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August 11, 1997
RUSSELL MCKIBBEN, APPELLEEv.AGNES SCHMOTZER, APPELLANT; RUSSELL MCKIBBEN, APPELLANT V. AGNES SCHMOTZER, APPELLEE
Appeal from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Civil Division at No. GD93-7940. Before PENKOWER, J.
Before: Del Sole, Popovich and Hester, JJ. Opinion BY Popovich, J. Del Sole, J. did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
Filed August 11, 1997
This is an appeal from the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County which granted a new trial on liability and damages on Russell McKibben's malicious prosecution and two defamation claims, one for slander and one for libel. Following trial in this matter, the jury found that Agnes Schmotzer had both defamed and instituted a malicious prosecution of McKibben and awarded $50,000 in compensatory and $30,000 in punitive damages.
In determining that a new trial was warranted, the lower court ruled that Agnes Schmotzer, who was mayor of the Borough of Dormont, was a "high public official" and, therefore, was immune from liability for the defamation of Russell McKibben, who was chief of police of the Borough of Dormont, to the extent that her statements were made within the scope of the mayor's official duties. The court further ruled that "since the issues of liability for libel and slander are inextricably intertwined with the issues of liability for malicious prosecution and with the issue of total damages, a new trial must be held on all issues." Opinion of March 14, 1996, p.7. Upon review, we must reverse the lower court's Conclusion that a new trial on all counts of the complaint is necessary. Rather, we conclude that Mayor Schmotzer is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Chief McKibben's claim of libel. Further, we find that a new trial is required as to damages only on Chief McKibben's malicious prosecution and slander causes of action.
Herein, Chief McKibben raises numerous issues regarding whether a mayor of a borough should be afforded the status of a "high public official" such that the mayor is immune from liability for defamatory statements. Mayor Schmotzer has also appealed the trial court's ruling and claims Chief McKibben's malicious prosecution action must fail as a matter of law since there was a finding of probable cause when she filed her private criminal complaint for simple assault against Chief McKibben.
A review of the procedural and factual history of this case is warranted. On May 21, 1993, Chief McKibben filed a civil complaint which included claims for malicious prosecution, libel and slander. Extensive pre-trial litigation ensued, including pre-trial rulings on Mayor Schmotzer's claims that she was immune from the defamation claims due to her status as a "high public official" and her criminal complaint against Chief McKibben was filed with probable cause. Those defenses were rejected by the court below, and trial commenced on all claims on January 30, 1995.
On January 4, 1993, the Dormont Borough Council unanimously appointed Russell McKibben to the post of acting chief of police. Apparently, Mayor Schmotzer supported another candidate for the position. The next day, Chief McKibben and Mayor Schmotzer met to discuss the state of the Dormont police force. Mayor Schmotzer was the first to arrive at the Dormont Municipal Building which also serves and the police station, and she sat at the chief's desk in the building's main office. The main office had traditionally been occupied by both the mayor and chief of police, and the long-standing custom was for the Chief to use the larger desk in the office since the job of mayor in Dormont was a de facto part-time position. *fn1 An argument between the two ensued when Mayor Schmotzer told Chief McKibben that the office was hers and she could order him out if she wished. During the argument, Mayor Schmotzer attempted take the telephone from the Chief's possession, and she injured her thumb.
Mayor Schmotzer then accused Chief McKibben of physically assaulting her by pushing her and slamming the phone down upon her hand. She demanded that the dispatcher on duty at the police station take an assault report. Chief McKibben directed the dispatcher not to take the report since he knew the allegations to be false and the dispatcher was not authorized to perform such a task. Later, Chief McKibben directed another officer not to take the report after Mayor Schmotzer demanded the same action of him. The Mayor and Chief subsequently reviewed the day's paperwork, and then Mayor Schmotzer went home. Later that morning, Mayor Schmotzer went to the emergency room of St. Clair Memorial Hospital and complained of an injury to her hand. She was examined, x-rayed and released after being given a brace to wear.
The following day, Mayor Schmotzer notified Chief McKibben that she was suspending him from duty for "conduct unbecoming of a police officer, insubordination and assault and battery." She also contacted the Allegheny County District Attorney's office and demanded that Chief McKibben be investigated and criminally charged with assault. Next, on January 8, 1993, Mayor Schmotzer drafted and released to Allegheny County media outlets a "News Release" on Dormont Police Department stationary which, inter alia, accused Chief McKibben of a "brutal and unprovoked assault and battery on myself, the Mayor" and stated, "the lack of self-discipline on McKibben;s (sic) part is proof he is unfit to serve in his management capacity." Both the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Tribune Review published articles on the incident. The Keystone Times Journal published a front-page article with the headline, "Police Chief Assaults Mayor."
Ten days after release of the mayor's "News Release", the Dormont Borough Council met and unanimously reinstated McKibben as Acting Chief of Police. *fn2 Council also voted to censure the mayor for her reckless handling of the incident. Meanwhile, the district attorney conducted an investigation of the mayor's allegations and decided not to file criminal charges against Chief McKibben. Consequently, Mayor Schmotzer filed a private criminal complaint wherein she formally accused Chief McKibben of simple assault. Judge Novak of the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas was designated as the issuing authority, and, after review of the complaint, he determined that there was probable cause, accepted the private criminal complaint and issued process in the form of a subpoena, given the sensitive nature of the case. However, following the preliminary hearing, Judge Novak dismissed the private criminal complaint due to the Commonwealth's failure to set forth a prima facie case. *fn3
Immediately following the hearing, Mayor Schmotzer told a reporter from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that Chief McKibben had lied on the witness stand, stating, "The acting chief lied. He has to wash his face in the morning and I hope he likes what he sees." Several days later, Mayor Schmotzer's comments were published in an article in the Post-Gazette.
In addition to his liability evidence, Chief McKibben presented numerous witnesses who testified that Mayor Schmotzer's press release, accusations and prosecution of appellant were extremely upsetting to him and his family and severely damaged his reputation which is especially important to a law enforcement official.
The jury then considered the evidence and in response to interrogatories, found: 1) Mayor Schmotzer initiated criminal proceedings against Chief McKibben with malice and without probable cause; 2) The statements made in Mayor Schmotzer's "News Release" about Chief McKibben which was dated January 8, 1993, were not true; 3) The statements made in Mayor Schmotzer's "News Release" about Chief McKibben which was dated January 8, 1993, were made with malice; 4) The statements made by Mayor Schmotzer about Chief McKibben following his preliminary hearing on April 23, 1993, were not true; and 5) The statements made by Mayor Schmotzer about Chief McKibben following his preliminary hearing on April 23, 1993, were made with malice. The jury then awarded Chief McKibben $50,000 in compensatory and $30,000 in punitive damages. The damages award did not distinguish the amount of damages which were awarded for each specific count of the complaint. In response to Mayor Schmotzer's counterclaim, the jury specifically found that Chief McKibben did not commit a battery against Mayor Schmotzer on January 5, 1993, and that he did not negligently injure her on January 5, 1993.
Mayor Schmotzer then filed post-verdict motions which again raised the issue of her status as a "high public official" who is immune from liability for defamation and the issue that the malicious prosecution claim must fail as a matter of law because Judge Novak found probable cause existed in the criminal action. As previously stated, Judge Alan S. Penkower reversed his pre-trial decision and determined that Mayor Schmotzer was, in fact, a "high public official" who is immune from liability for actions taken within the scope of her duties as mayor. Thus, Judge Penkower ordered a new trial to determine whether Mayor Schmotzer's statements, both written and oral, were made within the scope of her duties, and he ordered a new trial on the malicious prosecution claim because it was inextricably intertwined with the defamation claims.
We now turn to Chief McKibben's assertion that a mayor of a borough should not be afforded the status of a "high public official" such that the mayor is immune from liability for defamatory statements made within the scope of his or her official duties. *fn4 In the recent case of Lindner v. Mollan, 544 Pa. 487, 677 A.2d 1194 (1996), our Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the doctrine of absolute privilege for high public officials applies to the mayor of a Pennsylvania borough. Therein, our high court stated:
More than forth years ago in Matson v. Margiotti, 371 Pa. 188, 88 A.2d 892 (1952), this Court explained that the doctrine of absolute privilege for high public officials,
as its name implies, is unlimited and exempts a high public official from all civil suits for damages arising out of false defamatory statements and even from statements or actions motivated by malice, provided the statements are made or the actions are taken in the course of the official's duties or powers and within the scope of his authority, or as it is sometimes expressed, within his jurisdiction.
Matson, 371 Pa. at 194, 88 A.2d at 895. The doctrine of absolute privilege "rests upon the * * * idea that conduct which otherwise would be actionable is to escape liability because the defendant is acting in furtherance of some interest of social importance, which is entitled to protection even at the expense of uncompensated harm to the plaintiff's reputation." Montgomery v. City of Philadelphia, 392 Pa. 178, 181, 140 A.2d 100, 102 (1958). This sweeping immunity is "not for the benefit of high public officials, but for the benefit of the public." Barto v. Felix, 250 Pa. Super. 262, 272, 378 A.2d 927, 932 (1977) (Spaeth, J., Dissenting), appeal denied, 487 Pa. 455, 409 A.2d 857 (1980). Absolute privilege is
designed to protect the official from the suit itself, from the expense, publicity, and danger of defending the good faith of his public actions before the jury. And yet, beyond this lies a deeper purpose, the protection of society's interest in the unfettered Discussion of public business and in full public knowledge of the facts and conduct of such business.
Montgomery, 392 Pa. at 183, 140 A.2d at 103.
As such, absolute immunity for high public officials from civil liability is the only legitimate "means of removing any inhibition which might deprive the public of the best service of its officers and agencies." Id. Even though the innocent may sometimes suffer irreparable harm,
it has been found to be in the public interest and therefore sounder and wiser public policy to 'immunize' public officials, for to permit slander, or libel * * * suits where the official's charges turn out to be false, would be to deter all but the most courageous or the most judgment-proof public officials from performing their official duties.
Matson, 371 Pa. at 203, 88 A.2d at 899-900
Our cases on absolute privilege have sought to strike a balance between the public's interest in the unfettered and full Discussion of public business among our government officials while recognizing the undeniable right of the individual to be protected in his or her reputation. In so doing, we have "declared that the public interest does not demand that all public officials be entitled to absolute privilege, but only that 'high-ranking officers' be so protected." Montgomery, 392 Pa. at 185, 140 A.2d at 104 (quoting Matson).
In Montgomery, we explained that the "determination of whether a particular public officer is protected by absolute privilege should depend on the nature of his duties, the importance of his office, and particularly whether or not he has policy-making functions." Montgomery, 392 Pa. at 185, 140 A.2d at 105 (citing cases). This Court made clear in Montgomery that, absent statutory classification, the parameters establishing "high public official" status would be delineated by the judiciary on a case-by-case basis, rather than establishing a bright-line "of demarcation, if any there be, which separates offices which are protected by absolute privilege from those which are not." Id. Explaining that both of the city officials had policy-making functions and that the public interest demanded that public officials be encouraged to inform the community about the progress of public works paid for by the taxpayers, we concluded in Montgomery that the Deputy Commissioner of Public Property of Philadelphia and the Philadelphia City Architect were high public officials. See id.
There is no more important local public official than a mayor. He exercises the entire executive power of the borough or municipality and works closely with the city council on a wide range of social and economic policy issues. Our courts have ruled that a wide range of public officials with no greater a policy-making function than that of the Mayor in this case, and less of a policy-making function in many instances, are high public officials. See e.g., Jonnet v. Bodick, 431 Pa. 59, 244 A.2d 751 (1968) (Township supervisor was a high public official for purposes of absolute privilege); Montgomery, 392 Pa. 178, 140 A.2d 100 (1958) (Deputy Commissioner of Public Property and City Architect are high public officials); Matson, 371 Pa. 188, 88 A.2d 892 (1952) (Pennsylvania Attorney General is a high public official for purposes of absolute privilege); Suppan v. Kratzer, 660 A.2d 226 (Pa. Commw.1995)(Mayor and Borough Council President were high public officials for purposes of absolute privilege); Mosley v. Observer Publishing Co., 422 Pa. Super. 255, 619 A.2d 343 (1993) (County Attorney was high public official for purposes of absolute privilege), appeal denied, 535 Pa. 622, 629 A.2d 1382 (1993); Factor, 149 Pa. Commw. 81, 612 A.2d 591 (1992) (Mayor of Philadelphia and Revenue Commissioner of Philadelphia were both high public officials), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 654, 624 A.2d 112 (1993); Rok v. Flaherty, 106 Pa. Commw. 570, 527 A.2d 211 (1987) (City Comptroller was high public official for purposes of absolute privilege), appeal denied, 517 Pa. 628, 538 A.2d 880 (1988); Freach v. Commonwealth, 23 Pa. Commw. 546, 354 A.2d 908 (1976) (Superintendent of the Parole Division of the Board of Probation and Parole, District Attorney and the Assistant District Attorney of Delaware County were high public officials for purposes of absolute privilege), aff'd in part, 471 Pa. 558, 370 A.2d 1163 (1977); McCormick v. Specter, 220 Pa. Super. 19, 275 A.2d 688 (1971) (District Attorney was high public official for purposes of absolute privilege.).
Lindner, 677 A.2d at 1195-96, 1197-1199.
As mayor of Dormont, Mayor Schmotzer routinely makes significant public policy decisions and is accountable to the voting public. Her exercise of "significant policy-making functions as the most important public official in the Borough of [Dormont, Mayor Schmotzer] clearly qualifies as a 'high public official' under the criteria established in Montgomery[, 140 A.2d at 105]." Lindner, 677 A.2d at 1199 (Mayor of Yeadon qualifies as a "high public official").
Having determined that Mayor Schmotzer qualifies as a "high public official, we must now decide whether the doctrine of absolute privilege applies, i.e., whether her statements were made or the actions were taken in the course of her official duties or powers and within the scope of her authority. Lindner, 677 A.2d at 1199, quoting Matson, 371 Pa. at 194, 88 A.2d at 895; see also, Montgomery, 392 Pa. at 183, 140 A.2d at 102.
The Borough Code, 53 Pa.C.S.A. § 46121, sets forth the duties of the mayor in relation to the police force and, in pertinent part, provides:
The borough council may designate one of said policemen as chief of police. The mayor of the borough shall have full charge and control of the chief of police and the police force, and he shall direct the time during which, the place where and the manner in which, the chief of police and the police force shall perform their duties, except that council shall fix and determine the total weekly hours of employment that shall apply to policemen.
The borough may, by ordinance, establish a police department consisting of chief, captain, lieutenant, sergeants, or any other classification desired by the council, and council may, subject to the civil service provisions of this act, if they be in effect at the time, designate the individuals assigned to each office, but the mayor shall continue to direct the manner in which the persons assigned to the office shall perform their duties. The mayor may, however, delegate to the chief of police or other officers supervision over and instruction to subordinate officers in the manner of performing their duties. . . .
In addition, the Borough Code, 53 Pa.C.S.A. § 46124, provides that the mayor has the power, for just cause and without pay, to suspend any police officer until the succeeding regular meeting of the borough council, at which time the council may suspend, discharge, reduce in rank or reinstate with pay the officer. Finally, the mayor has the duty "to preserve order in the borough, to enforce the ordinances and regulations, . . ., to exact a faithful performance of the duties of the officers appointed, and perform such other duties as shall be vested in his office by law or ordinance." 53 Pa.C.S.A. § 46029(1).
It is clear from our review of the Borough Code that it is the primary responsibility of the mayor to supervise police force functions and control the manner in which the police perform their duties. Slifer v. Dodge, 26 Pa. Commw. 99, 362 A.2d 471 (1976). Thus, we find that Mayor Schmotzer was engaged in the course of her duties and within the scope of her authority when she suspended Chief McKibben and issued a "News Release" regarding his suspension. She was empowered to suspend Chief McKibben, and her comments in the "News Release", although harsh and, as the jury found, untrue, were "closely related" to her duties of supervising the borough police force. As previously stated, the purpose of official immunity is to protect "society's interests in the unfettered Discussion of public business" and to insure "full public knowledge of the facts and conduct of such business." Lindner, 677 A.2d at 1196. Accordingly, she is immune from liability with regard to Chief McKibben's libel claim arising from the issuance of her "News Release." Cf., Mosley, 619 A.2d at 346-47 (district attorney's defamatory remarks to a reporter that his office had investigated plaintiff for the FBI "in order to determine if certain investment activities are above board" were closely related to his official duties and thus protected by the doctrine of absolute privilege); McCormick, 275 A.2d at 689 (district attorney's comments regarding an on-going investigation, although extensive, were nonetheless closely related to a matter pending within his office and, thus, within the scope of the privilege). *fn5
However, we reach the opposite result when we consider the application of the doctrine of official immunity to Chief McKibben's slander claim which arose from Mayor Schmotzer's statement to the press following the dismissal of the simple assault charge for want of a prima facie case, wherein she told a reporter from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: "The acting chief lied. He has to wash his face in the morning and I hope he likes what he sees." Just as it was clear that Mayor Schmotzer was acting within the scope of her authority when she issued the "News Release" regarding the chief's suspension, we find it is equally clear that Mayor Schmotzer was acting well outside the course of her duties and scope of her authority when she slandered Chief McKibben outside the courtroom.
At the time of her comments, she was no more than a private citizen seeking to enforce her private criminal complaint. Her authority as borough mayor to offer further public comment on the matter with the protection of absolute immunity ended once the borough council reinstated Chief McKibben at their next regular meeting. As stated in the Borough Code, 53 Pa.C.S.A. § 46124, "in any case where the counsel has reinstated a policeman, after having been suspended by the mayor, the mayor shall not thereafter suspend such policeman for reasons arising from the same act for which the first suspension was made, or for reasons which that the council, in reinstating such policeman, shall have deemed not to be grounds for suspension." Since the mayor no longer had the authority to suspend Chief McKibben for his alleged "conduct unbecoming a police officer, insubordination and assault and battery," we find that her comments following the preliminary hearing were not "closely related" to the performance of her official duties.
In making this determination, we have carefully considered the rationale for official immunity which is the protection of the public interest, not that of the government official. See, Barr, 79 S. Ct. at 1339-40, 1342; Lindner, 677 A.2d at 1195-96; Mosley, 619 A.2d at 346. Thus, "given the great potential for harm [to an individual's reputation], the privilege [of official immunity] must be limited to those statements and actions which are in fact 'closely related' to the performance of those official duties." Mosley, 619 A.2d at 346. We are convinced that Mayor Schmotzer's slanderous comments following the preliminary hearing are not closely related to her official duties in this case, but rather are merely those of a private citizen who was dissatisfied with the outcome of her private criminal complaint. Accordingly, we must disagree with the lower court's Conclusion that Mayor McRibben may be immune from liability for slander.
We turn now to Mayor Schmotzer's claim that the trial court erred in permitting the jury to consider Chief McKibben's malicious prosecution action since that claim must fail as a matter of law where Judge Novak determined there was probable cause for issuance of her private criminal complaint for simple assault. As the following analysis will demonstrate, the lower court did not err in permitting the jury to decide whether Mayor Schmotzer brought her criminal action without probable cause.
A cause of action for malicious prosecution has following elements: "The defendant must have instituted proceedings against the plaintiff 1) without probable cause, 2) with malice, and 3) the proceedings must have terminated in favor of the plaintiff." Kelley v. Local Union 249, 518 Pa. 517, 520-521, 544 A.2d 940, 941 (1988), citing Miller v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 371 Pa. 308, 313, 89 A.2d 809, 811 (1952). Probable cause is defined as "a reasonable ground or suspicion supported by circumstances sufficient to warrant an ordinary prudent man in the same situation in believing that the party is guilty of the offense." Kelley, 544 A.2d at 942, quoting Miller, 371 Pa. at 314, 89 A.2d at 811-12. "Usually, the existence of probable cause is a question of law for the court rather than a jury question, but may be submitted to the jury when facts material to the issue of probable cause are in controversy." Kelley, 544 A.2d at 941 (emphasis added); Wainauskis v. Howard Johnson Co., 339 Pa. Super. 266, 278-279, 488 A.2d 1117, 1123 (1985); Turano v. Hunt, 158 Pa. Commw. 348, 352-354, 631 A.2d 822, 825 (1993), appeal denied, 538 Pa. 652, 647 A.2d 905 (1994).
As previously stated, Mayor Schmotzer claims it was determined as a matter of law that the criminal prosecution of Chief McKibben was instituted with probable cause when Judge Novak, as the issuing authority, accepted the private criminal complaint for filing. Thus, she asserts there was no material questions of fact which need to be decided by the jury. We must, however, disagree, and we concur with the lower court's Conclusion that "whether or not Chief McKibben assaulted Mayor Schmotzer on January [5], 1993, was the subject of sharply conflicting testimony by the only two persons present at the time and place in question, Chief McKibben and Mayor Schmotzer." Opinion of March 14, 1996, p. 3.
In setting forth her argument, Mayor Schmotzer has misapprehended the determination made in the criminal proceedings against Chief McKibben. After filing of her private criminal complaint and its approval by the Commonwealth, the issuing authority, Judge Novak, was required to ascertain and certify that there was probable cause for the issuance of process in the form of an affidavit. Pa.R.Crim.P. 133; Pa.R.Crim.P. 134(a)(2). *fn6 In other word, Judge Novak's decision was based solely upon the allegation which Mayor Schmotzer set forth in her affidavit of probable cause.
Subsequently, at the preliminary hearing, Judge Novak was required to determine whether the Commonwealth established a prima facie case that a crime had been committed and that Chief McKibben is probably the one who committed the crime. Commonwealth v. McBride, 528 Pa. 153, 157-158, 595 A.2d 589, 591 (1991); Commonwealth v. Lutz, 443 Pa. Super. 262, 264-266, 661 A.2d 405, 407 (1995). In other words, "the Commonwealth is required to present evidence of each of the material elements of the charge and to establish sufficient probable cause to warrant the belief that the accused committed the offense." McBride, 595 A.2d at 591, citing Commonwealth v. Wojdak, 502 Pa. 359, 466 A.2d 991 (1983). As we stated, in Commonwealth v. Jury, 431 Pa. Super. 129, 139, 636 A.2d 164, 169, appeal denied, 537 Pa. 647, 644 A.2d 733 (1994), "the pretrial process . . . requires the application of what is known in criminal law as the probable cause standard or a prima facie standard." See also, Commonwealth v. Gray, 322 Pa. Super. 37, 469 A.2d 169 (1983), affirmed, 509 Pa. 476, 503 A.2d 921 (1985) (at a preliminary hearing, Commonwealth is required to establish a prima facie case by showing probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that a defendant is the offender).
Based on the evidence produced by the Commonwealth at the preliminary hearing, Judge Novak determined that a prima facie case had not been set forth, i.e., sufficient evidence to determine whether probable cause existed to believe that the crime of simple assault was committed and that Chief McKibben probably was the perpetrator was not presented by the Commonwealth. See, McBride, 595 A.2d at 592 (at the preliminary hearing, the court's sole function is to determine whether probable cause exists to require an accused to stand trial on the charges contained in the complaint). Thus, contrary to Mayor Schmotzer's claims, the proceeding in the criminal court actually resulted in a finding that probable cause for the criminal prosecution of Chief McKibben did not exist. Accordingly, Mayor Schmotzer had no absolute defense to claim of malicious prosecution, i.e., probable cause was not established a matter of law. Meiksin v. Howard Hanna Co., Inc., 404 Pa. Super. 417, 420, 590 A.2d 1303, 1305, appeal denied 528 Pa. 644, 600 A.2d 196 (1991) ("If probable cause is shown to have existed, an absolute defense is established against an action for malicious prosecution, even when express malice is proved.").
Mayor Schmotzer would have this court accept her mere allegations in her affidavit of probable cause as conclusive proof of probable cause. This we will not do, given the fact the Judge Novak, after the preliminary hearing, actually concluded that probable cause was lacking. Further, in light of the litigant's diametrically opposed versions of the events of January 5, 1993, we find the lower court did not err when it submitted the question of whether Mayor Schmotzer instituted her private criminal action without probable cause to the jury. Cf., Cap v. K-Mart Discount Stores, Inc., 357 Pa. Super. 9, 515 A.2d 52 (1986) (case remanded for trial where question of probable cause should have been submitted to the jury; fact that plaintiff had been convicted on charge of theft of services by district magistrate was not conclusive proof of probable cause since plaintiff was later found not guilty after his trial de novo before the Court of Common Pleas); Wainauskis, supra (issue of probable cause was properly sent to jury where criminal proceedings against plaintiff were bound over for trial after a preliminary hearing on the basis of an "inadequate or unreasonable investigation" and plaintiff's first trial resulted in a mistrial and her second trial resulted in an acquittal); compare, Kelley, 544 A.2d at 942-43 (issue of probable cause should not have been presented to jury where upon review of the undisputed material facts, prior criminal prosecution was based upon probable cause).
To summarize our Conclusions thus far, Mayor Schmotzer is a "high public official" and she is entitled to an absolute privilege in relation to her issuance of the "News Release" since her actions related thereto fell within the course of her official duties and the scope of her authority. Accordingly, the lower court erred when it refused to dismiss Chief McKibben's libel claim. Second, we reach the opposite result in relation to her statements to the press following Chief McKibben's preliminary hearing and conclude that Mayor Schmotzer was not acting within the scope of her authority when she made those statements. Consequently, she is not entitled to an absolute defense to Chief McKibben's slander cause of action, and the lower court correctly permitted that claim to go before the jury. Finally, we find that the lower court did not err when it permitted the jury to determine whether Mayor Schmotzer instituted her private criminal action against the chief without probable cause.
Our inquiry does not end here. As previously stated, the lower court ruled that a new trial as to all counts of the complaint was necessary because the issues related to each were "inextricably intertwined". For the following reasons, we must disagree that a new trial is warranted as to Mayor Schmotzer's liability for malicious prosecution and slander. Those counts were properly before the jury, and, in response to interrogatories, the jury, inter alia, expressly found: 1) Mayor Schmotzer initiated criminal proceedings against Chief McKibben with malice and without probable cause; 2) The statements made by Mayor Schmotzer about Chief McKibben following his preliminary hearing on April 23, 1993, were not true; and 3) The statements made by Mayor Schmotzer about Chief McKibben following his preliminary hearing on April 23, 1993, were made with malice. Thus, there is no need for a new trial as to liability on those claims.
However, the jury was not asked to award a specific amount of damages on each separate count of the complaint. Rather, the jury made a general award of damages to Chief McKibben in the amount of $50,000 in compensatory and $30,000 in punitive damages. Since the damages award did not distinguish the amount of damages which were awarded for each specific count of the complaint, we cannot determine how much of that award was based upon the chief's libel claim. Accordingly, a new trial must be held on the issue of damages alone on the remaining claims.
Order awarding a new trial is reversed. Case remanded for proceedings in accordance with the provisions of this opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.
DEL SOLE, J. did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
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This four bedroom, one bathroom, two toilets fibro residence offers an air-conditioned open plan living area consisting of lounge and dining with the kitchen adjoining. The three bedrooms are carpeted, ceiling fans and the main has built ins and air-conditioner. The kitchen has a stainless steel upright gas cooker with electric oven and the shot water system is solar. There are timber floor boards in the entrance, hallway and living areas. The forth bedroom is spacious and could be used as a family room. The verandah to the rear is semi enclosed and the patio adjoins. The rear offers garden sheds and terraced lawns with rear access down the side. Currently leased at 325.00 week on a periodical tenancy.
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Meet Wade! Wade is 35 pounds of pure puppy and will need an owner to be consistent and loving with him , as well as a confident, playful dog buddy, while he learns the ropes. Luckily, Wade is so stinkin' cute that he makes it easy to fall in love with him and forgive him when he's running around the yard with your shoe or the remote. He loves other dogs and is most happy to chase or be chased by his canine friends, so a yard with some leg room would be perfect! He also loves kitties but will most likely involve them in his chasing game, so a laid back kitty might be a better fit for him. Wade can be a touch shy at times with new people and would need continuing exposure to new and exciting things! Wade loves treats, so any training paired with treats is sure to stick. When not running and playing you can find Wade snuggling with the nearest dog friend or person. This little monkey is sure to bring a lot of laughs and love in the his new home!
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|3 nights
This home has fantastic views of Georgetown Lake with a private dock. It has 5 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms and sleeps 13 comfortably. The master bedroom has a king size bed. Bedroom/TV Room has a trundle bed that sleeps 2. Bedroom #3 has a full bunkbed. Bedroom #4 has a Queen bunkbed and an additional twin bed and Bedroom #5 has a Queen size bed. The gourmet kitchen is a Chef's dream. The copper bar downstairs is set up for all of your entertaining needs. The copper ceiling adds warmth to the living area. There is a Arcade game and basketball net. For the kids there are Wii and XBOX games and books. A beautiful view of the lake can be seen from any window upstairs. The deck is a nice place to end your evening with incredible views of the lake and a nice sunset. This is a perfect place for a family gathering or corporate retreat.
Washer and Dryer included. Internet and Satellite television. There are great hiking, biking and ATV trails out our backdoor. An outdoor lover's paradise
The home was clean and spacious with a fabulous kitchen, excellent sleeping space, and a deck with gorgeous views of Georgetown Lake. The home was perfect for our small family reunion with all 11 of us having our own space. Stephanie was so easy to work with too. The nearby Brown Derby has good food. I would also recommend Barclays in Anaconda for a great meal. We hope to be able to stay here again.
Six months ago I began the process of renting a home for our family to meet. There were 10 of us old individuals who just wanted a weekend together. I had no idea what a wonderful experience I was about to undertake when I sent an email to Stephanie. She was so sweet and kind and her home was amazing. We had more then enough beds, comfort to the max and when you have bathrooms for all woman WOW heaven. Anything that we could not find or needed she had to us in a very short turnaround time. The pictures shown do not come close to when you walk in this home. The view is incredible of Georgetown Lake. We had an experience we will not soon forget. Stephanie thank you for sharing your home with us. If your looking for comfort, beauty and all around fun we recommend renting this facility for your next adventure.
Stephanie was amazing and so kind and helpful. She made sure our stay was as pleasant as it could possibly be, even down to supplying us with special items for our 5 month old!
I recently stayed a week with a family of 11 for a family reunion. The lake views were amazing, and we had a large bull moose come near the house two evenings and one early morning! The use of the boat slip down the road was a great place to park our boat!
We had 9 adults, so the rooms with the bunk beds were not the best for us. The gourmet kitchen was not as it seemed. Out of the 6 gas burners on the stove, only two worked, or stayed lit. That made it difficult to cook for a large family. Also only one oven door out of the two worked. The other side was missing the door and was used for pot storage. Of the two outdoor gas bbq grills, neither one worked. Knobs were missing and it looks as though other visitors used charcoal in them, which then made them inoperable. We did contact the owner, and a new one was delivered two days later.
The location and views were very pleasing, but the home needs some attention to fix some of the noted issues.
Excellent house with great views of Georgetown Lake with a quiet location. Professional kitchen will please anyone who likes to cook. Owner was very pleasant and accommodating.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
Please contact me with any questions. We are happy to share our cabin with you and want you to have a memorable time. I have contacts for adventures and caterers.


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One Kearney organization makes it their goal to provide fun for everyone.
"There's so many games to choose from, and I love capturing the flag," said participants Eden and Jasmine.
About 60 kids took to Dryden Park on Friday morning playing soccer, dodgeball and 'capture the flag'.
It's "Just 4 Fun" sports, a four week YMCA program that brings activities to the kids.
Now in its third year, the program has expanded to five parks across town...
"We want to make sure the kids are staying active over the summer, building a healthy lifestyle," said program manager Ray Longoria. "And we want as a YMCA to be engaged with our community, not only be in our four walls in the YMCA, but to get out into the community and get a chance to meet parents, meet kids, make an impact in our community."
'Just 4 FUN' sports is a free program and open to kids of all ages who just need to show up to participate.
REPORTER'S NOTES: 'Just 4 Fun' meets Monday through Fridays throughout June from 10am-11am with a different park each day.
Monday: Centennial Park
Tuesday: Harmon Park
Wednesday: Collins Park
Thursday: Pioneer Park
Friday: Dryden Park
More information about the program can be found at www.kearneyfamilyymca.org, or by calling 308/237/9622


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The Goose 50K Relay and Ultra
Cancelled for 2016
The Best Running Relay on Vancouver Island!
The 2015 Goose Relay and Ultra was a great day for everyone who participated! Congratulations to Alain Dube and Jenny White, the winners of the 50K Ultra Division, and to Mom and Me, overall winners of the Relay Division. Visit the results page for all the results.
The 2016 event has been cancelled due to very low participation.
Team 4 Hope.
Get four friends together and be a team in the best running relay on Vancouver Island or challenge yourself to do the 50k solo along one of the most scenic and forgiving Ultra courses available, all in support of the battle with childhood cancer.


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April 6, 2007
THOMAS ROLAND, III, PLAINTIFF,v.I. RIVERA, SUPERINTENDENT, COXSACKIE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; AND MICHAEL BENSON, SUPERINTENDENT, DEFENDANTS.
Currently before the Court is Plaintiff Thomas Roland, III's amended complaint, see Dkt. No. 6, which he submitted in compliance with this Court's March 13, 2007 Memorandum-Decision and Order, see Dkt. No. 4.
In his original complaint, Plaintiff alleged that he received improper medical care from physicians whom Defendants Rivera and Benson employed. In its previous Order, the Court advised Plaintiff that, in any amended complaint that he filed, he had to demonstrate the personal involvement of each Defendant in the alleged violation of his constitutional rights. See id. at 3-4.
In his amended complaint, Plaintiff continues to name Rivera and Benson as Defendants. Plaintiff claims that "a doctor in Mr. Michael A. Benson's employ" prescribed a medication which has caused Plaintiff to experience continuing health problems. See Dkt. No. 6 at 5. Moreover, Plaintiff contends that doctors in the employ of both Defendants have not properly treated his health problems. See id.
As the Court noted in its previous Order, "[i]t is well settled in this Circuit that 'personal involvement of defendants in alleged constitutional deprivations is a prerequisite to an award of damages under § 1983.'" Wright v. Smith, 21 F.3d 496, 501 (2d Cir. 1994) (quoting Moffitt v. Town of Brookfield, 950 F.2d 880, 885 (2d Cir. 1991)) (other citations omitted). Although, in conclusory terms, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant Benson displayed deliberate indifference to his ongoing complaints about the side effects of the medication, see Dkt. No. 6 at 5, he does not provide any facts that would support a finding that either Defendant was personally involved in the alleged violation of his constitutional rights. Therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff's amended complaint fails to remedy the defects in his original complaint that the Court specifically noted in its March 13, 2007 Memorandum-Decision and Order.
Accordingly, after reviewing Plaintiff's amended complaint and the applicable law, and for the above-stated reason, the Court hereby
ORDERS that Plaintiff's amended complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE due to Plaintiff's failure to comply with the terms of the Court's March 13, 2007 Memorandum-Decision and Order, specifically his failure to allege facts that would support a finding that either Defendant was personally involved in the alleged violation of his constitutional rights; and the Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Order on Plaintiff.
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Interest Level
Grades K - 2
Reading Level
Grade level Equivalent: 2.8
Lexile® Measure: AD620L
Guided Reading: K
- Animals
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About This BookBy moonlight in the quiet forest, a young boy and his family decorate their favorite tree with popcorn, apples, tangerines, and sunflower-seed balls as a gift for the animals of the woods. "Sure to become a Christmas favorite, this beautifully illustrated story of a family's unusual tradition brings to life the true spirit of Christmas."--"American Bookseller"
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1 review
Kumho Ecsta AST (KU25) Tire Reviews
Read 1 Review
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Sanders, AZ Traffic and Road Conditions
× Warning! Do not attempt to use any of these features while driving a vehicle.
Click any alert icons on the map to see info.
- Click or touch the map to move in different directions.
- If you do not see any markers on the map, try zooming in one or two levels using "+" on the top left side. However, they are not always available.
- Click an incident icon on the map to get more information.
Q) How often is the map updated?
A) The traffic flow is updated at loadtime and upon movement outside the initial map view, or upon refresh of the page. Any incident markers are checked for updates approximately every 5-10 minutes, but you need to reload the page to load any new updates; the data provided may still be the same status/view as before. Information shown is as only reliable as how it is reported to us.Q) The roads are backed up or closed, but the map does not show the reason why, what's the deal?
A) Municipal traffic monitors or GPS trackers may not be available, could be offline, or reports and alerts are not syndicated to media outside of the area to use on the map. This is especially true for rural areas. You are encouraged to leave a road conditions report to help others.Q) I see traffic alerts in the box below for the state, but they aren't related to the area I'm in?
A) We attempt to display alerts as specific to the area as possible, however in some cases the data we receive will only allow us to provide it by county or even statewide.Q) Are you an official source of traffic information?
A) We are not an official source of traffic or real-time data. We have contracts and licenses to display certain up-to-date information that comes direct from some DOTs in various states, and the traffic flow on the maps is provided by Google or MapQuest. However, the data shown here should only be used for light informational and reference purposes and not to make critical decisions. Your safest option on the web is to use your state-run traffic website, or to call the DOT traffic line for your state, local authorities, or the state's 511 number if available.
Sanders Traffic Alerts
Additional Traffic Resource: AZ DOT Website
Arizona DOT on Twitter
https://t.co/JH1xifOXyX https://t.co/dCjsuBRglH
UPDATE: The Silver Alert for William Hathcox has been canceled. Hathcox has been located. https://t.co/tCkl1HaQED
https://t.co/hWkWw68XHm https://t.co/VmvhUVvOa6
@J89Mike Sounds like you're referring to a surface road. We oversee freeways/highways. @PeoriaAzPS or @MaricopaSheriff may have more info.
@J89Mike We have nothing reported. What did you see?
@cary_northrop It's like an Amber Alert, but for vulnerable adults.
SILVER ALERT: William Hathcox, 90, 5'10" & 160 lbs. Silver '07 Dodge Caravan AZ license ALR2771. 623-773-7061. MORE… https://t.co/a8BYicaAZR
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UPDATE: I-17 NB at Indian School is clear. #phxtraffic https://t.co/123o2KMk4i
source: Arizona DOT Twitter Account


text: Alright when I install levels for Iphysics the game itself doesn't pick em up, I know there is a fix in allipodhax's sources but for some odd reason I can't download it, is there any way to move the levels into the correct directory using SSH or something? is so where are my levels that I downloaded now and where do I have to move them? Same thing but with Ebooks, my books app doesn't pick up any of the books I download off of installer? finally is there any way to get weDict to work on 1.1.3? because whenever I run it it crashes, oh and if there is a way, I am pretty sure the directory for its dictionaries is messed up to so is there any way to fix that aswell? Early thanks for those who reply, THANKS!


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January 18, 2012
ANTHONY PERRI, PLAINTIFF,v.BARRAK HUSSEIN OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; ERIC HIMPTON HOLDER, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; LORRETTA LYNCH, U.S. ATTORNEY OF THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK; ROBERT T. JOHNSON, DISTRICT ATTORNEY FOR BRONX COUNTY NEW YORK, DEFENDANTS.
Plaintiff Anthony Perri filed this pro se action on October 24, 2011. The Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice on December 5, 2011. On December 21, 2011, plaintiff filed a motion for relief from the judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b)(3) & (6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. On December 27, 2011, plaintiff also submitted a "Memorandum of Law" that was addressed to officials in Rochester, New York. This document summarizes the background of plaintiff's litigation in this Court and reiterates his claims about the alleged local, national, and international conspiracies directed at him. For the following reasons, plaintiff's Rule 60(b) motion for relief from the Court's judgment is hereby denied.
The Court summarized plaintiff's history of litigation in its December 5, 2011 order, and will not repeat it here. (See DE # 2.) The instant action alleged that various public officials have harassed plaintiff and attempted to entrap him in criminal activity as part of a massive conspiracy. The Court found plaintiff's allegations frivolous and dismissed the action.
Plaintiff's motion for reconsideration seeks relief from the judgment on the grounds of "Fraud, Misrepresentation, Misconduct, & Entrapment." (Mot. ¶ 2.) It also seeks the recusal of the assigned judges, and asks the Court to "refer this litigation to the Chief Judges of the Circuit and Supreme Court" or to transfer it to the United States District Court for the Southern, Northern, or Western District of New York. In an accompanying Affidavit, plaintiff states that Judges Amon and Ross have dismissed or closed his cases by fraud. (Aff. ¶ 2.)
Rule 60(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits a party to seek relief from a final judgment because of "fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3). "However, a Rule 60(b)(3) motion cannot be granted absent clear and convincing evidence of material misrepresentations and cannot serve as an attempt to relitigate the merits." Fleming v. New York Univ., 865 F.2d 478, 484 (2d Cir. 1989). Although plaintiff disagrees with the Court's dismissal of his action as frivolous, and attempts to provide further allegations in support of his claims, he offers no evidence upon which the Court could find that the order dismissing his complaint was secured by fraud or misrepresentation. In addition, the plain text of Rule 60(b)(3) requires fraud or misconduct by an opposing party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3). Plaintiff is not entitled to relief under this section because he has not alleged that an opposing party has committed fraud or misconduct in connection with the judicial proceedings before this Court. See Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 528 (2005); Simons v. United States, 452 F.2d 1110, 1115 (2d Cir. 1971) ("[C]lause (3) permits relief only for fraud of an adverse party").
Plaintiff also seeks relief under the catch-all provision of Rule 60(b), which provides that relief may be granted for "any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). "This portion of the Rule is properly invoked only when there are extraordinary circumstances justifying relief, when the judgment may work an extreme and undue hardship, and when the asserted grounds for relief are not recognized in clauses (1)-(5) of the Rule." Nemaizer v. Baker, 793 F.2d 58, 63 (2d Cir. 1986). Plaintiff's disappointment with the adverse decision in his case does not present an "exceptional circumstance" that would justify relief under this section.
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff is not entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(3) or 60(b)(6). Accordingly, his December 21, 2011 motion for relief from the judgment is denied. The Court certifies pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this Order would not be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for purpose of an appeal. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962).
Carol Bagley Amon United States District Judge
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Title: The Truth About Diabetes
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According to endocrinologist Frank Vinicor of the CDC (Center For Disease Control):
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Did you know that approximately 17,000,000 Americans have diabetes? This equates to 6.2% of the population. And, at the current rate of increase, there are about one million new cases per year.
The really frightening part of this is that this is probably an "under estimation" because it is not uncommon for diabetes to go undetected for as long as 12 years before being properly diagnosed.
Sadly, many of us will lose friends and family before they are even diagnosed! Why? Because research shows that the following consequences of diabetes occur statistically in the USA per annum:
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Brown-Forman/Sazerac15 Jan 2016
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Brown-Forman sells liqueur brands to domestic rival for $550m
US alcoholic beverages company Brown-Forman announced on Thursday that it selling its Southern Comfort and Tuaca liqueur brands for $543.5m to New Orleans-based rival Sazerac.
The sale of Southern Comfort and Italian liqueur Tuaca, which Brown-Forman acquired in 1979 and 2002 respectively, fits into the company's strategy of divesting itself of challenged and non-core product lines and focusing on fewer, more profitable brands such as Jack Daniel's and Woodford Reserve.