text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 1980
|Filing date
|Mar 9, 1978
|Priority date
|Mar 11, 1977
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Serge Drabowitch, Bernard Daveau
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (6), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Our present invention relates to an array antenna and in particular to an antenna which is nondispersive and small in size. By "nondispersive array antenna" is meant an antenna in which the direction of maximum radiation is virtually independent of frequency. Our invention also relates to an expansion of such an antenna into an electronically scanning antenna structure.
Array antennas are known which have the characteristic of being nondispersive. In this context we may mention the so-called "candlestick" array antenna in which a first-stage supply channel branches into second-stage supply channels which in turn are branched until a final stage is reached where all the supply channels so obtained are connected to radiating elements acting as individual feeds. Such an antenna structure, which contains a number of Magic Tees or dividers, is complex and bulky as well as, in many instances, heavy and expensive.
Another previously proposed structure for nondispersive antennas contains a supply guide working, via directional couplers, into guides supplying the individual feeds, the assembly being such that the electrical lengths of the supply circuits for the individual feeds are all the same.
This antenna structure, although less bulky than the first-mentioned one, is still rather complicated from the point of view of mechanical construction, especially if the number of individual feeds is high (of the order of a hundred).
Other kinds of nondispersive attennas may also be mentioned, in particular active lenses and reflector arrays which are supplied through free space from a single primary feed. However, such antennas have the disadvantage that their longitudinal dimensions are equal to the focal length of the system, which is considerable. Moreover, there is a danger of the primary radiation spilling over the periphery of the array, which may produce undesirable diffuse radiation.
The object of our invention is to provide a nondispersive array-type antenna structure which does not suffer from the disadvantages set forth above and which combines the advantages of supply through guides and through free space.
Our improved antenna comprises a primary and a secondary radiator array including an acute angle α with each other in a plane of radiation in which high-frequency waves fed by a source to the primary array pass from the latter to the secondary array. The primary array, pursuant to our present invention, is formed from at least one row of elemental radiators, specifically slots of a waveguide with an input end connected to the source, the waves issuing from the slots passing to the secondary array at a frequency-dependent angle θ to a line perpendicular to the waveguide. The secondary array is formed from a multiplicity of elemental radiation receivers and a like multiplicity of elemental radiation emitters disposed back-to-back in at least one pair of parallel rows, the radiation receivers facing the primary array and being linked with respective radiation emitters proximal thereto by coupling means introducing predetermined phase shifts between incoming and outgoing radiation. These phase shifts are so chosen as to compensate for the phase displacement undergone along the two arrays by the waves passing in the plane of radiation from the elemental radiators of the primary array to the radiation receivers of the secondary array whereby the latter generates an outgoing beam with a wavefront paralleling the row of radiation emitters thereof.
In accordance with another feature of our invention, the radiation emitters of the secondary array are helices with mutually parallel axes. The coupling means linking these helices with the associated radiation receivers, which are advantageously constituted by dipoles, then comprises mountings enabling a rotation of the helices about their axes so that their relative angular positions introduce the desired phase shifts.
With the primary array comprising a slotted waveguide as stated above, the nondispersive character of the antenna is assured by relating the acute angle α to the frequency-dependent angle θ0, given for a particular reference frequency f0, by the formula α≈(π/4)-(θ0 /2); as will become apparent hereinafter, that relationship applies when the reference frequency f0 is remote from the cutoff frequency of the waveguide.
These and other features of our invention will become apparent from the following description given with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of one embodiment of an antenna according to our invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph serving to explain the theory of the antenna;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of our invention; and
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a further embodiment with two-dimensional radiator arrays.
FIG. 1 shows, in diagrammatic form, an embodiment of an array antenna according to our invention. This antenna comprises a first or primary linear array 1, of dispersive character, which may be a simple slotted guide fed from one end 2, the other end being closed by an absorbent load 3. A secondary linear array 4 is arranged with its major dimension including an acute angle α with the primary array. In the embodiment here considered, this secondary array is double-faced, having an inner face turned toward the primary array 1 and an outer face confronting the space irradiated by the array antenna so constituted. The inner and outer faces are formed by radiating elements 5 and 6 of the horn type. Aligned radiators 5 and 6 on the inner and outer faces are interconnected by respective fixed phase shifters 7. In the case of horns it will be apparent that the polarization of the radiated wave is linear. In cases where the polarization of the radiation is circular, the outer face is advantageously formed by helics or coils (see FIG. 3) whose angular setting produces the requisite fixed phase shift, thus allowing the phase shifters 7 to be dispensed with.
As regards the operation of such a nondispersive array antenna, we have found that, when fed with a traveling wave at its input end 2, the primary array 1 radiates a planar wave whose direction of propagation varies with frequency. This wave impinges on the inner face of the secondary array 4 at an acute angle of incidence and in the fixed phase shifters 7 undergoes a phase shift which varies linearly from the first phase shifter to the last, with the result that the direction of radiation of the wave emitted by the secondary array is perpendicular to the major faces of this array. The phase shift to which the wave feeding the secondary array is subjected thus has the effect of compensating for the phase variation caused by the oblique impingement of the primary radiated wave on the secondary array, and thus of producing a planar wavefront in the output of the secondary array.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the primary array 1 is advantageously a slotted guide whose slots are arranged in the large or the small side of the guide depending on whether the polarization of the wave is in the plane of the two arrays or perpendicular to it.
As regards the secondary array 4, it may thus be considered equivalent to a prism whose inherent dispersivity cancels out that of the primary array. From this viewpoint the nondispersive array according to the invention may be termed a prism-array antenna.
The foregoing description shows that in defining a prism-array antenna according to the invention a choice has to be made as to the frequency and phase of the wave feeding the primary array. Nor is the choice of the angle α between the two linear arrays 1 and 4 immaterial. It is dictated by the possibility of finding points, distributed along a straight line including a certain angle with the primary array, where the phase is steady with respect to frequency. If such a straight line or lines exist, an array situated on one of them will be fed with a constant phase and, if the array radiates in a direction which is perpendicular to it, it will be nondispersive. It may be mentioned that under these conditions the phase shifters 7 need to be fixed and to create a linear overall characteristic.
FIG. 2 is a graph which provides a mathematical approach to demonstrate that standing phase lines exist in the radiating near-field region of a primary array such as radiator assembly 1.
In this Figure, points on the dispersive linear array are plotted along an axis x. This dispersive array is assumed to radiate into a planar space xz where axis z is a line normal to the array. We further assume that the array radiates, at a frequency f0, a planar wave in the direction of a vector u whose position is identified by its angle θ0 included with the normal line z.
The dispersivity of this array, that is to say the ability which it has to radiate in a direction other than that identified by the angle θ0, is a function of the wave number K=2π/λ.
In the case of a point M(x,z) in the planar space xz here considered, the planar wave radiated to that point is characterized, for a given polarization, by the scalar function
Ψ(M)=eiφ(K,x,z) with φ(K,x,z)=K(OM, u)=K(x�sinθ+z�cosθ). (1)
It will be shown that straight lines D, of gradient tanα, exist in the plane of radiation xz in which the phase is steady with respect to K, that is, with respect to frequency. An array located on such a straight line will be fed with a constant phase. The array will thus be nondispersive if it radiates perpendicularly to its plane.
The equation for such a straight line D is: z=x�tanα
Equation (1) assumes the form: ##EQU1##
The fact that the phase is steady along this straight line is expressed by the partial differential of equation (2) with respect to the wave number K, the result of which is expressed as: ##EQU2##
If it is assumed that the index 0 characterizes the reference frequency, the resulting straight line D is defined by an angle α such that ##EQU3##
This condition can be stated precisely in the case of a primary array formed by a slotted waveguide fed with a traveling wave. If Φ(x) is the phase characteristic along the array of length a, the phase difference between its ends is related to the possible directions of radiation by an equation of the form:
Φ(a)-φ(0)=Kg a+nπ=K�a�sinθ(4)
where n is a whole number and Kg is the number of the guided wave, i.e. Kg =2π/λg.
If equation (4) is differentiated, the dispersivity of the array can be defined as follows:
dKg =K�cosθ�dθ+sinθ�dK (5)
It is known that the guided wave is characterized by the expression Kg 2 +Kc 2 =K2, in which Kc is the cutoff wave number given by Kc =2π/λc.
As a result: Kg dKg =KdK.
This latter expression is inserted in equation (5), which becomes: ##EQU4##
This expression may be compared with expression (3) which was obtained for the general case, yielding: ##EQU5## which gives values for angle α as a function of the direction of radiation θ0 from the primary array at a frequency f0.
If, for convenience, the angle β included by the straight line D with the direction of radiation from the primary array is introduced, i.e. ##EQU6##
From a knowledge of the angle θ0 of the radiation from the primary array relative to a normal to that array it is possible, by using formulae (7) and (8), to determine the angles α and β, and also to determine the number of slots in the guide forming the primary array and to define the complete structure of the array antenna according to our invention.
To give a numerical example, the angle θ0 may be equal to 30�. Since the wave numbers Kg and K are substantially the same when Kc >Kg, the above-mentioned equations (7) and (8) give β≈α=30�. More generally, equation (7) yields α≈β≈(π/4)-(θ0 /2). If the slots in the guide are positioned on its small side with alternating inclinations, the pitch p of the slots is such that: ##EQU7## In the example selected: ##EQU8##
Assuming that the length L of the secondary array is of the order of 40 λ, the length of the primary array will be: ##EQU9##
The number of slots in the primary array will thus be:
In FIG. 2 we have shown successive wavefronts P1, P2, P3 and P4 for the selected frequency f0. The distance between these wavefronts is equal to the corresponding wavelength λ0. It may be mentioned that if the frequency of the traveling wave which feeds the slotted guide positioned on axis x changes, the angle θ being thus incremented by dθ, the successive wavefronts P'1, P'2, P'3 and P'4 for the new selected frequency turn about points on the constant-phase line D. The wave which is then propagated between the primary and secondary arrays has a modified angle of incidence on the secondary array. A suitable adjustment of the phase shift at the array enables the radiation from the secondary array to retain its nondispersivity.
FIG. 3 shows an array antenna which conforms to the results given above. Present is the primary array 1, which is formed by a slotted guide with p representing the pitch of the slots which are formed over a length a. The primary array is fed with a traveling wave at end 2, the other end being again closed by an absorbent load 3. The secondary array 4 is formed by a number of helices 14 whose inputs are dipoles 15 facing the slotted guide 1. The use of helices as outwardly radiating elements makes it possible to dispense with a fixed phase-shifting stage, the requisite phase shift being obtainable by adjusting the orientation of the helices. Angle α is of the order of 30�, as is also the angle θ which indicates the direction of radiation of the wave emitted from guide 1.
The third side of the triangle having its other two sides defined by the arrays 1 and 4 is formed by an absorbent panel 8. This panel prevents waves from spilling outside the system and ensures that the assembly is more rigid mechanically. Such an embodiment has the advantage in the case of an electronically scanning antenna that the panel 8 absorbs reflected radiation, which is related to the active reflection coefficient of the arrays, as defined for example in the book "Microwave Scanning Antennas" by R. C. Hansen, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York and London, 1966, page 306. Also shown in FIG. 3 are the quasi-Gaussian illumination patterns R1 and R2 of the primary and secondary arrays, respectively.
In the foregoing discussion we have shown that it is possible to produce a nondispersive prism-array antenna according to the invention and that a secondary array positioned on the straight line D defined above does in fact generate a planar wave with the phase of the electrical field steady, this secondary array being sited in the so-called radiating near-field region of the primary array. It may be mentioned that it is therefore desirable that the illumination by the primary array be Gaussian or Gaussian-derived. The field radiated by the primary and secondary arrays remains Gaussian in principle, thus assisting, inter alia, in achieving low side-lobe levels.
It should be mentioned that the Gaussian illumination pattern is an ideal pattern but can be sufficiently closely approached for the antenna according to our invention to be nondispersive to a good second-order approximation. A calculation can be made which supports this assertion.
FIG. 4 is a view of a two-dimensional-array antenna conforming to our invention.
The primary array I is formed by a number of slotted guides 91 . . . 9i . . . 9n, each containing the same number of slots 10. All the guides are fed in parallel at one of their ends by a channel 11. Phase shifters 12, of the electronic kind for example, are provided in cases where it is desired to use the antenna to perform an electronic scan in a vertical plane perpendicular to the plane of the Figure as well as to the plane of radiation xz shown in FIG. 2.
The secondary array IV is similar to array 4 of FIG. 3 and is formed by a panel 13 carrying a number of radiating elements 14 which are rotatable helices provided with mountings 17 and fed by dipoles 15. The third face of the trihedron so formed is an absorbent panel 16 whose function is the same as that mentioned in the case of the absorbent panel 8 of FIG. 3.
It should be pointed out that in this embodiment there are no fixed phase shifters such as the elements 7 visible in FIG. 1. They are not required since the rotatable helices 14 allow the phase to be adjusted by turning the helix on its axis.
There has thus been described a nondispersive array antenna of small bulk, and its expansion into an electronically scanning antenna structure. In the latter case the fixed phase shifters of the second array are replaced by controllable variable phase shifters. The electronically scanning antenna structure so produced has the advantage of being aperiodic to the first order and of not suffering from masking effects or spillover.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 2, 1969
|Dec 28, 1971
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|High-performance distributionally integrated subarray antenna
|Mar 21, 1974
|Jan 6, 1976
|Tull Aviation Corporation
|Antenna array for aircraft guidance system
|Jan 20, 1975
|Jul 20, 1976
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Phased-array antenna employing an electrically controlled lens
|Feb 12, 1975
|Aug 31, 1976
|Collier Donald C
|Waveguide-tuned phased array antenna
|Dec 19, 1975
|Aug 23, 1977
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Two-mode RF phase shifter particularly for phase scanner array
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 4, 1981
|Oct 26, 1982
|Non-dispersive array antenna and electronically scanning antenna comprising same
|Nov 13, 1981
|Mar 26, 1985
|Sperry Corporation
|Optically coupled, array antenna
|Jan 23, 1989
|Jul 3, 1990
|The Boeing Company
|Distribution network for phased array antennas
|May 24, 1991
|Jan 4, 1994
|The Boeing Company
|Packaging architecture for phased arrays
|Sep 20, 1993
|Jan 30, 1996
|The Boeing Company
|Packaging architecture for phased arrays
|Jul 20, 2001
|Mar 9, 2004
|Active dual-polarization microwave reflector, in particular for electronically scanning antenna
|U.S. Classification
|343/754, 343/771, 343/895
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Comment Re:arbitration != court (Score 1) 163
Unless, of course, you already have a built-in aversion to anything involving the government.
Promotions aren't based on ability as it is. In every environment that might qualify as a medium-sized business or larger that I've seen (I grant you that it's somewhat limited), cronyism and/or seniority rule the day.
I know, I know, anecdote is hardly the plural of data and all that, but when that's all you're seeing, it sort of becomes easy to draw those conclusions anyway.
Warning: not an engineer, please read comment accordingly.
I have to agree on the Sakura. I've used a Micron, and the non-technical Gelly Roll, and they've both been wonderful: the ink has been smooth, with never a blob, smear, or dry spot, and the pen itself writes quite smoothly.
I'll also put in a recommendation for the Zebra Sarasa Clip. I use the 0.4 mm tip, and it can feel a little bit scratchy, but I naturally write quite small, so the precision of the fine tip works well for me. The ink is very consistent, with no blobbing whatsoever. Once in a great while I do hit a dry spot, though. It's also light and comfortable in my hand.
I don't know that you can actually get that model of Zebra here in the States, but I use JetPens. They have a good selection of different writing tools (mostly from Japan), and they're very speedy: I've yet to place an order using regular mail that has taken more than 3 business days to get to me.
Statistics are no substitute for judgement. -- Henry Clay

subset: commoncrawl


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Rakhi Special
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Afghan toy inspires anti-mine device
January 3, 2013
In war-torn Afghanistan, a child's toy has spawned an odd-looking invention resembling a giant dandelion seed which its young Afghan-Dutch inventor says could help save thousands of lives and limbs from deadly landmines. Warning: This video contains footage of wounded people.
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March 14, 2011
THOMAS RIX, AN INDIVIDUAL, ON BEHALF OFHIMSELF, AND ON BEHALF OF ALL PERSONS SIMILARLY SITUATED,PLAINTIFF,v.LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, AMARYLAND CORPORATION, AND DOES 1 TO 10,DEFENDANTS.
(1) DENYING MOTION TO CERTIFY CLASS ACTION; (Doc. No. 42) (2) DENYING AS MOOT MOTION TO STRIKE THE EXPERT REPORT OF MILES E. LOCKER (Doc. No. 43)
Currently before the Court in the above-captioned matter are Plaintiff Thomas Rix's motion seeking certification of this case as a class action (Doc. No. 42); and Defendant Lockheed Martin Corporation's motion to strike the expert report of Miles E. Locker submitted in support of the motion for class certification (Doc. No. 43). Both matters were fully briefed, and the Court heard oral argument on February 7, 2011. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's motion for class certification, and DENIES AS MOOT Defendant's motion to strike Locker's report.
Plaintiff Thomas Rix ("Plaintiff") was employed by Defendant Lockheed Martin Corporation ("Defendant" or "Lockheed") in California as an Industrial Security Representative from June 2004 to August 2009. Defendant is the largest defense contractor in the United States. Defendant is a "global security and technology company that . . . is principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems products and services." (Doc. No. 21 at 2.)
Plaintiff alleges Defendant represented that two of its employment positions, the Industry Security Representative, and Industry Security Representative, Senior (collectively, "ISR") are exempt and full-time positions. Plaintiff brings this putative class action, claiming Defendant "unlawfully, unfairly and/or deceptively classified every ISR as exempt based on job title alone, failed to pay the required overtime compensation and otherwise failed to comply with all applicable labor laws with respect to these [ISRs]." (Id. at 4.)
On February 3, 2010, Plaintiff filed the operative First Amended Complaint. (Doc. No. 21.) Plaintiff alleges six causes of action: (1) Unfair business practices in violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq.; (2) Failure to pay overtime compensation under Cal. Lab. Code §§ 510, 515.5, 551, 552, 1194 and 1198; (3) Failure to provide meal and rest periods under Cal. Lab. Code §§ 226.7 and 512; (4) Failure to provide accurate itemized statements under Cal. Lab. Code § 226; (5) Violation of Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq.; and (6) Labor Code Private Attorney General Act § 2698. Plaintiff brings claims one through four on behalf of himself and the California Class (similarly situated individuals who are, or previously were, employed by Defendant as an ISR in California during four years prior to filing the complaint); claim five on behalf of himself and the Collective Class (those in the California class who were employed during three years prior to filing complaint); and claim six on behalf of himself only.
On November 15, 2010, Plaintiff filed the instant Motion for Class Certification of claims one through four (Doc. No. 42), and seeks to define the class as:
Those individuals employed by Defendant Lockheed Martin Corporation ("Lockheed") who were classified as exempt and worked in a position with the title 'Industrial Security Representative' or 'Industrial Security Representative, Senior' during the period September 21, 2005 to the present (the 'Class Period').
Defendant vigorously opposes the motion, arguing that the purported class does not meet the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Defendant also objected to evidence Plaintiff offered in support of his motion (Doc. Nos. 44, 45), and moved to strike the Expert Report of Miles E. Locker submitted in support of Plaintiff's motion to certify (Doc. No. 43).
A. Expert Report of Miles E. Locker
Defendant moves under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to strike the expert report of Miles Locker, an attorney who formerly served as chief counsel for the Department of Labor Standards Enforcement. Defendant argues the report consists of legal argument akin to a supplemental brief, it is not sufficiently probative to be useful in evaluating whether class certification requirements have been met, and it lacks foundation and requisite expert qualifications.
Plaintiff responds that Locker's report is useful because his opinions establish how Plaintiff's theory and exemption analysis can be proven on a class-wide basis. Plaintiff further argues that Defendant's attack on Locker's report goes to the weight, and not the admissibility, of his opinions. Plaintiff contends Locker's opinions on labor and employment compliance are analogous to building code compliance expert testimony in construction cases, and courts routinely accept expert opinions concerning building code violations.
"If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert . . . may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise . . . ." FED. R. EVID. 702. "Whether the situation is a proper one for the use of expert testimony is to be determined on the basis of assisting the trier. . . ." Advisory Committee's Note, FED. R. EVID. 702. The Ninth Circuit has not expressly addressed the evidentiary standard at the class certification stage where a party challenges expert testimony under Rule 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, but has stated, "We are not convinced . . . that Daubert has exactly the same application at the class certification stage as it does to expert testimony relevant at trial. . . . As a general rule, [d]istrict courts are not required to hold a Daubert hearing before ruling on the admissibility of scientific evidence." Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 603 F.3d 571, 602 n.22 (9th Cir. 2010).
Locker's report did not assist the Court with its analysis in determining whether the proposed class should be certified. Nonetheless, the Court defers ruling on Locker's report under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 for purposes beyond class certification. The Court finds it premature to issue a final ruling as to Locker's testimony, as it remains to be seen what use Plaintiff will make of this evidence going forward.
Accordingly, the Court DENIES AS MOOT Defendant's motion to strike the expert report of Miles Locker.
B. Defendant's Objections to Evidence
Defendant submitted evidentiary objections to Plaintiff's putative class member declarations that were offered as evidence in support of his motion for class certification. (Doc. No. 44-1.) The Court stated its evidentiary rulings on the record at the motion hearing, and AFFIRMS its rulings as follows: Defendant's objections Numbers One through Five are overruled. Objection Number Six is sustained on grounds that "NISPON is the bible, it governs everything" is argumentative. (Doc. No. 44-1, citing Weston Decl. ¶ 5.) "A declaration should not be argument." McCoy v. Southwest Airlines Co., Inc., 208 F.R.D. 617, 618 n.1 (C.D. Cal. 2002). The Court declines to address Defendant's second set of objections because legal memoranda are not evidence. See Flaherty v. Warehousemen, Garage & Serv. Station Employees' Local Union No. 334, 574 F.2d 484, 486 n.2 (9th Cir. 1978).
C. Rule 23 and Class Certification
A district court may certify a class only if:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Dukes, 603 F.3d at 580, citing FED. R. CIV. P. 23(a).
In addition to the requirements of Rule 23(a), a district court must also find at least one of the following three conditions is satisfied:
(1) the prosecution of separate actions would create a risk of: (a) inconsistent or varying adjudications, or (b) individual adjudications dispositive of the interests of other members not a party to those adjudications; (2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class; or (3) questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.
Id., citing FED. R. CIV. P. 23(b).
"The party seeking certification bears the burden of showing that each of the four requirements of Rule 23(a) and at least one of the requirements of Rule 23(b) have been met." Id., citing Zinser v. Accufix Research Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d 1180, 1186 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 273 F.3d 1266 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, the primary focus of the parties' dispute centers on whether Plaintiff can satisfy the Rule 23(b) requirement, specifically, whether Plaintiff can show that common issues of fact predominate over individual issues. Because this issue is dispositive, the discussion below is limited to this issue.
D. Rule 23(b)(3)
1. Parties' Contentions
Plaintiff contends Defendant uniformly misclassified ISRs as exempt under California law from receiving overtime wages, meal and rest breaks, and itemized wage statements. Plaintiff primarily argues that due to the nature of work ISRs perform, all ISRs should be characterized as public safety employees, which do not qualify as exempt under the administrative exemption. Additionally, Plaintiff argues all ISRs perform the same primary tasks of investigating, detecting, and preventing breaches of security protocol. Defendant primarily contends ISRs should not be certified as a class because individual issues will predominate in the determination of each ISR's exempt status under the administrative exemption.
2. California Labor Code and California Administrative Exemption The claims Plaintiff seeks to certify all arise under California law. Thus, the following provisions are relevant. Under California law, "any work in excess of eight hours in one workday, and any work in excess of 40 hours in one workweek . . . shall be compensated at the rate of no less than one and one-half times the regular rate of pay." Cal. Lab. Code § 510. This requirement to pay overtime compensation does not apply to "exempt" employees. See Cal. Lab. Code § 515; Cal. Code. Regs. Tit. 8 § 11040. The California Labor Code provides that the Industrial Welfare Commission may "establish exemptions from the requirement that an overtime rate of compensation be paid . . . ." Cal. Lab. Code § 515(a). The Industrial Welfare Commission established an administrative exemption, set forth in Wage Order 4-2001. The Wage Order contains the requirements for determining whether an employee meets the administrative exemption. See Cal. Code. Regs. Tit. 8 § 11040(A)(2). An administrative employee is someone:
(a) Whose duties and responsibilities involve the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to management policies or general business operations of his/her employer or his employer's customers; and
(b) Who customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment; and
(c) Who regularly and directly assists a proprietor, or an employee involved in a bona fide executive or administrative capacity; or
(d) Who performs under only general supervision work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience or knowledge; or
(e) Who executes under only general supervision special assignments and tasks; and
(f) Who is primarily engaged in duties that meet the test of the exemption; and
(g) Such employee must also earn a monthly salary equivalent to no less than two times the state minimum wage for full-time employment.
Cal. Code. Regs. Tit. 8 § 11040(A)(2).
3. Rule 23(b)(3) Predominance Inquiry
Predominance "tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation." Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997). The standard is "far more demanding" than the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a). Id. The inquiry requires a district court to formulate "some prediction as to how specific issues will play out in order to determine whether common or individual issues predominate in a given case." Dukes, 603 F.3d at 593 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The "predominance test" under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) is a determination "which may require review of the same facts and the same law presented by review of the merits." Dukes, 603 F.3d at 589. Therefore, "a preliminary inquiry into the merits is sometimes necessary to make a meaningful determination of class certification issues. At the same time, the court is required to take the allegations of the plaintiff's complaint as true. Plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the elements of Rule 23 are met." Id. at 588 (citations omitted). However, a district court is not required to "unquestioningly accept a plaintiff's arguments as to the necessary Rule 23 determinations." Id. at 589. "[T]he common questions cannot simply arise from artful pleading. Plaintiffs must raise questions that the district court concludes, after a rigorous analysis, are susceptible to common resolution at a later stage." Id.
4. Discussion a. Plaintiff's Public Safety Employee Theory
Plaintiff's theory of the case is that all ISRs conduct primary duties that meet the definition of public safety employees, and public safety employees do not qualify as exempt under the administrative exemption. (Pl.'s Mem. P.&A., p.11.) Under Plaintiff's proffered approach, the Court should certify the class based on his theory that all ISRs are public safety employees, and then determine "once and for all times" on a class-wide basis whether ISRs were misclassified as exempt. Plaintiff contends that if this Court does not accept his theory, the Court will have prejudged his case in contravention of the Ninth Circuit's decision in United Steel, Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Internat'l Union v. Conoccophillips Co., 593 F.3d 802 (9th Cir. 2010). The Court has considered Plaintiff's theory of the case, and although his theory raises a common question, it does not predominate over the need to conduct individual inquiries.
Plaintiff avers this Court can certify the class because his theory is susceptible to common proof under the exemption analysis approach used in Reich v. State of New York, 3 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1993), overruled by implication on other grounds by Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996). The Court disagrees.
In Reich v. State of New York, the defendant appealed from two district court orders entered in procedurally separate, but substantively similar, actions brought under the FLSA. Reich, 3 F.3d at 585. The issue before the district court upon the parties' motions for summary judgment was whether state police investigators qualified under an administrative exemption to the FLSA. The district court noted it was undisputed that the investigators' primary duties were to conduct criminal investigations, and after relying upon an administrative/production dichotomy analysis, concluded that state police investigators did not qualify as exempt employees. The Second Circuit affirmed the district court's method of analysis, and agreed that state police investigators' primary duties fell squarely on the "production" rather than "administrative" side of the line, and therefore do not qualify for the administrative exemption.*fn1
The administrative/production dichotomy approach may be utilized to: distinguish[] administrative employees - who are usually described as employees performing work directly related to management policies or general business operations of his employer or his employer's customers - from production employees - who have been described as those whose primary duty is producing the commodity or commodities, whether goods or services, that the enterprise exists to produce.
Heffelfinger v. Electronic Data Systems Corp., 580 F. Supp. 2d 933, 957 (C.D. Cal. 2008) (internal marks and citations omitted).
Reich is readily distinguishable from the present case. In Reich, the court was able to determine state police investigators' exempt status as a group because it remained undisputed that the "primary function" of the state police investigators was to "conduct - or 'produce' - its criminal investigations." Reich, 3 F.3d at 587. Because the primary function was undisputed, the court could assess the primary activities of the investigators as a group, and apply the dichotomy in making its exemption determination.
Here, Defendant disputes Plaintiff's argument that all ISRs conduct similar primary duties. Defendant argues Plaintiff's alleged primary duties "sheds no light on the duties each ISR actually performed, how he or she was supervised, or the significance of decisions or recommendations each ISR made in the exercise of his or her duties." (Def.'s Mem. P.&A., p. 14.) Dissimilar from Reich, Defendant contends individual inquiries need to be conducted to determine the tasks ISRs actually perform. This dispute over the primary duties prevents the Court from concluding Plaintiff's question is susceptible to common proof under its predominance inquiry. Plaintiff's theory assumes that in practice, all ISRs engage in the same primary duty. Thus, his theory assumes that when this case reaches summary judgment or trial, the Court will only need to utilize the administrative/production dichotomy to make the exemption determinations of ISR employees. Such a conclusion is not warranted by the current record in this case.
Plaintiff further contends his theory that ISRs are public safety employees is supported by a federal regulation that addresses the application of overtime exemptions to public safety employees. (Pl.'s Mem. P.&A. pp. 5-7, citing 29 C.F.R. § 541(b)(3).) Although the federal regulation may be applicable to a claim under federal law, the claims at issue here are for alleged violations of state laws. California law has not adopted the regulation provision Plaintiff relies upon. See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8 § 11040(A)(2).
Also, Plaintiff argues his theory is supported by an opinion letter issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, which concluded that activities performed by investigators are more akin to production, rather than administrative work. (Bhowmik Decl., Pl.'s Exh. 1.) He contends ISRs perform duties similar to the work described in the opinion letter. The Court makes no determination at this time whether the regulation and Department of Labor letter ultimately support Plaintiff's contention that ISRs are public safety employees. The Court does conclude, however, that such information does not help in determining whether this question is susceptible to common resolution because it sheds no light on the types of duties ISRs actually perform.
Finally, the Court is not "prejudging" Plaintiff's theory by ultimately concluding that his theory does not satisfy the predominance inquiry. In United Steel Workers v. ConocoPhillips Co., the Ninth Circuit held that a district court erred when it failed to consider whether the plaintiff's legal theory "was one in which common issues of law and or fact did not predominate." 593 F.3d 802, 808-09 (9th Cir.2010). As shown above, the Court has carefully considered Plaintiff's theory, and determined that while it presents a common question, it does not satisfy the Rule 23(b)(3) predominance requirement. The Court is not required to "unquestioningly accept [Plaintiff's] arguments as to the necessary Rule 23 determinations." Dukes, 603 F.3d at 589. "[T]he common questions cannot simply arise from artful pleading. Plaintiff[] must raise questions that the district court concludes, after a rigorous analysis, are susceptible to common resolution at a later stage."
Id. Accordingly, the Court proceeds with its predominance inquiry.
b. Factors for Rule 23(b)(3) Consideration in a Misclassification Action
An employer's exemption policy is a permissible factor to consider under Rule 23(b)(3) because the policy "suggests that the employer believes some degree of homogeneity exists among the employees" and because "uniform corporate policies will often bear heavily on questions of predominance and superiority." In re Wells Fargo Home Mortgage Overtime Pay Litigation, 571 F. 3d 953,957-58 (9th Cir. 2009). The Ninth Circuit cautioned, however, that a district court should not rely on a "uniform exemption policy to the near exclusion of other factors relevant to the predominance inquiry," as such reliance is insufficient to meet the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3). Id. at 959.
In Vinole v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., the Ninth Circuit provided guidance as to additional factors a district court should consider when conducting its Rule 23(b)(3) certification analysis in a misclassification action. 571 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2009). In determining whether common issues predominate or whether there is a greater need for individualized inquiry, a "district court must consider 'all factors that militate in favor of, or against, class certification,' and the overarching focus remains on 'whether trial by class representation would further the goals of efficiency and judicial economy.'" Cruz v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., 270 F.R.D. 499, 503-04 (N.D. Cal. 2010), quoting Vinole, 571 F.3d at 946-47.
Factors that may be susceptible to common proof include "whether the employer exercised some level of centralized control in the form of . . . standardized corporate policies and procedures governing employees, [and] uniform training programs . . . ." Id. Other types of proof that tend to diminish the need for individualized inquiry may include "the existence of company-wide policies governing how employees spend their time, or [] uniformity in work duties and experiences." Id. In contrast, in cases where "exempt status depends upon an individualized determination of an employee's work, and where plaintiffs allege no standard policy governing how employees spend their time, common issues of law and fact may not predominate." Id.
Here, Plaintiff alleges Defendant instituted a policy that uniformly classified ISRs as exempt. (FAC ¶ 9.) Based on the record, Defendant appears to have classified ISRs as exempt ona group-wide basis as part of a job code project. (Young Depo., Exh. 6: 77-19, 79-25.) The Court takes into consideration the uniform exemption policy as one factor that may bear heavily on the question of predominance, but does not do so to the "near exclusion of consideration of other factors." Id. at 959.
Plaintiff argues ISRs all perform the same "primary tasks" of "investigating, preventing, and detecting breaches of security protocols and procedures," and that these job duties are defined by corporate procedures and policies. (Pl.'s Mem. P.&A. at 12.) In support, Plaintiff refers to the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual, which governs all ISRs and contains "basic" or "general" guidelines related to "everything regarding security." (Pl.'s Mem. P.&.A. at 13, citing Shobert Depo., Exh. 3, 39:16-42:24.) Additionally, Plaintiff contends that all ISRs undergo the same "mandatory" training programs. (Id.) Defendant asserts the manuals and training programs only provide minimal guidelines, and that such evidence does not mitigate the need to conduct individual inquiries as to each ISR's exempt status.
"[W]hen an employer asserts an exemption as a defense . . . the resolution of which depends on how employees spend their time at work, unless plaintiff proposes some form of common proof, such as a standard policy governing how and where employees perform their jobs, common issues of law or fact are unlikely to predominate." In re Wells Fargo Home Mortg. Overtime Pay Litig., 268 F.R.D. 604, 611 (N.D. Cal.2010) ("Wells Fargo II" ). Here, Defendant asserts the administrative exemption as a defense, and contends that individual inquiries will need to be conducted to determine whether an ISR meets the exemption. Defendant puts forth evidence indicating that the manual and alleged uniform training program Plaintiff relies upon only provide minimal guidelines, and are not policies that provide insight as to how each ISR actually spends his or her time.
For example, Defendant's witness declarations state how employees develop and implement procedures that are additional to the manual guidelines, and that such additional procedures are incorporated depending on the particular project at issue and the requirements that must be met for the particular project. (Riggs Decl. ¶ 6). Also, Defendant's witness declarations put forth evidence that, contrary to Plaintiff's contention, ISRs are not required to undergo mandatory standardized training. (See e.g., Def.'s Ex. 5, Stephens Decl. ¶ 3; Ex 3, Nye Decl. ¶ 6). Therefore, despite the existence of such manuals and programs, Plaintiff's proffered types of proof do not diminish the Court's need to conduct individualized inquiries as to what types of duties each ISR performs in his or her working day.
In addition, Defendant has presented evidence, in the form of declarations from various Lockheed Martin employees, demonstrating that ISR duties are far from uniform. The declarations indicate that ISR duties vary depending upon the particular ISR's assignment, and the size, type, and phase of program they support. For example, an ISR who is assigned to work for a computer security program has duties that greatly differ from an ISR who is assigned to work for a physical security program. (Compare, Albin Decl. ¶ 4, with Riggs Decl. ¶¶ 5-7). An ISR in computer security may conduct tasks such as developing guidelines regarding uploads/downloads, guidelines regarding access to computer equipment, perform threat testing to monitor the security of the network, and so on. In contrast, an ISR in physical security engages in duties such as designing and planning physical workspaces where engineers can work on classified projects, inspecting workspaces to verify compliance with security protocols, and supervising contractors that perform manual work to remedy potential physical security issues. (Id.) In light of the record showing such varying ISR duties, a greater need for individualized inquiry exists. The overarching goals of judicial economy will not be served by certifying a class in this instance.
Plaintiff contends that "the detail of this security work raises distinctions without a difference in deciding Plaintiff's predominant common questions." (Pl.'s Reply at 7.) The Court disagrees. It is precisely the ISR's "detail" work that creates issues which require individual inquiries. For the aforementioned reasons, the Court concludes that because individual inquiries will predominate over common questions, Plaintiff cannot meet the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3). Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for class certification is DENIED.
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December 14, 2010
WILLIAM J. MURRAY, PLAINTIFF,v.GARY COLEMAN, ET AL., DEFENDANT.
In the words of famed American playwright Edward Albee, "[s]ometimes a person has to go a very long distance out of his way to come back a short distance correctly." Such is the case here, insofar as it concerns plaintiff's attempts to effect proper service upon certain individual defendants.
Plaintiff William A. Murray ("Murray"), proceeding pro se, brings this action against, among others, a number of employees of the New York State Department of Correctional Services ("DOCS defendants"). Murray alleges that while he was employed by DOCS as a substance abuse counselor, defendants subjected him to various forms of harassment and retaliation, in violation of his constitutional rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
On September 15, 2010 (Dkt. #51), the Court denied, in relevant part, a motion by defendants (Dkt. #33) to dismiss the claims against the DOCS defendants in their official capacities pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(5) and (6), on the grounds that they had not been properly served in the manner required by N.Y. C.P.L.R. §307(2). Specifically, the Court found that in light of the pro se plaintiff's attempts to serve the defendants through mailings to the Commissioner, and a rebuffed attempt to personally serve them through an alleged designated agent for service, the plaintiff's failure to comply with the technical requirements of N.Y. C.P.L.R. §307 was excused.
The DOCS defendants now move for reconsideration of that Decision and Order (Dkt. #60). For the following reasons, that motion is granted, the defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's claims (Dkt. #33) is once again granted in part and denied in part,*fn1 and plaintiff is granted an extension of time in which to serve the individual defendants.
"Generally, motions for reconsideration are not granted unless the moving party can point to controlling decisions or data that the court overlooked -- matters, in other words, that might reasonably be expected to alter the conclusion reached by the court." Cioce v. County of Westchester, 128 Fed. Appx. 181, 185 (2d Cir. 2005). Thus, reconsideration is appropriate where necessary to correct for "clear error" or to "prevent manifest injustice," Munafo v. Metro. Transp. Auth., 381 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir. 2004), but should not be employed for the purpose of merely rearguing that which was previously decided. See Shrader v. CSX Tranp., 70 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir. 1995).
Initially, the DOCS defendants argue that the Court erroneously found that DOCS counsel Tom Goetz ("Goetz") was a designated agent for service on the defendants. Although defendants did not, on their initial motion, challenge or respond to plaintiff' contention that Goetz was a designated agent for service, defendants now offer evidence that Goetz had not, in fact, been so designated. It is not clear why this fact was not presented to the Court by defendants in their initial motion to dismiss.
Defendants contend that Goetz's refusal to accept the summonses tendered by plaintiff was not undertaken in bad faith, but merely because Goetz lacked any authority to accept service. Therefore, defendants urge, the Court erred in applying the provisions of N.Y. C.P.L.R. §307(2) which relate to service upon a state agency's designated agent, and in interpreting the provisions with respect to the extent to which service may be made upon a designated agent.
In the interest of justice, the Court has considered the new evidence and argument submitted by defendants, and the motion for reconsideration (Dkt. #60) is granted. The Court's September 15, 2010 Decision and Order is hereby vacated to the extent that the Court concluded that plaintiff's attempt to personally serve the individual DOCS defendants was excused by good cause. Rather, I find that plaintiff is entitled, pursuant to the provisions of Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 4(m), to an extension of time to properly effect service upon those individual defendants.
"A court can exercise its discretion in granting an extension without good cause, rather than dismissing the case for improper service, considering the following factors: '(1) whether the applicable statute of limitations would bar the refiled action; (2) whether the defendant had actual notice of the claims asserted in the complaint; (3) whether the defendant had attempted to conceal the defect in service; and (4) whether the defendant would be prejudiced by granting plaintiff's request for relief from the provision.'" Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Dinow, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68658 at *10-*12 (E.D.N.Y. 2009), quoting Kalra v. City of New York, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28857 at *12 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).
Concerning the first factor, "courts have consistently considered the fact that the statute of limitations has run on a plaintiff's claim as a factor favoring the plaintiff in a Rule 4(m) analysis." Beauvoir v. United States Secret Service, 234 F.R.D. 55, 58 (E.D.N.Y. 2006)(internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Here, the plaintiff's claims of unconstitutional retaliation pursuant to the First and Fourteenth Amendment originate with his employment in 2004. As such, it is probable that if plaintiff were required to file his case anew, a number of his claims would be barred by the applicable three-year statute of limitations. See Young v. Strack, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39771 at *9 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (three-year statute of limitations applies to First Amendment retaliation and Fourteenth Amendment claims).
The second factor also weighs in the plaintiff's favor. As the Court noted in its September 15, 2010 Decision and Order, "the defendants are clearly on notice of this matter and the specific claims against them: each has appeared by counsel and either timely answered the complaint, or else moved to dismiss it in lieu of an answer." (Dkt. #51 at 6). "In this regard, the 'core function' of service, that is, to supply notice of the legal action, has been satisfied." See Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68658 at *11, quoting Henderson v. United States, 517 U.S. 654, 671 (1996).
The third factor, whether the defendant attempted to conceal the defect in service, is neutral. The defendants timely moved to dismiss the action on the grounds of the alleged defects in service, and the plaintiff has timely responded, opposing that motion.
The final factor, whether defendants will be prejudiced by an extension, weighs in favor of plaintiff. The defendants offer no evidence that they would be prejudiced if an extension is granted, and have thus far fully and actively participated in the present action.
In light of the pertinent considerations, and the long-standing judicial preference for deciding cases upon their merits, Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988), I find that defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to timely effect service should be denied in part and to the same extent articulated in the Court's September 15, 2010 Decision and Order (Dkt. #51, dismissing plaintiff's claims against Judith Ratner and declining to dismiss plaintiff's claims against the remaining defendants), and that plaintiff is entitled to an extension of time to serve the individual defendants, who have been sued in their official capacities.
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion for reconsideration (Dkt. #60) is granted, defendants' motion to dismiss (Dkt. #33) is again denied in part, and plaintiff's request for an extension of time to serve the remaining individual defendants with the summons and amended complaint is granted. Within fifteen (15) days of entry of this Decision and Order, the individual defendants are ordered to produce their correct home addresses to plaintiff, or in the alternative, to notify plaintiff that: (1) they have consented to waive additional service, or (2) that their counsel is authorized to accept service on their behalf. Plaintiff is directed that service upon any defendant who discloses his home address, and/or upon counsel authorized by any defendant to receive service, must be completed within thirty (30) days of such disclosure or notification.
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Mötley Crüe's Mick Mars and Tommy Lee Talk About the Recording of Shout at the Devil
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Get an overview of this hotelNorth Atlanta hotel with wireless Internet, fitness
With a stay at DoubleTree by Hilton Atlanta - Emory Area in Atlanta, you'll be close to Lenox Square and Legoland Discovery Center.
This hotel is within close proximity of Phipps Plaza and Buckhead Theatre.
Make yourself at home in one of the 208 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while 37-inch flat-screen televisions with cable programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary newspapers, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Take advantage of recreation opportunities including an outdoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center. Additional amenities at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, wedding services, and a television in a common area. Guests can catch a ride to nearby destinations on the complimentary area shuttle.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, which serves breakfast and dinner. Dining is also available at a coffee shop/café, and room service (during limited hours) is provided. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and express check-in. This hotel has 4 meeting rooms available for events. Free self parking is available onsite.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
DoubleTree by Hilton Atlanta - Emory Area
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Doubletree Hotel Atlanta/North Druid Hills is six miles from downtown Atlanta and four miles from Emory University. For guests' convenience parking is free. The hotel includes a seasonal outdoor pool and fitness facility. The restaurant serves breakfast and dinner; room service is also available.
Wireless and wired Internet access is complimentary. A business center is on site; meeting space and audiovisual equipment are also available. This is a non-smoking hotel; fines apply for violations. Designated smoking areas are available.
- 24-hour front desk
- ATM/banking
- Bar/lounge
- Number of floors - 9
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Express check-out
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Designated smoking areas
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Restaurant
- Outdoor pool
- Meeting rooms 4
- Total number of rooms - 208
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free area shuttle
- 24-hour business center
- Free self parking
- Number of meeting rooms - 4
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Television in common areas
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Coffee/tea maker
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Daily housekeeping
- Iron/ironing board
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Microwave
- Premium bedding
- Refrigerator
- Shower/tub combination
- Room service (limited hours)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Where to Eat
Metro Café - Serving American food for breakfast and dinner. Buffet option available for breakfast.
City Place - Lounge serving drinks and light food. Open each evening.
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 1:00 AM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: USD 7.00 per person (approximately)
Hotel Name
- DoubleTree Emory
- DoubleTree Hilton Atlanta Emory Area
- DoubleTree Hilton Emory
- DoubleTree Hilton Emory Hotel
- DoubleTree Hilton Emory Hotel Atlanta Area
- DoubleTree Hilton Atlanta Emory Area Hotel
- DoubleTree Hilton Emory Area Hotel
- DoubleTree Hilton Emory Area
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Netherlands Best Home Residential Security Systems
Posted at: Offers to Sell and Export | Posted on: Thu 20 May, 2010 8:29 am |
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home burglar alarm, wireless security alarms, burglar alarm systems, Name: GSM Home Alarm System
Zone Capacity:11 Wireless Zones, 2 hardwire zones
Features & Function
English language SMS and voice reminder, English/Russian for optional
Each zone with independent arm/disarm function
With 2 hardwired zones, 12 wireless zones
With 3 Relay output to control your home appliances
With voice reminder when users operate the system
Work with external Microphone
Work with external speaker
Automatically send SMS to remind users when GSM signal becomes weak
Work with hardwired & wireless sensor
Each wireless zone can match countless wireless sensors
Users pre-record voice in the system and play the voice when system gives alarm
Send SMS to 3 mobile phones and auto-dial 3 phones to inform the users
Users use any phone to listen what is happening inside the house whenever & wherever.
Program and control the system by keyboard, remotes, SMS or phone remotely.
Send SMS to inform users which zone is alarming and will call users or the police after system is triggered
Use SMS to change the zone name & content
Use SMS to inquiry the system status wherever
With password protection, System will inform users when input wrong password for 3 times
Use any phone to call the system and anyone inside the house -can talk to you through a speaker.
Wireless Emergency function (24 hours zone)
With Backup rechargeable battery, system can work even when the power is failure or cut by intruder.
Send SMS to inform you when the power is failure or returns to normal.
When GSM signal is weak or there is no signal, it will send SMS or siren will make sound to inform users
Technical Parameter
GSM network frequency Standard: 900/1800MHZ, 850/1900MHZ optional
External power failure alarm: Start-time: less than 1s
Alarm response time Less than 10s (GSM in normality)
Power requirements: AC110V~220V 50Hz or 60Hz
Standby lithium battery: DC7.4V, 700-800mA, 4000mA optional
Standby battery working hours: more than 10 hours, 4000mA for over 3 days
Relay contact output 1 & 2: 7A, 240VAC; 10A, 125VAC; 10A, 28VDC
Relay contact output 3: 3A, 120VAC; 3A 24VDC
Working conditions Operating temperature: -20 to 60℃
Humidity: ≤95%
Wireless frequency 315/433MHz
Wireless/Wired Scrolling Door Magnetic Contact
Wireless/Wired Smoke Detector
Wireless/Wired Gas Detector
Wireless Vibration Detector
Wireless Ceiling Detector
Wired Glass Break Detector
Wireless/Wired Strobe Siren
Wireless/Wired Fence Detector
Wireless/Wired Beam Detector
alarm system maintenance, door security systems, wireless security camera,
Company Contact:
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Company Name: Hongkong Vstar International Ltd.
Tel: 086-13622364334 or 0086-755-86088669
Fax: 0086-755-86088668
Street Address: No.203 Building,
Xili Town, Nanshan District,
Shenzhen 518055 China
Member name: GSMwirelessalarm
Member Since: 13 May 2010
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Vedard Security Alarms
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|About Us
The Semiconductor Sell SignalBy Jeff Clark
Friday, January 19, 2007
It's déjà vu all over again.
Last April, as the market marched higher in spite of numerous technical sell signals, Merrill Lynch (MER) announced record earnings. The stock gapped higher, reversed, and then closed near the lows of the day. Over the following two months, shares of MER would go on to lose 20%.
The action in Merrill Lynch last April preceded an 8% correction in the S&P 500 by about two weeks.
Yesterday, as the market marched higher in spite of numerous technical sell signals, Merrill Lynch announced record earnings. The stock gapped higher, reversed, and then closed near the lows of the day.
Care to guess what comes next?
We've seen plenty of warning signs of an impending correction over the past two months. But the market keeps putting it off. Corrections, however, are like persistent encyclopedia salesmen. Eventually, you have to open the door and deal with them.
The action in MER yesterday opened the door a crack, and then the semiconductor stocks kicked it wide open.
As you can see from the following chart, the semiconductor index has broken down from a large consolidating-triangle formation...
This is a bearish development and suggests there's a lot more weakness ahead for this sector.
Since semiconductor stocks tend to lead the market, this breakdown is just one more log to fuel the correction fire. And, with all the other logs we've written about over the past few weeks, it could be one heck of an inferno.
The action in Merrill Lynch might just be the match that starts the fire.
I know the Dow Jones Industrial Average is just nine points off an all-time high. But the S&P 500 hasn't gained any ground in more than a month. The Nasdaq 100 is in the same place it was two months ago. And the Russell 2000 is actually down 2% since the beginning of the year.
Does anyone else smell smoke? Be careful not to get burned.
Best regards and good trading,
Jeff Clark
Global brewers Companhia de Bebidas and Anheuser-Busch at new highs.
The consumer keeps spending: Target, Nordstrom, Abercrombie & Fitch, Liz Claiborne, and Aeropostale at new highs.


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This listing was uploaded and marketed by
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Armitage and Humboldt.
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-$40 App Fee per adult.
-$1450 Security Deposit.. ID:830431.
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Elements of Design E16156BN
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Present address: Andrew J. H. Davey, WRc plc, Frankland Road, Blagrove, Swindon, Wiltshire SN5 8YF, U.K.; Present address: David J. Kelly, Department of Conservation, PO Box 13049, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Fish community responses to drying disturbances in an intermittent stream: a landscape perspective
Version of Record online: 17 JUN 2007
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01800.x
Freshwater Biology
Volume 52, Issue 9, pages 1719–1733, September 2007
Additional Information
How to Cite
DAVEY, A. J. H. and KELLY, D. J. (2007), Fish community responses to drying disturbances in an intermittent stream: a landscape perspective. Freshwater Biology, 52: 1719–1733. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01800.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 5 JUL 2007
- Version of Record online: 17 JUN 2007
- (Manuscript accepted 23 April 2007)
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