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Masaaki Noiri Wins Road to Glory JAPAN 65kg SLAM Tournament
- Published in Asia
- Written by Dave Walsh
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Earlier today in Shinjuku, Tokyo, GLORY held its first Road to GLORY Japan event, a 65kg tournament with Masaaki Noiri, Yuki, Ryuji Kajiwara and Hiroya, among others. Also on the card was a big 60kg fight between Hirotaka Urabe and Shigeru.
Zen Fujita and Riki Matsuoka opened up the tournament with the REBELS champ Fujita stopping the Koshien semifinalist with a pair of knockdowns in the 3rd after getting knocked down once himself in the previous round. The second fight was my most anticipated opening round matchup as brawlers Yuki and Mohan Dragon faced off, but it was the former RISE champ Yuki winning a decision on scores of 29-27, 28-27 and 30-27 over the MA Kick champion due to Mohan Dragon having points being taken away for low blows. The third quarterfinal saw a 3rd matchup between former Koshien champs Masaaki Noiri and Hiroya. This fight was much closer than their first two affairs as Noiri was only able to pick up a majority decision due to a point deduction for low blows to Hiroya, resulting in scores of 30-29(x2) and 29-29. The last quarterfinal featured an upset as Yukihiro Komiya defeated former Krush champion Ryuji Kajiwara in an extension round after a split draw. Kajiwara was deducted a point for shots to the back of the head in the extension round, but lost the round on each judge's scorecard, as well.
The semifinals saw Zen Fujita go down again, but this time he was sent right back to the canvas after suffering some of Yuki's brutal leg kicks. Yuki won by TKO at 2:42 of the 2nd round and advanced to the finals. In the other semi, Noiri struggled once again, but again came out with a majority decision over Yukihiro Komiya on scores of 30-30, 30-29 and 30-28. However in the finals Noiri made sure he didn't win a close decision and knocked Yuki down twice in the 1st round and twice in the 2nd en route to a 2nd round stoppage at 1:35 to win the tournament and a spot in GLORY's World Tournament in May.
Despite going up in weight, the tournament win further solidifies Noiri as the world's top Lightweight. It's interesting to see how he'll fare against bigger fighters in the main GLORY tournament, but I don't see any reason to not consider him the early favorite. Sure, scores indicate that he struggled with a bigger Hiroya and Komiya, but until footage of the fights comes out it'll be hard to know. It is very possible he chose to work at range and save his energy, an approach he's taken to tournaments before. Yuki lived up to my expectations by getting past Mohan Dragon, albeit in an unconventional way, and then stopping Zen Fujita. And as I expected, Yuki had the flaws in his game exploited by the technically superior Noiri. Still a good showing from Yuki and a good way to bounce back from the loss to Sung-hyun Lee. Yukihiro Komiya made the biggest impression in the tournament. The former RISE Middleweight champion had looked very good since dropping to 65kg, but his loss to Yasuomi Soda made it seem like it was a bit too late for him to break through. However, he was able to pull off the upset against Kajiwara and gave Noiri a good run for his money. Zen Fujita made it to the semis, but didn't give me any reason to think he's close to a world level. He got dropped by Matsuoka in his quarterfinal and although he showed great heart by coming back and getting a stoppage, he wasn't ready for Yuki's low kicks. Kajiwara had a disappointing night, but it's not as if he wasn't competitive. His run at 63kg was far from a fluke, but his style relies heavily on his opponent coming at him. I would assume the more experienced Komiya didn't fall into that trap and that's why he was able to win, but according to GLORY's Martijn De Jong on Twitter, the fight was action packed, so I guess that's another good way to throw a counter fighter off of his game. Despite losing, Hiroya fighting Noiri close and not getting dropped says, to me at least, that he's made some improvements and that the move to 65kg is bigger than I thought it would be. Mohan Dragon mostly gave me what I expected and I'm not surprised his wild, looping shots resulted in low blows against a fighter who loves to be on the inside. I guess I could say Matsuoka surprised me by dropping Fujita, but his lack of defense cost him.
The event also featured a few super fights, the most significant of which featured Krush 60kg champion Hirotaka Urabe taking on WPMF Japan Super Featherweight champion Shigeru. After 3 rounds of what GLORY's Martijn de Jong called the fight of the night, the two went to an extension round. Less than 30 seconds into the extension round, Urabe opened up a nasty cut with a flying knee and forced a doctor stoppage. Urabe pushes his undefeated streak to 14 and picks up another win over a top 60kg fighter. Although he lost, Shigeru proves he's one of the best 60kg fighters in Japan after defeating Yuji Takeuchi and fighting Urabe even for 3 rounds. Clearly he has some defensive holes, but he's shown he can fight against all different types of fighters and under different rulesets. I'd like to see him fight Naoki Ishikawa in Krush with the winner getting another shot at Urabe.
Quick results after the break


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Rabindra Shiksha Sammillani Law College under the aegis of Rabindra Shiksha Sammillani Samity upholds the society's credo of the Determination, Discipline and Dedication to the hilt. It is a college throbbing with the invigorating air of zeal, aspiration, scarless dreams profusely permeated in the every nook and corner of attitude, curriculum and above all association that gives pragmatic exposure to each and individual student. The co-curricular and extra-curricular foundation can unquestionably bestow a jubilant, strain free and healthy atmosphere that unmistakably yields from the care of talent entity a luminous spark of self confidence and moral courage which are the dire needs of the nation. The dynamic Law Graduates thus circumstanced can offer a better tomorrow to the society and to the family as well. Moreover, the Moot Court and the clinical method of instruction would invariably torch up the fire of contention that boosts the actual field work. This also reduces the gaps between law in print and law in action. Our college will stretch to invite the outstanding academicians of legal calibere and repute, administrators, jurists and legal luminaries on different occasions to deliver their priceless lectures so as to make our students well equipped with and properly exposed to the practical aspect of law. The college is affiliated to the University of Calcutta and is approved by the Bar Council of India and the Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal. The college is affiliated to 5-year Integrated Course in Law leading to B.A. LL.B. degree of the University of Calcutta. Besides the annual examination, the performance of each candidate will be assessed on the basis of participation in the class and mid-term tests. According to the rules and regulations framed by the University of Calcutta, minimum 70% attendance of the lectures delivered is mandatory for appearing in the University examination.
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July 29, 2009
YAODI HU, PLAINTIFF,v.ROBERT SCHURMAN, ET AL., DEFENDANTS.
Defendant Richard Shronts filed his Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rules 12(b)(5) and 4(m) (#17) on May 15, 2009. Plaintiff, Yaodi Hu, never filed a response. On June 25, 2009, Magistrate Judge David G. Bernthal issued his Report and Recommendation (#22), recommending denying Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. Defendant filed his Objections to the Report and Recommendation (#23) on July 10, 2009. For the following reasons, this court does not accept the Report and Recommendation and DISMISSES Defendant Richard Shronts as a defendant in Plaintiff's original complaint without prejudice.
Plaintiff filed his original Complaint (#1) on September 23, 2008. Defendant Richard Shronts, Fire Chief of the Grant Park Fire District, was named as a defendant. On February 3, 2009, Defendants Robert Schurman, Scott Fitts, and the City of Grant Park brought a Motion to Dismiss (#6) for Plaintiff's failure to properly serve them. On April 1, 2009, this court entered an Order (#14) allowing Plaintiff to file an amended complaint. The court found that service on Defendants Schurman, Shronts, and Village of Grant Park was valid and that they did not need to be served again upon the filing of the amended complaint, as its filing would simply revive them as defendants. The court did find that Plaintiff still needed to serve any remaining defendants named in the future amended complaint.
On May 15, 2009, Defendant Shronts filed his own Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rules 12(b)(5) and 4(m) (#17). In his motion, Defendant states that on March 31, 2009, Plaintiff left, or caused to be left, a summons and complaint with firefighter Nathan Roloff at the Grant Park Fire District located at 107 Curtiss Street, Grant Park, Illinois. On the date Defendant was allegedly served, he was involved in an emergency call and was away from the firehouse. The only person who was served was non-party Roloff, who was not authorized to accept service on Shronts' behalf and who informed the men who dropped off the summons and complaint that he was not Shronts. Since March 31, 2009, Shronts has not been personally served with a summons and complaint. These facts were attested to in two affidavits signed by Shronts and Roloff and attached to Defendant Shronts' Motion to Dismiss (#17) as Exhibits A and B.
Defendant argues that actual notice and knowledge of the existence of the lawsuit is insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction over a defendant in the absence of a service of process and that leaving a summons and complaint with a co-worker at a place of business is not proper service. Thus, Plaintiff has not properly served Defendant with process and the case against him should be dismissed, or in the alternative the alleged service on Defendant should be quashed. Also, under Rule 4(m), Defendant argues he was not served within the 120 days required, since the original complaint was filed on September 23, 2008 and he was not served until March 31, 2009, which was 189 days. Defendant argues the case should be dismissed without prejudice under Rule 4(m).
Plaintiff never filed a response to Defendant's motion. On June 25, 2009, Judge Bernthal issued his Report and Recommendation (#22). In the R&R, Judge Bernthal noted that this court in April 2009 had found Plaintiff's personal service on Defendant Shronts to be valid, but that Defendant has now presented evidence indicating that Plaintiff, in fact, did not personally serve Defendant. Thus, Judge Bernthal wrote, Defendant's evidence and the inconsistent information in Plaintiff's Return of Service raises questions as to the finding in the Order. Judge Bernthal recommended denying Defendant's motion if this court's finding that personal service was valid remains undisturbed. However, if the service was not valid, Defendant's motion should still be denied for being premature, since courts have discretion to extend deadlines for service and the court here implicitly allowed Plaintiff additional time to effectuate service of process on any remaining defendants named in the amended complaint.
Defendant filed his Objections to the Report and Recommendations (#23) on July 10, 2009. In his Objection, Defendant notes the inconsistencies contained in Plaintiff's original Return of Service on Defendant Shronts. Specifically, the Return of Service indicates that service was made "personally on third-party defendant" and that it was "[r]eturned unexecuted" and stated "summons and complaint served to Richard Shronts." Defendant argues the Return of Service itself does not indicate the service of the summons and complaint was served on Defendant, but only that it was served "to" Defendant.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e) states:
"Serving an Individual Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless federal law provides otherwise, an individual-- other than a minor, an incompetent person, or a person whose waiver has been filed-- may be served in a judicial district of the United States by:
(1) following state law for serving a summons in an action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located or where service is made; or
(2) doing any of the following: (A) delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally;
(B) leaving a copy of each at the individual's dwelling or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there; or
(C) delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process." Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e).
Under Illinois law, service upon an individual defendant is provided by leaving a copy of the summons and complaint with the defendant personally or by leaving at his usual place of abode with a person over the age of 13 and by mailing a copy of the summons and complaint to the resident address. 735 ILCS 5/-203(a) (West 2006).
In the instant case, the court now has before it evidence, in the form of signed affidavits from Nathan Roloff and Defendant Shronts, that Defendant Shronts was never personally served. Rather, it appears Roloff was served, and he is not authorized to accept service of process on Defendant's behalf. Combined with what admittedly are inconsistencies in the Return of Service, and with Plaintiff's failure to respond to the evidence presented via the affidavits in Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (#17), the court has no option other than to dismiss, without prejudice, Plaintiff's complaint as to Defendant Shronts. However, once Plaintiff files his amended complaint, and if Defendant Shronts is named as a defendant in that amended complaint, Plaintiff will have 120 days from the date of the filing of the amended complaint to effectuate proper service of process on Defendant Richard Shronts.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED: (1) The Report and Recommendation (#22) dated June 25, 2009, is NOT ACCEPTED by the court.
(2) Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (#17) is GRANTED and Defendant Richard Shronts is dismissed from the Plaintiff's original complaint without prejudice. Once Plaintiff has filed his amended complaint, Plaintiff shall have 120 days from the date of that filing to effectuate proper service of process on Defendant Richard Shronts.
ENTERED this 29th day of July, 2009
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In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Book of Job, Zophar or Tzofar (צוֹפַר "Chirping; rising early", Standard Hebrew Ẓofar, Tiberian Hebrew Ṣôp̄ar) the Naamathite is one of the friends of Job who visits to comfort him during his illness. His comments can be found in chapters 11 and 20. He suggests that Job's suffering could be divine punishment, and goes into great detail about the consequences of living a life of sin.
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De Anima
(On the Soul)
By (author) Aristotle
Translated by Hugh Lawson-Tancred
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De Anima by Aristotle
Book DescriptionFor the Pre-Socratic philosophers the soul was the source of movement and sensation, while for Plato it was the seat of being, metaphysically distinct from the body that it was forced temporarily to inhabit. Plato's student Aristotle was determined to test the truth of both these beliefs against the emerging sciences of logic and biology. His examination of the huge variety of living organisms the enormous range of their behaviour, their powers and their perceptual sophistication convinced him of the inadequacy both of a materialist reduction and of a Platonic sublimation of the soul. In De Anima, he sought to set out his theory of the soul as the ultimate reality of embodied form and produced both a masterpiece of philosophical insight and a psychology of perennially fascinating subtlety.
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Book DetailsISBN: 9780140444711
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Pages: 256
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Publish Date: 29-Jan-1987
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Author Biography - Aristotle
Aristotle was born in 384BC. For twenty years he studied at Athens at the Academy of Plato, on whose death in 347 he left, and some time later became tutor to Alexander the Great. On Alexander's succession to the throne of Macedonia in 336, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his school and research institute, the Lyceum. After Alexander's death he was driven out of Athens and feld to Chalcis in Euboea where he died in 322. His writings profoundly affected the whole course of ancient and medieval philosophy. HUGH LAWSON-TANCRED was born in 1955 and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He is a Departmental Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at Birkbeck College in the University of London. He has published extensively on Aristotle and Plato and is currently engaged in research in computational linguistics. He translates widely from the Slavonic and Scandinavian languages. His translations of Aristotle's The Art of Rhetoric and De Anima are also published in Penguin Classics. He is married with a daughter and two sons and lives in North London and Somerset.
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Article Title
Program Web Address
To date, hospitality management educators have struggled to modify generic software or adapt vendor-designed industry systems as a means of bringing hospitality information systems to the classroom. Specially- designed computer-based courseware can enhance learning while extending the boundaries of the traditional hospitality classroom. The author discusses the relevance of this software to the hospitality curriculum.
Recommended Citation
Kasavana, Michael L.
"Extending the Boundaries of Hospitality Education,"
Hospitality Review:
Vol. 10:
1, Article 7.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol10/iss1/7


text: Hi, I'm Sam and passed my L's a couple of months ago. Got myself a proper POS- a 1980 CB125N. It's taken a bit of work to get it going and stopping but I'm having fun with it, despite having to modify my commuting route to avoid hills (I weigh as much as the bike...). I'm seriously lusting after Guzzi V50 (anyone got one for sale? ) but have been eyeing off a Duc 500SL Pantah on bikesales which is *almost* in my price range. I have checked out the rebuild threads on here recently and they really float my boat! Being LAMS approved is a good thing, but are either of these a sensible choice for a beginner? I'm not worried about spannering (I have Fiats and Alfas......), just handling the ponies. I've also never ridden a shaft-drive bike, is it a different experience? Thanks in advance


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The perfect resource for studying the Stone Age in the new curriculum. This book and CD describe Stone Age Britain from the earliest settlers, through Neanderthals to Neolithic settlers and farmers. There are major sections on Cave painting, barrows, stone circles, henges and important reconstructions. Includes both Skara Brae and Stonehenge for balanced UK-wide view. The book is beautifully illustrated throughout and contains a useful glossary of keywords and the accompanying CD is full of activities and explanations of the book. KS2. Pbk. 40pg. CD runs on PCs and Macs that accept flash plugins.


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04/19/16 Cutie Pie nka Shadow is a sweet, laid back girl who was returned after living with her owners for 8 years due to the owner's medical condition. She is potty trained. She is comfortable in a crate but prefers to sleep on the couch or a dog bed as she does well when unattended. She will do well in a laid back home as she gets along well with other dogs and children. We have heard she is not a fan of cats. 12-28-08 CutiePie is a 6 month old g irl, her mother and sibling were left by their owner and moved away. The man that lived next door took in the mom and her babies. Cutie Pie is a shy girl but will warm up with time. She is a very sweet girl and loves to sit on your lap and get kisses. Her adoption fee is $145.00 She is spayed, current on vaccinations, has her annual rabies vaccination, dewormed and micro-chipped.
If you are interested in adopting please go to our website at www.partnersforpetsil.org and fill out an online application. Adoptions are held at the O'Fallon, IL PetSmart every Saturday of the month from 11am-3:30pm and at the Glen Carbon, IL PetSmart every Sunday and the first Saturday of the month from 11am-3:30pm. We are also at Petco in Edwardsville Crossing on the 2nd and 4th Sunday of the month from 11:30-3:30 pm. The cats are only at Glen Carbon. Please let us know if you are interested in a pet and we can arrange to have them meet you at one of the adoption events. -


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 31, 1984
|Filing date
|Feb 7, 1983
|Priority date
|Feb 7, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William N. Lawless
|Original Assignee
|Lawless William N
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (41), Classifications (23), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Ni(Nb1-x Mx)2 O6-x
Ni2 (Nb1-x Mx)2 O7-x
Ni(Nb1-x Mx)2 O6-x
Ni2 (Nb1-x Mx)2 O7-x
The present invention relates to oxygen ion conductors and, more particularly, to such a device for sensing oxygen partial pressure in a first gas relative to a known oxygen partial pressure in a second gas, as well as for use as a fuel cell.
Because oxygen is an essential element of combustion processes, it is helpful to use oxygen sensors to monitor the exhaust gases of the combustion. Optimum fuel efficiency of a flame requires the correct oxygen-to-fuel ratio, since too little oxygen results in wasted, unburned fuel. Moreover, too great an oxygen concentration also wastes fuel, since energy is used to heat the excess oxygen to the exit gas temperature. This problem is compounded, since air is generally used as a source of oxygen in combustion processes, consisting approximately of 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen by volume. For each unit volume of excess oxygen heated to the flame temperature, four units of nitrogen must be heated as well.
The energy savings potential available through the use of oxygen sensors is well known. Presently known sensors function by monitoring the EMF developed across an oxygen ion conductor which is exposed to different partial pressures of oxygen.
Oxygen tends to move from a gas containing a high concentration of oxygen to one of lower concentration. If the two gases are separated from each other by an oxygen ion conductor, the oxygen molecules will dissociate on one surface of the conductor and absorb electrons to form oxygen ions. These ions can then diffuse through the ionic conductor, leaving the entry surface with a deficiency of electrons. On the exit or low oxygen concentration side of the conductor, oxygen ions leaving the material must give up electrons to form molecular oxygen, leaving the exit surface with an excess of electrons. Thus, an electrical potential difference, or EMF, is set up between the two surfaces of the ion conductor. The greater the difference in oxygen content of the two gases, the greater will be the tendency of oxygen to diffuse through the conductor, and the greater will be the potential difference between the entry and exit surfaces.
The EMF generated by the difference in partial pressures may be calculated by the Nernst relation:
EMF=ti (RT/nF) ln (PO.sbsb.2 /P'O.sbsb.2) (1)
where ti is the ionic transference number, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, n is the number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction, F is the Faraday constant, and PO.sbsb.2 and P'O.sbsb.2 are the oxygen partial pressures in the first and second gases, respectively. In the present case, the electrode reaction is O2 +4e →20-2, and thus n=4.
A common known oxygen sensor is disclosed in A. M. Chirino and R. T. Sproule, "Application of High and Low Temperature Direct Continuous Oxygen Sensors", 59 Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull. 605 (1980). The oxygen ion conductor material used therein is a solid solution of ZrO2 and approximately 8% by weight Y2 O3. The addition of the Y2 O3 to the ZrO2 provides vacant oxygen sites in the material which are necessary for diffusion of the oxygen ions. The stabilized ZrO2 is formed into the shape of a tube closed at one end, the tube typically being approximately 3/8 inch (1 cm) in diameter with wall thickness of 0.050 inches (0.125 cm) and 6 inches (15 cm) in length. The outer surface of the tube is exposed to the combustion exhaust gases, generally having a low oxygen content. The inner surface is simultaneously exposed to a reference atmosphere, usually atmospheric air, containing a higher oxygen content. Both surfaces of the tube are covered with a porous platinum metal coating which allows the gaseous oxygen to reach the ZrO2 and provides an electrical contact for measurement of the generated EMF.
Calcia-stabilized ZrO2 tubes have also been constructed, although the yttria-stabilized tubes are preferred due to their higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy. Similarly, the use of ceria (CeO2) ceramic tubes has also been studied.
There are several disadvantages to the ZrO2 and CeO2 electrolyte tubes. Raw material costs are relatively high, particularly in the case of yttria-stabilized ZrO2. Moreover, very high temperatures are required for the ceramic processing of ZrO2 and CeO2, which have melting points of 2700� C. and 2600� C., respectively. The combination of these two disadvantages results in relatively high tube costs.
The long term usefulness of the zirconia-based electrolytes may be lost due to destabilization or the growth of monoclinic grains into the fluorite grains, either of which leads to degraded signal output. Additionally, the geometry of the tube leads to large internal resistances in the sensor requiring that the electrolytes be heated to approximately 600� C. to reduce the internal resistance below the external load resistance. Moreover, the entire, platinum-coated outer surface of the electrolyte tube is exposed to the exhaust gas which can result in undesirable corrosion and/or erosion problems; and the relatively small thermal conductivity of the stabilized zirconia can lead to thermal shock problems on thermal cycling, particularly with large tubes.
What is needed, therefore, is an oxygen sensor that is relatively inexpensive to manufacture, has a relatively long useful life, and requires a lower threshold operating temperature. The sensor should also be less susceptible to corrosion and/or erosion attack on the precious-metal electrodes, and should possess a high resistance to thermal shock.
The present invention meets this need by providing an oxygen sensor generally of the oxygen ion conducting type. The ceramic materials used in the sensor may be represented by the following formulas:
Ni(Nb1-x Mx)2 O6-x
Ni2 (Nb1-x Mx)2 O7-x'
where M is selected from the group consisting of Zr+4, Ti+4, Sn+4, Sm+4, Hf+4, Ce+4 and mixtures thereof, and where x is a value from 0 to 0.2. Additionally, the ceramic material may be Bi2 O3 in solid solution with either Y2 O3 or Nb2 O5.
A preferred electrolytic ceramic material for use in the sensor is NiNb2 O6, which may be produced by mixing Nb2 O5 and NiO in appropriate amounts. The mixture is then calcined for approximately two hours at 1000� C., and sintered for approximately one hour at 1350� C. However, all of the above ceramic materials are useful in the practice of the present invention.
Such a sensor, for determining the oxygen partial pressure of a first gas relative to the oxygen partial pressure of a second, reference gas, includes at least two layers of a porous metallic conductor. A layer of the ceramic material of the present invention is disposed between the metallic layers to form at least a portion of a solid body for the sensor. Individual electrodes are connected to each of the metallic layers, and the sensor is located relative to the gases so that one layer is exposed to the first gas, and the second layer is exposed to the second, reference gas. The porous metallic layers may be made of platinum or other suitable metal.
The oxygen sensor may also include a plurality of layers of the electrolytic ceramic material. A plurality of layers of a porous metallic conductor are provided, and each metallic layer is interposed between and contained by two of the ceramic layers to form a solid body of alternating ceramic and metallic layers. The body has first and second opposing sides, and first alternate ones of the metallic layers are exposed along the first side of the body, while second alternate ones of the metallic layers are exposed along the second side. A first electrode connects the first alternate metallic layers, and a second electrode connects the second alternate metallic layers.
The sensor may be in an environment wherein the first and second gases are separated by a baffle disposed between the two. The sensor body may be mounted through the baffle such that the first side of the body is exposed to the first gas, and the second side of the body is exposed to the second gas. Again, the porous metallic layers may be platinum or other suitable material. The ceramic layers may be of any of the materials described above. Additionally, the ceramic layers may be of Bi2 O3 in solid solution with either Y2 O3 or Nb2 O5.
The multi-layer oxygen sensor of the present invention may be constructed by a tape-casting method which includes mixing an electrolytic ceramic material with an organic binder material. The mixture is then formed into sheets which are stacked together with alternating layers of porous metallic material. Typically, the binder material is burned out of the ceramic material by heating the stack at 300� C. to 500� C. for 30 minutes to 1 hour. The heating of the stack is then increased to a final temperature of 800� C. to 1400� C. The stack is maintained at the final temperature for 30 minutes to 3 hours, and may be subjected at the same time to a pressure of 0 to 5,000 psi.
Due to the similarity in operation of an oxygen sensor of the type described herein and a fuel cell for use in converting chemical energy to electrical energy, the present invention is also well-suited for use as a fuel cell.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an oxygen ion conducting oxygen sensor constructed of a new electrolytic ceramic material; to provide such a sensor including multiple alternating layers of an electrolytic ceramic material and a porous metallic material; to provide such a sensor having reduced material and production costs relative to presently known sensors; to provide such a sensor having a high degree of thermal shock resistance; to provide such a sensor that has a reduced threshold operating temperature; and to provide such a sensor that may be constructed by inexpensive tape-casting methods.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an oxygen sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the oxygen sensor;
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the ionic conductivity of NiNb2 O6 at several densities and of ZrO2 +8% Y2 O3 as a function of temperature;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of initial operating temperature of multi-layer sensor devices constructed of NiNb2 O6 at one of several densities as a function of the number of layers of NiNb2 O6 ;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the ionic conductivity of Bi2 O3 :Y2 O3, Bi2 O3 :Nb2 O5 and ZrO2 :Y2 O3 as a function of temperature; and
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of initial operating temperature of multi-layer sensor devices constructed of Bi2 O3 :Y2 O3 and Bi2 O3 :Nb2 O5 as a function of the number of ceramic layers in the device.
A preferred oxygen ion conducting ceramic material for use in the practice of the present invention is NiNb2 O6. It has been found that NiNb2 O6 can be formed as a dense ceramic body by mixing Nb2 O5 and NiO, calcining for 1 to 3 hours at 800� C. to 1000� C., preferably two hours at 1000� C., and sintering for 1 to 30 hours at 1200� C. to 1400� C., preferably one hour at 1350� C. A ratio of 78.07% Nb2 O5 to 21.93% NiO by weight is preferred. Under the preferred conditions, the ceramic sinters with no weight loss or gain to a density of 97.2% of the theoretical density of 5.653 gm/cm3. A higher percentage of the theoretical density may be achieved using one of several methods well known in the ceramic art including, for example, a longer sintering time, finer starting particle size or hot-pressing.
Ionic conductivity measurements made on three bar samples of the NiNb2 O6 ceramic material at three different densities and on a portion of a densified ZrO2 plus 8% Y2 O3 ceramic tube were used to obtain the data shown in FIG. 3. These data are plotted according to the ionic conductivity relation
σT=A exp (-Q/kT) (2)
where σ is the ionic conductivity, A is a constant, Q is the activation energy, and k is Boltzman's constant. The FIG. 3 data show that the ionic conductivity of NiNb2 O6 increases very rapidly with increasing density and approaches the conductivity of ZrO2 :Y2 O3.
The FIG. 3 data were fitted to the ionic conductivity relation set out as Eq. (2) above, and the resulting fitting parameters are given in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________Ionic Conductivity ParametersMaterial ln A Q(ev)______________________________________NiNb2 O6, 75.4% theo. density 12.31 1.27NiNb2 O6, 93.8% theo. density 11.87 1.28NiNb2 O6, 97.1% theo. density 15.38 1.31ZrO2 + 8% Y2 O3 14.30 1.03______________________________________
For ZrO2 :Y2 O3, the activation energy in Table I and σ-values from FIG. 3 agree well with published data. For NiNb2 O6, the Table I data show that the rapid increase in σ with density is primarily due to the rapid increase of ln A with density.
X-ray analysis of NiNb2 O6 has shown that the ceramic is a single-phase, columbite structure. Consequently, it is believed that the oxygen ion conductivity is due to the oxygen vacancies in the columbite structure. The columbite structure, AB2 O6 (where A and B are metal cations and O is oxygen), is obtained from the pyrochlore structure, A2 B2 O7, by the removal of layers of A and O ions. In turn, the pyrochlore structure has an eighth layer of oxygen ions missing in comparison to the A4 O8 fluorite structure, which has no oxygen vacancies. It will be noted that ZrO2 and CeO2 have the fluorite structure, and oxygen vacancies for ion conductivity must be produced by dopants such as CaO or Y2 O3. No such such dopants are necessary in the case of NiNb2 O6.
Other ceramic materials useful in the practice of the present invention include two families of ceramics, one being the columbite structure exemplified by NiNb2 O6, and the second being the pyrochlore structure exemplified by Ni2 Nb2 O7. These materials are represented by the following formulas:
Ni(Nb1-x Mx)2 O6-x
Ni2 (Nb1-x Mx)2 O7-x'
where M may be Zr+4, Ti+4, Sn+4, Sm+4, Hf+4 or Ce+4, and where x is a value from 0 to 0.2. It is noted that ionic radii considerations favor Ti+4, Sm+4, Hf+4 and Zr+4. Some of these materials may have higher ionic conductivities than NiNb2 O6.
Thermal conductivity measurements performed at room temperature on a sample of the NiNb2 O6 ceramic material at approximately 97% of theoretical density indicate a very large value, 0.036 cal sec-1 cm-1 K-1. By way of comparison, this thermal conductivity is approximately 60% of the alumina value at room temperature which, as is well known, has one of the largest room-temperature thermal conductivities of any known non-metal.
The thermal expansion coefficient of the NiNb2 O6 ceramic is 48�10-7 K-1 at room temperature. This moderate thermal expansion coefficient combined with the large thermal conductivity value ensures thermal-shock resistance for this ceramic.
Because of the convenient sintering temperatures of the ceramic materials of the present invention (approximately 1350� C.), the ceramics can be "tape cast" into a monolithic body. As is well known in the ceramic art, tape casting is a process for making a multi-layered body (for example, a ceramic capacitor) wherein appropriate metal electrodes are interdispersed between the ceramic layers.
A schematic representation of an oxygen sensor constructed according to tape-casting methods is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As seen in FIG. 2, an oxygen sensor 10 is shown mounted through a baffle 12 disposed so as to maintain a first gas having an oxygen partial pressure Po2 on the side of baffle 12 indicated generally at 14. A second gas having an oxygen partial pressure P'o2 less than that of the first gas is maintained on the side of baffle 12 indicated generally at 16. The sensor 10 includes a body 18 formed of alternating layers 20 of an electrolytic ceramic material and porous layers of a metallic material. Of the metallic layers, alternate layers 22 extend to a first side 24 of body 18 where they are exposed to the first gas at 14. The remaining metallic layers 26 are exposed along a second, opposing side 28 of body 18 to the second gas at 16. An electrode 30 is connected to the metallic layers 22, while an electrode 32 is connected to metallic layers 26.
The metallic layers 22 and 26 are preferably of platinum, although they may be constructed of any suitable metallic catalytic metal material. The layers 22 and 26 are fine-grained to avoid irreversible electrode effects, and are sponge-like to permit very rapid oxygen transport within the electrode layers. The oxygen contained within the first and second gases diffuses into the metallic layers as indicated by arrows 34, and thus the oxygen concentration within layers 22 corresponds to the concentration within the first gas, and the oxygen concentration within layers 26 corresponds to that of the second gas. Consequently, the oxygen ion concentrations at any two opposing metallic layers are different, and an EMF is developed by the oxygen ions diffusing across the separated ceramic layers 20. The gaseous oxygen resulting in metallic layers 26 then diffuses into the second gas along the path shown by arrows 36.
In essence, therefore, the oxygen sensor 10 consists of N galvinic cells connected in parallel, where N is the number of ceramic layers. The voltage output signal across electrodes 30 and 32 may be calculated through use of the Nernst equation set out above as Eq. (1).
Due to the temperature dependence of the Nernst relationship, it will be seen that some means for determing the temperature of the oxygen sensor must be provided to interpret the EMF generated by the sensor properly. This may be accomplished, for example, either by using standard thermocouple methods or by silk-screening a Pt+Pt-20% Rh thermocouple joint directly into the multi-layered device.
The multi-layer sensor is preferably constructed by a tape-casting technique. A powdered electrolytic ceramic material of approximately one micron grain size is mixed with an appropriate organic binder and prepared into a film sheet, preferably of 0.003 inch (0.0075 cm) thickness. A platinum layer is silk-screened onto the sheet, and a predetermined number of such sheets are stacked. The stack is heated at 250� C. to 400� C. for 2 to 30 hours, preferably 290� C. for 28 hours, so as to completely burn out the binder material. At the same time, pressure of 0 to 200 psi is applied to the stack to aid in holding it together. The heating of the stack is then increased, preferably at approximately 150� C. per hour, to a final temperature of 1200� C. to 1400� C. (preferably 1320� C.), at which the stack is held for 30 minutes to 3 hours at an applied pressure of 0 to 5000 psi.
One major criterion of an oxygen sensor is the threshold operating temperature, defined as that temperature to which the device must be heated so that the internal resistance of the oxygen sensor is sufficiently below the external load resistance that the sensor output signal can be processed. For ZrO2 plus 8% Y2 O3, the threshold operating temperature is approximately 600� C.
For the multi-layer sensor device disclosed herein, the total internal resistance Rt is
Rt =Rc /N=d/NA σ (3)
where Rc is the resistance of one layer of thickness d and metallic layer area A, σ is the ionic conductivity of the NiNb2 O6 ceramic, and N is the number of ceramic layers in the device. The threshold operating temperature for the multi-layer NiNb2 O6 device may be estimated, given that 600� C. is the threshold for a ZrO2 +8% Y2 O3 tube, by solving
(Rt)ZrO.sbsb.2 =(Rt)NiNb.sbsb.2O.sbsb.6 (4)
The typical dimensions of a zirconia tube mentioned above (i.e., approximate diameter of 3/8 inch, wall thickness of 0.05 inches, and length of 6 inches), and the preferred thickness (0.002 inches) and an exemplary surface area (0.25 inches) of the disclosed device are used. Additionally, the data of Table I allow estimation of ln A and Q as a function of density ρ by making the reasonable assumption that ln A αρ and Q αρ for ρ>90% of theoretical density.
The results of these calculations are shown graphically in FIG. 4 where the temperature is estimated as a function of the number of layers N. Up to the maximum 200 layers shown in FIG. 4 is consistent with state of the art tape casting methods. The graphical representations illustrate that the NiNb2 O6 multi-layer oxygen sensing device can have a significantly lower threshold operating temperature than the presently known zirconia tubes, particularly at higher ceramic densities.
It will be noted that these estimates are not particularly sensitive to the tube or multi-layer device dimensions used, and the latter dimensions are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Additionally, any increased ionic conductivity for the device through the use of the alternative materials disclosed herein will result in further lowering of the threshold operating temperature of the device.
Another criterion connected with the oxygen sensor is the response time of the device. It is well known that a zirconia tube sensor responds so rapidly (on the order of nanoseconds) that electronic compensation must be employed. The quantity
D/d2 =constant (5)
defines the response conditions wherein D is the diffusivity and d is the electrolyte thickness. The condition for the NiNb2 O6 multi-layer device to respond in the same time as the zirconia tube is
(D/d2)NiNb.sbsb.2O.sbsb.6 =(D/d2)ZrO.sbsb.2 (6)
Employing the Einstein relation,
D=(k/No Zi 2 E2)T (7)
where k is Boltzman's constant, No is the density of mobile ions, Zi is the balance of the ionic species being transported, and e is the electronic charge, connects D and σ. Using the Table I data and Eq. (2), Eq. (6) may be solved for the respective temperatures at which the NiNb2 O6 multi-layer device and ZrO2 tube have the same response time. That is, from Eqs. (6) and (7),
(D/d2)NiNb.sbsb.2O.sbsb.6 =(D/d2)ZrO.sbsb.2 (8)
The reduced σ for NiNb2 O6 is compensated for by the reduced d, and it is found that for a ceramic density of 97% of theoretical density, the NiNb2 O6 multi-layer device will actually respond faster than the zirconia tube at all temperatures using the preferred layer thickness.
It will be recognized, of course, that while the above calculations concern the NiNb2 O6 multi-layer sensor device, the design and construction techniques of the device may be used with any of the new ceramic materials disclosed herein. In addition, however, it has been found that Bi2 O3 in solid-solution with either Y2 O3 or Nb2 O5 has an oxygen conductivity considerably larger than either NiNb2 O6 or ZrO2 :Y2 O3. Oxygen conductivity data on these materials similar to that shown in FIG. 3 is presented in FIG. 5. These Bi2 O3 ceramics also have sintering temperatures low enough to permit their use with the multi-layer tape casting method described herein. Further, the threshold operating temperatures for devices constructed from these materials, calculated in the same manner as those presented in FIG. 4, are shown in FIG. 6.
Finally, it will be noted that due to the configuration of the device, the corrosion and/or erosion of the metallic layers in the multi-layer device will be considerably reduced compared to the tube devices. If necessary, however, overcoating of the exposed metallic layers with a protective, porous spinel will maintain the life of the device. Moreover, the relatively small size of the multi-layer device will allow for the addition of special exhaust-gas filtering and/or purification catalytic devices to protect the sensor. At the same time, the size of the device may be selected so that it is compatible with the fixture geometries currently used with zirconia tubes.
Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the devices disclosed in the foregoing description are also well-suited for use as fuel cells. Such a device, for use in converting chemical energy produced by oxidation-reduction reactions in which oxygen is involved directly into electrical energy, may be constructed from materials and by methods substantially identical to those described above. Since a fuel cell of this type operates in essentially the same manner as an oxygen sensor, such a device is considered to be well within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the term "oxygen sensor" as used within the present application should be understood to also emcompass fuel cells.
While the forms of apparatus and the methods herein described constitute preferred embodiments of this invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise forms of apparatus and methods, and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Sauerstoffuehler zum messen des unterschieds in der sauerstoffkonzentration zwischen zwei gasen
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|Citing Patent
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|Jul 12, 1984
|Oct 15, 1985
|Lawless William N
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|Feb 6, 1990
|California Institute Of Technology
|Method for fabricating ceramic filaments and high density tape casting method
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|Method and apparatus for converting chemical and thermal energy into electricity
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|Sep 18, 1990
|California Institute Of Technology
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
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|Jan 24, 1995
|General Motors Corporation
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|Mar 7, 1995
|General Motors Corporation
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|Jan 2, 1996
|Ceramatec, Inc.
|Design and manufacturing method for a solid electrolyte ion conducting device
|Sep 2, 1992
|Jan 30, 1996
|Energy Innovations, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for converting chemical and thermal energy into electricity
|Apr 18, 1994
|May 13, 1997
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|High-temperature fuel cell with improved solid-electrolyte/electrode interface and method of producing the interface
|Feb 12, 1996
|Apr 14, 1998
|General Motors Corporation
|Sensor with glass seal
|Mar 18, 1997
|Oct 6, 1998
|General Motors Corporation
|Oxygen sensor with annular support member providing improved mechanical shock resistance
|Aug 11, 1997
|Mar 23, 1999
|General Motors Corporation
|Sensor with glass seal
|Jul 15, 1998
|Aug 22, 2000
|The Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of The University Of Arizona
|Single-crystal oxygen ion conductor
|Mar 23, 2000
|Sep 18, 2001
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Nitrogen purification device
|Jun 10, 1999
|Apr 16, 2002
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Ceramic fuel cell
|Sep 15, 2000
|Jul 15, 2003
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Amperometric oxygen sensor
|Jul 7, 1997
|Jul 15, 2003
|Igr Enterprises, Inc.
|Ductile ceramic composite electrolyte
|Jun 18, 2002
|Aug 12, 2003
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Electrodes for solid state gas sensor
|Sep 26, 2002
|Feb 10, 2004
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Capacitive energy storage device
|Dec 7, 2001
|Nov 30, 2004
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Combined oxygen and NOx sensor
|Jul 18, 2003
|May 8, 2007
|Los Alamos National Security, Llc
|Electrodes for solid state gas sensor
|Jul 18, 2003
|Jan 29, 2004
|Rangachary Mukundan
|Electrodes for solid state gas sensor
|Jul 23, 1984
|Feb 13, 1986
|William Nicholas Lawless
|Oxygen sensor, high temperature fuel cell and oxygen separator
|Jul 5, 1991
|Jan 23, 1992
|Igr Enterprises, Inc.
|Ductile ceramic composites
|Jul 5, 1991
|Sep 3, 1992
|Igr Ets Inc
|Ductile ceramic composites
|Sep 30, 1992
|Apr 29, 1993
|United States Department Of Energy
|Ionic conductors for solid oxide fuel cells
|Jan 17, 1997
|Jul 24, 1997
|The Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of The University Of Arizona
|Single-crystal oxygen ion conductor
|Jun 10, 1999
|Dec 16, 1999
|Ceramphysics, Inc.
|Ceramic fuel cell
|Jun 10, 1999
|Apr 13, 2000
|Ceramphysics Inc
|Ceramic fuel cell
|Jan 20, 2002
|Aug 1, 2002
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Electrodes for solid state gas sensor
|Jan 20, 2002
|Oct 24, 2002
|Univ California
|Electrodes for solid state gas sensor
|Dec 7, 2001
|Jan 30, 2003
|Aep Emtech, Llc
|COMBINED OXYGEN AND NOx SENSOR
|U.S. Classification
|204/427, 204/426, 204/424, 501/152, 204/421, 501/134, 501/136, 429/496, 429/534
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 12, 1984
Owner name: CERAMPHYSICS, INC., 190 HEATHERDOWN DRIVE WESTERVI
Free format text: LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:LAWLESS, WILLIAM N.;REEL/FRAME:004301/0044
Effective date: 19840903
|Oct 9, 1984
|Patent available for licence or sale
|Mar 2, 1988
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 2, 1988
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jun 2, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 13, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 30, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Sci fi/Fantasy image byMarcy Kliner
Another bit of 40k art. this one was a picture done of one of the "Sisters of battle" given the name Sister Anna (May). Yes a bad pun but i thought it was funny. The entire setting is just a dark scifi version of good old fantasy. Replace th pistol with a more timely weapon and you have a armor clad Priestess, with a huge stained sword.
Published More than a year ago
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Annual Highlights for Co-operative Financial Services (CFS) for the year ending 12 January 2008
Total shareholder profit before tax, investment fluctuations, significant items and membership dividends was up 6.3 per cent at £155.4m (2006: £146.2m)
This includes:
General Insurance claims ratio, despite severe weather events, was 64.3 per cent, an improvement of 9.3 per cent on the previous year
Banking bad debt levels reduced and costs have been controlled to offset inflation and achieve a 0.4 per cent improvement in the Cost/Income ratio before significant items, from 65.2 per cent to 64.8 per cent
Long-term business in Life and Savings is transacted on a mutual basis with all profits retained for the benefit of policyholders.
The transformation of CFS over recent years to support growth and improved business performance is now producing results. The like for like improvement in shareholder profit was achieved despite the worst flooding in the UK for 40 years and the credit crisis which has impacted global markets.
There have been significant product and service developments, particularly in the mortgage and motor sectors, new technology developed to support CFS financial advisers and four new corporate banking centres opened to support planned growth within the business to business market. As part of the investment programme CFS intends to double the number of its corporate centres to 22 by the middle of 2009. The general insurance business delivered an outstanding business performance despite the considerable claims costs (£37.9m) incurred from exceptional weather events during the first half of the year. Major on-going and one-off improvements in claims handling and underwriting performance led to profits increasing by 81 per cent. The general insurance claims ratio, despite the severe weather events, was 64.3 per cent, a significant improvement of 9.3 per cent compared to 2006 as claims transformation initiatives continued to improve efficiency and customer service.
The banking business saw balance sheet growth in both lending and deposit balances particularly in the corporate sector which continues to build an excellent reputation for service and product innovation for a growing number of corporate customers. Banking profit, before investment write downs, improved by £5.9m from £76.3m to £82.3m (7.7 per cent) and reflected higher net interest income, lower costs and bad debts, offset by lower non-interest income. However, operating profit before tax and significant items of £50.4m compared to £76.3m in 2006 due to £31.8m of investment write downs through the Bank's relatively small exposure to structured investment vehicles.
Gross earned insurance premiums for life and pensions business in 2007 was £534.2m compared to £548.4m for the corresponding period last year.
David Anderson, Chief Executive of CFS, commentary
'This is a very satisfactory trading performance and highlights the fundamental strength of our business, the quality and professionalism of our staff and a clear business strategy which is enabling us to invest in the right business areas.
'The increase in profit which was achieved in very challenging market conditions did not impact on our ability to excel in other key areas. Throughout 2007 we continued to demonstrate leadership in areas of customer service and corporate social responsibility, which co-operative members and customers rightly expect of us.
'This is a very exciting time for our business and the opportunities presented by a revitalised membership scheme and the new Co-operative brand, which is being adopted across the Co-operative Group's family of businesses are very significant. There is clear momentum within our business and so far in 2008 sales volumes are up by around 30 per cent on the previous year."
The Bank's well-balanced approach to growth maintains the strength of its balance sheet in the current environment. Funding is overwhelmingly from retail and corporate deposits rather than from the financial markets and its reliance on wholesale funding is lower than most other Banks. The quality of the mortgage book remains high and the Bank continues to reduce its exposure to unsecured assets.
The Bank has maintained tight cost control in the period, which has resulted in business-as-usual operating costs reducing by £0.6m. As a direct result of focussed activities, particularly in the unsecured retail portfolios, there has also been a reduction in impairment charges from the levels reported last year. The secured mortgage book continues to have extremely low levels of default and subsequent impairment, which reflects the relatively low average loan to value ratio and the affordability tests applied within the Bank's credit assessments. The Corporate impairment charge tends to be more volatile due to the nature and timing of one off charges.
The Bank has maintained a strong balance sheet with consistent robust liquidity and capital ratios. The Basel I risk asset ratio was 13.5 per cent with a Tier 1 ratio of 8.8 per cent, substantially higher than the regulatory requirements laid down under Basel I by the Financial Services Authority (FSA). The Basel 2 solvency ratio was 143.0 per cent.
The Bank has continued to innovate and build on its strong ethical and environmental credentials. In November the Bank launched the Think credit card, which offers consumers who shop with their conscience a lower rate of interest for designated ethical purchases and a package of other benefits, while at the same time helping them to contribute towards protecting the rainforest.
The Bank is planning to increase significantly its lending commitment to the renewable energy sector where it will be focusing on large-scale project finance transactions as well as smaller community based schemes. The Bank also remains one of the market leaders in provision of finance for NHS Local Investment Trusts.
The Bank is also increasing its support for Microfinance initiatives through a special $50m fund. This money will be used to support the development of small businesses in some of the world's poorest countries.
The main drivers for the significant improvement in the General Insurance business were claims management activities, including improved, faster claims settlements. New rating systems and more modern products have been launched, payment terms tightened and stricter underwriting introduced.
General Insurance is operating in a competitive marketplace, with aggregator sites taking a growing share of the market reflecting consumer's increasing propensity to purchase insurance products via the Internet. During the year a major emphasis was placed, therefore, on developing a distribution strategy, which enhances the business' ability to meet and react to these changes in customer buying habits, and this has led to an increase in sales through direct and third party channels.
During 2006, the entire claims handling process was modernised, which has resulted in a significant improvement in the motor claims ratio in 2007. The improvements also enabled the business to provide excellent service and assistance to customers when the processes were severely tested with storms in January and exceptional flooding in June and July. The additional claims cost of £37.9m from the weather events was more than offset by the reduction in claims experience generated from the modernisation process and underwriting improvements.
A dedicated team of professional claims handlers was established in order to deal with all flood claims until they were settled and to expedite the settlement of claims as quickly as possible. The business utilised its extensive supply chain network to proactively manage claims and ensure they were settled as efficiently as possible. While every effort was taken to settle as many as claims as possible, unfortunately, due to the extent of damage caused to their homes, some 500 households were still in alternative accommodation over the Christmas period. As a consequence, Co-operative Insurance looked to bring a little Christmas cheer to those worst affected and made a payment of £100 to each household who were still in alternative accommodation.
The present value of New Business Premium for the 2007 was £466.3m, a reduction of 6 per cent on 2006, reflecting a decline in the numbers of Financial Advisers authorised to advise on Life & Savings products.
Gross earned insurance premiums for life and pensions business in 2007 were £534.2m compared to £548.5m for the corresponding period last year. The fall in gross premium income is due to a reduction in regular premium from endowments as they reach maturity, partly offset by an increase in single premium accumulating with-profits business.
To meet the intermediary demand for Unit Trusts and unique responsible investment expertise, the three most popular UK funds (CIS Sustainable Leaders Trust, CIS UK Income with Growth, CIS UK Growth) were launched on the Co-funds and Fidelity IFA fund platforms, enabling improved access for intermediaries in the wider investment market for the first time.
In October 2007, CFS entered into a new partnership agreement for the administration of its Life & Savings business which saw more than 800 staff transferred to Capita. This new partnership with Capita will, over time, bring a step-change in the service provided to Life & Savings customers and will ultimately lead to the creation of a new Life & Savings Administration Operation in the City Centre of Manchester during 2008.
Following an extended period of supplier selection, a new outsourcing relationship was agreed in March with Xansa to create a unified Information System design and development service across CFS. The new contract, which saw more than 200 staff transferred to Xansa, represents a broadening of the partnership to encompass the insurance side of the business in addition to the previous banking relationship.
As part of a programme of change covering our customer processes, a five-year partnership deal with Communisis was signed in December. This agreement, which saw the print, mail and fulfilment operations based at Salford transferred to Communisis. This means over time, customers will have an improved service delivered through improved capability and process efficiencies.
Banking operating result
General Insurance operating result
Other shareholder activities
Results pre investment fluctuations
Membership dividend
Profit before significant items
*STIF Short term investment fluctuations
Shareholder investments
Life investments
Other assets
Total assets
Customer deposits
Other deposits
Insurance and investment contract liabilities
Other borrowings
Other liabilities
Minority interests
Unallocated divisible surplus
Total liabilities


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March 23, 2004
CALVIN JOHNSONv.SUPT. KYLER, ET AL.
Petitioner Calvin Johnson, currently serving a life sentence for murder at State Correctional Institution Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, raises two objections to Magistrate Judge M. Faith Angell's Report and Recommendation that Johnson's habeas corpus petition be denied as untimely under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). After a careful and independent review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636, we find neither of the issues presents a ground for relief; therefore, we overrule Johnson's objections and approve and adopt Magistrate Judge M. Faith Angell's Report and Recommendation.
A jury convicted Johnson of first degree murder on September 10, 1985 in the shooting death of Gerald Goode in the Bartram Gardens Village projects of Philadelphia on September 23, 1984. Johnson was sentenced to life in prison and a consecutive two and one-half to five year sentences for possessing an instrument of crime.
The Superior Court denied Johnson's timely direct appeal. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania denied allocatur December 14, 1987. Johnson filed a petition for relief under the Pennsylvania Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. § 9541, on July 18, 1995, which the PCRA court denied on December 18, 1996.*fn1
Johnson filed a pro se appeal, which the Superior Court denied on the merits on May 29, 1998. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allocatur on January 15, 1999. In December 1999, Johnson filed his second pro se PCRA petition, which, after amendment with the assistance of counsel, the PCRA court dismissed on timeliness grounds without a hearing. The Superior Court rejected Johnson's claim that the government's withholding of Brady v. Maryland*fn2 material amounted to "governmental interference," triggering an exception to the PCRA timely filing requirement. The Superior Court held "the Brady claim fails . . . as it is wholly speculative." Memorandum opinion, 2402 EDA 2001, December 19, 2002, p. 6. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allocatur on July 15, 2003.
Johnson filed the present petition for writ of habeas corpus on August 21, 2003. Johnson also filed motions seeking discovery from his two prior PCRA counsel and a motion for an evidentiary hearing. After review of Johnson's and the Commonwealth's arguments, Magistrate Judge M. Faith Angell recommended denial of Johnson's petition for writ of habeas corpus. Johnson objects to the Report and Recommendation, arguing statutory and equitable tolling should apply to make his petition timely.
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996*fn3 (AEDPA) establishes a one-year statute of limitations for state prisoners seeking federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). A petitioner must file a federal habeas petition within one year from the date state conviction becomes final. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A).*fn4
In construing the AEDPA in Burns v. Morton, the Third Circuit allowed a one-year "grace-period" for petitioners, whose convictions became final prior to the enactment of the AEDPA. 134 F.3d 109, 111 (3d. Cir. 1998). In view of Burns's holding, Johnson's limitations period commenced on April 24, 1996,*fn5 despite the fact his conviction became final years prior.*fn6 As a result, Johnson had until April 23, 1997 to file a timely habeas petition. Because Johnson filed his petition for habeas corpus relief on April 23, 2003, his petition is untimely, unless statutorily or equitably tolled.
The AEDPA's one-year limitations period for filing a federal habeas petition is subject to both statutory and equitable tolling. 28 U.S.C. §2244(d)(enumerating statutory tolling provisions); Merritt v. Blaine, 326 F.3d 157, 161 (3d. Cir. 2003) (holding AEDPA's time limit is subject to the doctrine of equitable tolling, a judicially crafted exception). The AEDPA expressly prescribes statutory tolling of its one-year limitations period for the "time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Section 2244(d)(2) tolled Johnson's limitations period until January 15, 1999, when the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allocatur of Johnson's first PCRA application. As a consequence, Johnson had one year from that date to file a timely habeas petition, before the statute of limitations expired on January 15, 2000.
Johnson argues the absence of the alleged criminal history reports should toll the limitations period during his second PCRA application on both statutory and equitable grounds. Johnson argues the Commonwealth failed to turnover to his attorneys, either at trial or during his PCRA applications, the complete police records of two eye-witnesses and the decedent Goode.
Johnson first argues he is entitled to statutory tolling of AEDPA's one year statute because under Brady the Commonwealth's refusal to produce the complete arrest records of two testifying witnesses and the decedent was a state impediment to filing a habeas corpus petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(B). Johnson argues the Commonwealth's failure to respond to his Brady claim either during his two PCRA petitions or during this litigation constitutes a state impediment to filing a habeas petition.
The Third Circuit held an untimely PCRA petition does not toll the statute of limitations because an untimely state post-conviction petition is not "properly filed" under Section 2244 (d)(1) for purposes of tolling. Merritt, 326 F.3d at 165-66 (citing Fahy v. Horn, 240 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001)). The United States Supreme Court held "an application is 'properly filed' when its delivery and acceptance are in compliance with the applicable laws and rules governing filings." Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 8 (2000) (meeting requirements concerning the form of the document, applicable time limits upon its delivery, the court and office in which it must be lodged, and payment of a filing fee). The Third Circuit concluded a "properly filed" application must be "submitted according to the state's procedural requirements, such as the rules governing the time and place of filing." Fahy, 240 F.3d at 243.
Johnson's first PCRA application was both pending and properly filed, thereby tolling the limitations period. Johnson's second PCRA application, however, failed to comply with procedural requirements under the amended Pennsylvania PCRA statute. In 1995, the state legislature amended Pennsylvania's PCRA statute to include a new time limitation for the filing of PCRA petitions.*fn7
To file a timely PCRA petition under § 9545(b)'s "grace period," the petitioner must meet three requirements: (1) his judgment must have become final prior to January 16, 1996; (2) he must have filed a PCRA petition on or before January 16, 1997; and (3) this petition must have been the prisoner's first PCRA petition. Commonwealth v. Williams, 828 A.2d 981, 987 (Pa. 2003). Although Johnson's first PCRA application qualified for the "grace period," Johnson's second petition was foreclosed by the timeliness requirements of Section 9545(b)(1).
The Third Circuit instructed federal courts to look to "'state law governing when a petition for collateral relief is properly filed' and 'defer to a state's highest court when it rules on an issue.'" Merritt, 326 F.3d at 165 (citing Fahy, 240 F.3d at 243-44). Federal courts, reviewing timeliness of PCRA petitions, must defer to state decisions.*fn8 Merritt, 326 F. 3d. at 165. On December 19, 2002, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the PCRA court's holding that Johnson's second petition was time-barred. Moreover, the Superior Court refused to invoke a governmental interference exception to the PCRA timely filing requirement. The Superior Court quotes at length from the PCRA court, which recited the Commonwealth's disclosure of adult criminal histories of the two witnesses and the victim to trial and PCRA counsel. The Superior Court quoted with approval the PCRA court's conclusion, "[t]he defendant has failed to establish, in any manner whatsoever, what documents or information trial counsel had or did not have at trial." Memorandum Opinion, 2402 EDA 2001, December 19, 2002, p. 5. For this reason, Johnson's second PCRA petition is not properly filed as a matter of state law and thus, cannot serve to toll Johnson's habeas statute of limitations. Fahy, 240 F.3d at 244 (deferring to Pennsylvania Supreme Court's ruling that Fahy's PCRA petition was not properly filed as a matter of state law).
Johnson's statute of limitations period for filing a federal habeas petition expired on January 15, 2000, one year after the conclusion of his first PCRA petition. Johnson filed his habeas petition on August 15, 2003, nearly 31/2 years after the statutory bar. Consequently, absent any equitable tolling, Johnson's habeas petition is time-barred.
Johnson's second objection claims he is entitled to an equitable tolling of AEDPA's time limit. Johnson claims the state misled him with regard to the Brady material and that his two PCRA counsel failed to provide affidavits regarding the Brady material. Equitable tolling is available "only when the principle of equity would make the rigid application of a limitation period unfair." Miller v. New Jersey Dept. of Corr., 145 F.3d 616, 618 (3d. Cir. 1998). Furthermore, the Third Circuit has cautioned courts to apply the doctrine of equitable tolling sparingly and "only in the rare situation where [it] is demanded by sound legal principles as well as the interests of justice." United States v. Midgley, 142 F.3d 174, 179 (3d. Cir. 1998)(citing Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 96 F.3d 1246, 1251 (9th. Cir. 1996)).
To warrant equitable tolling, the petitioner must prove he has in "some extraordinary way been prevented from asserting his . . . rights" and he "exercised reasonable diligence in investigating and bringing [the] claims." Fahy, 240 F.3d at 244. In non-capital cases, such as Johnson's, the Third Circuit held "attorney error, miscalculation, inadequate research, or other mistakes have not been found to rise to the 'extraordinary' circumstances required for equitable tolling." Id. Johnson's claims of attorney malfeasance do not elevate this case to an "extraordinary circumstance," sufficient to demand equitable tolling.
In order for Johnson to be entitled to equitable tolling, Johnson must show he "exercised reasonable diligence in investigating and bringing [the] claims," Miller, 145 F.3d at 618-19 (citing New Castle County v. Halliburton NUS Corp., 111 F.3d 1116, 1126 (3d. Cir. 1997)). Johnson did not exercise the requisite due diligence in his investigation, as evidenced by the lapse of nearly 3 1/2 years before filing his petition for habeas relief after the conclusion of his first PCRA petition. See e.g., Robinson v. Johnson, 313 F.3d 128, 142 (3d. Cir. 2002)(holding equitable tolling is not warranted where petitioner failed to show he exercised reasonable diligence in attempting to file a timely petition). Moreover, it is a well established principle that the obligation does not "pertain solely to the filing of the federal habeas petition, rather it is an obligation that exists during the period appellant is exhausting state court remedies as well." Lacava v. Kyler, 398 F.3d 271, 277 (3d. Cir. 2005). In light of this principle, Johnson failed to demonstrate he exercised reasonable diligence in satisfying state exhaustion requirements as well.
Although Johnson argues he is entitled to equitable tolling based on attorney malfeasance, the Third Circuit's recent decision in Schlueter v. Varner holds otherwise. 384 F.3d 69, 74 (3d. Cir. 2004). In support of this position, the Third Circuit made clear that a habeas petitioner is "not excused from exercising due diligence merely because he has representation during various states of or even throughout, his state and federal proceedings." Id. In Schlueter, where counsel informed petitioner he anticipated filing a PCRA petition but failed to do so, the Third Circuit still concluded petitioner did not satisfy the reasonable diligence requirement. Johnson argues the claimed Brady violation and deceptions by both PCRA counsel warrant equitable tolling. There is no merit to the objection. Johnson failed to exercise due diligence, and as a result, is not entitled to equitable tolling.
The Court finds no basis to find Johnson's habeas petition is timely, either under the relevant statute or under the doctrine of equitable estoppel. Therefore, Johnson's present petition for habeas corpus relief must ultimately be dismissed as untimely. For the forgoing reasons, the Court adopts and approves the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge M. Faith Angell. Accordingly we enter the following:
AND NOW, this 23rd day of March, 2005, after consideration of the pleadings and the record, and after review of the Report and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge M. Faith Angell and Petitioner's objections, it is hereby ORDERED that:
1. The Report and Recommendation is APPROVED and ADOPTED.
2. The Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus is DENIED and DISMISSED AS TIME BARRED under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).
Juan R. Sánchez, J.
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