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United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division
February 4, 2014
MICHELE PEARSON, Plaintiff,v.CHICAGO HOUSING AUTHORITY, et al., Defendants.
AMY J. ST. EVE, District Judge.
The Court dismisses this lawsuit in its entirety for failure to prosecute. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b). All pending dates and deadlines are stricken and defendants' motion to dismiss [30] is denied as moot. Civil case terminated.
On August 16, 2013, pro se Plaintiff Michele Pearson filed a Complaint against Defendants Chicago Housing Authority ("CHA"), CHA employees, and other individuals alleging religious discrimination based on being a Jehovah's Witness pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On August 29, 2013, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint. On December 9, 2013, the CHA filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff's Amended Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and noticed the motion for a presentment date of December 18, 2013. Plaintiff did not appear at the December 18, 2013 hearing date. In the Court's December 18, 2013 minute entry, the Court set the briefing schedule for the motion to dismiss and explained that Plaintiff's failure to respond to the motion to dismiss or appear at future hearings may result in dismissal of the case for failure to prosecute. (R. 32.) In a January 7, 2014 letter to the Court, Plaintiff explained that she never got notice of the December 18, 2013 motion hearing.
On the date that Plaintiff was to respond to the motion to dismiss, namely, January 17, 2014, instead of responding, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint which stated in its entirety: "This is an amended complaint." On January 22, 2014, the Court entered the following order:
At the December 18, 2013 motion hearing in this matter, the Court entered Defendant's motion to dismiss and directed Plaintiff to file a response to the motion to dismiss by January 17, 2014. Because Plaintiff failed to appear at the December 18, 2013 motion hearing, the Court warned her that failure to respond to the motion to dismiss or appear at future hearings may result in dismissal of this case for failure to prosecute. Instead of filing a response on January 17, 2014, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint that consists of one sentence stating: "This is an amended complaint." The Court directs Plaintiff to file either (1) an Amended Complaint that includes allegations, or (2) a response to Defendant's motion to dismiss on or before January 31, 2014. Plaintiff's failure to do so will result in the Court dismissing Plaintiff's case for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).
On January 31, 2014, Plaintiff filed another Amended Complaint that states in its entirety: "This is an amended complaint: Suing for $275, 000.00 and court costs (damages) to Defendant, Chicago Housing Authority and H.J. Russell Management." Plaintiff also sent a letter to the Court on January 31, 2014 explaining why she did not appear at the December 18, 2013 motion hearing. She further explains that she appeared for a January 7, 2014 status that the Court struck on December 18, 2013.
Despite Plaintiff's appearance on January 7, 2014, Plaintiff has failed to follow the Court's clear instruction that she file either (1) an Amended Complaint that includes allegations or (2) a response to Defendant's motion to dismiss. In particular, she has failed to allege any facts supporting her claim against Defendants CHA and H.J. Russell Management. Also, she has not responded to Defendant's motion to dismiss in which the CHA argues that Plaintiff's claims are untimely because the underlying conduct alleged in her August 29, 2013 Amended Complaint took place sometime in August 2010. See Turley v. Rednour, 729 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir. 2013) (Section 1983 lawsuits brought in Illinois have a two-year statute of limitations).
In any event, Plaintiff has repeatedly delayed the proceedings in this case and has not followed the Court's clear instructions on how to properly proceed. In addition, the Court has warned Plaintiff on two separate occasions that failure to appear or properly amend the allegations and/or respond to the motion to dismiss would result in dismissal of this lawsuit for failure to prosecute. Under the circumstances, the Court dismisses the present lawsuit for failure to prosecute, especially in light of the fact that Plaintiff has a similar lawsuit against the CHA and H.J. Russell Management in the Municipal Division of the Circuit Court of Cook County.[1] See Brown v. Columbia Sussex Corp., 664 F.3d 182, 190 (7th Cir. 2011); Kasalo v. Harris & Harris, Ltd., 656 F.3d 557, 561 (7th Cir. 2011).
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How do you remove dry-erase stains from a white polyurethane vest? I have tried rubbing alcohol, Murphy's Oil soap, Oxi Clean spray, and have washed it. I have not put in dryer. Nothing even touches it.
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| 8/24/2015 10:35 am
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THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic.
Learn about this topic in these articles:
contribution to Canadian painting
...Quebec. His paintings brought new dimensions to the Canadian scene and a colourful romanticism—influenced by contemporary German trends—unsurpassed by other Canadian artists of the time. Homer Watson continued the exploration of landscapes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting the influence of the American Hudson River school in his work.


text:
Examining the regulation of diagnostic tests and laboratory operations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, first session, November 17, 2015.
Record details
- Physical Description: 1 online resource (iv, 99 pages)
- Publisher: Washington : U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2016.
Content descriptions
|General Note:
| Title from title screen (viewed on Sept. 8, 2016).
Paper version available for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office.
"Serial No. 114-100."
|Bibliography, etc. Note:
| Includes bibliographical references.
Search for related items by subject
Diagnosis, Laboratory >
Government policy >
United States.
Medical laboratories > Government policy > United States.


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Suspected militants from the Islamist group Boko Haram rode on camels into a village in southeastern Niger and killed five people, Anfani radio station said on Saturday.
A militia repulsed the overnight raid in the commune of Toumour, about 75 km (47 miles) from the regional capital Diffa. The attackers burnt houses and left others wounded, the station said.
Diffa region has been targeted numerous times by suspected militants, who usually come on foot or in vehicles.
Boko Haram is headquartered across the border in northeastern Nigeria and seeks to carve out an emirate and impose a strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Boko Haram Terrorists Riding Camels Kill Five In Niger, Burn Houses on Naijaloaded |/a>.


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Product Description
StopTech 6-Lug Front and Rear Brake Rotor Kit with Posi Quiet Brake Pads for 2010-2011 F-150s.
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Set & Bronze is a lightweight, 3-in-1 baked setting powder that adds a touch of bronze and can be worn alone or dusted over foundation or moisturiser. This luxe powder contains three distinct bronzing powders with specialty pearls and pigments, which bronze the skin for a natural sun-tanned look or to set foundation. Shades include:
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So, for April 1st I made a couple of bearded champion squares (as can be seen here: http://imgur.com/a/GVE3y), unfortunately when I tried uploading them Wikia had some caching issues (like it always does) and they didn't show up.
Instead of committing Sodoku for bringing dishonor to my wiki family I want to hear your ideas for next year's prank or to just regale me with stories of pranks you were a part of, be it as prankster or prank-ee, this year so that I may potentially stea- err, "borrow", your ideas and hopefully be more successful next year.Read more >
This blog will be about editing specific sections/pages, for basic wiki help (like how do I make a link or use those little champion icons) please use my editing cheat sheet.
This guide assumes that you're using source mode editing as it is the most reliable, consistent and hands-on editing mode. To select this method visit Special:Preferences and under the editing tab select "Source Editor" in the Preferred Editor dropdown.
Many examples I will provide use the wiki's revision comparison tool, it may look scary at first but all it does is highlight the changes made between edits. If you have any questions or suggestions please leave a comment below or contact me on my message wall.
A fellow editor User:Mineko_Charat_Lucky has made a very str…
Read more >
Hello, as many of you know I am NeonSpotlight, a Bureaucrat and Admin on the wiki and also the oldest (account age-wise) editor that is still active. For the last year or so the actual amount that I edit has been dwindling down to nowadays I don't even edit during patch time, something that used to be something I'd look forward to. This blog's purpose is for me to tell everyone that I am stepping down as 'crat/admin all the way down to being a regular user (with rollback).
In short I've lost the passion that I once had. Years of dealing with drama, politics and basically constantly having to act a certain way "because I'm a 'crat" or having other people act differently around me because of my rights has taken its toll to the point some da…Read more >
As the title suggests my name is NeonSpotlight and in the comment section of this blog you can ask me (just about) anything, anything that you, the community, want to know about me or just want me to discuss.
A little preface for this blog: I've been an admin on this wiki for about 3 years now and most of the people who I have become close friends with on the wiki have moved on and I feel like I haven't really synced well on a personal level with this generation of editors. I don't think many people know me, they know who I am but they don't really know who I am, y'know. Also, there's just been a big lull in our community for a while now and I'm hoping to bring some of the togetherness, familiarity and fun back through things like this.
So, …Read more >
I've decided to make this blog/guide because I noticed when V4.1 was released that a lot of people don't really know what to do wiki-wise when a patch is released.
This guide will be an updated version of my previous Patchtime Checklist blog except more fleshed out. As with my New champions guide, this will be more of a checklist type guide, not an extensive how-to edit guide. For basic editing help please see my compendium of editorial knowledge blogs.
- Patch page itself created
- Patch updated, new patch added
- Template:LastPatchID updated
User blog:NeonSpotlight/NeonSpotlight's Guide to Editing: New champion releases
Will be a separate blog
Patch 4.1 added 3 new skins:
Things that need to be done:
- Splash and Loading arts uploaded properly
- Images c…
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- 2012 Olympic Games (Silver Medal)
- 2014 FIVB World Championship (Gold Medal)
U.S. Women's Volleyball Team Is Home On The Plains With An Olympic Berth On The Line
Karen Price Jan. 06, 2016
The U.S. women host three foes in Nebraska with the winner moving on to the Rio Games.
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Stearns & Foster Kenleigh Mattress Reviews
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It is not designed to flip. I rotated regularly but still have small valleys where we sleep.
The mattresses is very comfy. We wake up without aches and pains.
The support was great in the beginning. After a few months it started sagging where we lay.
The firmness was just right. Not too firm but not too soft.
After a few months we have some sagging despite rotating.
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I LOVE MY STERNS AND FOSTER MATTRESS! This mattress is very comfortable but make sure you don't sleep in one place only or you'll notice that the mattress starts to conform to your body only in that one spot. Also since the mattress is so heavy make sure to buy the right size sheet pocket. This particular mattress has a 16" pocket. I've tried 16 and 18 inch but sheets shrink. I now buy 22" and have no trouble putting them on. Leaves enough room for shrinkage. If you're short you'll need a step to get on top!


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A course is the study of a particular topic within a wider subject area and is the foundation of a qualification. A typical course includes lectures, assessments and tutorials.
A picture is worth a thousand words while a master's in photography is priceless. These programs will teach you everything you need to know about taking and developing photographs, making you a better photographer.
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BANK OF BARODA RTGS HO Branch in FATEHPUR BILOCH - Address, IFSC, MICR Code
BARB0FARAKHMICR Code
OPP NAGI PLACE SETHI GOVT SCHOOL JAGADHARI WORKSHOP VILL FARAKHPUR HARYANA 135002City
FATEHPUR BILOCHDistrict
What is IFSC Code of BANK OF BARODA situated at FARAKHPUR- RTGS-HO?
IFSC Code of BANK OF BARODA situated at FARAKHPUR - RTGS-HO is
What is the meaning of IFSC Code, MICR Codes in Banking industry?
IFSC or Indian Financial System Code is the code allocated to all banks branches. Bank branches use this code to participate in RTGS and NEFT transactions.
What is the significance of IFSC Code and how we can use it?
IFSC Code is a 11 digit code and we can use this code to communicate between different branches of different banks. Upon receiving the request for fund transfer it is easy for a bank to identify the payee branch. First four characters are code of bank, last six digits are branch code and fifth character is left 0, for any future use.


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What will happen to your account if you violate the rules here too much?
Pretend you are a person who enjoys violating rules in many websites for fun. Someday, you join Qfeast and started violating its rules a lot. Qfeast gave you several warnings that tells you not to violate the rules. Obviously, you ignored the warnings and continue violating the rules. One day, Qfeast gave you a consequence. Something happens to your account. What happened?
I'm dying to know the consequences Qfeast gives to people who don't listen. What will happen to their accounts? Will they be banned from Qfeast for a very long or short time? Will their accounts be deleted? Or will they continue giving warnings without having your account taken?
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Answers (2)
vote up or down the answers
You will get muted. Which means you will not be able to make post on anything
If you continue to violate the rules, Your account will be deleted
If you continue to violate the rules, Your account will be deleted
on June 04, 2014
It will get banned or deleted
on September 16, 2014


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Having unwanted fat in numerous locations of your body can have a significant impact on your health and self-esteem. While traditional weight reduction through workout and diet is a terrific method to drop weight in general, even the very best workouts can't target issue locations like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time tested treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from specific locations of the body, allowing a specific to form and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Discover now.
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United States District Court, Second Circuit
May 14, 2013
LOTES CO., LTD., Plaintiff,v.HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO. LTD.; FOXCONN INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS, LTD.; FOXCONN INTERNATIONAL, INC.; FOXCONN ELECTRONICS, INC.; and FOXCONN (KUNSHAN) COMPUTER CONNECTOR CO., LTD., Defendants.
Nicolas S. Gikkas, Esq., The Gikkas Law Firm, Saratoga, CA, for Plaintiff.
Thomas J. Lang, Esq., J. Clayton Everett, Jr., Esq., Awati V. Rawani, Esq., Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, Washington, D.C., for Defendants.
Lewis E. Hudnell, Esq., Colvin Hudnell LLP, New York, NY.
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.
Lotes Co., Ltd. ("Lotes" or "plaintiff') has brought suit against Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd. ("Hon Hai"), Foxconn International Holdings, Inc. ("Foxconn IH"), Foxconn International, Inc. ("Foxconn International"), Foxconn Electronics, Inc. ("Foxconn Electronics") and Foxconn (Kunshan) Computer Connector Co., Ltd. ("Foxconn Kunshan").[1] Lotes alleges violations of sections one and two of the Sherman Act.[2] Lotes also brings claims for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, waiver, tortious interference with contract, and declaratory judgment. Defendants Hon Hai, Foxconn IH, Foxconn International and Foxconn Electronics (collectively, the "defendants") move to dismiss the First Amended Complaint ("FAC") in its entirety pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).[3] For the following reasons, defendants' motion is granted.
A. The USB 3.0 Standard
Universal Serial Bus ("USB") connectors are used primarily to connect computer peripherals, such as hard drives, printers and keyboards, to personal computers, smart phones and other electronic devices.[4] The USB 3.0 is the latest generation of USB connectors.[5] A "standard" is basically a common set of technological specifications to be used industry-wide with regard to a particular technology. "A standard, by definition, eliminates alternative technologies."[6] "To facilitate interoperability among chipmakers, device makers, and computer makers, among others, companies participate in the development of technical standards that establish precise specifications for the interfaces, such as [USB] connectors, between devices."[7] Standards often incorporate patented technology and other proprietary intellectual property ("IP") rights.[8]
Standards are typically established by private standard-setting organizations ("SSOs"). The SSO governing USB standards is the USB Implementers Forum, Inc. ("USB-IF").[9] The USB-IF vetted and incorporated the patents and other IP included in the USB 3.0 Standard.[10] By incorporating proprietary IP rights into an industry-wide standard, the USB-IF weighed "significant pro-competitive benefits with significant anti-competitive risks."[11] "On the pro-competitive side, standards have the potential to encourage innovation and promote competition."[12] "On the anti-competitive side, technical standardization also creates a lock-in' effect and a risk of patent hold-up.'"[13] Patent hold-up has been explained by the Third Circuit as follows:
Inefficiency may be injected into the standard-setting process by what is known as "patent hold-up." An SDO [standards-determining organization] may complete its lengthy process of evaluating technologies and adopting a new standard, only to discover that certain technologies essential to implementing the standard are patented. When this occurs, the patent holder is in a position to "hold up" industry participants from implementing the standard. Industry participants who have invested significant resources developing products and technologies that conform to the standard will find it prohibitively expensive to abandon their investment and switch to another standard. They will have become "locked in" to the standard. In this unique position of bargaining power, the patent holder may be able to extract supracompetitive royalties from the industry participants.[14]
Thus, [i]n the absence of an agreement between a contributor and an SSO, the possessors of such proprietary IP rights could demand exorbitant terms from their licensees - or even refuse to license their rights altogether."[15] Consequently, SSOs typically secure agreements wherein the technology-contributing parties agree to license all incorporated technology on reasonable and non-discriminatory ("RAND") terms as a necessary condition for adoption of a particular standard.[16] "RAND licenses are thus central to the viability of an SSO and the standards it promulgates."[17]
To ensure that the USB 3.0 Standard remains pro-competitive, contributing parties otherwise known as "Contributors" must sign the USB 3.0 Contributors Agreement (the "Contributors Agreement").[18] Defendants executed the same Contributors Agreement signed by Lotes on December 11, 2007.[19] Section 3.4 of the Contributors Agreement, entitled "Limited Patent Licensing Obligations in Contributions, " obligates defendants to grant to any "Adopter" a "non-exclusive world-wide license under any Necessary claim of a patent or patent application... on a royalty-free basis and under otherwise reasonable and nondiscriminatory (RAND-Zero') terms.... "[20] Lotes is an Adopter given that it signed the USB 3.0 Adopters Agreement (the "Adopters Agreement"[21]) within the required Adoption Period.[22] Defendants executed the same Adopters Agreement signed by Lotes.[23] Accordingly, "[d]efendants, like Lotes, are therefore both Contributors' and Adopters' of the USB 3.0 Standard and are therefore bound by the terms of the USB-IF Contributors Agreement and Adopters Agreement..."[24] The USB-IF thereby represents to Adopters that it has secured royalty-free licenses for all patents and other IP needed to practice the USB 3.0 Standard.[25]
B. The Dispute
Lotes is a Chinese corporation as are defendants Hon Hai and Foxconn Kunshan.[26] Lotes competes directly with defendants in making and selling USB 3.0 connectors.[27] Because USB connectors are incorporated into other components and products, companies that manufacture them "typically sell directly to notebook manufacturers and to companies making motherboards for servers and desktops."[28] As a result, "both Lotes and the Defendants directly compete for market share in the markets for USB 3.0 connectors for notebooks, desktops, and servers by selling to the following ODMs [original design manufacturers] who make and assemble computer products [in China] for many well-known brands."[29]
Lotes has made repeated good faith attempts to negotiate with Hon Hai regarding the RAND-Zero licensing terms set forth in the Contributors Agreement and Adopters Agreement.[30] Hon Hai has steadfastly refused to license certain USB 3.0 Standard patents to Lotes despite its efforts.[31] Instead, Foxconn Kunshan brought two patent infringement suits in China against two Lotes subsidiaries in order to enjoin Lotes from making and selling certain USB 3.0 connectors.[32] In the first patent proceeding, Foxconn Kunshan asserted two Chinese patents, the "608.0 patent" and the "623.1 patent, " against Lotes SuZhou, a Lotes subsidiary located in eastern China.[33] Foxconn Kunshan initiated a second patent enforcement proceeding asserting the same two patents against Lotes GuangZhou, a Lotes subsidiary located in southern China.[34] According to Lotes, "the asserted claims of the '608.0 patent and the '623.1 patent are Necessary Claims' and Contributions' as defined by the Contributors Agreement, which were contributed by at least one of the Foxconn Defendants and/or Hon Hai."[35] Thus, plaintiff argues that "the claims being asserted in China are Necessary Claims as defined in the Contributors Agreement and Adopters Agreement signed by Defendants and must be licensed to Lotes on RAND-zero terms."[36] Only two USB 3.0 connectors were specifically named in the patent enforcement proceedings brought by Foxconn Kunshan.[37] Foxconn Kunshan did not challenge the eleven other USB 3.0 connectors manufactured by Lotes in China.[38]
C. Anti-competitive Allegations
No party in the instant action is alleged to manufacture or directly sell any USB 3.0 connectors in the United States. Notwithstanding this lack of domestic activity, plaintiff claims that defendants' conduct is causing cognizable antitrust injury in the United States.
The relevant markets for assessing Defendants' antitrust conduct include those for USB 3.0 connectors and are the markets for USB 3.0 connectors suitable for integration into motherboards powering notebooks, desktop computers and servers.... Defendants are wrongfully using their foreign patents to raise prices and exclude competition in the USB 3.0 connector market in the United States. Defendants acquired this power as a result of misrepresentations to the USB-IF during the standards-setting process and/or a refusal to adhere to the obligations that they undertook to the USB-IF and its adopters (including Lotes).[39]
Plaintiff alleges that "[defendants' anticompetitive behavior is designed either to foreclose Lotes from several relevant competitive markets or to raise Lotes' costs in those markets to the point that Lotes becomes uncompetitive and Defendants become a monopoly, which is their professed intention."[40] According to plaintiff, "[a]nything that affects the price, quantity, or competitive nature of the production market for USB 3.0 connectors will therefore have a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on U.S. commerce in precisely the ways that the antitrust laws were created to prevent."[41] Arguably, then, the patent enforcement proceedings against Lotes SuZhou and Lotes GuangZhou "threaten a potentially significant decrease in competition in the United States markets for: USB 3.0 connectors; motherboards containing USB 3.0 connectors; and notebooks containing USB 3.0 connectors."[42] In sum, plaintiff claims that "Defendants' willingness to bring suit against Lotes in contravention of the USB-IF RAND-Zero terms has an in terrorem effect capable of curbing competitive manufacture and raising prices to U.S. consumers across the full range of products incorporating USB 3.0 connectors. [43]
A. Motion to Dismiss
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court evaluates the sufficiency of the complaint under the "two-pronged approach" suggested by the Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Iqbal. [44] First, a court "can choose to begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.'"[45] "Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice" to withstand a motion to dismiss.[46] Second, "[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief."[47]
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the allegations in a complaint must meet a standard of "plausibility."[48] A claim is facially plausible "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged."[49] Plausibility "is not akin to a probability requirement;" rather, plausibility requires "more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully."[50]
"In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint."[51] However, the court may also consider a document that is not incorporated by reference, "where the complaint relies heavily upon its terms and effect, ' thereby rendering the document integral' to the complaint."[52]
B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) provides for the dismissal of a claim when a federal court lacks subject matter jurisdiction - "the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate [the claim]."[53] A federal court has an independent duty to determine that it has subject matter jurisdiction and may raise the issue sua sponte. [54] The proponent of jurisdiction (typically the plaintiff) bears the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.[55]
In considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, "the court must take all facts alleged in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff.'"[56] However, "jurisdiction must be shown affirmatively, and that showing is not made by drawing from the pleadings inferences favorable to the party asserting it.'"[57] In fact, "where jurisdictional facts are placed in dispute, the court has the power and obligation to decide issues of fact by reference to evidence outside the pleadings, such as affidavits."[58] "In deciding the motion, the court may consider affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings to resolve the jurisdictional issue, but [it] may not rely on conclusory or hearsay statements contained in the affidavits.'"[59]
C. The Sherman Act
Section 1 of the Sherman Act states: "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal."[60] ""[T]he three required elements of an antitrust claim [are] (1) a violation of antitrust law; (2) injury and causation; and (3) damages....'"[61] Thus, "to prove a Section 1 violation of the Sherman Act, a plaintiff must show a combination or some form of concerted action between at least two legally distinct economic entities' that constituted an unreasonable restraint of trade either per se or under the rule of reason.'"[62]
Section 2 of the Sherman Act states: "Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony...."[63] "[Tin order to state a claim for monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, a plaintiff must establish (1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.'"[64] "To state an attempted monopolization claim, a plaintiff must establish (1) that the defendant has engaged in predatory or anticompetitive conduct with (2) a specific intent to monopolize and (3) a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power.'"[65]
The core element of a monopolization claim is market power, which is defined as the ability to raise price[s] by restricting output. The more competition a company faces, the less it can control prices because competitors will undercut its prices to secure market share. Conversely, a company that can exclude competition can sustain its ability to control prices and thereby maintain its market power. The pertinent inquiry in a monopolization claim, then, is whether the defendant has engaged in improper conduct that has or is likely to have the effect of controlling prices or excluding competition, thus creating or maintaining market power.[66]
A. Anti-competitive Conduct
At this stage of the litigation, I must accept as true plaintiff's allegation that defendants' alleged misconduct was facilitated by "misrepresentations [made] to the USB-IF during the standards-setting process..."[67] "[C]onduct that undermines the procompetitive benefits of private standard setting may, at least in some circumstances, be deemed anticompetitive under antitrust law."[68]
Anticompetitive conduct may take a variety of forms, but it is generally defined as conduct to obtain or maintain monopoly power as a result of competition on some basis other than the merits. Conduct that impairs the opportunities of rivals and either does not further competition on the merits or does so in an unnecessarily restrictive way may be deemed anticompetitive. Conduct that merely harms competitors, however, while not harming the competitive process itself, is not anticompetitive.[69]
Thus, "[d]eception in a consensus-driven private standard-setting environment harms the competitive process by obscuring the costs of including proprietary technology in a standard and increasing the likelihood that patent rights will confer monopoly power on the patent holder."[70] Accordingly, for purposes of this motion, I must assume that defendants engaged in anti-competitive conduct.[71] The next question, then, is whether defendants' conduct falls within the purview of the Sherman Act.
B. The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act ("FTAIA")
1. In General
"The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 (FTAIA) excludes from the Sherman Act's reach much anticompetitive conduct that causes only foreign injury. It does so by setting forth a general rule stating that the Sherman Act shall not apply to conduct involving trade or commerce... with foreign nations.'"[72] The FTAIA then creates exceptions to this general rule where foreign conduct significantly harms domestic commerce.[73] The FTAIA states:
Sections 1 to 7 of this title [the Sherman Act] shall not apply to conduct involving trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with foreign nations unless -
(1) such conduct has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect -
(A) on trade or commerce which is not trade or commerce with foreign nations, or on import trade or import commerce with foreign nations; or
(B) on export trade or export commerce with foreign nations, of a person engaged in such trade or commerce in the United States; and (2) such effect gives rise to a claim under the provisions of sections 1 to 7 of this title, other than this section.[74]
Thus, the "domestic-injury exception" to the FTAIA's foreign injury rule applies, and makes the Sherman Act applicable, where the conduct in issue both: "(1) sufficiently affects American commerce, i.e., it has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect' on American domestic, import, or (certain) export commerce, and (2) has an effect of a kind that antitrust law considers harmful, i.e., the effect' must giv[e] rise to a [Sherman Act] claim.'"[75]
2. Is the FTAIA Jurisdictional?
There appears to be a circuit split as to whether the FTAIA is jurisdictional or whether it sets forth an additional element of an antitrust claim. For example, in Animal Science Products, Inc. v. China Minmetals Corporation, the Third Circuit held that the FTAIA "imposes a substantive merits limitation rather than a jurisdictional bar."[76] In so holding, the court analyzed "whether, in enacting the FTAIA, Congress legislated pursuant to its Commerce Clause authority to articulate substantive elements that a plaintiff must satisfy to assert a meritorious claim for antitrust relief or whether Congress acted pursuant to its Article III powers to define the jurisdiction of the federal courts."[77] In its analysis, the court noted that the "FTAIA neither speaks in jurisdictional terms nor refers in any way to the jurisdiction of the district courts."[78] The court concluded that "the FTAIA's language must be interpreted as imposing a substantive merits limitation rather than a jurisdictional bar."[79] The Seventh Circuit similarly analyzed the language of the FTAIA and found that the word "jurisdiction" is nowhere to be found.[80] The court also noted that "the Supreme Court has emphasized the need to draw a careful line between true jurisdictional limitations and other types of rules."[81] The court relied on Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd . to conclude that "the FTAIA sets forth an element of an antitrust claim, not a jurisdictional limit on the power of the federal courts."[82]
Other courts have taken a different view. For example, in United States v. LSL Biotechnologies, the Ninth Circuit held that the "FTAIA provides the standard for establishing when subject matter jurisdiction exists over a foreign restraint of trade."[83] And in Filitech S.A. v. France Telecom S.A., the Second Circuit held that "the FTAIA forbids the exercise of jurisdiction over Sherman Act violations relating to foreign trade or commerce, other than import trade or commerce, unless the conduct complained of has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect' on domestic or import commerce."[84]
Lower courts within the Second Circuit that have considered the jurisdictional issue have cast doubt on the continued viability of the holding in Filitech. As stated by the Honorable Gerard E. Lynch:
Although the Second Circuit in Filetech characterized the FTAIA's limitations as a constraint on courts' "jurisdiction, " 157 F.3d at 931, the express language of the FTAIA- i.e., that the Sherman Act "shall not apply" to certain kinds of foreign conduct - suggests a limitation, not on a court's power to decide the case, but rather, on the substantive applicability of the statute. Although the Supreme Court has not decided this issue, ..., the Court in another context has recently cautioned against the "profligate" use of jurisdictional terminology when discussing potential defects in a plaintiff's claim. Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 510 (2006). Arbaugh highlighted the tendency of courts to term the non-existence of a critical fact a "jurisdictional defect" rather than merely the failure to prove an element of the claim - so called "drive-by jurisdictional rulings." Id. at 511.... Arbaugh held that "when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character." 546 U.S. at 516. Because nothing in the statutory language of the FTAIA indicates that its limitations are jurisdictional, Arbaugh may require that the Second Circuit review its treatment of that issue.[85]
Although not deciding the jurisdictional issue, another court more recently noted that "[s]ince Morrison, however, the Second Circuit has not opined on whether the FTAIA is jurisdictional."[86] Thus, while current thinking may point against finding the FTAIA to be jurisdictional, this Court is bound by precedent until it is overruled by the Second Circuit or the Supreme Court.[87] Therefore, for purposes of this motion, the FTAIA is deemed to be a jurisdiction-defining statute.
3. Application of the FTAIA
Having established the FTAIA as jurisdictional, the next question is whether the offending conduct has a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic commerce. Borrowing from the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, "the Supreme Court unanimously declared that an effect is direct' if it follows as an immediate consequence of the defendant's activity."[88] This definition is adopted for purposes of the FTAIA. Defendants' conduct in refusing to issue Lotes RAND-Zero licenses and pursuing patent enforcement proceedings in China courts has neither a direct, substantial nor reasonably foreseeable effect on domestic commerce. As succinctly summarized by defendants:
Despite Plaintiff's desperate attempt to connect foreign conduct and effects to the United States, the fact remains that the alleged conduct, taking Plaintiffs allegations as true, is connected to the United States only through a long and convoluted series of transactions and manufacturing steps: Plaintiff and other USB 3.0 connector manufacturers supply the USB 3.0 connector products to various manufacturers of motherboards in China, which incorporate the connectors into their motherboards in China. These motherboards are sold to original design manufacturers ("ODM") in China that manufacture the finished goods for brands such as Dell and HP in China. Only then are these finished goods shipped to the United States for distribution. Such "ripple effects" on markets in the United States are insufficient to allow application of the Sherman Act under the standards articulated in the FTAIA.[89]
There is, therefore, a disconnect between the relevant (foreign) market as defined by plaintiff[90] (USB 3.0 connectors) - the market which defendants are allegedly attempting to monopolize - and the U.S. market supposedly affected by defendants' attempted monopolization (notebooks, desktop computers, servers, etc.). Accordingly, any effects on the U.S. market for finished computer goods are not effects linked to the relevant market of USB 3.0 connectors manufactured and sold in China.[91]
To the extent that defendants' foreign anti-competitive conduct may result in higher computer prices and less competition here in the U.S., those effects are simply too attenuated to establish the proximate causation required by the FTAIA. This conclusion is well supported by existing case law. In Boyd, for example, wheat farmers in the United States brought Sherman Act claims against defendant AWB, an Australian company responsible for bulk wheat exports from Australia.[92] Plaintiffs alleged that AWB, who exported Australian-grown wheat to Iraq, was attempting to gain a monopoly on wheat sold in Iraq and thereby foreclose that market to U.S.-grown wheat.[93] The court noted that AWB's conduct in Iraq may have been a factual, or "but for, " cause in the decrease in domestic wheat prices.[94] In rejecting such "but for" causation, however, the court explained:
Given the multitude of "intervening developments" that simultaneously affect projected Ending Stock levels, the claimed drop in domestic wheat prices could very well have resulted from factors wholly unrelated to the alleged conspiracy. [Si ee In re Intel Corp., 452 F.Supp.2d at 561 (concluding that alleged domestic effects of challenged conduct were not "direct" because they were "premised on a multitude of speculative and changing factors affecting business and investment decisions, including market conditions, the cost of financing, supply and demand, ... and world-wide economic and political conditions"). This is particularly true since, immediately prior to the alleged market foreclosure, wheat exports to Iraq made up less than one percent of total U.S. wheat exports, and only slightly more than one percent of total U.S. hard red winter wheat exports. In light of the multitude of variables affecting projected Ending Stocks, the foreclosure of the Iraqi wheat market - which increased projected Ending Stocks by approximately one percent - simply could not have been a substantial factor among the total mix of global inputs that determine Ending Stocks, and hence wheat prices, in the United States.[95]
Despite having "alleged a plausible theory of causation based on the global interrelatedness of the wheat markets, " the court found that AWB's foreign conduct in Iraq was only a "but for" cause of depressed wheat prices in the United States.[96] The court therefore held that plaintiffs "failed to demonstrate that AWB's conduct in Iraq had the kind of direct' effect on domestic commerce that could give rise to an antitrust claim within the jurisdictional reach of the Sherman Act."[97]
Similarly, no direct effects were found in In re Intel, where AMD sued Intel under the Sherman Act for alleged business practices that affected the sale of AMD's microprocessors in foreign countries.[98] The court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over "AMD's claims that were based on lost sales of AMD's German-made microprocessors to foreign customers, "[99] stating as follows:
any alleged harm suffered by AMD has been directly caused by the foreign effects of Intel's alleged conduct, namely lost foreign sales. The other "ripple effects" of Intel's foreign conduct on the U.S. market may not have arisen "but for" Intel's alleged conduct; however, "but for" causation is not the type of direct causation contemplated by the FTAIA.
AMD alleges in its Complaint that Intel's alleged conduct has resulted in higher PC prices and a "loss of freedom" or consumer choice for computer purchasers in the United States. To the extent that these effects are based on Intel's alleged foreign conduct, the Court concludes that they too are insufficient to establish the proximate causation required by the FTAIA.... [T]hese types of effects are not direct domestic effects of any alleged foreign conduct of Intel, but secondary and indirect effects that are also the by-product of numerous factors relevant to market conditions and the like.[100]
The court concluded that "AMD's allegations, taken in the light most favorable to AMD, describe a foreign effect and a foreign harm that have had ripple effects for the domestic market, but have not had any direct, substantial and reasonable effect which would give rise to an antitrust claim within the jurisdictional reach of the Sherman Act."[101]
Direct effects on U.S. commerce were found in In re TFT-LCD (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litigation. [102] However, plaintiffs reliance on that case is misplaced. In re TFT-LCD was an "antitrust class action stem[ming] from allegations of a global price-fixing conspiracy in the market for thin-film transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD') panels."[103] Defendants - major global manufacturers of LCD panels - manufactured their LCD panels overseas and sold them to original equipment manufacturers who assembled them into finished products which were then shipped to the United States.[104] Plaintiffs were "a class of retail consumers who purchased products containing TFT-LCD panels in the United States."[105] Plaintiffs claimed that defendants conspired to fix prices of TFT-LCD panels and that this "antitrust conspiracy produced artificially high prices for TFT-LCD panels, and that this overcharge was passed through' to consumers, causing end-users to pay inflated prices in the United States for electronic items that contained LCD panels."[106]
Accepting plaintiffs'"pass-through" argument, the court concluded that plaintiffs identified domestic injury that is "concrete and quantifiable" and "directly traceable to the defendants' anticompetitive conduct."[107] The court reasoned:
adopting a definition of "direct" under which only the first sale of a product could satisfy the standard would exclude from the Sherman Act's reach a significant amount of anticompetitive conduct that has real consequences for American consumers. As this case illustrates, modern manufacturing takes place on a global scale. The Court is skeptical that Congress intended to remove from the Sherman Act's reach anticompetitive conduct that has such a quantifiable effect on the U.S. economy.
* * *
Where, as here, the nature of the effect does not change in any substantial way before it reaches the United States consumer, the effect is an "immediate consequence" of the defendant's anticompetitive behavior. In other words, because the effect of defendants' anticompetitive conduct did not change significantly between the beginning of the process (overcharges for LCD panels) and the end (overcharges for televisions, monitors, and notebook computers), the effect "proceeded without deviation or interruption" from the LCD manufacturer to the American retail store. No intervening events interrupted its journey.[108]
In re TFT-LCD is thus distinguishable on a number of grounds. First, defendants were alleged to have entered into a conspiracy to fix prices, a conspiracy whose effects were easily quantifiable. In the instant case, there is no such direct, price-fixing activity. Second, the LCD panels were a major component of the electronic products imported into the United States.[109] Here, the USB 3.0 connector is but one component in a host of components that make up the finished products. Third, defendants were in control of more than eighty percent of the LCD panels market. Here, plaintiff does not allege its total market share of the USB 3.0 connector market versus defendants' market share, nor does it allege the market share attributable to the two USB 3.0 connectors being challenged in defendants' patent enforcement proceedings.
In sum, the effect of defendants' alleged misconduct - in making false representations before the USB-IF, in not issuing RAND-Zero licenses to Lotes and/or in bringing patent enforcement proceedings against Lotes in China - is not direct, substantial or reasonably foreseeable in the United States. Here, only two of Lotes' thirteen USB 3.0 connectors are being challenged. As plaintiff itself concedes, "Hon Hai has entered into licenses to [sic] its USB 3.0 patents with other USB 3.0 Adopters."[110] The indirect effect of defendants' conduct on prices of U.S. computer goods, if any, cannot be quantified. Moreover, a whole host of factors other than the price of USB 3.0 connectors influence the price of domestic computer products. At most, then, defendants' conduct may cause "ripple" effects which are simply too attenuated to bring plaintiff's foreign injury within the ambit of the Sherman Act. Because I conclude that the domestic injury exception to the FTAIA is not applicable, plaintiff's Sherman Act claims are dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.[111]
C. Plaintiff's Remaining Claims
In its Fifth Count, plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment stating that: "the patent claims in the Asserted Patents are Necessary Claims, Lotes is licensed to Defendants' Necessary Claims by virtue of Defendants' RAND-Zero commitments or, in the alternative, Lotes has an irrevocable right to be licensed on RAND-Zero terms under the Asserted Patents."[112]
"[T]he Declaratory Judgment Act does not by itself confer subject matter jurisdiction on the federal courts."[113] "Rather, there must be an independent basis of jurisdiction before a district court may issue a declaratory judgment."[114] Because I have found that federal subject matter jurisdiction is lacking here, plaintiff's request for declaratory judgment must also be dismissed for want of jurisdiction. Furthermore, because there are no longer any viable federal claims, I decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff's state law claims (breach of contract, promissory estoppel, waiver and tortious interference)[115] Accordingly, the First Amended Complaint is dismissed in its entirety.
D. Leave to Amend
Plaintiffs are typically granted leave to amend at least once. In this case, however, plaintiff received notice of the deficiencies in its original Complaint at a court conference held on December 4, 2012, and in a letter from opposing counsel which preceded the conference.[116] Plaintiff took the opportunity and filed the First Amended Complaint two weeks later. Now, while the motion to dismiss was pending, plaintiff seeks leave to add three new plaintiffs - wholly-owned subsidiaries of Lotes - in its proposed Second Amended Complaint. One of the subsidiaries, LT Connect, Inc., is an Oregon corporation. The proposed Second Amended Complaint does not contain a single allegation by LT Connect concerning any of the defendants.[117] Nor does it allege that LT Connect manufactures USB 3.0 connectors or was otherwise harmed by defendants' conduct.[118] Thus, LT Connect has no real interest in this litigation. Plaintiff's request to amend is a transparent attempt to create diversity jurisdiction in the event its antitrust claims are dismissed. This Court will not countenance unnecessary joinder in a blatant attempt to manufacture jurisdiction.[119]
In sum, the First Amended Complaint is dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. This defect cannot be cured by amendment. Because there is no valid reason to amend, amendment would be futile. Plaintiff's request for further leave to amend is, therefore, denied.
For the foregoing reasons, this case is dismissed. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close defendants' motions to dismiss (Docket Entries # 28 and 40) and this case.
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Loren Baker spotted a LiveSide post noting that Windows Live Local has added UK aerial imagery coverage. LiveSide explains that they are still lacking Birds-Eye feature at many UK cities, but expect improvements to that feature by the "end of the summer."
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Radio stations nix Redskins issue ads
A spokesman for the Oneida Indian Nation questions why the public airwaves can't be used as a forum for making their point in the ongoing debate.
Two Washington D.C. radio stations have decided they will not run ads from a group pressuring the Washington Redskins to change their name.
The ad was scheduled to air this weekend on WJFK-FM and WPGC-FM, The Washington Post reported. Paid for by the Oneida Indian Nation, the spot called for Redskins owner Daniel Snyder to change the NFL team's nickname, which it has had since 1933.
Snyder has vowed to keep the team's name.
Steve Swenson, senior vice president of CBS Radio Washington, said in an e-mail to the Oneida Indian Nation that "[b]ased on the amount of on-air debate, adding paid commercials from one side is not something that we think is beneficial for this discussion and for our audience," the paper reported.
Ads supporting a name change have aired in every market where the Redskins have played this season.
"It is unfortunate and un-American that the station permits the team to slander Native Americans on the public airwaves with the use of the r-word, but doesn't permit Native Americans to use the same airwaves to object to the use of a racial slur," Oneida Indian Nation spokesman Ray Halbritter told the paper.
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I just came across this I did when I was pregnant with DS#2. So far for #3 I've been convinced it's a girl, but now looking at this it's pretty similar to the other 2 ... I'll put what I'm like for #3 in pink
On the Chinese Predictors that said Luca was going to be a boy are saying this is going to be a boy as well. This time it's saying a girl
Luca - Craving red meat and salty foods, This One – not craving meat at all, craving more sweet stuff – fruits but also salty chips and stuff Fruits and salty chips again - totally averse to meat
Hands very dry – BOTHhave not noticed they're dry at all this time, actually have noticed they're less dry than they normally are in winter
Luca BBs did not really grow at all, This one – maybe a little more, but nothing dramatic – still in the same bra size maybe just al ittle more full growing a little bit nothing huge though
Luca - I was nauseous in the beginning (6-10 weeks) but never severe with M/S, This one – didn't feel as sick in the beginning (6-12/13 weeks) as I did with Luca, was nauseous but it was more manageable, threw up a couple times, but more because I had a cold and the mucous was making me gag. Not sure if this is because it's different or I don't have the time to think about it with chasing after Luca I have felt awful but it's letting up now so probably 6 - 12 weeks with the boys is was heaviest in the morning and on and off all day this one it's hard core at night
Luca – absolutely exhausted until 12/13 weeks, This One I really haven't been that tired. absolutely exhausted come 4:00
Luca HR in the beginning was 170, then 156, This One – exactly the same I don't remember from my first US but was 160s today
Luca - I had 3 boy dreams, This One – I had 1 boy dream and then one dream that I thought it was a girl when I saw her from waste up (like assumed it) and then the doctor said "Oh No – definitely a boy" and looked down and it was a boy. I have had no sex of the baby dreams yet. I'll have to think about it before bed tonight
I forgot to add this one to my list. But I heard one that if toddlers are not really interested in your pregnancy at all then it's a boy but if they are and ask a lot about the baby then it's a girl. My nephew wanted nothing to do with me and never wanted to talk about it. But when we did ask him what he thought it was (last night) he said a boy - which little kids intuition is supposed to be right. And he was certainly right!!! Luca has been saying it's a GRRRL and his baby sister will not even discuss the possibility it could be a boy. Wouldn't say he's overly excited about it but does bring it up occassionally.
So I have no idea now ....


text:
Once in a blue moon
What if the moon was blue?
As I was processing the picture, blue looked cool, and I wondered. If moon was blue then we probably wouldn't have said, "Once in a blue moon". May be, "Once in a pink moon".?
Anyways, Afsana said, moon hasn't been this close to earth in last 18 years. So, I had to take a picture to celebrate this once in a blue moon occasion=)
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Taken on March 19, 2011


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#116 - damoclese
Reply +2 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
England definitely got us on this one. I mean we can't compare to their inventions of the Internet, telephone, automobile, airplane, steam engine, television ect.
#465 to #116 - Conquistador
Reply 0 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
The internet is an American invention. The web, however, was created by an Englishman and a Belgian.
#129 to #116 - SuperSixONE
Reply +1 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
Britain didn't invent the automobile, it was just those crafty French.
(Germans have the modern automobile.
(Germans have the modern automobile.
#130 to #129 - SuperSixONE
Reply 0 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
Whoops *(Germans have the modern automobile.)
#126 to #116 - alexthecanadian
Reply 0 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
Telephone was invented by an Italian... in Italy... Alexander Graham Bell built it in Newfoundland, and patented in Boston. Mr. Bell took the credit. The automobile was invented by a German inventor Mr. Carl Benz. The (modern) Steam Engine was invented in Britain.
#124 to #116 - mymiddleleg [OP]
Reply 0 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
Its Britain by the way
#123 to #116 - mymiddleleg [OP]
Reply +2 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
USA still got their own inventions though
#127 to #123 - NeucularNINJA
Reply +2 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
I'm pretty sure most (if not all) of those he listed were invented in America...
#175 to #127 - jollybollocks
Reply 0 123456789123345869(09/10/2013) [-]
for the internet it depends what you mean exactly. America had DARPAnet but the Uk has Tim Berners Lee who created the first web server/ web page. For Berners lee is was to be an open network whereas the american one was a closed network.