried to give the phrase a different meaning than the one suggested by the prosecutor. (8 Tr. 101). Defense counsel then objected to the entire line of questioning on the ground that no evidence should be offered on events transpiring after the crime. (8 Tr. 103). The objection was overruled.
Continuing this line of inquiry, the prosecutor asked the petitioner about whether he had refused to cooperate with the Newark police and whether he had asked for an attorney the day of his arrest. When the petitioner denied acting uncooperatively, the prosecutor told the court he intended to have Officer McDonald testify on that issue and whether the petitioner had made a statement about friends "downtown." (8 Tr. 109). The prosecutor, after eliciting from the petitioner a reaffirmation that he had requested an attorney the day of his arrest, then asked if he had been read a form containing his rights. (8 Tr. 113).
Q Did they read you at any time a form about your rights?
Six witnesses testified for the defense. The first three witnesses a businessman, a priest, and a minister testified favorably concerning the petitioner's reputation for veracity and being a law-abiding citizen. Eusebio Medena, testifying for the petitioner, asserted that Dannie Mobley had known the petitioner for many years. (8 Tr. 57). This testimony was introduced in an attempt to attack the credibility of Mobley, who had said that he had known the petitioner for only a month when the crime occurred. (7 Tr. 55). Juan Ramos, the petitioner's son, testified that he had known Mobley for at least four years. (8 Tr. 63).
The final defense witness was the petitioner. He testified that Mobley first worked for him nearly six years ago. (8 Tr. 70). Emphatically and repeatedly the petitioner denied any involvement in the hijacking. (8 Tr. 85-88).
Cross-examination by the prosecution then began. Much of the questioning focused on events after the petitioner had been arrested. For example, the prosecutor asked the petitioner if he had told a police officer he had friends "downtown." (8 Tr. 100). The petitioner remembered making such a statement, but he tried to give the phrase a different meaning than the one suggested by the prosecutor. (8 Tr. 101). Defense counsel then objected to the entire line of questioning on the ground that no evidence should be offered on events transpiring after the crime. (8 Tr. 103). The objection was overruled.
Continuing this line of inquiry, the prosecutor asked the petitioner about whether he had refused to cooperate with the Newark police and whether he had asked for an attorney the day of his arrest. When the petitioner denied acting uncooperatively, the prosecutor told the court he intended to have Officer McDonald testify on that issue and whether the petitioner had made a statement about friends "downtown." (8 Tr. 109). The prosecutor, after eliciting from the petitioner a reaffirmation that he had requested an attorney the day of his arrest, then asked if he had been read a form containing his rights. (8 Tr. 113).
Q Did they read you at any time a form about your rights?
A Not that I remember. They just tell me we got this here this and this. That four papers sign your name here and I said I can't sign my name without my lawyer.
Q And did they read you your rights from a form?
A If they did he was so mad at me I don't remember exactly, no.
Q You don't remember.
. . .
Q I show you these four pieces of paper, did they read you your rights from these pieces of paper both in English and Spanish?
A No.
Q You were never read your rights on . . . (the day of your arrest)?
A No, sir.
(8 Tr. 113-17).
After the petitioner completed his testimony, Mobley, as a rebuttal witness, testified that he had known the petitioner for about a month and a half. (8 Tr. 136). Then Officer McDonald took the stand.
McDonald, who had been one of the arresting officers, testified for the purpose of undermining the petitioner's credibility. (See 8 Tr. 136). He asserted that the petitioner had indeed been informed of his rights. (8 Tr. 140). Asked who had read the rights, McDonald answered as follows:
Detective Guerino read him his rights in English and he refused to sign that. We asked if he could speak Spanish or understand Spanish, he stated he could understand Spanish. Detective Guerino presented this copy in Spanish to him and he read the words to this here on that first date and he refused to sign both. Detective Guerino also marked on here he refused to sign.
(8 Tr. 140).
Shortly thereafter a sidebar conference was held. Defense counsel said that in view of the testimony that Miranda rights had been read to the petitioner, he intended to obtain testimony on the wording of the documents. (8 Tr. 143). The prosecutor then explained his reasons for putting in evidence the giving of Miranda warnings.
I'm not offering this to show that the man tried to conceal anything, that's not my purpose. He was read his rights and he has a right not to sign it if he refuses, that's fine. That's not what bothers me. What he said that (sic) his rights were never read to him and that is the only reason why I am bringing this up. It goes to his credibility on that issue alone and I don't think anything that's contained in here other than the fact that it was said to him and the fact that he refused to sign it, the fact that it was read to him we're able to go into. There's no question that he has the right not to sign it. I'm just offering this witness to show that it was read to him. Not that he didn't sign it or not why he didn't sign it, that's not evidential, I can't go into that, I don't intend to go into that, but just to show that these rights were read to him.
(8 Tr. 144-45).
The sidebar then turned to a discussion as to the correct wording of a question designed to determine how much force had been applied in trying to get the petitioner to sign the waiver. The prosecutor suggested "try to make him sign," defense counsel offered "requested," and that phrase was adopted.
Q Was he requested to sign these pieces of paper?
A Yes, he was, sir.
Q You indicated that he refused?
A That's right.
Q Was any pressure put on him to sign the paper?
A On the . . . (day of his arrest) there was no pressure put on him, he didn't want to sign it. We just marked on the sheet refused to sign and let it go at that.
(8 Tr. 146-47).
Defense counsel then cross-examined McDonald. To explore the reasons why the petitioner had not signed the waiver, defense counsel asked McDonald to read part of the form. The section read into the record shows that signing the form means the person waives his right to remain silent and is willing to make a statement. (8 Tr. 151).
After a brief re-direct of McDonald,
the parties rested. However, the trial judge re-opened the trial to allow the defense to introduce evidence concerning McDonald's alleged bias. Again, McDonald was asked if the petitioner had signed a waiver, and again he stated that the petitioner had refused. (9 Tr. 47).
After McDonald's testimony both sides rested. In his closing statement defense counsel discussed the petitioner's refusal to sign the waiver. The purpose of the argument was to explain the petitioner's decision not to sign according to the attorney, by signing the form the petitioner would have surrendered his right to counsel. (9 Tr. 112). Defense counsel added, "(McDonald) wanted Juan Ramos, on Friday, at three o-clock, on his third telling of the Miranda warning, to sign it, made a big to do in this court because he wouldn't. He wanted you to score points against him." (9 Tr. 112). This remark was stricken, but the court overruled the prosecution's objection to defense counsel's charge that the prosecution "wanted you to take that into consideration in judging his innocence or guilt when the law ." (9 Tr. 113).
The prosecutor also adverted to the giving of rights to the petitioner:
Just because a man signs that doesn't mean he has to give a statement. They want him to acknowledge his rights were received. He doesn't have to sign it. Nobody forced him to sign it and they wrote refused to sign. Nobody tried to forge his signature or force him to sign it. He doesn't want to sign it, they wrote that in there. But it shows he's not telling the truth. . . . (If) he doesn't want to give a statement, he has that right, a perfect right. Nobody forced him to sign those forms.
The prosecutor also adverted to the giving of rights to the petitioner:
Just because a man signs that doesn't mean he has to give a statement. They want him to acknowledge his rights were received. He doesn't have to sign it. Nobody forced him to sign it and they wrote refused to sign. Nobody tried to forge his signature or force him to sign it. He doesn't want to sign it, they wrote that in there. But it shows he's not telling the truth. . . . (If) he doesn't want to give a statement, he has that right, a perfect right. Nobody forced him to sign those forms.
(9 Tr. 156-57).
The petitioner strenuously contends that his rights under the fourteenth amendment were violated because of the role played in the trial by the testimony about the Miranda waiver. Although he also claims the handling of that issue unconstitutionally impaired his right to counsel and that prosecutorial misconduct infringed his right to a fair trial, his principal contention is that his right to remain silent was violated. In particular, he relies on Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S. Ct. 2240, 49 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1976).
Respondent contends that Doyle is inapplicable; alternatively, if Doyle applies, any error was harmless.
As framed by the Supreme Court, the issue in Doyle was "whether a state prosecutor may seek to impeach a defendant's exculpatory story, told for the first time at trial, by cross-examining the defendant about his failure to have told the story after receiving Miranda warnings at the time of his arrest." Id. at 611, 96 S. Ct. at 2241 (footnote omitted). Doyle and Wood had been arrested for selling 10 pounds of marijuana to an informant. At trial they contended they had been framed. To undermine that explanation, the prosecutor asked Doyle and his codefendant why they had not told that story when arrested. Id. at 613, 96 S. Ct. at 2242. Pleading necessity, the State asserted it had to ask those questions so that the jury could have all relevant information concerning the defendants' exculpatory story. Id. at 617, 96 S. Ct. at 2244. The Court, despite recognizing the importance of cross-examination, disagreed.
Silence in the wake of these warnings may be nothing more than the arrestee's exercise of these Miranda rights. Thus, every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous because of what the State is required to advise the person arrested. (citation omitted). Moreover, while it is true that the Miranda warnings contain no express assurance that silence will carry no penalty, such assurance is implicit to any person who receives the warnings. In such circumstances, it would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person's silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial.
Id. at 617-18, 96 S. Ct. at 2244-45 (footnotes omitted).
The Court derived some support from its decision the year before in United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 95 S. Ct. 2133, 45 L. Ed. 2d 99 (1975). Without reaching the constitutional question, the Court in Hale exercised its supervisory powers to exclude post-arrest silence from use in federal trials for impeachment purposes. Justice Marshall wrote, "Not only is evidence of silence at the time of arrest generally not very probative of a defendant's credibility, but it also has a significant potential for prejudice. The danger is that the jury is likely to assign much more weight to the defendant's previous silence than is warranted." Id. at 180, 95 S. Ct. at 2138.
Respondent contends Doyle is not controlling. Respondent's basis for distinguishing Doyle is not entirely clear. At one point in his brief, respondent asserts that the petitioner "was not silent at all." Answer at p. 6. This is difficult to understand. After receiving the Miranda warnings, the petitioner maintained his silence: as did Doyle and Wood, he declined to make any statement at all.
Respondent also seems to argue that Doyle differs from the case here because in Doyle there was an exculpatory defense proffered by the defendants, while the petitioner simply denied his guilt. That distinction does exist, but it is trifling. The vice adhering to the use of silence to impeach occurs regardless of whether the defendant explains away seeming involvement or completely denies knowledge of the crime. Either way, ambiguous silence is used to undercut the credibility of a defendant who chose not to speak and who was told he had a right to be silent. In one case, the defendant did not try to exculpate himself by presenting an alternate explanation to the police for his apparent culpability. In the other, the defendant simply remained silent after being arrested, instead of attesting to his innocence. Either way, the constitutional right not to incriminate oneself cannot be turned to the disadvantage of the accused by allowing the prosecution to suggest silence is inconsistent with the defense at trial. Post-arrest silence, which is "insolubly ambiguous," is no more useful in evaluating credibility when the defendant flatly denies guilt than when he insists he was framed. Therefore, if respondent is contending that Doyle does not apply because Doyle did not involve a protestation of complete innocence, but an explanation for conceded involvement, that distinction must be rejected. Due process disregards such fine distinctions. The type of exculpatory testimony is irrelevant.
What matters is that the petitioner's silence is used against him. Contrary to the respondent's position, there can be no doubt that error took place, when petitioner's right not to speak was turned against him. As the court of appeals of this circuit has recently pointed out, "(I)t is fundamentally unfair for the prosecution to impose a penalty at trial on a defendant who has exercised that right by choosing to remain silent." United States v. Agee, 597 F.2d 350, 355 (3d Cir. 1979) (en banc). This unfairness stems "from the assurance implicit in Miranda warnings that the arrestee would not be penalized if he exercised his right to remain silent." Id. at 355 n. 17. Yet the petitioner was penalized by heeding the Miranda warnings and saying nothing: the prosecution used the petitioner's silence against him.
The line of questioning employed by the prosecution was one forbidden to it. The testimony obtained from McDonald did not aid the jury in measuring the petitioner's credibility.
Rather, the prosecution deliberately put before the jury evidence that the petitioner remained silent. "The natural tendency of the use of the testimony in this manner is to prejudice the defendant by attempting to create an inference of guilt in the jury's mind. . . . In the present case, there were no statements given by appellant to (the police officer) and the testimony elicited could in no way be used for impeachment purposes. This line of questioning stressing the appellant's assertion of his constitutional rights only "cuts down on the privilege by making its assertion costly.' " United States v. Wycoff, 545 F.2d 679, 681, 682 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1105, 97 S. Ct. 1135, 51 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1977), quoting Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 614, 85 S. Ct. 1229, 14 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1965). Constitutional error occurred, for due process denies to the prosecution the right to use a defendant's silence as a weapon. Doyle v. Ohio, supra; Bradford v. Stone, 594 F.2d 1294, 1295 (9th Cir. 1979) (per curiam); United States v. Hood, 593 F.2d 293, 297 (8th Cir. 1979); United States v. Johnson, 558 F.2d 1225 (5th Cir. 1977); United States v. Williams, 181 U.S.App.D.C. 188, 190, 556 F.2d 65, 67 (D.C.Cir. 1977) (per curiam), Cert. denied, 431 U.S. 972, 97 S. Ct. 2936, 53 L. Ed. 2d 1070 (1977) ("A prosecutor has no right to introduce evidence that defendant was silent"); United States v. Impson, 531 F.2d 274, 277 (5th Cir. 1976), Cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1050, 98 S. Ct. 900, 54 L. Ed. 2d 803 (1978) ("Doubt should not be cast upon his credibility as a penalty for exercising his prerogative to make no statement to the arresting officer").
In the context of impeaching the petitioner, the State introduced evidence of the petitioner's silence. That act deprived the petitioner of his constitutional right to a fair trial.
Now, it is clear even after Doyle that under certain circumstances cross-examiners may inquire into the petitioner's post-arrest silence. See 426 U.S. at 619 n. 11, 96 S. Ct. at 2245. The example given by the Court concerns a defendant who testifies to an exculpatory version of events and seeks to support his claim of innocence by saying he told the same tale to the arresting officers. That situation does not apply here. Other situations may also make permissible questioning the defendant about silence after receipt of Miranda warnings. See, e.g., United States v. Mavrick, 601 F.2d 921, 932-34 (7th Cir. 1979) (government correcting impression created by defendant's testimony on direct); United States v. Agee, 597 F.2d 350 (3d Cir. 1979) (defendant not truly silent after receiving warnings). These exceptions, though, are all inapposite. The prosecution did not use the petitioner's silence in an acceptable fashion. See n. 8, Supra.
Instead, a different line of cases applies, which only emphasizes the egregious nature of the prosecution's misconduct. In Agnello v. United States, 269 U.S. 20, 35, 46 S. Ct. 4, 70 L. Ed. 145 (1925), the Supreme Court held that suppressed evidence could not be used to impeach a defendant's credibility when the issue on which impeachment was sought arose during cross-examination. This is to be distinguished from cases where suppressed evidence is offered to impeach testimony offered on direct examination. E. g., Walder v. United States, 347 U.S. 62, 65, 74 S. Ct. 354, 98 L. Ed. 503 (1954). Thus, the following rule has been created: suppressed evidence may be used for impeachment purposes only if it relates to a subject raised during the direct testimony of the defendant. United States v. Hickey, 596 F.2d 1082, 1088 (1st Cir. 1979); United States v. Havens, 592 F.2d 848, 851 (5th Cir. 1979) ("The predicate for its use in impeachment must be found in the direct examination of the defendant. It cannot be smuggled into evidence by the prosecutor on cross-examination"); United States v. Whitson, 587 F.2d 948, 951-52 (9th Cir. 1978); United States v. Mariani, 539 F.2d 915, 923-24 (2d Cir. 1976); Rothschild v. New York, 388 F. Supp. 1346, 1349 (S.D.N.Y.), Aff'd, 525 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1975) (per curiam). See Fed.R.Evid. 608(b).
Because these cases involve the use of suppressed evidence, rather than a defendant's silence, they are not controlling. They point out, though, that courts cannot tolerate use by the prosecution of collateral matter to impeach a defendant's credibility when it was the prosecution that raised the subject in the first place.
To allow the district attorney to impeach testimony which he himself had elicited for the first time in the same cross-examination is to allow the state to build a case against the defendant's credibility by bootstrapping. This is clearly not permissible.
Rothschild v. New York, supra, 388 F. Supp. at 1349 (citations omitted).
Respondent's fallback position is that even if error took place, it was harmless. Like virtually all other courts, the court of appeals for the third circuit has concluded that a violation of Doyle does not necessarily require a new trial: a new trial need be held "if there is no "reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the conviction . . . .' " United States v. Agee, supra, 597 F.2d at 359 n. 29, quoting Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 432, 92 S. Ct. 1056, 1060, 31 L. Ed. 2d 340 (1972). See United States v. Meneses-Davila, 580 F.2d 888, 893 (5th Cir. 1978); Chapman v. United States, 547 F.2d 1240, 1249-50 (5th Cir.), Cert. denied, 431 U.S. 908, 97 S. Ct. 1705, 52 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1977); United States v. Wyckoff, supra.
The court has carefully considered respondent's position that the error was harmless. However, there is a reasonable possibility that the repeated references to the petitioner's silence contributed to his conviction.
Veracity held the key to the petitioner's acquittal. Pitted against the petitioner's denials of guilt was the testimony of two perpetrators of the crime, both of whom could be viewed as having a substantial personal interest in securing the petitioner's conviction. If believed, the petitioner wins; if disbelieved, he loses. Thrown into what might have otherwise been a nearly balanced equation was testimony that the petitioner had been silent when questioned. The jury could have used that information as substantive evidence of the petitioner's guilt, or it could have used the testimony to discredit the petitioner's avowals of innocence for the testimony came into the trial as a collateral attack on the petitioner's credibility thereby sealing a finding of guilt. Of course, the jury might have disregarded the testimony altogether, or convicted even in its absence. There is no way of knowing what effect the testimony had. The only certainty is that the jury could use the testimony of McDonald in any way it felt proper, for no limiting instructions were given at any point during the trial. Given the nature of the case, where the comparative credibility of Mobley, Burr and Ramos was decisive; the absence of guidance to the jury; the large number of times the jury heard the petitioner had been silent; and the egregious nature of the violation of the petitioner's rights under Doyle, it cannot be said that the error was harmless. See United States v. Meneses-Davila, supra, 580 F.2d at 893; Minor v. Black, 527 F.2d 1, 5-6 (6th Cir. 1975), Cert. denied, 427 U.S. 904, 96 S. Ct. 3189, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1198 (1976). Cf. United States v. Williams, 484 F.2d 428, 432 (8th Cir. 1973) (improper impeachment of defendant not harmless error when direct conflict between his testimony and that of key government witness); United States v. Pennix, 313 F.2d 524, 531 (4th Cir. 1963) (improper cross-examination not harmless error where sharp issue of credibility determination for jury; testimony of defendant versus two self-confessed bank robbers); State v. Koch, 118 N.J.Super. 421, 433-34, 288 A.2d 295 (App.Div.1972).
The writ will issue at the end of ninety days from entry of an order hereon, unless the State sooner retries the petitioner.
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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Essay:
E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial
"E.T., the Extra-Terrestrial" has entered the pantheon of American pop culture in such a way that any film critic approaching it has to declare his or her bias up front: it is as hard to be objective about "E.T." As it is about "The Wizard of Oz" or the original "Toy Story." It seems embarrassing to use the tools of serious film criticism on something like "E.T." simply because most people have an instinctive sense that children are actually fairly tough critics, and that anything that is so universally acclaimed as children's entertainment as Steven Spielberg's 1982 science fiction masterpiece can't really be a serious movie, simply because it happens to be slick and professional. But revisiting "E.T." is also a useful way for anyone with an interest in serious film criticism to watch a film that actually works. "E.T." is actually a remarkably effective film, in part because of Spielberg's counterintuitive approach on a number of particulars.
The genre of "E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial" is, of course, science fiction -- but this is science fiction with a firm grounding in suburban realism. Minus the alien, the family in "E.T." might provide a particularly poignant sub-plot in Robert Altman's "Short Cuts," and the milieu of West Coast working class life depicted in the Raymond Carver stories that Altman adapted: Elliott lives in a broken home, and his mother is clearly struggling. This is not the customary backdrop for anything we'd call "science fiction" even if the space-ship that we see immediately at the film's beginning has all the chromium grandeur of an Industrial Light and Magic special effect. But in the larger context of films being made at this time, George Lucas's "Star Wars" films -- the first two of which were released before "E.T" -- had clearly prepared audiences for the mix of whimsical comedy and stirring adventure that is common to both Lucas and Spielberg. (In terms of these switches, it's worth noting that Carol Littleton's masterful editing does a lot of the work -- it is purely her work that the sequence in which E.T. drinks the beer but Elliott gets woozy functions as narrative, let alone as comedy. Her touch is a little less deft with the more melodramatic touches of the film, such as the sudden intrusion of Peter Coyote and the quarantining of the house.)
But "E.T." is (crucially) not a "space opera" like "Star Wars" but is set on earth, and has to remain credible and down-to-earth about its schoolboy protagonist. Films with child protagonists often slip very easily into the mawkish and sentimental, simply because it is difficult to find a credible film story with a child protagonist in which the stakes are sufficiently high to engage our interest while at the same time not forcing the child to engage in age-inappropriate activities. But Elliott in "E.T." must help his new best friend to evade capture by U.S. government scientists and return to his home planet. The stakes could not be higher -- but what is remarkable about the film is how delicately (and realistically) the actual situations are dramatized. What could be corny or melodramatic is, instead, viewed from a child's eye view -- which, in Spielberg's universe, has a kind of stark honesty about it. Still, it is worth noting that the story and screenplay of "E.T." manage to negotiate some tough territory. Roger Ebert -- who endorsed the movie in the highest possible terms -- pointed this out as part of his praise for Spielberg's skill. Ebert noted of "E.T"
Some people are a little baffled when they hear it described: It's about a relationship between a little boy and a creature from outer space that becomes his best friend. That makes it sound like a cross between "The Thing" and "National Velvet." It works as science fiction, it's sometimes as scary as a monster movie, and at the end, when the lights go up, there's not a dry eye in the house (Ebert 2002).
Ebert's choice of words is deliberately emphasizing the strangeness of the plot, but that is part of what I would term the counterintuitive greatness of "E.T." In this sense, I think, the fact that I, like so many other viewers, carried with me the bias of having known and loved this film so early (without having re-watched it recently) was actually useful, because I was now able to view it and notice how much of the film was not precisely as I had remembered it. I recalled it as being positive and optimistic -- Pauline Kael describes "E.T." As being "bathed in warmth" (Kael 225), and that is precisely how I remembered it -- but I had not remembered that it hardly brings light to accompany that warmth. The overall lighting and the cinematography by D.P. Allen Daviau is more like film noir than I had remembered. So much of "E.T." is set at night or in darkness -- which seems, on the most purely technical level of the mise-en-scene, partly designed to keep Carlo Rambaldi's creature (with its goggle eyes and extendable neck) looking as realistic and plausible as possible.
That creature design is probably the most obviously counterintuitive aspect of the film: the creature is not immediately appealing or cuddly. John Williams supposedly stated that this was his starting point in writing the score -- that he would have to summon up sympathy for such an unlikely and unattractive title character. The score that Williams provided is (as usually) effective but hardly subtle. Still, it has a yearning character that seems to express the creature's wish to return home -- a yearning for flight that is satisfied beyond our wildest dreams when the bicycle takes up past the full moon, and again at the end when E.T. boards his spaceship. In addition, the creature's awkwardness -- and the fact that it just wants to return to its own family -- makes it more like Elliott himself: the empathetic bond that E.T. establishes with Elliott actually makes sense on the narrative level as well. They're in similar situations, and they allow Elliott the chance to perform an act of heroism in helping his friend. Pauline Kael spoke of the film's "fusion of science fiction and mythology" as "emotionally rounded and complete: it reminds you of the goofiest dreams you had as a kid, and rehabilitates them" (Kael 225). In that sense, the creature's plausibility is far more important than its cuddliness. Similarly the one element of sound design that truly leaps out is Ben Burtt's remarkable design for E.T.'s voice, which was supposedly compounded of various different sounds layered atop one another. It is a miracle of sound design that when E.T. delivers his final line to Elliott, we manage to respond emotionally to a voice that is, quite literally, designed to sound alien. But it is this paradoxical mix of realism with wild science fiction that Anthony Lane in The New Yorker singled out as the film's success (on its re-release in 2002): "there is nothing more real than sitting in your own back yard -- waiting for the unreal to come down, take a handful of candy, and fly you to the moon" (Lane 86). If we wanted to take a negative view of this creature design -- which I happen to think is uniquely effective -- we would have to take a negative and reductionist view of the film as a whole. It's hard to find negative reviews of "E.T.," but Don McKellar's review in the Village Voice for the 2002 re-release actually dislikes the whole film, but does so for reasons which are related to the counter-intuitive aspects of the design and mise-en-scene. McKellar writes that "E.T. is a dog movie. Genre-wise, I mean. It's about a boy meeint a dog, naming it, taming it, learning from it, and growing up. Of course the genre is superficially designed as science fiction, as was the fashion at the time" (McKellar 2002). But as my description of the creature design (and so much else) as "counterintuitive" should indicate, I think Spielberg takes great pains to avoid giving us something that is as easily befriended as a puppy -- E.T. is not like Elliott's pet, he's like Elliott's existential crisis as a child of divorce turned into a strangely realistic yet not particularly emotional frog-like creature. I think McKellar is deliberately groping for a sentimentality in the film that simply is not there.
It is certainly interesting to apply the basics of film study to an unapologetically commercial Hollywood film, and to analyze its effects in terms of the basics of film criticism. For example, my memory of the film as a child was that it was largely a hopeful and heartwarming story -- but viewing it I noted with some surprise that most of it is set at night or in the dark (which I had not recalled). Spielberg's lighting scheme is practically out of a film noir, and…[continue]
"Et The Extra Terrestrial" (2011, February 04) Retrieved December 9, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/et-the-extra-terrestrial-121550
"Et The Extra Terrestrial" 04 February 2011. Web.9 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/et-the-extra-terrestrial-121550>
"Et The Extra Terrestrial", 04 February 2011, Accessed.9 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/et-the-extra-terrestrial-121550
Extra-Solar Planets The word planet means "wanderer" in Greek. It derives from the fact that planets within our solar system seem generally to wander eastward about the so-called fixed stars across the zodiac constellations (Kolb). There is no clear consensus precisely defining what constitutes a planet, as distinguished from brown dwarfs, which are the material remnants of burned out ancient stars whose masses where too small to form white dwarfs or
These include Omni, CCSDS, Hi-DSN and SpaceVPN. OMNI and CCDS will be briefly considered, with the focus on CCSDS, as this architecture has been shown to be the most appropriate for satellite communication with Mars. OMNI Omni or the Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) is an architecture proposed by NASA to provide the most simple and most effective infrastructure for space missions. Central to this architecture is the
" (Doukas, Maglogiannis and Kormentzas, 2006) The following illustration shows the evaluation Platform Architecture. Figure 3 The Evaluation Platform Architecture Doukas, Maglogiannis and Kormentzas (2006) state that the patient state vital signs are monitored through a PDA device attached to the patient and transmitted to a computer for evaluation through wireless access or Bluetooth. Additionally the patient site is monitored through use of a camera. The software that has been developed is used
Lifestyle of the Ichthyosaur Ichthyosaurs are a family of marine reptiles that existed during the same era as the dinosaurs. It swam the seas from 245 million years ago to 90 million years ago, during the same period of time that dinosaurs ruled the land. Ichthyosaur fossils were discovered in the late nineteenth century, before the first dinosaur fossils were discovered and subsequently captured the imaginations of scientists and laymen
Campylobacter jejuni is a helical shaped, non-spore forming, curved, Gram-negative bacteria which is most often found in animal feces. This bacteria comes from the intestinal tracks of animals where is exists as a mixed surface-associated community, protected by an extra cellular material called a biofilm. The protection afforded to the bacteria by the biofilm makes it an extremely resilient bacteria. (Siringan, 2011) It was originally discovered by Theodor Escherich in
Wireless Broadband Technology Overview of Wireless technology Presently it is quite evident to come across functioning of a sort of wireless technology in the form of mobile phone, a Palm pilot, a smart phone etc. With the inception of fast connectivity in the sphere of commerce it is customary and useful to operate from central locations communicating with the remote branches, conducting conferences in remote places, discussing with every body at every
Environmental Issues Faced in 21st Century Aviation Reducing Communication and Coordination Tools and Metrics Technology, Operations and Policy Demand Aviation and the Environment Effects on the health Local Air Quality Climate Change Total Climate impacts from aircraft Interdependencies Mobility, Economy and National Security Interactions between Government, Industry and Groups Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Economic Impact SPCC Regulations Local Airport Issues De-icing Fluids A Framework for National Goals Realities and Myths Metrics Recommended Actions Environmental Issues Faced in 21st Century Aviation Environmental awareness in regards to 21st century aviation among the public and politicians has


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APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Cook County; the Hon. JOSEPH
A. POWER, Judge, presiding.
In this habeas corpus proceeding, relator, an Illinois resident, seeks release from a warrant issued by the Governor of this State for his extradition to Oregon to face charges on an indictment returned by a grand jury of Multnomah County. The indictment charges relator and a corporation bearing his name with four counts of air pollution. The circuit court of Cook County quashed the petition for the writ of habeas corpus and ordered the relator delivered to the agent of the demanding State. This appeal followed.
There is no claim that the relator was present in the State of Oregon at the time of the commission of the alleged crime. The evidence at the habeas corpus hearing establishes that the relator has not been present in Oregon since 1965, and not at any time in 1969 when the alleged offenses were committed. This is, therefore, not the usual situation within the purview of section 3 of the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 60, par. 20) where extradition is sought of a "fugitive" alleged to have been present in the demanding State at the time of the commission of the criminal act and who thereafter fled the jurisdiction.
The circuit court in denying relator's petition for the writ held that extradition would be allowed under section 6 of the Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 60, par. 23), which provides that the Governor of this State may also surrender any "person in this State charged in such other state * * * with committing an act in this State, or in a third state, intentionally resulting in a crime in the state whose Executive Authority is making the demand."
The relator, Lloyd A. Frye, Sr., is Chairman of the Board of the Lloyd A. Frye Roofing Company, a corporation. This corporation operates 27 roofing companies, one of which is located in Multnomah County, Oregon. The relator and the corporation were indicted in a four-count indictment, each count of which charged that "the said Lloyd A. Frye, Sr., and Lloyd A. Frye Roofing Company, a corporation, and each of them * * * in Multnomah County, State of Oregon, did unlawfully and willfully discharge into the atmosphere from a single source of emission an air contaminant * * *." From the language of the indictment it is evident that the relator is charged with committing a crime in Multnomah County, Oregon, on the dates specified. However, the application for requisition of the district attorney for Multnomah County to the Governor of Oregon recites that on the dates specified "Lloyd A. Frye, Sr., by Lloyd A. Frye Roofing Company, discharged into the atmosphere emissions from its asphalt roofing plant * * *" and states that the accused while in the State of Illinois committed an act resulting in said crime. From this application for requisition, it is clear that the district attorney of Multnomah County is seeking to have the relator extradited under section 6 of the Uniform Act. However, the Governor's requisition from the State of Oregon certifies that the accused was present in the State of Oregon at the time of the commission of the crime and thereafter fled from the State of Oregon, and requests that the fugitive be apprehended and delivered to the agent of the State authorized to receive and convey said fugitive to the State of Oregon.
Likewise, the rendition warrant issued by the Governor of the State of Illinois recites that the relator is charged with having committed offenses on certain dates specified, in the County of Multnomah in the State of Oregon, and recites that said relator is a fugitive from justice and has fled from the State of Oregon and taken refuge in the State of Illinois.
It is apparent from the indictment, the Governor's requisition from Oregon, and the rendition warrant issued by the Governor of Illinois that the defendant was charged with having committed a crime in the State of Oregon and that extradition was sought under section 3 of the Uniform Act.
The respondent claims that any defect in the requisition from Oregon or the rendition warrant can be cured by the introduction of the supporting documents pursuant to which the rendition warrant was issued, citing May v. Sexton (1966), 35 Ill.2d 585. Respondent points out that the request for requisition which the district attorney of Multnomah County, Oregon, forwarded to the Governor of Oregon shows that the extradition is sought under section 6 since it states that the accused, while in the State of Illinois, committed an act resulting in said crime. Relying on May, respondent contends that this request for requisition cures the defects in the rendition warrant.
The underlying papers, however, which must support the rendition warrant in this case, are the requisition from the Governor of Oregon and the indictment. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 60, pars. 20, 23.) The district attorney's request for requisition was only a request to the Governor of Oregon to issue a requisition for the extradition of the relator. This is not a document required by the statute as the basis for an extradition warrant.
In People ex rel. Ritholz v. Sain (1962), 24 Ill.2d 168, this court stated at page 172: "* * * we adhere to the view of the majority that legal deficiencies in the rendition warrant may be cured, in habeas corpus proceedings for the discharge of the fugitive, by including with the return of the sheriff or producing at the hearing the papers upon which the warrant was issued and which show that the warrant was justified." (Emphasis supplied.)
In our case it is not the request of the district attorney to the Governor of Oregon which shows that the rendition warrant is justified. Here the indictment charging the relator with a crime is the indispensable document which justifies the issuance of the rendition warrant. The indictment supports the warrant and does not alter or change it from a warrant under section 3 of the Act to one under section 6.
This case is clearly distinguishable from May, in which case the Governor's warrant recited that it was based on an affidavit, warrant or complaint made before a magistrate, whereas it was in fact supported by an indictment. This court held that the indictment being before the court could properly be considered as curing a defect in the Governor's warrant.
When it appears from the evidence beyond all reasonable doubt that the relator was out of the demanding State when the offense was committed, he is entitled to his release. (People ex rel. O'Mara v. Ogilvie (1966), 35 Ill.2d 287; People ex rel. Garner v. Clutts (1960), 20 Ill.2d 447.) Relator's absence from the State of Oregon not being questioned, he could not be held under the rendition warrant issued by the Governor of Illinois. Since the underlying papers fail to support extradition proceedings under section 6 of the Act, the circuit court of Cook County was in error in treating the Governor's extradition warrant as a warrant under section 6 of the Act. The petition for the writ of habeas corpus should be allowed and the relator discharged.
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions for relator's discharge.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.
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Emily Watson
Observer TV reviews The week in TV: The Dresser; Catastrophe; Detectorists; Homeland; Jekyll and HydeEgos made way for ensembles, with Ian McKellen and Anthony Hopkins leading the way in a wonderful remake of The Dresser
Speaking ahead of the broadcast of the BBC adaptation of The Dresser, actor says he hopes BBC will take courage and bring more one-off dramas to screens
Surprise comments follow Emily Watson's claim at the San Sebastián film festival that equal pay was not her 'personal quest'
BBC1 marks the 10th anniversary of the 7 July London attacks with a powerful drama written by Frank McGuinness
The tale of Princess Elizabeth and Margaret's sortie among the wild nighttime celebrations of commoners on VE Day loses the facts in the crowd – except for that conga
Dextrous actor has shown a willingness to play with his persona with two meaty roles at the Toronto film festival that belie his slapstick image
This child's eye view of life under the Nazis is smothered by tasteful restraint, writes Mark Kermode
Based on the bestseller by Markus Zusak, this film looks like a creepy new version of the Anne Frank story, writes Peter Bradshaw
Spielberg's version of the equine first world war yarn is an unconvincing attempt at summoning up the spirit of the time, writes Peter Bradshaw
Jason Solomons talks to Emily Watson about her role in Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of War Horse, while Ralph Fiennes is on hand to discuss directing and starring in Coriolanus
The actor, 44, on blaming Shakespeare, not knowing what makes a marriage work, and being like a goldfish
• Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and My Week with Marilyn earn 16 nominations each
• The Iron Lady trails with 14
• The Artist and War Horse follow with 13, while The Help and Hugo pick up 12
• Disappointment for The Tree of Life and A Dangerous Method with just one apiece
• The Deep Blue Sea, Wuthering Heights and W.E. already go home empty handed
Spielberg tries to infuse his film with a fairytale quality but merely provides it with a directorial straitjacket, writes Andrew Pulver
Why Fleet veteran Syd Young turned up as an extra in ITV's drama Appropriate Adult
Observer TV reviews Rewind TV: Appropriate Adult; Horizon: Are You Good or Evil?; Reel History of BritainDominic West was disturbingly convincing as Fred West, while Horizon suggested we might all know a psychopath, writes Phil Hogan
The RSC's legendary voice coach Cicely Berry has taught everyone from Sean Connery to Samuel L Jackson. But can she fix Laura Barnett's diction?
Ben Child: The first trailer for Spielberg's War Horse reveals a stirring John Williams score and a stellar British cast – no prizes for where this film's heading ...
Emily Watson is superb as the Nottingham social worker who tried to help the victims of a major social injustice in this deeply moving film, says Philip French
Emily Watson stars in a hard-hitting drama about the scandal of child deportation to Australia. By Peter Bradshaw
In her latest film, Emily Watson plays a social worker who battled to reunite British families with children forcibly sent to Australia, a role made more poignant by losing her mother as filming began, writes Kate Kellaway
Jim Loach's feature-length debut stars Emily Watson as a Nottingham social worker battling the forced migration of children from the UK. Hugo Weaving and David Wenham co-star; the film opens in the UK on 1 April 2011
Jeremy Irvine to make his film debut in lead role, with Emily Watson and Peter Mullan among actors confirmed in huge international cast
Celebrity squares: Actor Emily Watson loves email because it means she doesn't have to talk to people
Gwyneth Paltrow and Emily Watson will be pitted against each other for the best actress gong in this year's Laurence Olivier theatre awards, announced today.
So often cast in haunted, driven roles, in her new film Emily Watson at last has the chance to play a tough, breezily confident woman: someone not unlike the actress herself. Melissa Denes sounds her out.
Plus: Emily Watson presides at Dinard; Glitter bombs for Mariah; Woody the warrior stays in New York
From her startling debut in Breaking The Waves, Emily Watson has swiftly established herself as a gifted star, with two Oscar nominations to her name. But she's just been 'lucky' she tells an incredulous Mark Morris.


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More Wall Street investment banks may be forced into marriages with deposit-rich commercial banks, a veteran banking analyst said. Investment banks may find themselves devastated by write-downs and credit losses, analyst Charles Peabody said. "There's something about the model that says they're going to emerge from this cycle as walking wounded and the walking wounded really can't compete on a stand-alone basis," said Peabody, co-founder of independent research firm Portales Partners.
Full Story:Financial Week


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Teaching in East Carroll Parish
Lake providence, East Carroll Parish, Louisiana
Getting Started in East Carroll Parish
District Financials
Median Family Income in 2000:$24,554
Per-Capita Income in 2000:$9,629
Total District Revenue:$13,322,000
Percent of Revenue from East Carroll Parish County:17 %
Percent of Revenue from Louisiana: 61 %
Percent of Revenue from US: 23 %
Comparing districts in LA (See all Districts in LA)
Largest Districts
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Teaching Schools in Louisiana
- 100% online degrees include Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Science in Education, , and more.
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- 75,000+ graduates across all industries offer extensive networking opportunities.
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- Recognized as a Top 20 Best Online Bachelor's Program by U.S. News & World Report in 2016.
- Online, campus-based, and evening courses offered in 95 areas of study, including Business, Nursing, Psychology, & more.
- Endorsed by G.I. Jobs and Military Advanced Education magazine as a Military Friendly School in 2015.
- Features small class sizes, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 23 to 1.
- 88% of Regent University students receive financial aid, with $18 million awarded in institutional scholarships & aid each year.
- Online Courses
- Designated a 2015 Military Friendly School by Victory Media.
- Received the 2013 Making a Difference for Students Award from Quality Matters.
- Offers a free student app for smartphones and tablets, helping students keep up to date.
- Has a Golden Key International Honour Society and SALUTE Veterans Honor Society.
- Accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA).
- Online Courses
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- Ranked among the Best Online Bachelor's Programs by U.S. News and World Report in 2015.
- Founded in 1890, it has a campus in Waterbury, CT and offers online degree program in eight-week modules, six times a year.
- About 800 students are enrolled at the main campus, and about half of them commute.
- Online courses help make it possible for students to earn a bachelor's degree in as little as 24 months and a master's degree in 12-18 months.
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- Doctor of Education in Organizatonal Leadership - Higher Education Track
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• Ranked among the top 20 Regional Universities in the West in 2015 by U.S. News & World Report.
• Listed as one of America's Best Colleges by Forbes Magazine in 2014.
• More than 97% of tenure-track faculty holds a terminal degree in their field.
• Student to faculty ratio of 15:1, and 47.5% of classes have fewer than 20 students.
• Accredited by The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC).Show more [+]
- Online Courses
- Ranked among the Best Online Bachelor's Programs in 2014 by U.S. News & World Report.
- Implements a one-to-one teaching model, partnering one student with one faculty member in each course.
- 100% of faculty members hold doctoral degrees.
- No physical residency requirements, allowing students to pursue their degree online.
- Committed to innovation, diversity, excellence, and accountability since its founding in 1996.
- Offers several programs in business, education, psychology, and more.
- Online Courses
- Financial Aid
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District Map


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- Baseball Field Lining Kit
Product Description
Use ground sockets to permanently locate right and left foul lines and create a plumb reference line to align home pitcher's mound, 2nd base and dead center field. Kit includes: 6 sockets with plugs, 4 lining pegs, pilot hole tube and socket setter.
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A paste-up of the design for Frank Stanton's office at CBS, 1952
Physical Details: Mock-ups : 1 item : various media ; 25 x 23 cm.
Creator: Florence Knoll Bassett (1917-), artist
Forms part of: Florence Knoll Bassett papers, 1932-2000
Rights Statement: Current copyright status is undetermined
Citation: A paste-up of the design for Frank Stanton's office at CBS, 1952. Florence Knoll Bassett papers, 1932-2000. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Digital ID: 5838
- Knoll Bassett, Florence
View all Image and Media Gallery items from the Florence Knoll Bassett papers


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Basic Step Aerobics & Workout Routines : Quick Step Move in Step Aerobics
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Twitter and become a fan on Facebook.
The scale and supply chain challenges involved with ramping flagship iPhones makes it hard to do outside of China. But some low-volume, high-margin products could be made in the U.S.
VeriFone gets a piece of many online and in-store transactions. Here's how to trade the stock.
U.S. stock futures are trading slightly higher and European stocks rise as investors look toward a meeting of the European Central Bank later Thursday.
Apple stock is at an inflection point.


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Leckner auto dealer holds grand opening in KG
- Details
- Last Updated on Tuesday, 17 May 2016 12:14
- Published on Tuesday, 17 May 2016 12:14
- Hits: 3899
The Leckner Ford and Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram grand opening took place on May 14, with lots of customers, community groups, associates, celebrities and King George officials helping to celebrate.
It featured NASCAR driver David Polenz No. 33, country singer Tommy Wood, free food, pony rides and other activities for children, along with prizes and a live radio broadcast.
KG Farmers Market opens for season
- Details
- Last Updated on Tuesday, 10 May 2016 12:55
- Published on Tuesday, 10 May 2016 12:55
- Hits: 3453
The King George Farmers Market opened Saturday for the 2016 season, with asparagus, greens, strawberries, plants, jams, jellies, baked goods, natural skin products, organic meat and other items offered by area growers and vendors.
S2S program helps students adjust to new school after military, other moves
- Details
- Last Updated on Tuesday, 03 May 2016 15:19
- Published on Tuesday, 03 May 2016 15:20
- Hits: 1105
A school program is making a big difference to new kids entering King George's two secondary schools.mJunior Student to Student, called JS2S, is a strong program at the middle school, and the high school is restarting its own Student to Student program, called S2S.
Read more: S2S program helps students adjust to new school after military, other moves
King George tax hike, budget approved
- Details
- Last Updated on Friday, 29 April 2016 12:50
- Published on Friday, 29 April 2016 12:50
- Hits: 7723
The King George County Board of Supervisors approved new taxation rates on April 19 for 2016
with a seven cent increase for real estate taxes and 25 cent hike on personal property taxes, as
had been proposed.
Real estate taxes on land, homes and mobile homes go from 61 cents to 68 cents per $100
valuation and personal property tax rates go from $3.25 to $3.50 per $100 valuation for such
items as cars, trucks, boats and trailers.
The tax rates go into effect immediately. Under state law, tax bills must go out a minimum of 14
days before they are due to be paid.
Treasurer Randy Jones said the tax rates were approved by the board a little earlier than in past
years. He said his office hopes to have tax bills also out a little earlier.
"We're shooting for early May," Jones said.
First half payments are due on June 5, which this year falls on a Sunday. Jones said payments
will be accepted through June 6 without penalty.
The second half tax payments are due Dec. 5.
The vote to approve tax rates and the new budget by the Board of Supervisors was 4-1, with
Supervisor Jim Howard voting against the real estate tax increase and against the $75 million
2016-17 county budget which the new tax revenue supports.
"I'm just going to say, as I've previously stated, I'm not going to support 7 cents. The most I
would support is 4 cents," Howard said.
He had made similar comments at the last regular meeting on April 5 following a public hearing
with comments from 25 people, most of them in favor of the budget and the tax increases
"When the county administrator presented his budget option with a 4 cent increase, I said I could
support that, and am still there," Howard said.
"I think there are still some efficiencies we could realize in this budget."
Chairwoman Ruby Brabo had likewise responded April 5.
"Mr. Howard, if you think there are any more efficiencies you think we can take, we would like
to hear from you between now and [April 19]," Brabo said. The additional three cents represents
about $750,000 in local revenue.
Howard had his chance at the work session on April 7, but didn't take it, after hearing comments
from the four other supervisors, firmly in favor of the tax hike.
The county's proposed budget also includes increases in residential and commercial building
permit fees updated to cover the costs expended for staff time.
It also includes $41.4 million for the School Board's operating budget, including state funding
and federal grants.
The School Board is expected to provide raises for its employees based on new salary scales
recommended by Superintendent Rob Benson.
That budget is expected to be discussed and adopted by categories sometime in May.
The Board of Supervisors is expected to appropriate the School Board budget and those for other
county departments prior to the beginning of the 2016-17 fiscal year on July 1.
Phyllis Cook
Conservation Police Officer K-9 Unit Visits KG Outdoor Club
- Details
- Last Updated on Friday, 29 April 2016 12:37
- Published on Friday, 29 April 2016 12:34
- Hits: 799
Virginia law enforcement has within its ranks many K-9 units but the state has only four Conservation Police
Officer K-9 Units. One of those units, Senior Conservation Police Officer (CPO) Frank Spuchesi and
Comet, took time out of their busy schedule to visit with the King George Outdoor Club on Friday.
The twenty plus members of the King George Outdoor Club were able to meet and greet Comet and her
handler, Senior CPO Spuchesi. Before they actually saw Comet on April 22, Spuchesi gave a little
background on his job as a CPO, formerly known as a game warden. He discussed how he enforces game
and fish laws to protect our resources for all to enjoy safely. Many of the King George Outdoor Club
members enjoy fishing and about half of the audience has tried and enjoys hunting. The students
listened attentively as they were told what a CPO does. Most of the students had never seen Comet
before so Spuchesi explained how Comet became a K-9.
Spuchesi estimates that Comet is approximately 5 years old. Comet came from a pound so
they are not sure. The crowd was also a bit surprised to find out that Comet is a mixed breed dog. Some
found this surprising as most think of a K-9 as a mean and tough German Shepard. What Officer
Spuchesi said that he looked for in a K-9 was drive. He looked, in particular, for a dog that played really
hard and was enthusiastic. Comet displayed these attributes when he saw her in the pound.
Comet is trained to do article searches, track and to detect game. This means that, upon command,
Comet will search for things like shotgun shells, firearms, blood, game animals or find a track of a
trespasser. Officer Spuchesi asked the audience how they thought that Comet tracked people. Some of
the students responded that she followed the smell of the person's shoes or clothes. It was a great
guess, but it turns out that Comet and other K-9s follow the scent of skin cells that people have
sloughing off of them constantly. Officer Spuchesi explained how if we could see the skin cells it would
look like a cloud coming off of us and drifting downwind of us as we moved around.
"These thousands of cells are what Comet can smell to track people," he explained.
He went on to tell the kids how the wind will push the cells downwind before they hit the ground. For
that reason, Comet may not be on the exact trail that the person walked or ran on but she will be close.
And, because it can take time for the cells to settle, it is actually a little better or easier on Comet to
follow a track that is more than a few minutes old. Officer Spuchesi told of a time that Comet actually
tracked someone on a trail that was over a day old.
Comet has made some big cases in the state and has found many, many trespassers. She has also
located firearms and game that may not have been found by humans. For this reason, many violators of
the law will confess their crimes once they see that Comet is going to bust their story wide open.
After the students asked some questions, Officer Spuchesi went and got Comet and let the kids come up
a few at a time to pet her and play with her. The students were all able to see her official badge and see
how friendly she can be. Comet lives to work though and enjoys showing what she can do.
Next, the group of students followed Officer Spuchesi outside. He asked a student to go hide an item in
the grass. The student tucked the item under some grass while Officer Spuchesi explained how Comet
loves to play and she works for a toy and time to play with that toy. Comet was all ears and attentive
when she saw the collars and leads come out. Once the student came back from hiding the item, her
work collar went on and she was given the command to search. The search took a whopping one minute
and eight seconds for her to accomplish. She was impressive. Once she found the item she stood there
for a few seconds and then sat down awaiting her handler's next order. She wanted her reward and got
to play tug of war with Officer Spuchesi for a few minutes. Mission accomplished!
The demonstration was impressive and the professionalism that Officer Spuchesi displayed, showed the
students what life as a CPO and K-9 officer might be like if they should choose to consider that career. It
is nice to know that our region has a K-9 officer to help protect our game and fish resources and help
track down violators. The King George Outdoor Club thanks Senior CPO Spuchesi and Comet for stopping
by the school to educate us about CPOs and K-9 officers.
Mark Fike
King George Sheriff's Office Arrests
- Details
- Last Updated on Friday, 29 April 2016 11:54
- Published on Friday, 29 April 2016 11:54
- Hits: 8186
April 10:
Kimberly Dawn Johnson, 37, of King George was charged with assault and battery and violation of a protective order.
April 11:
Christine Nichole Vanallen, 33, of King George was charged with driving under the influence and abuse or neglect of children.
David Michael Ferris, 49, of King George was charged with assault and battery and violation of a protective order.
April 13:
Walter Edward Mcdowney, Jr., 40, of King George was charged with violation of a condition of release and contempt of court.
Timothy Wayne Johnson, 27, of Colonial Beach was charged with assault and battery and destruction of property.
Cedric B. Thorne, 25, of Hustle was charged with failure to comply with support obligations and contempt of court.
April 14:
Michael Thomas Comway, III, 28, of King George was charged with contempt of court.
Wayne Edward Brengle, 44, of Waldorf, MD was charged with conspiring to commit trespassing, conspiring to commit a felony, destruction of property, larceny and possession of burglary tools.
Darius Gerald Graham, 20, of Fredericksburg was charged with obtaining money by false pretenses, grand larceny, stealing property with intend to sell and conspiring to commit trespassing.
April 16:
Michelle Inette Newman, 52, of Colonial Beach was charged with contempt of court.
Shelia Anne Strother, 60, of King George was charged with revocation of suspended sentence.
April 17:
Justin Charles Colley, 33, of King George was charged with contempt of court.
Charles Christopher Slater, 37, of King George was charged with assault and battery.
April 18:
Torrey Nicole Littleton, 22, of King George was charged with possession of controlled substances, two counts.
Michael Robert Rafter, 21, of Youngs, PA, was charged with contempt of court.
John Wayne Allen, 36, of King George was charged with revocation of suspended sentence.
April 21:
Joseph Weathers, 38, of King George was charged with failure to appear.
April 22:
Anthony James Henry, Jr., 36, of Richmond was charged with reckless driving.
Tracy Lynn Stevens, 46, of King George was charged with violation of protective orders.
April 23:
Carmen Dolores Palermo, 65, of Colonial Beach was charged with driving under the influence.
Vincent Leon Dungee, 55, of King George was charged with petit larceny.
Richard Leggitt
KGES spies a wolf at school
- Details
- Last Updated on Tuesday, 19 April 2016 11:29
- Published on Tuesday, 19 April 2016 11:29
- Hits: 6996
A touring opera made its final stop at King George Elementary School Friday afternoon, marking the end of this year's annual round of in-school performances aimed at promoting arts education for students in and around the Fredericksburg area.
Water, sewer rates proposed to increase by seven percent
- Details
- Last Updated on Tuesday, 19 April 2016 11:25
- Published on Tuesday, 19 April 2016 11:25
- Hits: 7171
Rise will fund salary increases to help keep competitive
The King George Service Authority is considering raising water and sewer consumption rates by seven percent for the coming fiscal year, which begins on July 1.
Read more: Water, sewer rates proposed to increase by seven percent
More Articles...
- Nationally recognized STEM summer program coming to KGES June 6 to 10
- Public comments split over tax increases at KG hearing
- Unique Antiques celebrates six years in King George
- Project Faith grant application for $695,000 submitted
- US 301 bridge construction begins next week
- Belle Grove named top bed and breakfast by Trip Advisor online site
- KG students artwork selected
- Dahlgren base main gate closes due to canopy project
- Home Show attracts thousands to vendors
- Project Faith grant plan to get another hearing


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Author Topic: Scientists make teleportation breakthrough... are Quantum computers coming? (Read 3270 times)
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Waveform will be available soon!
All rights reserved. No usage without prior licensing. Please be fair. Thank you!
This song breathes new life into the genre of indie rock. It gets to the point quite motivated and focussed. Great background music for commercials, infomercials or other video productions.
Positive, winged Indie rock track. Driving rhythm, fresh guitars.
Driving indie rock track featuring defined drums and vivid guitars. Straightforward and refreshing.


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Two solenoids in one saves money and simplifies wiring. Rated at 75A make and break at 12V. DPDT intermittent duty. Provides braking dynamic capability for permanent magnet motors when coils are not energized.
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The West Advisor articles have answered boaters' questions and provided solutions to boating problems for more than 20 years. West Marine has compiled one of the Web's most comprehensive collections of technical boating information articles.


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1. Manages & directs sales team to achieve Volume Targets & Profit goals within the region & manage multiple territories within a region & adopt procedures as appropriate for each territory.
2. Meet the financial goals established by growing existing business and/or by seizing new opportunities
3. Conduct regular KPI audits & reviews basis pre-established expectations & deliverables such as but not limited to country sales effectiveness and efficiency.
4. Ensure timely inputs into the MIS by Self & Teams for recording Sales Activities.
5. Identify competition & market trends - Report & propose to senior management possible new products/new markets to develop, and ensure successful roll out of campaigns from conception to execution.
6. Play active role in giving feedback to pricing management to ensure buying rates remain competitive in the market.
7. Manage the route development & vertical requirements on a country level in collaboration with own offices and partners. Provide strategic support, establishing national initiatives and agreements


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33 Years Ago: Dave Mustaine Fired From Metallica
The end of Dave Mustaine's stay in Metallica came on April 11, 1983, and it came without warning.
The end of Dave Mustaine's stay in Metallica came on April 11, 1983, and it came without warning.
Megadeth legend Dave Mustaine proves what's true and false about what's written about him on Wikipedia.
Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine opens up about some of the good times he's having with the current lineup of the band.
In a new interview, Megadeth's Dave Mustaine points to his tumultuous split with Metallica for dividing fans, but says he has no beef with his former band.
The Megadeth leader discusses some of the topics that inspired his lyrical content on the 'Dystopia' album.
On Wednesday night, Megadeth played Brisbane, Australia, and there were some issues. The guitars sounded a bit weird, and mainman Dave Mustaine seemed off, and a little out of it. The show continued, and then right after the show, Dave posted a rant on Periscope about firing his guitar tech.
Dave Mustaine has seen some of metal's best musicians play beside him and now he feels he's upgraded with Kiko Loureiro and Chris Adler.
Do you have a cool $5 million plus lying around? If so, you could own Dave Mustaine's beautiful San Diego area estate.
Megadeth's Dave Mustaine has offered more insight on the recording of the band's next album in a series of tweets.
VH1Classic will launch the new 'Rock Icons' series in February with Slash, Geddy Lee, Rob Halford, Dave Mustaine and more.
Dave Mustaine just made a public comment on the status of Megadeth, suggesting that good things are in store for the legendary metal act.
Sad news to report this Thanksgiving, as the body of Dave Mustaine's missing mother-in-law Sally Estabrook has been found.


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Distances are calculated in a straight line and may not reflect actual travel distance.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
Sold!! Sold!!
Entwistle Green are please to bring to the market this completely renovated and exceptionally well presented traditional end of terrace property, finished to the very highest of standards, offered to the market with no onward chain delay. The property went through a full overhaul in approximately 2013. Beautifully decorated throughout, the property comprises of a lounge, a modern kitchen, a double bedroom with a very stylish, luxury family bathroom to the first floor and a superb, very bright attic bedroom, with exposed rafters and four double glazed windows, ideal for artists or designers wishing to work from home. In addition to the superb internal accommodation, there is a good sized, low maintenance enclosed rear yard
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
uPVC front double glazed door. Double glazed uPVC window facing the front. Radiator, wall lights and ceiling light.
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Double glazed uPVC window facing the front. Radiator, ceiling light.
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Double glazed uPVC window facing the front and rear. Radiator, beam ceiling, feature light.
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BEIRUT (Reuters) - At least two dozen Islamic State fighters have been killed in northeastern Syria in a battle with Kurdish forces supported by U.S.-led air strikes, a Kurdish official and a group monitoring the war said on Saturday.
Ten members of the Kurdish YPG militia were also killed in the fighting in Hasaka province, a strategically important region that borders Turkey and Iraq and where Islamic State has recently lost ground, said Nasir Haj Mahmoud, a Kurdish official, speaking by phone.
Also read: Damascus Presses Offensive Against Aleppo Rebels
Read more


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The fashion set has crossed the pond and London Fashion Week is now in full swing. And so far the Sass & Bide Fall 2013 Collection has really made me smile. Designers Sarah-Jane Clarke and Heidi Middleton have always included great detail in their collections, but this time around the work felt more edited and controlled. The result? Pieces that are sure to intrigue and not overwhelm.
The wide legged pants were one of my favorite elements of the collection. The looks feel lean, long and sophisticated (and who doesn't want to look lean, long and sophisticated?!). The peek-a-boo moments and almost vibrating patterns take the looks to the next level by adding attractive and eye-catching moments.
I loved that the eveningwear seemed to be true conversation starters. I can imagine wearing any of these dresses to an event without fear of looking like anyone else! The use of visual layers (created with cutouts, beading, etc.) in all three pieces is unique and adds dimension to these dresses.
As always, I want to know your thoughts! Do you like the detailing of the Sass & Bide Fall 2013 Collection? Would you wear these long wide legged pants? How about the sheer detailing?
Images of Sass & Bide via Style.com / Yannis Vlamos / GoRunway / InDigital.


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Bajoran Center for Science
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The Bajoran Center for Science, also called Bajoran Research Center, was a scientific research facility on Bajor during the Cardassian Occupation.
Doctor Mora Pol conducted his initial studies on Odo at the Center for Science. After Odo learned to assume humanoid form, various Cardassian officials, including Gul Dukat, were invited to the Center to view him. (DS9: "Necessary Evil")
Odo was also the attraction of every party at the center and morphed himself into a chair and a razorcat if the guest wanted this. (DS9: "The Forsaken")
It is possible that this is the same as, or related to, the Bajoran Institute of Science.


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Wolf rule published in Federal Register
The final rule removing the gray wolf in Wisconsin and the Western Great Lakes region from the list of endangered and threatened species was published Thursday in the Federal Register. The rule will go into effect May 4, 2009, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Gray wolves in the region will remain under protection of the Endangered Species Act until the effective date. Once the rule is in effect, tribes and states in the core recovery area – Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin – will assume management responsibility. The USFWS will work with states and tribes for at least five years to monitor the management programs.
Earlier this year, the Service announced that gray wolves in the Western Great Lakes had recovered and no longer required the protection of the Endangered Species Act. The final rule formally identifies gray wolves in the Western Great Lakes as a distinct population segment under the Endangered Species Act and removes the population from listing.
The population of wolves in Wisconsin has been increasing for the last two decades and has exceeded recovery goals. The most recent survey, conducted in late winter 2008, estimated the Wisconsin wolf population at 537.
Opponents to the rule have vowed to file legal challenges but none had emerged as of Thursday, said Georgia Parham, spokesperson for the USFWS in the Midwest Region.
More information on gray wolf recovery in the Western Great Lakes can be viewed at www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf
- Wisconsin wolf population increases to record high
- Committee recommends 62% cut in chinook stocking on Lake Michigan
- Gov. Walker lays out steps for stepped-up CWD management
- Whitefish rule development meeting in Sturgeon Bay
- Democratic lawmakers offer CWD recommendations to Gov. Walker
- Public input sessions planned with state railroad commissioner
- DNR seeking two creel clerks
- DNR license system has glitch on Monday
- Railroad crossing bill to get public hearing
- Blaze pink hunting law signed by Gov. Walker
- Watchdog Report: State program's open hunting land tough to find
- Interactive Graphic: Find 1.1 million acres of wooded land open to the public through a forestry tax-break program
- Video: Our search for hidden hunting lands
Natural Resources
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
- Horicon Marsh
- Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge
- Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest
- Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission
- Trout Unlimited
- Wisconsin Fishing Club, Ltd.
- Great Lakes Sport Fishermen
- Salmon Unlimited of Wisconsin
- Walleyes For Tomorrow
- Walleyes For Tomorrow (Fox Valley)
- Muskies Inc.
- Muskellunge Club of Wisconsin
- Fly Fishers Federation
- West Fork Sportsmans Club
- Okauchee Fishing Club
- Kenosha Sportfishing and Conservation Association
- United Special Sportsman Alliance
- Pheasants Forever
- Ducks Unlimited
- Wisconsin Waterfowl Association
- National Wild Turkey Federation
- Whitetails Unlimited
- Quality Deer Management Association
- Ruffed Grouse Society
- Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
- Wisconsin Buck & Bear Club
- Wisconsin Bear Hunters Association
- Wisconsin Bowhunters Association
- White-tailed Deer Research Projects
- Information on the New Wisconsin Mentored Hunting Program (pdf)
- United Special Sportsman Alliance


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Zoom in on images of the latest designer watches and luxury jewellery, plus unique wedding bands, unusual engagement rings, celebrities and more.
The fan-shaped Graff Icon motif appears throughout Graff's website - below the logo and as a subtle backdrop to the whole site.
We use our own and third party cookies to improve your experience and our services. If you continue, we consider that you accept their use. You can get more information on your website at cookies policy.


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Chan Lowe by Chan Lowe
- November 06, 2013
- From Beginning
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Comments (4) (Please sign in to comment)
His numbers will plummet once he has to deal folks outside of NJ.
hahahahahaha — Chan Lowe just noticed that Christie is, well, fat. First cartoonist to pick up on that — what a genius!!!
This cartoon is as classy as it is clever…which is not very.
Looks more to me like New Jersey just re-elected a part-time Governor.
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Serco awarded a $24.5m logistics support contract to the U.S. Air Force
Date: 09 Oct 2009
Serco Inc., the US subsidiary of Serco Group, a provider of professional, technology, and management services to the federal government, announced today that the company has been awarded the Air Force Data Preparation for the Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS) Data Preparation task order under the Department of Defense Logistics, Maintenance, and Supply Support (LMSS) contract. Serco will support the U.S. Air Force Materiel Command with data migration from legacy systems into an integrated environment. The new task order has a six-month base period plus a one-year option and is valued at approximately $24.5m, inclusive of the option.
Serco will support the Air Force through two phases of data migration as they work towards business transformation and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation. The first phase of migration will focus on moving legacy Air Force data into a centralized data repository and the second phase will consist of moving that data from the repository into the chosen Oracle Product Suite. Serco's subject matter experts will utilize their experience in Air Force logistics, information technology and support tools to stand up and deliver a data preparation center.
"The Serco team is excited to have this opportunity to help the Air Force revolutionize its end-to-end supply chain business process through the successful implementation of ECSS," said Gary Zuber, Vice President of Air Force Logistics at Serco Inc. "We look forward to applying our data analysis services and logistics expertise to improve the quality of Air Force data."
Serco has provided similar work for the 754th Electronic Systems Group Logistics Directorate. The work under the current ECSS data preparation task order will be performed at a Serco facility in Fairborn, Ohio and Serco expects to hire up to 65 new employees to help successfully complete this task.
For further information please contact Serco:
Contact: Alan Hill, Vice President Corporate Communications, Serco Inc
Download PDF [PDF, 33 KB] (Please note: this link will open the page in a new browser window)


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Comment Re:This won't end badly.. (Score 1) 191
Cool, now ISP's can be sued for copyright violations through their pipes!
That's easy to deal with. Just split up the internet into bundled access so that you can pay for the parts you want just like cable. Then they can control what you do and don't see on the internet. Problem solved.


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BP has won its first new energy contract from the Pentagon since the lifting of U.S. government sanctions imposed after the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, a $43M natural gas deal awarded late Friday by the Defense Logistics Agency.
BP had regularly been among the Pentagon's top three energy suppliers by value before the Deepwater Horizon rig explosion and spill, but it secured just $30M in follow-on business in FY 2013 after having been awarded $2.5B in new work the previous year.
BP beat two rival bids to win the natural gas supply deal, but it didn't say whether it previously had bid for other Pentagon contracts since the EPA lifted its injunction in March.


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- News
- Gambling News
- Neteller Strikes Deal - US Customers Want To Know The Terms
Neteller Strikes Deal - US Customers Want To Know The Terms
21 March 2007
Neteller today updated their Frequently Asked Questions section to reflect the announcement made that March 20, 2007 they had struck a deal with the US Department of Justice for the repayment of held funds.
When will US customers get their money back?
The recent agreements between NETELLER, Navigant Consulting, and the US Attorney's Office (USAO) represent an important step in the process of an orderly distribution of funds to US customers. These agreements outline the terms and a timeline under which NETELLER will work toward distributing the funds. As a result, the Group anticipates that within the next 75 days it will be able to announce the plan by which the funds will be distributed to US customers.
What hasn't been clarified is the terms Neteller agreed to and what that entailed. Many Neteller customers have a concern that Neteller is voluntarily handing the US Dept of Justice information on US accounts that should be held private.
Related News
15 January 2007FOUNDERS OF NETELLER ARRESTED ON BOTH COASTS OF U.S.
It has been reported that the founding partners of Neteller were arrested today, one on the west coast in Los Angeles and one on the east coast in New York.Steve Lawrence and John LeFevre established Neteller in 1999 although both are now removed from the company, John in 2002 and Steve as of October 13th, 2006. Many will recognize that as the date the UIGEA and Safe Port act was signed into law by President Bush.Read full article
18 January 2007ONLINE GAMBLING'S NETELLER STOPPED BUSINESS IN US 12:O1 AM
HOUSTON CHRONICLE – cron.com Jan. 18, 2007, 3:43AM By ROBERT BARR – Associated Press LONDON — Neteller PLC, a Britain-based online money transfer business, said Thursday it is ceasing to handle gambling transactions from U.S. customers because of restrictive legislation and uncertainties about regulations.Read full article
11 June 2007Neteller Hopes To Announce Further Progress by July 13th
Well the expected announcement from Neteller regarding the release of funds from US accounts arrived and the expected details of prompt money distribution did not. In a statement released by Neteller, it was stated "we are disappointed not to have been able to return funds to our US customers at this point, we believe that the steps we have made in our discussions are significant and we hope to be able to announce further progress with the USAO by 13 July 2007.Read full article