text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 17, 1999
|Filing date
|May 30, 1997
|Priority date
|May 31, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Matthew Francis O'Keefe
|Original Assignee
|The Whitaker Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (12), Classifications (19), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/018,593, filed May 31, 1996.
The present invention relates to a heterojunction BJT having safeguards against thermal runaway.
The present invention relates to a technique and apparatus, therefore, for improving heterojunction bipolar transistor stability.
Bipolar semi-conductor devices are inherently thermally unstable, especially when biased with a low impedance bias circuit as is normally required for power amplifier applications. This is a self-feeding problem, wherein the higher temperatures of operation result in an increased current at the collector which in turn increases the temperature thereby further increasing the current. The relationship of pn junction diode current and temperature is well known, and clearly the increase in temperature results in an increase in current which in turn results in an increase in temperature. A solution to the problem of collector current run-away is to place a small but finite resistance in the emitter of the transistor. Then, as the collector current increases, the emitter voltage increases, decreasing the emitter-base voltage drop, thereby reducing the collector current back to an acceptable value. This type of negative feedback with a ballast resistor is well known in the field of bipolar junction transistors.
In most applications, the ballast resistor is optimally distributed over the emitter fingers so that the feedback can be more effectively utilized to control runaway current in an individual or small group of fingers. Often times, a thin film or implanted resistor is placed at the end of each emitter finger or pair of fingers. This technique is advantageous in that one can readily modify the resistance value by modifying the geometry of the resistor without changing the resistor process. An alternative technique is to grow or implant a lightly doped semi-conductor region above the device emitter to provide the ballasting resistance. This technique is less advantageous than the first mentioned technique because the emitter area is defined by the fabrication transistor process and often one can not change the resistor value without modifying the transistor growth and/or fabrication process. Additionally, it is often difficult to actually control the resistance of lightly doped semi-conductor materials. Accordingly, the off-finger resistance technique is often used.
While it is true that the placement of off-finger resistance will serve to reduce the current and thereby to a great extent reduce the ill-effects of joule heating, there is clearly heat generated through the operation of the device which may be detrimental to device performance. Accordingly, it is necessary to have means to dissipate the heat from the device, preferably at the emitter where the heat is generated. There are basically two methods to reduce the thermal impedance of the device. The first technique extracts the heat generated through the semi-conductor material. To optimize this structure, the material below the heat generating active area must generally be very thin on the order of microns. This low yield process hence not practical for production. An alternative method is to extract the heat generated from the top of the device through the contact metals and place these contact metals on a large heat sink. This is most readily achieved by turning the device upside-down on the heat sink. Accordingly, this process is well known in the art as flip-chip technology. In most cases, the interface between the device contacts in the heat sink is a relatively thick region of metal. This region of metal is deposited in many ways but is usually referred to as a "bump" hence flip-chip heat dissipation is often referred to as "bumping". To attach the bump to the heat sink, solders are often used and often therefore this process is known as solder bumping.
Flip-chip mounting of an HBT requires the mounting bump to be placed directly over the emitter fingers as this is where the heat is generated and therefore must be extracted. In conventional flip-chip mounting in GaAs devices, the bump would provide the path to thermal ground and the path also to the electrical ground, resulting in a low-thermal resistance device while maintaining a low ground inductance, which is important for high gain power devices. This configuration, however, does not allow one to place an off-finger ballast resistor between the emitter fingers and the ground because the ground bump must lie directly over the emitter fingers to maintain low-thermal resistance.
Turning to FIG. 1, one possible solution is shown for the extraction of heat through the heat sink as well as the necessary connection for the off-finger resistor. To this end, the mesa type structure HBT 101 having the emitter (102) base (103) and collector 104, is electrically connected to the resistor 105 off the emitter (102) by way of the metallization (106). A layer of silicon nitride or other suitable material (107) for heat dissipation is connected to the top of the metallization at the emitter as well as to the resistor (105). The metal layer (108) serves as the electrical and thermal path in this arrangement. FIG. 2 shows a top view of the schematic for the electrical contacts of the device shown in FIG. 1. This arrangement as shown in FIG. 1 runs the electrical path from the emitter fingers off to a resistor and then back through a bump which is electrically but not thermally isolated from the emitter fingers by way of the layer of heat sink material such as Si3 N4. Unfortunately, this arrangement creates a natural inductor in through the metallization from the emitter to the resistor and then back to the bump and a natural capacitor between the emitter fingers and the metallization. This extra ground inductance causes many problems including a reduced gain, and instability problems such as when the inductance resonates with the dielectric spacer capacitance to create an unstability.
Turning to FIG. 3, an alternative arrangement is shown which reduces the ill-effects of the natural inductance. The structure as shown in FIG. 3 is not practical for the following reasons. The emitter structure 301 has a well defined area which is predetermined by the area of the mask. This area is well defined as the transistor characteristices, such as frequency and power are determined by the area of the emitter mesa as is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the electrical performance of the device which is dependent upon these characteristics is also well defined by the predesignation of the emitter mesa area. The resistor 302 is fabricated through an epitaxial growth of a suitable epitaxial material, having a well defined area again defined by the mask layer. Because the area of this epitaxial material is well defined, the resistance is well defined as well. Accordingly, effecting a change in the resistance is difficult, as there are basically two techniques in which this can be carried out. The first technique would be to change the area of the resistor 302 through a change in the mask layer. However, changing the mask layer will also change the emitter mesa area and in the process would thereby change the device characteristics which are defined by the emitter mesa area as is described above. The alternative approach would be to change the epitaxial material used to change the resistance while maintaining the area constant. Unfortunately, this is also an unattractive option as a change in the epitaxial material would be prohibitively expensive. Accordingly, the device structure as shown in FIG. 3 is unattractive as it would require a significant alteration in the processing steps or a significant increase in the cost due to the differing epitaxial material used for the resistance.
Accordingly, what is needed is a device which will enable the dissipation of joule heat as well as provide the required ballast resistors without the creation of the resonator that results in the conventional technique described above. Furthermore, what is required is a technique for fabricating the HBT having the thermal dissipation characteristics as well as ballast resistors in off-finger sight which is within the standard techniques of fabrication of the HBT. Such a technique will offer both the required end product as well as the advantage of standard processing steps.
The present invention relates to a heterojunction bipolar transistor structure having two separate paths, one for dissipation of heat from the emitter fingers and one for connection to ballast resistors at the emitter fingers. To this end, the invention of the present disclosure overcomes the ill effects of joule heating by the use of the thermal dissipation path as well as by the use of ballast resistors selectively placed in the emitter contact path. The disclosure of the present invention enables the dissipation of heat and the avoidance of thermal runaway without the disadvantage of the conventional techniques described above by avoiding the creation of LC resonant circuit elements which are inherent in the conventional device described above. The solution to the problem described above is through the use of two separate bumps. The first bump provides a low ground inductance path that rests over the resistors and the second bump dissipates heat at the collector and is placed over the emitter fingers. This multipath structure provides both a low inductance ground path through the off-finger ballast resistors as well as a low resistance thermal path which lies directly above the emitter fingers. The invention of the present disclosure has the further advantage that the overall structure having the dual paths, one for connection to the ballast resistor and one for thermal dissipation is achieved using the same known processes utilized to fabricate the standard mesa transistor structure. That is to say, there is a great advantage gained in the fact that conventional techniques well known to one of ordinary skill in the art can be utilized as well as techniques familiar in the fabrication of the mesa structure having proven reliability and yield can be utilized.
The device of the present disclosure has a mesa structure heterojunction bipolar transistor having emitter metallization connected to a metalization which in turn is connected to a ballast resistor at an off-emitter site. The same emitter metalization has deposited thereon a layer of silicon nitride which serves as a heat sink, or thermal path. Thereafter, a metal layer or bump is deposited on the silicon nitride layer. Additionally, the ballast resistor has a metal bump connected thereto for further electrical connection to a ground.
It is an object of the present invention to have a structure of a heterojunction bipolar transistor that avoids the ill effects of thermal runaway by the selective placement of a heat sink and a ballast resistor.
It is a feature of the present invention to have a heat sink which is connected to the common mode contact and to a first bump, and a ballast resistor which is connected to the emitter contact and to a second bump.
It is an advantage of the present invention to have a HBT which overcomes the ill effects of thermal runaway while avoiding instability created by inherent resonator circuits.
It is a further advantage of the present invention to have a HBT which is not subject to the ill-effects of thermal runaway fabricated using processing steps which do not diverge greatly from the steps used to fabricate a conventional HBT.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a HBT having a ballast resistor, a heat sink and a common electrical path therefore.
FIG. 2 shows the inter digitation of metalization for the heterostructure bipolar transistor.
FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view of an air bridge heat dissipation technique having the emitter ballast resistor defined therein.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the device of the present invention having a first bump for heat extrusion and a second bump connected to the metallization of the ballast resistor.
FIG. 5 shows the inner-digitation of metallization of the device shown in FIG. 4.
Turning to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of the device of the present invention is shown. To this end, the device mesa 401 is shown having the collector region 402 the base region 403 the emitter region 404, is shown. The emitter metal layer is shown at 405 being connected to the ballast resistor 406 which is in turn connected to the emitter bump 407 by way of the air bridge 408. The thermal bump 409 is connected to the emitter metallization by way of a layer of heat dissipation material 410 preferably silicon nitride (Si3 N4), which is disposed on top of a portion of the emitter metal layer 405, as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 5 shows a top view of the device shown in cross section in FIG. 4. The collector contact metal 501 has interdigitation with the base contact metal 502 and the emitter contact metal 503. The ballast resistor 504 is connected to the emitter contact as well as to the metallization which is thereafter connected to the emitter bump as shown at 407.
The structure of the present invention is fabricated as follows. A substrate of semiconductor thereupon epitaxial layers are deposited is selectively etched to form the mesa structure and facilitate access to the individual epitaxial layers. Thereafter, the required steps for fabrication of the metallization to effect the electrical contacts, is carried out as follows. Advantageously, the resistor is fabricated through definition of the device mesa. Electrical isolation is achieved by depositing a thermally conductive yet electrically insulating material, for example Si3 N4. Deposition of the electrical and thermal bumps is effected by deposition techniques such as electron beam evaporation and/or electro-plating.
In operation, as heat is generated through the operation of the device, the DC collector current will increase with the increase in temperature through the effects of joule heating. As the collector current increases, the emitter voltage increases, decreasing the base-emitter voltage drop. This in turn reduces the collector current back to a nominal value. As can be seen, the emitter metal 405 makes the electrical connection to the ballast resistor 406 which is thereafter connected to the emitter bump 407 by way of the emitter air bridge 408. Additionally, the layer of insulator, preferably silicon nitride 410, dissipates heat by way of the thermal bump 409 as shown in FIG. 4. Accordingly, the device as shown in cross section in FIG. 4 enables the stable operation of the heterojunction bipolar transistor at relatively high power without the attendant disadvantages of thermal runaway by the use of the ballast resistor and thermal bump. Additionally, the structure of the present invention by having a separate thermal bump and emitter bump enables a device having a low ground inductance that rests as well as the low resistance thermal path which lies directly above the emitter fingers. As stated above, there is an appreciable advantage in the fact that the device shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be fabricated using basically the same processes used to fabricate the HBT conventionally. Finally, it is of interest to note that if required, the thermal bump 409 and the emitter bump 407 could be connected to a common point, for example a common ground.
The invention having been described in detail, it is clear that there are modifications of both the steps of manufacture as well as the disclosed structure and material that would be obvious modifications to one of ordinary skill in the art. To the extent that such modifications are within the theme and spirit of the teaching of the present invention, such modifications are deemed to be within the purview of the present invention. To this end, the present invention embodies a separate path structure for the thermal dissipation of heat and the connection to and from a ballast resistor of a bipolar junction transistor. To the extent that such modifications of the disclosure are within the purview of the present invention, such modifications are deemed within the scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
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|Micrel, Inc.
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|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 12, 1997
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Birthday from Hell
Gather around the cake and sing "Happy Birthday" with the Fertle family at Birthday from Hell. The latest Radio Music Theatre musical comedy starts as Bridgette Fertle is on the verge of turning 40. Her midlife crisis is intensified by the fact that everyone seems to have forgotten her birthday. Of course, the fact that her birthday is also the anniversary of the death of the Fertle family patriarch could have something to do with that. Besides, Earl is about to be inducted into The High Order of the Little Baby Owls, and it seems Mama Fertle has made contact with her dearly departed husband, so you can see why everyone is a little distracted. 8:30 p.m. Thursdays and Fridays, 8 and 10:30 p.m. Saturdays. Through May 8. 2623 Colquitt. For information, call 713-522-7722 or visit www.radiomusictheatre.com. $24.
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"These violent delights have violent ends." - Dolores Abernathy from the HBO series Westworld Created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy (based on Westworld by Michael Crichton) is now available. Download ...
Wednesday, July 17, 2013
I watched the movie before starting on the drawing, and while my friends and I are no strangers to seeking out the worst and most obscure movies to enjoy, I have to say that Sharknado was a unique experience. I think that's mainly because it's a low budget movie that is very purposefully silly and over-the-top. At first that may sound obvious, but in my experience these kinds of movies are either one or the other, meaning that they are either: A) very low budget but a genuine attempt at serious film making, or B) regular budget with intentional silliness that may try to parody low budget. Both types usually create unintentional humor, which is why they make for fun watching with friends.
Anyway, that's probably way too much analysis. Enjoy some cool artwork at Comic Con, and if you feel like it, mail a poor, east-coast dwelling artist any extra convention exclusives you may get!
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Discussion in 'Customization Requests' started by iTouchCesar, Aug 25, 2008.
requesting an icon for the modded ttr app
Is this any good ?
It's okay if it's not.
I was just bored , and thought I might try.
Umm... it's too big and it's a gif, I'll do one too, hold on a sec.
Oh sorry , what are the requirements ?
PNG or JPG or what ?
And what's the size ?
Oh , and do you know how to keep the rounded edges if it's not a gif ?
That's the only way I know.
It think it is 60 x 60 and PNG
Alright , thanks, I'll try again.
Here are two quick ones by me.
Here's my second attempt.
I'm really new to this whole thing.
And I don't get GIMP really.
What program are you using 48days ?
Adobe Photoshop CS3 extended edition.
I didn't get it illegally from a ******* because *******s are bad Please Register or Log in to view images
Please Register or Log in to view images
Are you using Mac , and yes *******s are verrry bad Please Register or Log in to view images
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What was your source for this dish/item? Online Photo or Website Name of website or photo JJ's Manilla clams Link to website or photo www.sewwhatscookingwithjoan.com/2013/07/jjs-manilla-clams.html Share a little about the ingredients and techniques used to create this dish/item. dry white wine, lemon, manilla clams, thyme, leeks, garlic bacon or chorizo
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Learn detailed information about your pregnancy by week and trimester.
Contributor: Leah Outten @thegracebond
December 05, 2016Continue Reading
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say the average age of first time moms has risen to 26.
What should you do to protect yourself and your baby?
The death rate for American women during or soon after pregnancy has increased dramatically – and researchers want to know why.
If you're expecting, it's important to know how to safely relieve a headache — and when a headache warrants calling your doctor ASAP.
Pregnancy side effects you may not expect, including rhinitis, facial hair growth, and drooling.
But don't be alarmed if you don't have it; you're less likely to miscarry.
It's natural to feel strong emotions when you're pregnant and just after you've had a baby. You may feel elated, or you may feel sad. Many women have the "baby blues" just after birth. They feel sad, impatient, or irritable. These feelings usually go away in a week or two. They don't always need to be treated by a health care provider. For some women, feelings of sadness are much more intense. These intense feelings are called postpartum depression, or PPD. Changes in hormones and brain chemistry are linked to PPD; these are not things you can control, and you may need help. Postpartum depression can be treated with medication and counseling.
This assessment asks you questions to help you figure out your risk for postpartum depression.
You have of the risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD). This doesn't mean you definitely will develop PPD after you have your baby. It means that you may be more likely to. You should talk this over with your health care provider. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing PPD after your baby is born. Even if you develop PPD, it can be treated.
You have of the symptoms or risk factors that may mean you have postpartum depression (PPD). You should talk this over with your health care provider. The more symptoms you checked, the more likely it is that you have PPD. If your health care provider says you have PPD, he or she will help you get the treatment that is best for you.
You have of the symptoms or risk factors that may mean you have postpartum depression (PPD). Because you are worried about hurting yourself or your baby, you should see your health care provider right away. This is an emergency. Other statements you checked may also mean you have postpartum depression. The more symptoms you have, the more likely it is that you have PPD. If your health care provider says you have PPD, he or she will help you get the treatment that is best for you.
You have not indicated that you have risk factors or symptoms of postpartum depression. Based on this information, you are not likely to develop, or likely to have postpartum depression. This is not an absolute guarantee; if you are worried that you might have postpartum depression, talk to your health care provider about your concerns.
You are more likely to develop PPD if you had it with a past pregnancy or if a family member has depression or another mood disorder. You are also more likely to develop PPD if you have depression or anxiety problems during pregnancy; if your personal life is stressful; and if you have few friends or family members to help you after the birth of your child. A baby who is very difficult to console, or who is sick or premature, can also increase your risk for PPD.
If you are at risk for PPD, talk with your health care provider before your baby is born. Find out how you can identify PPD early and get help. Mild PPD can be eased by talking with a mental health professional and getting family support. Moderate to severe PPD usually requires both counseling and medication.
Caring for a newborn can be stressful. Here are suggestions to help you cope:
This information is not intended as a substitute for professional health care. Always see a health care provider for advice about your health or your baby's health. Only your health care provider can determine whether you have postpartum depression.
Probably not. Zoloft and Paxil may be the best choice.
Make sure you are getting the right nutrition to keep both you and your growing baby healthy.
Eating a diet rich in vitamin D during pregnancy could lower the odds your child will develop allergies.
Trying to conceive soon after pregnancy loss increases live birth chances.
It is important to estimate your due date so you and your health care provider can schedule proper prenatal care and plan for your baby's birth. Your health care provider uses a method similar to this calculator to give you your due date.
Since your last menstrual period was on , your baby's estimated birth date is .
Franz Naegele, a German obstetrician, came up with the first due date calculations around 1850. He determined that the average length of pregnancy was about 38 weeks (266 days). This is about 40 weeks (280 days) after the first day of a pregnant woman's last menstrual period. Naegele based his figures on an average menstrual cycle of 28 days, with ovulation on day 14 of the cycle. That meant the egg could not be fertilized until 2 weeks after the first day of the menstrual cycle. He used his data to come up with a calculation for due dates.
Today, most authorities agree that many factors affect a due date. Your health care provider can use ultrasound and other techniques to help estimate your due date.
This calculator is not intended to replace the evaluation of a health care professional.


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Though the average weight of a turkey bought at Thanksgiving is only 15 pounds, the heaviest turkey raised on a farm was an astounding 86 pounds, the size of a large dog!
This awesome quiz will tell you exactly what type of dinosaur you would be!
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Tuesday, February 9, 2010
New "Flicks And Food" Column On GeekWeek - JULIE & JULIA Moules Marinieres With Pommes Frites!
This is a Divas News Alert!
My new column is up on GeekWeek! This time around, I tackled the food movie behemoth JULIE & JULIA and wrote up one of my favorite French inspired recipes for Moules Marinieres (mussels) With Pommes Frites (fries). So check it out! I promise it'll have your mouth watering in now time!
Click here for the direct link to my column!
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Home Depot
Home Depot
Apple may have iPhone 6 battery problems, but it's worth noting that people already seem to have forgotten Samsung's battery problem from a few months back, TheStreet's Jim Cramer said.
Apple and Square announced a new partnership that will allow people to add money stored on Square's virtual card, an app called Square Cash, to their Apple Wallet.
Apple supplier Foxconn said it's in preliminary talks to create a $7 billion investment program in the United States that would create 50,000 jobs.
The EU's conditions for approving the deal do little to change hefty potential value to Microsoft's empire. But executing on the opportunity will take some work.


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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
Proponents advanced that both legal and illegal immigration to California was a concrete and hard reality, which neither legislation nor strict controls could blot out. They envisioned a menial, lowly paid workforce, a source of cheap labor, on which the State would depend. They also held that opponents were racially motivated and too harsh towards non-whites who wanted to flee from poverty and despair. On the other hand, those who opposed illegal immigration blamed it for the country's shortage of social services, which illegal immigrants shared with citizens. These opponents argued that providing healthcare and welfare to these illegal immigrants necessarily infringed the law and made illegal behavior acceptable and legitimate. They denied that their support for legislations, such as Proposition 189, was racially motivated (IGS).
More Arguments for and Against the same vigor and frustration characterized the struggle for driver's licenses in Illinois but which failed to get the vote in the House (McKinney 2004). The bill, sponsored by Rep. Edward Acevedo, needed 60 votes but got only 43. It was voted against by 74 others. The bill was a modification of the last, which failed to get the vote in the Senate. It would have enabled undocumented immigrants to secure the licenses if they also purchased auto insurance, submitted their fingerprints and agreed to surrender previous driver's licenses in their possession. Acevedo emphasized that his bill would assure that how those who are already driving could know the rules of the road and, therefore, drive safely. It would encourage and oblige them to learn those rules. Their opponents, however, disputed that special privileges should not be allowed or afforded to violators of immigration laws. Davis described the bill as "un-American" and expressed apprehension that felony charges could be filed in an effort at linking an offender to other crimes. He also noted Hispanic lawmakers' lack of sympathy towards the Blacks' concern over this matter as well as other crime bills (McKinney). On the other hand, supporters of immigrant rights, labor unions and Los Angeles Police Chief William Bratton suggested that the grant of driver's licenses would lead more motorists to take the State driving test and become insured (Wasserman 2003). Opponents insisted that a driver's license would reward illegal immigrants for breaking the law and could bring in more terrorist to the United States. There were 37 States, which required proof of legal residence as a condition to the grant of a driver's license. Among these States were Arizona, Colorado, Texas, New York, Florida, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia, according to the National Immigration Law Center in Los Angeles. On the other hand, 13 States did not require it. Among these besides California were Hawaii, Oregon, Washington and Utah (Wasserman).
ITIN Issue and Other Issues in Kansas
Kansas had its own set of events. Executive Director Elias Garcia of the Kansas Advisory Committee on Hispanic Affairs perceived resistance to the passage of House Bill 2039 for the grant of temporary driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants (Adamson 2004). Like Senator Cedillo's bill, it too faced difficulties in getting the House vote. Garcia felt that senators would not favor it on account of the public sentiment against immigrants and terrorism following the New York bombings. He explained that the temporary license would not be like a regular driver's license, issued to U.S. citizens living in Kansas. It would simply certify that its holder or owner knew Kansas driving laws but that it could not be used for identification purposes. One problem the bill was to confront was the prohibition by the Internal Revenue Service to using personal tax numbers for identification. Proof of residence was a standard requirement for a driver's license in Kansas. HB 2039 was sponsored by Rep. Tom Kline, Democrat of Wichita. It allowed the owner to use it to show an IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number or ITIN, until the IRS issued the prohibition on December 17, 2004. The IRS clarified that it issued personal tax numbers so that all people working in the United States could pay taxes. It emphasized that it would accept fewer documents as proof of identity in issuing ITIN. It also said it would change the appearance of the ITIN card to distinguish it from a social security card. Senator John Vratil, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, said that he would file for a reconsideration of HB 2039. Rep. Ward Loyd, Republican of Garden City, favored the bill and found it a rather simple issue. He did not see it as condoning illegal immigration, although he admitted that undocumented workers could keep on entering Kansa to look for work. He said that a traditional driver's license was different from a personal identification. The bill simply allowed the holder to drive on State roads. On the other hand, Emira Palacios, a leader of Hispanic activists, said that the bill would promote safe driving in all of Kansas and that its senators were expected to think and decide for the good of Kansas. She referred to a similar bill, which was passed in New Mexico, as basis for convincing Kansas senators of the benefits of the particular bill. The New Mexico bill had the support of law enforcement sectors and was endorsed by Governor Bill Richardson. Executive Director Garcia expressed hope that documented and undocumented immigrants in the Iraq war would influence legislators that immigrants were contributors to the economy of the United States. He said that denying licenses to undocumented immigrants would affect everyone else on Kansas roads. They would be unable to obtain insurance coverage yet could figure in vehicular accidents (Adamson).
Group Lobbies for Immigrant Rights in Kansas
Democratic Governor Kathleen Sebelius told Hispanic activists that she would support the legislation, which would allow undocumented immigrants to secure drivers' licenses (McLean 2003). This was to fulfill her campaign promise to meet with them. The bill, sponsored by Rep. Tom Klein, Republican of Wichita, would do so after the applicants passed the required tests. Other States conducted similar measures, but Kansas lawmakers refused to take swift actions. Governor Sebelius said that the passage of Rep. Klein's legislation would need more than her support. It needed the support of both parties, according to her. The Hispanics said that Rep. Ward Lloyd supported the bill.. Rep. Lloyd was an influential member of the Judiciary Committee. On the other hand, federal immigration officials and chiefs of the Kansas Motor Vehicles and spokesman Rick Oltman of the Federal for American Immigration Reform opposed earlier legislations of a similar kind. They said that the promotional slant of public safety and insurance was misleading, because the real goal of the support for valid State documents for illegal immigrants was amnesty. Hispanics claimed that undocumented workers made key contribution to the State's economy and thus deserved to be granted the right or opportunity to drive legally and safely. Record showed that there were roughly 150,000 undocumented illegal immigrants residing in Kansas (McLean).
Driving Permit for Utah Immigrants
It was a different story for Utah. Senate Bill 227 got all 21 Republicans to vote for it and all 8 Democrats against it (Bulkeley 2005). It would replace the drivers' licenses of illegal immigrants whose driving permits could not be used for identification purposes. Its sponsor, Senator Curt Bramble, Republican from Provo, first kept the legislation on hold when he realized he did not have the sufficient number of votes for it. He and his supporters wanted it to take effect immediately. It would produce a driving privilege card for those who did not qualify for a Social Security number. At that time, illegal immigrants could obtain a driver's license by presenting a tax identification number or ITIN, issued by the IRS. Rep. Curt Oda, Republican from Clearfield, amended an unrelated bill to make it compatible with Senate Bill 227 by Senator Bramble. This unrelated bill was filed with the Senate Judiciary Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Standing Committee. Senator Oda's House Bill 223 was unanimously voted by the Senate. Senator Oda said that his bill would produce a "third class of drivers," consisting of foreigners who were then ineligible to work. At that time, only those with a Social Security number of ITIN could obtain a Utah driver's license. Those who got licenses under HB 223 could use these as their "driving privilege cards" as illegal immigrants. The card would be valid for a year for illegal immigrants and five years for legal residents or until the expiry of their visas. Senator Oda added that his bill would also benefit student visa holders and Olympic trainees in Utah. Senator Bramble commented that his bill would establish standards for driver's licenses if it passed. He said that his bill derived from a state audit, which revealed that Utah was a destination for illegal immigrants from other States for their licenses. He also pared down the issue on racial profiling, alluded to in his bill. He said that a policeman could not…[continue]
"Driver's License To Illegal Immigrants" (2007, August 11) Retrieved December 10, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/driver-license-to-illegal-immigrants-36240
"Driver's License To Illegal Immigrants" 11 August 2007. Web.10 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/driver-license-to-illegal-immigrants-36240>
"Driver's License To Illegal Immigrants", 11 August 2007, Accessed.10 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/driver-license-to-illegal-immigrants-36240
Illegal immigrants to the United States [...] reasons illegal immigrants come to America, and the political debate which surrounds these immigrants. Illegal immigrants face many hardships when they come to the United States, and their life here is filled with controversy and difficulties. The reasons people come to live in the United States illegally are many. Some immigrants come to America because they are fleeing persecution and prosecution in their
Illegal Immigration Both the United States government and individual state governments as well are concerned about the high rate of illegal immigration into our country. There are several reasons for this. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the country recognizes great need to know exactly who is in the United States. In addition, many worry that illegal immigrants take jobs that would otherwise go to people who are legally
immigrants to obtain a driving license. The writer examines several aspects of the issue and presents the opposing viewpoint. The writer details the reasons it is a good idea to issue licenses to immigrants. There were six sources used to complete this paper. In recent years the topic of immigration has moved to the forefront of America's news. Immigrants entering the nation by the millions come seeking a better life.
(Restore Fairness and Due Process: 1996 Immigration Laws go too far) Immigration and justice system presently entails overlapping of three distinct issues like "immigrants as crime victims; immigrants as criminals; and the socio-cultural dimension of immigrants." (Immigration and Justice System) the immigrants as crime victims include the issues relating to hate crimes on the basis of nativity status, national origin or race that some sometimes enticed by the economic concerns;
8% of U.S. households were headed by an immigrant and received 6.7% of all cash benefits; by 1990, 8.4% of households were headed by an immigrant and received 13.1% of all cash benefits (Borjas, 1995, pp. 44-46). Immigrants in different categories (both legal and illegal) have been eligible to receive certain welfare benefits. Legal immigrants are eligible after three to five years of residence, though asylum applicants and refugees are eligible
It was good news. But it was bad news to healthcare providers in areas with large populations of alien immigrants. The benefits did not link up with the funding employers or the government to pay for the benefits. It did not offer enough incentives for the choice of a healthy lifestyle or the available health care services. It needed to simplify administrative procedures. It relied too much on government
Political Science - Immigration There are a number of important political and social issues facing the United States in this year of presidential politics, and immigration is among those key issues. Getting a driver's license is one particularly controversial issue relating to illegal immigrants. A Sacramento Bee story (Sanders, 2012) explains that legislation in California sponsored by Democrat Assemblyman Gil Cedillo will allow certain undocumented immigrants in the state to obtain


text: How is the Quebec election shaping provincial bonds? Add to ... BNN Video Published Tuesday, Aug. 21, 2012 4:40PM EDT Last updated Tuesday, Aug. 21, 2012 4:41PM EDT How is the Quebec election coloring the provinces bond market? BNN asks Joey Mack, Director of Fixed Income at GMP Securities Watch More Video: U.S. jobless rate hits nine-year low McDonald's near deal to sell China stores Tips for smart charitable giving New British bank notes falls foul of vegetarians Bumper November for global factories but... OPEC deal a win-win? Trump to leave his business OPEC agrees to cut production Surging wealth gap haunts Hong Kong Inside the market: Trump's impact on Canadian investors Oil jumps on OPEC cut hopes RBS fails stress test: BoE outlook "challenging" Quake hits Poland copper mine Tourists in Cuba caught up in mourning for Castro North Dakota protesters defy order to leave Korean president offers to step down amidst growing public backlash 'Premature' to judge effect of Trump win: Poloz Mobile apps cash in on India's money mess A drone's eye view of Apple's new campus Standard Chartered to cut hundreds of jobs Comments Share via email Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on LinkedIn Print More Related to this Story talking management Video: Getting staff to buy in on corporate strategy Market View Video: Midday Markets: Job vacancies (and rates?) looking up Marketing Video: Russia calls time out on alcohol ads


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A hard-working and professional team, with an extremely, non-taxing and positive result for everyone! A pleasure to do business with them.
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The Q4 holiday season makes or breaks the success of online retail. Yet many companies don't realize how important the holidays are for SEO. In today's Big Biz column, "Online Retail SEO: Holiday Shopping Seasonality," Aaron Shear outlines a variety of factors revolving around seasonality that retailers must take into account for SEO to be successful.
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5G networks are expected to start rolling out this coming year and will likely be standard in 2018.
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This week, both LinkedIn and Facebook are beefing up their paid social offerings in different ways, while Google seeks to cut off Adwords revenues for fake news sites. And might Google be favouring desktop over its own AMP in its upcoming mobile-first index?
Product reviewing: how to utilise digital influencers
Credible and reliable endorsements are now, more so than ever, vital to a brand's success.
The future of advertising is mobile
The days of desktop dominance are over.


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Destinations in USA:
With hairpins, blind cutbacks and a cloverleaf here and there, this challenging 11-mile stretch is said to be among the best driving roads in the world.
Located 2,100km northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands, the Papahānaumokuākea National Marine Monument is now the largest nature reserve on Earth.
Paradise, population one, is halfway along one of the roughest roads in the US West, perched between two vast wilderness areas that total 1.4 million hectares.
Stephen Fuller revels in winter's relative peace, and the balance it brings to Yellowstone's hectic summer season. "I think solitude – or quietude – is an increasingly rare commodity."
The culture that once thrived at Mesa Verde National Park was rich, complex and far-reaching – and it didn't mysteriously disappear.
"The giant sequoias are beautiful, massive, ancient beings, and being at the base of one and seeing this big orange trunk… is an incredibly humbling experience."
Photographer Trevor Lee has spent the last three years living and working in Yosemite National Park, broadcasting his adventures to his 113,000 Instagram followers.
Star gazing in one of the most light-polluted areas on Earth sounds impossible – but one filmmaker has found the perfect spot to watch the Milky Way unfold above him.
Editors' Picks
BBC Travel uncovers the hidden side of the parks through its people
While other countries close their borders, Albania harbours those in need
Which came first – the precise timekeepers or the precise people?
Will this desert wasteland see new life?
From rocket ships to flying cars, these kids inspire us to love the world
What inspires Steven Tyler and Mario Batali? We asked them – and others
We challenge you to play this game and find out!


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Recognition as 2010 SIIA CODiE Award Winner Highlights Community Contributions of 850,000 IT Pros
AUSTIN, Texas – January 20, 2010 – Spiceworks™, Inc., provider of the first and only social IT management application connecting the world's IT pros and top technology companies, today announced it has won a 2010 SIIA CODiE Award. Spiceworks took first place in the category of "Best Vertical Market Business Content Solution." The award winners were announced during the CODiE Awards Reception & Gala at the SIIA Information Industry Summit in New York City on January 26, 2010.
"The active community of more than 850,000 IT professionals has made Spiceworks one of the world's best places to get information on 'everything IT' – from product reviews and best practices to vendor and community support," said Jay Hallberg, co-founder and vice president of Marketing at Spiceworks. "On behalf of our team and loyal user community, we're honored to be recognized as a valued source of information for IT professionals worldwide."
Spiceworks is enabling 'Social IT' by combining systems and network management software with a rapidly growing and active Facebook-like community of IT professionals. Organizations of all sizes use the software and integrated online community to collaborate with each other and support the management of their IT networks and services. Follow Spiceworks on Twitter: http://twitter.com/spiceworks. Connect with Spiceworks on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Spiceworks/15382903707.
About SIIA
The Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA) is the principal trade association for the software and digital content industry. SIIA provides global services in government relations, business development, corporate education and intellectual property protection to more than 500 leading software and information companies. For further information, visit www.siia.net. For CODiE Awards specific information, visit http://www.siia.net/codies/2010/.
About Spiceworks
Founded in 2006, Spiceworks™ develops the first free social business application that combines systems and network management software with an online community of IT professionals to help over 850,000 IT pros and 80,000 managed service providers (MSPs) simplify everything IT. Spiceworks makes it easy for businesses to manage their networks, collaborate to solve technology problems, and find the best practices, products and services they need day-to-day. Through its Voice of IT® market research program, the company enables direct conversations with IT professionals, conducts surveys and provides insight on important technology usage, staffing and purchasing trends by small and medium businesses worldwide. Spiceworks is a privately held company headquartered in Austin, Texas with funding from Institutional Venture Partners (IVP), Austin Ventures and Shasta Ventures. For more information visit www.spiceworks.com.
Spiceworks and Voice of IT are trademarks of Spiceworks, Inc. All other names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Media Contact:
Karl Scholz
For Spiceworks
(512) 493-0909


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TRENTON - New Jersey's economic situation could be far worse than feared, according to the state revenue expert.
The state must have a balanced budget, but according to Dr. David Rosen, tax collections are way below what Gov. Chris Christie thought they would be to start off the fiscal year.
If revenues don't pick up, Rosen and other financial experts say the state could be forced to cut services.
According to Rosen's testimony before the state Senate Budget Committee today, the state is about $200 million behind on the money needed for last year. It's also half a billion dollars in the red so far this year.
Rosen predicts the hole could grow to more than $2 billion by the end of the year, if things continue on their current course. The only solution, according to Rosen, would be a so-called "spectacular revenue acceleration."
Sen. Steve Sweeney (D-West Deptford) told News 12 New Jersey that there will have to be some cuts, but no one has yet speculated what those cuts could be. It's likely that one of them would be the much promised income tax cut.
Still, Rosen says rebuilding from Sandy and new changes to the federal tax laws could possibly provide a much needed boost.


text: × Please take a short survey to help us improve our data-related literature resources. Search Results Studies Variables Publications (1) Your query returned 1 citations. Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 1. 1964 Ostrander, Leon D., Jr., Weinstein, Belson J. Electrocardiographic changes after glucose ingestion. Circulation. 30, (1), 67-76. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML Results 1 - 1


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Simple Beef Stew - Crock Pot
Total Time
Prep 25 mins
Cook 10 hrs
This is a great stew that can be make the night before. Just pull it out of the fridge and turn it on low before work. When you get home, dinner is served.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 cups flour
- 1 tablespoon garlic salt
- 1 tablespoon celery salt
- 1 tablespoon onion powder
- 1 tablespoon parsley
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 lbs beef, chopped (stew beef works fine)
- 16 -18 baby carrots, cut in half
- 5 -6 potatoes, cut into bite size pieces
- 1 onion
- 1 lb frozen peas and corn
- 3 stalks celery, chopped
- 1 (12 ounce) jar beef gravy
- 12 ounces water
- Combine garlic salt, celery salt, onion powder, parsley and flour in a large bowl. Cover the chopped beef with the mixture.
- In a frypan, brown the beef using olive oil, then transfer into the crockpot.
- Layer potatoes, carrots, onion, peas, celery, and corn in the crockpot.
- Pour beef gravy and water over the stew mixture.
- Cook on low for 8 to 10 hours. Stir occasionally.
- Salt and pepper to taste.
Most Helpful
I tried this recipe yesterday and in my opinion it was tasteless and flat. (The opinion of my 17 yr old son too and he likes EVERYTHING.) Even the color is pale. I cooked it on low at least 12 hours and the potatoes were still firm. The meat was wonderfully cooked and tender, but tasteless. I feel like I wasted 3 pounds of stew meat unless I can figure out a way to give it more flavor.
Great beef stew! I love the idea of using beef gravy instead of beef broth - it was nice and thick. The only thing I did differently was leve out the peas and corn - otherwise it was great. Made the biscuits (recipe # 77417) and it was a great meal!


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Our Hospital
Our specialists are available on an appointment basis Monday through Saturday to see pets as a referral from your primary veterinarian. We have an excellent team of specialists who are board-certified in radiology, surgery, and internal medicine, who are supported by experienced emergency veterinarians.
Our doors are always open and our hospital is always staffed with a doctor capable of handling any emergency situation, as well as specialists who are available on call after hours for the most critical of patients.
We strive to be the best veterinary hospital in Arizona, where your pet's health is our top priority and excellent service is our goal. If there is any way I can help you or your pet, please call me at the clinic Monday through Friday from 8am - 5pm at (480) 898-0001.
Katherine Vasquez, CVT
Hospital Director


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APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Vermilion County; the Hon.
JAMES K. ROBINSON, Judge, presiding.
Rehearing denied April 10, 1972.
On March 15, 1965, Nellie N. Stoutin executed a Will under the terms of which she bequeathed to Plaintiff-Appellant Marie Willison, her daughter, all of her personal property and one-half of certain bank shares. She also devised to plaintiff her interest in a dwelling, together with a one-half interest in certain farm land. The balance of the estate was given to her son, the brother of plaintiff, Defendant-Appellee George E. Stoutin, and to his son, Edward Lynn Stoutin.
On November 7, 1966, Nellie N. Stoutin executed a second Will which expressly revoked the first, and under the terms of which defendant became the principal beneficiary. There were also bequests to seven of Nellie N. Stoutin's grandchildren and great grandchildren. The only provision for plaintiff in the Will was
(i) in consideration of the care which I have received at my daughter and son-in-law's home for the past two years, I give and bequeath to my daughter, Marie Wilson, the sum of $1,000.00 and to my son-in-law, Paul Wilson, the sum of $1,000.00.
Nellie N. Stoutin died July 15, 1969, and on August 18, 1969, the Will executed by the decedent on November 7, 1966, was admitted to Probate.
On March 17, 1970, plaintiff filed a three Count Complaint, the only defendant being George E. Stoutin individually and as Executor of the Will of the deceased. Counts II and III of the Complaint alleged lack of testamentary capacity and undue influence, and the judgment of the trial court in favor of defendant on these two counts is not appealed.
Count I of the Complaint, which was verified by plaintiff, alleged that the decedent and plaintiff had entered into an oral contract under the terms of which plaintiff was to make a home and care for decedent, in return for which decedent agreed to make a Will leaving all of her cash, stocks and bonds to plaintiff. The Complaint further alleged that plaintiff did furnish a home and care to the decedent from May 18, 1964, to November 3, 1966, on which date the defendant took the decedent to his own home "* * * without the knowledge and consent of the plaintiff", that the Will of November 7, 1966, constituted a breach of the oral contract, and that by reason of the oral contract plaintiff was entitled to be awarded all money, stocks and bonds owned by decedent at the time of her death. Defendant's answer to Count I denied the making of an oral contract.
Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment as to all three counts of the Complaint and plaintiff here appeals from that portion of the judgment allowing the motion as to Count I.
In support of his Motion for Summary Judgment, defendant attached the verbatim transcript of conversations between Nellie N. Stoutin and her attorney Daniel Welsch. These conversations concerned her instructions to him as to the disposition of her estate and the subsequent execution of the Will. During the course of the conversations the decedent stated to her attorney, in referring to plaintiff, "I owe them for staying over there, can they collect that?" and then stated that there was no contract between herself and plaintiff.
• 1 Plaintiff contends that the denial of the contract is inadmissible because it was a self-serving statement when made, citing Weidler v. Siebert 405 Ill. 477, 91 N.E.2d 416; Dalby v. Maxfield 244 Ill. 214, 91 N.E.2d 420, but that her statement "I owe them for staying, etc." is admissible since it qualifies as a declaration against interest, citing In re Estate of Niehas 341 Ill. App. 454, 94 N.E.2d 525; Jatcko v. Hoffe 7 Ill.2d 479, 131 N.E.2d 84; Dempski v. Dempski 27 Ill.2d 69, 187 N.E.2d 734 and others. Defendant has not seen fit to respond to either of these points and we will take it that he concedes plaintiff's position.
Also attached to defendant's motion was a transcript which covered certain testimony given by plaintiff in a deposition taken February 10, 1967, in connection with a cause entitled Nellie N. Stoutin v. Marie Willison and Paul Willison then pending in the Circuit Court of Vermilion County. The pleadings in that case are not a part of this record, but it appears that the purpose of the suit was to replevy certain bank accounts and personal property. The testimony is rather vague, but defendant claimed that it tends to negative the making of the oral contract in question. Plaintiff maintains that the contents of that deposition are inadmissible on the Motion, citing Haskell v. Siegmund 28 Ill. App.2d 1, 170 N.E.2d 393. Defendant has not responded to this contention, and we take it that he again concedes plaintiff's position.
Plaintiff filed an Answer to the Motion for Summary Judgment to which she attached the affidavit of one Ellen Underwood "That the decedent many times told your affiant that she wanted to leave all of her bank accounts, stocks and bonds to Marie Willison in exchange for taking care of her; * * *".
• 2 The plaintiff is incompetent to testify to the making of an oral contract with decedent or to any other maters bearing on that issue during the decedent's lifetime since defendant is defending as Executor of the Will, and as a legatee and devisee thereunder. Wurth v. Hosmann 410 Ill. 567, 573, 102 N.E.2d 800; Chambrs v. Appel 392 Ill. 294, 304, 64 N.E.2d 511; ch. 51, par. 2, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969.
• 3 What evidence, then, remains? The affidavit of Ellen Underwood amounts to nothing more than a mere statement of intention. It does not establish a contractual relationship between plaintiff and decedent. Wilger v. Wilger 409 Ill. 58, 61, 98 N.E.2d 716.
• 4, 5 Decedent's statement "I owe them for staying over there, can they collect that?" falls far short of proving an oral contract to make a Will leaving all of decedent's money, stocks and bonds to plaintiff in consideration of care to be furnished. Before an oral contract to make a Will will be enforced it must appear to be certain, definite and unequivocal in its terms. Wilger v. Wilger, supra.
• 6 The record reveals no genuine issue as to any material fact, the trial judge correctly applied the law in granting defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
TRAPP, P.J., and SMITH, J., concur.
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Family Fun Crafts: 16 Craft Ideas for Kids
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Latest Comments
"Pretty, yet simple to make how I would describe this bracelet. Any girl would like to make this and wear one. This would be a great group project for girls to make together at a sleep over or a birthday party. I think I'll have to make one for me too."
"Get a life.Quit your bickering."
"Speaking of gadgets...More than anything I would like to find a clicker or counter that I could click with my foot. When I am working with my hands and doing multiple pieces, it would help if I didn't have to stop at every one to count it on a hand clicker. And the finger one just gets in my way. Any help?"
DIY Colored Pencils
By: Becky Coleman
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Paint the town red (or whatever color you'd like!) with this easy colored pencils tutorial. DIY Colored Pencils are easy to make and are a great way to use up leftover newspaper! These make a great gift for kids and adults alike!
- Old can
- Paint brush
- White School Glue
- Straws
- Crayon pieces
- Newspaper
- Scissors
- Cupcake paper
- Clean can & bend edge for easier pouring
- Insert Crayon pieces & heat in pot of boiling water
- Pour small amount of melted crayon into cupcake paper & insert straws
- Fill straws with melted crayon mixture and let cool
- Mix 1 part white school glue & 1 part water in small dish
- Push crayons out of straws with small paint brush
- Cut half a sheet of newspaper to width of crayon and paint with Elmer's glue mixture
- Roll up crayon in newspaper
- Lay out on rack to dry for 48 hours
- Sharpen with pencil sharpener & Have Fun Coloring!
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Jul 05, 2014
I agree that the name of the project is wrong. Interesting idea, though for crayon stubs.
jillshope 123
Jul 01, 2014
I think this is great! Crayons cost and teachers would love this! I'm going to make these for stocking stuffers!
Jul 11, 2013
Wonderful idea - I have lots of leftovers from kids and grandkids!
melonybrannon 1634 821
Apr 02, 2013
love it! have a thousand little pieces from my grandson
hernandez117 72501 19
May 07, 2012
Very cool project! You could even go one step further and add essential oils to make them like "Smencils," which are so popular at my kids' school!
Mar 11, 2012
Interesting way to rejuvenate crayons, but they're still not colored pencils...
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Dominguez-Bello M.G.,University of Puerto Rico at San Juan |
Blaser M.J.,NY |
Blaser M.J.,New York Harbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center |
Blaser M.J.,New York University |
And 3 more authors.
Gastroenterology | Year: 2011
Little was known about the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota, until recently, because of difficulties in obtaining sufficient sequence information from enough people or time points. Now, with decreased costs of DNA sequencing and improved bioinformatic tools, we can compare GI tract bacterial communities among individuals, of all ages from infancy to adulthood. Some key recent findings are that the initial bacterial community, even in the GI tract, depends strongly on delivery mode; that the process of early development of the microbiota is highly unstable and idiosyncratic; that the microbiota differs considerably among children from different countries; and that older adults have substantially different GI tract communities than younger adults, indicating that the GI tract microbiota can change throughout life. We relate these observations to different models of evolution including the evolution of senescence and suggest that probiotics be selected based on patient age. Studies of the microbiota in older people might tell us which probiotics could increase longevity. Drug metabolism varies among individuals with different microbial communities, so age- and region-specific clinical trials are required to ensure safety and efficacy. © 2011 AGA Institute. Source
Posterior papillary muscle anchoring affects remote myofiber stress and pump function: Finite element analysis
Pantoja J.L.,University of California at San Francisco |
Ge L.,University of California at San Francisco |
Ge L.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center |
Zhang Z.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center |
And 7 more authors.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery | Year: 2014
Background. The role of posterior papillary muscle nchoring (PPMA) in the management of chronic schemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) is controversial. e studied the effect of anchoring point direction and elocation displacement on left ventricular (LV) egional myofiber stress and pump function.Methods. Previously described finite element models f sheep 16 weeks after posterolateral myocardial nfarction (MI) were used. True-sized mitral annuloplasty MA) ring insertion plus different PPM nchoring techniques were simulated. Anchoring points ested included both commissures and the central nterior mitral annulus; relocation displacement varied rom 10% to 40% of baseline diastolic distance from the PM to the anchor points on the annulus. For each econstruction scenario, myofiber stress in the MI, order zone, and remote myocardium as well as pump unction were calculated.Results. PPMA caused reductions in myofiber stress at nd-diastole and end-systole in all regions of the left entricle that were proportional to the relocation displacement. lthough stress reduction was greatest in the MI region, t also occurred in the remote region. The maximum 0% displacement caused a slight reduction in LV pump unction. However, with the correction of regurgitation by A plus PPMA, there was an overall increase in forward troke volume. Finally, anchoring point direction had no ffect on myofiber stress or pump functionConclusions. PPMA reduces remote myofiber stress, hich is proportional to the absolute distance of relocation nd independent of anchoring point. Aggressive use f PPMA techniques to reduce remote myofiber stress ay accelerate reverse LV remodeling without impairing V function. © 2014 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Source
Antibiotic perturbation of the murine gut microbiome enhances the adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver disease associated with high-fat diet
Mahana D.,NYU Langone Medical Center |
Trent C.M.,NYU Langone Medical Center |
Kurtz Z.D.,NYU Langone Medical Center |
Bokulich N.A.,NYU Langone Medical Center |
And 10 more authors.
Genome Medicine | Year: 2016
Background: Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are serious health concerns, especially in Western populations. Antibiotic exposure and high-fat diet (HFD) are important and modifiable factors that may contribute to these diseases. Methods: To investigate the relationship of antibiotic exposure with microbiome perturbations in a murine model of growth promotion, C57BL/6 mice received lifelong sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT), or not (control), and were fed HFD starting at 13weeks. To characterize microbiota changes caused by STAT, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was examined from collected fecal samples and analyzed. Results: In this model, which included HFD, STAT mice developed increased weight and fat mass compared to controls. Although results in males and females were not identical, insulin resistance and NAFLD were more severe in the STAT mice. Fecal microbiota from STAT mice were distinct from controls. Compared with controls, STAT exposure led to early conserved diet-independent microbiota changes indicative of an immature microbial community. Key taxa were identified as STAT-specific and several were found to be predictive of disease. Inferred network models showed topological shifts concurrent with growth promotion and suggest the presence of keystone species. Conclusions: These studies form the basis for new models of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD that involve microbiome perturbation. © 2016 Mahana et al. Source
Dalal R.P.,NYU Langone Medical Center |
Goldfarb D.S.,New York Harbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Nature Reviews Nephrology | Year: 2011
Several well-documented outbreaks of melamine poisoning have occurred in both animals and humans during the past 7 years, which led to the identification of melamine and cyanuric acid as nephrotoxins. This Review provides an overview of the known experimental and observational data (including toxicology, epidemiology, and pathology) concerning melamine contamination of foodstuffs, both alone and in combination with cyanuric acid. The various renal effects of ingestion of these compounds in both animals and humans are described, and a hypothesis on the mechanism of formation of melamine-based kidney stones is presented. Finally, the public health measures taken in the wake of the melamine contamination events are discussed. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Source
Patient-specific finite element-based analysis of ventricular myofiber stress after coapsys: Importance of residual stress
Carrick R.,University of Vermont |
Ge L.,University of California at San Francisco |
Ge L.,The Surgical Center |
Lee L.C.,University of California at San Francisco |
And 11 more authors.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery | Year: 2012
Background: We sought to determine regional myofiber stress after Coapsys device (Myocor, Inc, Maple Grove, MN) implantation using a finite element model of the left ventricle (LV). Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation is caused by LV remodeling after posterolateral myocardial infarction. The Coapsys device consists of a single trans-LV chord placed below the mitral valve such that when tensioned it alters LV shape and decreases chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Methods: Finite element models of the LV were based on magnetic resonance images obtained before (preoperatively) and after (postoperatively) coronary artery bypass grafting with Coapsys implantation in a single patient. To determine the effect of Coapsys and LV before stress, virtual Coapsys was performed on the preoperative model. Diastolic and systolic material variables in the preoperative, postoperative, and virtual Coapsys models were adjusted so that model LV volume agreed with magnetic resonance imaging data. Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation was abolished in the postoperative models. In each case, myofiber stress and pump function were calculated. Results: Both postoperative and virtual Coapsys models shifted end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships to the left. As a consequence and because chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation was reduced after Coapsys, pump function was unchanged. Coapsys decreased myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole in both the remote and infarct regions of the myocardium. However, knowledge of Coapsys and LV prestress was necessary for accurate calculation of LV myofiber stress, especially in the remote zone. Conclusions: Coapsys decreases myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole. The improvement in myofiber stress may contribute to the long-term effect of Coapsys on LV remodeling. © 2012 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Source


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Made this last night and it was awesome! Light and moist, I used 1/2 cup of sugar instead of the 1 cup and I think I will try to cut back a little more when I make my next one!
I just made this loaf last night and it turned out fantastic! I will be making this again for sure. I used 1 cup of whole wheat flour and 1/2 cup of white flour. Yum!!!
been making this for almost 3 years now and my whole family loves it! great lunch box option. have made it in muffin format and even in a square pan and always great results. first time I made it we did not have any cinnamon left so I used nutmeg and it turned out equally well.


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Australian MPs are set to reconsider proposals for offshore asylum centres, after experts recommended the plan to break a deadlock between the governing Labor Party and the opposition.
Experts said that Australia should set up processing centres in Nauru and Papua New Guinea.
Labor closed a centre on Nauru in 2008, ending years of bitter controversy over the so-called Pacific Solution.
Meanwhile, 67 asylum seekers are reported to be missing at sea.
Some 600 asylum seekers are believed to have died making the dangerous journey by boat to Australia since late 2009, Australian media report.
Australian customs officials are investigating reports that a boat thought to be carrying 67 has gone missing after leaving Indonesia for Australia. There are ''very grave fears'' over the fate of the people, Home Affairs Minister Jason Clare said.
"Unfortunately have not found any evidence that those people have arrived in Australia," he told reporters.
'Comprehensive network'
In a report released on Monday, an independent panel appointed by Prime Minister Julia Gillard said the two offshore facilities should be established ''as soon as possible'' as part of a ''comprehensive regional network''.
Opposition leader Tony Abbott said he welcomed legislation for offshore processing.
"To the extent that this legislation allows good policy we will support it," he told ABC news.
Ms Gillard had been pushing for a compromise deal on the issue.
Her governing Labor Party backed a refugee swap deal with Malaysia, under which Australia would send 800 asylum-seekers who arrived by boat to Malaysia and receive 4,000 refugees in return over four years.
Last year a court ruled against such a move, saying Malaysia - which has not signed UN refugee conventions - did not offer adequate protection.
In its report, the panel, headed by former defence chief Angus Houston, called for the agreement to be built on rather than being discarded or neglected, and for safeguards and accountability to be strengthened.
The opposition, however, said it would not support the Malaysia deal.
'Realistic, not idealistic'
The panel said its recommendations, aimed to encourage people to seek asylum through official channels and reduce the number of illegal boat arrivals, should be implemented as a whole.
The three-men panel set out 22 key recommendations in its report, including:
- Increasing Australia's humanitarian programme from 13,000 to 20,000 places a year, with consideration to go up to 27,000 in five years
- Not allowing asylum seekers who arrive by boat to sponsor family members to come to Australia
- Ramping up efforts to work with Indonesia on surveillance and search and rescue
- Reviews of related laws, legislation, and a thorough review of determining refugee status
"We recommend a policy approach that is hard-headed but not hard-hearted. That is realistic not idealistic,'' said Mr Houston, in a press statement.
In its report, the panel also noted that the conditions necessary to turn back boats in safe and lawful ways are "currently not met", but this could change in the future.
Implementation would cost AU$1bn a year ($1.bn; £670m), it added.


text:
Symphony Xplorer H150 and V60 Handset Review
Channel: BanglaWatch News
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Symphony Mobile is bringing out two smarphones with extreme battery life. Dubbed as V60 and H150, the former (V60) consists of 3000 mAh battery and the latter (H150) has a whopping 4000 mAh powered battery. Among other additional features, the 4.5 inch IPS display featured in V60 has a 5MP back and 2 MP front cameras. On the other hand, H150 packs a 5 inch IPS display along with auto-focus enabled 8MP back, 2MP front camera and powered by 1.3GHz Quad Core processor and 1GB of RAM. Both of these smartphones have 8GB internal memory. Both handsets will be available in shops from tomorrow.
Price: V60 with 3000mAh- Tk. 6,490/- & H150 with 4000mAh- Tk. 10,590/-
Price: V60 with 3000mAh- Tk. 6,490/- & H150 with 4000mAh- Tk. 10,590/-


text:
At the present time, malaria is responsible for a million deaths a year, with 500 million reported cases of the disease and 2.5 billion people at risk of contracting it. The distribution and severity of the disease vary with the causative agents, vectors and environment. Of the 4 possible parasites, only P. falciparum causes fatal forms; the three others have debilitating effects related to frequent disease recurrence and reviviscence. More than 50 species of anophele are involved in the obligatory transmission of the parasite from man to man. Climate, environment and biogeography condition the distribution of anophele species and modulate the intensity of transmission. This is what is known as the biodiversity of malaria. At the present time, more than 90% of P. falciparum malaria deaths occur in tropical Africa where only 10% of the world's population lives. A child dies of malaria every 30 seconds. This continent is home to the most effective vectors and the climate favours transmission. Severe cases also arise in the forested areas of South East Asia, New Guinea and the Amazon region. Throughout the rest of the tropical and subtropical world, the disease caused by P. vivax and/or P. malariae is less serious.The Matola malaria project: a temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission and disease in a suburban area of Maputo, ... Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2006 ; 99(4) : 27882. acTin F. ... The magnitude of the problem and the strategy of its controlanbsp;...
|Biodiversity of Malaria in the world
|Manguin Sylvie, Carnevale Pierre , Mouchet Jean
|John Libbey Eurotext - 2008-01-01


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We strive to produce the true beagle type both in appearance and temperament. Our beagles are known for thier hunting ability and adaptability as pet and field companions. Their willingness to please is admired by those who own them.
Our first hunting beagle had these qualities and more. FTCH : Hard Time Sue was the beginning of ourlove for this tough little breed and our foundation for our kennel. She had all the characteristics of a great hound. Desire, Brains, Nose, Hunt and especially stamina and heart. Over the years we have made her my measuring stick for our Kennel.
Although not new to the Show world, we are now venturing to the Show Ring as well for some more fun with these little guys. A Huge Thankyou to Peggy Weissfuss for entrusting us with a very special little girl named Sally Am Ch Lecreme Sally We-fuss. She has enabled us to make a dynamite start in just one litter.
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Damnoen Saduak Vacation Packages
Damnoen Saduak is located some 40 miles (64 kilometers) from Bangkok, the country's capital, and about 65 miles (105 kilometers) from Hua Hin.
It's a missed chance if you limit yourself to the points of interest in Damnoen Saduak because the entire region has been endowed with an abundance of terrific cities, attractions and landscapes. If you're looking for other places to check out, you'll find Ban Pong, 19 miles (31 kilometers) to the south, and Nakhon Pathom 20 miles (32 kilometers) to the south.
Approximately 40 miles (64 kilometers) to the east of Damnoen Saduak is Bangkok, a regional city where you go see Asiatique the River Front, Temple of the Emerald Buddha and Central Rama 3 Mall. Queen Sirikit Park, Queen Sirikit National Convention Center and Silpakorn University are other good places to visit.
For many, enjoying a new place is as much about food as it is about visiting sites, so take the time to try the food here. No vacation in Thailand would be complete without tasting guay tiew khai (egg noodle) or moo ruan (soft fried pork). Try a Central Thailand, an alcohol-free drink that is very common in Ratchaburi.
And at the end of your trip, load up your gear and bid Damnoen Saduak a fond Laa gòn ná (farewell).
Accommodation in Damnoen Saduak
Accommodation options in Damnoen Saduak are rather sparse. It's recommended to check out the latest information, listings and deals on Expedia's up-to-date Damnoen Saduak hotels page.


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Half Cell Reaction, standard Potential, Free Energy
The reaction between silver ion and solid zinc is represented by the following equation.
2 Ag+ (aq) + Zn(s) ---> Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(a) A 1.50 sample of Zn is combined with 250 ml of 0.110 M AgNO3 at 25oC.
(i) Identify the limiting reactant. Show calculations to support your answer.
(ii) On the basis of limiting reactants that you identified in part (i), determine the value of the [Zn2+] after the reaction is complete. Assume that volume change is negligible.
(b) Determine the value of the standard potential, Eo, for a galvanic cell based on the reaction between AgNO3(aq) and solid Zn at 25 C.
Another galvanic cell is based on the reaction between Ag+(aq) and Cu(s), represented by the equation below. At 25 C, the standard potential, Eo, for the cell is 0.46 V.
2 Ag+ (aq) + Cu(s) ---> Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(c) Determine the value of the standard free-energy change, deltaGo, for the reaction between Ag+ (aq) and Cu(s) at 25 C.
(d) The cell is constructed so that [Cu2+] is 0.045 M and [Ag+] is 0.010 M. Calculate the value of the potential E for the cell.
(e) Under the conditions specified in part (d), is the reaction in the cell spontaneous? Justify your answer.
Solution Summary
Half Cell Reactions, Standard Potentials, Free Energy, and Limiting Reagents are investigated. The solution is detailed and well presented.