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Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in tracheal aspirates correlate with the development of BPD in preterm infants. Ventilation of preterm lambs increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and causes lung inflammation.
We tested the hypothesis that selective inhibitors of pro-inflammatory signaling would decrease lung inflammation induced by ventilation in preterm newborn lambs. We also examined if the variability in injury response was explained by variations in the endogenous surfactant pool size.
Date-mated preterm lambs (n = 28) were operatively delivered and mechanically ventilated to cause lung injury (tidal volume escalation to 15 mL/kg by 15 min at age). The lambs then were ventilated with 8 mL/kg tidal volume for 1 h 45 min. Groups of animals randomly received specific inhibitors for IL-8, IL-1, or NF-κB. Unventilated lambs (n = 7) were the controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung samples were used to quantify inflammation. Saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC) was measured in BALF fluid and the data were stratified based on a level of 5 μmol/kg (~8 mg/kg surfactant).
The inhibitors did not decrease the cytokine levels or inflammatory response. The inflammation increased as Sat PC pool size in BALF decreased. Ventilated lambs with a Sat PC level > 5 μmol/kg had significantly decreased markers of injury and lung inflammation compared with those lambs with < 5 μmol/kg.
Lung injury caused by high tidal volumes at birth were decreased when endogenous surfactant pool sizes were larger. Attempts to decrease inflammation by blocking IL-8, IL-1 or NF-κB were unsuccessful.
Ventilation of preterm newborn lambs initiates inflammation in the lungs [1,2]. Like preterm sheep, ventilated very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have increased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 in tracheal aspirates and these increased levels correlate with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) [3-5]. Ventilation of preterm infants with moderate respiratory distress increased plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α and decreased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [6]. Surfactant is the major variable determining the compliance of the preterm lung [7], and surfactant treatment will decrease lung injury [8]. However the initiation of ventilation at birth is a unique situation because the airways initially are airless and fluid filled, and without labor, little surfactant will have been secreted into the fetal lung fluid. The initial ventilation of the preterm lung will occur before much of the endogenous surfactant is secreted [9], potentially increasing the risk of injury in a lung that might be protected by surfactant. The initiation of ventilation at birth stretches the airways and triggers early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) activation [10]. The pro-inflammatory cascade from Egr-1 signals through NF-κB to increase cytokines and chemokines [1,10].
At a given preterm gestational age, infants have variable lung maturation because of the abnormalities associated with the preterm delivery. An argument for allowing the infant to transition to air breathing with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is that uncontrolled high tidal volume ventilation can be avoided [11]. However, many infants will require ventilation to achieve respiratory transition [12]. The variability in lung function in experimental animals at delivery is less than in humans because the pregnancies are normal and the deliveries are carefully controlled. However, in sheep fetal lung maturation is rapidly changing between 128 and 136 days gestation [13]. We used a standardized 15 min escalating tidal volume injury maneuver in preterm sheep delivered at 133-134 d gestation to test if inhibitors of IL-8, IL-1, or NF-κB would decrease injury responses. We used well described early response genes (HSP70, Egr-1) and acute phase cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1), as well as inflammatory cells, to quantify the lung injury. We also evaluated the endogenous surfactant pool size to test how this variability modulated the standardized stretch injury.
The investigations were approved by the Animal Ethics Committees of the University of Western Australia and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
Ewes at 133 d to 134 d gestation were anesthetized prior to operative delivery of lambs [2]. Following externalization of the head, an endotracheal tube was secured surgically [14]. After delivery, lambs were weighed and ventilated with heated and humidified gas with FiO2 of 0.4, rate 40 breaths/min, and inspiration time of 0.7 sec (Bournes BP200) without surfactant treatment. Lambs received ventilation without PEEP and with tidal volume (VT) targets of 8-10 mL/kg at 5 min, 12 mL/kg at 10 min, and 15 mL/kg by 15 min, followed by 1 h 45 min ventilation with a PEEP 5 cmH20 and a target PaCO2 at 50-60 mmHg. The upper limits were 40 cmH2O for PIP and 10 mL/kg for VT. VT values were measured continuously with Florian Respiratory Monitors (Acutronic Medical Systems, Switzerland). FiO2 was adjusted to maintain an oxyhemoglobin saturation between 88-95%. The ventilated lambs had umbilical arterial and venous catheters placed, and were anesthetized with Remifentanil and Propofol [14]. The animals received a FiO2 of 1.0 for 3 minutes prior to receiving a lethal dose of intravenous pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) at 2 h after birth. Unventilated controls were euthanized prior to delivery.
Lambs were randomized to selected inhibitors of inflammation (n = 7 animals/group) given prior to delivery and prior to initiating high VT ventilation. Lambs were randomized to: 1) No inhibitor - received the VT injury maneuver followed by ventilation only, 2) a NF-κB Inhibitor: Parthenolide 5 mg IV and 5 mg given intratracheally, mixed with the fetal lung fluid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 3) an IL-8 inhibitor: nicotinanilide thioglycolate methyl ester (NTME) 10 mg IV (Synthrix Biosystems, Auburn, WA), 4) the IL-1 receptor antagonist: Anikinra at doses of 100 mg IV and 100 mg intratracheally (Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA), or 5) unventilated controls. Doses and routes of administration for this pilot study were determined from prior experiments [15-17].
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the left lung was used to determine total protein content [18], saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC) and differential cell counts after cytospins [19]. Sat PC was recovered after treatment of organic solvet extracts of the BALF with osmium tetroxide by alumina column chromatography and quantified by phosphorus assay [20]. Tissue from the lung were snap frozen. Total RNA was isolated using a modified Chomzynski method, and 10 μg of total RNA was used for IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 RNAse protection assays [21,22]. The right upper lobe was inflation fixed at 30 cmH20 with 10% formalin [23], and tissue sections were used for injury scores [1]. MCP-1 protein from BALF was analyzed by sandwich ELISA using anti-ovine MCP-1 antibodies [24]. Immunostaining protocols used paraffin sections (5 μm, transverse) of formalin fixed tissues with anti-human Egr-1 1:250 dilution (Santa Cruz, USA) or anti-ovine MCP-1 1:300 (internally produced) [1,2]. For HSP70 mRNA identification in situ, digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were generated (Roche, USA) and developed per protocol [1].
All values are expressed as means ± SEM. Comparisons between intervention groups were made with two-tailed Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests, Welch t-tests, or ANOVA where appropriate. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05.
All 28 lambs survived the 2 h ventilation period. There were no differences between cord blood gas measurements, birth weights, or gender between the groups. All animals achieved the VT goal of 15 mL/kg by 15 min and animals had similar VT ventilation throughout the 2 h study (Table (Table1).1). All ventilated lambs had increased BAL inflammatory cells, total protein, and MCP-1 protein compared with unventilated controls. There were no differences in the cytokine mRNA levels for IL-1β, IL-6 or IL-8 between the untreated or the inhibitor treatment groups. The lambs at this gestational age had large differences in surfactant pool size as measured by Sat PC in the BALF. The wide variances for cytokine mRNA within each treatment group correlated with the variation of Sat PC pool sizes (Figure (Figure1).1). When analyzed in this way, the inhibitors had no effect on the injury within the limits of group sizes of 7 animals.
Lambs then were stratified into two groups based on the graphical presentations noted in Figure Figure11 into those with Sat PC levels < 5 μmol/kg in BAL (n = 18) and those with levels > 5 μmol/kg in BAL (n = 10). Unventilated control lambs had a Sat PC level of 2.0 ± 0.5 μmol/kg. All lambs had less Sat PC than the normal levels of approximately 65 μmol/kg reported for term lambs [25]. There were no differences in birth weight, gestational age, or gender ratio between lambs with Sat PC values greater or less than 5 μmol/kg (Table (Table2).2). The differences in Sat PC measured at 2 h did not significantly change the dynamic compliance during the 15 min VT injury maneuver (Table (Table2).2). Although no significant differences in VT or compliance were apparent during the 15 min stretch injury or at 30 min, lambs with Sat PC levels > 5 μmol/kg had improved ventilation, oxygenation, and compliances when ventilated with lower VT for the last hour of mechanical ventilation (Figure (Figure2).2). Lambs with Sat PC < 5 μmol/kg required a FiO2 between 0.40 to 0.53 to maintain oxygen saturations, whereas the lambs with higher Sat PC levels required a FiO2 of only 0.25 to 0.39.
All markers of lung injury were higher in animals with Sat PC levels below 5 μmol/kg in BALF than in the animals with higher Sat PC levels (Table (Table2).2). All ventilated animals had airway injury with sloughing of epithelium and inflammatory cells. Injury scoring between groups was higher in low Sat PC animals (Table (Table2).2). In situ localization of HSP70 mRNA demonstrated loss of the mRNA from bronchial epithelial cells in the ventilated animals compared with the unventilated controls and increased HSP70 mRNA in the smooth muscle surrounding the airways with ventilation (Figure 3A-C). There were no differences in HSP70 mRNA expression, representing similar airway over-expansion during ventilation. Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) surrounded the mesenchyme of the larger airways and was expressed in the medium sized conducting airways (Figure 3D-F). Egr-1 staining tended to be higher (175 vs 128 cells/high power field) in animals with lower Sat PC levels (Figure 3D-F). MCP-1 protein was localized to similar regions, but with more variation within each group (Figure 3G-I). MCP-1 protein levels in the BAL were increased 5 fold in animals with Sat PC less than 5 μmol/kg (Table (Table22).
Using a premature sheep model, we mimicked high tidal volume resuscitation with subsequent ventilation to test if several inhibitors of pro-inflammatory mediators would decrease injury. The preterm lambs had lung inflammation to 15 minutes of escalating VT ventilation and the subsequent ventilation. Although the study was designed to cause lung injury, the current preterm lambs had a similar magnitude increase in inflammatory markers to lambs ventilated with a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg and PEEP of 5 cmH20 [14]. We did not find differences in respiratory physiology or markers of injury between the ventilation only animals and those treated with inhibitors of IL-1, IL-8, or NF-κB, but there was variable injury within each treatment group. We took advantage of this variable injury to demonstrate that the amount of Sat PC in the BALF at autopsy was associated with the amount of lung inflammation and injury. There appears to be a critical surfactant threshold (approximately 5 μmol/kg in preterm lambs) for partial protection of the preterm lung from injury and inflammation caused by initiation of ventilation with high VT. However the surfactant pool size measured at 2 h did not correlate with the compliances of the animals during the initial 15 min ventilation injury.
In these studies, we attempted to inhibit important pro-inflammatory mediators of early lung injury response. Since many of the pro-inflammatory cytokines are transcribed after nuclear translocation of NF-κB, we used both IV and intra-tracheal parthenolide to block NF-kB activation in 7 lambs. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the plant Feverfew which may block NF-κB activity through inhibition of Iκ-B kinase activity [26]. The NF-kB system is active in preterm sheep and responds to intra-amniotic LPS [27]. Mice also have NF-κB activity by mid-gestation which increases near the end of gestation and in early post-natal life [28]. Mice ventilated with large VT had NF-κB activation and cytokine production similar to mice exposed to LPS, but the cytokine increases were blocked by pretreatment with dexamthasone [29]. Our previous attempts to block lung inflammation with high dose dexamethasone or hydrocortisone were unsuccessful in the setting of initiation of ventilation in preterm sheep [2]. In a newborn piglet model of RDS, animals receiving a NF-κB inhibitor had no improvement over controls [30]. Inhibition of NF-κB in mice exposed to high VT ventilation and hyperoxia blocked the additive effect of hyperoxia on volutrauma suggesting differing roles of NF-κB in stretch injury verses oxidative injury [31]. In these three animal models of acute respiratory failure and in these preterm lambs, blockade of NF-κB was unable to prevent inflammation from mechanical ventilation.
We also attempted to block two of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines that are increased with high VT ventilation. We used recombinant human IL-1ra (Anikinra) to block IL-1 signaling. rhIL-RA is used clinically for treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases and mutations ofIL-1ra result in severe systemic inflammation in early childhood [32]. We previously demonstrated that rhIL-1ra completely blocked lung inflammation from recombinant sheep IL-1 and decreased, but did not eliminate, the inflammatory response to LPS [16]. When adjusted for the amount of Sat PC in BAL, the IL-1 receptor blocker did not decrease lung injury in these lambs. We also tested nicotinanilide thioglycolate methyl ester (NTME), a CXCR2 inhibitor, to block IL-8 signaling. We previously demonstrated that NTME blocked recombinant ovine IL-8, but did not inhibitLPS induced lung inflammation in preterm sheep [15]. We found no decrease in ventilation mediated lung injury for this IL-8 inhibitor. Although drug levels were not measured in this study, we previously measured bio-availability of Anikinra and NTME in sheep [15,16]. Based on our previous results, the dosage used in the present study should have blocked IL-1 and IL-8 signaling. These studies, in combination with our previous study with postnatal corticosteroid treatment, suggest that blockade of pro-inflammatory responses to the initiation of ventilation of preterm infants will not be accomplished easily.
Previous preterm animal studies demonstrated improved ventilation with increasing endogenous surfactant pool sizes [7,19]. Base on the observation that animals with lower Sat PC levels had exponentially higher indicators of lung injury, we stratified the animals based on Sat PC level. We found animals with Sat PC levels less than < 5 μmol/kg (about 8 mg/kg surfactant based on assumption that Sat PC is 50% of the surfactant lipid pool) had significantly more injury than those with more Sat PC. These findings were similar to our previous findings that lambs with less than 1.9 μmol/kg Sat PC (3 mg/kg surfactant) had high PaCO2 on CPAP, whereas lambs with more Sat PC had normal PaCO2 levels [19]. The average surfactant pool of the term newborn sheep is approximately 100 mg/kg in BALF [25]. The average surfactant pool in group of animals with > 5 μmol/kg was about 15% of the levels reported at term. The average Sat PC pool for the lambs with < 5 μmol/kg was 2.5 μmol/kg, about 1.3 fold higher than that for lambs that previously survived on CPAP [19]. This lower effective pool size for the lambs on CPAP may result from the lack of intentional lung injury in those animals. The high VT and resultant lung injury should cause inhibition of endogenous surfactant pools [7]. In 1970, Adams found surfactant pools less than 5 mg/kg in infants who died with RDS without mechanical ventilation [33]. These lambs were date-mated and the majority of lambs (25/28) were 133 days gestation, suggesting that small variations in lung maturation at the same gestational age can affect lung injury. Small changes in endogenous surfactant levels may have larger effects on lung mechanics than larger surfactant pool size increases with surfactant treatment [7].
Small increases in the endogenous surfactant pool size could decrease the heterogeneity of lung expansion and cause a more even distribution of VT across the regions of the lung, and thus decrease focal injury [34]. Surfactant decreases surface tension and maintains FRC [35]. Since no PEEP was used during the first 15 min, the lambs with higher Sat PC may have had reduced regions of airway collapse. Newly secreted surfactant following birth is the large aggregate surfactant that has the best functional characteristics. High tidal volume ventilation can convert surfactant from surface-active large-aggregates to less surface-active surfactant forms [36] and these changes in surfactant forms proceed physiologic changes during ventilation [37]. The lambs with less surfactant in BAL may have had less functional surfactant and more surfactant inhibition, although these variables were not measured [38]. The induction of HSP70 in the smooth muscle of the airways was not changed by the amount of Sat PC, demonstrating an airway injury response with ventilation in all groups [1]. Our current analysis of injury based on surfactant pool size stresses the importance of the endogenous surfactant pool size on lung injury induced by the initiation of ventilation at birth.
A limitation of our study is the sample size (n = 7 to 8) for each intervention group. The study is thus powered to demonstrate only large differences between inhibitor groups and small differences from the inhibitors would not be detected. This variability in injury response is a limitation to studies with large animals. Another limitation of the study is the use of Sat PC levels after 2 hours of ventilation as a marker for endogenous surfactant pool size at birth. Surfactant is secreted into the airspace with the initiation of ventilation [9], such the pool size during the 15 min of tidal volume escalation would be smaller than the values measured at 2 hr. A final limitation of large animal studies is the difficulty in proving causality. We simply can correlate the results that lambs with increased surfactant pool sizes had decreased injury, as was seen with premature rabbits [13].
Small changes in the surfactant pool size correlated with large differences in lung injury and inflammation. All the preterm lambs were surfactant deficient and had ventilator induced lung injury, but a Sat PC level of > 5 μmol/kg was sufficient to reduce the injury. Stretch injury to preterm sheep lung activates multiple, over-lapping acute phase response pathways, with cytokine production and lung inflammation as potential adverse outcomes. The lung inflammation from mechanical ventilation will likely not be prevented by the inhibition of any particular pro-inflammatory cytokine or by a more global inhibition with postnatal steroids [2]. While surfactant pools may serve as a biomarker for eventual lung injury from mechanical ventilation, there is no practical way to measure the pool size prior to or shortly after resuscitation in infants. Minor changes in surfactant pool sizes, as demonstrated by this study, are important for lung injury and support the use of antenatal steroids to increase surfactant.
BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BPD: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Egr-1: Early growth response protein 1; HSP70: Heat Shock protein 70; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PEEP: Positive End Expiratory Pressure; PIP: Peak Inspiratory Pressure; Sat PC: Saturated phosphatidylcholine; VEI: Ventilator Efficiency Index; VT :Tidal Volume
The authors declare they have no competing interests to declare.
NHH did the animals studies, the molecular analysis, statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. SGK did research design, molecular analysis and manuscript development. JJP did animal care and manuscript development. IN and GRP did animal breeding and manuscript development. MI did saturation PC analysis and manuscript editing. AHJ conceived the study, participated in its design, and help draft the manuscript. All authors have read and approve the manuscript.
This work was supported by grant NIH HD-12714 (AHJ), NIH K08HL097085 (NH), a Viertel Senior Medical Research Fellowship (JJP), a NHFA/NHMRC Fellowship (GRP), the Women and Infants Research Foundation and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, NZ. The authors would like to thank Megan McAuliffe and Amy Whitescarver for their assistance in laboratory.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Via Stuff (sorry about quoting so much of your story, guys):
Judith Collins' office processed an Official Information Act request in just two days to release an email embarrassing then Serious Fraud Office head Adam Feeley in 2011.
The revelation comes as ripples from the Dirty Politics saga widened during the weekend after a series of bombshells including:
■ Collins stepped down as Justice Minister after an email handed to the prime minister's office raised questions about her involvement in what leaked emails appear to suggest was a campaign by Right-wing blogger Cameron Slater and others to undermine Feeley while he was SFO boss.
■ Prime Minister John Key confirmed there would be an inquiry into Collins's actions in relation to Feeley, with details of the inquiry to be announced today.
In October 2011, Feeley was embarrassed after emails leaked by his former prosecutor showed he had toasted the prosecution of Bridgecorp managing director Rod Petricevic with Champagne obtained from the offices of the failed finance company.
Emails obtained by Fairfax Media, alongside one released by the PM's office, appeared to show controversy over the incident was in part stoked by Slater and fellow blogger Cathy Odgers who had talked of being being paid – it appeared from the emails – by Hanover Finance's Mark Hotchin to attack the SFO.
The allegation that some insiders – most prominently Matthew Hooton – are putting around is that as-yet-unreleased documents show Collins passing on information about the prosecution to Slater, who then passed it onto Hotchin's defense team. If that's true then it will be the biggest corruption scandal in New Zealand politics for many generations (feel free to nominate contenders in the comments). It is hard to imagine that any Justice Minister would be crazy and horrible and dumb enough to do that. On the other hand, Judith Collins tenure as a Minister has mostly been about crazy, horrible dumb things. So we'll see.
Putting Collins aside for a moment, the revelation in the email released by John Key reveals some other pretty horrible stuff happening in our political-media culture. Mark Hotchin was under investigation by the Serious Fraud Office so he allegedly hired Graham, Slater and Odgers to smear the head of the office, and several senior journalists in the mainstream media are implicated in that smear campaign.
Russell Brown has an overview of what happened. Herald journalists Fran O'Sullivan and Jared Savage have published comments on the material in Slater's leaked email, and O'Sullivan is especially indignant at the suggestion she was collaborating with Slater. I guess it's just a huge coincidence that Slater wrote in a private email:
Cathy can outline her contact with Fran O'Sullivan separately. Basically though the Herald and other media are now picking up our lines that this situation is like "Caesar's Wife" where the SFO must be beyond reproach. If he nicked a bottle of wine what else has he nicked or hidden from receivers and liquidators? …
And that O'Sullivan then wrote her column entitled 'More than a storm in a champagne flute' vigorously attacking Feeley in exactly the way outlined in the email. Savage wrote six stories about the same subject. There was also a column by Deborah Hill-Cone – who bestowed Slater with his Canon award:
What does it say to his staff that it is OK to take a bottle of wine from one of the companies you are investigating? If that is OK – hey, it's only a bottle of wine – what next?
It would be nice to know what was actually going on here. Did the Herald's staff know they were collaborating in a PR smear campaign? Jared Savage wrote that it was 'naive' of him not to know that he was being manipulated by Slater and Graham. It's a shame that one of the top investigative journalists in the country is such a trusting, innocent naif. I think we're going to hear a lot of this over the next few months. 'Gee, in retrospect I was wrong to trust Cameron Slater!' But Slater hasn't exactly hidden his utter, utter loathsomeness over the years. Pretty much the only nice thing you can say about him is that he's been totally upfront about how incredibly unethical, sleazy, corrupt and hateful he is.
Journalists need to hold people like the head of the Serious Fraud Office to account. They need to source their stories, and they source those stories off people with an agenda of their own, and sometimes those sources aren't nice people, and journalists also need to keep their sources confidential – but it seems really, really wrong for people like Graham, Slater and Odgers to exploit those prerequisites of a free press to make a living conducting vendettas against public servants on behalf of the people they're investigating. And there seems to be something going on at the New Zealand Herald that makes it very easy for them to be used in these smear campaigns. I hope they try and fix it.
Update: Fran O'Sullivan wrote: My column was written b4 Slater's email which quotes my column & NZH editorial.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (Illustrated Edition) (Dodo Press)
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Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (Illustrated Edition) (Dodo Press) by Beatrix Potter
Book Description(Helen) Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) was an English author and illustrator, botanist, and conservationist, born in Kensington, London best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters such as Peter Rabbit. Educated at home by a succession of governesses, she had little opportunity to mix with other children. Potter had frogs and newts, and even a pet bat. The basis of her many projects and stories were the small animals that she smuggled into the house or observed during family holidays in Scotland and the Lake District. She was encouraged to publish her story, The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902), but she struggled to find a publisher until it was accepted when she was 36, by Frederick Warne & Co. The small book and her following works were extremely well received and she gained an independent income from the sales. Potter eventually wrote 23 books. These were published in a small format, easy for a child to hold and read. Her writing efforts abated around 1920 due to poor eyesight.
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Publish Date: 26-Oct-2007
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Steamed Chicken With Sausage and Mushrooms
Total Time
Prep 35 mins
Cook 25 mins
Chicken marinated and then steamed with Chinese sausage and mushrooms. Delicious and easy. Serve with steamed rice.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 lbs boneless chicken breasts (about 3 breasts)
- 4 teaspoons shoyu (soy sauce)
- 1 tablespoon cornstarch
- 2 teaspoons sherry wine
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- lemon pepper, to taste
- 2 garlic cloves, crushed
- 1⁄2 teaspoon ginger juice
- 4 shiitake mushrooms
- 4 Chinese sausage, thinly sliced (lup cheong)
- Cut chicken into 1-inch pieces.
- In a large bowl, mix shoyu with cornstarch, sherry, sugar, salt, pepper, garlic, and ginger juice, and marinate chicken pieces in mixture for 20-30 minutes.
- Remove stems from mushrooms; slice caps.
- Stir mushrooms and sausage in with chicken; put mixture in a steamer basket.
- In a wok, steam on rack over boiling water for 25 minutes with lid on, or place in a 9-inch glass pie plate and cover with plastic wrap, and microwave on HIGH for 13-16 minutes.
- Serve hot.
Most Helpful
This was nice. I had some trouble figuring out how to steam it, but it was easy once I figured that out. The chicken was moist. I felt like it needed more ginger or a touch of Chinese spicy mustard or something, but that might just be my taste. I served it with sticky rice and a vegetable stir fry. Thank you!


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ERIC Number: ED242894
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1982
Pages: 46
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Secondary Vocational Education in the Cincinnati Area. Great Oaks Joint Vocational School District.
Stevenson, William W.
A study examined secondary vocational education in the Great Oaks Joint Vocational School District in the Cincinnati area. During the study, researchers analyzed data pertaining to the system's vocational program and interviewed 41 individuals involved in the delivery of vocational education in the school district. Based on an analysis of data obtained from both of these sources, the researchers described the enrollment patterns and course offerings, assessed the administration and delivery, and made recommendations concerning the involvement of business and industry in vocational training in the Great Oaks Joint Vocational School District. Data from the Ohio Division of Vocational Education revealed that 38 percent of juniors and seniors were enrolled in vocational education, with an average of 13 percent of these students classified as disadvantaged. Programs for disadvantaged and handicapped students appeared to receive special emphasis in the Great Oaks system. Advisory committees also played an important role in the quality control of the Great Oaks program. The advisory committees also provided the most common type of resource person involved in the school district. To facilitate the involvement of business and industry in the district's vocational program, the researchers suggested that both school and industry supervise closely the activities of and provide recognition and rewards for outstanding advisory committees, committee members, and teachers. (MN)
Descriptors: Delivery Systems, Educational Cooperation, Educational Demand, Educational Needs, Educational Practices, Educational Quality, Educational Supply, Enrollment, Job Training, Outcomes of Education, Program Administration, Program Effectiveness, School Business Relationship, School Districts, Secondary Education, Special Needs Students, Tables (Data), Vocational Education
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
Identifiers: Great Oaks Joint Vocational School District OH
Note: Research conducted under contract with the Cincinnati Resource Development Committee. For a related document, see CE 038 670.


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As some of you may know, Susan on the Soapbox was nominated for a Clawbie (the Canadian Law Blog Awards) by ABlawg, an excellent law blog produced by my alma mater, the University of Calgary law school.
This morning while I was cleaning out the basement, I learned that the Soapbox had won a Clawbie . . . → Read More: Susan on the Soapbox: Susan on the Soapbox Wins a Clawbie!


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August 9, 2012
CONSUELO JORDAN, PLAINTIFF,v.PAUL QUANDER, ET AL., DEFENDANTS.
This matter is before the Court on the federal defendant's motion to dismiss. For the reasons discussed below, the motion will be granted.
Plaintiff, a black female, Am. Compl. ¶ 8, files this "complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief . . . for a violation of her civil rights . . . under . . . the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1866," and "under the provisions of 42 U.S.C. [§] 1983," id. ¶ 1. She names four defendants: Paul Quander, former Director of the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency ("CSOSA"),*fn1 Jasper Ormand, former Interim Director of CSOSA, *fn2 Susan Shaffer, former Director of the Pretrial Services Agency ("PSA"),*fn3 and Phillip McHugh, a Metropolitan Police Department ("MPD") officer.*fn4 Id. ¶¶ 4-7.
A. Plaintiff's Allegations
The factual allegations pertaining to plaintiff's race discrimination claim are few. Generally, plaintiff alleges that she began her employment at CSOSA in 2000 as a Pretrial Services Officer subject to a two-year period of probation, see Am. Compl. ¶ 13, that she "filed a complaint for Job discrimination and Sexual Harassment" in or about 2000 "due to Employment Discrimination [by] her former Supervisor, Michael Kainu," id. ¶ 16, and that, notwithstanding a satisfactory performance evaluation in July 2001, she was "terminated due to her race," id. ¶ 19. The complaint, even as amended, otherwise rambles incoherently. For example, plaintiff accuses defendant McHugh of "illegally hacking exams in New York City using derogatory language, sex talk, and dirty talk and raping," and of "follow[ing] plaintiff daily to get rid of her and jobs, due to job discrimination." Id. ¶ 26. In addition, she alleges that the United States Attorney General, who is not a named defendant to this action, "held hate fights against plaintiff" and "attack[ed] plaintiff because of black men receiving 15 million yearly, due to basketball in her area." Id. ¶ 27. Defendants Quander and Ormand are allegedly responsible for unspecified acts of discrimination "against [her] brother's career in professional basketball and degrees in Education that he received in New York, 1984 and his teachings." Id. ¶ 28. And the PSA allegedly is "stealing from [plaintiff's] banking accounts, TSP Plans, slipping employees in her slots, and rehiring them due to her sexual harassment claims," id. ¶ 29, and has "brought girls into the office to assault and fight plaintiff," id. ¶ 39. Another of plaintiff's allegations is that assorted defendants have copied her "complaint letters," id. ¶ 33, have "plac[ed] signs in front of [plaintiff's] home," id., and have "enter[ed her] home to perform sexual harassment and illegal discrimination," id. ¶ 34. Plaintiff demands a declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, and monetary damages. See id. at 10-11 (Prayer for Relief).
B. Defendants' Representations
In August 2000, plaintiff "filed an administrative EEO Complaint against a CSOSA official," Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss ("Defs.' Mem.") at 2, presumably her former supervisor, Michael Kainu, see Am. Compl. ¶ 16; see also Defs.' Mem., Ex. A (Decision, Jordan v. Quander, EEOC No. 100-A2-8158X (hereinafter "EEOC Decision")) at 5-7 (discussing plaintiff's unsupported assertions that she was subjected to Kainu's "bullying, victimization and harassment").
According to defendants, plaintiff was terminated on November 2, 2001, during her probationary period, because of her unsatisfactory work performance. See Defs.' Mem. at 2-3. She promptly "initiated EEO counseling on November 14, 2001, and thereafter filed a formal complaint on January 8, 2002, alleging that she had been discriminated against in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e et seq." Id., Ex. A (EEOC Decision) at 1. An administrative law judge ("ALJ") with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") considered "whether [plaintiff] was discriminated against based on her race (Black) and/or retaliated against based on prior EEO activity when she was terminated during her probationary period in November 2001," and granted the agency's motion for summary judgment without a hearing. Id., EEOC Decision at 1. Commenting that there was "overwhelming evidence of record indicat[ing] that [plaintiff] did, in fact, experience performance deficiencies," the ALJ found that plaintiff "ha[d] not placed in genuine dispute the reason articulated for her firing," that is, the "performance deficiencies" documented as to her employment as a Pretrial Services Officer. Id., EEOC Decision at 7. CSOSA issued its final agency determination ("FAD") on June 20, 2003. Id., Ex. B (Final Order, Jordan v. Quander, EEOC Case No. 100-A2-8158X, dated June 20, 2003).
C. Plaintiff's Past and Present Employment Discrimination Litigation
In September 2003, counsel filed a lawsuit on plaintiff's behalf alleging race discrimination and due process violations. Id., Ex. C (Plaintiff's Complaint for Discriminatory and Injunctive Relief, Jordan v. Quander, No. 03-cv-1926 (D.D.C. filed Sept. 16, 2003)). According to plaintiff, CSOSA terminated her because of her race, even though "similarly situated white employees were not treated the same as those individuals in [her] protected class." Id. (Complaint) ¶ 16. She also claimed to have been a permanent employee with a protected property interest in her government employment, an interest violated by CSOSA when it afforded her only the rights of a probationary employee. See id. (Complaint) ¶¶ 19-23. The Court dismissed the suit "[i]n light of [plaintiff's] stated interest not to proceed." Id., Ex. D (Minute Entry Order, Jordan v. Quander, No. 03-cv-1926 (D.D.C. filed Mar. 24, 2006)). More than a year later, plaintiff, proceeding pro se,attempted to reinstate the case; the court denied her request because she presented no "legitimate reason . . . to abjure her prior voluntary dismissal." Id., Ex. E (Order, Jordan v. Quander, No. 03-cv-1926 (D.D.C. filed May 4, 2007)). The Court instructed plaintiff that, if she "wishe[d] to once again prosecute her claims . . ., she [would] have to file a new lawsuit." Id., Ex. E. In 2005, plaintiff filed four separate lawsuits in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against CSOSA and individual employees of either CSOSA or PSA; each lawsuit was removed to this court and dismissed for plaintiff's failure to take necessary action. See Minute Order, Jordan v. Tiggs, No. 05-cv-1706 (D.D.C. filed Sept. 19, 2006) (dismissing case for failure to prosecute); Minute Entry Order, Jordan v. Quander, No. 05-cv-0281(D.D.C. filed Sept. 14, 2005) (granting Quander's motion to dismiss as conceded); Minute Order, Jordan v. Quander, No. 05-cv-1883 (D.D.C. filed Mar. 3, 2006) (granting defendant's motion to dismiss as conceded); Minute Order, Jordan v. Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, No. 05-cv-2144 (D.D.C. filed Mar. 3, 2006) (granting defendants' motion to dismiss as conceded). Undeterred, plaintiff has filed two additional lawsuits, both pending before this court. See Jordan v. Quander, Civ. No. 11-2297 (D.D.C. filed Sept. 23, 2011); Jordan v. U.S. Attorney's Office, No. 12-cv-0838 (D.D.C. filed May 23, 2012).
A. Dismissal for Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted
1. Dismissal Standard Under Rule 12(b)(6)
Defendants move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on the ground that the complaint, as amended, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See generally Defs.' Mem. at 9-19. A motion under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of the complaint. See Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). "[T]he complaint is construed liberally in the plaintiff['s] favor, and [the Court] grant[s the] plaintiff[] the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged." Kowal v. MCI Comm'cns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). The Court is "not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986).
The complaint survives a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) only if it "contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). A claim is facially plausible "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw [a] reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). A pro se complaint "must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers," Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), but it, too, "must plead 'factual matter' that permits the court to infer 'more than the mere possibility of misconduct,'" Atherton v. Dist. of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681-82 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950).
2. Plaintiff's Title VII Claims Against Quander, Ormand and Shaffer in their Individual Capacities Will Be Dismissed
Defendants argue that, under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c), the proper defendant is the current Director of CSOSA. See Defs.' Mem. at 9. The Court concurs. Title VII provides for the filing of "a civil action . . . in which civil action the head of the department, agency, or unit, as appropriate, shall be the defendant." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). In the circumstances of this case, the only proper defendant on a Title VII claim is the current Director of CSOSA. Defendants' motion to dismiss on this basis will be granted. See Hunt v. District of Columbia, No. 02-7044, 2002 WL 1997987, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 29, 2002) (per curiam) (affirming dismissal of Title VII and ADA claims against defendant in her individual capacity); Smith v. Janey, 664 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2009) ("The defendants are correct that there is no individual liability under Title VII, the ADEA or the ADA."), aff'd sub nom. Smith v. Rhee, No. 09-7100, 2010 WL 1633177 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 6, 2010) (per curiam); see also Nichols v. Agency for Int'l Dev., 18 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 1998) (dismissing Title VII action sua sponte for lack of subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiff named the agency, not the agency head, as the defendant).
3. Plaintiff's Title VII Claims Are Time-Barred*fn5
A person bringing an employment discrimination claim must file her lawsuit "[w]ithin 90 days of receipt of notice of final action taken by [an] agency . . ., or by the [EEOC] upon an appeal from a decision or order of such . . . agency, . . . on a complaint of discrimination based on race." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c); see Howard v. Gutierrez, 474 F. Supp. 2d 41, 51 (D.D.C. 2007). Ordinarily, if a plaintiff fails to file her lawsuit within this 90-day period, the suit is time-barred. See Baldwin Cnty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 149-50 (1984). "Courts apply the ninety-day time limit strictly and will dismiss a suit for missing the deadline by even one day." Wiley v. Johnson, 436 F. Supp. 2d 91, 96 (D.D.C. 2006) (citation omitted). But filing within this limitations period is not a jurisdictional requirement; instead, the 90-day period "functions like a statute of limitations and is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling." Id.; see Smith v. Holder, 806 F. Supp. 2d 59, 62 (D.D.C. 2011) ("It is well-settled that the statutory time limit for filing a lawsuit under Title VII is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.") (citations omitted); see also Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393-94 (1982). Application of equitable tolling is left to the Court's discretion, see Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 579 (D.C. Cir. 1988), and may be warranted where a plaintiff establishes "(1) that [she] has been pursuing [her] rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in [her] way." Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005). For example, equitable relief may be extended where the plaintiff has received inadequate notice of the limitations period, where the defendant's misconduct "lulled [her] into inaction," or where "the [C]court has led the plaintiff to believe she has done everything required of her." Mondy v. Sec'y of the Army, 845 F.2d 1051, 1057 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Plaintiff alone bears the burden of establishing an equitable basis for excusing her failure to file her complaint within the 90-day limitations period. See Saltz v. Lehman, 672 F.2d 207, 209 (D.C. Cir. 1982); House v. Salazar, 598 F. Supp. 2d 89, 92-93 (D.D.C. 2009).
For purposes of this discussion, the 90-day limitations period began to run on or about June 20, 2003, the date of CSOSA's FAD. Plaintiff's first lawsuit, filed on her behalf by counsel on September 16, 2003, fell within the limitations period. This civil action, however, was not filed until August 10, 2011, nearly eight years after the limitations period expired.*fn6 Plaintiff makes no mention of tolling of the limitations period, let alone a cogent argument that tolling is warranted in this case. The Court concludes that plaintiff failed to file the instant complaint timely and, therefore, the Title VII claims must be dismissed. See Gladden v. Bolden, No. 11-5279, 2012 WL 1449249, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 12, 2012) (affirming dismissal of complaint "because it was filed more than ninety days after appellant received appellee's final agency decision on appellant's administrative complaint").
4. Plaintiff Fails to State a Fifth Amendment Claim
Plaintiff alleges that her "property rights have been violated," Am. Compl. ¶ 2(b), by defendants who allegedly were "stealing from her bank accounts," id. ¶ 29, and who have "stolen credit cards, rings, bracelets, shoes, . . . pictures, cars, IRS tax deductions and . . . books," id. ¶
1. Missing from the complaint, however, is any assertion of a constitutionally protected right to any of these items or any allegation to support her claim for due process with respect to the loss of these items.
The complaint may be understood to raise a due process claim under the Fifth Amendment against CSOSA with respect to plaintiff's employment.*fn7 Plaintiff suggests an entitlement to her federal employment, for example, by alleging that she completed a year-long probationary period by August 2000, id. ¶ 11, yet "was only afforded the rights of a probationary employee," id. ¶ 1, at the time of her termination. However, the vague allegations of the complaint do not clearly articulate "a legitimate expectation, based on rules (statutes or regulations) or understandings (contracts, expressed or implied), that [plaintiff] would continue in [her] job." Hall v. Ford, 856 F.2d 255, 265 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Past employment, whether permanent or probationary, does not alone confer entitlement to continued employment. See Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 578 (1972) (acknowledging assistant professor's "abstract concern in being rehired" after completion of fixed term of one academic year, but not "a property interest sufficient to require the University authorities to give him a hearing when they declined to renew his contract of employment"). And to the extent that she claims all the rights of a permanent federal employee, her remedy, if any, would be under the Civil Service Reform Act, "codified in Title 5 of the United States Code, [which] "established a comprehensive system for reviewing personnel action taken against federal employees." Peevy v. Donahue, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, 2012 WL 699516, at *5 (D.D.C. Mar. 6, 2012) (citing United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439, 455 (1988)).
B. Dismissal for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction
1. Dismissal Standard Under Rule 12(b)(1)
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and it is presumed that "a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction." Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen. Motors Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that "[a]s a court of limited jurisdiction, we begin, and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction"). And "federal courts are without power to entertain claims otherwise within their jurisdiction if they are 'so attenuated and unsubstantial as to be absolutely devoid of merit.'"
Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 536-37 (1974) (quoting Newburyport Water Co. v. Newburyport, 193 U.S. 561, 579 (1904)). "[B]izarre conspiracy theories, any fantastic government manipulations of [a plaintiff's] will or mind, [and] any sort of supernatural intervention" are examples of "essentially fictitious" claims that warrant dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Best v. Kelly, 39 F. 3d 328, 330 (D.C. Cir. 1994). For example, unsupported allegations of an "on-going conspiracy to deprive [a plaintiff] of his right to access the courts" by hacking his personal computer, monitoring his phone calls, and tracking him via helicopter are frivolous claims, Lewis v. Bayh, 577 F. Supp. 2d 47, 54 (D.D.C. 2008), as are allegations of "various violations of [a plaintiff's] constitutional rights" and "surveillance by various government agencies and officials who are stalking her and conspiring against her," Newby v. Obama, 681 F. Supp. 2d 53, 54 (D.D.C. 2010). On a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), plaintiff bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the court has subject matter jurisdiction. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992).
2. Sovereign Immunity Bars Plaintiff's Claims for Damages Against CSOSA and Quander, Ormand and Shaffer In Their Official Capacities
Insofar as plaintiff demands damages from defendants Quander, Ormand and Shaffer in their official capacities, the doctrine of sovereign immunity bars the claim. A suit against federal officials in their official capacities is treated as if plaintiff brought her claims against the United States directly. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 (1985).
"It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction." United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983). Such consent may not be implied, but must be "unequivocally expressed." United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 33-34 (1992). Sovereign immunity extends to government agencies and to their employees where such employees are sued in their official capacities. See Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 483-86 (1994); Clark v. Library of Congress, 750 F.2d 89, 103 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ("Sovereign immunity . . . bar[s] suits for money damages against officials in their official capacity absent a specific waiver by the government.").
Plaintiff does not identify any provision by which the United States has waived its immunity with respect to her claims. "Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in nature," Meyer, 510 U.S. at 475, and absent a waiver of sovereign immunity, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff's claims for money damages against CSOSA or any of its employees sued in their official capacities. See Bourdon v. Mabus, 813 F. Supp. 2d 200, 209 (D.D.C. 2011); Partovi v. Matuszewski, 647 F. Supp. 2d 13, 18 (D.D.C. 2009).
Furthermore, "Section 1983 does not apply to federal officials acting under color of federal law." Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm'n, 429 F.3d 1098, 1104 (D.C. Cir. 1998). CSOSA is a federal entity, see D.C. Code § 24-133(a) (establishing CSOSA "within the executive branch of the Federal Government"), and defendants Quander, Ormand and Shaffer were all federal officials acting under federal law. "Because the suit against these defendants in their official capacities is treated as if it were brought against CSOSA directly, and because CSOSA is a federal government agency, § 1983 does not apply and cannot be a basis for this Court's jurisdiction." Johnson v. Williams, 699 F. Supp. 2d 159, 168 (D.D.C. 2010), aff'd sub nom. Johnson v. Fenty, No. 10-5015, 2010 WL 4340344, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 1, 2010) (per curiam); Cooper v. Johnson, 652 F. Supp. 2d 33, 38 (D.D.C. 2009) (dismissing § 1983 claims brought against CSOSA, CSOSA's Interim Director and a Community Supervision Officer sued in their official capacities).
3. Plaintiff's Remaining Claims Will Be Dismissed As Frivolous
The trial court may dismiss not only claims based on an indisputably meritless legal theory, but also claims whose factual contentions are clearly baseless. See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 328 (1989) (discussing court's authority to dismiss frivolous claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1915). Claims describing fantastic or delusional scenarios fall into the frivolous category. See id. The trial court has the discretion to decide whether a complaint is frivolous, and such finding is appropriate when the facts alleged are irrational or wholly incredible. Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 33 (1992). Furthermore, "[a] complaint may be dismissed on jurisdictional grounds when it is patently insubstantial, presenting no federal question suitable for decision." Tooley v. Napolitano, 586 F.3d 1006, 1009 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Best, 39 F.3d at 330) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). On careful review of the complaint, and its vague and unsupported allegations of harassment, threats, assaults and government surveillance, the Court concludes that the balance of plaintiff's claims must be dismissed as frivolous. See, e.g., Bickford v. Gov't of the U.S., 808 F. Supp. 2d 175, 182 (D.D.C. 2011) (concluding that plaintiff's "laundry list of wrongful acts and conclusory allegations to support her theory of a conspiracy," were "insufficient to allow the case to go forward" (citations omitted)); Curran v. Holder, 626 F. Supp. 2d 30, 34 (D.D.C. 2009) ("dismiss[ing] for lack of subject matter jurisdiction all of plaintiff's claims which are premised on a theory that defendants are conducting surveillance of her as part of a 'national security investigation' and harassing her and her family"); Richards v. Duke Univ., 480 F. Supp. 2d 222, 233 (D.D.C. 2007)).
The plaintiff's complaint, as amended, not only fails to state race discrimination and retaliation claims upon which relief can be granted, but also fails to establish this Court's subject matter jurisdiction over the remaining claims. Accordingly, the Court will grant defendants' motion to dismiss. An Order is issued separately.
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"On The Spot" Hot Seat: Madame Merunga and Biblenauts
This critique series is called the "On The Spot" Hot Seat. I will visit participants' sites on a random day and talk about how their comic/site/social media is on that day. No archive-diving and no overview. The point is to try to reinforce the importance of making every update significant.
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Wells Class page is locked.. what needs to happen before it's unlocked?
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The Wells Class page is locked because of an edit war and on the talk page, the general concensus it that one of the revisions that has been taken out should be returned. What needs to be done to get the page unlocked?


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They've just updated the hours for our trip in 3 weeks and now the park is opening at 8am. I'd love to keep checking in obsessively and see if I could get something at 7:30am or earlier (we are early risers), but I know the chances are slim.
The perk of the PPO breakfast for us was to get some great pictures, eat & be done with breakfast for a 9am opening, and start the day in Fantasyland. Now that that's not possible, I'm wondering if I should just cancel, and get a QS breakfast at our resort (Contemporary) and walk over for rope drop. For what it's worth, we're on the dining plan and the BOG breakfast would be a better use of our QS credit than at our resort.
What do you guys think?


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Kathleen Erin 'Kate' Walsh (born October 13, 1967) is an American film and television actress, currently known for her role as Dr. Addison Montgomery on the ABC dramas Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice. Walsh was born in San Jose, California, the daughter of Angela C. (Bochetto) and Joseph P. Walsh. She grew up in Tucson, Arizona. Her father was Irish, being a native of Navan in County Meath, Ireland, and mother was of Italian descent. Her mother lives in Nevada and Walsh has four older siblings. She has two sisters and two brothers, Sean and Joe, who are film-makers. Walsh graduated from Catalina Magnet High School and later studied at the University of Arizona for a while, where she got involved in regional theater. She now lives in Los Angeles.
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ABP appoints key research post
07 September 2006
The asset management arm of Dutch civil servant pension fund ABP has appointed a key official from Robeco, the â¬130bn ($167bn) funds arm of Dutch bank Rabobank, to its own research team.
Ronald Wuijster, previously director of research IRIS, the research institute of Rabobank and Robeco, has been appointed head of research at ABP investments, succeeding Rob Bauer.
Bauer has left to start up a research centre at the University of Maastricht, where he is already a professor, having previously worked part-time between there and ABP.
Wuijster joined Robeco in 1990 as portfolio manager, equities. As head of research at ABP Investments, he will lead the research department, which acts as an advisory body within the pension fund, providing insight into issues such as asset allocation.


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Erlang Factory SF Bay 2015 – Mark Anderson – Push Jobs: A Scalable Remote Execution System for Chef
When Chef needed a scalable system for remote job execution on thousands of systems simultaneously, we chose Erlang and ZeroMQ for the job. This talk will cover:
* How we applied the 'let it crash' philosophy across a system of thousands of nodes.
* The various impedance mismatches between the ZeroMQg and Erlang approaches to distributed systems.
* The various bottlenecks we hit as we scaled our system, and how we overcame them.
Talk objectives:
- To describe our experiences scaling an zeromq application written in erlang, along with our missteps and unexpected successes.
Target audience:
- Anyone who is interested in building systems with ZeroMQ and Erlang


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Treat and Treat Again (Writing Retreats for the Busy Author)
::blowing dust off the blog:: The Old Retreat Model Once upon a time, I wrote an article about writers' retreats, summarizing different types of retreats for different types of writers. The full article is now available for free on my website. I summarized my ideal retreat at the end: My ideal retreat is an intimate gathering of no more than six friends. We get together three or four times a year, for a three-day weekend at each...Read More


text: 3.1.1 ipod name bug. When I updated to 3.1.1 the name for my ipod touch got changed from mynames's ipod to ipod touch and i can't change it even when i restore. when i restore it asks me to change the name but then it goes back to ipod touch. is this because of firmware 3.1.1 or something else?


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- Photos
- Map/Street View
- Things Nearby
Call 760-729-5390 for details or visit our web site at: www.thearborscarlsbad.com for more info, pictures or to apply on-line.
| Southern California Beach Living at its Finest
Here in the coastal resort town of Carlsbad
just four blocks from the beach
| is a stunning apartment complex called The Arbors. This is Southern California beach living at it's finest
with fun
| fitness and relaxation all at your doorstep. A short stroll or bike ride takes you anywhere you want to go - the beach
quaint Carlsbad Village
| or nearby restaurants
theaters and shopping areas. Visit our web site at www.thearborscarlsbad.com for more information and pictures The Arbors Beautiful outside and in
| each totally updated unit includes everything you need to fully enjoy beach living:
- 1-3 bedroom apartments with designer-selected color schemes
- Gated community
- Gourmet kitchens and washer and dryer in each unit
- Fitness and weight rooms
- Large cabana barbecue area
- Business center with high-speed internet access
copy machine and printers.
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Interset provides a highly intelligent and accurate insider and targeted outsider threat detection solution that unlocks the power of behavioral analytics, machine learning and big data to provide the fastest, most flexible and affordable way for IT teams of all sizes to protect their intellectual property and sensitive data. Utilizing agentless data collectors, lightweight endpoint sensors, advanced behavioral analytics and an intuitive user interface, Interset provides unparalleled visibility to threats and attacks across the enterprise, enabling early attack detection and actionable forensic intelligence without false positives or white noise. Interset solutions are deployed to protect critical data across the manufacturing, life sciences, hi-tech, finance, government, aerospace & defense and securities brokerage industries. For more information, visit www.interset.com
The company is a privately funded with corporate headquarters in Ottawa, Canada and US headquarters in Irvine, CA.
Founding Date
Total Funding
Latest funding size
Time since last funding
|almost 5 years
|Anthem Venture Partners, Ontario Emerging Technologies Fund, Telesystem Ltd


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The tranquility, the fresh air and the scenery which surrounds the Harriman Fiord in Prince William Sound in Alaska, USA is one which is hard to beat. After hiking for miles, a woman stretches atop a cliff which overlooks the glacier landscape and Prince William Sound while practicing her Ashtanga Yoga.
During the summer months, many people hike throughout these trails, but very few come here to practice Ashtanga Yoga. Many athletes prefer this style of yoga as it is light on meditation but focuses more on strength and stamina. Each pose is harder than those done in other styles of yoga and it is a continuous flow of movements which can be physically demanding.
Ashtanga yoga has a lot to do with peace of mind and serenity and there is no better place to practice these skills than in a meadow overlooking the scenery of the snow covered peaks, the glacier landscape and Prince William Sound in Alaska, USA.
Model Released/ Sam Guse practices yoga in a meadow on a hillside above Harriman Fiord in Prince William Sound
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d001_949 - Ashtanga Yoga Glacier Scenery Prince William Sound Alaska


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|Key Info
Tanner's cottage is a traditional one bedroom 18th century cottage being built in 1755. The cottage is situated on the outskirts of the market town of Cockermouth, making its position convenient for either the vibrant town centre or alternatively open countryside (5 minute walk in either direction). The Kirkgate Arts Centre (300m) and the market place in Cockermouth are closest to the cottage(500m) where weekly cinema/live music and drama together with a variety of restaurants,take-a ways and pubs are respectively located .
The cottage has been renovated in recent years for modern living. eg the bathroom has a separate shower cubicle and a spa bath which is appreciated especially by walkers and cyclists. Externally there is an enclosed south facing garden to the rear of the cottage, with a covered patio area close to the back entrance of the cottage, with patio table, chairs,and BBQ. At the rear of the garden there is a secure bicycle shed and a summer house which is open between the months of June and September. To the front of the cottage there is a parking space for 1 medium sized vehicle. There is alternative parking on the main road directly opposite the cottage without restriction.
Cockermouth is situated on the north west border of the Lake District National Park, making it an ideal centre for exploring the spectacular lakeland scenery. The town is characterised by the wide variety of independent shops, pubs, restaurants and numerous cafes. Wordsworth House(birthplace of William Wordsworth and Jennings Brewery are centrally located in the town.
For walkers and cyclists, the lakes of Ennerdale water, Loweswater, Crummock, Buttermere, Wastwater, Derwent water and Bassenthwaite are all within easy reach of Tanner's Cottage. For the more adventurous walkers and climbers, there is Great Gable and Scafell Pike. The forest parks of Whinlatter together with "Go Ape" and Dodd Wood are approx 3 miles away.
Accomodation..Ground floor of Tanner's Cottage...Living/Dining room and Kitchen. Standard stairs to 1st floor. Double bedroom and bathroom with spa bath and separate shower cubicle. Bedlinen/towels and electric/gas included.
|Sleeps up to 2, 1 bedrooms
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 family bathroom
|Check in time:
|Check out time:
|Car not necessary
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Newcastle, Nearest railway: Workington (approx 6 miles from Tanners Cottage)
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
|DVD player
|Central heating, TV, CD player
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|Double Beds (1), Dining seats for 3, Lounge seats for 3
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Private garden, BBQ
|Parking, Not suitable for wheelchair users


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The Home of TV Shopping
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Spread the cost, Interest Free with Flexi-pay x2 of £25.00
Ideal World special offers are only available for a limited time, previously recorded videos may contain pricing, exclusivity claims or promotional offers that have expired.
The Spear and Jackson Hedge Trimmer blade has a 40cm length. Therefore, you are getting a focused powerful cut that also creates a professional finish.
In order to gain the optimum cutting performance, it is also advised to tilt the attachments slightly downwards, following the shape of the hedge in a sweeping motion.
1 x Spear and Jackson Hedgecutter Attachment
Your order will be dispatched within 3-5 working days. Most deliveries require someone to accept and sign for the delivery to ensure the goods are received correctly. To help you we can arrange for delivery to be made elsewhere. Click here for more information.
We hope you like your purchase, however, if you are not entirely satisfied with any item,
it can be sent back to us for a refund, provided it is returned within 14 days after delivery has been made (unless otherwise specified). Please click here for more information.
Only £49.99
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* Excludes Product Replacement Plan and postage and packing


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Distances are calculated in a straight line and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Let us help calculate the repayments on this property.Use our mortgage calculator
A beautifully presented two storey house full of charm and character within semi rural location in the Historic village of Rottingdean. Constructed circa 1920's in a Tudor style having an abundance of Oak beams, floors and doors within this character home, with gardens to three sides, additional and communal lawned garden. This mock Tudor development was believed to have been reconstructed out of old buildings said to be of Tudor period. It is arranged as seven houses around a communal central courtyard garden with an adjacent garaging area of a similar period construction. No 1 Tudor Close is considered to be one of the largeest homes and is offered in excellent decorative order having been extremely well maintained by the present owners. Having modern day conveniences within period style property, with oak front door opening to entrance hallway the ground floor accommodation comprises of an "L" shaped drawing room with westerly window to garden and Southerly window to inner courtyard and an attractive feature brick fireplace with hand crafted plaque coal effect fire within A dining room with window to courtyard and oak feature brick fireplace with hand craft plaque, with inset coal effect fire and a modern style fitted kitchen/breakfast room with integrated appliances. There is an addition small utility area for laundry, cloakroom and TV room. The first floor accommodation comprises of master bedroom with recessed brick fireplace and built in wardrobe, the second bedroom with door to the en-suite shower room and the third bedroom with built in wardrobe/storage and a modern style family bathroom.
The outside area runs on three side of the property with screen garden being well stocked with plants and shrubs. Paved terrace suitable for alfresco dining overlooking the communal courtyard. Garage accessed via the garage compound and outside garden store with light and power.
Grade II Tudor style cottage
three bedrooms
three reception room
two bathrooms
kitchen/breakfast room
private gardens
communal gardens
an abundance period features
outdoor flint store
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate


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Brainy escape 10
Brainy escape 10 game information:
1051st-Brainy escape 10 is an interesting point and click type new room escape game developed by Ena games for free. Dream up a situation that you are working in police department. One day, you got a call from an informer that a scientist has been kidnapped and kept in the house at an interior forest. Since it was an interior forest you could have the chance of seeing some abnormal creatures, which makes this game more interesting.
As a policeman, it is your responsibility to rescue the scientist. This could be achievable only if you have determination. As you are the possess good problem solving techniques, surely you will find the necessary objects to solve the puzzles to release him. Have greater Excitement and Fun by playing new escape games daily. Good Luck and Best Wishes from escape Games.
How to play:
Mouse Interaction.
Add this game to your website or blog!
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text: Can anybody point me in the right direction. My 2.1 ipod 2g is jailbroken and I would like to upgrade to 3.0> I know I have to download the 3.0 fw and jailbreak again. What are the best ways to do this and what about itunes? Can I install 9.1 or do I have to use another version?


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Large Studio Apartment by Central Park(37 Reviews)
The owner has been emailed.
To book this property, you need to complete your booking through checkout on the VRBO website. We can't protect your payment if we don't know you've booked through us. Learn more
- Minimum stay:7 nights
- Sleeps:4
- Bedrooms:1
- Bathrooms:1
- Property type:Apartment
- Internet:Yes
- Pets considered:Yes
- Wheel chair accessible:N/A
About the Property
Apartment, 1 Bedroom, 1 Bath, (Sleeps 2-4)
Large Studio Apartment on a quiet block next to central Park. Fully furnished. Full Kitchen and bath, with wireless Internet Access, Telephone service and Flat screen cable TV. Subway on Corner.
Keywords: Apartment
When you're ready to book, here are some tips to keep in mind.
Paying with a credit card on VRBO protects your payment for up to $10,000 against listing fraud. We recommend completing your booking on VRBO.Verify your payment method
Member since: 2010
Property Type
- Apartment
- 650 sq. ft.
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Children Welcome
- Pets Considered
- DVD Player
- Satellite / Cable
- Television
- Budget
- Family
- Cinemas
- Live Theater
- Museums
- Restaurants
Leisure Activities
- Shopping
- Sight Seeing
- Air Conditioning
- Basic Soaps
- Fireplace
- Hair Dryer
- Internet
- Linens Provided
- Sofa Bed
- Telephone
- Wireless Internet
- 4 Ring Stove
- Coffee Maker
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Oven
- Refrigerator
- Stove
- Toaster
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
7 night min stay
Additional information about rental rates
- cleaning fee $50
- Taxes Not included
Owner's cancellation policy:
100% refund if canceled at least 60 days before arrival date.
Don't forget your vacation protection! Get protected now
Adding our Vacation Protection services can make sure your getaway goes smoothly, no matter what. We offer Cancellation Protection and Damage Protection so you can truly relax.
Owner info
Contact us
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- Primary: +
- Click Here to see All My Rental Listings
This listing was first published here in 2010.
Date last modified - Wednesday, December 07, 2016
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Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
Action - Semi-Auto
Action Type - Double Action
Caliber - .45 ACP
Barrel Length - 3-3/4"
Weight - 2.0 Lbs.
The Stoeger Cougar double-action, auto-loading pistol is a perfect choice for defense, with no-nonsense, rugged performance you can rely on when it matters most. With the finest technology and proven features, the compact Cougar delivers excellent accuracy and manageable recoil. The barrel rotates to lock with the slide, for added strength and accuracy when lives are on the line. Stoeger's standard, quick-read, three-dot sight system is designed for fast target acquisition. The ambidextrous safety and decocking lever is easily accessible to the thumb of a right-handed or left-handed shooter. The Cougar's rounded edges provide snag-free drawing, a plus when every moment counts. This double-action pistol features a front mounting rail, fixed 3-dot sights, and an ambidextrous safety with a decocking lever and includes three 8-round magazines and the original factory hard case. Its grips, metal, and bore are all in excellent condition.


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Sharpie® SmearBlock™ Gel Highlighter Display Assortment; Color: Multi; (model SN1818025D), price per each
Product description
|Product weight:
|5.90 lbs
|Product dimension:
|13.3" x 11.25" x 7.25"
This product is shipped from our warehouse in Bloomfield, CT, USA.
This product is brand new and includes the manufacturer's warranty, so you can buy with confidence.
Actual color and texture may vary, use as a guide only.
A 25% Handling Charge is levied against all authorized returns except those due to our error. Unauthorized returns are subject to a 40% Handling Charge. Damages & defects must be reported to us within 7 days.
Please submit your product question using this form. All fields are required.
|Detailed images


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Introduction to Skydiving
Skydiving - known also as parachuting - is a multi-discipline extreme sport that is getting very popular in the last few years. Almost all the disciplines involve a parachute jump of some kind even if it's used only at the landing time.
In this hub I'll present you the main types of skydiving disciplines, what does it take to start skydiving, how safe it is and what equipment you are going to need.
Don't worry, I'll be short!
What Are The Disciplines In Skydiving
The number of disciplines in skydiving is growing all the time. There are many jumpers who don't want to practice any specific discipline and that's just fine. Skydiving is to have fun with, not to feel like on competition.
However I'm sure you'd like to know shortly some of the most popular disciplines:
- Accuracy landing
- Style
- Free style (nothing in common with Style)
- Formation skydiving
- Base jumping
- Free Fly
- Wingsuit Base Jumping - absolutely insane stuff :)
- and more!
I am sure you can find information for at least 10 other types of skydiving.
What Equipment Do You Need
If you plan to do parachute jumps regularly, you need to think about your parachuting equipment. Don't rush into buying the most expensive one, it's not always the best. But don't underestimate the equipment either - although equipment failure is very rare reason for skydiving fatalities, I wouldn't advice you to take risks in that. Here is what gear you may need:
- A helmet - very important!
- Parachutes - impossible to jump without one :)
- Harness and container
- AAD and altimeter - optional but very good
- Jumpsuit - optional
Of course there are hundreds of other tools, clothes and gadges you may decide to obtain - it's up to you.
Is Skydiving Safe?
Skydiving is classified as an extreme sport. Being such, it can't be as safe as sitting at home and watching TV (It's maybe safer long term, because watching TV isn't good for your physical and mental health at all!).
Seriously, skydiving has some risks, and there are fatalities in skydiving. But statistically they are less than the fatalities in street traffic. So if you are afraid to jump with a parachute, do you also avoid getting out of home?
Don't close your eyes for the risks, but don't let the fear paralyze you. If you want to make a parachute jump, you should take the required security measures and go ahead. At least this is how I see it.
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Comments 1 comment
Can i make an ammendment please? If you "plan" to jump regularly you certainly aren't ready to be thinking about your own equipment! You need to be licensed before you can get your own stuff (apart from things like goggles and gloves. And it's adviseable to use your clubs rigs until you've downsized to about a 170 canopy. Most people start out on a 280 or 260 canopy. You can downsize fairly soon after you're licensed but only to for example a 220/210. This canopy size is basically just used for people in a transitional period. You'll only be doing 20-50 jumps on it before you downsize to a 190 or 170. What is the point in buying a rig for that few jumps? Your own rig is something you grow to love and become familiar with. It's not worth splashing out on one as soon as you're licensed just so you can say you have one.


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from £0 / night help Price for guests, Nights
Nova Mirage – Home 1106663 Condo
- 1 bedroom
- 2 sleeps
- min stay varies
Nova Mirage – Home 1106663
- Condo
- 1 bedroom
- 2 sleeps
- min stay varies
Condo / 1 bedroom / 1 bathroom / sleeps 2
Key Info
- Beach / lakeside relaxation
- Swimming pool
- Child friendly
- Car advised
- Air conditioning
- No pets allowed
Description from owner
The studio is located on the 4th Floor and is fully furnished with modern design and nice furnitures. European kitchens with granite surfaces, luxury bathroom, spacious living rooms with air-conditioning, Outside there is balcony with ocean views and balcony furniture.
2 swimming pools, fitness center, covered parking, across the street from the beach and close to public transportation. 2 mins walk to Wong Amat Beach, 5 minutes drive from Beach Road (Dolphin island). 5min (by car) from Pattaya city center.
The Chonburi Province region
Nova Mirage Luxury Sea View Condos At Wong Amat Beach. 5 minutes walking distance to a various of bars and nice restaurants.
Convenience stores and 5-star hotel is just next to the condo.
Relaxing and quite suburb area in Pattaya
- Great for children of all ages
- No pets allowed
- High chair available
Bed & bathroom
- 1 Double Bed
- 1 Shower room
- Air conditioning
- Shared outdoor pool (unheated)
- Children's pool
- Shared garden
- Balcony or terrace
- Sea view
- Fireplace
- Safe
- Table tennis
- Cooker
- Fridge
- Microwave
- High chair available
- Linen provided
- Towels provided
More Less
- Parking
- Secure parking
- Lift access
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Payment
- This rental can only be paid for online through Holiday Lettings using your credit/debit card or PayPal (never by bank or wire transfer).
- Smoking
- No smoking at this property
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
About the owner
Shirley T
- Response rate:
- 50%
- Calendar updated::
- 29 Jun 2014
Languages spoken: English
This Condo has 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom and sleeps 2. It's been listed on Holiday Lettings since 07 Nov 2013. Located in Chonburi Province, the average weekly rate is £0.
The Owner has a response rate of 50% and the property's calendar was last updated on 29 Jun 2014.
Map and how to get there
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This holiday home hasn't got any reviews yet. The average rating on Holiday Lettings is four out of five. This place could be newly added or perhaps it's a well kept secret. Either way, it's time to reveal all.
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This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.


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new products
Marrakesh Bed in a Floral Damask In a delightful floral damask, the Marrakesh Bed creates a playfully chic atmosphere. It would be difficult to wake up in a bad mood in this happy bed. A myriad of colors in an enthusiastic pattern makes for a showstopping piece which is sure to put a smile … Continue reading new products
mad about malachite
MALACHITE: Named after the Greek word "mallow" for a green herb; Malachite is believed to be a protective stone and is referred to as 'the mirror of the soul'; It can often be found with Azurite THE MALACHITE INTERIOR DESIGN INSPIRATION: Legendary Hollywood designer Tony Duquette's impressive Dawnridge Beverly Hills estate. The maximalism … Continue reading mad about malachite
rock the casbah
Borrowing from traditional Moroccan furniture styles, but adding a decidedly modern spin, our Modern Moroccan collection is the perfect addition to spice up your decor. Vibrant colors, repeating geometric motifs, metal details, and luxurious seating perfect for lazing about are all characteristics of this collection which will make you feel as though you've been transported … Continue reading rock the casbah
new products
Marrakesh Credenza in Gloss Pink Spice up your decor with a piece from our Modern Moroccan collection. In a festive pink, the Marrakesh Credenza is sure to bring an element of cultural expression and exotic flavor into your life. Quatrefoil motifs and brass fixtures are evocative of traditional Moroccan design, but are reinterpreted here with … Continue reading new products
you were born an original
You were born an original – why should your furniture be any less? Our Riviera Wing Chair in the Zig Zag Fabric sets the scene for decor that stands alone. The graphic black and white chevron print pairs nicely with a pop of yellow accents. Be daring with our Chesterfield Headboard in Faux Black Leather. … Continue reading you were born an original


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Delivery Information
Spend $200 & get free delivery to most of Australia
Click here for all Australian freight rates
- Melbourne 1-2 working days
- Sydney 1-2 working days
- Brisbane 3-4 working days
- Adelaide 4-5 working days
- Perth 5-10 working days
For express service, call 1800 069 295 for a quote.
International deliveries click here We cannot ship to all countries.
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2010 Spy Valley Pinot Gris
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- Cellar Drink Now - 2 years (2011-2013)
- Closure: Screw Cap
Bright deep straw colour with pale gold edges and pale straw hue. The nose is quite restrained at first but opens up to reveal scents of ripe pear, lychee, musk and spice. Full and rich the palate displays mouthfilling flavours of ripe pear, tropical fruits and musk followed by a touch of honeycomb and a spicy back palate. Clean finish with medium to long aftertaste of ripe pear, honeysuckle and spice.
Drink over the next 2 years (2011-2013).
Alc 14.0%