text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 2006
|Filing date
|Nov 12, 2003
|Priority date
|Nov 12, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert Allan Unger
|Original Assignee
|Sony Corporation, Sony Electronics Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (55), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to dynamic bit rate allocation, and more particularly to dynamically allocating bit rate encoding according to time variant bandwidth.
Each frame of video typically requires a large number of bits when recorded, converted and/or stored in a digital format. Further, video is often delivery at a rate of 30 frames per second. The large amount of digital data and the speed at which this data is delivered presents a large raw bandwidth requirement. Delivery of full content from broadcaster to customer is not practical. This drawback is overcome by compressing data through elimination of redundancies and other compression and encoding methods.
Many encoding models (e.g., MPEG) define and standardize decoding techniques, yet often do not restrict or define how encoders operate. Typically video is encoded to fixed bandwidth outputs with a constant bit rate (CBR), or encoded with a variable bit rate (VBR) where many bits are used for scenes with significant motion, and few bits for still scenes. For VBR there is still a target or maximum available bit rate specified for a given transport pipe. In operation, previous encoders are defined with either a CBR or VBR value, encoding begun, and the encoders are then left alone to produce an encoded output. The encoders continue to encode at the fixed encoding (CBR or VBR). Changes to an encoded bit rate typically includes stopping the encoder, redefining the parameters, reconfiguring the encoders to utilize the new parameters such that the encoders detect the new parameters and restarting the encoder with the new parameters.
In some applications, such as transmission over a wireless connection, the available bandwidth can change dynamically and suddenly. With CBR and VBR, the encoder continues to operate at the specified encoding bit rate regardless of the bandwidth capacity. If the bandwidth falls below a level that is required for the CBR or VBR content being pushed onto the communication link, data can be lost causing picture freezes and other discontinuities on a client display. Similarly, because encoders are started at a predefined bit rate and they continue to simply encode at that specified rate (CBR or VBR) without change, available bandwidth may be wasted when the encoded data does not occupy the entire bandwidth.
The present invention advantageously addresses the needs above as well as other needs through methods, apparatuses, and systems for use in dynamically adjusting an encoder bit rate according to a determined available bandwidth for wirelessly communicating source data. In some embodiments, a method is provided for use in dynamically adjusting a bit rate for encoding that detects a first available bandwidth, determines a first encoder bit rate according to the first available bandwidth, encodes a signal at the first encoder bit rate, detects a change in the available bandwidth such that there is a second available bandwidth, determines a second encoder bit rate according to the second available bandwidth, and encodes the signal at the second encoder bit rate. Encoding the signal at the second encoder bit rate can include encoding a subsequent frame of the signal. The method can further wirelessly communicate the signal encoded at the first encoder bit rate in real-time and wirelessly communicate the signal encoded at the second encoder bit rate in real-time.
Some embodiments provide a method for use in providing dynamically varied bit rate encoding. The method can comprise encoding a signal for wireless communication at a first encoding bit rate, detecting a first change in an available bandwidth envelope of a communication path, determining if the first change in the available bandwidth envelope exceeds a predefined threshold, determining an available bandwidth envelope of the first changed available bandwidth envelope, determining a second encoding bit rate according to the determined available bandwidth envelope that maintains a signal quality when the first change in the available bandwidth envelope exceeds the predefined threshold, and initiating the encoding of the signal at a subsequent frame with the second bit rate. The method can further determine a maximized bit rate that can be communicated within the determined available bandwidth envelope, and where the initiating of the encoding comprises initiating the encoding according to the maximized determined bit rate.
Some of these methods further comprise detecting a second change in the available bandwidth envelope, determining a second available bandwidth envelope according to the second change in the available bandwidth envelope, determining a third encoding bit rate according to the determined second available bandwidth envelope, encoding the signal at the third encoding bit rate, and wirelessly communicating the signal encoded at the third encoding bit rate.
Some alternative embodiments provide a wireless, multi-media system. These systems comprise a central controller that receives source data and wirelessly distributes at least a portion of the source data, where the central controller comprises: a dynamic, variable bit rate encoder; a transmitter coupled with the dynamic bit rate encoder, wherein the transmitter transmits at least the portion of the source data as encoded by the dynamic bit rate encoder; a control device coupled with the dynamic bit rate encoder, the control device determines an available bandwidth according to received statistics and determines an encoding bit rate according to the determined available bandwidth; and the control device instructs the dynamic bit rate encoder to encode at the determined encoding bit rate. The control device can further determine the available bandwidth and the encoding bit rate once every frame. Some embodiments further comprise a remote device wirelessly coupled with the central controller, wherein the central controller wirelessly distributes at least the portion of the source data to the remote device encoded at the determined encoding bit rate.
A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and accompanying drawings which set forth an illustrative embodiment in which the principles of the invention are utilized.
The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein:
The above needs are at least partially met through provision of methods, apparatuses, and systems for use in dynamically varying an encoding bit rate according to a determined available bandwidth as described in the following detailed description, particularly when studied in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings. Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are typically not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention.
The present embodiments provide methods, apparatuses and systems for use in providing local multi-media distribution to remote multi-media devices. Further, the present embodiments provide for the dynamic allocation of bit rates in wirelessly communicating the multi-media signals to the remote multi-media devices. The bit rate is adjusted to fully take advantage of available bandwidth as the bandwidth varies.
Additionally, the present embodiments monitor an available bandwidth and adjust an encoding bit rate to better maximize the data throughput and/or signal quality. As a result, the present embodiments provide more accurate and better signal quality to the remote receiving device or devices. These embodiments further maximize the use of the available bandwidth. When a decrease in available bandwidth is detected, the present embodiments can dynamically decrease to encoding bit rate to reduce the amount of bits to be communicated. Further, some embodiments detect when the available bandwidth increases. As the bandwidth increases, these embodiments can increase the encoding bit rate to communicate more accurate, enhanced and/or additional data. Therefore, these embodiments dynamically adjust the bit rate to take full advantage of the detected available bandwidth as the bandwidth fluctuates.
It is common in wireless, multi-media systems, such as in-home, wireless, multi-media systems to experience fluctuations of the bandwidth during operation. For example, something (a human, a pet, or the like) can pass between the transmitting device and a receiving device. This may have an adverse affect on the available bandwidth that can be utilized in wirelessly communicating data. With prior systems, this diminished bandwidth can adversely affect the communication of signals because prior systems employ fixed bit rates. Because prior systems provide encoding at constant bit rates, the amount of encoded bits can exceed the available bandwidth, backlogging the data and/or adversely affecting the ultimately received signal. Previous systems utilize encoders that are typically controlled through a one time setup and go parameter, such as MPEG encoders. The previous encoders are issued a fixed bit rate parameter. Once this parameter is set, these encoders check this bit rate parameter once upon initiation and/or start up, set the encoding rate and continue to operate at that one fixed rate. Alternatively, the present embodiments detect the changes in bandwidth and dynamically adjust the bit rate to better maximize the use of the available bandwidth.
Some prior systems suggest they provide variable bit rates. These systems, however, do not dynamically adjust bit rates according to a detected available bandwidth envelope. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,145 to Huang et al. describes the utilization of a defined fixed bandwidth. The available bit rate of the fixed bandwidth is distributed between two data signals (audio and video).
The Huang patent encodes the signals at fixed rates and determines, based on how much of the fixed bandwidth of a frame is allocated to the audio signal, how much of the encoded video signal is utilized for the remainder of the fixed bandwidth for that frame. For example, in a frame where there is minimal or no sound and/or noise, the audio signal can be significantly compression leaving extra unused bandwidth. An amount of encoded video signal is used to fill the fix bandwidth for that frame. Similarly, during a noisy scene there is a large amount of audio, taking a greater portion of the fixed bandwidth and reducing the amount of fixed bandwidth available for the encoded video. Huang et al. employs a constant bit rate that is divided between two signals, the audio and video.
Present embodiments address a problem where the amount of bandwidth changes due to environmental or other factors. Alternatively, Huang et al. attempts to maximize the amount of data in the fixed and defined bandwidth.
The bandwidth can be defined for a single signal or can be split between two or more signals. When allocated between two or more signals, the bandwidth 212 can be equally split and/or split as defined by some weighting criteria. In some embodiments, one a first signal does not completely use the bandwidth allocated for that signal, a second signal can utilize the unused portion of the first signals allocated bandwidth. Further, encoding of each of the one or more signals is dynamically varied according to the measured bandwidth envelope 212.
Some multi-media systems employing encoders, such as person video recorders (e.g., Tivo™, ReplayTV™, DirecTV™ and other such recorders), can set an encoding rate. These encoding rates, however, are typically set once per recording and that single rate is used throughout the recording. For example, a personal video recording device may provide recordings at one of four possible quality levels (e.g., minimal memory to best quality). A user selects a record quality, and the personal video recorder can determine an amount of bandwidth to be used according to available memory and/or recording time. Once the bandwidth is determined, the personal video recorder sets a fixed encoding rate parameter. The encoder of the personal video recorder checks the rate parameter just prior to recording, and sets the encoder bit rate once. The rate is set and then unchanged until the program/recording is done. The encoders are set up once, and operate without external influence.
Alternatively, the present embodiments monitor an available bandwidth and adjust the encoding bit rates as the available bandwidth fluctuates. As such, some embodiments provide for continuous adjustments of the bit rates to better maximize signal reception. In some embodiments, the bit rate can be changed once every frame, once every other frame, or other similar periods to simplify the implementation and reduce potentially rapid bit rate changes. Additionally, some embodiments determine if the change in bandwidth exceeds a changed bandwidth threshold before initiating a change in the bit rate. This can reduce rapid changes in bit rates and can avoid bit rate changes when minor changes will have minimal effect. Similarly, a hysteresis can be employed to reduce the rapid shifting of the encoding bit rate.
Further, the present embodiments provide for the variation in a defined encoding envelope. An encoding envelope can be defined with a maximum encoding rate and a minimum encoding rate according to the determined available bandwidth. This envelope allows the encoders some leeway to make minor adjustments within the defined encoding envelope to better optimize signal quality. Alternatively, some previous systems, such as MPEG systems, allow for an encoding envelope to be defined, however, these envelopes were fixed. The bit rate may be minimally varied within the limited and fixed envelope, where the maximum and minimum bit rates are set. The encoder would operate within those fixed limits and the maximum and minimum encoding rates do not change.
The present embodiments, however, provide for the dynamic adjustment of the encoding envelope. The maximum and/or minimum encoding rates can be adjusted up or down depending on the detected available bandwidth. The encoder can encode within the encoding range while the range is potentially changed according to the detected bandwidth fluctuations.
Some prior encoders are designed to allow multiple passes and/or analysis of data to be encoded. This allows these encoders to see how the data is going to vary. With the knowledge of how things are going to vary, these encoders can optimize the bit budgeting and employ complex encoding. These encoders cannot operate in real-time systems. Real-time encoding cannot utilize such encoding schemes because there is not enough time to perform the processing to allow for multiple passes.
The present embodiments can be employed in real-time video streaming without the need to perform multiple passes of the data. These embodiments alternatively vary the bit rate on the fly to better optimize the encoding of real-time data signals to be wirelessly communicated to one or more remote devices.
Some wireless communication schemes, such as 802.11, allow for the retransmission of data to a receiving device upon the detection of errors in received signals. When a receiving device detects an error in a frame, the receiving device submits a request for retransmission of at least the frame in question. Real-time streaming video does not have the time to allow for retransmission. With real-time streaming video and/or audio, by the time errors are detected and retransmission is requested, the multi-media data has progressed and data that might have been retransmitted would no longer be current and could not be utilized. For example with video signals, by the time an error at the receiving device detects an error and requests for retransmission, the video data would have progressed to a new scene and the retransmitted data could not be displayed without corrupting the current frame. As such, the accurate communication of the multi-media data is critical to multi-media distribution systems. The present embodiments provide the capability to better maximize the use of available bandwidth by dynamically adjusting bit rates to better ensure the accuracy of the data received by receiving devices with real-time data communications.
In some embodiments, the central controller 312 can couple with one or more external networks 320 to receive and/or retrieve data from the network. The network can be a cable TV network, a terrestrial communication network, the Internet, a PSTN network, a combination of networks and/or other similar networks from which data can be received and/or retrieved. In some embodiments, the central controller can further communicate data to the network and/or other devices coupled with the network 320. The central controller can additionally couple with other devices for receiving data, such as an antenna 322 and satellite dish 324. The central controller can additionally include memory 326, such RAM, ROM, CD/DVD drive player and other similar memory. The memory can store data and/or content received by the controller, and can prerecord data for access by the controller (e.g., a movie stored on a DVD, music stored on a CD and the like).
The central controller can, in some embodiments, be part of another system, such as a set-top-box, an entertainment center, a computer, a processor, a server, combination of devices, or other devices that can transmit/receive data to/from a network, terrestrial or other sources. Alternatively and/or additionally, the central controller 312 can be directly coupled through hard wiring with a computer for receiving and/or delivering data. Similarly, the central controller can be hard wired with a multi-media player device such as a CD player, a DVD player, electronic game console (e.g., Sony PlayStation™) and other similar devices.
The communication system 310 further includes the remote devices 314–317. The remote devices allow users to access data stored at other remote devices, data stored or inserted into the controller 312 and/or data accessible by the controller through the network 320, terrestrially through the antenna/satellite or through other means. The remote devices can wirelessly couple with the central controller 312 allowing the remote devices to roam within a predefined range limited by the transmission and reception capability of the controller and/or the remote device. The remote devices can alternatively be directly coupled with the controller to receive and communicate data.
The remote devices can be substantially any device that can receive and/or transmit data from and/or to the controller 312. For example, the remote devices 314–317 can be televisions, computers, electronic game console (e.g., Sony PlayStation™) and other devices that can communicate with the central controller 312.
The encoder 444 encodes the audio/video signal 440 according to predefined parameters defined by a control device 450 and the system 310. Further, the encoder encodes the signal according to a communication bandwidth available over the wireless communication link 460. The source data of the signal 442 is encoded to reduce spatial and temporal redundancies in addition to using other methods to produce compressed data, such as a compressed image, that meets a currently defined bit budget. The encoded signal is forwarded to a transmitter 452 for transmitting the encoded signal over the wireless link 460. In some embodiments, the transmitter additionally wraps the data with error correction codes adding a margin of redundancy that permits correction of isolated bit errors and short burst errors by the receiving remote device 314. The encoded and error corrected data is used to modulate a carrier that is wirelessly transmitted over the wireless link 460. Substantially any modulation scheme can be utilized based upon data density and other similar criteria.
The encoder encodes the data according to a defined bit rate. This defined bit rate is supplied by the control device 450. The bit rate is determined by the control device based on a determined and/or detected available communication bandwidth envelope. Further, the control device 450 dynamically controls and/or adjusts the defined bit rate as the available bandwidth envelope varies. The available bandwidth envelope is determined according to a signal quality of communications received by the controller 312 as well as data supplied by the remote device 314. The defined encoding bit rate can be continuously updated by the central device, and/or the central device can periodically determine and supply a desired encoding bit rate according to available bandwidths. In some embodiments, the control device 450 defines desired encoding bit rates once every frame.
The encoder 444 utilizes the defined encoding bit rate to adjust a rate of encoding to provide encoding of the source signal at the desired bit rate. Again, the encoder can vary the bit rate once every frame, once every predefined number of frames, continuously or other similar variations. In some instances, when the bandwidth is of sufficient width, the control device 450 can instruct the encoder 444 to encode an additional I-frame to provide greater accuracy. Similarly, the control device can also instruct the encoder to produce an I-frame to refresh content after a significant impact of data corruption.
Again, the wireless transfer of the source data occurs in real-time and retransmission is not an option. The encoder 444, control device 450 and/or receiving device 314 can employ masking techniques to minimize display artifacts and/or errors caused by missed or corrupted data. For example, the control device 450 can instruct, and/or a receiving device 314 can determine that a frame be repeated rather than present an image with flawed input. Preferably, the source data is encoded, transmitted, and received to be utilized (e.g., reproduced) with the maximum detail and frame rate possible. Some embodiments provide error compensation by attempting to maintain a smooth presentation and use subtle degradations that, with for example video data, the eye is more likely to overlook. This can include softening details or slowing a refresh rate.
Still referring to
The information about signal strength, SNR, FEC, changes in the received signal, processing status and/or other signal quality parameters can be monitored by the receiver control unit 474 and/or communicated back to the central controller 312. Typically, the receiver control unit 474 monitors changes in the received signal and processing status. If the signal quality falls or excessive errors are noted, the control unit can provide this information to a transmitter 476 to be communicated back to the central controller 312. The received signal statistics can be communicated wirelessly, through direct coupling, hardwire couple, through the network 320, or other similar ways of communicating. The central controller utilizes the drop in signal quality and determines an amount of change in available bandwidth. Knowing the change in bandwidth, the control device 450 of the central controller 312 dynamically reduces the encoding bit rate of the encoder 444 to provide a more accurate signal to the receiving device 314.
Similarly, the receiving device 314 may detect a period of high signal quality with no or minimal errors, indicating that there is the possibility for an increase in bandwidth. This detection of high signal quality is forwarded to the central controller 312 where the central controller can determine the proportional increase in available bandwidth. The central controller 312 can again dynamically adjust the encoding bit rate to better maximize the use of the increased available bandwidth, which typically allows room for more data to be transmitted by the central controller 312, providing a correspondingly better display and audio at the remote device 314. Changes in available bandwidth are usually transitory, which can be caused by environmental noise (e.g., a vacuum cleaner or other appliance being activated), path disruption (e.g., walking between the transmitter and receiver) and other such conditions.
The control device 450 of the central controller 312 utilizes the signal quality and statistical data to determine a current available bandwidth of the wireless link 460. Based on the determined available bandwidth envelope, the control device determines an encoding bit rate that better optimizes the throughput of data to the receiving device. The control device 450 then directs the encoder 444 to dynamically adjust or maintain the encoding bit rate of the signal 440. The dynamic adjustments can be provided at substantially any rate. The rate of adjustments depends in some embodiments on the receiving device's ability to provide the signal quality and/or statistical data. In some embodiments, the bit rate is adjusted once every frame in an attempt to maximize the use of the available bandwidth envelope.
In determining the bit rate, the control device 450 attempts to ensure a predefined signal quality. Typically, the control device 450 establishes or maintains one or more thresholds for certain parameters. For example, the control device can utilize a maximum bit rate. The controller-typically utilizes a maximum bit rate defined by transmitter limitations and/or a receiving device's capability to accurately receive and demodulate the data. Other thresholds can be utilized by the control device 450 to help maintain accurate communication of the data to the receiving device 314.
The control device 450 can further instruct the transmitter 452 to include additional FEC bits, which also affects the available bit rate because the added FEC bits reduces the space available for the payload data. Similarly, the control device 450 can instruct that the modulation scheme be altered to better optimize the bit rate. For example, the modulation scheme may be switched from a 256 QAM modulation scheme to a 64 QAM modulation scheme, and/or from 64 QAM to 256 QAM. Again, this can have an affect on the amount of space available for the payload data.
In changing the amount of payload data per frame, the control device 450 additionally can dynamically varying encoding parameters. In previous wireless communication systems a constant bit rate was generally used such that the encoder uses a fixed number of bits for encoding regardless of the number of changes from frame to frame. The present embodiments employ a more efficient method(s) that provide dynamically varied bit rates. In some embodiments, the control device 450 can specify a target nominal bit rate and a maximum ceiling bit rate for each variation in designated bit rates. Frames that change little from the previous frame can be encoded with few bits while frames with significant changes, such as a new scene in video data, typically use more bits. Some embodiments utilize one or more first-in-first-out devices (FIFO) 480 with the transmitter. A FIFO 482 can additionally be included in the receiving device 314. The FIFO(s) can be used to further smooth transmission rate variations.
The control device 450 can utilize the FIFO 480 for additional control information in determining the dynamic bit rate allocations. In some embodiments, an encoder produces a data stream at a first bit rate of payload transmission and passes that stream to the FIFO. The transmitter takes data from the FIFO at a determined actual transmission rate. When the control device 450 constricts the transmission bit rate (e.g., adds more FEC bits, implements a different modulation, and the like) the FIFO may begin to fill as the transmission bit rate can be less than the rate at which data is forwarded to the FIFO.
The control device couples with the FIFO and can sense when the FIFO is filling. Upon sensing that the FIFO is filling, the controller can instruct the encoder 444 to use fewer bits. Additionally, the control device can anticipate that the FIFO would be filling because the control device issued the instructions to the transmitter to scale back the transmission bandwidth, attempting to make the data transfer more reliable. The control device can additionally instruct the encoder 444 to dynamic adjust the bit rate. As a result, the amount of payload data supplied to the FIFO is reduced.
With the encoding bit rate reduced, the FIFO may begin to empty following an adjustment to increase the transmission rate. As such, the control device 450 can further instruct the encoder to increase the encoding bit rate to use more bits. As described above, in some instances, when the bandwidth is of sufficient width, and the FIFOs are not too full or below a predefined threshold, an additional I-frame can be generated to provide greater accuracy and/or provide data correction. In some preferred embodiments, both transmit and receive FIFOs 480, 482, respectively, operate at an almost empty state to minimize latency. Increased FIFO fill levels can be used to smooth potential data bursts and provide the buffering necessary for drastic changes in modulation methods.
The encoder 510 includes a source input 522 and a bit rate input 524. The source input couples with a data source 442 (see
The source input 522 is coupled with the encoding device to deliver the source data. The encoding device receives the source data and encodes the source data according to the defined encoding bit rate as supplied by the bit rate allocator 516. The encoding device generates an encoded output 530 that can be supplied to a FIFO 480 and/or transmitter 452.
In step 616, a carrier signal is modulated by the encoded data signal according to a predefined modulation scheme. In some embodiments, the encoded bit stream can also be wrapped with error correction codes that add a margin of redundancy that permit correction of isolated bit and short burst errors by the receiver prior to modulation. As such, step 616 can provide error correction coding and modulate the carrier signal by the encoded, compressed and forward error correction (FEC) wrapped data according to the predefined modulation scheme for transmission over a wireless link, physical link (e.g., twisted pair, fiber optic, coaxial and the like), other links or a combinations thereof. Substantially any modulation scheme can be used depending on the data density.
In step 620, signal statistics are received from a remote device regarding the signal quality as received by the remote device. The statistics can include signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), corrections based on forward error correction (FEC), format and other content errors, and substantially any other signal quality parameters. In some embodiments, the statistics are only received when a signal quality falls below a quality threshold, when excessive errors are noted and other situations. Alternatively, the remote receiving device may simply signal the controller 312 when the signal quality drops below the quality threshold. Additionally, the statistics can be provided to the controller 312 when high or good signal quality is detected. For example, the good statistics may be provided following a period of high signal quality with a minimal or no errors indicating that there is room for additional data, which can provide a correspondingly better display and/or sound.
Some embodiments include a FIFO following the encoder (see
In step 624, it is determined if the transmission rate should and/or can be altered based on the statistics, if the number if FEC bits should be altered, and the modulation scheme should and/or can be altered. If it is determined that the transmission rate is to be altered it is further determined by how much the transmission rate is adjusted. Similarly, if it is determined that the number of FEC bits should be altered, the change in the amount of FEC bits used is also determined. For example, it is determined if additional FEC bits should be utilized to improve signal accuracy and the number of bits to be added. One example of a change in the modulation scheme can be made by changing from 256 QAM to 64 QAM. Other similar steps can be included to better optimize the transmission and eventual reception of the data signal(s). The alteration of the FEC bits and/or modulation scheme (and/or other parameters) reduces the space available for payload data in the transmission.
In step 626, it is determined if transmission parameters were altered. If transmission parameters were not altered, the process continues to step 660. If transmission parameters were altered, step 630 is entered where the changes in the amount of payload are determined. In step 632, it is determined if the change in payload is sufficient to cause a need for adjustments to the encoding bit rate. If changes are needed, step 634 is entered where an amount of change in the encoder bit rate is determined based on the changes of the amount of payload. If changes to the encoder bit rate are not needed due to the altered transmission parameters, the process continues to step 660.
In step 636, the statistical data, FIFO fill levels and/or signal quality are evaluated to determine if the bandwidth has changed from a previous bandwidth determination (e.g., the bandwidth determined in a previous frame). If the bandwidth has not changed, the process proceeds to step 660. If the bandwidth has changed, step 640 is entered where it is determined if the change in bandwidth exceeds a predefined change in bandwidth threshold (THDBW). If the change does not exceed the threshold, the process proceeds to step 660. If the change in bandwidth does exceed the change in bandwidth threshold, the process continues to step 642 where it is determined if the changed encoder bit rate determined in step 634 due to transmission changes and/or signal quality is sufficient to compensate for the change in bandwidth. If the change is sufficient the process 610 continues to step 650. If the change is not sufficient, step 644 is entered where a change is the bandwidth is determined.
In step 650 it is determined if the bandwidth is greater than or equal to a previous bandwidth and/or greater than or equal to a bandwidth threshold. If the bandwidth is not greater than or equal to the previous bandwidth and/or the bandwidth threshold, step 652 is entered where it is determined if a decrease in bandwidth is greater than a decrease bandwidth threshold. If a change in bandwidth does not exceed the decreased bandwidth threshold the process proceeds to step 654 where the bit rate is maintained at previously defined level. If it is determined in step 652 that a decreased change in bandwidth is greater than the decrease bandwidth threshold, step 656 is entered where a decreased encoder bit rate is determined according to the determined bandwidth.
If it is determined in step 650 that the bandwidth is greater than or equal to the previous bandwidth and/or the bandwidth threshold, the process continues to step 660 where it is determined if the signal quality exceeds a signal quality threshold. If the signal quality does not exceed the threshold, the process returns to step 654 to maintain the bit rate. If the signal quality is found to be greater than the signal quality threshold, step 662 is entered where it is determined if the signal quality for a predefined number of previous frames have also exceeded the signal quality threshold. If the signal qualities of the predefined number of frames have exceeded the threshold, step 664 is entered where the encoding bit rate is increased according to the determined bandwidth. If the signal quality of the predefined number of frames do not exceeded the threshold, the process returns to step 654 where the bit rate is maintained.
Following steps 654, 656 and 664, the process 610 continues to step 670 where the determined encoder bit rate is issued to an encoder where the encoder continues to encode the source signal by the determined encoding bit rate. In some embodiments, the determined bit rate is defined by a bit rate range with a target nominal bit rate and a maximum ceiling bit rate.
If the bit rate is to be changed, the process 710 continues to step 718 where an altered bit rate is retrieved and set. In step 720, the number of available bits is determined according to the encoding bit rate as defined in step 716 or 718. In step 722 it is determined if an I-frame needs to be generated. An I-frame may be generated to refresh content after a significant impact of data corruption, if a predefined number of frames have been generated, if predefined changes in source data are detected (for example, a change from one scene to another in a video signal) and the like. If an I-frame does need to be generated, the process continues to step 726 where the subject frame is encoded at the desired encoding bit rate as an I-frame. The encoded bit rate (whether adjusted or not) is sufficient to provide for the I-frame. In some embodiments, the process determines of the bit rate needs to be adjusted to provide for the I-frame. In such an instance, the process requests a bit rate adjustment and can return to step 718 to receive and set an adjusted bit rate.
If it is determined in step 722 that an I-frame does not need to be generated, step 724 is entered where it is determined if the available bits Ba exceed a defined number of bits needed to generate an I-frame Bl. If the available bits exceed the number of bits for an I-frame, step 726 is entered where the frame is encoded at the desired bit rate as an I-frame. Alternatively, if the available bits are not sufficient to encode as an I-frame, the process continues to step 730 where the frame is encoded according to the desired bit rate as defined in steps 716 or 718. In step 732, it is determined if further frames are to be encoded. If there are additional frames, the process 710 returns to step 712. If there are not, the process is halted until additional frames are received.
In some embodiments, the process 710 is implemented in an encoder. The encoder itself might check its register and/or memory for changes in desired bit rate at the beginning of every frame. This would permit a change, for example, every 33 ms when processing 30 frames-per-second data. Parameters specific internal algorithm would be adjusted to correspond to the desired rate. Some considerations may additionally be provided to accommodate those situations where the change occurs within a group of pictures (GOP) structure. Additionally and/or alternatively, some embodiments change the bit rate by adjusting the GOP structure.
While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 25, 1987
|Dec 6, 1988
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Multirate digital transmission method and device for implementing said method
|Apr 19, 1995
|Sep 24, 1996
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Data segmentation within a renegotiated bit-rate service transmission system
|Dec 22, 1994
|Apr 1, 1997
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Adaptive bit allocation for video and audio coding
|Jun 27, 1995
|Jun 10, 1997
|Nec Usa, Inc.
|Multiservices medium access control protocol for wireless ATM system
|Mar 13, 1997
|Feb 15, 2000
|8 X 8, Inc.
|Data processor having controlled scalable input data source and method thereof
|May 26, 1998
|Jul 18, 2000
|Cubic Video Technologies, Inc.
|Continuously adaptive digital video compression system and method for a web streamer
|May 21, 1999
|Mar 11, 2003
|Microsoft Corp
|Receiver-driven layered error correction multicast over heterogeneous packet networks
|Dec 5, 2001
|Jun 13, 2002
|Tomoaki Itoh
|Transmission rate control method
|PCT/US04/38578-search rpt, May. 10, 2005, Gueta and Itoh, p. 4.
|Wu et al, "Dynamic bit rate conversion in multipoint video transcoding", International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 817-821, Oct. 1999.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 2, 2003
|Sep 19, 2006
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Encoding and decoding a media signal with high and low quality versions
|Mar 17, 2005
|Feb 10, 2009
|Veraz Networks Ltd.
|Method and device for quality management in communication networks
|Jul 6, 2004
|Aug 11, 2009
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|System and method for adaptive bandwidth determination
|May 24, 2007
|Feb 16, 2010
|TrueSentry, Inc.
|Rate adaptive video transmission and synchronization system
|Aug 7, 2008
|Apr 12, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Media streaming using an index file
|Aug 7, 2008
|May 24, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Stream selection for enhanced media streaming
|Aug 1, 2006
|Jun 14, 2011
|Nvidia Corporation
|Multi-graphics processor system and method for processing content communicated over a network for display purposes
|Aug 1, 2006
|Jun 28, 2011
|Nvidia Corporation
|System and method for dynamically processing content being communicated over a network for display purposes
|Apr 21, 2004
|Sep 13, 2011
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Wireless video transmission system
|Sep 22, 2005
|Jul 10, 2012
|Netgear, Inc.
|System and method for automatic adjustment of streaming video bit rate
|Sep 30, 2008
|Sep 11, 2012
|Microsoft Corporation
|Fine-grained client-side control of scalable media delivery
|Apr 10, 2007
|Oct 30, 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|System and method for wireless communication of uncompressed video using mode changes based on channel feedback (CF)
|May 7, 2008
|Dec 4, 2012
|Microsoft Corporation
|Encoding streaming media as a high bit rate layer, a low bit rate layer, and one or more intermediate bit rate layers
|Aug 7, 2008
|Feb 5, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Media streaming with enhanced seek operation
|May 12, 2008
|Feb 19, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Optimized client side rate control and indexed file layout for streaming media
|Jul 9, 2010
|Oct 1, 2013
|LiveQoS Inc.
|System and method for achieving accelerated throughput
|Aug 12, 2011
|Dec 10, 2013
|Google Inc.
|Hybridized image encoding based on region volatility
|Feb 7, 2011
|May 6, 2014
|LivQoS Inc.
|Mechanisms to improve the transmission control protocol performance in wireless networks
|Jan 10, 2013
|Aug 26, 2014
|Microsoft Corporation
|Media streaming with enhanced seek operation
|May 16, 2008
|Sep 30, 2014
|Thomson Licensing
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Oct 28, 2014
|Thomson Licensing
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|Oct 14, 2008
|Dec 9, 2014
|Thomson Licensing
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Feb 24, 2015
|Thomson Licensing
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|Oct 30, 2012
|Jul 14, 2015
|Arris Technology, Inc.
|Algorithms for determining bitrate for a statistical multiplexing system to ensure stream alignment from encoders to the multiplexer
|Oct 31, 2014
|Jul 28, 2015
|Optis Wireless Technology, Llc
|Integrated circuit to control radio transmission process
|Jan 10, 2013
|Nov 17, 2015
|LiveQoS Inc.
|Method of improving the performance of an access network for coupling user devices to an application server
|Dec 3, 2010
|Jun 28, 2016
|LiveQoS Inc.
|System and method for achieving accelerated throughput
|Oct 14, 2008
|Aug 9, 2016
|Thomson Licensing
|Preamble for a digital television system
|Dec 29, 2005
|Nov 15, 2016
|Sony Corporation
|Apparatus and method for use in providing dynamic bit rate encoding
|Apr 21, 2004
|Aug 25, 2005
|Van Beek Petrus J.L.
|Wireless video transmission system
|Oct 2, 2003
|Feb 16, 2006
|Antonius Kalker
|Encoding and decoding a media signal
|Dec 29, 2005
|May 25, 2006
|Sony Corporation
|Apparatus and method for use in providing dynamic bit rate encoding
|Mar 17, 2005
|Nov 2, 2006
|Veraz Networks Ltd.
|Method and device for quality management in communication networks
|Sep 22, 2005
|Mar 8, 2007
|Skipjam Corp.
|System and method for automatic adjustment of streaming video bit rate
|Nov 3, 2006
|May 24, 2007
|Matthias Frey
|Direction indicator control device for vehicles
|Aug 1, 2006
|Feb 7, 2008
|Nvidia Corporation
|Multi-graphics processor system and method for processing content communicated over a network for display purposes
|Aug 1, 2006
|Feb 7, 2008
|Nvidia Corporation
|System and method for dynamically processing content being communicated over a network for display purposes
|Apr 10, 2007
|Oct 16, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
|System and method for wireless communication of uncompressed video using mode changes based on channel feedback (cf)
|May 7, 2008
|Nov 12, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Encoding streaming media as a high bit rate layer, a low bit rate layer, and one or more intermediate bit rate layers
|May 12, 2008
|Nov 12, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Optimized client side rate control and indexed file layout for streaming media
|Aug 7, 2008
|Dec 3, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Media streaming with enhanced seek operation
|Aug 7, 2008
|Dec 3, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Stream selection for enhanced media streaming
|Aug 7, 2008
|Dec 3, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Media streaming using an index file
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Microsoft Corporation
|Fine-grained client-side control of scalable media delivery
|Oct 14, 2008
|Sep 9, 2010
|Citta Richard W
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Sep 16, 2010
|Citta Richard W
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Sep 23, 2010
|Citta Richard W
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Sep 30, 2010
|Thomson Licensing, LLC
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|May 16, 2008
|Sep 30, 2010
|Citta Richard W
|Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals
|Jul 9, 2010
|Oct 28, 2010
|Ipeak Networks Incorporated
|System and method for achieving accelerated throughput
|Apr 29, 2010
|Nov 4, 2010
|Hyoung-Sik Nam
|Image driving apparatus and display apparatus including the same
|Dec 3, 2010
|May 5, 2011
|Ipeak Networks Incorporated
|System and method for achieving accelerated throughput
|Apr 29, 2011
|Aug 25, 2011
|Ipeak Networks Incorporated
|System and method for achieving accelerated throughput
|Dec 5, 2011
|Aug 9, 2012
|Ipeak Networks Incorporated
|Methods for achieving target loss ratio
|Oct 30, 2012
|Apr 24, 2014
|General Instrument Corporation
|Algorithms for determining bitrate for a statistical multiplexing system to ensure stream alignment from encoders to the multiplexer
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 12, 2003
Owner name: SONY CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNGER, ROBERT ALLAN;REEL/FRAME:014712/0374
Effective date: 20031105
Owner name: SONY ELECTRONICS INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNGER, ROBERT ALLAN;REEL/FRAME:014712/0374
Effective date: 20031105
|Sep 19, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 12, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 21, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 23, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Friday, February 27, 2015
Ruta 40, Salicas-Cafayate
Journey: Salicas – Belen – Hualfin - Santa Maria - Cafayate (350 km).
By the morning the frogs had disappeared and instead some geese were walking in the camping site.
Posted by Tarmo at 2:55 AM 0 comments
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
Park National Talampaya
Journey: Ischigualasto – Talanpaya – Villa Union – Ruta 40 (Cuesta de Miranda) – Chilecito – Londres – Salicas (369 km)
Since the year of 2000 The Talampaya National Park has belonged to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
However, to drive here around by its own is not allowed. You just have to leave your car in the parking lot, and then use specifically applied car for tourists.
No queue whatsoever .And even no waiting for the beginning of the tour. I guess I got there exactly in time and inside the bus there were only couple of free seats.
Posted by Tarmo at 2:32 AM 0 comments
Tuesday, February 10, 2015
Park National Ischigualasto
Journey: Chilecito – Patquia – Baldecitos – PN Ischigualasto (235 km).
In order to visit The Ischigualasto National Park it was necessary to drive about a few hundred kilometers southwards.
Journey: Chilecito – Patquia – Baldecitos – PN Ischigualasto (235 km).
In order to visit The Ischigualasto National Park it was necessary to drive about a few hundred kilometers southwards.
Posted by Tarmo at 2:31 AM 0 comments
Sunday, February 8, 2015
Chilecito Cable Car
07.01.2015 – 08.01.2015
Chilecito, Argentina.
The Cable Car runs through the town up to La Mejicana mines in the mountains. As such, there seems to be nothing extraordinary - as in the mountains there are often cable cars, but if you look at some of the numbers, it's getting quite interesting.
The start place is here in the town of Chilecito, but the final stop is situated 35 kilometers away at the altitude of 4400 meters, and totally there are 262 towers (not making a mistake - really two hundred and sixty-two towers), some of them up to 55 meters in height.
Posted by Tarmo at 2:31 AM 0 comments
Tuesday, January 27, 2015
07.01.2015 – 08.01.2015
The city was founded in 1715, and the original name of it was Villa Santa Rita. The current name of Chilecito (Little Chile) came from the fact that many of the miners from Chile came here to work.
The Dakar was to make a stop here , but there was no official place for onlookers and I reached there in complete darkness.
Posted by Tarmo at 1:36 AM 0 comments
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The 2015/16 champions league final beckoned on our screens on Saturday evening, with the game serving up a rather interesting match with both sides having a go at each other for 120 minutes. Real Madrid opened the scoring through Sergio Ramos in the first half after Toni Kross free kick was nodded across goal by Bale for Ramos to score. Atletico Madrid missed a penalty early in the second half but atoned for it when substitute Carrasco met a Juanfran cross to level the game, before it went to extra time and then penalties where Juanfran missed the decisive one and Cristiano scored to win the game. Here are 12 things we learnt from the game.
- It served up an entertaining game.
Real Madrid started like a house on fire going real hard at Atletico and should have been ahead in the first ten minutes but Oblak made a stunning save from a Real Madrid set piece from the right hand side, now it became a surprise how Atletico Madrid were struggling from set pieces. It wasn't until Realmadrid scored from it that Atletico tightened up. With 1-0 up at halftime, Simeone was expected to respond and he did, bringing on Carrasco and it was key as he not only scored the winning goal, he tormented Danilo all night. Both teams had the chances to win the game but it became clear in extra time both teams were waiting for penalties which they got and you can't blame them. Playing for 120 minutes is just c****.Good game all the way.
- Defence was key
It was no surprise that Atletico had conceded the least amount of goals in Europe all season and Realmadrid were marshalled by Ramos and Pepe at the back so it was more of been cautious, break as fast as possible for Atletico and cautiously commit men forward for Real madrid which was well executed by both teams. Kudos must go to both teams defensive midfielders Gabi of Atletico Madrid who made the most passes and won the most tackles in the game and Casemiro who has been key to Realmadrid's season.They both read the game well and broke play a number of times.Godin and Savic were also awesome as well as both teams full backs.
- Stop it Pepe!!!
What was Pepe doing? Very laughable play acting. He should probably be doing that in a blockbuster movie where he'd make more money not in a high caliber match. As if that with Felipe Luis wasn't enough, that with Carrasco was even more laughable. Mark Clattenburg though wasn't fouled as his expression said it all. Stop it Pepe, u're bigger than that.
- Cristiano Ronaldo and Griezmann failed to show up.
They were billed to be the star men to dazzle on the night but instead didn't dazzle on the big stage. Ronaldo has been key for Real Madrid all tournament and had even scored 16 champions league goals by the quarter final stage but failed to score since the semifinals and was even more porous in the final. He made a lot of wrong decisions and was surprisingly very peripheral all game. Same for Griezmann. He has been key for Atletico all season, dazzling in both the quarter finals against Barcelona and semifinals against Bayern Munich and was expected to be key but unfortunately, this will be one game he'd want to easily forget as he even missed a golden opportunity to equalize when presented with a penalty after Torres was fouled but missed and was peripheral all night. Big surprise by their standards.
- Torres and Benzema were even worse
The question is what has happened to these guys. Their display was just pathetic. An opta stat says Torres completed just five passes in 120 minutes!!! Now that is a definition of horrible. Benzema was even as porous and Real Madrid fans probably wouldn't have forgiven him if they had lost this game as he had a golden opportunity to double their lead, a one on one which he fluffed and minutes later, Atletico equalized. The game like i said was won on defence as both teams attack were porous all night.
- Spare a thought though for Bale and Carrasco
In a game where both teams attack were porous Bale shone and the British people were proud of him. He put in a shift in both attack and defence and had to stand up when fellow superstar Cristiano was having a mare all game. And who is Carrasco? Well, the boy is awesome, he completely took out anybody that came his way in his time on the field. Unfortunately, no other attacker from Atletico stood up to the occasion. Scored the vital equalizer and got what he deserved (a kiss from his model girlfriend) and was pumped up all night. Unlucky to be on the loosing side.
- Juanfran didn't deserve to loose the crucial penalty
There are players who you just feel for and he was unfortunate to be on the end of an event that will probably torment him for a very long time. He scored the vital penalty to send Atletico to the quarter finals against PSV after the game had ended 0-0 over two legs and was awesome all night, providing the crucial assist for the equalizer. After the game, he went over to the Atletico fans to appologise and deservedly got a standing ovation (now, how many players would do that). He didn't deserve to be in that position as he had been one of the best players all night. Come back strong lad.
- He stepped up when it mattered most though, he is Cristiano Ronaldo
He had an extremely horrible game but stepped up when it mattered most and it takes balls to do it. Atletico had just missed the fourth penalty and Real Madrid needed to score to win it and who else stepped up but the man who has one of football's biggest balls. Cristiano Ronaldo. He missed in 2008 when it almost cost Manchester United in 2008 but was fortunately relieved by a Terry miss and a Van Der Sar save from Anelka and seriously, if i was the Real Madrid coach, i wouldn't have allowed him take it but according to Ronaldo himself, he saw in a dream that he won the winning penalty and told his coach to pencil him down for the fifth which he duly dispatched. Can we now say Ronaldo is a prophet!!! Lol
- Both Keepers were horrible on penalties
What were both keepers doing on penalties? First Keylor Navas was flying like a superman and it wasn't just about flying but flying the wrong direction until the fourth which he flew the right way but didn't even save it but the ball hit the bar. Oblak was even worse, stood, probably waiting to see the direction the ball would go and when he decided to fly in the decisive penalty, he flew the wrong way. Don't keepers go through penalty save routines or the players are getting better on penalty takings? Question for the gods.
- What is Zinedine Zidane shaping up to?
He became the first French man to win the Champions league as a coach (now don't say that to an Arsenal fan) and has won it as a player, we all knew him as a very great player, one of the greatest players to ever play the round leather game, he was also an assistant to Ancelloti when Real Madrid won it in 2014 and now as a coach. WHAT AN ACHIEVEMENT. The thing about Zidane is, he took over an unhappy team from Benitez who had lost trust among his players and galvanised his players with his ideas which has made his players not only love him, but look up to him as an inspirational figure (who says relationship doesn't matter). He got his tactics spot on in this game just like he's always done this season and must be commended for what he has done this season. In my opinion, he should be given a new contract to lead this team and if he continues this way, he might be the greatest player to ever become a successful coach.
- Shoutout to Diego Simeone
Seriously, i just feel for this warrior. His spirit is unheard, unseen anywhere. It's just painful to knock out Barcelona and Bayern Munich and then loose in the final, a second final in three years to the same opponent and like he noted, he is immensely proud of his players and will consider his future and seriously, there will be nothing to consider because Atletico Madrid will definitely pull all the stops to keep him as he is adored by not just Atletico Madrid fans but also football fans worldwide. He is also not one that complains about refrees or match officials like he said after the match, he congratulated Real Madrid for winning the game and said they were deserved champions, neglecting the fact that the first goal was an offside or the fact that refrees were a bit lenient on fouls on the side. Top man.
- Individual Player score card
Real Madrid – Navas – 6.5 stood up when called upon, Carvajal – 7 was solid till he got off injured in the second half, Pepe – 6.5 stop that play acting man, Marcelo – 7.5 dude was busy all night, Ramos – 8.5 dude is a warrior, deserved man of the match. Kroos – 7 ran the midfield till he got off, Casemiro – 8 he broke up play all night, Modric – 7.5 midfield general was immense, Bale – 7, he tried to influence the game more, Ronaldo – 6, scoring the winning penalty asides, he was horrible, Benzema – 5 Simply put, he was also horrible. Isco – 6, didn't do as much, Danilo – 6, made some crucial interceptions but was run ragged all night by Carrasco, Vazquez – 6, couldn't track Carrasco for the equalizer but ran all night.
Atletico Madrid – Oblak – 7 made some crucial saves but was horrible on penalties, Juanfran – 7.5 he was immense all night asides the penalty miss, Godin – 7.5 solid as usual, Savic – 6.5, wasn't as solid but tried his best, Felipe Luis – 7, solid defensively and wasn't attackminded as usual, Gabi – 8.5, he was awesome and his penalty though, Classic. Koke – 7.5, worked hard as usual, Saul – 6.5, silent by his standards, Augusto – 6, O.K but had to be sacrificed for a more attack minded player, Griezmann – 6, wasn't influencial as usual, Torres – 5, winning the penalty asides, he was horrible, Carrasco – 8.5, he was a hand full all night. Thomas – 5.5, dude was horrible, Hernandez – 6, put in a solid shift in make-shift left back after replacing Felipe Luis


text:
Home » FASHION
Images + Post By: CLAUDIA | February 22, 20112 Comments
2 Comments »
import said:
Thanks for your posting. I would love to comment that the first thing you will need to conduct is find out if you really need credit repair. To do that you will have to get your hands on a copy of your credit file. That should never be difficult, since the government necessitates that you are allowed to receive one totally free copy of the credit report each year. You just have to inquire the right men and women. You can either browse the website with the Federal Trade Commission or perhaps contact one of the major credit agencies directly.
Loans Consolidation said:
For some reason or another, I can't see all of this article, it keeps disappearing? Are you using javascript?


text:
James' story
By the age of just 17, James had lost both parents and was homeless.
Following Government cuts to young people's benefits, demand for supported housing in Middlesborough and Stockton-on-Teesside is on the rise. Affordable housing and access to work are essential if vulnerable young people are to achieve successful futures.
We've given local charity Community Campus 87 a grant of £75,000 to convert two empty properties in Middlesborough and Stockton-on-Teesside into homes for young people at risk of becoming homeless. The young tenants will recieve support from the charity including personal development plans and opportunities to travel and experience life outside of Teesside.
Almost half of the funding will help pay the salaries of supervisors who'll train apprentices and volunteers in construction skills during the renovation of the properties.
In addition to our funding, we've recruited Lacey + Saltykov Architects to give free design advice to Community Campus to help the charity create new-build housing on empty land.
Due to be completed in March 2017, the project will provide a home and much-need support for four young people who'd otherwise be homeless. Brad, a former tenant with Community Campus told us that the charity has been like a family to him: "I can go to the office whenever there's a problem or to do activities like cooking. I can go there if I need someone to talk to and I have good relationships with everyone." Read his full story.
Could you help Community Campus bring more empty homes on Teesside back to life? Find out how to sponsor a project like this.


text:
The Justice Department is requesting a permanent injunction case against a dairy farm in Hamilton, Mich., for allegedly selling cows that had traces of antibiotics used to treat sick cattle. A veterinarian with Michigan State University, however, said that the antibiotics were unlikely to harm consumers who would eat beef from the animals.
Full Story:The Grand Rapids Press (Mich.)


text:
The Vampire Diaries Producer on Casting Justin Bieber: Pass!
He actually was not terrible on CSI, but Justin Bieber will not be extending his acting resume to include The Vampire Diaries.
The cast of this his CW show was asked about guest stars during its Comic-Con panel over the weekend and, after joking about Fabio and Taylor Swift, Nina Dobrev said Bieber had wanted to do the show. But producer Kevin Williamson made it stance on stunt-casting clear:


text:
Urogenital infections in women: can probiotics help?
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence to: Dr Gregor Reid, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, and Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario N6A 4V2 Canada; gregor{at}uwo.ca
- Received 27 January 2003
- Accepted 30 March 2003
Urogenital infections not caused by sexual transmission, namely yeast vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and urinary tract infection remain a major medical problem in terms of the number of women afflicted each year. Although antimicrobial therapy is generally effective at eradicating these infections, there is still a high incidence of recurrence. The patient's quality of life is affected and many women become frustrated by the cycle of repeated antimicrobial agents whose effectiveness is diminishing due to increasing development of microbial resistance. There is good clinical evidence to show that the intestinal and urogenital microbial flora have a central role in maintaining both the health and wellbeing of humans. Furthermore, the use of "good bacteria" to replace or augment bacterial populations is gradually achieving scientific acceptance. This application is termed probiotics: "live micro-organisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host". The role of the intestinal, vaginal, and urethral flora and probiotics in urogenital health will be the focus of this review.


text:
Ultra Wideband Communications Systems
Multiband OFDM Approach
By (author) W. Pam Siriwongpairat K. J. Ray Liu
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $199.95
Your Price: $179.95 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $20.00! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $9.00 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply, Not for Xmas
Ultra Wideband Communications Systems by W. Pam Siriwongpairat
Book DescriptionThe only book that provides full coverage of UWB multiband OFDM technology Ultra-wideband (UWB) has emerged as a technology that offers great promise to satisfy the growing demand for low-cost, high-speed digital networks. The enormous bandwidth available, the potential for high data rates, and the promise for small size and low processing power with reduced implementation cost all present a unique opportunity for UWB to become a widely adopted radio solution for future wireless home networking technology. Ultra-Wideband Communications Systems is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of the fundamental and advanced issues related to UWB technology, with a particular focus on multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (multiband OFDM). The multiband OFDM approach was a leading method in the IEEE 802.15.3astandard and has recently been standardized by ECMA International. The book also explores several major advanced state-of-the-art technologies to enhance the performance of the standardized multiband OFDM approach. Additional coverage includes: Characteristics of UWB channels An overview of UWB single-band and multiband OFDM approaches MIMO multiband OFDM Performance characterization Performance under practical considerations Differential multiband OFDM Power-controlled channel allocation Cooperative UWB multiband OFDM Complete with pointers for future research opportunities to enhance the performance of UWB multiband OFDM technology over current and future wireless networks, this is an indispensable resource for graduate students, engineers, and academic and industrial researchers involved with UWB.
Buy Ultra Wideband Communications Systems book by W. Pam Siriwongpairat from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780470074695
(233mm x 163mm x 21mm)
Pages: 230
Imprint: Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Publish Date: 28-Dec-2007
Country of Publication: United States
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Ultra Wideband Communications Systems book by W. Pam Siriwongpairat and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - W. Pam Siriwongpairat
W. Pam Siriwongpairat, PhD, is a Wireless Communications Specialist with Meteor Communications Corporation. From January to May 2006, she was a research associate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Systems Research at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her current research interests span a broad range of areas from digital signal processing to wirelesscommunications and networking, including ultra-wideband communications, space-time-frequency coding for multi-antenna communications, cross-layer design for wireless networks, communications in mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks, OFDM systems, and software-defined radio and cognitive radio technologies. K. J. Ray Liu, PhD, is Professor and Associate Chair for Graduate Studies and Research of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Maryland, College Park. Dr. Liu is the recipient of numerous honors and awards including best paper awards from IEEE Signal Processing Society (twice), IEEE Vehicular Technology Society, and EURASIP, as well as recognitions from the University of Maryland including university-level Distinguished Scholar-Teacher Award, Invention of the Year Award, and college-level Poole and Kent Company Senior Faculty Teaching Award.
Facebook Page | Twitter | Google+ | Bulletin e-Newsletter | Blog | RSS
Become a Member | Book Lists | Recently Released | Coming Soon | Fast Delivery Books
Bestselling Books: Our Current Bestsellers | Australia's Hottest 1000 Books | Bestselling Fiction | Bestselling Crime Mysteries and Thrillers | Bestselling Non Fiction Books | Bestselling Sport Books | Bestselling Gardening and Handicrafts Books | Bestselling Biographies | Bestselling Food and Drink | Bestselling History | Bestselling Travel Books | Bestselling School Textbooks & Study Guides | Bestselling Children's General Non-Fiction | Bestselling Young Adult Fiction | Bestselling Children's Fiction | Bestselling Picture Books | Top 100 US Bestsellers
For: Schools | Organisations | Libraries | Publishers | Authors | Book Clubs | Bloggers | Affiliates
About Us | Contact Us | Help Desk | Security | Privacy | Terms of Use | Copyright
Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-2pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088
© 2003-2016. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687
For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.


text:
1. Early Christian Belief in Creation and the Beliefs Sustaining the Modern Scientific Endeavor
- J. B. Stump2 and
- Alan G. Padgett3
Published Online: 19 MAR 2012
DOI: 10.1002/9781118241455.ch1
Copyright © 2012 Blackwell Publishing
Book Title
The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kaiser, C. B. (2012) Early Christian Belief in Creation and the Beliefs Sustaining the Modern Scientific Endeavor, in The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity (eds J. B. Stump and A. G. Padgett), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781118241455.ch1
Editor Information
- 2
Bethel College, Indiana, USA
- 3
Luther Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
Publication History
- Published Online: 19 MAR 2012
- Published Print: 20 APR 2012
ISBN Information
Print ISBN: 9781444335712
Online ISBN: 9781118241455
- Summary
- Chapter
- References
- Early Christian belief, beliefs and modern scientific endeavor;
- founders of modern Western science, and the Christian faith;
- creation and science, and God's word, three major alterations;
- historic matrix of modern science;
- creation in Scripture "relative autonomy" of nature;
- the Old Testament, and cosmic nation-state;
- Gregory, on human intelligence, tuned to a logic, implanted by God;
- Basil's hexaemeral sermons "work of the six days";
- Gregory to Kepler, mathematical truth in laws of the natural world;
- Christian belief in creation, and modern science, technology
This chapter contains sections titled:
The Old Testament and Second-Temple Judaism
The Autonomy of Nature: Basil of Caesarea to John Buridan
The Comprehensibility of Nature: Gregory of Nazianzus to Johannes Kepler
The Twelfth-Century Reinterpretation: Nature versus God


text:
Fine Hair
#volume / #blowout
Big hair starts here! Thicken as you blow dry. Magnificent thickening effects for fine, thin hair and anyone looking for big hair. fave4 will give it to you Twice as Thick.New Price:
#luxury / #scalp care
A pocket size (6-3/4"x2") pure boar bristle brush that has 5 rings of stiff bristle tufts. Recommended for use on fine to normal hair.New Price:
#luxury / #volume
Serge Normant Meta Lush Volumizer is a root volumizing wonder-spray that provides superior flexibility and elasticity without stiffness or flaking for ultimate styling.Old Price:
$23.00New Price:
#luxury / #sensitive hair
The Mason Pearson Sensitive Bristle Brush is in a category of it's own, specially hand-crafted and developed for those with thinning or very fine hair.New Price:
#fine hair / #thickening
For richer, fatter, plumper hair anytime use Nick Chavez Plump 'N Thick Leave-In Thickening Mist with collagen.Old Price:
$22.00New Price:
#color safe / #workable hold
Oscar Blandi Pronto Texture & Volume Spray adds instant fullness and long lasting texture.New Price:
#weightless / #anti-frizz
Embrace your natural texture and simplify your routine with fave4 Up for Air - Air Dry Cream! From the kinkiest of curls to the straightest of straights fave4 gives your hair a healthier, lived-in look without the sticky, flaky aftermath.New Price:
#fine hair / #thickening
As the answer to thinning hair in both men and women, the Hair Color Thickener will effectively cover up light to medium bald spots.New Price:
#deep conditioning / #100% natural
Rich in amino acids, proteins and botanical oils that work to increase hair flexibility, this delicately jasmine-scented conditioning mask helps nourish, detangle, regenerate and beautify thin hair. Perfect to give your hair an instant beauty boost, allowing it to regain immediate shine, softness and manageability.New Price:
#luxury / #shine
Leonor Greyl Mousse Au Lotus Volumatrice Mousse is a volumizing styling mousse that gives hair gorgeous body, hold and shine.New Price:
#old-school / #thinning hair
CHI Ionic Power Plus C-3 Energy Thickener removes free radicals while delivering active ingredients deep into the hair follicle.New Price:
#volume / #weightless
Nick Chavez Plump 'N Thick Thickening Shampoo is a unique cleanser that encourages thicker, younger-looking hair without heaviness or build-up.New Price:
#volume / #firm hold
Nick Chavez's Volumizing Extra Hold Hairspray is a volumizing styling spray with an extra strong hold.New Price:
#made in USA / #thickening
Get the appearance of a full head of hair with diCesare Thicken Hair Builder. Celebrity Stylist Michael diCesare specially developed this hair building fiber to assist the millions with hair thinning.Old Price:
$22.96New Price:
#bestselling / #thinning hair
Organin is an amazing, natural solution that instantly eliminates the appearance of baldness and thinning hair for both men and women.New Price:
#scalp care / #all-in-one
The therapy-g System Starter Kit for Chemically Treated Hair is a 45-day treatment that protects color and promotes thicker, fuller hair.Old Price:
$60.90New Price:
#stylist fav / #texture
Maxius Hairsplay is a very special multi-use hair spray and root-lift with conditioners.New Price:
#hair loss / #scalp care
Keranique Volumizing Shampoo is designed to gently deep clean and stimulate the scalp to nourish and rejuvenate the hair follicles.New Price:
#thinning hair / #keratin proteins
Keranique Volumizing Keratin Conditioner is designed specifically to help thicken and volumize thin, fine hair – without weighing the hair down like traditional heavy conditioners.New Price:
#volume / #strengthens
Leonor Greyl Tonique Vivifant Treatment is a leave-in tonic treatment used to fight appearance of hair loss.New Price:


text:
Lil Kim has sharpened her creative tools and is ready to carve out a new lane for herself this year.
Yes, that's right…her brand new body of work is on the way.
Lil Kim has sharpened her creative tools and is ready to carve out a new lane for herself this year.
Yes, that's right…her brand new body of work is on the way.
These days, a Lil Kim sighting is relatively rare.
But when the pint-sized rapper does pop up, she sure sets tongues wagging.
The Queen Bee stopped by the Funkmaster Flex Show on Hot 97 this week to reminisce on the life of lover and mentor Notorious B.I.G – who died exactly 19 years ago.
Accompanied by Maino, the femcee shared untold stories about B.I.G as well as how she coped in the aftermath of his still-unsolved murder.
More from the blonde bombshell below…
Lil Kim is in remix mode!
To celebrate the life of her late lover Biggie Smalls the Hip-Hop royal honoured the latest anniversary of his untimely passing with a remix of Drake's 'Summer Sixteen.'
Did the Queen Bee sting on a lyrical front?
Press play below to find out!
Lil Kim is on fire!
Before her release of her hotly anticipated comeback album the Brooklyn belle continues to support Diddy's throwback 'MMM' era with the help from Styles P and King Los.
This time she does by rocking out in his visual for the jam 'Auction' before the release of Diddy's final album 'No Way Out 2.'
Watch the unbreakable Kimmy in action below…
It's New Year, new music for Lil Kim.
The legendary Queen Bee hasn't had much buzz in recent years, but aims to change all of that with a stinging remix of Desiigner's 'Panda.'
Joined by Maino, Kim's remoulded version of the street anthem awaits below…
Lil Kim is no stranger to turning heads. So, it's little surprise that she sent tongues a'wagging last night as she arrived at a WE tv event.
The iconic rapper was snapped posing it up at the launch of the network's newest show 'Growing Up Hip-Hop,' which took place at Haus in New York City.
A consistent topic of debate, we imagine Notorious K.I.M will once again be at the centre of conversation after yesterday's appearance.
Whatever the case, we're here for the music. As such, we just hope the New Year sees her hold true to her promise of a new album – preferably something with more bite than the material she's been serving up since her release from prison…almost ten years ago.
Anyway, more pics below…
The 90s Hip-Hop force that is Lil' Kim is far from finished.
Following a number of legacy-tarnishing moves made during her feud with rival Nicki Minaj the entertainer now seems to have reclaimed Hip-Hop's interest in her via her 'Bad Boy' boss' Diddy's creative journey to the past.
Click here to see what we mean.
Today, fans of the Grammy-winning star will learn of news they've been waiting for since 2011's 'Black Friday.'
Watch below…


text:
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Essay:
Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal: Hospital Noise
The level of noise in a hospital is a serious issue for the nurses and the patients. Surveys have been created in an effort to determine if the noise is bothersome, what kinds of problems it causes, and whether there is anything that can be done about the noise levels. It is important not only to identify the problem, but to determine what can be done so that the problem is mitigated as much as possible. Here, the problem of noise in the hospital is discussed, and from that point the issue of how to address and correct it is brought into play. There are many ways in which noise in a hospital can be reduced, including better and heavier screens for patient privacy, signs and warnings for people to keep quiet, machines that alert in other ways as opposed to noise, and equipment adjustments that allow for less noise when being moved from place to place.
Because there are so many suggestions for noise reduction in the hospital, nurses have plenty of options they can consider when they want to make changes or work with doctors, administration, and staff in order to have a quieter environment. Additional information to be considered relates to cost. Some options for noise reduction cost much less than others, of course, and when a hospital wants to make changes and keep things quieter it may not have much money to spend in order to get the desired results. Because that is the case, hospitals must carefully consider all the options made available to them and determine if they can get grants or other help in order to take care of noise issues. When hospitals focus on the patients instead of other issues such as the bottom line, they are much more likely to provide those patients with a higher level of care and focus on how to help patients get through their hospital stay and lead better lives once they are discharged.
Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal: Noise in Hospitals
The Department of Health and Human Services Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) partnered together in developing a comprehensive survey for "Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers" known as "HCAHPS." The purpose of the survey is to collect patients' reports and perspectives that were developed while they were in the hospital. The public is encouraged to express their feelings and concerns about hospitals and to rate their hospital experience in this way. One of the specific questions that was asked on the survey was about noise. National healthcare quality surveys have found that noise in hospitals is an urgent concern. Noise level is among the physical environment factors that influence the "healing environment" of any healthcare setting (Reiling, Huges, & Murphy, 2008).
Not all patients have trouble with the level of noise that is involved with their hospital stay, but enough patients struggle with it to indicate that there is an issue for a significant percentage of patients. Because more than one survey has shown a correlation between quieter hospital stays and a better chance of faster healing. That is worth looking into, since it is much better for a patient to have a good hospital stay that is as short as possible. If the level of noise in the hospital can affect that and the patient who has a quieter environment heals faster and is able to leave sooner, it would stand to reason that hospitals, patients, and even insurance companies would be very interested in finding ways to provide quieter environments in any and all types of hospital settings.
Each and every hospital has a different way to handle things when it comes to patient complaints about noise or anything else. For the hospital that wants to do something about the issue of noise and really wants to make sure that their patients are treated properly and are comfortable during their stay, there are plenty of options. The idea of taking a survey of patients and how they feel about their stay is one of the best ways for any hospital to get true and accurate answers about areas in which they need to improve. That can help the patients, of course, but it also helps the hospital to make sure it is handling things as well as possible.
Even if a hospital is focused on making money, as is the case with many hospitals because they have to have funds in order to remain open, a hospital should also care about the patients who come through its doors. When a hospital focuses on the people and not on the money, everything else will fall into place for it. That is good news for all involved, but it can only be done if the hospital takes the time to make sure that it hears the needs of its patients.
To that end, this paper is designed to explore the problem of excessive noise in a hospital setting, most specifically in the cardiac care unit. By determining the noise level and whether that noise level is detrimental to patients, the hospital can decide how it wants to make changes and what it needs to do in order to improve patient outcomes. Not all patients are bothered by noise, but it is an issue for many people in the hospital.
Problem Identification
The problem is focused on only one hospital as a study example. The Coronary Care Unit of North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York is a 12-bed unit that has seen a 20% increase in hospital complaints about the noise level over the last three quarters of the year. This is, clearly, an issue for that hospital and something that has become more of a problem than it was in the past. From the baseline number of complaints that are generally received in that unit, the rise in complaints - and a subsequent drop in complaints once measures are taken to reduce noise - can be measured. In order to keep patients comfortable and perhaps actually improve their health and outcomes, lowering the number of complaints will be necessary and will be focus of the hospital.
Solution Statement
The Coronary Care Unit of North Shore University Hospital will implement a noise reduction protocol that will include the following evidence based (EB) elements: a. A reduction of equipment and machinery noise level, b. A reduction in the volume of staff conversations, c. A reduction of construction, trash pickup, traffic, and other exterior noises, and d. A reduction of overall hospital sounds such as food carts, other patients, and any extraneous noise not covered by a, b, and c. It is necessary to measure the noise levels of these specific areas and then to measure the noise levels once plans to reduce the noise have been implemented. That will help to provide solid feedback as to whether the noise reduction plans have been appropriate or whether other changes still need to be made.
Evidence from past studies shows that there are several areas of noise that can be reduced in a hospital (Xie, Kang, and Mills, 2009). This is important, because it gives a hospital many areas on which to focus. Not all hospitals have noise issues in all of the areas mentioned, but a hospital with even one area of noise has an area on which it can work. When these noises are reduced or eliminated as much as possible, patients heal faster, feel better, complain less, and generally get released earlier than patients who must deal with constant noise and aggravation (Xie, Kang, and Mills, 2009).
In order to make sure patients have the best chance at recovery, the hospital noise level should be kept to a minimum to allow for peace and healing - and that is especially true in cardiac patients who are often recovering from surgery or any serious medical event (Xie, Kang, and Mills, 2009). Too much noise can slow healing and raise heart rate and blood pressure. Those are all issues that should be avoided in cardiac patients, and if noise is a contributing factor to those issues the hospital must work to reduce that noise.
Project Objective and Goal
The Critical Coronary Care Unit of North Shore Hospital has launched a project to reduce the noise level in the unit, which will be measured by at least a 20% reduction in complaints marked on patients' surveys by July 1, 2013. This will compensate for the 20% increase that was seen on past surveys and will return the hospital to its baseline. From that point, the hospital can work on getting complaints lowered even further. Any changes implemented will be tracked by surveys given to patients so the value of the changes that are made can be better determined. Without success in these plans, the hospital will have to change the plans and determine what to try as an…[continue]
"Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Hospital Noise" (2012, October 18) Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/nursing-research-utilization-project-proposal-82588
"Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Hospital Noise" 18 October 2012. Web.5 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/nursing-research-utilization-project-proposal-82588>
"Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Hospital Noise", 18 October 2012, Accessed.5 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/nursing-research-utilization-project-proposal-82588
Chang Proposal - Milestone #4 [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] NR 451- Capstone Project Milestone #4: Design for Change Proposal Christopher D'Ambrose NR 451 Capstone Course Quality of patient care is a paramount concern of healthcare professionals. When nurses experience interruptions while they are working, the quality of care patients receive can be negatively impacted. Interruptions have been shown to disrupt working memory, disrupt on-duty focus, induce frustration and stress, contribute to accidents,
Jesus' Teachings, Prayer, & Christian Life "He (Jesus) Took the Bread. Giving Thanks Broke it. And gave it to his Disciples, saying, 'This is my Body, which is given to you.'" At Elevation time, during Catholic Mass, the priest establishes a mandate for Christian Living. Historically, at the Last Supper, Christ used bread and wine as a supreme metaphor for the rest of our lives. Jesus was in turmoil. He was


text:
The Leading eBooks Store Online
3,725,826 members ⚫ 1,209,635 ebooks
New to eBooks.com?Learn more
- Bestsellers - This Week
- Foreign Language Study
- Pets
- Bestsellers - Last 6 months
- Games
- Philosophy
- Archaeology
- Gardening
- Photography
- Architecture
- Graphic Books
- Poetry
- Art
- Health & Fitness
- Political Science
- Biography & Autobiography
- History
- Psychology & Psychiatry
- Body Mind & Spirit
- House & Home
- Reference
- Business & Economics
- Humor
- Religion
- Children's & Young Adult Fiction
- Juvenile Nonfiction
- Romance
- Computers
- Language Arts & Disciplines
- Science
- Crafts & Hobbies
- Law
- Science Fiction
- Current Events
- Literary Collections
- Self-Help
- Drama
- Literary Criticism
- Sex
- Education
- Literary Fiction
- Social Science
- The Environment
- Mathematics
- Sports & Recreation
- Family & Relationships
- Media
- Study Aids
- Fantasy
- Medical
- Technology
- Fiction
- Music
- Transportation
- Folklore & Mythology
- Nature
- Travel
- Food and Wine
- Performing Arts
- True Crime
- Foreign Language Books
Most popular at the top
The Fast Diet: Revised and UpdatedShort Books 2014; US$ 11.65
Is it possible to eat well, most of the time, and get slimmer and healthier as you do it?With the Fast Diet it is.Dr Mosley's Fast Diet has become the health phenomenon of our times. And for good reason. This radical approach to weight loss really is as simple as it sounds. You eat normally for five days a week, then for just two days you cut your... more...
OthelloSimon & Schuster 2015; US$ 5.99
In Othello , Shakespeare creates powerful drama from a marriage between the exotic Moor Othello and the Venetian lady Desdemona that begins with elopement and mutual devotion and ends with jealous rage and death. Shakespeare builds many differences into his hero and heroine, including race, age, and cultural background. Yet most readers and audiences... more...
Patterns of CultureHoughton Mifflin Harcourt 1973; US$ 13.73
"Unique and important . . . Patterns of Culture is a signpost on the road to a freer and more tolerant life." -- New York Times A remarkable introduction to cultural studies, Patterns of Culture is an eloquent declaration of the role of culture in shaping human life. In this fascinating work, the renowned anthropologist Ruth Benedict compares three... more...
Rebellious SpiritsElliott & Thompson 2015; US$ 13.99
A delicious history of the secret, exciting and often dangerous world of illicit spirits For as long as spirits have existed, there has been someone doing something really naughty with them: selling gin through pipes in a London back alley; standing guard on a Cornish clifftop waiting for a smuggler?s signal; or dodging bombs and shrapnel running... more...
The Woman in Cabin 10Random House 2016; US$ 18.32
THE TOP TEN BESTSELLER From the bestselling author of Richard and Judy pick, In A Dark, Dark Wood comes Ruth Ware's next compulsive page-turner 'A rollicking page-turner that reads like Agatha Christie got together with Paula Hawkins to crowdsource a really fun thriller' - Stylist This was meant to be the perfect trip. The Northern... more...
The Proper Care and Feeding of MarriageHarperCollins 2009; US$ 10.49
Dr. Laura Schlessinger reveals how to bring a marriage back from the brink of disaster. Jumping off her million-copy bestseller The Proper Care and Feeding of Husbands , Dr. Laura Schlessinger exposes the sensitive and loving truths necessary to produce and sustain a wonderfully satisfying marriage. First and foremost, men and women need to understand... more...
Building Happiness, Resilience and Motivation in AdolescentsJessica Kingsley Publishers 2012; US$ 39.95
This resource provides a complete positive psychology programme designed to promote happiness, resilience and motivation in young people aged 11?18. It contains a section on the theory of positive psychology, guidance for facilitators on delivering the programme, and a 24-session programme to build strengths and promote well-being in young people. more...
Despu�s de la infidelidadHarperCollins Espa�ol 2015; US$ 11.99
Despu�s de la infidelidad muestra como las parejas pueden sanar y crecer a partir de la desastrosa crisis de infidelidad. Proporciona respuestas a las preguntas m�s comunes acerca de como superar la infidelidad. more...
HamletSimon & Schuster 2014; US$ 5.99
Hamlet is Shakespeare?s most popular, and most puzzling, play. It follows the form of a ?revenge tragedy,? in which the hero, Hamlet, seeks vengeance against his father?s murderer, his uncle Claudius, now the king of Denmark. Much of its fascination, however, lies in its uncertainties. Among them: What is the Ghost?Hamlet?s father demanding justice,... more...
A Theology for the ChurchB&H Publishing Group 2014; US$ 54.99
Leading Baptist thinkers Daniel L. Akin, R. Albert Mohler, Jr., Paige Patterson, Mark Dever, et al. address four major issues in regard to eight Christian doctrines (revelation, God, humanity, Christ, the Holy Spirit, salvation, the Church, and last things). Revised edition. more...


text:
Watch Product Video
Claim What's Yours
A Sports Cotton Sweat Headband is the type of item that will help increase your market share. Used for sweat absorbing and designed with head sweat band, cotton towel, washable, comfortable, stretchable firmness, your imprinted brand will be shown to colleagues and business partners.
Product Detail
|Product Size:
|5 x 17 x 0 cm
|Imprint Size
|Embroidery(Can be reduce or increase)
|Imprint Method:
|5 x 17 x 0 cm
|Packing Method:
|Individually Poly Bag
|Product Features:
|Head Sweat Band, Cotton Towel, Washable, Comfortable, Stretchable Firmness
|Product Material:
FAQ | Similar Products
Ensuring A Successful Campaign
Ensuring that your direct marketing campaign is a success is easy with a Sports Cotton Sweat Headband. Ability of sweat absorbing, it will keep your company logo and brand within sight of the prospects and clients every time they use it.
A Prospecting Tool Of Quality
Increasing your chances that potential clients and prospects will receive your promotional item positively is easy with the Sports Cotton Sweat Headband. Constructed of cotton, your logo will not only get there, but it will create a positive first impression.
Creating Positive Brand Images
Representing your company above your competitors is crucial. The Sports Cotton Sweat Headband is one of the best promotional items to use in order to achieve this. With Large Size size that can be used for sweat absorbing, clients and prospects will remember you when it comes time to make a purchase.
Quality In The Spotlight
Getting your logo in front clients and prospects is important, but staying there is critical and that is where the Sports Cotton Sweat Headband excels. With Individually Poly Bag and coming in 5 x 17 x 0 cm product dimension with 6 x 3 x 0 cm imprint size that is done by Embroidery method, you are assured that your logo and company name stays in eyesight.