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Court of Appeals of Illinois, Fourth District
January 28, 2014
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.GREGORY CHESTER, Defendant-Appellant
Appeal from Circuit Court of McLean County. No. 07CF1069. Honorable Robert L. Freitag, Judge Presiding.
On appeal from the dismissal of defendant's postconviction petition as frivolous and patently without merit, the appellate court rejected defendant's contentions that he had an absolute right to withdraw his petition without prejudice at the first stage of the proceedings pursuant to section 2-1009(a) of the Code of Civil Procedure and that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on his motion to stay before denying his petition, since section 122-5 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, which allows a court to grant defendant leave to withdraw a petition with the court's approval, applied to the first stage of defendant's proceedings and the trial court's summary dismissal of defendant's petition as frivolous and patently without merit implicitly denied his request for a stay or withdrawal without any abuse of discretion; further, the circuit clerk's assessment of fines was vacated and the cause was remanded with directions for the trial court to impose the mandatory fines and direct the appropriate credit for the fines
Michael J. Pelletier, Karen Munoz, and Nancy L. Vincent, all of State Appellate Defender's Office, of Springfield, for appellant.
Ronald C. Dozier, State's Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino, David J. Robinson, and David E. Mannchen, all of State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor's Office, of counsel), for the People.
JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Appleton and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.
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[¶1] On March 22, 2012, defendant, Gregory J. Chester, filed a pro se petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Postconviction Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 through 122-8 (West 2012)). Four days later, defendant moved to stay the postconviction proceedings to allow him time to add additional unspecified constitutional arguments he recently found. In his motion, defendant referenced section 122-5 of the Postconviction Act (725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012)) and stated the trial court had the authority to allow petitioners to withdraw their petitions. In June 2012, the trial court dismissed defendant's petition, finding it frivolous and patently without merit. Defendant appeals, arguing (1) he had a right to withdraw his postconviction petition without prejudice during the first stage of postconviction proceedings; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on defendant's motion to stay before denying the postconviction petition; and (3) he is entitled to monetary credit against the Children's Advocacy Center fee and drug court fee due to the time he spent in jail awaiting sentencing. We disagree with defendant's first and second arguments, vacate the fines referenced in his third argument as assessed by the circuit clerk, and remand with directions that the trial court impose mandatory fines and credit creditable fines as appropriate.
[¶3] In July 2008, defendant was convicted of aggravated battery (McLean County case No. 07-CF-1069) and obstructing justice and resisting arrest (McLean County case No. 07-CF-797). The victim of aggravated battery was a Bloomington police officer who was driving a marked squad car and wearing his uniform at the time of the offense, October 6, 2007. People v. Chester, 409 Ill.App.3d 442, 444, 949 N.E.2d 1111, 1113-14, 351 Ill.Dec. 16 (2011). The officer was in pursuit of the fleeing defendant when defendant battered him.
See Chester, 409 Ill.App.3d at 444, 949 N.E.2d at 1113-14. In October 2008, the trial court sentenced defendant to 12 years' imprisonment for aggravated battery, to be served consecutively to the 5-year term he received for obstructing justice and 364 days for resisting arrest. On direct appeal, defendant argued the State improperly commented during closing argument on his right not to testify and the trial court improperly failed
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to question jurors during voir dire pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007). This court affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence. Chester, 409 Ill.App.3d at 443-44, 949 N.E.2d at 1113.
[¶4] On March 22, 2012, defendant filed his pro se petition for postconviction relief. He argued his constitutional rights were violated because, in part, (1) the police officer failed to provide evidence of a traffic violation and made a false statement in court; (2) the State, at trial, failed to prove " anything was broken or fracture[d]" ; (3) a juror was familiar with a witness in the case and did not affirmatively state she could remain impartial; (4) another juror knew the trial judge; (5) the trial court failed to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007); and (6) the State improperly commented, during closing argument, on his right not to testify.
[¶5] On March 26, 2012, before the trial court ruled on his petition, defendant filed a " Motion to Stay Post-Conviction." In his motion, defendant asked the court to " stay the original post-conviction or grant him an extension of time for at least 30 to 45 days." Defendant asserted the court was authorized to suspend his petition and stated the court could " allow a defendant to withdraw an initial post-conviction petition" and he could " refile *** and have it treated as the original." Defendant asserted, due to his limited library access, he " just found several constitutional violations" and needed time to place those arguments in his original petition.
[¶6] On June 1, 2012, the trial court dismissed defendant's petition as frivolous and patently without merit. The court concluded defendant's first four allegations of error were forfeited as they could have been raised on direct appeal but were not. The court found the latter two allegations of error were raised on direct appeal and relitigation of those issues was barred by res judicata . The court did not explicitly address defendant's motion to stay.
[¶7] This appeal followed.
[¶9] A. Defendant Did Not Have the Right To Withdraw His Postconviction Petition
[¶10] Defendant argues, under section 2-1009(a) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Procedure Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2012)) he had the absolute right to withdraw his postconviction petition. Defendant maintains the language in section 122-5 of the Postconviction Act, stating " [t]he court may in its discretion grant leave, at any stage of the proceeding prior to entry of judgment, to withdraw the petition" (emphasis added) (725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012)), does not conflict with section 2-1009(a) in these circumstances. Defendant contends the quoted language from section 122-5 applies only after a trial court finds the petition not frivolous and patently without merit and then dockets the petition under section 122-2.1(b) " for further consideration in accordance with Sections 122-4 through 122-6" (725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012)). Until that point, defendant urges, section 122-5's limiting language does not apply and, because the trial court had not dismissed or docketed his petition under section 122-2.1(b), he was entitled to voluntarily withdraw his petition under section 2-1009(a).
[¶11] The State disputes defendant's contention the trial court should have treated defendant's " Motion to Stay Post-Conviction" as a motion to withdraw. The State points out defendant did not seek to withdraw his petition but instead sought a delay in the proceedings. Defendant counters he referenced the trial court's authority
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to grant a withdrawal in his pro se motion and contends the court should have treated it as such given his right to withdraw the petition before it was ruled upon. Whether defendant's motion should have been treated as a motion to withdraw or a motion to stay proceedings does not matter. We find defendant had no right to withdraw his postconviction petition absent court approval.
[¶12] This issue presents a matter of statutory construction. Our main goal when construing a statute is to give effect to the legislature's intent. People v. Glisson, 202 Ill.2d 499, 504, 782 N.E.2d 251, 255, 270 Ill.Dec. 57 (2002). We endeavor to apply the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute. Id. When a statute is unambiguous, we may not add limitations, exceptions, or other conditions into the statute's provisions. Id. at 505, 782 N.E.2d at 255. This court should not read phrases in isolation, but must evaluate a statutory provision as a whole. Id.
[¶13] Section 2-1009(a) of the Procedure Code authorizes, in civil cases, the voluntary withdrawal of an action. It provides the following: " The plaintiff may, at any time before trial or hearing begins, upon notice to each party who has appeared or each such party's attorney, and upon payment of costs, dismiss his or her action or any part thereof as to any defendant, without prejudice ***." 735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2012).
[¶14] While " postconviction proceedings are civil in nature" ( People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 14, 987 N.E.2d 371, 369 Ill.Dec. 744), proceedings under the Postconviction Act are sui generis. People ex rel. Daley v. Fitzgerald, 123 Ill.2d 175, 181, 526 N.E.2d 131, 134, 121 Ill.Dec. 937 (1988). Provisions of the Procedure Code may be applied to postconviction actions, so long as they do not conflict with provisions of the Postconviction Act. People v. English, 381 Ill.App.3d 906, 909-10, 885 N.E.2d 1214, 1217, 319 Ill.Dec. 534 (2008); see also 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012) (" The court may in its discretion make such order as to amendment of the petition or any other pleading, or as to pleading over, or filing further pleadings, or extending the time of filing any pleading other than the original petition, as shall be appropriate, just and reasonable and as is generally provided in civil cases ." (Emphasis added.)).
[¶15] The Postconviction Act offers " a remedy whereby defendants may challenge their convictions or sentences for violations of federal or state constitutional law." People v. Coleman, 206 Ill.2d 261, 277, 794 N.E.2d 275, 286, 276 Ill.Dec. 380 (2002). It establishes a three-stage process by which a defendant may attain review of a claim his conviction led to a substantial denial of his constitutional rights. People v. Dopson, 2011 IL App (4th) 100014, ¶ 17, 958 N.E.2d 367, 354 Ill.Dec. 624 (2011). In the first stage, a trial court considers whether the postconviction petition is frivolous or patently without merit. People v. Andrews, 403 Ill.App.3d 654, 658-59, 936 N.E.2d 648, 652, 344 Ill.Dec. 119 (2010). Any petition deemed frivolous and patently without merit must be dismissed. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2008). If the postconviction petition survives the first-stage review, it is docketed " for further consideration in accordance with Sections 122-4 through 122-6" (725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012)). At this stage, the second stage, counsel is appointed and the pro se petition may be amended. Andrews, 403 Ill.App.3d at 658, 936 N.E.2d at 653. In addition, the State may answer the petition or seek its dismissal. 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012). The proceedings advance to the third stage if the State answers the
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postconviction petition or the court denies the State's motion to dismiss. At the third stage, the postconviction petitioner may submit evidence supporting his claim. Andrews, 403 Ill.App.3d at 658-59, 936 N.E.2d at 653; 725 ILCS 5/122-6 (West 2012).
[¶16] Section 122-5 of the Postconviction Act addresses the issue of when a postconviction petition may be withdrawn or modified (725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012)). It states the following:
" Proceedings on petition. Within 30 days after the making of an order pursuant to subsection (b) of Section 122-2.1, or within such further time as the court may set, the State shall answer or move to dismiss. In the event that a motion to dismiss is filed and denied, the State must file an answer within 20 days after such denial. No other or further pleadings shall be filed except as the court may order on its own motion or on that of either party. The court may in its discretion grant leave, at any stage of the proceeding prior to entry of judgment, to withdraw the petition . The court may in its discretion make such order as to amendment of the petition or any other pleading, or as to pleading over, or filing further pleadings, or extending the time of filing any pleading other than the original petition, as shall be appropriate, just and reasonable and as is generally provided in civil cases." (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012)
[¶17] Section 2-1009(a) of the Procedure Code and section 122-5 of the Postconviction Act treat withdrawals differently. While section 2-1009(a) allows plaintiffs the right to withdraw a complaint without court approval (735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2012)), section 122-5 requires court approval before a petition may be withdrawn.
[¶18] This presents the question of which section applies to defendant's petition. As stated above, defendant believes section 122-2.1(b) of the Postconviction Act (725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012)) answers the question. Under section 122-2.1(a), a trial court must rule on a postconviction petition within 90 days on the issue of whether the petition is frivolous or patently without merit. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2012). Under section 122-2.1(b), if a court finds the petition not frivolous and patently without merit, the petition is " to be docketed for further consideration in accordance with Sections 122-4 through 122-6." 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012). Defendant interprets this language to mean sections 122-4 through 122-6, which includes section 122-5's withdrawal language, apply only after a postconviction petition advances to the second stage. Defendant further points to the language of section 122-5 itself, which begins with reference to an order made pursuant to section 122-2.1(b). 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012). Defendant emphasizes the absence of paragraph breaks in section 122-5 shows the legislature's intent the entire section applies once the second stage of postconviction proceedings are triggered by an order pursuant to section 122-2.1(b). Because, defendant argues, his request to withdraw occurred during the first stage of proceedings, section 122-5 does not apply and the Procedure Code's section 2-1009(a) does.
[¶19] In contrast, the State contends the plain language of section 122-5 shows it applies to petitions in the first stage of postconviction proceedings. The State emphasizes the language within section 122-5 that a motion to withdraw may be granted " at any stage of the proceeding prior to entry of judgment." 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012).
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[¶20] While no published decision addresses the exact issue here, the Supreme Court of Illinois, as defendant acknowledges, concluded section 122-5 applies to first-stage dismissals.
See People v. Harris, 224 Ill.2d 115, 131, 862 N.E.2d 960, 970, 308 Ill.Dec. 757 (2007). This conclusion stems from an analysis of the justices' majority and dissenting opinions in People v. Watson, 187 Ill.2d 448, 719 N.E.2d 719, 241 Ill.Dec. 590 (1999). In Watson, the court considered the issue of whether an amended postconviction petition restarted the 90-day period in which a trial court must consider whether a petition is frivolous or patently without merit. Id. at 450, 719 N.E.2d at 719. The majority ruled that it did without addressing the question of whether an original postconviction petition could be amended before it advanced to the second stage. Id. In a dissenting opinion, joined by no other justices, Justice Rathje stated the issue resolved by the majority should not have been addressed because the Postconviction " Act does not allow amended petitions at the initial stage of post-conviction proceedings." Id. at 456, 719 N.E.2d at 723 (Rathje, J., dissenting). Justice Rathje then set forth the same argument asserted by defendant here. Id. at 457, 719 N.E.2d at 723 (Rathje, J., dissenting).
[¶21] In Harris, the unanimous court determined " the question of whether section 122-5 applies at the first stage was settled by Watson ." Harris, 224 Ill.2d at 131, 862 N.E.2d at 970. Before making this finding, the Harris court noted Justice Rathje's dissenting opinion in Watson, as well as the fact that no other justice joined in the dissent. Id. The court then followed up with another sentence showing its decision a trial court has discretion to allow a petition to be withdrawn at the first stage of postconviction proceedings: " We do not believe, however, that, simply because the trial court has the discretion at the first stage to allow amendments to the petition, or to allow the petition to be withdrawn, or to allow the defendant to plead over, the trial court necessarily abuses that discretion by failing to dismiss the petition without prejudice when a direct appeal is pending." Id.
[¶22] Given the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in Harris finding the applicability of section 122-5 to the first stage " settled," we conclude defendant did not have an absolute right to withdraw his postconviction petition under section 2-1009(a) of the Procedure Code. Section 122-5 of the Postconviction Act applied to defendant's request.
[¶23] B. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion
[¶24] Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion when it did not rule upon his motion. Defendant contends had the court denied his motion it would have been an abuse of discretion. He maintains, had he been given more time, he could have amended his postconviction claim the police officer lied in court by attaching affidavits, additional facts, or other proof.
[¶25] We find the trial court did not err in not explicitly ruling on defendant's motion. The Harris decision is instructive. In Harris, a postconviction petitioner argued the circuit court erred by not expressly ruling on the requests in his prayer for relief, which included a request for additional " time and leave to amend and/or supplement the petition." Harris, 224 Ill.2d at 138-39, 862 N.E.2d at 974-75. The Harris court concluded the circuit court, when it entered the " final order summarily dismissing the petition as frivolous and patently without merit *** impliedly denied the requests in defendant's prayer for relief." Harris, 224
Ill.2d at 139,
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862 N.E.2d at 975. The final order in this case that summarily dismissed defendant's petition as frivolous and patently without merit implicitly denied defendant's request for a stay or withdrawal.
See Harris, 224 Ill.2d at 139, 862 N.E.2d at 975.
[¶26] The question, as in Harris, is whether the trial court abused its discretion to deny defendant's request for a stay or withdrawal.
See Harris, 224 Ill.2d at 139-40, 862 N.E.2d at 975. We find no abuse of discretion. Contrary to the arguments in his brief, defendant did not in his motion seek time to develop or find support for the arguments already contained in his postconviction petition. Instead, defendant requested time " to add additional arguments of a constitutional nature." He stated, due to his limited access to the library, he " ha[d] just found several constitutional violations." Defendant failed to list these allegedly newfound constitutional violations. Defendant had nearly four years to develop the constitutional arguments and yet made no attempt to describe the violations. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant's request for additional time.
[¶27] Defendant's cases are distinguishable. Both involve motions to withdraw that were denied and the denials were affirmed as proper exercises of discretion (see People v. Anderson, 49 Ill.2d 534, 537-38, 276 N.E.2d 300, 302 (1971); People v. Kirk, 9 Ill.App.3d 483, 485, 292 N.E.2d 510, 511 (1972)). Neither case supports the conclusion the trial court erred here.
[¶28] C. Defendant is Not Entitled to a Credit against His Fines, Which Circuit Clerks Are Without Authority To Impose
[¶29] Defendant next argues is entitled to credit for time spent in custody awaiting sentencing against two fines imposed on him: a " Children's Advocacy Center Fee" (CAC) of $15 and a " Drug Court Fee" of $10. Defendant asserts, according to People v. Butler, 2013 IL App (5th) 110282, ¶ ¶ 3-7, 983 N.E.2d 564, 368 Ill.Dec. 151, and People v. Sulton, 395 Ill.App.3d 186, 188-89, 916 N.E.2d 642, 644-45, 334 Ill.Dec. 227 (2009), these " fees" are fines. Defendant alleges he spent 118 days in custody awaiting trial and was entitled to a credit of $5 for each day served ($590 in available credit), amply offsetting the CAC and drug-court fines. See 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2008).
[¶30] The State concedes defendant is entitled to credit for time spent in presentence custody against fines imposed on defendant, including the CAC and drug-court fines. The State argues, however, defendant is not entitled to a credit of $25. According to the State, section 110-7(f) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-7(f) (West 2008)) directs the court clerk to retain 10% of the bail amount paid by defendant as bail-bond costs. The State emphasizes defendant posted $500 in bond, and the clerk of the court failed to assess the $50 mandated by section 110-7(f). According to the State, the $25 defendant seeks should be allocated to the mandatory bond costs rather than be refunded.
[¶31] We do not accept the State's concession defendant is entitled to credit for time spent in presentence custody against the CAC ($15) and drug-court fees ($10). The record before us affords no indication the trial court imposed any fines orally at sentencing, in its docket entry, by the written sentencing judgment entered July 18, 2008, or by supplemental sentencing judgment. Defense counsel asserts by brief defendant was assessed these fines, citing the common-law record at 123. This citation is to the circuit clerk's " notice to party," listing fines and court costs purportedly assessed against defendant in this
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case. The circuit clerk's assessment and notice to the party, appended, is no substitute for the imposition of fines by the trial judge as part of the sentence.
[¶32] This court has consistently held the circuit clerk does not have the power to impose fines. People v. Swank, 344 Ill.App.3d 738, 747-48, 800 N.E.2d 864, 871, 279 Ill.Dec. 576 (2003); People v. Isaacson, 409 Ill.App.3d 1079, 1085, 950 N.E.2d 1183, 1189-90, 351 Ill.Dec. 355 (2011) (trial court expressly imposed a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fine and a contribution to the Crime Detection Network and ordered defendant to pay whatever mandatory assessments, including the Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund (VCVA) fine, that were listed by the circuit clerk; the record contained no evidence the court itself determined the mandatory fines that applied to the defendant's conviction and the appropriate amounts of those fines; this court held the conditional discharge order erroneously abdicated that task to the clerk); People v. Alghadi, 2011 IL App (4th) 100012,, ¶ 20, 960 N.E.2d 612, 355 Ill.Dec. 730 (" any fines imposed by the circuit clerk's office are void from their inception" ); People v. Williams, 2013 IL App (4th) 120313, ¶ 16, 991 N.E.2d 914, 372 Ill.Dec. 424 (" such actions by the clerks flagrantly run contrary to the law" ). We vacate the circuit clerk's imposition of these fines and remand to the trial court for reimposition of the mandatory fines. People v. Folks, 406 Ill.App.3d 300, 305, 943 N.E.2d 1128, 1132, 348 Ill.Dec. 218 (2010); 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(f-5) (West 2010) (where authorized by county ordinance, the Child Advocacy Center assessment is mandatory and a fine); 725 ILCS 240/10(b) (West 2010) (VCVA fine is $4 for each $40, or fraction thereof, of fine imposed); People v. Allen, 371 Ill.App.3d 279, 285, 868 N.E.2d 297, 302-03, 311 Ill.Dec. 297 (2006) (vacating fines improperly imposed by the circuit clerk and remanding for the proper imposition by the trial court); People v. Rohlfs, 322 Ill.App.3d 965, 971-72, 752 N.E.2d 499, 503-04, 256 Ill.Dec. 619 (2001);
see also Williams, 2013 IL App (4th) 120313, 991 N.E.2d 914, 372 Ill.Dec. 424 (appendix) (referencing, e.g., the court system fee (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(a) (West 2010)) as a fine, although not creditable). In doing so, we encourage the trial court to review the reference sheet this court recently provided in Williams, 2013 IL App (4th) 120313, 991 N.E.2d 914, 372 Ill.Dec. 424 (appendix), to assist trial courts in ensuring the statutory fines and fees in criminal cases are properly imposed.
[¶33] We note other reviewing courts have likewise held--some over 25 years ago-- the circuit clerks lack authority to impose fines, which as a matter of law must be imposed by the trial court as part of the sentence ordered (730 ILCS 5/5-9-1 (West 2012)).
See, e.g., People v. Scott, 152 Ill.App.3d 868, 873, 505 N.E.2d 42, 46, 105 Ill.Dec. 916 (1987) (Fifth District); People v. Tarbill, 142 Ill.App.3d 1060, 1061, 492 N.E.2d 942, 97 Ill.Dec. 283 (1986) (Third District); People v. Reed, 160 Ill.App.3d 606, 612, 513 N.E.2d 1193, 1197, 112 Ill.Dec. 584 (1987) (circuit clerk has no judicial powers and therefore cannot impose an unassessed VCVA fine as a miscellaneous cost); People v. Wisotzke, 204 Ill.App.3d 44, 49-50, 561 N.E.2d 1310, 1313, 149 Ill.Dec. 614 ( 1990) (Second District, quoting the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Hare, 119 Ill.2d 441, 451-52, 519 N.E.2d 879, 883, 116 Ill.Dec. 664 (1988), referring to a charge assessed under section 10 of the VCVA " as a 'fine' which is 'to be imposed by the judge at the same time other fines and penalties are imposed and are to be collected in the same manner as other fines'" ); People v. Albert, 243 Ill.App.3d 23, 28, 611 N.E.2d 567, 570, 183 Ill.Dec. 304 (1993) (Second District) (circuit
Page 235
clerk lacked authority to impose the police training fee and cause must be remanded for proper imposition of the fines by the court ). These are just some of the published opinions addressing this subject. See also 1991 Ill. Att'y Gen. Op. No. 91-007, (penalties authorized by statute authorizing VCVA fines and by section 5-9-1 of Unified Code of Corrections must be imposed by the trial court; local court rules may not authorize the circuit clerk to impose the penalties as part of court costs).
[¶34] Our Illinois Supreme Court has similarly held the circuit clerks are without authority to impose public defender fees. People v. Gutierrez, 2012 IL 111590, ¶ ¶ 14 & n.1, 962 N.E.2d 437, 356 Ill.Dec. 752 (" we do not believe that the clerk's action in imposing an illegal fee should further burden the defendant" ), 24 (" The circuit clerk had no authority to impose the public defender fee on its own ***." ), 2012 IL 111590, 962 N.E.2d 437, 356 Ill.Dec. 752. The Gutierrez court further stated: " Because defendant's notice of appeal properly brought up his entire conviction for review, the appellate court had jurisdiction to act on void orders of the circuit clerk.
See People v. Shaw, 386 Ill.App.3d 704, 710-11 [, 898 N.E.2d 755, 762, 325 Ill.Dec. 708] (2008) (just as a void order may be attacked at any time, appellate court could address forfeited argument that circuit clerk acted beyond its authority in imposing a fine)." Id. 2012 IL 111590, ¶ 14, 962 N.E.2d 437, 356 Ill.Dec. 752.
[¶35] The parties before us fail to note these fines were not ordered by the trial court and simply address defendant's statutory per diem credit. In future cases before this court, attorneys for the office of the State Appellate Defender and the office of the State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor are reminded to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(6) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) and provide a statement of facts containing the facts necessary to understand the issues of the case. In appeals raising statutory credit issues, this requires the parties' briefs to contain a statement of facts identifying which specific fines the trial court identified and expressly imposed as part of the sentence--and which fines the circuit clerk simply assessed after sentencing and without bringing them to the judge's attention and having the judge sign off on them in a supplemental sentencing judgment--and providing appropriate citations to the record. The parties may not agree to overlook or otherwise ignore the circuit clerk's imposition of fines not ordered by the trial court. In People v. O'Laughlin, 2012 IL App (4th) 110018, ¶ 28, 979 N.E.2d 1023, 366 Ill.Dec. 222, this court acknowledged the voluminous resources expended in trying to determine and assess the myriad fines and fees our legislature has created. We also stated: " Nevertheless, we are bound to follow these legislative mandates." Id. The circuit clerks may be the entity with the software to apply to this situation, and the circuit clerk may need to input the specific sentence imposed to have the software determine and assess the appropriate fines and fees; and the date of the offense(s) may not be a required input, leading in some cases to imposition on an ex post facto basis. Complexities continue to arise because the legislature has required the imposition of more and more fines. Variables remain that require human analysis. There is no software to answer every question or make any task automatic. These facts do not change the overarching mandate running throughout the statutory provisions that sentence must be imposed by the trial judge and this task cannot be delegated to the clerk; these matters must be brought back before the sentencing judge and reviewed and signed by that judge. The trial judge must fulfill that duty with assistance from
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the prosecution, the defense, and the circuit clerk. We need the above specificity from the parties to fulfill our duties on review.
[¶36] We disagree with the State's argument on applying any such resulting credit to mandatory bond costs. The notice sent to defendant regarding fine and court costs includes a " Circuit Clerk Bond Fee" of $50, an amount equal to the 10% required to be assessed under section 110-7(f). While a citation to " 705 ILCS 105/27.1" follows this fee on the notice, the fee could not have been authorized by that section as it was repealed in 2003. See Pub. Act 93-39, § 10 (eff. Jul. 1, 2003). It thus appears the $50 " Circuit Clerk Bond Fee," against which defendant's posted bond was applied, satisfies the section 110-7(f) mandate.
[¶37] We vacate the circuit clerk's assessment of fines and remand with directions to the trial court to impose mandatory fines and direct credit applied to creditable fines as appropriate.
[¶38] The cases cited regarding fines and fees repeatedly state the circuit clerk is without authority to impose fines. The cases seldom refer to the trial judge's abdication of his responsibility to impose fines as part of the sentencing process. Trial judges have the responsibility to impose a lawful sentence. The prosecution and defense have a duty to assist the court in doing so.
[¶40] We vacate the circuit clerk's fine assessments and remand to the trial court with directions; we otherwise affirm. We grant the State its statutory assessment of $50 against defendant as costs of this appeal.
[¶41] Affirmed in part and vacated in part; cause remanded.
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Appendix A
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Tech in Latin America: Olympics fun, steady startup funding and US accelerators
Why building business in Latin America means building trust
Tech in Latin America: Olympics kick-off, WhatsApp déjà-vu and more
All stories in Latin America
May in Latin America: All the tech news you shouldn't miss from the past month
May was a relatively quiet month in Latin America's startup scene, but still came with its fair share of acquisitions, funding rounds and other launches. Here are the news you don't want to miss: M&A Brazilian design crowdsourcing startups We Do Logos and Logovia announced ...
April in Latin America: All the tech news you shouldn't miss from the past month
April was an eventful month in Latin America's tech world. Not only did all major players make announcements, but startups and investors also kept busy. Here's the news you don't want to miss: Ups and downs for Facebook... Facebook is working on bringing Internet.org to more Latin ...
Making a social impact with P2P microfinance: Zidisha launches in Haiti
Y Combinator non-profit alum Zidisha is launching its cross-border P2P lending platform in Haiti, its first Latin American market, its founder Julia Kurnia told TNW in an exclusive interview. According to its website, "Zidisha is the Swahili word for 'grow' or 'expand,' as in a ...
How Brazilian startup program SEED lost track, and why it matters
There has been a huge uproar this week in Brazil's startup scene around the fate of SEED, whose name stands for 'Startups and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Development.' Once one of the country's leading acceleration programs, it saw its co-working space abruptly shut down a few days ...
March in Latin America: All the tech news you shouldn't miss from the past month
March was a fairly eventful month for Latin America's tech scene, with several noteworthy launches and announcements. Here's the news you don't want to miss: Big players Facebook announced that marketers would now be able to use its ads to target expats from and within a few countries, ...
Why Rocket Internet's new beauty marketplace Vaniday is launching first in Brazil
German startup builder Rocket Internet is unveiling Vaniday, a beauty and wellness services marketplace. It is launching in Brazil today, with plans for fast international expansion. Vaniday will showcase personal services providers such as hairdressers, makeup and nail artists, ...
How Platzi bootstrapped its way into Y Combinator to build the future of education
Latin American ed-tech startup Platzi will be on stage at Y Combinator's Demo Day this Monday. As you may remember, Platzi is the new name of online education platform Mejorando.la — a rebranding aimed at reflecting its global ambitions. Its co-founders may also be familiar figures ...
Uber will help you get your lost Bluesmart 'smart suitcase' back
Smart luggage startup Bluesmart has partnered with Uber to offer new features to its clients, the two companies announced today. The partnership's key service is a 'lost luggage recovery concierge' that will make it easier for Bluesmart owners to reunite with their suitcase if ...
February in Latin America: All the tech news you shouldn't miss from the past month
There's a saying that new year in Brazil starts after Carnival, but this doesn't hold true in the startup world. As we noted ...
Telefónica will provide connectivity to Bluesmart's smart suitcase
IoT startup Bluesmart has partnered with Spanish carrier Telefónica, the company announced today at Mobile World Congress ...
PR in the global economy: How media is different in Latin America vs. the US
Good PR strategy starts with good intelligence. You have to understand the value of the stories you want to tell and the ...
How Pongalo hopes to become the Hulu for Hispanics
Telenovela fans have a new destination: Pongalo, which means "Play it" in Spanish. Available both on the Web and on mobile ...


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ScholarshipsCongratulations to the five recipients of the Manchester Education Foundation 2016 scholarship! Please visit our Scholarships page for more information or to see a picture of our winners.
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Buies Creek, N.C.—Not that many years ago, Guatemalan immigrant Audelina Castro Lopez was working as a cook and laboring in the coffee fields of El Tumbador, San Marcos. The divorced mother of three sons came to the United States in 2005 not only to live near family in Harnett County, but to grab a piece of the American dream.
"I just wanted to work in the United States and make a better life for my sons," she said in broken English.
Her first job in America required the diminutive Lopez to operate a food cart, "La Vera Cruzada," on the streets of Lillington. What Lopez didn't know was that a bigger market for her native cuisine would soon open up. It wasn't long before a job at Campbell University became available and Lopez gave up her business to become a dish washer in the Food Services Department operated by ARAMARK.
"I didn't mind," she said. "I was certain that I would have the opportunity to move up in America."
That opportunity soon presented itself in the form of a random comment card dropped into the Dining Hall's suggestion box. Written by a student, the card expressed the desire to have authentic Mexican food as part of the cafeteria's daily menu items. Food Services Director Larry Aldridge wasted no time in following up on the request. In fact, it was on his way back from the suggestion box, that Aldridge noticed Lopez eating her lunch with some other employees.
"I didn't even know if she could cook," he said, excitedly. "But I knew she spoke Spanish."
Soon Aldridge and Lopez were working on a menu for a new food bar that would feature only authentic Mexican food cooked by a Hispanic. The menu was modeled after some of the country's leading Mexican restaurants and included popular dishes such as Los Sopes, little Mexican pizzas loaded with black beans, cheese, meat, salsa and chilies; Pico de Gallo, a freshly chopped salsa made with cilantro; salsa verde, a green sauce of crushed tomatillos; chicken enchiladas; tacos; nachos; empanadas; frijoles; rice and beans.
Lopez' Mexican food bar was an instant hit.
"From day one, it was so successful, we never looked back," Aldridge said. "Her food has really taken off, not only with the students, but with the faculty, the staff—even the university president. Students come back for second and thirds."
As a result of the bar's success, Aldridge offered Lopez an even better position, supervisor of her own food concept bar in Shouse Cafeteria. Called "Jolé Mole," the bar will be the equivalent of other food vendors, such as Papa John's Pizza, that will be featured in the renovation of Shouse as a fast food take-out and student center. It should open in January when the renovation is completed.
"Audelina's story has really evolved," Aldridge said. "We're very happy with her work and her loyalty. That's why we are giving her more and more responsibility."
Lopez is happy too.
"I'm a little nervous, but I like it very much," she said. "I can have some work that I like and make some progress."
Photo Copy: Audelina Castro Lopez fries up corn tortillas for authentic Mexican tacos at Campbell's Marshbanks Cafeteria.


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NEW YORK (CBSNewYork/AP) – First Lady Michelle Obama is visiting Manhattan Thursday.
Mrs. Obama delivered the keynote address at the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) convention at the Hilton Hotel in Midtown.
Obama said the Latino community must use higher education as a tool for empowerment instead of waiting for Congress to fix a "broken" immigration system.
She addressed about 1,500 people at a luncheon to promote her Reach Higher initiative. It encourages young people to seek education after high school.
Her speech comes just days after the president asked for $3.7 billion for spending on immigration.
Jennifer Lopez introduced her at the event. The actress and musician touted her new show, Los Jets, which will premier this month.
Earlier in the day, the first lady also visited a non-profit, Global Kids, Inc., to see educational video games students designed.
Mrs. Obama is rounding out her visit to New York City with a Democratic fundraiser.
You may also be interested in these stories:
- Police On Alert Following Pair Of Luring Attempts In Mount Kisco
- NYC Food Truck Lunch: Ground Pork Banh Mi From The Banh Mi Cart
- No One Hurt After Overnight Fire Destroys Home In Hauppauge
- Police Search For Duo Who Attacked Woman In Front Of Her Kids
(TM and © Copyright 2014 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2014 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


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Very friendly, warm welcome on arrival. Accomodation full of character in lovely countryside. The owners were very helpful giving lots of information on local places of interest for us to visit.
Excellent service - Stayed overnight on the way to Calais with Family. We checked in late and requested an early breakfast. Breakfast was therefore provided in our room and was excellent. The room actually turned out to be a small gite with 2 bedrooms, lounge/diner & kitchen etc, with a rural outlook onto a farm. Would highly recommend for anyone travelling with a young family - Watch out for the turkey though!!!!!
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Hotel Search
645 HOWE STREET, V6C 2Y9 Vancouver
Service & facilities
|Earliest check-in
No breakfast
Wifi not
Parking directly at the hotel
Service & facilities
Hotel facilities
- Number of luxury rooms
- Elevator
- Hotel-owned car park
- Audiovisual conference equipment
- Safety deposit boxes at reception
Room facilities
In-house services
- Pets permitted
- Business center
- Laundry service
- Hairdresser/barber
- Babysitter
Style of hotel and ambience
-Property description-, an intimate luxury hotel nestled in the heart of, vancouver the metropolitan is minutes from, business- shopping- dining and entertainment, districts. The 197 spacious guestrooms and suites-, 7-000 sq. Ft in meeting- fitness center- outdoor, putting green- indoor pool and a squash court, on-site. Award-winning diva at the met restaurant, favorite among the locals.
Hotel data
Trade fair/conference hotel, child-friendly hotel
Service times
Earliest check-in:
Accepted payment methods
- Diners Club
- Visa
- Eurocard/MasterCard
- American Express
- Japan Credit Bureau (JCB Intl.)
Location and distance
645 HOWE STREET, V6C 2Y9 Vancouver -
Surroundings of the hotel
- 11.35 km
- 3.05 km
Evaluations of METROPOLITAN HOTEL VANCOUVER
Top Locations
further travel destinations


text:
Three events in different parts of London. 2.30pm - 4.30pm with tea and cake
November 13 New North London Synagogue, N3
November 20 University of Roehampton
December 11 Sephardi and Portuguese Synagogue, Lauderdale Road
Thursday December 8. 7.30. Latimer Congregational Church, Ernest Street, London, E1 (close to Stepney Green tube station).
An East London Historical Society event. Martin Sugarman and JEECS's Stephanie Maltman discuss Martin's most recent book, examining the important part played by Jewish participants in the fire services during World War II.
The Cable is the only magazine devoted to the old Jewish East End. It is lavishly illustrated in full colour (though many photographs, by virtue of their age, have to be in black and white) and jam-packed with interesting articles, personal reminiscences, and news of events and JEECS activities.
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Just £3.50 (plus £1.20 postage in UK; if overseas please ask us). Order from email@example.com, phone 07941 367882, or write to Jewish East End Celebration Society, PO Box 57317, London E1 3WG enclosing a cheque for £4.70 payable to JEECS.
All JEECS members receive The Cable free as part of their membership. To join JEECS, download a membership form from this website and send it to JEECS, PO Box No 57317, London E1 3WG, with a cheque for £25. To find out more email email@example.com
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text: Home Gallery Video Miller Lite Off Limits Miller Lite: Off Limits Published on May 16, 2006 Editor's Pick Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateMay 16, 2006Agency:Crispin Porter + BoguskyExecutive Integrated Producer:Matt BoninCreative Director:Bill WrightDirector of Interactive Production:Rupert SamuelVFX Lead Artist:Tom McCulloughVisual Effects Producer:Angela LupoExecutive Producer (Editorial):Maura WoodwardVFX Artist:Bridget FullanVFX Artist:Fred WilsonColorist:Tim MasickACD/Art Director:Geordie StephensAgency Music Producer:Bill MeadowsDirector of Photography:Jeff CutterExecutive Producer:Matt BoninExecutive Producer:Richard GoldsteinExecutive Producer:Robin BensonLine Producer:Phil RoseProducer:Amy FebingerCopywriter:Franklin TiptonChief Creative Officer:Alex BoguskyEditor:Christjan JordanEditor:Tom SchermaCreative Director:Paul KeisterDirector:Peter FarrellyTelecine:CO3Editorial Company:Cosmo StreetMusic Company:Elias ArtsVFX:RiotProduction Company:VillainsClient:Miller LiteSee more credits Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Lady Gaga Dances to Her Own Tune in Bud Light Ad TBWA/Media Arts Lab Names Brent Anderson Chief Creative Officer Creative Hires at McCann London, BBH, Cutwater Advertisement Ad Age Reports Partner White Paper 7 Tips for Keeping Your Creative Team Inspired Beat the creative slump with this informative guide which includes great advice on how to keep your team positive, productive and inspired. Brought to you by Shutterstock Premier. Learn more Related work Miller Lite: 40 Years-Sip TBWA/Chiat/Day Miller Lite: Sign TBWA/Chiat/Day Miller Lite: L-I-T-E TBWA/Chiat/Day Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


text:
Location and parking facilities were good.
This Hotel is very good for Couples, but little far from Munnar city (around 5 to 8 KM). Else everything is very good.
Main problem was hotel was very far from the Munnar market.
Should increase the variety and quality of food. Rest all was fine.
FIRST REVIEW!!! � After our long 1 day journey from Pune, we struggled so much and were totally exhausted to find this resort.
� In the name of a luxurious stay, an 8 * 8 feet storeroom was given to us, which was really suffocating with no ventilation and was dark as there was no tubelight in it. The room and the bathroom were dirty and despite telling 3 times, they were not cleaned.
� The room service phone was just a toy as it was not working. To order tea / food etc. We had to search the entire Bella vista dharamsaala for the attendant cum receptionist cum manager cum waiter (yes there is only one employee!!!!).
� The only employee charged us 1800/- for local sight seeing when the actual rate is 1000/- .
� Food was pathetic. If you want to eat egg masala with raw onions and carrots floating on top of it, this is the right place. Don�t even think about going to any other restaurant as the nearest one is 2 kms away with zero transportation and no street lights on roads. In our package breakfast was included but was not served inspite of us requesting many times.
� This Remote dharamsaala is atleast 15 kms away from main Munnar town. Personal vehicle is must when staying in this pathetic resort (???) as there is no other means of transport available. Of course the only employee of Bella vista can arrange an auto rickshaw for Rs160/- for going to Munnar town!!!.
In short Bella vista people made my Munnar stay horrible. Go there at your own risk!!!!


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May 12, 2009
NRT NEW YORK, INC., DOING BUSINESS AS THE CORCORAN GROUP, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,v.B & G HAMPTONS PROPERTIES LLC, ET AL., DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS,ANDREA KRINGSTEIN, ET AL., DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Michael D. Stallman, J.), entered August 19, 2008, that to the extent appealed from, as limited by the briefs, in this action to recover a real estate broker's commission, granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on its first cause of action for breach of contract against defendant B & G Hampton Properties LLC (B & G) and awarded plaintiff the principal amount of $387,500 plus interest, and denied the cross motion of defendants B & G, Anne Borsch and James Griffo for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, unanimously modified, on the law, to the extent of denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the first cause of action, and otherwise affirmed, without costs.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
Mazzarelli, J.P., Friedman, Moskowitz, Acosta, JJ.
This case involves a dispute over the amount of plaintiff real estate broker, NRT New York, Inc. d/b/a The Corcoran Group's (CG) commission for the sale of property in the Hamptons. Plaintiff and defendant B & G, the owner of the subject property, had agreed to a modified exclusive brokerage agreement with the following fee structure:
"The commission will be five (5%) of the actual selling price. The commission will be earned when a ready, willing and able buyer is procured, and [B & G] ha[s] agreed to the price and terms. The commission will be due upon title closing as follows: (a) if the property is sold by CG, 100% of the commission shall be distributed to CG; (b) if the property is sold by an agency with whom CG has a co-broke agreement, the commission shall be distributed 50% to the selling broker and 50% to CG, (c) if the property is sold by an agency with whom CG does not have a co-broke agreement, a commission of five (5%) shall be due and payable to CG upon demand. If [B & G] should sell the property through [its] sole efforts a one(1%) commission shall be due and payable to [CG] upon demand."
There is no dispute that CG is due some commission. The dispute lies over how much. CG argues that it is entitled to a 5% commission because B & G did not sell the property due to B & G's sole efforts, but rather its builder introduced the buyers to B & G. B & G contends that its builder was its business partner and therefore B & G sold the property through its "sole efforts" that would merit only a 1% commission to CG. To complicate matters further, there is evidence in the record that CG was the first to provide the buyers with information about the property.
The court improperly granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment because the parties' agreement as to whether B & G sold the property through its "sole efforts" is ambiguous as applied here (see Duane Reade, Inc. v Cardtronics, LP, 54 AD3d 137, 144 [2008]). It is unclear whether the parties intended for the term "sole efforts" to embrace the situation where B & G sold the property, not through another broker, but with the assistance of a nonbroker, who B & G alleges was its business partner.
We have considered the parties' remaining contentions and find them unavailing.
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Kevin J. Tagliaferri
Medway, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(508) 533-1600Mass. School of LawUniversity of Massachusetts - AmherstMassachusetts and 1st CircuitNorfolk County Bar Advocates, Inc., Suffolk Lawyers for Justice...
Dennis Benzan Esq.
Cambridge, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 481-6199Roger Williams University School of LawHoward UniversityFederal Circuit and Massachusetts' district courtsMassachusetts' superior courts and Massachusetts' appellate courts
Lefteris K. Travayiakis
West Roxbury, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(617) 325-9500Suffolk University Law SchoolWentworth Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts and United States District Court of MassachusettsMassachusetts Lawyer's WeeklyMassachusetts Bar Association and National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
Frank Fernandez
Boston, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(617) 393-0250Washington University School of LawBoston CollegeIllinois (currently inactive status), Missouri (currently inactive status), 1st Circuit and MassachusettsSuper LawyersBoston Bar Association and Mass. Bar Association
Steven E. Altman
Cambridge, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 481-6199Suffolk University Law SchoolTrinity CollegeMassachusetts and U.S. District Court, District of MassachusettsMassachusetts State Bar, American Trial Lawyers Association...
Tracy Galloway
Wrentham, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(508) 631-5702Northeastern University School of LawBoston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis, Pat Iyer, Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis and Vassar CollegeMassachusettsSociety of Modern Psychoanalysts
Jessica Ann Foley
Weymouth, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(866) 981-7888Northeastern University School of LawSmith CollegeMassachusettsSuperlawyers , Superlawyers and SuperlawyersMassachusetts State Bar
David Altman
Cambridge, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 481-6199Suffolk University Law SchoolSuffolk UniversityMassachusettsMassachussets State Bar
Bart Peter Simonian
Cambridge, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 481-6199New England Law | BostonBoston UniversityMassachusetts, New York and U.S. District Court District of MassachusettsMassachusetts Bar Association and Boston Bar Association
John L. Roncone
Leominster, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(978) 534-2444New York Law School and New England Law | BostonMt. St. Mary's CollegeMassachusettsMassachusetts Bar Association and Worcester County Bar Association
Steven Charles Goldwyn
Cambridge, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 481-6199Boston University School of Law, Boston, MassachusettsUnion College, Schenectady, NYMassachusetts and U.S. District Court District of MassachusettsState Bar in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. and Federal Bars in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Andrew DiCarlo Berman
Braintree, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(781) 380-7730Boston College Law SchoolUniversity of RochesterMassachusetts and 1st Circuit
Thomas E. Hogan II
Waltham, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(978) 710-9987New England Law | BostonUniversity of New HampshireMassachusetts and New HampshireBoston Bar Association and Massachusetts Bar Association
Michael Franklin
Worcester, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
Lynn L Porreca
Attleboro, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(401) 300-9511Massachusetts and 1st CircuitMassachusetts State Bar
Alan Tuttman
Stoneham, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(781) 438-5222Suffolk University Law SchoolColby CollegeMassachusettsMassachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Massachusetts Bar Association (Criminal Justice)...
James D. Cormier
Lowell, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(800) 458-3580Suffolk University Law SchoolSuffolk UniversityMassachusettsGreater Lowell Bar Association and Massachusetts Bar Association
Theodore Barone
Brockton, MA Juvenile Law Attorney.
(877) 718-4400Cleveland State UniversityTufts University and Boston CollegeMassachusetts, Federal Circuit and 1st CircuitMassachusetts State Bar
The LII Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Framingham Center, Massachusetts Juvenile Law Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.


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MechaSkeleton Wristwatch
Bare and bold wristwatch
An artistically created watch never goes out of style. The bare mechanical concept of this timepiece reveals both the complexity and the simplicity of a watch, of how it is the instrument of time and what man looks to be able to tell time. Encased in durable stainless steel and plated in color combinations that represent both the style and elegance of a real man. Held by stylish man-made leather, it is the epitome of a man of the world.
Item Type: Mechanical Wristwatches
Case Material: Stainless Steel
Dial Window Material Type: Hardlex
Movement: Mechanical Hand Wind
Dial Diameter: 4.00 mm
Clasp Type: Buckle
Gender: Men
Case Shape: Round
Band Material Type: Leather
Band Length: 25.0 cm
Band Width: 18 mm
Case Thickness: 11 mm
Band With: 10mm to 19mm
Band Width: 18mm
Clasp Type: Buckle
Item Type: Wristwatches
Dial Material Type: Stainless Steel
Dial Display: Analog


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Recycled Glass Vases
Please Select: Vase
Please Select Size:
- Free Fast Shipping
- Eco-Friendly
- Overview
Crafted of hand-blown recycled glass, these vases make simple yet graceful vessels for flowers and vase fillers.
- Hand blown of recycled soda glass.
- Hand wash.
- Made in Mexico.
- Dimensions & Care
- Small Vase: 8" diameter, 12.5" high
- Large Vase: 10.5" diameter, 20" high
- X-Large Vase: 11.5" diameter, 26.5" high
- Small Bottle: 5" diameter, 15" high
- Large Bottle: 4.25" diameter, 21.5" high
- Footed Bottle: 9.5" diameter, 7.25" high
- Hand wash only.
- Shipping & Return Info
This is a general shipping item.
Shipping Information
Hassle Free Returns
To make this gift-giving season a little merrier, we are extending our Returns & Exchange Policy. For all items purchased between Oct. 21 and Dec. 24, 2016, you'll have until January 31, 2017 to return the item for a refund of the merchandise value. Just make sure to bring your proof of purchase or gift receipt. Quick Ship upholstery items are excluded from the Extended Holiday Return Policy. You have 7 days to return your Quick Ship upholstery item for a full refund or exchange.
The following items are non-eligible for returns or exchanges:
- Monogrammed items
- Mattresses
- Gift cards
- Made to Order items, including custom rugs and furniture
- Final Sale items (identified by a price ending in $.X7 or $.X9)
- Items damaged through normal wear and tear.
Delivery fees are non-refundable and prior purchases are not eligible for price adjustments.
For more information, view our full Returns & Exchange Policy.


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Dear Chairman Wheeler: The State of Broadband Is Hurting Vulnerable Communities
Joseph Torres
Steven Renderos
March 8, 2016
Millions of our society's most vulnerable members can't afford broadband — which is why the FCC must block the Charter-Time Warner Cable merger, which would only make things worse.
Net Neutrality's Anniversary and What the FCC Must Do Now
Candace Clement
March 4, 2016
Last Friday marked the one-year anniversary of the FCC's historic Net Neutrality vote. It was the capstone to an epic David-and-Goliath battle that pitted the muscle and power of phone and cable companies against everyday people, websites and companies that rely on the Internet's level playing field.
Lawmakers Raise Serious Concerns About Charter's Bid to Become the Next Comcast
Dana Floberg
March 1, 2016
Charter wants you to believe its proposed merger with Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks is a done deal, but its PR campaign is wobbling under mounting public pressure and congressional opposition.
How Wireless Carriers Are Messing With Your Mobile Service
Dana Floberg
March 1, 2016
AT&T, Verizon and others have set arbitrarily low and punitive data-usage caps, limiting the value and utility of your mobile broadband service.
Congress Must Act Now to Keep Our Emails Private
Sandra Fulton
March 1, 2016
With all of the threats to our online privacy and security, you might be surprised to hear that the most popular bill pending before Congress would provide a robust update to our electronic privacy rights.
Listen to People Who Care
Fiona Morgan
February 29, 2016
When I was a reporter, I would sometimes find myself asking:
How do I make people care?
On my braver days, I began with a bigger question:
What do people in my community care about, and why?
Happy Net Neutrali-versary!
Craig Aaron
February 26, 2016
One year ago, I witnessed something that may never be seen again inside the windowless hearing room at the Federal Communications Commission: multiple standing ovations.
One Comcast Is More Than Enough
Amy Kroin
February 25, 2016
Few companies inspire the degree of loathing Comcast elicits. But if Charter's bid to take over Time Warner Cable is approved we'll have not one but two Comcasts to contend with — because that's just how enormous and dominant a post-merger Charter would be.
Don't Hack Our Phones
Candace Clement
February 24, 2016
The fight between Apple and the FBI isn't about one phone. And on Tuesday the Justice Department proved it.
Journalists Should Stand Up for Whistleblowers
Timothy Karr
February 24, 2016
The Obama administration's ongoing crusade against government whistleblowers — which culminated last year in the imprisonment of former CIA officer Jeffrey Sterling — has reignited a debate over the role journalists should play in defending their profession and the sources and networks on which it depends.
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Diabetes and early Cataracts
I have early cataracts and now have found out I may be diabetic. Yet I read that when it is time for a cataract operation, the risks on diabetic eyes is great.
So do I live with cataracts or are there new techniques to safely and successfully operate on diabetic eyes? I treasure my eyesight and this is a bitter blow if nothing can be done.


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Saint Eldercot
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 0 mins
A nice Spring/Summer drink from RR magazine.
Ingredients Nutrition
- ice cube
- 3 tablespoons vodka
- 3 tablespoons st.germain elderflower liqueur
- 1 tablespoon apricot brandy
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 1 piece lemon peel (1/3 by 1 inch strip)
- In a cocktail shaker half filled with ice, add the vodka, elderflower liqueur, apricot brandy, and lemon juice;Shake well.
- Strain the mixture into a cocktail glass and garnish with the lemon peel.
Most Helpful
WOW - this is fantastic! Smooth and fresh, not too sweet, great for summertime sipping - thanks for sharing the recipe!