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9 / October 16, 2016
App Information Zombies Shooting - VR/AR
- App NameZombies Shooting - VR/AR
- Package Namecom.zeemelapps.VRScaryZombie
- UpdatedOctober 16, 2016
- File Size28M
- Requires AndroidAndroid 2.3 and up
- Version9
- DeveloperZeeMelApps
- Installs50 - 100
- PriceFree
- CategoryAction
- Developer
- Google Play Link
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July 19, 2010
BRENT ALLEN WINTERS, ET AL., PLAINTIFFS,v.DELORES JORDAN, ET AL., DEFENDANTS.
Presently before the court is a special motion to strike plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure § 425.16, a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and related requests for judicial notice, all filed by defendant Valerie Logsdon ("Logsdon"). (Dkt. Nos. 72-76, 97.) The court submitted this matter without oral argument.*fn1 (Dkt. No. 102.) The undersigned has fully considered the parties' briefs and the record in this case and, for the reasons that follow, will: (1) grant Logsdon's separately filed requests for judicial notice, and (2) recommend that all of plaintiffs' claims against Logsdon, except for plaintiff Christy Winters' civil battery claim, be dismissed with prejudice.
I. BACKGROUND*fn2
Plaintiffs' operative complaint, the Third Amended Complaint,*fn3 is a wide-ranging, 25-page complaint that alleges, in eight-point font, 38 claims for relief against 61 defendants. (Dkt. No. 66.) In dismissing plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 15), which spanned 163 pages and 607 numbered paragraphs, the court ordered that plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint could not exceed 25 pages and must conform to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), including the requirement that the pleading contain a short and plain statement of the claims alleged instead of recounting all of the evidence and arguments in support of those claims. (Dkt. No. 56 at 3.) The court had stated that "[t]his will be plaintiffs' last chance to comply." (Id.)
The claims against Logsdon arise out of an underlying internecine family dispute between the Winters family and defendant Virginia Armstrong. The Third Amended Complaint alleges that in or around the year 2002, plaintiff Susan Winters' elderly parents, Joe and Virginia Armstrong, encouraged plaintiffs Susan and Brent Winters to sell their house in Illinois and move to Nevada City, California, to live with the Armstrongs. (Third Am. Compl. at 4.) Plaintiffs allege that before plaintiffs returned to California, Joe Armstrong passed away and that Virginia Armstrong eventually transferred properties from the Armstrong Living Trust dated July 29, 1994 to the Virginia Armstrong Living Trust. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that Virginia Armstrong took these actions due, in part, to the undue influence of defendants Valerie Logsdon, who was Virginia Armstrong's attorney, and Michael Armstrong, Virginia Armstrong's son and an attorney. (Id.)
The relationship between Virginia Armstrong and plaintiffs resulted in several proceedings in the Nevada County Superior Court. Relevant here, Logsdon, acting as Virginia Armstrong's attorney, filed an unlawful detainer action on her client's behalf seeking to evict members of the Winters family from Ms. Armstrong's home. (Third Am. Compl. at 5; Req. for Judicial Notice, Ex. 1, Dkt. No. 75.) In connection with the unlawful detainer action, plaintiffs allege that an Assistant United States Attorney from Illinois wrote a letter to Logsdon "offering any aid to help her evict the Winters from their home in Nevada City, California," and Logsdon filed that letter in the unlawful detainer action.*fn4 (Third Am. Compl. at 6.) Plaintiffs further allege that Logsdon caused declarations or other documents to be filed in connection with the issuance of a restraining order by a judge of the Nevada County Superior Court. (Id.) Plaintiffs also allege that on May 18, 2008, Logsdon physically pushed plaintiff Christy Winters while Logsdon was being served with papers, causing Christy Winters to trip down some stairs. (Id. at 16.) Additionally, Logsdon represented Virginia Armstrong in estate planning matters, including the transfer of property to the Virginia Armstrong Living Trust. (Id. at 4.)
Plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint alleges the following claims against Logsdon: abuse of process (claim 6); battery (claim 9); trespass to chattels (claim 13); violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (claim 14); civil conspiracy in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (claim 15); civil conspiracy (claim 18); "Slander, Libel, and Slander & Libel Per Se" (claim 21); breach of contract (claim 22); conspiracy to violate the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. 1962(d) (claim 31); loss of consortium (claim 36); and intentional infliction of emotional distress (claim 38).
In response to the filing of the Third Amended Complaint, Logsdon filed a combined anti-SLAPP special motion to strike and motion to dismiss. (Dkt. No. 72.) Curiously, Logsdon also filed an answer to the Third Amended Complaint on the same day she filed her special motion to strike and motion to dismiss. (Dkt. No. 77.)
There are several, separately-filed motions pending before the court. Despite the court's previous order that plaintiffs file a separate opposition to each pending motion (Dkt. No. 89 at 6), plaintiffs filed a consolidated opposition, which hardly addresses Logsdon's motions (see Dkt. No. 99). Plaintiffs filed their opposition on January 13, 2010, despite a court-ordered deadline of January 6, 2010. (Compare Dkt. Nos. 89 with 99.) Although plaintiffs' opposition was untimely and need not be considered, the undersigned has considered that opposition in arriving at the findings and recommendations that follow.
A. Logsdon's Request for Judicial Notice
In connection with her special motion to strike, Logsdon filed a request for judicial notice and a supplemental request for judicial notice.*fn5 (Dkt. Nos. 75, 97.) She requests that the court take judicial notice of several documents from the Nevada County Superior Court's file, including complaints, requests, motions, and declarations filed with the Superior Court. In essence, these documents relate to Logsdon's representation of Ms. Armstrong before the Superior Court.
The court may take judicial notice of filings in state court actions where the state court proceedings have a direct relation to the matters at issue. See, e.g., Betker v. U.S. Trust Corp. (In re Heritage Bond Litig.), 546 F.3d 667, 670 n.1, 673 n.8 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing U.S. ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992)); Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1225 (9th Cir. 2007); Cactus Corner, LLC v. U.S. Dep't of Agric., 346 F. Supp. 2d 1075, 1092 (E.D. Cal. 2004); see also Reyn's Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006) ("We may take judicial notice of court filings and other matters of public record."). Because all of the documents at issue are state court records that directly relate to Logsdon's interactions with plaintiffs that form the basis of the dispute before this court, the court grants Logsdon's request for judicial notice and supplemental request for judicial notice. However, the grant of these requests is limited in that the court does not take notice of the truth of any factual findings stated in the noticed documents. See Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1114 & n.5 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[W]e have held that taking judicial notice of findings of fact from another case exceeds the limits of [Federal Rule of Evidence] 201.").
B. Logsdon's Anti-SLAPP Special Motion to Strike
Logsdon contends that all of the state law claims against her should be dismissed as a result of her special motion to strike, filed pursuant to California's anti-SLAPP*fn6 statute, California Code of Civil Procedure § 425.16. Generally speaking, a party may bring an anti-SLAPP special motion to strike in federal court.*fn7 Thomas v. Fry's Elecs., Inc., 400 F. 3d 1206, 1206 (9th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has summarized the purpose and general mechanics of California's anti-SLAPP statute as follows:
The anti-SLAPP statute establishes a procedure to expose and dismiss meritless and harassing claims that seek to chill the exercise of petitioning or free speech rights in connection with a public issue. Analysis of an anti-SLAPP motion to strike involves a two-step process. First, the defendant must show that the cause of action arises from any "act of that person in furtherance of the person's right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue...." Cal. Code Civ. P. § 425.16(b)(1).
If the court determines that the defendant has met this burden, it must then determine whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the merits. To establish a probability of prevailing, the plaintiff must show that "the complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited."
Kearny v. Foley & Lardner, LLP, 590 F.3d 638, 648 (9th Cir. 2009) (footnote and citations omitted); accord Metabolife Int'l, Inc. v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832, 839-40 (9th Cir. 2001); Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. La Marche, 31 Cal. 4th 728, 733, 74 P.3d 737, 740 (2003). The anti-SLAPP statute should be construed broadly. Mindys Cosmetics, Inc. v. Dakar, No. 09-55134, -- F.3d --, 2010 WL 2652480, at *1 (9th Cir. July 6, 2010) (citing Cal. Code Civ. P. § 425.16(a), and Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1109 (9th Cir. 2003)).
Plaintiffs' state law claims consist of claim 6 (abuse of process), claim 9 (battery), claim 21 (slander and libel), claim 36 (loss of consortium), and claim 38 (intentional infliction of emotional distress). The state law claims asserted by plaintiffs against Logsdon, except for the claim of battery, are the proper subject of a special motion to strike.*fn8 Those claims arise out of Logsdon's representation of Virginia Armstrong in connection with an unlawful detainer action before the Nevada County Superior Court.*fn9 In addition, plaintiffs' abuse of process claim appears to allege that Logsdon filed certain declarations in another Superior Court proceeding. (Third Am. Compl. at 13.) However, plaintiffs' battery claim arises from alleged physical contact between Logsdon and plaintiff Christy Winters that occurred when Logsdon was being served with papers. (Id. at 16.) As alleged, Logsdon's contact with Christy Winters was not in furtherance of the her right of petition or free speech and is thus not the proper subject of an anti-SLAPP motion. Accordingly, the undersigned will analyze Logsdon's anti-SLAPP motion with respect to the state law claims against Logsdon, except for plaintiffs' battery claim.
With respect to the first step of the anti-SLAPP analysis, Logsdon has demonstrated that plaintiffs' state law claims arise from protected activity, i.e., the acts of which plaintiffs complain were taken in furtherance of her right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue. See Cal. Code Civ. P. § 425.16(b)(1); see also Jarrow Formulas, Inc., 31 Cal. 4th at 733, 74 P.3d at 740. Such protected acts include the following: "(1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law; (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by law...."*fn10 Cal. Code Civ. P. § 425.16(e).
The allegations contained in the Third Amended Complaint indicate that Logsdon's conduct of which plaintiffs complain relates to her legal representation of Virginia Armstrong in an unlawful detainer action before the Nevada County Superior Court and another proceeding before that court. California courts have held that claims against an attorney arising out of that attorney's representation of his or her client are the proper subject of an anti-SLAPP special motion to strike. See Rusheen v. Cohen, 37 Cal. 4th 1048, 1056, 128 P.3d 713, 717-18 (2006) ("A cause of action 'arising from' defendant's litigation activity may appropriately be the subject of a section 425.16 motion to strike" (citation omitted).); Jarrow Formulas, Inc., 31 Cal. 4th at 733, 74 P.3d at 740 (holding that malicious prosecution claim arising from attorney's representation of client was subject to anti-SLAPP statute); see also Zamos v. Stroud, 32 Cal. 4th 958, 965, 87 P.3d 802, 806 (2004) (same); Daniels v. Robbins, 182 Cal. App. 4th 204, 214-15, 105 Cal. Rptr. 3d 683, 691 (Ct. App. 2010) (noting lack of dispute that attorney's oral and written statements in prior judicial proceedings that gave rise to claims of malicious prosecution, abuse of process, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress were protected activity under the anti-SLAPP statute); Cabral v. Martins, 177 Cal. App. 4th 471, 479-83, 99 Cal. Rptr. 3d 394, 401-04 (Ct. App. 2009) (claims arising from attorney's revision of a will, lodging of a will with the probate court, and representation of clients in probate proceedings were subject to anti-SLAPP motion); White v. Lieberman, 103 Cal. App. 4th 210, 221, 126 Cal. Rptr. 2d 608, 614-15 (Ct. App. 2002) (holding that malicious prosecution claim against attorney arising from attorney's representation of clients was subject to anti-SLAPP statute); Dowling v. Zimmerman, 85 Cal. App. 4th 1400, 1418-20, 103 Cal. Rptr. 2d 174, 188-90 (Ct. App. 2001) (attorney's representation of clients in prior unlawful detainer action that gave rise to plaintiff's claims of defamation, misrepresentation, and intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress against the attorney constituted protected activity). Accordingly, Logsdon has met the threshold requirement of her special motion to strike.
Because Logsdon met her initial burden under the anti-SLAPP framework, the burden would ordinarily shift to plaintiffs to demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the merits, i.e., that their complaint is "both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited." Kearny, 590 F.3d at 648. Here, however, plaintiffs are unable to make such a showing as a matter of law because Logsdon's conduct, insofar as plaintiffs' state law claims that are properly the subject of an anti-SLAPP motion are concerned, is protected by California's litigation privilege. That privilege, found at California Civil Code § 47(b), provides, in part, that a publication or broadcast made as part of a judicial proceeding is privileged. See also Action Apartment Ass'n, Inc. v. City of Santa Monica, 41 Cal. 4th 1232, 1241, 163 P.3d 89, 95 (Cal. 2007). The California Supreme Court recently summarized this litigation privilege as follows:
This privilege is absolute in nature, applying to all publications, irrespective of their maliciousness. The usual formulation is that the privilege applies to any communication (1) made in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of the litigation; and (4) that [has] some connection or logical relation to the action. The privilege is not limited to statements made during a trial or other proceedings, but may extend to steps taken prior thereto, or afterwards.
Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted, modification in original). "[W]here the gravamen of the complaint is a privileged communication... the privilege extends to necessarily related non-communicative acts...." Rusheen, 37 Cal. 4th at 1062, 128 P.3d at 722. The California Supreme Court has given this privilege "a broad interpretation" in furtherance of the purpose of the privilege, which is "to afford litigants and witnesses... the utmost freedom of access to the courts without fear of being harassed subsequently by derivative tort actions." Action Apartment Ass'n, Inc., 41 Cal. 4th at 1241, 163 P.3d at 95. Thus, although the privilege was originally enacted with reference to claims of defamation, "'the privilege is now held applicable to any communication, whether or not it amounts to a publication..., and all torts except malicious prosecution.'" Rusheen, 37 Cal. 4th at 1057, 128 P.3d at 718 (quoting Silberg v. Anderson, 50 Cal. 3d 205, 212, 786 P.2d 365 (1990)).
Here, as discussed above, the allegations in the Third Amended Complaint and the judicially noticeable documents reflect that plaintiffs' state law tort claims, except their battery claim, alleged against Logsdon arise out of Logsdon's representation of Virginia Armstrong in court proceedings. As a result, plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that they are entitled to a favorable judgment on their state law claims subject to an anti-SLAPP motion. Accordingly, the undersigned will recommend the dismissal with prejudice of all of plaintiffs' state law claims against Logsdon, except plaintiffs' claim for battery, because Logsdon is absolutely immune under California's litigation privilege.
C. Logsdon's Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
Logsdon has also filed a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss the claims alleged against her for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.*fn11 The motion to dismiss addresses all the claims against Logsdon except for plaintiffs' slander/libel claim (claim 21). Because the undersigned has already concluded that several of these claims should be dismissed as a result of Logsdon's special motion to strike and California's litigation privilege, those claims will not be addressed below. For the reasons that follow, the undersigned will additionally recommend that plaintiffs' claims premised on federal law (i.e., claims 14, 15, 18, and 31) and plaintiffs' claim for breach of contract be dismissed with prejudice. However, plaintiffs' ninth claim for relief, alleging that Logsdon committed battery against Christy Winters, survives Logsdon's motion to dismiss.
A motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings set forth in the complaint. Vega v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 654 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1109 (E.D. Cal. 2009). Under the "notice pleading" standard of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a plaintiff's complaint must provide, in part, a "short and plain statement" of plaintiff's claims showing entitlement to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see also Paulsen v. CNF, Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). "A complaint may survive a motion to dismiss if, taking all well-pleaded factual allegations as true, it contains 'enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Coto Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1034 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)). "'A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.'" Caviness v. Horizon Cmty. Learning Ctr., Inc., 590 F.3d 806, 812 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949).
The court accepts "all facts alleged as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." County of Santa Clara v. Astra USA, Inc., 588 F.3d 1237, 1241 n.1 (9th Cir. 2009). The court is "not, however, required to accept as true conclusory allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint, and [the court does] not necessarily assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations." Paulsen, 559 F.3d at 1071 (citations and quotation marks omitted). The court must construe a pro se pleading liberally to determine if it states a claim and, prior to dismissal, tell a plaintiff of deficiencies in his complaint and give plaintiff an opportunity to cure them if it appears at all possible that the plaintiff can correct the defect.*fn12 See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court "may generally consider only allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly subject to judicial notice." Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
1. Plaintiffs' Claim for Battery Under California Law
Plaintiffs allege that Logsdon committed civil battery against plaintiff Christy Winters. In a section entitled "Battery," plaintiffs allege the following:
05/15/08- Assault and Battery of Christy Winters. The Winters served papers upon attorney Valerie Logsdon. As they were walking down the steps to leave, Defendant Logsdon intentionally and voluntarily pushed Christy Winters's chest, forcing Christy Winters down the steps causing Christy to trip down the steps. (Third Am. Compl. at 16.)
Under California law, "[t]he elements of civil battery are: (1) defendant intentionally performed an act that resulted in a harmful or offensive contact with the plaintiff's person; (2) plaintiff did not consent to the contact; and (3) the harmful or offensive contact caused injury, damage, loss or harm to plaintiff." Brown v. Ransweiler, 171 Cal. App. 4th 516, 526-27, 89 Cal. Rptr. 3d 801, 811 (Ct. App. 2009); accord Tekle v. United States, 511 F.3d 839, 855 (9th Cir. 2007) (same).
Plaintiff Christy Winters has sufficiently alleged a claim for civil battery. She alleges that Logsdon intentionally pushed her, which, at least for pleading purposes, can be interpreted as a harmful or offensive contact. The allegations also suggest that the contact was not consented to by Christy Winters and that the contact caused some injury, damage, loss or harm to Christy Winters. Accordingly, Logsdon's motion to dismiss will be denied insofar as plaintiff Christy Winters is concerned. As to the remaining plaintiffs', however, this specific claim of battery should be dismissed with prejudice because the alleged contact relates only to a single plaintiff, Christy Winters.*fn13
Logsdon requests that the court take judicial notice of allegations contained in the Second Amended Complaint that suggest that this incident occurred while plaintiffs were "intruding on Ms. Logsdon's privacy and property." (Dkt. No. 72 at 20.) Logsdon intimates that these facts would support a defense of justification based on an uninvited entry onto Logsdon's property. (Id. at 20-21.) The undersigned denies Logsdon's request and will not take judicial notice of the allegations in the Second Amended Complaint for the purpose of construing the Third Amended Complaint because an amended complaint is complete in itself and supersedes previously filed complaints. See, e.g.,Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967) ("The amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent."); see also Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992) (describing as "well-established" the "doctrine that an amended pleading supersedes the original pleading"). As pled in the Third Amended Complaint, plaintiff Christy Winters' claim for battery survives a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
2. Plaintiffs' Claim for Breach of Contract Under California Law
Plaintiffs also allege a claim for breach of contract against Logsdon. This claim alleges that Virginia Armstrong improperly transferred the property at 11318 Via Vista in Nevada City, California, out of an existing trust and into the Virginia Armstrong Living Trust based on "false advice" provided by Logsdon, Virginia Armstrong's estate planning attorney. (Third Am. Compl. at 22.) The undersigned agrees with Logsdon that although this claim is entitled "Breach of Contract," it is more accurately a claim for legal malpractice. The claim arises from legal advice allegedly provided by Logsdon to Virginia Armstrong, and the complaint does not allege the existence of any contractual obligation between Logsdon and plaintiffs.*fn14
Under California law, the elements of a legal malpractice claim are: "(1) the duty of the attorney to use such skill, prudence, and diligence as members of his or her profession commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a proximate causal connection between the breach and the resulting injury; and (4) actual loss or damage resulting from the attorney's negligence." Wilkinson v. Zelen, 167 Cal. App. 4th 37, 46, 83 Cal. Rptr. 3d 779, 785 (Ct. App. 2008) (citing Budd v. Nixen, 6 Cal. 3d 195, 200, 491 P.2d 433 (1971)). Logsdon argues that plaintiffs' claims should be dismissed with prejudice because plaintiffs cannot establish that Logsdon owed a duty to them, either as parties to an attorney-client relationship or as intended third-party beneficiaries (Dkt. No. 72 at 11-15). See, e.g., Goldberg v. Frye, 217 Cal. App. 3d 1258, 1267, 266 Cal. Rptr. 483, 488 (Ct. App. 1990) ("A key element of any action for professional malpractice is the establishment of a duty by the professional to the claimant. Absent duty there can be no breach and no negligence."). Whether an attorney sued for malpractice owes a duty to a particular plaintiff is a question of law. See, e.g., Martorana v. Marlin & Saltzman, 175 Cal. App. 4th 685, 693, 96 Cal. Rptr. 3d 172, 178 (Ct. App. 2009) (citing Goodman v. Kennedy, 18 Cal. 3d 335, 342, 556 P.2d 737 (1976)).
The California Supreme Court has stated that "[t]o be sure, an attorney will normally be held liable for malpractice only to the client with whom the attorney stands in privity of contract, and not to third parties." Borissoff v. Taylor & Faust, 33 Cal. 4th 523, 529, 93 P.3d 337, 340 (2004). Generally, where a fiduciary hires an attorney to provide advice regarding trust administration, neither the trust nor the beneficiaries are considered to be the attorney's clients for the purpose of establishing the existence of a duty. Id.
Here, none of the plaintiffs is alleged to be Logsdon's client or in privity of contract with Logsdon. To the contrary, plaintiffs repeatedly allege that Logsdon is Virginia Armstrong's attorney, not theirs. (See, e.g., Third Am. Compl. at 22.) Accordingly, Logsdon owed no duty to plaintiffs insofar as a privity of contract theory is concerned.
Additionally, a liberal reading of plaintiffs' pleadings indicates that only plaintiff Susan Winters is alleged to a beneficiary of any trust at issue in this case and, accordingly, no duty could run to the remaining plaintiffs. (See, Third Am. Compl. at 22.) Thus, claims of legal malpractice by plaintiffs other than Susan Winters fail and should be dismissed.
As to Susan Winters, and assuming she is a trust beneficiary, California courts have held that beneficiaries of trusts and estates may not sue an attorney for legal malpractice as a result of advice provided by the attorney regarding administration of the trust or estate unless those beneficiaries are intended third-party beneficiaries. See, e.g., Saks v. Damon Raike & Co., 7 Cal. App. 4th 419, 430-31, 8 Cal. Rptr. 2d 869, 877 (Ct. App. 1992) (holding that beneficiaries of a testamentary trust could not sue attorney and real estate broker for negligence related to advice provided to the trustee that caused damage to the trust); Goldberg, 217 Cal. App. 3d at 1267-69, 266 Cal. Rptr. at 488-89 (holding that legatees under a will were not intended third party beneficiaries to whom an attorney for the administrator of the estate owed a duty for the purposes of a legal malpractice claim); see also Moore v. Anderson Zeigler Disharoon Gallagher & Gray, 109 Cal. App. 4th 1287, 1307, 135 Cal. Rptr. 2d 888, 902 (Ct. App. 2003) (holding that an attorney does not owe beneficiaries under a will a duty to evaluate and ascertain the testamentary capacity of a client seeking to amend a will or to make a new will, or to preserve evidence of that evaluation).*fn15 Nothing in the Third Amended Complaint suggests that Susan Winters was an intended third-party beneficiary under California law.
Under certain circumstances, an intended third-party beneficiary of a contract to provide legal services who is expressly named in the legal services contract may be owed a duty by an attorney. See, e.g., Borissoff, 33 Cal. 4th at 530, 93 P.3d at 341; see also Bily v. Arthur Young & Co., 3 Cal. 4th 370, 406 n.16, 834 P.2d 745, 767 n.16 (1992) ("It is possible the audit engagement contract might expressly identify a particular third party or parties so as to make them express third party beneficiaries of the contract. Third party beneficiaries may under appropriate circumstances possess the rights of parties to the contract."); B.L.M. v. Sabo & Dietsch, 55 Cal. App. 4th 823, 831-32, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 335, 340 (applying the principle from Bily to a legal malpractice claim). However, there is no indication in the Third Amended Complaint or plaintiffs' written opposition to Logsdon's motion that plaintiffs were intended third-party beneficiaries named in a contract between Virginia Armstrong and Logsdon for the provision of legal services.
Based on the foregoing, the undersigned will recommend that plaintiffs' breach of contract claim alleged against Logsdon, which the court construes as claim for legal malpractice, be dismissed with prejudice.
3. Plaintiffs' Section 1983 Claims Against Logsdon
Plaintiffs have also sued "All Defendants" for violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (claim 14), for a conspiracy to violate 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (claim 15), and for "civil conspiracy," which appears to be an additional claim alleging a conspiracy in violation of Section 1983. (See Third Am. Compl. at 19-20.) Logsdon, a lawyer in private practice, moves to dismiss these claims for failure to state a claim on the grounds that: (1) plaintiffs have not alleged that Logsdon participated in any act that deprived plaintiffs of their constitutional rights, (2) plaintiffs have alleged no specific facts that Logsdon acted under the color of law, and (3) plaintiffs' allegations regarding violations of Section 1983 and a conspiracy are conclusory. Logsdon's arguments are well-taken.
"Section 1983 imposes civil liability upon an individual who 'under color [of state law]... subjects or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States...to the deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.'" Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 444 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983). "To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of State law." Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988)); accord Nurre v. Whitehead, 580 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2009). Conclusory allegations of a violation of Section 1983 or a conspiracy to violate Section 1983 will not survive a motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Simmons v. Sacramento County Superior Court, 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (affirming dismissal of plaintiff's second amended complaint as a result of plaintiff's "conclusory allegations" of a conspiracy to deprive him of his constitutional rights in violation of Section 1983).
Plaintiffs' allegations in support of their Section 1983 claims are conclusory and, on this basis alone, claims 14, 15 and 18 should be dismissed as to Logsdon. For example, plaintiffs do not allege which of their specific constitutional rights were violated. Nevertheless, the undersigned will address additional grounds why plaintiffs' claims fail as alleged against Logsdon.
As to claim 14, alleging that all defendants, including Logsdon, individually violated plaintiffs' constitutional rights, plaintiffs allege:
Paragraphs above incorporated by reference. Defendants, by their actions and acting under the color of law, subjected Plaintiffs, and caused Plaintiffs to be subjected, to the deprivations of their rights, privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the State of California and of the United States of America, Plaintiffs claim damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for their injuries set forth above.
(Third Am. Compl. at 19.)*fn16 In addition to the conclusory nature of plaintiffs' allegations, any claim by plaintiffs that Logsdon, as an individual, violated plaintiffs' rights fails because Logsdon is a private actor and thus was not acting under color of state law. See, e.g., Simmons, 318 F.3d at 1161 (holding that, under settled law, "Plaintiff cannot sue Mirante's counsel under § 1983, because he is a lawyer in private practice who was not acting under color of state law"); accord Briley v. California, 564 F.2d 849, 855 (9th Cir. 1977) ("We have repeatedly held that a privately-retained attorney does not act under color of state law for purposes of actions brought under the Civil Rights Act."); cf., Miranda v. Clark County, Nev., 319 F.3d 465, 468 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that a public defender was not a state actor within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983) (citing Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 324-25 (1981)). Regarding Logsdon's individual conduct relative to plaintiffs, plaintiffs allege that Logsdon pursued an unlawful detainer action in state court as an attorney retained by Virginia Armstrong, filed a declaration or other papers in another proceeding in state court, and provided estate planning advice to Virginia Armstrong. These are the acts of an attorney in private practice, not a state actor. Accordingly, plaintiffs' fourteenth claim should be dismissed with prejudice as to Logsdon.
Plaintiffs' Section 1983 conspiracy claims, claims 15 and 18, are also fatally flawed. In their fifteenth claim, plaintiffs allege that "Defendants Logsdon, Michael Armstrong, Jordan, Wade, Harpainter, and Ford worked in concert with Defendants from the Nevada County Superior Court, Sheriff's Department, Adult Protective Services, and other agencies." (Third Am. Compl. at 20.) They allege that a state court judge entered a restraining order "on his own motion." (Id.) Additionally, plaintiffs allege that defendants Logsdon and Harpainter "worked in concert with" with defendants Chelsey and Frooman. (Id.) Elsewhere in the Third Amended Complaint, defendant Harpainter is alleged to have been an attorney that the Nevada County Superior Court appointed for Virginia Armstrong in connection with certain restraining order proceedings before that court. (Id. at 7.) Defendants Chelsey and Frooman are alleged to be Assistant United States Attorneys in Illinois who were prosecuting plaintiff Brent Winters, an attorney, on criminal charges and wrote a letter to Logsdon offering assistance with the unlawful detainer action. (Id. at 6, 24.) Plaintiffs' eighteenth claim is largely redundant of the fifteenth claim, at least as it relates to allegations against Logsdon.
"A private individual may be liable under § 1983 if she conspired or entered joint action with a state actor." Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 441 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Kirtley v. Rainey, 326 F.3d 1088, 1092 (9th Cir. 2003) ("While generally not applicable to private parties, a § 1983 action can lie against a private party when he is a willful participant in joint action with the State or its agents" (citation and quotation marks omitted).). "To establish liability for a conspiracy in a § 1983 case, a plaintiff must demonstrate the existence of an agreement or meeting of the minds" to violate constitutional rights." Crowe v. County of San Diego, 593 F.3d 841, 875 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Although the Supreme Court has articulated several alternative tests for determining whether a private individual's actions amount to state action, Franklin, 312 F.3d at 445, the "joint action" test is relevant here. The joint action test applies where, as here, state officials and private parties are alleged to have acted in concert to effectuate a particular deprivation of constitutional rights and "focuses on whether the state has so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with the private actor that it must be recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity." Id. (citation, quotation marks, and modifications omitted). "The plaintiff must show 'an agreement or meeting of the minds to violate constitutional rights,' and '[t]o be liable, each participant in the conspiracy need not know the exact details of the plan, but each participant must at least share the common objective of the conspiracy.'" Crowe, 593 F.3d at 875 (quoting Franklin, 312 F.3d at 441).
As an initial matter, it bears repeating that plaintiffs' allegations regarding a conspiracy between state actors and private actors are vague and conclusory and, for that reason alone, cannot survive the motion to dismiss. See Simmons, 318 F.3d at 1161 ("Plaintiff's conclusory allegations that the lawyer was conspiring with state officers to deprive him of due process are insufficient."); Degrassi v. City of Glendora, 207 F.3d 636, 647 (9th Cir. 2000) (stating that "a bare allegation of... joint action will not overcome a motion to dismiss" (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Price v. Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707-08 (9th Cir. 1991) (stating that "[c]onclusionary allegations, unsupported by facts, [will be] rejected as insufficient to state a claim under the Civil Rights Act" (citation and quotation marks omitted, modifications in original).). It also bears repeating that plaintiffs have not alleged which of their constitutional rights has been violated.
Plaintiffs have not alleged facts constituting a plausible claim of a conspiracy between Logsdon and state actors to deprive them of their constitutional rights. Although, plaintiffs vaguely allege that Logsdon conspired with others, the allegations in the Third Amended Complaint indicate a lack of interdependence between state and private actors. As far as the unlawful detainer action is concerned, plaintiffs only allege that Assistant United States Attorneys Frooman and Chelsey offered aid to Logsdon. An offer of assistance does not suggest the level of interdependence that will support a Section 1983 conspiracy under a joint action theory. In terms of joint action related to the entry of certain restraining orders, plaintiffs allege joint action, but also that Judge Anderson of the Nevada County Superior Court acted on his "own motion." None of plaintiffs' allegations suggest a common goal of depriving plaintiffs of their rights, or any interdependence among the alleged members of the conspiracy. Taken together with the conclusory and vague allegations in the Third Amended Complaint, plaintiffs' conspiracy claims alleged against Logsdon should be dismissed with prejudice.
4. Plaintiffs' RICO Conspiracy Claim
Finally, Logsdon moves to dismiss plaintiffs' thirty-first claim for relief, which alleges that "All Defendants"-over sixty defendants including private actors, state court judges and employees, law enforcement, and local agencies-conspired to commit racketeering activity in violation of the RICO statute, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(d), 1964(c). (See Third Am. Compl. at 24.) Plaintiffs allege all defendants in this case conspired to "maintain a federal prosecution against Plaintiff Brent Winters in Illinois." (Id.) They further allege that on July 9, 2002, defendant Jan Paul Miller agreed with an individual named Michael McCuskey and defendant Assistant United States Attorney Frooman "to investigate and prosecute Brent Winters on false charges" knowing that the presiding judge was biased. (Id.) They also allege that "Agent Pogue," who is not a defendant here, contributed to the conspiracy by testifying based on "conjecture" at Brent Winters' sentencing hearing. (Id.) In addition, they vaguely allege an undefined "pattern of misrepresentation" intended to "defraud the Winters of their rights and their property." (Id.) Moreover, plaintiffs allege the "concealment of critical data," including a memorandum drafted by Judge Anderson of the Nevada County Superior Court. (Id.) Plaintiffs do not allege any specific facts with respect to Logsdon.
"The elements of a civil RICO claim are as follows: (1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity (known as 'predicate acts') (5) causing injury to plaintiff's 'business or property.'" Living Designs, Inc., E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 431 F.3d 353, 361 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation and quotation marks omitted). "To state a RICO claim, one must allege a 'pattern' of racketeering activity, which requires at least two predicate acts." Clark v. Time Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1116 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). Furthermore, a plaintiff must also show that the injury to his business or property was proximately caused by the prohibited conduct and that he has suffered a concrete financial loss. Chaset v. Fleer/Skybox Int'l, L.P., 300 F.3d 1083, 1086 (9th Cir. 2002).
Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claim should be dismissed for several reasons. First, the allegations are of such a vague and conclusory nature such that they do not state a plausible claim for relief under the RICO statute. Second, plaintiffs have not pled two predicate acts of "racketeering activity," as that term is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). Third, plaintiffs have not alleged a "concrete financial loss" or injury to business or property proximately caused by the conspiracy. At most, plaintiffs' opposition to Logsdon's motion to dismiss alleges that the purported RICO conspiracy damaged plaintiff Brent Winters' law practice, but provides no information about the nature of the injury or a concrete financial loss. Nothing contained in plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint or opposition brief suggests that they can amend their pleading to state a plausible claim for relief. Accordingly, plaintiffs' thirty-first claim for relief should be dismissed with prejudice.
For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that defendant Valerie Logsdon's requests for judicial notice, except as otherwise noted above, are granted.
Furthermore, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that all claims alleged against defendant Valerie Logsdon, except for the ninth claim for relief for civil battery as alleged by plaintiff Christy Winters only, be dismissed with prejudice. The battery claim may proceed against Logsdon, but only with respect to plaintiff Christy Winters.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Id.; see also Local Rule 304(b). Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Any response to the objections shall be filed with the court and served on all parties within fourteen days after service of the objections. Local Rule 304(d). Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991).
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1745 S. Henderson Street - Galesburg, IL 61401 - (ph) 800-222-5532 - (ph) 309-344-1131 - (fax) 309-344-3220 - Click for more info
Dcm transport, inc. is a privately owned full truckload carrier located in Galesburg, Illinois established and incorporated in 1992. Dcm transport started with five tractors and has grown by offering excellent, on-time service. We offer short and long haul operations with single and dedicated drivers.
Click on links below for more info!
Contact dcm
Our company
Dcm transport, inc. is a privately owned full truckload carrier established in 1992.
The dcm advantage
Dcm drivers enjoy frequent home time and plenty of miles to keep them moving.
Drive for dcm transport
Dcm transport offers driver pay per mile with different bonus pay programs.


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Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 4/
Bathrooms: 4/
Sleeps: 8/
Type: Resort
Book this 4 bedroom, 4 bathroom resort in Patong today! A total of 8 people can sleep here comfortably. This property has been booked 1 times.
Guests can enjoy a pool, hot tub, and outdoor grill among other amenities offered by this rental.
No travelers have shared a review of this property yet.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $4,480.00 to as high as $13,790.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 90% of inquiries and last updated the property's calendar today.
About the manager
About the manager
Endless Limited
Endless Limited
- Response rate: 90%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
5.0 / 5.0
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Patong Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Patong Attractions
Reviews (0)
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PartSelect Number PS11746013
As water is filling your dishwasher, a float rises along with it. When the float reaches a predetermined level, it shuts off the flow of water, thereby preventing a leak.
This part works with the following brands: Whirlpool, Admiral, Estate, Inglis, Kenmore, KitchenAid, Roper, Maytag, Crosley, Jenn-Air, Hardwick, Magic Chef, Amana, Caloric & Glenwood.
This part fixes the following symptoms:
dropped the new float in, works like a charm
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Advert Description
Regrettably selling my Ibanez RG350DXZ, sounds and plays amazingly. Has a couple of little dings but other than that its perfect.
Only reason I'm selling it is because I'm not a fan of double locking tremolos so it seems pointless blocking it off. Currently setup to C# with ernie ball skinny top heavy bottoms.
Feel free to ask any questions and open to offers.
Basswood body shaped to classic Ibanez RG profile
Double-cutaway body with white pearloid pickguard
Maple neck with super slim Wizard III profile
24-fret rosewood fingerboard with sharktooth positioninlays
Pair of INF humbuckers in the neck and bridge positions for power and clarity
Superb Edge-Zero II tremolo system with removable Zero-Point locking system