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decided as amended june 25 1979.: June 8, 1979.
JOSEPH LEONE, JR., APPELLANT,v.THE AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY COMPANY, APPELLEE
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA (D.C. Civil No. 77-4163)
Before Gibbons and Hunter, Circuit Judges, and Meanor,*fn* District Judge.
Opinion OF THE COURT
This is an appeal from a judgment which granted defendant Aetna's motion to dismiss the complaint upon the ground that it was barred by the twelve month suit limitation clause contained in the Pennsylvania statutory fire insurance policy. 40 P.S. § 636(2). Leone v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 448 F. Supp. 698 (E.D.Pa.1978).
Plaintiff's verified complaint was filed in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas on November 16, 1977. Following removal to the district court, Aetna, without filing an answer, moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Fed.R.Civ.P.
The complaint seeks recovery on a fire policy. It alleges that on April 30, 1976, Aetna issued to plaintiff's assignor a two month binder of insurance with fire coverage in the amount of $150,000. On May 15, 1976, fire damage was incurred in the amount of $128,043.14. Aetna was duly notified and on June 22, 1976 proofs of loss were filed. Aetna investigated the loss, and, on November 30, 1976, in writing, notified plaintiff "that there is no claim which is compensable under the terms and conditions of the policy of insurance which you have made claim under."
It is essential to emphasize at the outset that we are dealing with a judgment entered on the face of the complaint without affidavits and without discovery. It is the settled rule that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S. Ct. 99, 102, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1957). See also Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322, 92 S. Ct. 1079, 31 L. Ed. 2d 263 (1972).*fn1 The question to be answered thus becomes whether the assertions of the complaint, given the required broad sweep, would permit adduction of proofs that would provide a recognized legal basis for avoiding the statutory bar.
The complaint, in paragraph twelve thereof, states the following:
On or about October 12, 1976, Defendant, by its duly authorized agent, did advise Plaintiff and Plaintiff's agent that Defendant was continuing to investigate the cause of said loss, because Defendant had reason to believe that the loss incurred was caused by the wilfull (sic) act of Plaintiff, which allegation Plaintiff then and there denied, but which Defendant continued thereafter to allege, despite continued denial by Plaintiff.
The primary reliance of the district court was upon Lardas v. Underwriters Insurance Co., 426 Pa. 47, 231 A.2d 740 (1967). Lardas, standing alone, does support the result below. However, we find that Diamon v. Penn Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 247 Pa.Super. 534, 372 A.2d 1218 (1977), when read in light of paragraph 12 of the complaint, requires reversal.
In Diamon, The court reversed a grant of summary judgment in favor of an insuror which had been based upon the twelve month suit limitation clause of the Pennsylvania standard fire insurance policy. 40 P.S. § 636(2). Diamon involved two bases upon which the insured there was given an opportunity to avoid the impact of the limitation clause. We find that one of those theories is applicable to this complaint as we read it.
In Diamon, the insured was prosecuted at the insuror's instance for filing a false proof of loss. The precise contention was that the insured had removed furniture from his home before the fire, but had claimed destruction of the furniture as a loss thereafter. Following conviction, the insured dug up burned remnants of the furniture and was granted a new trial. The district attorney was then given leave to enter a Nolle prosequi. The insured waited until the end of the five year criminal statute of limitations and then brought suit on his fire policy.
The Superior Court held that the insuror's mistaken charge of criminal liability tolled or suspended the twelve month suit limitation clause. The court was unable to say on the record before it whether events had transpired that would again start the running of the limitation period. That issue was left for exploration upon remand.
The question arises whether, under Diamon, an insuror's good faith but erroneous charge of criminal conduct will suffice to toll the limitation period when there is no initiation of a criminal proceeding. On this issue we come to the conclusion that a good faith charge of criminal conduct will not toll the limitation period unless a criminal action is begun. We base this upon the Diamon Court's handling of Abolin v. Farmers American Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 100 Pa.Super. 433 (1930). The following statement appears in that case as it is quoted in the Diamon opinion:
The most that the (insured) could show was that five or six months after the fire, and months before the limitation in the policy became effective, when the (insured) asked whether the company was going to pay his claim he was told by the managers that they had not decided whether they would pay him or arrest him, apparently for being concerned in the burning of the insured property. There was certainly nothing in this statement that was by way of inducement to withhold bringing suit, or that evidence any intention on the part of the company to waive this provision of the contract.
Diamon, supra, 247 Pa.Super. at 542, 372 A.2d at 1222, Quoting Abolin, supra, 100 Pa.Super. at 436.
Following the above quotation from Abolin, the Diamon Court states:
It is apparent from this statement that if the company had told the insured that it had decided to have him arrested, and if in fact (as here) he had been arrested, there would have been such an "inducement to withhold bringing suit" as would have suspended the limitation clause.
Diamon, supra, 247 Pa.Super. at 542, 543, 372 A.2d at 1222.
Thus far we have reviewed only the facts and legal discussion contained in Parts I and II A and B of the Diamon opinion. The matter of the good faith of the insuror's accusation is not touched upon in those sections of the opinion. In light of the Diamon Court's treatment of Abolin, we believe that it is the law of Pennsylvania that a mere accusation of criminal conduct by an insuror against its insured, made in good faith, and with no steps taken by the insuror toward criminal prosecution, does not effect a tolling or suspension of the suit limitation clause. Since we have nothing before us to indicate that Aetna went beyond stating that plaintiff caused the loss by his willful act, the portions of the Diamon opinion we have discussed are of no avail to him.*fn2
Part III of the Diamon opinion, however, affords a potential basis upon which plaintiff may avoid Aetna's assertion of the suit limitation clause. In this part of the opinion the Court, citing among other cases, Bowers v. Camden Fire Insurance Association, 51 N.J. 62, 71, 237 A.2d 857, 861 (1968) and Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 410 Pa. 55, 59, 188 A.2d 320, 322 (1963), stresses the duty of utmost good faith and fair dealing which an insuror owes its insured. Placing reliance upon Gruenberg v. Aetna Insurance Co., 9 Cal.3d 566, 108 Cal.Rptr. 480, 510 P.2d 1032 (1973), the Diamon Court adopted a rule that an insuror's bad faith accusation of criminal conduct on the part of an insured, or such an allegation engendered by a negligently conducted investigation, would toll the suit limitation clause. We believe that the contentions of paragraph 12 of the plaintiff's complaint, given the required liberal reading, would be sufficient at a trial to place in issue the good faith of Aetna's assertion of criminal conduct as well as the question whether that accusation, if false, resulted from an improperly conducted investigation. It is to explore this issue that we reverse and remand. We stress again that we deal here only with a pleading. We do not imply that a question of fact exists on the question whether conduct of Aetna has tolled the suit limitation clause. We only hold that the plaintiff must be given an opportunity to attempt to establish a fact question on this issue.*fn3 By the same token, we express no opinion that some event exists that began the period anew if it was at any time tolled. This may be an issue to be dealt with upon remand.*fn4
The judgment of the district court will be reversed and the matter will be remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
JAMES HUNTER, III, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I do not believe that the Diamon case, which is the sole basis for the majority's decision to reverse the judgment of the district court, accurately represents Pennsylvania law. Moreover, even if Diamon were a correct statement of Pennsylvania law, appellant's complaint does not make sufficient allegations to come within the Diamon rule. Accordingly, I dissent.
This Court is, of course, not obligated in a diversity case to adopt the most recent decision of a lower state court as the law of the state, irrespective of whether that decision is consistent with earlier rulings of the state supreme court. Instead, as we noted in National Surety Corp. v. Midland Bank, 551 F.2d 21 (3d Cir. 1977), our task is to "determine how the (state) Supreme Court would decide the question before us." Id. at 28; See Commissioner v. Estate of Bosch, 387 U.S. 456, 465, 87 S. Ct. 1776, 18 L. Ed. 2d 886 (1967).
At issue in this case is the effect to be given a statutorily mandated*fn1 provision in Leone's fire insurance policy, which states that "(no) suit or action on this policy for the recovery of any claim shall be sustainable in any court of law or equity unless all the requirements of this policy shall have been complied with, And unless commenced within twelve months next after inception of the loss." (emphasis added).
This suit limitation clause has been examined by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Lardas v. Underwriters Insurance Co., 426 Pa. 47, 231 A.2d 740 (1967), and General State Authority v. Planet Insurance Co., 464 Pa. 162, 346 A.2d 265 (1975). In Lardas the supreme court concluded that such a clause is "valid and reasonable," 426 Pa. at 50, 231 A.2d at 741, and held that "(t)he failure of (the insured) to abide by the (suit limitation) provision . . . constitutes an absolute bar to (the insured's) claim. To hold otherwise, in the factual matrix of this litigation would render meaningless this provision." Id. at 53, 231 A.2d at 742-43. Similarly, in General State Authority, the court "recognize(d) the validity and binding nature" of the one year limit, 464 Pa. at 168, 346 A.2d at 268.
Despite the seemingly unequivocal language of these cases, however, the supreme court has recognized that failure to bring a suit to compel payment of fire insurance benefits within one year of loss does not Per se prevent judicial consideration of the suit. In Lardas, the court reached the merits of an insured's claim that the insurer had waived its right to rely on the suit limitation provision, or was estopped from doing so. See 426 Pa. at 52-53, 231 A.2d at 742. And in General State Authority, the court explicitly held that an insured could excuse his failure to file suit within one year of loss by proving facts constituting waiver or estoppel. 464 Pa. at 165 n. 6, 168, 346 A.2d at 267 n. 6, 268.
It is essential to note, however, that the supreme court read these exceptions to the twelve month limit provision very narrowly. Thus, the insured's claims of waiver and estoppel were denied in Lardas because the insurers "did not in any manner mislead (insured) about the possibility of settlement," 426 Pa. at 52, 231 A.2d at 742, nor did they "in any manner induce or persuade (him) to refrain from commencing suit." Id. In like manner, the court in General State Authority recognized an exception to the one year limit "where the actions of the insurer lead the insured to believe the contractual limitation period will not be enforced," 464 Pa. at 165 n. 6, 346 A.2d at 267 n. 6, or where "the insured's failure to comply is induced by the actions of the insurer." Id.
In short, Lardas and General State Authority do not stand for the broad principle apparently adopted by the majority that the statutory suit limitation clause may be ignored whenever the insurer fails to act in good faith. Instead, these cases hold only that a court, in order to prevent injustice, need not strictly observe the clause when "conduct or action on the part of the insurer Is responsible for the insured's failure to comply in time." Id. at 168, 346 A.2d at 268 (emphasis added). This Court's consideration of Diamon is circumscribed by these two cases.
As the majority points out, Diamon relied on two alternative theories to allow the plaintiff-insured in that case to avoid the impact of the suit limitation provision. The first theory, purportedly based on principles of estoppel,*fn2 was that the one year time period is tolled when an insurer has an insured arrested for filing an allegedly fraudulent insurance claim. The majority in this case does not rely on that theory, finding it unavailable to Leone given the allegations contained in his complaint.*fn3
The second theory advanced in Diamon to circumvent the suit limitation clause, and used by the majority here, is in two parts. First, the superior court recognized that under Pennsylvania and common law, an insurer owes a duty of good faith and fair dealing to its insured. Second, relying on a California decision, Gruenberg v. Aetna Insurance Co., 9 Cal.3d 566, 108 Cal.Rptr. 480, 510 P.2d 1032 (1973), the court held that if the insurer breached this duty in the course of its investigation of the insured's claim, a subsequent suit by the insured "to recover on the policy is not barred by (the) failure to comply with the (one year suit) limitation clause."*fn4 247 Pa.Super. at 555, 372 A.2d at 1229. This theory, in my view, is inconsistent with Lardas and General State Authority; I believe that the majority errs in adopting it.
The essence of Lardas and General State Authority is that an insured can excuse his failure to file suit within one year of loss only when "the insurer is responsible for the insured's failure to comply in time." General State Authority, 464 Pa. at 168, 346 A.2d at 268. This principle rests on the premise that it would be grossly unfair to allow an insurer to avoid liability under the policy by invoking the suit limitation clause when the failure of the insured to sue on time was the fault of the insurer, not the insured. Otherwise, an insurer could easily avoid having to reimburse its insured merely by promising to pay until it is too late for the insured to file suit, and then reneging.
The equitable underpinning which makes the Lardas/General State Authority estoppel rule a necessary exception to the twelve month suit limitation clause is glaringly absent with regard to the Diamon "good faith" test. If the insurer, whether or not acting in good faith, denies an insured's claim and there is sufficient time left for the insured to comply with the one year limit, the insured, far from being induced not to sue, will be motivated to file suit promptly.*fn5 If the insured nevertheless fails to comply with the suit limitation provision, the fault for non-compliance is his, not the insurer's. And when the blame for failure to act in accordance with the suit limitation provision is not attributable to the insurer, I do not understand how, consistent with Lardas and General State Authority, the insurer can be estopped from relying on that provision.
Thus, under Pennsylvania law as I read it, the one year suit limitation provision is binding unless the insurer is responsible for the insured's failure to comply with it. Here, even if the majority correctly reads into Leone's complaint the allegation that Aetna's denial of his claim was made in bad faith,*fn6 there is nothing in the complaint to suggest that Aetna in any way was the cause of Leone's failure to bring a timely suit to compel payment of his claim. As a result, I dissent.
Even if the Diamon "good faith" test were an accurate statement of Pennsylvania law, I would still be unable to join the majority's opinion. The majority reads an allegation of a Bad faith denial of Leone's claim into paragraph twelve of Leone's complaint, which provides:
I agree with the majority that the Conley test governs our examination of the complaint, and that we must give the complaint a "liberal reading." But Conley does not stand for the principle that a federal court must deny a rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss whenever it can imagine a set of allegations plainly not contained in the complaint which would entitle the plaintiff to relief if proved at trial. Instead, the rule is that "the complaint must contain either direct allegations on every material point necessary to sustain a recovery . . ., or contain allegations from which an inference fairly may be drawn that evidence on these material points will be introduced at trial." 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216, at 122-23; See id. § 1357, at 602.
On its face, paragraph twelve stated only that Aetna denied Leone's claim on the ground that the loss resulted from Leone's willful act. Necessarily implicit in this allegation is that Leone did not in fact cause the fire, and that Aetna was therefore wrong in refusing to make payment. But I do not believe that the language of the paragraph is subject to the inference not only that Leone was blameless, but that Aetna knew he was not responsible, or conducted an investigation of the fire that was so reckless as to put its good faith at issue. Thus, even if the Diamon good faith test is the law of Pennsylvania, which I doubt, I cannot read Leone's complaint as making allegations sufficient to come within the Diamon rule.*fn7
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- Between $10,000,000,000 and $50,000,000,000
Florida Passes Medical Marijuana. We are positioned to move. Florida has passed a marijuana bill for a certain type of Marijuana. The vote was lost the last time for medical Marijuana but has been restarted for this year in November. The first one in all business is the leader. We have been waiting...
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PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK RTGS HO Branch in TALWARA TOWNSHIP - Address, IFSC, MICR Code
PUNB0045600MICR Code
TALWARA TOWNSHIPContact
TALWARA TOWNSHIP DISTT. HOSHIARPURCity
TALWARA TOWNSHIPDistrict
What is IFSC Code of PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK situated at TALWARA TOWNSHIP- RTGS-HO?
IFSC Code of PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK situated at TALWARA TOWNSHIP - RTGS-HO is
What is the meaning of IFSC Code, MICR Codes in Banking industry?
IFSC or Indian Financial System Code is the code allocated to all banks branches. Bank branches use this code to participate in RTGS and NEFT transactions.
What is the significance of IFSC Code and how we can use it?
IFSC Code is a 11 digit code and we can use this code to communicate between different branches of different banks. Upon receiving the request for fund transfer it is easy for a bank to identify the payee branch. First four characters are code of bank, last six digits are branch code and fifth character is left 0, for any future use.


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How many miles? 33 Miles / 53 Km
How many times? 1 hour 2 mins
Distance from Tahoe City, CA to Stateline, NV is 33Miles or 53 Km. You can get this distance about 1 hour 2 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 18 Miles or 29 Km, You can get this distance about 32 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 1.53 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Tahoe City, CA and Stateline, NV is $3.47.
During the route, an average car will release 29.98 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Tahoe City, CA is 39.1439112, -120.1753341 and coordinates of Stateline, NV is 38.9624015, -119.9398875
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Changes in shear and medial wall stress induced by blood flow contribute to vascular remodeling, but details of these relations remain undefined. We hypothesized that remodeling has a strong genetic component and that phenotypic responses to hemodynamic stress will differ among rat strains. Here, we characterized phenotypic traits related to carotid remodeling in the 2 rat strains that we previously showed the greatest difference in shear stress regulation: Genetically Hypertensive (GH) and Brown Norway (BN) rat strains.
Left internal and external carotid arteries were ligated and blood flow was reduced in the left common (LCA) by 90% and increased in the right common carotid artery (RCA) by 60%. Rats were studied for up to 28 days following flow modification and carotid outer diameters were measured in vivo, and wall and luminal components by histomorphometry, to obtain indices of remodeling. Blood flow and pressure measurements were made at corresponding time-points.
By day 28, remodeling in the GH was greater in response to high flow than in BN, and shear stress was normalized. In contrast, remodeling in the BN was greater in the low flow LCA than in GH. Media stress was greater in GH than BN for any value of carotid shear stress and remained relatively unchanged in low flow, but markedly increased in high flow remodeling. Importantly, pressure was not a major determinant of flow-remodeling in these conditions.
There are key differences in the ability of carotids in GH and BN rats to adhere to hemodynamic laws during vascular remodeling. GH rats exhibit intact regulatory mechanisms for increased, but not reduced shear stress. Moreover, the ability to maintain physiological shear and media stresses during vascular remodeling in response to modified flow appears to be intrinsically "genetically" determined.
Vascular remodeling is a complex pathophysiological process that plays an important role in the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease, including ischaemic stroke. Engineering principles based on the laws of Poiseuille and Laplace illustrate the mechanical effects of fluid movement through hollow pipes. Poiseuille's law states that volume flow rate is determined by the pressure difference divided by the viscous resistance (Q=ΔPπr4/8ηl; where ΔP is pressure, r is lumen radius, η is viscosity and l is length). For blood vessels (assuming circular lumens with parabolic velocity profiles) one can determine the dragging frictional force, termed shear stress (τ), exerted by blood on the vessel wall. Based on Poiseuille's equation (τ=4ηQ/πr3) it is clear that small changes in radius result in marked changes in shear stress. Thus narrowing of the radius will cause a local increase in shear stress. Laplace's law (S=Pr/h) states that the wall tensile stress (S) is directly proportional to pressure (P) and radius (r) and inversely related to wall thickness (h). Thus increases in pressure are compensated for by increased wall thickness to maintain wall stress constant. Blood vessels, however, are more complex than pipes since they can dynamically respond rapidly (tone) and chronically (remodeling) to mechanical forces in accordance with these laws.
It is presently clear that hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis (strong correlation between fatty streak formation and systolic blood pressure) and for clinical events (strong correlation between unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke and systolic blood pressure). It is considered that thickening of the vessel wall to normalize wall tension is the primary biological signal driving remodeling in hypertension1,2. Wall thickening (in the absence of compensatory outward remodeling) may cause inward remodeling and exacerbate the clinical symptoms associated with coronary and carotid stenoses 3. A further complication of wall thickening associated with hypertension is increased vascular stiffness due to modulation of extracellular matrix synthesis4. Hypertension may therefore limit compensatory outward remodeling that occurs in atherosclerosis and restenosis because the expected response to increased pressure is inward remodeling. The degree of vascular remodeling observed in patients with atherosclerosis is highly variable5 and this suggests that pressure-independent genes have a key role to play in remodeling, too. This concept is further supported by the observation that the rate of restenosis (due to remodeling) in hypertensive patients remains high despite blood pressure control6. Thus, hypertension, a potent promoter of atherosclerosis may increase the incidence of occlusive stenosis by a negative effect on compensatory remodeling. Understanding the interactions between hypertension, atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling is therefore likely to have important clinical implications.
Evidently, prolonged alterations in mechanical stresses can modulate vascular structure but many aspects of these relationships remain unclear. It is recognized that there are alterations in the endothelium, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix in hypertension which may modulate remodeling since this process depends on participation of both the cellular and extracellular components of the vascular wall. Previously, we reported striking differences in outward and inward remodeling responses between the New Zealand strain of GH and BN rats7 but whether there are differences in regulation of shear and wall stress needs to be better understood. We hypothesized that remodeling has a strong genetic component and that phenotypic responses to hemodynamic stress will differ among rat strains. Here, we characterized phenotypic traits related to carotid remodeling in the 2 rat strains that we previously showed the greatest difference in shear stress regulation: Genetically Hypertensive (GH) and Brown Norway (BN) rat strains.
The investigation conforms with Animal care and experimental procedures described were performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996). All aspects of this study were approved by the University of Rochester Animal Care Committee. Rats were bred in-house (brother-sister mating to maintain genetic homozygosity) in the animal facilities.
At 5 weeks, male rats were anaesthetized with intra-peritoneal ketamine hydrochloride (5mg/100g), xylazine (0.5mg/100g), and acepromazine maleate (0.5mg/100g). The abdominal aorta was isolated and the catheter of the radiotelemetry pressure probe (TA11PA-C20) was inserted. BP was measured every 5mins, each recording representing the average of pressure measurements made during ~60 heart-beat periods over 10 sec intervals. Five minute recordings were averaged to generate hourly measurements and then used to determine 24hour pressures.
At the age of 7 weeks, rats were re-anaesthetized (using the same anaesthesia as above) and LCA, RCA and the distal branches of the LCA (left internal and external CA) were isolated, as described previously7. Sham-operated (surgery without ligations) rats were also studied. Measurements of LCA and RCA outer diameter (OD) were made with a dissecting microscope reticule. We previously showed a highly significant correlation between measurements made by reticule and by histology, although OD is 20% smaller by histology due to tissue shrinkage during fixation8. Blood flow (BF) was measured with a Transit-time ultrasonic flow probe, once BF had stabilized.
LCA branches were ligated, whilst ensuring patency of the occipital artery. The thyroid artery was also ligated if its origin was proximal to the occipital artery. BF and OD measurements were repeated. Rats were maintained on a standard rodent diet and water ad libitum.
At 3, 7 or 28 days post-ligation, rats were re-anaesthetized and the CA isolated. BF and OD measurements were repeated. The ΔOD (OD at 4 weeks - OD initial) and Δ shear stress (shear stress at 4 weeks - shear stress initial) were determined to account for differences at baseline; (Δflow was similarly determined). Thus, substantial outward remodeling in response to increased flow is associated with a high ΔOD, and substantial inward remodeling in response to decreased flow is associated with a low ΔOD. On termination, abdominal aortae were isolated and catheterized to enable retrograde perfusion. Rats were perfusion-fixed at mean BP with 10% formalin.
Carotids were harvested, processed for histology and 4μm paraffin-embedded cross-sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-van Gieson. Computer assisted image analysis was performed, as described7.
Shear stress was calculated according to the Poiseuille's equation: τ= 4ηQ/πr3, where η is the viscosity of blood (assumed constant in both strains), Q is the BF (ml/sec), and r is the vessel radius (cm). Media tension was calculated in accordance with Laplace's Law from SBP x r, where SBP is systolic blood pressure (dynes/cm2) and r is the internal carotid radius (cm) determined histomorphometrically. Media stress was calculated from media tension/h, where h is medial thickness (cm), determined histomorphometrically.
Results are reported as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher's post-hoc tests. Student's paired t-test was used for comparisons at baseline and termination within rat strains. Correlations were determined by multiple and simple linear regression analyses; quality of regression was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. P<0.05 was regarded as significant. Statistical tests were performed with StatView for MacIntosh, version 5.01.
Significant differences in GH and BN rat SBP, flow, OD and shear stress were found at baseline (Supplement Tables 1A and 1B show data at day 0 for all times and groups) and consequently % change at harvest times (shown in figures) was used to compare strains. Weight gain in both strains was similar. At 28 days, weight was increased by ~50% from baseline in GH and BN rats.
For the experiments described below we measured flow and outer diameter (OD) simultaneously. Acutely following LCA ligation, flow in the RCA increased by ~45%, and in the LCA decreased by ~90% in both strains. Note that the initial change in BF did not differ between strains.
By day 28 GH LCA flow remained ~90% reduced, but BN LCA flow progressively increased to ~40% less than sham carotid flow (Figure 1A). The time-course of LCA OD responses to decreased flow in GH rats showed a decline to a minimum within 7 days but thereafter rapidly recovered over the next 3 weeks (Figure 1B). BN LCA remodeled inward to a significantly greater extent over 28 days than the GH LCA as shown by a negative change in OD.
Shear stress values followed the OD results with normalization of shear stress in the BN LCA by 28 days, while the GH LCA showed a marked reduction in shear stress (Figure 1C) since the OD increased (Figure 1B).
Chronic RCA flow responses to ligation exhibited a similar increase (~75%) in GH and BN RCA (Figure 1A). RCA OD responses to increased flow showed a marked change within 3 days of ligation in both strains (Figure 1B). The rate of increase was greater in GH RCA, peaking at 7 days and then sustained for the following 3 weeks. To evaluate whether the changes at 3 days were structural or functional (change in tone) we applied nitroglycerin externally, and observed no change in OD. In BN rats, the 3 day peak increase in RCA OD subsequently declined to a minimum by 7 days. Thus, despite similar changes in flow, the GH RCA remodeled outward to a much greater extent than the BN RCA. Shear stress values followed the OD results with normalization of shear stress in the GH RCA, while the BN RCA showed a marked increase in shear stress since the outer diameter did not change (Figure 1C). Thus the remodeling responses were opposite for both high and low flow in BN and GH rats. These data suggest strain-specific differences in the remodeling responses to changes in blood flow.
To determine the rates of change in carotid wall components in GH and BN rats, we performed a time-course of histomorphometric measurements (Figure 2A-D). There were significant changes in lumen and media areas of LCA and RCA in both strains, but the differences contrasted significantly between strains. Specifically, lumen areas increased in GH LCA over time so that by day 28 they did not differ from shams whereas BN LCA lumen areas progressively declined to 17% below that of sham LCA (Figure 2A). Media cross-sectional areas in response to flow reduction exhibited a steep time-dependent increase in GH LCA that was greater than in BN LCA (Figure 2B, Supplement Table 2). By 4 weeks of flow reduction, there was an 8% increase in media cross-sectional area in GH LCA in contrast to the 24% decrease in BN LCA, compared to respective sham-operated arteries. These results support our previous studies in mice that increases in media area correlate with increases in lumen area9.
In accordance with the rapid increase in media cross-sectional area in GH LCA, the most dramatic findings were that the LCA media:lumen ratio by 28 days increased by 28% in GH, but decreased by 18% in BN rats, compared with respective sham-carotids (Figure 2C). The effect of flow reduction on adventitia cross-sectional area at 4 weeks was negligible in both rat strains relative to LCA from sham-operated rats.
RCA lumen and media areas exhibited three major differences between GH and BN rats (Figure 2A-D). First, although the lumen areas of both GH and BN increased compared to shams, GH lumen areas exhibited a greater rate and magnitude of increase. Second, by day 28 the media area of BN decreased compared to sham, while the GH RCA media area did not change from GH sham resulting in a highly significant difference between GH and BN media areas. Consistent with these results the media:lumen ratio was significantly decreased in BN RCA compared to sham. There were modest increases in adventitial cross-sectional area of 3% and 6% in GH and BN RCA, respectively, compared with sham carotids at 28 days (not shown).
Thus, histomorphometric analyses of carotids reveals that in response to 4 weeks of reduced flow, GH LCA exhibited hypertrophic remodeling (as defined by Mulvany1) whereas BN LCA exhibited inward hypotrophic remodeling (Figure 2D). In response to increased flow for 4 weeks, RCA exhibited outward eutrophic remodeling in GH but outward hypotrophic remodeling in BN rats.
There were significant systolic BP (SBP) differences between GH and BN rats, as expected. At baseline in GH and BN rats, SBP was 155±3 vs. 107±2 mmHg (P<0.0001), and 28 days after ligation SBP was 180±2 vs. 106±8 mmHg (P<0.0001), respectively. Similarly, pulse pressure (PP) at baseline was 59±1 vs. 32±1 mmHg (P<0.0001), and 28 days after ligation surgery was 68±1 vs. 31±2 mmHg (P<0.0001) in GH and BN rats, respectively.
Correlation analyses of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, pulse pressures, and OD were performed to determine if they were determinants of carotid OD. No significant effects of blood pressure variables on RCA or LCA OD were found indicating that pressure did not significantly affect remodeling.
We performed a multivariate regression analysis with BP variables and rat strain as the independent factors, and OD as the dependent variable. This identified strain as the significant determinant of OD. Subsequently, we also performed correlation analyses (simple regression) for each strain. Correlation analyses of systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure, and pulse pressures with OD were performed to determine if they were determinants of carotid OD. Both absolute values and the change in BP variables were analyzed. Both the low flow and high flow changes were also analyzed. No significant effects of blood pressure variables on RCA or LCA OD were found indicating that pressure did not significantly affect remodeling. Note that at 28 days the GH SBP range was 147-188 mm Hg and the BN SBP range was 77-129 mm Hg so that the spread of BPs within each strain was sufficient to yield a positive correlation if present. Thus, our analysis of the correlations between BP variables and remodeling indices indicate that rat strain (and hence genetic differences), not BP, was the determinant of the remodeling response.
Because media tension and stress are also important determinants of vascular remodeling 1,2, we determined their relationship (Figure 3). Carotid media stress was derived by normalizing media tension to media thickness. At the time of carotid ligation media tension (~12dynes/cm × 103) was similar in RCA and LCA of both strains. Media stress at ~3.5dynes/cm2 × 106 was also similar. However, after 28 days there were significant differences in tension and stress. To summarize the data, media tension and stress were lower in normotensive BN than hypertensive GH in both sham and ligated animals. In low flow LCA, media tension in BN was significantly decreased compared to GH (Figure 3A). The ligated BN LCA was lower than the BN sham also, while there was no change in GH compared to sham (Figure 3A). Changes in media stress were similar to media tension (Figure 3B). In high flow RCA, media tension was strikingly different between GH and BN at 28 days with significantly higher tension in GH than BN. In GH RCA, media stress was significantly higher than sham carotids and BN, while BN RCA stress was the same as BN shams (Figure 3B).
To evaluate the influence of SBP on carotid media stress, we performed a multivariate regression analysis as above, followed by correlation analyses. Multivariate regression models for RCA and LCA media stress with SBP and rat strain as the independent factors, identified strain (P<0.05) as the significant determinant, suggesting intrinsic differences in the responses to high and low flow. In high flow RCA and low flow LCA, media stress and SBP were not correlated in either rat strain, when these variables were analyzed individually in each strain.
To gain insight into the mechanical influences of flow on carotid structure, we performed correlation analyses of (1) flow and shear stress, and (2) flow and OD. In low flow LCA, shear stress was maintained constant in BN while it decreased in GH vessels (Figure 4A). This correlated with a greater decrease in OD for a given change in flow (Figure 4B) suggesting that BN carotids were more sensitive than GH to a reduction in flow. In the RCA the remodeling was opposite, with a greater increase in shear stress in BN than GH vessels (Figure 4A) suggesting reduced sensitivity to the change in flow. This was paralleled by no change in OD of BN vessels (Figure 4B). To further investigate remodeling in GH and BN, flow and carotid OD scatterplots were constructed (Figure 4C-D), and the theoretical flow and OD relations necessary to maintain constant shear stress were also determined. In low flow LCA, the measured flow and OD relation in BN did not differ from the theoretical relation but GH LCA deviated significantly. Conversely, in high flow RCA, BN deviated significantly from the predicted relation between flow and OD but GH RCA responded appropriately.
In a multivariate regression model with flow and rat strain as the independent factors, strain (P<0.05) was a significant determinant of RCA shear stress, while no factor was a determinant of LCA shear stress. Similar multivariate regression models for RCA and LCA OD identified both strain (P<0.05) and flow (P<0.001) as significant determinants.
Together, these results indicate that (1) shear stress is regulated by threshold-sensitive processes, and (2) shear stress regulation is strain-dependent.
Media thickness is a critical determinant of media stress and we therefore examined two additional relationships to understand mechanical stress-induced vascular remodeling: (1) Media thickness and media tension, and (2) Media thickness and shear stress. In RCA and LCA, GH rats exhibited a negative correlation between media thickness and media tension but BN rats exhibited a positive association (Figure 5A). Thus, tension had a negative effect on media thickness in GH carotids but a positive effect in BN which means that media stress was not normalized in GH but was in BN RCA. Media thickness and shear stress were negatively correlated in GH and BN RCA (Figure 5B). Similarly, there were negative correlations between media thickness and shear stress in the GH LCA. In BN LCA, however, there was no change in shear stress so we cannot define the effect on media thickness. Thus, shear stress negatively affected media thickness in GH RCA and LCA, and BN RCA.
In summary, shear stress and media stress are differentially regulated in GH and BN carotids (Figure 5C). In low flow, shear stress was decreased by 80% in GH with little change in media stress; shear stress remained unchanged in BN but media stress was reduced by 40%. In high flow, shear stress remained unchanged in GH but media stress was increased by 35%; in BN there was a 70% increase in shear stress but little change in media stress.
Vessels remodel to maintain flow, shear stress, and wall tension at physiological levels. Under pathologic conditions, such as high pressure or decreased flow, the ability of the vessel to maintain all three parameters constant may be compromised. Thus a major finding of this study is that in response to increased blood flow, a model for physiologically beneficial situations such as exercise, carotid arteries of GH rats remodel to an equal or greater extent than those of BN rats. However, in response to low blood flow as occurs in many vascular diseases, GH carotids exhibited an impaired ability to remodel. Importantly, pressure was not a major determinant of flow-remodeling in these conditions. Finally, while media stress was significantly lower in BN than GH carotids, the relative change in media stress in low flow was greater than in GH whereas in high flow the change in media stress was smaller than in GH, suggesting that distinct regulatory mechanisms are involved.
In the high flow RCA, the physiologic response should be to normalize shear stress by increasing lumen area, thereby obeying Poiseuille's law. As the vessel enlarges, the wall tension will increase so media thickness should increase to normalize wall stress. We found that both GH and BN increased outer diameter and lumen area as anticipated (Figures 1B and and2A).2A). However, the BN response was inadequate to normalize shear stress. Because the change in blood flow did not differ between the two strains these results suggest a fundamental difference in sensing or transducing the signals elicited by increased flow, and in the response of the wall components, particularly endothelial and medial cells. Insight into possible mechanisms comes from the observation that while media area was similar in GH and BN shams, flow elevation reduced media area in BN but not in GH. Previously we found a strong linear correlation between the increase in media area and the extent of outward vessel remodeling among 5 strains of mice9. Combined with the results of the present study, our data suggest that mechanisms responsible for media thickening are primary determinants of outward vessel remodeling in response to changes in flow.
In the low flow LCA, a model for pathophysiological situations, the predicted vascular responses would be to decrease lumen diameter to normalize shear stress and to decrease media thickness to normalize wall stress. We found that BN decreased outer diameter and lumen area as expected, while GH did not change significantly from sham. Thus BN appropriately normalized shear stress (but not media stress). In contrast, media stress, but not shear stress was greater in GH than BN (Figure 5). Consistent with our hypothesis regarding media thickening, there was a significant decrease in BN media area with no change in GH (Figure 2B). Thus, it appears that the GH LCA remodels by increasing media area. This may be due to augmented growth mechanisms/restricted sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. The finding that the GH carotid in low flow regions has the ability to remodel outward is particularly interesting since this has been observed clinically10-12, and in our studies using mouse carotids9,13.
The initiating stimulus for flow-induced remodeling is likely to be shear stress which is subsequently transduced by the vessel wall to produce a structural response. Based on findings that flow-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive humans is impaired14, we anticipated that remodeling in the GH would be impaired. However, we provide evidence to the contrary since hypertension per se did not restrict outward remodeling, and nor did it enhance inward remodeling. The enhanced compensatory response of hypertensive vessels to elevated shear stress may be attributed to growth processes (such as cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, protein synthesis and extracellular matrix protein reorganization), which are necessary to enlarge vessels. Hypertensive vessels have augmented intrinsic capacity for cellular growth15-17, and pressure directly upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression which may facilitate outward remodeling18. These mechanisms may contribute to the maintenance, or increase, in media thickness that we propose is a key mediator of the remodeling response. It is also possible that hypertensive vessels have a differential response to mechanical stimuli, due to differences in wall composition. Thus, examination of diameter-distension curves of remodeled vessels would further understanding of vascular responses to mechanical stimuli.
It appears that the set point for media tension is higher in GH than BN (Figure 5A). After 28 days, both media tension and stress were higher in GH than BN. In fact the difference in media tension of ligated GH and BN RCA (15.3 versus 7.2 dynes/cm × 103, a 112% increase) was the largest difference in any parameter determined. It is intuitive that this difference is a consequence of hypertension. The key finding is that despite failing to normalize wall stress, the GH rat actually remodeled more effectively (greater lumen) than the BN rat. A possible explanation is that the "cost" of responding to increased flow demands media responses that are predominantly growth and hypertrophy rather than apoptosis and hypotrophy, and apparently may not be sufficient even in a hypertensive background.
Taken together, distinct strain and threshold-specific mechanisms involving signal transduction processes are likely involved in regulating local mechanical stresses in GH and BN carotids. Consequently, these stress regulatory patterns will have disparate effects on mechanical and functional properties in vessel walls of these rat strains. Vascular remodeling in disease regions such as atherosclerosis is likely to proceed, in part, by the same pathways as flow-induced remodeling. Hypertension, a potent promoter of atherosclerosis, may be envisaged to increase the incidence of atherosclerosis by reducing the ability of blood vessels to compensate for plaque burden (a process that requires outward vascular remodeling)5. This study, however, suggests that elevated pressure per se does not restrict outward remodeling. While short-term this "approach" to remodeling may be beneficial by increasing the rate and extent of remodeling, there is a price to pay for the elevated media tension and stress in GH vessels. Wall stress is likely detrimental by promoting vascular damage due to fatigue effects, increased resistance and reduced distensibility, and possibly increased intima-media thickness, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor positively associated with increased media stress19.
In summary, there are key differences in the ability of carotids in GH and BN rats exposed to modified flow to adhere to hemodynamic laws during vascular remodeling, indicating that the ability to maintain physiological shear and media stresses is intrinsically "genetically" determined. In particular, inappropriate compensatory adaptation to changes in shear stress is a common feature contributing to vascular disease processes, such as ishaemic stroke. Our findings suggest that the GH and BN vasculature are ideal models for mechanistic studies into failure to regulate low and high shear stresses, respectively. Future studies directed at mechanotransduction in the vascular wall will identify genetic/molecular mechanisms responsible for differential responsiveness to mechanical stresses in these rat strains, and may provide novel approaches in the treatment of vascular disease with critical remodeling components20.
The authors acknowledge support from National Institutes of Health (HL-62826 to BCB). We also thank David Nagel for help with histomorphometry.
Conflict of Interest None declared.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Over the last 20 years Intercounty have gone from strength to strength, from a small office above a sweet shop in Saffron Walden, Essex to 20 offices from Harlow in Essex to Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire .
We are totally committed to delivering a straight forward service focussed solely on your needs and we will challenge ourselves and the industry norms in order to do this. Our aim is for all our customers to feel confident and comfortable at all times, to know that they can rely on us to deliver a consistently outstanding individual experience. We want to keep it simple and keep it honest.
We will take every opportunity to explain all our advice so that you understand why we make the recommendations that we do.
We are dedicated to continued involvement and support in the communities in which we work
Intercounty Braintree Your local sales and lettings specialist with close ties to a number of local schools including the John Ray infants School, Cressing Primary School, Great Bradfords Junior School, and Alec Hunter Humanities College. Our team headed by branch manager Steve Smith have over 40 combined years worth of experience selling and letting local homes. If you are considering a move, or fancy a chat about our local area, we are here for you 8am 9pm weekdays and available at the weekend.
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Brandon Family Law Attorney Applauds National Adoption Day
Brandon, FL (Law Firm Newswire) November 18, 2011 - National Adoption Day is Nov. 19. This is a day to recognize and applaud the efforts of individuals and couples who decide to adopt a child and give them the chance to live in a safe, permanent, and caring home environment. According to the Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption, an estimated 107,000 children are in foster care and waiting to be adopted. Statistics show that many live with about three different caregivers throughout their time in the foster care system and oftentimes have no family support system to give them a good foundation for the future.
"Besides individuals who want to adopt, there are many families where a stepparent or grandparent wants to adopt a child they have helped raise," said Brandon family law attorney Joshua Law, of Osenton Law Offices in the Tampa Bay area. "Keeping a child as close to their original family unit has many benefits to the child's development. All these types of adoptive parents should be applauded for their efforts."
No matter what type of person adopts the child, there are many legal steps to accomplish this goal. The adoptive family will need to be interviewed and oftentimes a social worker or custody evaluator will want to meet the prospective parents in their home to see them interacting. The family law courts want to ensure the financial stability of the individuals as well their health status to make sure the child's well-being will be upheld.
In Tampa Bay, a two-day celebration will occur on Nov. 18 and 19. The Friday morning event will include a celebration at the George E. Edgecomb Courthouse in Tampa where 35 children and teens will have their adoptions finalized by four judges. Nationwide, more than 32 percent of all adopted children are adopted by relatives who seek assistance from reputable agencies and experienced family law attorneys to help with all the steps before, during, and after the adoption process.
Brandon child custody lawyer Joshua Law is with Osenton Law Offices, P.A. in Tampa Bay and is also a children's rights lawyer. To learn more or to contact a Brandon family law attorney or to contact a Brandon lawyer, visit http://www.brandonlawoffice.com.
Osenton Law Office, PA
500 Lithia Pinecrest Road
Brandon, Florida 33511
Call: (813) 654-5777
- Special Limits on Wage Garnishment
In a previous blog post, http://www.brandonlawoffice.com/2016/06/heres-how-much-of-your-wages-can-be-garnished-to-pay-your-debts, we covered the broad limitations that federal and state laws place on wage garnishment. Wage garnishment is when a creditor sues you to have part of your income diverted directly to them to pay your debts. There are certain general limitations on how much of your income may be […]
- Here's how much of your wages can be garnished to pay your debts
If you do not pay your debts, your creditors may try to take a portion of your income directly from your employer. This is called wage garnishment. Fortunately, there are limits to how much of your income may be garnished so that you can hopefully keep paying your basic living expenses. The limits are based […]
- Another family law reform bill falls to Gov. Scott's veto pen
Florida Gov. Rick Scott vetoed a contentious bill that would have reformed the state's alimony system and altered rules on child custody in divorces. The bill would have required judges in divorce proceedings to adopt a premise for approximately equal time-sharing of children between spouses. Judges could adjust the split based on 20 factors listed […]
See other news sources publishing this article. BETA | Tags: brandon custody attorney, brandon custody lawyer, brandon divorce attorney, brandon divorce lawyer, brandon family law attorney, brandon family lawyer, brandon lawyers, tampa custody attorney, tampa divorce lawyer, tampa family lawyer


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Bibliographic Details
Title: Art in America (Vol. 53, No. Five, ...
Publisher: Art in American Company, Inc.
Publication Date: 1965
Binding: Soft Cover
Book Condition: Good
Edition: Vol. 53, No. Five, October-November 1965
Vol. 53, No. Five, October-November 1965. Bumping/chipping/creasing, tanning on covers present. Price-sticker present on front flap, plastic on covers is starting to peel. Good condition. Light to moderate shelf wear, creasing on covers. Binding intact. (W52). Bookseller Inventory # 100411213
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Hi, my name is Bella and I am an apx 3&1/2 year old boxer mix of about 50 pounds I was neglected and possibly abused in my previous life so I am a little unsure of people I don't know. I am learning that most people are nice and when they give me a treat and some time to get used to them, I become a friendly, loyal, happy dog. I'm friends with all the dogs here. They are showing me how to relax and enjoy life. I could also be a good companion for your dog. I love to chase a tennis ball and will even bring it back to you to throw again. I never get tired of that game! I must have retriever in me. My foster mom says I am smart, eager to please and would take to training well. At first, I am shy and not sure of people I don't know, but if you give me a treat and let me come to you, and will take a little time to get to know me, I will be a loving, loyal, companion that will want to always be by your side. Once I bond with you, I don't like to be away from you. I cry when you are gone, but I don't chew things up. That's why it would be best if I had someone who doesn't have to be gone long hours. If this sounds like you, please give me a try. I will reward you with a loving, loyal, happy new best friend! Hope to meet you soon, Love Bella
If interested, you can easily fill out an adoption application by clicking here: adoption application
For anyone viewing this on Petfinder, if you are interested in adopting this animal you will need to go to our website www.rosesrescue.net to fill out the online adoption application. You can usually find more pictures of the animals there too. Click on our name "Roses Rescue" in blue above to be taken directly to our website.


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Not only privacy advocates, but plenty of IT admins view enterprise-based monitoring software's chief role as checking to see if employees are spending company time looking at Web sites that have nothing to do with your company's mission or sectors.
But in a thought-provoking Computerworld.com piece entitled "Forget Big Brother: seven (actually six, if you don't count employee monitoring) uses for monitoring software you need to kno about, Bert Latamore interviews the American Association of Airport Executives' senior vp of information systems Patrick Osborne about other uses for monitoring software besides what I call "big brothering."
Osborne is a busy guy. He runs three networks- one, a background-checker for the Feds, who want to vette aviation workers for criminal and terrorist links; another network for coordination of training systems at airports throughout the world; and the third for internal management of communications links for the 80-member association staff.
Osborne (a historic name in computing if you've been around as long as I have, but no relation) uses ETelemetry Metron software.
Here's the six "other" uses Osborne cites for the monitoring software he uses:
Aggregating traffic data for smoother traffic levels;
Heading off problems by performing more detailed traffic analysis;
Identifying scheduling problems by tracking usage by time of day;
Finding underused components, for possible removal if the underuse becomes endemic;
Chargebacks, which can be informed by a summary of usage per department;, and
Justifying budget requests for infrastructure improvements. Examples: a new switch or server.


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Salt and Light Catholic Media Foundation is possible because of your generosity. Please donate to Salt + Light, to ensure that we are able to continue our media ministry. Visitez le site officiel : http://saltandlighttv.org/donate
Salt and Light en direct
Accueil » Canada Télévision » Salt and Light
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You are a fan of darters aquatic ? Come to discover the best forums darters aquatic on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of darters aquatic . You can also build a forum darters aquatic and create your online discussion.
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The science of submerged aquatic plants in the aquarium hobby.
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Chris Dingman at Jazz and Colors in Central Park
Dave Kaufman. All Rights Reserved.
About this image
About Chris Dingman
Clear the RainChris Dingman
Waking Dreams
CD/LP/Track Review
- The Subliminal and the Sublime by Vincenzo Roggero
- The Subliminal and the Sublime by Dave Wayne
- Waking Dreams by David Rickert
- Waking Dreams by Mark F. Turner


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Practical View of Christianity
By (author) William Wilberforce
Format: Hardback
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Practical View of Christianity by William Wilberforce
Book DescriptionWilberforce's classic work, "A Practical View of Christianity", is concerned with convincing those who call themselves Christians to pursue "the real nature and principles of the religion which they profess." Christianity is not a mere morality, to be held in private. Christianity is revelation from God, bringing new rights and correspondent duties. It is an entire way of life that requires diligence and study and that should affect every aspect of the Christian's public and private life. This addition to the "Hendrickson Christian Classics" series has been completely retypeset. An index, explanatory notes, scripture references, translations of Latin phrases, bibliographic information, and other helps ensure that this work will be as valuable to today's reader as it was to those readers who made "A Practical View of Christianity" a bestseller for fifty years.
Buy Practical View of Christianity book by William Wilberforce from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781598561227
(215mm x 140mm x 23mm)
Pages: 288
Imprint: Hendrickson Publishers Inc
Publisher: Hendrickson Publishers Inc
Publish Date: 27-Nov-2006
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author William Wilberforce
Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, Paperback (January 2011)
This 1807 'letter', addressed to his constituents, summarises Wilberforce's arguments for the abolition of the slave trade.
Life of William Wilberforce, Paperback (January 2011)
This five-volume biography of abolitionist William Wilberforce, drawn from his own writings, was published in 1838 by his sons.
Correspondence of William Wilberforce, Paperback (January 2011)
Published in 1840, the letters of William Wilberforce reveal the efforts and beliefs of the great philanthropist and abolitionist.
Practical View of Christianity, Hardback (October 2006)» View all books by William Wilberforce
This book is concerned with convincing those who call themselves Christans to pursue "the real nature and principles of the religion which they profess.
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Author Biography - William Wilberforce
William Wilberforce (1759-1833) was a member of the British Parliament. He was also affiliated with the Clapham Sect, a group of Evangelicals who were very active in public life. He was instrumental in many social justice issues, including the abolition of slavery in England.
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March 17, 2010
UNITED STATES OF AMERICAv.MIGUEL MEJIA, A/K/A/ "MIKE", DEFENDANT.
By Order dated March 12, 2010, pro se defendant Miguel Mejia's ("Mejia") December 2, 2009 motion for resentencing was dismissed for failure to respond to the January 19 Order to show cause. On March 15, the Court was informed that Mejia had, in fact, submitted a response to the January 19 Order. Mejia's submission, which is dated March 2, 2010, was sent to the Pro Se office, but was not received in this Court's Chambers until March 15. As such, the Court had no opportunity to consider Mejia's March 2 submission prior to the issuance of the March 12 Order. For the following reasons, however, Mejia's December 2, 2009 motion is still denied.
On January 26, 2005, Mejia pled guilty without a plea agreement to participating in a conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five kilograms and more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A). While acknowledging his participation in the charged narcotics trafficking conspiracy, Mejia challenged the Sentencing Guidelines calculation included in the Pimentel letter provided to him by the Government and in the Presentence Report ("PSR"). After a Fatico hearing held September 1, 2005, Mejia was found to have participated in a conspiracy involving 150 kilograms and more of cocaine and to have been a leader and organizer of criminal conduct involving five or more participants. On September 30, 2005, based on these facts, Mejia was sentenced to principally 292 months' imprisonment, the lowest end of the guidelines range. Mejia appealed. On appeal, Mejia challenged, inter alia, the Court's findings concerning drug quantity and his role as a leader and organizer in the conspiracy. On November 15, 2006, the Second Circuit affirmed Mejia's sentence. See United States v. Espinoza-Mora, 205 Fed.Appx. 886 (2d Cir. 2006).
On December 2, 2009, Mejia moved for resentencing based on his attorney's purported ineffective assistance at the sentencing proceeding. Mejia claims that his counsel failed to raise a constitutional challenge to his sentence pursuant to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), based on the fact that Mejia did not plead guilty to a conspiracy involving 150 kilograms and more of cocaine, or to being an organizer or leader of a criminal activity involving five or more participants. On January 19, 2010, Mejia was ordered to show cause why his December 2, 2009 motion should not be treated as petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C § 2255 and dismissed as time-barred since it was not filed within the one-year statute of limitations. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f). In an apparent attempt to circumvent the statute of limitations, Mejia's March 2 submission styles his December 2, 2009 motion as a petition for a writ of audita querela pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1651. In his March 2 submission, Mejia also raises an additional basis for his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, namely that his attorney should not have advised him to plead guilty based on the Pimentel letter and without a plea agreement. Mejia also requests appointment of counsel.
Although formally abolished in civil cases, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(e), the writ of audita querela is "available in limited circumstances with respect to criminal convictions." United States v. Richter, 510 F.3d 103, 104 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam); see also United States v. LaPlante, 57 F.3d 252, 253 (2d Cir. 1995). A writ of audita querela "is probably available where there is a legal, as contrasted with an equitable, objection to a conviction that has arisen subsequent to the conviction and that is not redressable pursuant to another post-conviction remedy." Richter, 510 F.3d at 104 (citation omitted). "In other words, if the absence of any avenue of collateral attack would raise serious constitutional questions about the laws limiting those avenues, then a writ of audita querela would lie." Id.
Mejia's December 2, 2009 motion does not justify the unusual form of relief provided by the writ of audita querela. Mejia's collateral attack on his sentence based on Apprendi and Blakely, as well as his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, could have been brought as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See Bottone v. United States, 350 F.3d 59, 63 (2d Cir. 2003) ("Section 2255 is generally the proper vehicle for a federal prisoner's challenge to his conviction and sentence."); Jiminian v. Nash, 245 F.3d 144, 146-47 (2d Cir. 2001) (same). The arguments raised by Mejia were available to him at his 2005 sentencing and during the period that he could have filed a timely § 2255 challenge. His failure to raise the arguments at those times does not call into question the constitutional validity of § 2255.
Mejia argues that should the Court construe his December 2, 2009 motion as a § 2255 petition, his petition is still timely because the one-year statute of limitations should be equitably tolled. "Equitable tolling allows courts to extend the statute of limitations beyond the time of expiration as necessary to avoid inequitable circumstances." Valverde v. Stinson, 224 F.3d 129, 133 (2d Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). "[A] habeas petitioner seeking equitable tolling must show that extraordinary circumstances prevented him from filing his petition on time." Id. (citation omitted); see also Smaldone v. Senkowski, 273 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam). In addition, the petitioner must have acted with "reasonable diligence" throughout the period he seeks to toll. Valverde, 224 F.3d at 134; see also Hizbullahankhamon v. Walker, 255 F.3d 65, 75 (2d Cir. 2001).
The circumstances advanced by Mejia do not satisfy the standard for equitable tolling. Mejia has not demonstrated that "extraordinary circumstances" prevented him from filing a § 2255 petition. Mejia claims that the attorney who was working on his habeas petition passed away on July 23, 2007, and that he "had no clue as to how to proceed" and did not have "additional funds to hire another lawyer." Further, Mejia claims that he did not have any of his legal papers, which were maintained by his counsel. The March 2 submission indicates that Mejia's family did not obtain his legal papers until sometime in early September 2008. Mejia claims that when his legal papers were finally sent to him at Fort Dix, the prison "returned the package" and it took "months" for Mejia to obtain all of his legal papers. Mejia's inability to obtain court documents, standing alone, does not rise to the level of "extraordinary circumstances" that would justify equitable tolling. Cf. Valverde, 224 F.3d at 133-34 (finding that intentional confiscation of petitioner's legal papers by corrections officer constituted an "extraordinary" circumstance).
Moreover, even if Mejia's difficulties in obtaining his legal papers constituted extraordinary circumstances, Mejia has failed to show that he acted with "reasonable diligence" throughout the period he seeks to toll. Mejia did not file his motion for resentencing until December 2, 2009 --- over three years after the Second Circuit affirmed his sentence and the judgment against him became final. There is no suggestion in Mejia's submissions that he could not have obtained copies of whatever court papers might have been required to file a petition directly from the court at some earlier point in time. Nor does Mejia explain why he could not have filed a petition with a summary of his claims and a request for additional time to obtain copies of his legal papers. Because Mejia failed to exercise reasonable diligence in attempting to file his petition, the difficulties he experienced in obtaining copies of his legal papers cannot be said to have prevented timely filing.
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British folk musician Sam Lee explains why he is passionate about collecting folk songs for posterity, which he then records and re-imagines Further details on his Irish concerts: https://ergodos.ie
coming up on Tuesday's show.... Brendan J Byrne directs the documentary "Bobby Sands: 66 Days", ProdiJIG: The Revolution, a dance show aiming to once-again redefine Irish dancing, the worlds of science and comedy combine and Irish bagpipers heading to Glasgow for the World Pipe Band Championships
Rachel and Becky of the English folk band The Unthanks and their producer Adrian McNally chat about their musical roots and bringing folk music to a contemporary audience; they will be ...
Nicolas Boulerice and Olivier Demers of French Canadian folk band Le Vent du Nord chat about their French roots and blending various forms of traditional music Official website: http://leventdunord.com and ...
on Friday's show....a public interview with acclaimed playwright/screenwriter David Hare who was a guest at this year's Dublin International Film Festival. A unique chance to hear this multi award-winning writer discuss the differences between writing for stage and screen and whether he was happy with his films like Damage, The Reader and The Hours
John Colbert (whose grand-uncle was Con Colbert) and James Sheeran of folk duo Black Bank Folk chat about their debut album "Rising", a concept album about participants on all sides in the ...
on Monday's show....the 24 Hour Plays return to the Abbey, isolation and the search for meaning define characters in Rob Doyle's collection of short stories "This Is The Ritual", indie folk troubador Ciaran Lavery prepares for his appearance at Tradfest and Regina Nathan pays homage to some of the world's greatest sopranos
Indie folk singer Ciaran Lavery in session Official website: www.ciaranlaverymusic.com / Tradfest website: www.templebartrad.com (for copyright reasons this item is not available to download as a podcast)
Chat with singer/songwriter Peter Doran about his latest album "Outlines" (for copyright reasons this item is not available to download as a podcast)
On tonight's programme... Sean speaks to Irish writer John Banville who is due to be presented with the inaugural Imagine Crime Writing Award, in memory of Raymond Chandler, who had strong links to Waterford city. RTÉ's chorus master Mark Hindley joins Sean to talk about Friday's performance of Mahler's giant 2nd Symphony – also known as the Ressurection . We hear an essay by Lia Mills, and Donald Teskey and Nathan Drake join Sean in studio for more chat and fun. Join us at 7pm on Radio 1.
Sunday Sport
The History Show


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variant of welsh
intransitive verb
1 sometimes offensive : to avoid payment —used with on
2 sometimes offensive : to break one's word : renege
welshernoun sometimes offensive
Definition of Welch
variant of welsh
Definition of Welch
William Henry 1850–1934 Am. pathologist
Learn More about welch
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about welch
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What made you want to look up welch? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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HENLEY Stripe Hemp Top
Product Details
Cosy organic stripe sweat top. Actual stripe trend, simple and wonderful to wear.
Produced in an UL audited factory.
Long sleeves. Casual Cut. Stripes. Buttons made from coconut.
Fabric content: 55% Hemp / 45% Organic Cotton
Care: 30° Eco Machine Wash
Garment length: SizeS 68cm / SizeM 70cm / SizeL 72cm / SizeXL 74cm


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Beans and Sugar Snap Peas With Lemon & Capers
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 5 mins
This is such a easy healthy low fat vegetable side dish that is very tasty. You could use french beans as well. Cooking time will vary with which method you cook with.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 300 g butter beans
- 200 g sugar snap peas
- 29.58 ml drained tiny capers (chopped if you only have large)
- 60 ml lemon juice
- 29.58 ml coarsely chopped fresh dill
- You can boil, steam or microwave the beans and peas separately until they are just tender, then drain them.
- Heat a non stick pan that has been sprayed with olive oil and cook the capers, stirring them until they are lightly browned.
- Add the lemon juice, peas and beans and stir until vegetables are hot.
- Stir in the dill.
Most Helpful
What a great combination of vegetables fresh from the garden; soft beans and crunchy peas. I subbed basil for the dill and probably cut back on the lemon juice a bit.
Very nice combination of flavours. I made the recipe as written, but added freshly ground black pepper and some fried pancetta cubes. Thanks Latchy.


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Kukla's Korner Hockey
Lundqvist Hopes To Erase Memories
by Paul on 01/25/06 at 10:02 AM ET
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Goaltender Henrik Lundqvist's mission to put the New York Rangers into the playoffs for the first time since 1997 prepares him well for the monumental task he will face as Sweden's Olympic goalie. He has to help about 9 million Swedes erase the bad, 4-year-old memory of their country losing to Belarus in one of the greatest hockey upsets in Olympic history.more
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Wednesday, 18 December 2013
Get Over The Hump
On to the music.
Todays tunes come to us from a great group out of Mexico called Le Touch Lads, my fellow writer Claude put me on to their amazing remix of one of my favorite songs "L.E.S Artistes" by Santigold(Santigold remixes are the key to my inbox guys) It has a very nice groove to it, and it makes me feel like im on a beach. 7/5 stars.
Listen here!
Article written by EarlGrey on 14:10
See more: electro, filter house, house
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sweet thing (reprise) lyrics – david bowie
if you want it, boys get it here thing
'cause hope, boys is a cheap thing, cheap thing
is it nice in your snow storm, freezing your brain?
do you think that your face looks the same?
then let it be, it's all i ever wanted, it's a street with a deal
and a taste, it's got claws, it's got me, it's got you


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Comeniusproject »CLYDE«
The Idea
Coming together is the beginning.
Keeping together is progress.
Working together is success.
(H. Ford)
Staatliche Wirtschaftsschule Neuburg
Marlis Hanauer
Pestalozzistr. 2
86633 Neuburg an der Donau
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.