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Welcome to the July edition of ePro, the electronic newsletter of the Houston chapter of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA Houston). Join us for a summer-FUL of events and learning experiences!
July Monthly Luncheon: "From Xer to Boomer To Geezer: Generational Differences in the Workplace"
"I hope that every public relations practitioner has an opportunity to hear this presentation. Chris De Santis portrays the generations side-by-side in a way that one immediately sees parallels within one''s own company or client organization. This talk will alter how you approach key audiences. It did so for me." – PRSA Houston member Sally Evans, APR.
This month, we have Christopher P. De Santis, a consultant in Management & Organization Development Design and Delivery, flying in from Chicago to talk to PRSA about generational differences in the workplace. Ipsos Insight has agreed to sponsor the July luncheon...thank you!
Now more than ever, one is likely to find as many as four generations in the workplace. And each generation brings its own set of skills and talents – and baggage – to the table. Regardless of where you are in the age continuum, learning how to gain the most from one another's attributes and best deal with our differences is what Christopher De Santis is all about.
He has special expertise in dealing with generational differences in the workplace, applying the principles of Emotional Intelligence to leading, executive coaching and the application of a variety of instrumentation including multi-rater feedback to develop and enhance performance, and how to develop and leverage long-term relationships in the selling process. He also teaches and has a depth of knowledge in facilitation, listening and platform skills developed through his work experiences and background in the theater.
Courtyard on St. James
1885 St. James Place (Between Westheimer and San Felipe)
Wednesday, July 6, 11:30 a.m. - 1:30 p.m.
To Register:
For more information or to register, call (281) 870-1717 or visit http://www.prsahouston.org/en/cev/?170
Congratulations to New APRs!!
APR is a mark of distinction for public relations professionals who demonstrate their commitment to the profession and to its ethical practice. They are selected based on broad knowledge, strategic perspective and sound professional judgment. PRSA Houston APR chairs Amy Kaiser and Aaron Woods, APR, are proud to present Scott Scheffler, APR, external communications specialist with Marathon Oil, and Dennis Winkler, APR, president of Winkler Public Relations, as Accredited Professionals following their successful completion of the APR examination process. The designation "Accredited in Public Relations" signifies a high professional level of experience and competence, and Scott and Dennis personify that distinction.
The Houston Chapter will schedule its next study course in the Fall, but there is no excuse to keep you from preparing for the examination now. Please visit http://www.praccreditation.org for complete information about preparation tools, facts, and procedures for taking the Accreditation exam. Contact Amy or Aaron if you have additional questions.
Scott Scheffler, APR, (left) external communications specialist with Marathon Oil, and Dennis Winkler, APR, (right) president of Winkler Public Relations, are newly accredited professionals and members of PRSA Houston.
So, The Excalibur Awards Pretty Much Rocked…
Many thanks to all who attended the PRSA Houston Excalibur Awards on June 9, 2005, and to our sponsors. I''m sure you''ll join me in commending Excalibur committee chairs Bill Zander of Texas Children''s Hospital and Kristin Pacheco of Sullivan Group for an absolutely fantastic event. Congratulations you two..and Congratulations to all winners!
In particular, Guy Brown, APR, PRSA Houston president in 1987, was the recipient of the 2005 Legacy Award. Wendy Hall was recognized as Public Relations Professional of the Year for her work with Halliburton. Kelly Papinchak, communications director of Schipul--The Web Marketing Company, earned the Young Public Relations Professional Award. The Grand Excalibur Award was presented to Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, L.P. and practitioners Scott Scheffler, APR; Stan Sehested, Christy Lee and Kammy Reece for "The Medallion Awards."
And speaking of winners…the Silent Auction benefiting the Public Relations Foundation of Houston raised over $5,000 to be used for education. The Chapter''s congratulations to Sabra Gill, APR, and her committee of volunteers for organizing and leading this super, successful auction. This amount is double the amount previously raised. The Foundation appreciates the generous donations and the spirited bidding. Great items - 63 in all - were available to the highest bidder. Many items were one-of-a-kind.
The complete winner''s list is available at http://www.prsahouston.org/en/art/?141.
Photos from the event are now available online, thanks to Robert Allred Photography! Look for them here: http://www.prsahouston.org/en/catalogs.
To download an order form and prices for photo prints, please visit http://www.prsahouston.org/en/cms/?163.
Additional copies of Excalibur awards or corrections may be ordered by completing the Excalibur Awards reorder form no later than July 29.
Excalibur Awards Can Be Reordered
Attention Excalibur Award winners: If you would like to change the award copy or order a duplicate, you can receive a framed certificate for $50. A free correction is available if the award copy does not match the copy on your entry form. The deadline for reorders is July 29. Visit www.prsahouston.org and click on Excalibur Awards to complete the order form.
Awards not picked up at the Excalibur ceremony may be retrieved at the July 6 luncheon.
Excalibur Awards Can Be Reordered
Attention Excalibur Award winners: If you would like to change the award copy or order a duplicate, you can receive a framed certificate for $50. A free correction is available if the award copy does not match the copy on your entry form. The deadline for reorders is July 29. Visit www.prsahouston.org and click on Excalibur Awards to complete the order form.
Awards not picked up at the Excalibur ceremony may be retrieved at the July 6 luncheon.
Thank you Excalibur Sponsors!
It would not have been possible to have such a remarkable event without GCI Group, our presenting sponsor for the 2005 Excalibur Awards, and King''s Court sponsors Lopez Negrete Communications and Vollmer Public Relations. We are also thankful for our inkind sponsors: Art Attack, Graphique, Page/International, Sullivan Group, Evigna, Robert Allred Photography, Catch the Moment Photography, Staging Solutions, Downtown Aquarium and Businesswire. We also would like to thank PR Newswire as the dessert and coffee sponsor.
And a serious muchas gracias goes to those who supported the Knights of the Roundtable: Texas Children''s Hospital, Shell Oil, Port of Houston Authority, Pierpont Communications, Tessada & Associates and Baylor College of Medicine. Finally, thanks to those who donated or purchased auction items for the PR Foundation of Houston.
Excalibur Award entrants: Please Check Binders
If you picked up a stack of binders during the awards banquet, please check to make sure that you did not accidentally pick up an entry from Pierpont Communications. They are missing an entry, "The Libyan National Oil Company is Open for Business." If you find the entry, please e-mail Bill Zander.
Excalibur Award entrants: Please Check Binders
If you picked up a stack of binders during the awards banquet, please check to make sure that you did not accidentally pick up an entry from Pierpont Communications. They are missing an entry, "The Libyan National Oil Company is Open for Business." If you find the entry, please e-mail Bill Zander.
Watch Your E-mail: PRSA Bylaw Election Now in Play
PRSA Houston''s Board of Directors seeks your vote on two proposed chapter bylaw amendments. The election, currently ongoing through the chapter''s Web site, requires that one-third of the membership cast a ballot. So please respond to this important email.
The proposed amendments would eliminate the requirement that the chapter''s Assembly Delegates be accredited.
"The 2004 PRSA National Assembly amended PRSA''s national bylaws to eliminate accreditation as a requirement for Delegates, and the PRSA Houston Board of Directors strongly supported the change," Chapter President Cindy Suggs, APR, said. "Our views on this issue were based on the consensus that accreditation is an extremely valuable experience that further underscores one's knowledge of and dedication to our profession. However, the board also recognizes that there are many outstanding PRSA members with leadership potential who would be excellent assembly delegates, and that accreditation should not be part of the scorecard that is used when determining a member's eligibility to serve in this capacity. And obviously, if the Houston PRSA bylaws changes are approved, it would further ensure alignment of the local chapter bylaws with that of PRSA National."
"Your vote on these amendments is important," Suggs added. "The nominating committee will work in July to prepare a slate of candidates for our 2006 board, so it will be critical for the nominating committee to know if non-accredited members can be considered for Assembly Delegate positions."
Amend Article III - Membership Section 6. Rights and Privileges of Membership:
Amend Article V - Board of Directors Section 3. Assembly Delegate:
PR DAY 2005... Breaking New Ground: PR Tools for Changing Times - Free Stuff and Discounts
The landscape of public relations is constantly evolving and we are less than two months away from breaking new ground and looking at PR tools for these changing times. On September 14, PR Day 2005 will give you fresh PR direction and advice, networking with fellow professionals and one-on-one time with working media.
On-line registration is available through the PRSA Web site for this full-day professional development conference. There is an early registration discount of $15 off all packages if you sign-up for PR Day at either the July or August PRSA monthly meetings - you will get $15 off any type of registration - full-day, half-day, Luncheon-only and the Masters'' Breakfast.
And now for the free stuff: during each of the July and August luncheons, a drawing will be held to award one free full-day pass for PR Day 2005, which will be September 14 at the Hyatt Regency Downtown. You must attend the monthly meeting to be eligible.
The PR Day 2005 speaker''s lineup is headlined by James Arnold, APR, Fellow PRSA, who will lead us in exploring the differences in being a leader vs. being a manager, and how PR and communications strategies can make or break your company. He is joined by a list of PR professionals speaking on topics ranging from web logs and branding to PR on a small budget. Conference favorite John Sturtevant is back this year with his popular writing workshop, and Tony Wyllie of The Houston Texans leads a luncheon panel, Proving PR Value, which includes several senior PR leaders from Houston-area companies.
Special thanks to PR Day 2005 sponsors:
Printing Sponsor: CenterPoint Energy,
Conference Notebook Sponsor: Aquent,
Additional Sponsors: A&E Graphics, Bacon''s, Burrelles Luce, Business Wire, Enbridge Energy Company, Inc, MediaLink, Piland Design, PrimeZone, PR Newswire, RoadShow Media, Schipul - The WebMarketing Company, The Hauser Company, US Newswire, and VMS.
To register for PR Day, or for more information including Sponsorship opportunities and a complete speaker lineup, visit us online.
The Communications Committee Needs You!
You're a member, you like the feeling of being part of something. You like feeling productive, maybe you want to get a bit more involved in a manner that comes naturally to you…consider helping to promote the great organization that you're part of, PRSA Houston. The Communications Committee is responsible for a lot of easy, fun projects like event promotion and ePro, PRSA Houston's monthly newsletter, and needs volunteers to help spread the word about the cool things that the Houston chapter is up to. Join fantastic committee members Liza Kayyal of Marion Montgomery Inc. and Yadira Gonzalez of GolinHarris Houston, and help get this show on the road. We'd love to have you. Contact Lauren Hammit to get onboard.
Use Your Member Benefits!
Attention all PRSA members! On page 3 of the Professional Development Resources Guide for Summer 2005 that arrived in the same bag as your June issue of "Tactics," find a coupon worth $35 off any national PRSA July or August teleseminar registration fee. This offer is not transferable. Any member registering by credit card will be charged $35 less with the coupon, or if you are mailing a check, you will simply pay $35 less. Of course, if you are not a member, you may become a member online at www.prsa.org or pick up a form at the luncheon. Angela Young, membership chair, can answer your questions, or you may call (281) 870-1717.
Give Yourself a Bonus in July and August and Save $20
Members and Associate Members: Join a Professional Interest Section during July and August and save $20 off the first year dues of $60, and pay just $40 instead. Membership in a Section gives you access to networking and learning opportunities in your specific practice area. Whether you were a member of a Section in the past, have never been a member of a Section, or are a member of one (or more) now, you can take advantage of this offer to join a Section.
Choose from: Association/Nonprofit, Corporate, Counselors Academy (special requirements, dues are higher), Counselors to Higher Education, Educators Academy, Employee Communications, Entertainment and Sports, Environmental, Financial Communications, Food and Beverage, Health Academy, International, Independent Practitioners Alliance, Military and Public Safety, Multicultural Communications, Public Affairs and Government, Strategic Social Responsibility, Technology, and Travel and Tourism.
To join a Section, visit: https://www.prsa.org/_Networking/pis/proform4.cfm. (Note: the form will display the full dues rate but when you join a Section in July or August, you will only be charged $40). This offer is limited to one bonus-priced section per member. Offer may not be used for renewal of an existing section membership. Bonus cannot be used if renewing online. For more information about Sections visit Networking Groups at www.prsa.org.
New Pros: Find Your Future - Tips for Successful Job Hunting, Sponsored by Business Wire
So you know how to pitch a company, but do you know how to pitch yourself? From looking for your first job to updating your resume, Cristina Tolpo has advice for you and your blossoming career!
Please join PRSA Houston''s New Professionals Group for a professional development session on Thursday, June 30, 2005 at GolinHarris Houston from 6:30 to 8 p.m. Use the parking garage entrance between 1330 and 1360 Post Oak Blvd., and park in the section labeled "guests". Enter the building through the glass doors marked "1360" and follow the walkway to the lobby. Check in at the desk and proceed to the 18-25 floor elevator bank, then take the elevator to Suite 2020. The main number for GolinHarris is (713) 513-9560 if you have any questions. You also may call committee member Holly's cell phone on the day of the event: (713) 828-6619. Additional information found here: http://www.prsahouston.org/en/cev/?178.
PRSA Houston to Help Girl Scouts Earn Girl Scouts of the USA Public Relations Interest Project Patch
Interest Project Encourages Girl Scouts ages 11-17 to Learn About the Public Relations Profession
The Houston Chapter of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) is helping local Girl Scouts in the San Jacinto and South Texas Councils earn the Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) interest project patch in public relations.
The Public Relations Girl Scout Award Project is sponsored by PRSA Houston's New Professionals Group, which supports public relations practitioners who are in the first five years of their careers.
To earn the GSUSA Public Relations Interest Project Patch, Girl Scouts are required to complete activities entitled Skill Builders where they create press kits to publicize themselves, interview public relations practitioners about their daily responsibilities and role-play pitches as a spokesperson for a favorite cause.
Girl Scouts also are required to complete one or more service projects before earning the GSUSA Public Relations Interest Project. Such projects include volunteering to help a local organization publicize its services to the community or writing an article for media placement.
"PRSA Houston is committed to educating our community about the importance of our profession. We welcome Girl Scouts to learn as much as they can from our members and to consider public relations as a profession," said Cindy Suggs, PRSA Houston Chapter President.
PRSA Houston's New Professionals Group will coordinate requests to interview PR professionals to assist Girl Scouts with the different activity categories, which include: Skill Builders, Technology, Service Projects and Career Exploration, to earn the Patch.
Girl Scouts who want to earn their GSUSA Public Relations (PR) Interest Project Patch (page 104 in Girl Scouts of the United States of America's Interest Projects for Cadette and Senior Girl Scouts) are invited to contact PRSA Houston New Pros Community Service Liaison Cheyenna Smith at (713) 627-2223 or email@example.com, or visit www.prsahouston.org.
PRSA Houston Member News
Congratulations to members who are making changes and moving up ladders. Scott Scheffler, APR, is external communications specialist for Marathon Oil, Angela Young is new employee communications manager at Continental Airlines, Ira Perry is at the Holocasut Museum and Mari Pillar is account executive for GolinHarris.
Welcome, New Members!
We're so glad to have you…
Public Relations Foundation Awards Scholarship
Texas A&M student Lacey Barlen was awarded the first Public Relations Foundation of Houston scholarship at the Public Relations Society of America-Houston Chapter Excalibur Awards June 9 at the Downtown Aquarium.
Barlen received her undergraduate journalism degree in May and will return to A& M in the fall to pursue a master's degree in human resource management and will serve a second term as the PRSSA chapter president. She plans to eventually work in corporate or agency public relations.
The Public Relations Foundation was established in 2001 by the PRSA Houston chapter to build an endowment to support educational excellence and the future of public relations by awarding student scholarships and supporting other educational programs that advance the profession. More information about the Foundation and how to contribute is available on the chapter Web site.
The Foundation accepts applications for the $1,000 scholarship from January through March. Preference is given to Houston-area students attending any college or university or to students attending Houston-area institutions. Applications will be available for downloading during that time at www.prsahouston.org and from Houston PRSSA chapter advisors at area schools. The scholarship is awarded based on grade point average, participation in organizations, financial need, community and collegiate activities and work experience.
PRSA Houston''s PRSSA Liaison Committee Renamed University Relations Committee to Serve Additional Colleges and Universities
The PRSA Houston Liaison Committee has become the University Relations Committee to expand its reach to students at colleges and universities that do not yet have established PRSSA Chapters.
The University Relations Committee provides public relations students with access to public relations professionals, activities and programs that will strengthen their skills and prepare them for a career in public relations or a related field.
The committee is working with students and professors at Texas Southern University to establish a PR Club on campus. The University''s Department of Communication is short three courses that are needed to establish a PRSSA chapter on campus. The PR Club will allow students to increase learning opportunities in public relations and developing leadership skills while these courses are considered.
The PRSA Houston chapter supports PRSSA students at Sam Houston State University, Texas A&M University and the University of Houston.
The University Relations Committee members include Kelly Papinchak, chair; Mari Pillar, co-chair; and Cheyenna Smith. For more information, contact Kelly Papinchak at email@example.com or (281) 497-6567, ext.508.
AEFH "Breakfast with a Leader" Series Featuring Rance Crain of Ad Age
Mark your calendars, PRSA Houston members! Rance Crain of Crain Communications, which includes Advertising Age, will be the breakfast speaker at an Advertising Education Foundation of Houston fundraiser on Friday, October 7, 2005 at the Junior League of Houston.
Attendance fees are: $250.00 for four people or $75.00 for individual tickets. Make your reservations by sending checks [only] to: Advertising Education Foundation of Houston, P.O. Box 27592, Houston, Texas 77227. Include names of attendees please. For questions, phone (713) 237-9999.
Press Primer with Melanie Brenneman
Press Primer goes cyber this edition, as Dwight Silverman, blogger, online news editor and computer columnist for The Houston Chronicle, explains blogs. His technology blog is posted at: http://blogs.chron.com/techblog/
For anyone left on the planet who doesn't already know what a blog is: A "blog," short for "weblog," is a frequently updated document/site focused around a specific topic and presented as a web page that usually includes an area for reader discussion.
Even if a company decides that keeping up a business blog is not practical, blogs should not be ignored. Constant monitoring provides a good insight to customer needs and interest. For monitoring, Dwight suggests PubSub, http://www.pubsub.com.
Dwight's Blog Technology Terms:
A Google-owned blogging tool that is free to use and user friendly as well.
With Trackback, bloggers can see who is reading their blog and what people are saying about it. The blogger can also see who is linking to their blog. Companies can track what is being said about them, their products, their services and their business news.
RSS, or Real Simple Syndication:
RSS is a "feed" that provides a short description of blog content along with a link to the full content of the entry. If a blog is distributed through an RSS feed as it is published, readers can pick the feed up on their RSS readers, accessing the blog content quickly.
RSS Readers:
RSS readers provide a convenient way for companies to keep track of the syndicated blogs which focus on their market or industry by compiling all of the blog links through one program. Dwight prefers Feed Demon.
Dwight's recommended PR blogs:
Thank You to Those Who Make It Possible
Ipsos Insight has stepped forward to sponsor the July 6 program featuring Christopher P. De Santis' talk, "From Xer to Boomer to Geezer: Generational Differences in the Workplace." We are currently seeking sponsors for the August 6 luncheon with Jackie Martin, former president of the United Way of Texas Gulf Coast. Additional sponsorship opportunities are available for these or any of our upcoming events.
Upcoming opportunities:
August 3: Jackie Martin, United Way of Texas Gulf Coast
Sept. 14: PR Day (different sponsor levels apply)
Oct. 5: Crisis Communications Panel
Nov. 2: PRSA''s 2005 National President Judy Phair
Dec.: Holiday Party (no speaker)
For $500 as a luncheon sponsor, PRSA Houston offers the following benefits:
If your company would like to be linked to the movers and shakers of Houston, please call (281) 870-1717 or email Paula Ruth at email@example.com. These sponsorships help PRSA to offer outstanding programs to members at reasonable prices. If mailings are planned for the luncheon, the sponsor will receive the added benefit of inclusion on the mailing. Not every luncheon promotion includes a mailing, but we have done seven so far this year.
Discounts are available for sponsoring multiple luncheons.
ePro is the electronic newsletter of the Houston chapter of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA Houston), and is a tool for you. Deadline for submitting items for the August newsletter is July 20, 2005. We love hearing your thoughts and news, so send generously to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Our sale price 9.95 Donna Velenta Donna Velenta Portsea Womens Fashion Sandals Walk in style in a pair of these magnificent Portsea sandals by Donna Velenta! Portsea features a gorgeous beaded design with flat heel for comfort. These sandals are a chic design that will carry you through the day with ease. These wonderful sandals will go with anything and will be the envy of all your friends! Direct online shopping. stockist online.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Closeouts. Diamond Tea robes are well known for their stunning fabrics and easy-wearing styles, and this lightweight jersey robe has a flattering, semi-fitted design and features a pretty jeweled zipper pull.
Do you own this product? Write a review and help others with their buying decisions!Write a review
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- Product Details
If the couple that cook together stay together then our Personalised Wooden Rolling Pin - Couples is the gift every loved up duo is going to want.
Crafted from the most beautiful solid wood and finished with our own expert skill, this rolling pin is smooth to the touch and captivating to the eye, yet still fully functional too.
As a wedding present, an anniversary gift or a unique Christmas present for any happy pair, such a gift will show them how much you care.
We will include any line of text you choose underneath our sweetheart motif. So it doesn't even matter if your couple are not married, this gorgeous gift can still be dedicated to them.
Even for a twosome that are moving into their first home, this personalised rolling pin is not only incredible, it's pretty essential too.
Measures approx. 45cm x 6cm.
- Delivery & Returns
We are aware of how important it is for you to receive your gifts in time. Therefore, once you place your order we will process straight away and dispatch as soon as they are ready to go. We usually dispatch all items within 1-3 days however, this may be a little longer during special occasions such as Christmas. If multiple items ordered, we may dispatch items separately or all together, depending on the process.
Hassle Free Returns Policy:
We're sure that you will be satisfied with your purchase and we also understand that sometimes you may want to return. We keep this process simple! Just contact us if you wish to return goods. Please note: personalised, made-to-order and perishable items are non-refundable.
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Show more products in Personalised Kitchen Accessories


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Comment Re:Actual bitcoin value: negative $50 (Score 1) 106
So.... Since gold costs $1,000-$1,200 per ounce to mine, the actual value of gold is $0 to $200?
So.... Since gold costs $1,000-$1,200 per ounce to mine, the actual value of gold is $0 to $200?
Well, I hate to break this to you, but Steam isn't accepting your "actual money", either.
Your bank will provide a service (for a fee) of taking your "actual money" and provides another service (for a fee) of turning that money into an electronic ledger entry that Paypal (or Mastercard or Visa) accept and then they will provide yet another another service (for another fee) of taking that electronic ledger entry, and giving it to Valve.
Cash for internet purchases virtually never happens. One or more intermediaries are always involved. Virtual dollars and virtual bitcoins each have their pros and cons.
The internet started to get popular, but Big Money didn't like the lack of control or some of the shadier practices that went on there.
So America OnLine (among others) was created, and aggressively sold to consumers. And it provided "internet". Sort of. It was a very walled garden. But you did start seeing "AOL Keyword: MOVIE TITLE" and such in advertising and on TV. In the long term, how well did that work out?
Yes, AOL still (technically) exists, but it is not the walled garden it used to be. It's now a pretty standard (if large) ISP. Providing access to the big, bad internet it was meant to replace.
s/Internet/Private Blockchain/g
I've got a green laser. It's cool to shine it outside at night, because it creates a very visible beam.
It's also very tempting to shine it at things, to see how far away I can see a reflection. Aircraft a certainly a tempting target, being both moving and fairly far away.
I haven't and won't, because I understand the potential risk, but I do understand the temptation. And there are a lot of stupid people out there.
Hi Jack!
To see if I can track an IP address!
Nice line for a laugh, but this actually won't work.
GPS chips are cheap, and most of the drones beyond the very basic level have them. In the event of loss of signal (And it's a digital, frequency hopping signal that you *might* be able to jam, but you won't be able to take over.) most multicopters will ascend to ~100 feet, fly slowly to their launch point, then slowly land.
Is it worth encrypting:
a) You just asked to change your primary email to email@example.com. Click this link to confirm.
b) You just asked to reset your password. Click this link to confirm.
It makes stealing your account a lot more difficult. If someone p0wns your email, they can no longer use FB's "reset my password" tool to compromise your FB account. The password reset mail (or the change of email confirmation) will be encrypted.
CIA: Hey, MI5.... Can you do me a favour? I'll owe you one.
MI5: Sure, what do you need?
CIA: Can you skim through these PCs and look for evidence of this thing I'd like to know about?
MI5: Sure, no problem.
Well, starting yesterday, anyway...
... what's your point?
Five is a sufficiently close approximation to infinity. -- Robert Firth "One, two, five." -- Monty Python and the Holy Grail


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Why use DEFERUM Water Purification
- No electricity consumed in the process
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Thinking of taking up tennis? Want to spend more active time together as a family? Then this is for you – Free Family Tennis Open Day.
Join us for a Free Family Tennis Open Day
We want to show off our brand new tennis courts after a major investment in them last autumn. We have a very welcoming tennis section and we're always looking for more players of all ages to get involved. Join us on Sunday 20th March, from 11.00am-3.00pm to have a go at playing tennis for free or if you're already an experienced player, to try our fantastic new courts.
Everyone is welcome – the Family Tennis Open Day is available for both non members and club members!
With free mini and junior coaching sessions, Cardio Tennis, a Touch Tennis Tournament and a mix-in doubles session, there is something for the whole family to get involved with.
11.00am-12.00pm: Cardio Tennis
11.00am-11.30am: 9&U Tennis Coaching
11.30am-12.00pm: 14&U Tennis Coaching
12.00pm-3.00pm: Mix-In Session
12.00pm-3.00pm: Touch Tennis Tournament
Find out more about tennis at Exeter Golf and Country Club.
Register for the event via email@example.com


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 6, 2000
|Filing date
|Oct 23, 1998
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Scott T. Becker, Steve P. Kornachuk
|Original Assignee
|Artisan Components, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (3), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application having Ser. No. 60/063,508, filed on Oct. 25, 1997, entitled "Low Power Differential Signal Transition Techniques For Use In Memory Devices." This application is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for low power memory accessing techniques.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor memory cores are usually laid-out in array format, such that each individual core cell is coupled by a wordline and a pair of differential bitlines. To access data stored in a selected core cell, associated memory accessing circuitry is commonly designed around a memory core. For example, some of the key memory accessing circuitry typically includes addressing circuitry for selecting a core cell, wordline drivers for driving a selected wordline, and sense amplifiers for amplifying the signal read from the selected core cell.
In low power memory applications, there is typically a need to reduce the amount of power consumption that occurs at every stage of a memory's function. Conventionally, memory designers have been using a bank architecture to reduce power consumption, when access to particular columns in a memory core are performed. In general, a bank architecture will generally include a plurality of banks that are used to individually address a single core cell (i.e., one for each bit) along a selected wordline.
This is contrary to other conventional memory accessing circuitry, such as bit sliced architectures that use Y-MUX decoders to access "m" columns of a memory core. As is well known, when a Y-MUX decoder accesses a particular core cell, all other core cells that lie along the selected wordline will also be accessed, and therefore consume power. As such, in low power applications, designers prefer to use bank architectures as compared to bit sliced architectures, to reduce the amount of power being consumed during memory access operations.
As mentioned above, the bank architecture is superior to the bit sliced architectures in terms of power consumption, because only one column per bit in a memory core will be accessed by a bank at one time, and thereby eliminates the power consumed by non-selected columns. For ease of understanding, FIG. 1 shows a conventional bank architecture for performing write operations to a memory core. As shown, an input write circuit 102 is provided to receive data from a user, and then output a differential signal (i.e., global data bus "GDB", "/GDB"), that is transferred to a BANK 1.
In most prior art systems, the input write circuit 102 is configured to output the differential signals GDB and /GDB to each of the banks that may be used to access the number of columns contained in a particular memory device. As pictorially illustrated, the input write circuit 102 is generally configured to drive any number of banks up to BANK N, when a memory core has N columns per bit. Therefore, when BANK 1 is selected to write data to a core cell 110, a BANK 1 select signal will be passed to a bank interface circuit 104. Bank interface circuit 104 is then configured to output a differential signal (i.e., BIT, and /BIT) to the core cell 110 when a wordline 112 is selected.
A problem with the bank architecture 100 of FIG. 1 is that a substantial amount of power is consumed during writing operations. For example, the data that is being written to the core cell 110 is being fed through the input write circuit 102, and through a large global data bus (GDB, /GDB) that is driven at full rail voltages. For example, the logical elements in this circuitry are driven by signals that swing between Vss and Vdd (e.g., 0 and 2.5 volts). As such, the power consumed in performing the write operation is many times too large for applications that require substantially lower power consumption.
By way of example, the power consumed through a particular circuit is measured by the equation, Power=CV2 f. Therefore, a major component of power is the voltage level that is used to drive the large global data bus in a banking architecture. In this example, assuming that Vdd is equal to 2.5 volts, the frequency is 1 MHz, and the capacitance is 1 pf. The power consumption will be about 6.25 μWatts. Further, the large global data bus (GDB and /GDB) generally has a very heavy capacitive load, that unfortunately translates into more power being consumed to drive the large global data bus.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for low power bank architecture memories that implement techniques that substantially reduce the voltage swing used to drive the global data bus, and thereby substantially reduce power consumption in low power memory applications.
Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing methods and apparatuses for performing low power data access operations (i.e., reads and writes) in bank memory architectures. It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device, or a method. Several embodiments of the present invention are described below.
In one embodiment, a low power bank architecture implemented in memory access circuitry is disclosed. The bank architecture includes a bank circuit that has a bank core integrated with a pair of bitlines and a bank interface circuit that is coupled to the pair of bitlines. The bank architecture further includes a global data bus pair that is configured to communicate a less than full rail voltage swing. The global data bus pair is coupled to the bank interface circuit of the bank circuit and is designed to convert the less than full rail voltage swing to a full rail voltage swing that is communicated to the pair of bitlines. By communicating memory access signals at a less than full rail voltage over the global data bus pair, a substantial amount of power is saved due to the fact that voltage in a power equation is a squared variable. As such, amplification is done locally at the bank interface circuit just before the pair of bitlines are driven.
In another embodiment, a lower power memory access circuit is disclosed. The memory access circuit includes a memory core having a plurality of core cells arranged in an array format of columns and rows. The memory access circuit also includes a plurality of bank circuits, each of which correspond to each of the columns of the memory core. Also provided is an input write circuit for receiving user data that is to be written to selected ones of the plurality of core cells of the memory core. A pair of global data bus lines are further coupled between each of the plurality of bank circuits and the input write circuit. The pair of global data bus lines are configured to communicate a less than full rail voltage swing to selected ones of the plurality of bank circuits. The memory access circuit further has a plurality of bank interface circuits integrated with each of the plurality of bank circuits, such that each of the plurality of bank interface circuits are configured to amplify the less than full rail voltage into a full rail voltage just before communicating to a selected one of the plurality of core cells.
In still another embodiment, a bank circuit for facilitating low power write operations to a memory core is disclosed. The bank circuit includes a bank interface circuit. The bank interface circuit includes: (a) an input data sense amplifier that is configured to receive a pair of global bitlines carrying a less than full rail voltage swing, such that the less than full rail voltage swing is configured to be amplified to a full rail voltage swing; (b) a write disable line; (c) a pair of logic gates, and each of the pair of logic gates have a first input from the input data sense amplifier and a second input that is coupled to the write disable line; (d) a pair of bitlines that are coupled to outputs of the pair of logic gates, and the pair of bitlines are configured to receive the full rail voltage swing. The bank circuit further includes a core cell that is part of the memory core, and the core cell is coupled to the pair of bitlines that enable a low power write operation.
In accordance with the several embodiments of the present invention, to reduce the consumption of power during memory access operations (e.g., a write operation), the global data bus (GDB, /GDB) is preferably only allowed to receive a partial differential voltage swing (i.e., ΔV). When the partial differential voltage swing of the global data bus is received at a bank interface circuit, the partial differential voltage swing is amplified to a full rail voltage (i.e., Vss and Vdd). Preferably, the partial differential voltage swing is amplified in an improved bank interface circuit, that includes an input data sense amplifier that is well suited to produce a full rail voltage swing at the bitlines that couple to a selected core cell.
It is important to note that substantial power savings are realized by driving the global data bus with only a partial voltage swing. For example, in the prior art, when the global data bus is allowed to swing full rail, the Vdd voltage may be as high as about 2.5 volts (or 5V in some systems), the capacitance may be about 1 pf, and the frequency may be about 1 MHz. When these conditions are present, the consumed power, following the formula Power=Capacitance�Volts2 �frequency, will be about 6.25 μWatts. In contrast, because the less than full rail swing of the present invention may be as low as about 100 mV or lower, the power consumed can be brought down as low as about 0.01 μWatts. In this example, up to about 625 times less power is consumed by having the less than full rail voltage swing on the global data bus pair. Thus, it is significant to recognize that power consumption is substantially reduced because voltage is a squared variable.
Therefore, by only swinging the global data bus to a partial rail (i.e., where most of the large power consumption occurs), and then amplifying the data right before it is time to drive the bit lines, the amount of power consumed in a bank architecture is significantly reduced. Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.
The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional memory bank architecture and the associated high power consumption drawbacks.
FIG. 2A shows a bank architecture having a substantially lower differential voltage swing in the global data bus (GDB, /GDB) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B is a more detailed diagram of the banks in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows an example input write circuit diagram in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a more detailed circuit diagram of a bank in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
An invention for performing low power data access operations (i.e., reads and writes) in bank memory architectures is disclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be understood, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
FIG. 2A shows a bank architecture having a substantially lower differential voltage swing in a global data bus (GDB, /GDB), in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The bank architecture 200 includes an input write circuit 201 that is configured to receive data from a user. The input write circuit 201 also receives a write enable (WE) and a stop signal. The input write circuit 201 is differentially coupled to an output sense amplifier 202.
The output sense amplifier 202 is shown capable of producing a "Q" output, and being coupled to banks 204a, 204b, 204c, and 204d through the differential data bus (GDB, /GDB). For more information on exemplary output sense amplifier circuits (i.e., sense amplifier 202), reference may be made to commonly assigned U.S. patent applications: (1) Ser. No. 08/806,335, entitled "HIGH SPEED MEMORY OUTPUT CIRCUITRY AND METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTING SAME; and (2) Ser. No. 08/839,151, entitled "VOLTAGE SENSE AMPLIFIER AND METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SAME." The two applications identified above are hereby incorporated by reference.
In general, each of the banks 204a, 204b, 204c, and 204d will include a bank core that leads to a selected core cell for outputting one bit. Therefore, it should be understood that any number of banks 204 may be provided depending on the number of columns (i.e., bits) that are designed to be part of a particular memory core. The banks 204 also include a bank interface circuit, and the bank core that has a selected core cell that may be addressed.
FIG. 2B is a more detailed diagram of the banks 204 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this example, the bank 204 is shown receiving a bank select (BS) signal and a write enable (WE) signal, which is used to identify when a particular bank 204 should be selected to address a core cell. For example, if bank 204 is not selected to be addressed, the bank select signal will indicate to the de-selected bank 204 that it should not activate.
FIG. 3 shows an example input write circuit diagram 201 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Input write circuit 201 shows the data from user being input to a first inverter 302. The output of first inverter 302 is then passed to an inverter 304 and a gate of a transistor 308. The output of inverter 304 is then coupled to the gate of a transistor 306.
Transistors 306 and 308 have one terminal coupled to a node 307, and the other respective terminals coupled to the global data bus (GDB, /GDB). Coupled between the global data bus is a pre-charge unit 320. Pre-charge unit 320 may be any suitable pre-charge circuitry which is well known in the art. A transistor 310 is then shown coupled between node 307 and Vss. The gate of transistor 310 is shown coupled to an output of an AND gate 312 that has a write enable (WE) input, and the stop input.
In general, transistor 310 is a pull-down type transistor that is enabled for writing until the stop signal is provided to the input write circuit 201 in this embodiment. Generally, the stop signal is generated from a model path that approximates when the transistor 310 should be turned off.
FIG. 4 is a more detailed circuit diagram of a bank 204 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, bank 204 includes bank interface circuitry that lies between an interface 430 and an interface 432. It should be understood, that the bank interface circuitry shown in FIG. 4 is used for writing a single bit to a bank core column, and therefore, will be replicated any number of times.
In this embodiment, the bank interface circuitry includes an input data sense amplifier 402 which is configured to receive the global data bus (GDB, /GDB) signal that has a very low differential voltage swing ranging between about 5 mV and about 500 mV, and in a specific example, being about 100 mV. This less than full rail voltage is therefore provided to the global data bus pair, and received from the input write circuit 201 during a write operation. The input data sense amplifier 402 will also be configured to receive a bank write sense enable signal, and output a pair of signals to NOR gates 408 and 410. It is important to note that the input data sense amplifier 402 is used to amplify the very low differential voltage to a full rail swing just before the bitlines are driven. In one embodiment, the full rail voltage swing may be between 0 V and about 5 V, between 0 V and about 2.5 V, or between any other custom voltage swing range.
As mentioned above, by only swinging the global data bus to a partial rail (i.e., where most of the large power consumption occurs), and then amplifying the data right before it is time to drive the bit lines, the amount of power consumed in a bank architecture is significantly reduced.
NOR gates 408 and 410 are also shown coupled to a write disable line, which will disable the NOR gates and produce a zero output when it goes HI. The outputs of the NOR gates 408 and 410 are then coupled to the gates of transistors 414 and 412, respectively. The transistors 412 and 414 are shown outputting the BIT and /BIT signal that is passed to a core cell 404 (i.e., core cell 404 lies in the bank core). In this example, a pre-charge circuit 406 is shown coupled between the BIT and /BIT lines to perform conventional pre-charging as may be required.
Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the embodiments of the present invention may be applied to any memory circuit signal or memory circuit, such as ROM memory circuits, RAM memory circuits, SRAM memory circuits, DRAM memory circuits, EPROM memory circuits, EEPROM memory circuits, etc. For more information on memory circuits and core cells, reference may be made to a book entitled "The Art of Electronics, 2nd Edition," by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, pages 812-820 (1996). This book is hereby incorporated by reference.
As mentioned above, the described power saving embodiments may be applied to other signals. For example, other signals may include an ADDRESS signal, a WRITE ENABLE signal, a CHIP ENABLE signal, an OUTPUT ENABLE, a CLK signal, or any other memory control signal. As such, these and other signals will find substantial low power advantages when they are differentially driven over a bus with a very low voltage swing, and then locally amplified where a full rail signal may be needed.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. It should therefore be understood that the various circuit diagrams may be embodied in any form which may include, for example, any suitable semiconductor substrate, printed circuit board, packaged integrated circuit, or software implementation.
By way of example, hardware description language (HDL) design and synthesis programs, such as, VHDL� hardware description language available from IEEE of New York, N.Y. may be implemented to design the silicon-level layouts. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 12, 1991
|Dec 14, 1993
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, S.R.L.
|Sense circuit for storage devices such a non-volatile memories, with enhanced sensing discrimination
|Jul 27, 1992
|Feb 1, 1994
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Data transmission circuit
|Dec 29, 1995
|Jun 24, 1997
|Intel Corporation
|Banked SRAM device with bit line refresh
|Mar 23, 1994
|Oct 14, 1997
|Chung; David Siu Fu
|Intelligent memory architecture
|Sep 9, 1996
|Oct 21, 1997
|Hewlett Packard Company
|High speed, low noise, low power, electronic memory sensing scheme
|Feb 26, 1997
|May 12, 1998
|Artisan Components, Inc.
|High speed memory output circuitry and methods for implementing same
|May 28, 1997
|Jul 14, 1998
|Hyundai Electronics America, Inc.
|Block write power reduction memory with reduced power consumption during block write mode
|Dec 29, 1995
|Jul 21, 1998
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Layout method for semiconductor memory device obtaining high bandwidth and signal line
|Mar 28, 1997
|Sep 15, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Zero-write-cycle memory cell apparatus
|Dec 16, 1996
|Oct 6, 1998
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor memory device having a plurality of banks
|Nov 25, 1996
|Nov 3, 1998
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for a direct-sense sense-amplifier with decoded read and write Y-select
|Sep 6, 1996
|Nov 3, 1998
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Synchronous semiconductor memory device having a plurality of banks distributed in a plurality of memory arrays
|Mar 29, 1995
|Dec 1, 1998
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, S.R.L.
|Anti-noise and auto-stand-by memory architecture
|May 13, 1998
|Apr 6, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Memory in a data processing system having uneven cell grouping on bitlines and method therefor
|Dec 18, 1997
|Jun 29, 1999
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Semiconductor memory having hierarchical bit line architecture with interleaved master bitlines
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1998
|May 8, 2001
|Emc Corporation
|Data storage system having a host computer coupled to bank of disk drives through interface comprising plurality of directors, busses, and reference voltage generators
|May 27, 2003
|May 11, 2004
|Broadcom Corporation
|Compact analog-multiplexed global sense amplifier for RAMs
|May 27, 2003
|Oct 30, 2003
|Broadcom Corporation
|Compact analog-multiplexed global sense amplifier for RAMs
|U.S. Classification
|365/190, 365/205, 365/230.03
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 25, 1999
Owner name: ARTISAN COMPONENTS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Nov 9, 2011
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January 24, 1969
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, PLAINTIFF,v.EMILIO STABILE ET AL., DEFENDANTS
William E. Ringel, J.
The defendants, charged with a violation of the obscenity law in that they did knowingly sell various allegedly obscene magazines to undercover policemen (Penal Law, § 235.05), move to dismiss the complaints against them on the ground that the subject matter of each complaint is constitutionally protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and is not obscene as a matter of law. Each defendant now before the court, 12 in all, although separately charged, has been joined by consent of the parties for the purposes of this motion.
The People concede that none of these cases involve sales to minors (People v. Tannenbaum, 18 N.Y.2d 268 [1966], app. dsmd. 388 U.S. 439, rehearing den. 389 U.S. 892; former Penal Law, § 1141; revised Penal Law, art. 235, see, e.g., §§ 235.20, 235.21; Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 [1944]), or pandering, "which the Court found significant in Ginsburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463" (Redrup v. New York, 386 U.S. 767, 769 [1967]), or "any suggestion of an assault upon individual privacy by publication in a manner so obtrusive as to make it impossible for an unwilling individual to avoid exposure to it" (Redrup v. New York, supra, p. 769; cf. Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622 [1951]; Public Utilities Comm. v. Pollak, 343 U.S. 451 [1952]).
The magazines in question, entitled Daisy, Good Gals, Bunny, Sissy, Countess, Exciting and Cover Girl, contain single photographs of females in various poses and stages of nudity, some provocative, prominently displaying the vaginal aperture. The People concede that no sexual activity, e.g., sexual intercourse, sodomy or masturbation, is depicted, and defendants concede that the magazines were seized pursuant to lawful search warrants (cf. People v. Kozak, 56 Misc. 2d 337). Each defendant has pleaded not guilty.
Thus, the sole issue to be determined by the court is whether the distribution of these magazines is protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
Since this question is a question of law, it is to be determined by the court (Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 188 [1964]; United States v. I Am Curious-Yellow, 404 F. 2d 196), and thus, the motion is properly before the court (People v. Noroff, 67 Cal. 2d 791 [1967]; see, also, Model Penal Code, § 207.10, Comment 13.)
Freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment and absorbed into the Fourteenth Amendment (Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 [1925]), does not extend to obscene material. The reason for this rule is based on the holding that obscene material is contraband and as such it enjoys no special constitutional protection (Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 485 [1957]).
Accordingly, if the publications in question are not obscene, no crime is charged and the motion must be granted.
Emotionalism, misconceptions and attempts to define "obscenity" have often led to confusion. (See People v. Marzano, 31 A.D.2d 52, 53.)
There are two judicially approved tests for obscenity -- the Federal test, and the New York State test.
The Federal test, sometimes called the "prurient interest" or "Roth" test (Roth v. United States, supra) applied in the Federal courts, fixes the minimum standards that a State may employ in judging publications for obscenity.
This test provided "whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interests" (Roth, supra, p. 489).
The test was amended in 1966 in three cases: Ginzburg v. United States (383 U.S. 463, supra), Mishkin v. New York (383 U.S. 502) and the " Fanny Hill " case, Memoirs v. Massachusetts (383 U.S. 413).
In Ginzburg, the court held that when an objective examination of the material in question fails to establish obscenity, then the court may examine into the publisher's intent and in that connection may consider the advertising material he issued in connection with the material under review. If the publisher attempted to "titillate" the sexual interests of the public in an effort to sell his product, then the courts may consider his advertising "at its face value" and declare the publication obscene.
In Mishkin, the court held that a publication aimed at deviant sexual groups is obscene if it appeals to the prurient interest of those groups.
In " Fanny Hill " the court held under this definition, as elaborated in subsequent cases, three elements must coalesce: it must be established that (a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation of sexual matters; and (c) the material is " utterly without redeeming social value" (supra, p. 418).
" Fanny Hill " thus modified Roth by requiring that a publication must be utterly without redeeming social value before it could be proscribed. Nevertheless, if the book was "designed for and primarily disseminated to a clearly defined deviant sexual group, rather than the public at large," it may likewise be proscribed (Mishkin, supra, p. 508).
The term "contemporary community standards" must not be interpreted in a parochial sense but is equated with the contemporary community standards of the nation as a whole since the area of expression that is protected is governed by the Federal Constitution (Jacobellis v. Ohio, supra, p. 193).
" Fanny Hill " was followed by Redrup v. New York (386 U.S. 767, supra). In effect, Redrup holds material to be obscene if it is hard-core pornography, and, in "borderline" cases, the publication may be proscribed if (a) it is sold to a minor in violation of some local statute (People v. Tannenbaum, 18 N.Y.2d 268, supra ; Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, supra), or, (b) if it is pandered (Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463, supra), or, (c) if it is foisted upon an unwilling public (Redrup, supra ; cf. Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622, supra ; Public Utilities Comm. v. Pollak, 343 U.S. 451, supra).
Any doubt as to the meaning of Redrup is resolved in Central Mag. Sales v. United States (389 U.S. 50 [1967]). Central Sales involved a magazine called " Exclusive " which contained a collection of photographs of females in various stages of nudity, and some of which are posed in such a manner as "to reveal the genital area in its entirety." There was also some suggestion of masochism in some of the photographs. Although the trial court found the magazine to be obscene (253 F. Supp. 485), which determination was affirmed on appeal (373 F. 2d 633), nevertheless, the United States Supreme Court reversed without opinion, Per Curiam, citing only Redrup.
In many other recent cases the United States Supreme Court has likewise summarily reversed, without opinion, Federal and State court findings of obscenity as to magazines showing photographs of nude or semi-nude males or females which focused on the genitalia. In each of these cases Redrup was the authority cited. (Potomac News Co. v. United States, 389 U.S. 47, [1967]; Conner v. City of Hammond, 389 U.S. 48 [1967]; Books v. United States, 388 U.S. 449 [1967].) (See, also, United States v. 4,400 Copies etc., 276 F. Supp. 902 [1967], in which the Maryland United States District Court sat en banc.)
The term "hard-core" pornography is an imprecise term. In his dissent in Jacobellis v. Ohio (supra, p. 197) Mr. Justice Stewart stated "perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly" defining that term, "but I know it when I see it." However, in a subsequent dissenting opinion (Ginsburg v. United States, supra, p. 499, n. 3) he set forth what he meant by that term: "Such materials include photographs, both still and motion picture, with no pretense of artistic value, graphically depicting acts of sexual intercourse, including various acts of sodomy and sadism, and sometimes involving several participants in scenes of orgy-like character. They also include strips of drawings in comic-book format grossly depicting similar activities in an exaggerated fashion."
In interpreting section 1141 of the former New York Penal Law, the New York Court of Appeals held that it "should apply only to what may properly be termed 'hard-core pornography'". (People v. Richmond County
--> News, 9 N.Y.2d 578, 586 [1961].) Although many people may know it when they see it, the term was never defined by the court other than to say that the test "may be applied objectively". (Richmond County News, p. 586.) The test is far less stringent than the Federal test which, as noted above, is subjective and consists of the prurient appeal -- patently offensive -- utterly without redeeming social value, elements (Roth, supra ; " Fanny Hill," supra ; McKinney's Cons. Laws of N. Y., Book 39, Part 2, Penal Law, Practice Commentary, p. 89).
However, by enacting section 235.00 of the revised Penal Law the New York State Legislature has now adopted the Federal definition of obscenity as expressed in " Fanny Hill," (supra), thus eliminating the single hard-core pornography test laid down in Richmond County News (supra).
Under either test, if the material is hard-core pornography, it is not protected. (Redrup, supra ; " Fanny Hill," supra.) In this court's view, pictures of nudes, absent any indication of sexual activity, are not hard-core (see Ginzburg v. United States, supra, p. 499, n. 3, [dissent, Stewart, J.]).
Although People v. G.I. Distrs. (20 N.Y.2d 104) was decided under section 1141 of the former Penal Law, the definition of hard-core indicated therein is significant. "Photographs of similar sexual activity between male and female, without social justification or excuse, would be equally obscene" (p. 107; emphasis added). In People v. Noroff (67 Cal. 2d 791, supra), the Supreme Court of California found the publication International Nudist Sun (vol. 1, No. 5) constitutionally protected because "none of the photographs display any form of sexual activity " (emphasis is the court's, p. 794). In the same opinion (p. 577, n. 6) the court noted, "The graphic depiction of such sexual activity seems to be the distinguishing feature of the only materials which the United States Supreme Court has ever ruled obscene."
Note also, that in his dissent in G. I. Distrs. (supra, p. 108) Chief Judge Fuld voted to reverse, inter alia, because "there is neither indecent exposure nor portrayal of a consummated lewd act".
Addressing ourselves to the " Fanny Hill " test, we conclude that the Federal and New York State tests are now the same. (McKinney's Cons. Laws of N. Y., Book 39, Part 2, Penal Law [1968], Commission Staff Notes, art. 235, § 235.00.) This means that Redrup (supra) and " Fanny Hill " (supra) are controlling here.
"Sex and obscenity are not synonymous" (Roth v. United States, supra, p. 487). Accordingly, absent "a claim that the statute in question reflected a specific and limited state concern for juveniles. See Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158; cf. Butler v. Michigan, 352 U.S. 380" or "any suggestion of an assault upon individual privacy by publication in a manner so obtrusive as to make it impossible for an unwilling individual to avoid exposure to it. Cf. Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622" or "evidence of the sort of 'pandering' which the Court found significant in Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463" (Redrup v. New York, 386 U.S. 767, 769, supra), it must be concluded that the distribution of the material in question is protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
It is to be noted that many courts have held to the same effect with respect to similar or identical photographs as are before the court. (See People v. Liebowitz, N. Y. L. J., Dec. 22, 1967, p. 12, col. 5; People v. Sessa, N. Y. L. J., Jan. 3, 1969, p. 2, col. 2; United States v. Three Packages, etc., Cent. Dist. of Cal., Feb. 20, 1968; United States v. 127,295 Copies etc., 295 F. Supp. 1186 [both of the latter involving the magazines "Bunny" and "Daisy", supra ].)
What may be "clearly obscence in the ordinary sense of the word" does not necessarily make a publication obscene as a matter of law (United States v. 4,400 Copies etc., 276 F. Supp. 902, 903, supra). It is to be observed that in this case the court reviewed photographs of women in various suggestive poses which exposed to open view their breasts and vaginas and were "lewder than any magazines heretofore considered" by that court.
Note, too, that the United States Supreme Court has held, in a case where the defendants conceded that magazines of nude males were without literary merit and were prepared for homosexuals, that the magazines were not legally obscene, as there is an absence of "patent offensiveness" or "indecency" on the face of the photographs so as to affront current community standards of decency (Manual Enterprises v. Day, 370 U.S. 478, 482 [1962]; cf. Mishkin v. New York, 383 U.S. 502, supra).
In summary, the following conclusions may be drawn from the various decisions:
(1) A State may constitutionally establish two standards of obscenity -- one for juveniles and one for adults. (Redrup, supra ; People v. Tannenbaum, supra.)
(2) The Federal and New York State tests for obscenity are identical.
(3) Obscene material enjoys no constitutional protection. It is contraband. (Roth v. United States, supra.)
(4) Hard-core pornography is obscene under both Federal and New York law. (Redrup, supra ; People v. Noroff, supra.) (5) Motion pictures, like books, are entitled to the protection of the First Amendment, and the threefold test stated in " Fanny Hill " is applicable to both. (I Am Curious-Yellow, supra.)
(6) The "prurient appeal" test of " Fanny Hill " includes prurient appeal to sexually deviant groups. (Mishkin v. New York, supra.)
Photographs of nudes depicting sexual activity are "hard-core" (G. I. Distrs., supra).
Sex and obscenity are not synonymous. Thus, the distribution of photographs depicting genitalia (the so-called close cases; see Ginzburg, supra, p. 474), which are not "hard-core," is protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments, unless (1) they are distributed to juveniles in violation of some statute, or (2) they are foisted upon an unwilling public in violation of one's right to privacy, or (3) they are "pandered." (Redrup, supra.)
Also, in close cases, the publisher's advertising "blurbs" may be considered in determining the question of obscenity (Ginzburg v. United States, supra).
In our view, the term "close cases" refers to material which, on objective examination, standing alone, is not patently offensive, i.e., hard-core pornography (Richmond County News, supra). More particularly, the term applies to that material in which some, but not all of the three elements of the three-fold test enunciated in " Fanny Hill " are present. (I Am Curious-Yellow, supra, p. 200, concurring opn., Friendly, J.)
We conclude, therefore, that while "hard-core pornography" is obscene per se and does not enjoy any constitutional protection (Roth, supra), "close cases" are to be adjudged as either obscene vel non, depending upon whether the material violates the tests pronounced in Redrup (supra).
This determination is supported by the decision in I Am Curious-Yellow (supra). That case concerned the showing of a motion picture which depicted scenes of a young girl and her lover nude, sexual intercourse, and oral-genital activity. Although the court found (p. 198) that "the sexual content of the film is presented with greater explicitness than has been seen in any other film produced for general viewing," [yet] taken as a whole, it was an artistic presentation of a young girl's search for identity. The court thereupon concluded that, taken as a whole, the film does not appeal "to prurient interest in sex," and "is not utterly without redeeming social value." Thus, "it falls within the ambit of intellectual effort that the first amendment was designed to protect." (pp. 199-200). Accordingly, absent the existence of two of the elements of the threefold test enunciated in " Fanny Hill " (supra), the picture was not obscene.
Apparently mindful of Redrup (supra), the court warned the importers, distributors and exhibitors that if they failed to exclude minors from the audience they would be subject to attack under Ginsberg v. New York (390 U.S. 629 [1968]), and, if they "pandered" the film, then Ginzburg v. United States (383 U.S. 463 [1966]), would be applicable. (Concurring opn. in United States v. I Am Curious-Yellow, 404 F. 2d 196, 200, supra, Friendly, J.)
The rule enunciated in Redrup (supra) is consonant with the First and Fourteenth Amendments in that it protects the average normal adult in his right to read, view and hear what he pleases. Any other rule would reduce the rights of adults to read, view and hear only what is fit for children (Butler v. Michigan [1957], 352 U.S. 380).
The material before the court is coarse, puerile, offensive and distasteful. But these elements alone do not render it obscene under the law or proscribable.
"The price of freedom of religion or of speech or of the press is that we must put up with, and even pay for, a good deal of rubbish." (United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78, 95.)
In view of the authorities cited herein, defendants' motions to dismiss, as a matter of law, are granted.
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decided: January 17, 1980.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICAv.QUINONES, WILLIAM ANTONIO A/K/A CHENGO A/K/A WILLIE, APPELLANT (D.C. CRIM. NO. 79-00139-08); UNITED STATES OF AMERICA V. FIGUEROA, CANDIDA CANDIDA FIGUEROA, APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA (D.C. Crim. No. 79-00139-11)
Before Gibbons, Higginbotham and Sloviter, Circuit Judges.
Opinion OF THE COURT
Appellants, William Antonio Quinones and Candida Figueroa, appeal from a pretrial ruling that they could not have the same counsel because the district court was not satisfied that they "had made the "knowing and intelligent waiver' of their rights to effective assistance of counsel contemplated in United States v. Dolan, 570 F.2d 1177 (3d Cir. 1978)." United States v. Quinones, D.C.Crim. Nos. 79-139-08 and 11 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 6, 1979).
Upon reading the record of the trial judge's patient and detailed two-day hearing, we will affirm his ruling.
William Antonio Quinones and Candida Figueroa were indicted, along with ten other defendants, on May 31, 1979 in a twelve-count indictment charging a conspiracy to engage in the unlawful traffic of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 843(b), and 952(a), and related substantive offenses.
Both Quinones and Figueroa are named in Count One, the conspiracy count of the indictment. Overt Act No. 15 states that from December 1976 to February 1977 defendants Quinones and Figueroa traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Chicago, Illinois. Paragraph 4(h) on pages 4 and 5 of the indictment alleges, in part, that in order to further the objects of the conspiracy, defendant Quinones directed and supervised defendant Figueroa in the acceptance of requests for purchases of heroin, the arrangement of deliveries of heroin, the acceptance of payment for delivery of heroin, and the delivery of heroin.
On August 27, 1979, upon learning that defendants Quinones and Figueroa intended to be jointly represented by Charles B. Burr, II, the government filed a motion for a pretrial hearing, to determine if these two defendants would be denied their sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel if they continued with joint representation, and if so, to determine if a knowing and intelligent waiver of that right would be elicited.
On September 4 and 5, 1979, Judge Louis H. Pollak conducted a hearing pursuant to this court's decisions in United States v. Dolan, 570 F.2d 1177 (3d Cir. 1978) (Rosenn, J.), and United States ex rel. Hart v. Davenport, 478 F.2d 203 (3d Cir. 1973) (Gibbons, J.).
Appellants argued at the hearing that they have a constitutional right to be represented jointly by counsel of their choice and to waive certain Sixth Amendment guarantees which might otherwise protect them. The government argues that if it acquiesced in allowing them to proceed with joint representation it would be fostering clearly reversible error which would result in needless and protracted litigation. On September 5, 1979, Judge Pollak ruled that a potential conflict of interest existed. He further ruled that he could not properly find a knowing and intelligent waiver of the defendants' constitutional right to effective representation.
On September 12, 1979, the appellants filed a notice of appeal from that ruling. Because of the appeal, the trial has been delayed, and the government has therefore filed a notice for summary affirmance.
In United States ex rel. Hart v. Davenport, this court ordered the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, thereby invalidating a state court conviction where a single defense attorney, retained by all of the defendants' employers, had represented the petitioner, two employers and three other co-defendants. There we emphasized:
The legal standard to be applied to a claim of prejudice from joint representation is clear enough. The right to counsel guaranteed by the sixth and fourteenth amendments contemplates the service of an attorney devoted solely to the interests of his client. The right to such untrammelled and unimpaired assistance applies both prior to trial in considering how to plead, Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 68 S. Ct. 316, 92 L. Ed. 309 (1948), and during trial, Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 70, 62 S. Ct. 457, 86 L. Ed. 680 (1942). Recognizing that the right to such assistance of counsel may be waived, E. g., Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 275, 63 S. Ct. 236, 87 L. Ed. 268 (1942), we have refused to find any such waiver from a silent record. . . . (W)e have rejected the approach that before relief will be considered the defendant must show some specific instance of prejudice. . . . Instead, we have held that upon a showing of a possible conflict of interest or prejudice, however remote, we will regard joint representation as constitutionally defective.
Id. at 209-10.
In United States v. Dolan, we noted with precision the procedure that a trial judge must follow in such cases.
The waiver of effective assistance of counsel which the Davenport rule facilitates is subject to the limitations established earlier by the Supreme Court in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 82 L. Ed. 1461 (1938), and Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 25 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1970), that a waiver of a constitutional right must be made knowingly, intelligently, and with awareness of the likely consequences of the waiver. Whether the waiver is intelligent and competent "should be clearly determined by the trial court, and it would be fitting and appropriate for that determination to appear upon the record." For a trial judge to find that a waiver is knowing and intelligent, he must be satisfied that the defendant is aware of the foreseeable prejudices his attorney's continued representation could entail for his trial, and possible detrimental consequences of those prejudices.
Implicit in this inquiry procedure is the possibility that a trial judge may not be satisfied that the waiver is proper. For example, a defendant may be competent enough to stand trial, but not competent enough to understand the complex, subtle, and sometimes unforeseeable dangers inherent in multiple representation. More importantly, the judge may find that the waiver cannot be intelligently made simply because he is not in a position to inform the defendant of the foreseeable prejudices multiple representation might entail for him.
Id. at 1181 (citations and footnotes omitted).
Most recently, in United States v. Rad-O-Lite of Phila., Inc., 612 F.2d 740, No. 79-1551 (3d Cir. December 28, 1979) (Seitz, C. J.), we again recognized this requirement that the district court scrutinize potential conflicts of interest in joint representation of counsel. We stated that "(t)he district court bears a substantial responsibility for ensuring that conflicts of interest resulting from joint representation do not deprive the accused of a fair trial." At 744.
Judge Pollak applied the precepts of Dolan and Davenport. His findings are not clearly erroneous. We will grant the government's motion for summary affirmance and will affirm the order of the district court requiring Burr to withdraw from representation of either William Quinones or Candida Figueroa.*fn1
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List of Pakistani deceased pilgrims in Makkah crane crash80 views
ISLAMABAD: Foreign Office today released a list of six Pakistanis who embraced martyrdom during Friday's deadly crane crash in Grand Mosque.
1. Mr. Ali Raa S/o Muhammad Iqbal
2. Mr. Gul Abdul Mannan
3. Ume Naz Muhammad S/o Siraj Muahammad
4. Umber Bahadur Shah
5. Mr. Niaz Ali Niaz
6. Ahmed Faiz Muhammad
According to a spokesman of the Foreign Office, 11 Pakistanis have died from the crash.
Earlier, Al Arabiya reported that 15 Pakistanis were among the 107 victims of the crash.


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