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PDP-9 SUPERVISORY PROGRAMS FOR THE DATA-LINKAGE • TO IBM 360/67 by NAM NG B.Sc. (Eng.) University of Hong Kong, 1967 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in the Department of Electrical Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the • required standard Research Supervisor Members of the Committee ., Acting Head of the Department Members of the Department of Electrical Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1970 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date ABSTRACT PDP-9 programs are provided for the inter-computer linkage of the PDP-9 in the Department of Electrical Engineering to the IBM 360/67 in the Computing Centre of the University of British Columbia. Details of the communication procedure used are described. Automatic error detection and recovery is incorporated to ensure correct message transmissions. A program "TRSFER" has been written to operate the PDP-9 as a conversational terminal to the IBM 360/67. It also allows file transfers between the two computers. Details of the data-phone handler routine and operation of the program "TRSFER" are given in the Appendix. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES 4 2.1 Communication Code2.2 Message Format2.3 Message Transfer Control Procedures 6 2.4 Error Detection and Error Recovery Procedures 7 3. PROVISIONS MADE FOR THE PDP-9 12 3.1.1 The Data-Phone Handler3.1.2 The Macros 13 3.1.3 Data Modes 4 3.1.4 Error Diagnostic Messages 13.1.5 The Handler Routine 5 3.2 The Program "TRSFER" 13.2.1 Operation as a Terminal Teletype . . . 15 3.2.2 Data File Transfers 17 4. DISCUSSION 19 APPENDIX I Table of USASCII Codes for Inter-computer Communication . . 21 APPENDIX II The Data-Phone Handler ..... 22 ii Page APPENDIX III The Macros 24 APPENDIX IV Data Transmission Paths . . . . 33 APPENDIX V Error Detection and Handling .... 35 APPENDIX VI Detailed Flow-Charts for the Handler Routine ....... 37 APPENDIX VII The Program "TRSFER" 42 APPENDIX VIII Detailed Flow-Charts for the Program "TRSFER" 45 REFERENCES . , 48 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fig. 1. Overall View of the Communication Linkage between PDP-9 and the IBM 360/67 2 Fig. 2. Typical Communication Message Format . 4 Fig. 3. General Flow-chart for the Message Communication Scheme .... 8 Fig. 4. Schematic Flow-chart for the data-phone handler routine ... 16 Fig. 5. Schematic Flow-chart for the program TRSFER 18 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor,.Dr. G.F. Schrack, for his constant advice and encouragement during the whole course ' of the project. I would also like to thank Dr. J.S. MacDonald for reading the thesis and his valuable comments. A note of appreciation is given to Mr. W. Dettwiler of the Computing Centre and his staff for their co-operation during the experiments, and to Mr. G. Austin for his technical assistance. Thanks to Mr. C.Y. Suen and Mr. N. Borowski for proof reading the thesis, and especially to Miss Heather DuBois for typing the manuscript. Financial assistance through National Research Council Grant (No. 67-0148) and a University of British Columbia Graduate Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. v 1. INTRODUCTION With the development of time-sharing computers, and the fast growing variety of data processing applications, the demand for digital data transmission has been ever increasing. It brought about the interconnection of different computers, especially small scientific computers at remote locations to large central time-sharing computers, enabling users at one installation to communi cate with, and to make use of the facilities of the other computer. For these reasons, the PDP-9 computer of the Department of Electrical Engineering is linked to the IBM 360/67 of the Computer Centre. This enables users of the PDP-9 to communicate with the IBM 360/67, and to make use of the large storage capacity and fast computational ability of the IBM 360/67. With this linkage established, more sophisticated data-processing applications can be carried out on the PDP-9. Communication between the two computers is made over voice-grade telephone cables. Two pairs of telephone cables are used, one for transmission, and the other for reception. Full-duplex transmission is possible, but the linkage operates essentially as a half-duplex system. However, there is still the advantage of reducing time used in line reversals in half-duplex systems, which serves to increase the transmission efficiency considerably. The linkage operates in a standardized way. Communication code and procedures follow closely those of USASCII standards"*" (United States of America Standard for Information Interchange)—now the ANS(American National Standard). Hardware has been purchased from The Digital Equipment Corp. and 2 is built according to the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) Standards . Transmission and reception of data follow binary synchronous con-3 ventions . Data is transmitted serial-by-bit and serial-by-character. Correct reception of data depends on bit and character synchronization of both stations. This is achieved at the beginning of each transmission by trans mitting a synchronization pattern, and once synchronized, the character phase is maintained until the end of the transmission. The two computers are linked together in such a way that the PDP-9 essentially operates as a conversational terminal to the IBM 360/67. Data transmission rate is 2400 bits per sec. Due to the data processing ability of the PDP-9, data received at the PDP-9 can be processed before they are sent to the IBM 360/67. However, because the IBM 360/67 is a time-sharing computer and there is no priority for data communication over the linkage, real time data communication is not possible. To ensure correctness of data received, automatic error recoveries by retransmission are incorporated. An overall view of the communication linkage between the two com puters is shown in Fig. 1. The PDP-9 is connected to the communication 4 system via the data-phone DP09A from the Digital Equipment Corporation. The IBM 360/67 Multi plexer PDP-8 Data phone Data set it Telephone cables Data set DP09A COMPUTING CENTRE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Fig. 1 Overall view of the communication linkage between PDP-9 and IBM 360/67 DP09A is a binary synchronous full-duplex communication channel for interconnecting the PDP-9 to the data set via the input-output interface of the PDP-9. It is essentially a serial-parallel binary data converter. Data from the PDP-9 accumulator are transferred to the DP09A via the I/O bus, where it is converted into a serial binary stream. It is then transmitted.over telephone cables to the IBM 360/67 via the data set. The data sets, technically known as modems, are built according to the EIA standards. Data received from the data set are treated in a reverse manner. They are first assembled to form parallel 8-bit characters in the data phone before they are transferred to the PDP-9 accumulator via the I/O bus. At the computing centre end, data are treated in a similar manner in the PDP-8. But, before the data are transferred to the central processing unit of the IBM 360/67 via the multiplexer, a code conversion is necessary since the communication code for the two DEC-computers is USASCII code whereas the IBM 360/67 works with EBCDIC code (extended binary-coded-decimal interchange code) . The two computers are linked by dedicated lines. Users of the PDP-9 can communicate with the IBM 360/67 at any time when the latter is operational. The procedure used for this linkage is similar to any of the other remote terminals of the IBM 360/67. 2. COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES 2.1 Communication Code The USASCII code is used as the communication code. A table of the codes is shown in Appendix I. Each communication character is formed from the seven bits USASCII code with a parity bit as the eighth bit. Odd parity, as suggested by USASCII standards on communication codes"', is used. Since the data-phone DP09A installed with the PDP-9 works with even parity synchronous idle characters, the logical circuitry of the DP09A has been modified to make it compatible with the communication system. 2.2 Message Format In deciding the message format, the proposed standards have been followed closely. However, slight discrepancies are inevitable. A typical communication message is shown in Fig. 2. s S S S S S S Y Y Y Y 0 E T N N N N H L X TEXT T E T B C Q X C Fig. 2 Typical communication message format To initiate transmission, the transmitting station sends a number of-in this system, four—synchronous idle characters to establish synchronization with the receiving station. Following the synchronization procedure, the Start of Heading character (SOH) is transmitted. This indicates the start of the heading of the message. The heading is generally intended to give some indication of the content of the message and is usually not revealed to the user. A Select Character is included as the heading of the message, to increase the error detecting ability of the communication scheme. This character can only assume two values, viz. in 7 bits octal, 040 and 060, with parity included as the eighth bit. Consecutive messages are transmitted with the Select Character assuming these two values alternately. Should re transmission be necessary, the Select Character assumes its last value. Thus, a message currently received is considered correct and acceptable if and only if the Select Character is different from the one in the last accepted message. This procedure provides verification on the proper sequence of the messages received. It should be noted that the two values of the Select Character chosen are quite arbitrary. Any two values could have been chosen. 6 In some systems only one bit rather than one character is used for the same purpose. The Start of Text (STX) character is transmitted following the Select Character. This character indicates the end of the heading and the start of the actual message or text that is communicated. The text is one complete line of data under the Michigan Terminal System (MTS) used by the IBM 360/67. In terms of punch card mode, this is equivalent to one card image] and in teletype mode, one line of text up to CNTRL Q (+Q) or carriage return. The +Q character is always transmitted at the end of the message. The text is terminated by the End of Text (ETX) character, followed by the Block Check Character (BCC, which is also known as block parity). The BCC is a text checking character. It is formed by taking the sum (modulo 2) of the message, starting from the character following the SOH character, i.e. 6 the Select Character, up to and including the ETX character. It thus acts as a longitudinal block parity checking character. Block Check Characters are formed at both ends of the linkage independently and the receiving station is responsible for comparing them. Identical characters indicate that the reception has been error free and will be accepted if no other errors are detected. Should the two be different, the message received is considered to be incorrect and request for retransmission is made. After transmitting the BCC, an all zero bits character is sent to indicate the end of the transmission. The receiving station can then initiate to send the acknowledgement or reply. 2.3 Message Transfer Control Procedures Though basically a full-duplex system, the linkage is operated in half-duplex mode. Nevertheless, there is still the advantage of obviating the need of line reversals, and this aids to simplify the communication control procedures. To initiate communication, the transmitting station sends a complete line of message in the format described above. It then waits in search mode for the acknowledgement from the other station. While in search mode, the station searches for synchronous idle characters. Once detected, data-reception is initiated and the acknowledgement is examined. The acknowledgement is in the form of two consecutive identical characters. The only valid acknowledgement characters are the Positive Acknowledgement (ACK) and the Negative Acknowledgement (NAK). An ACK indicates that the last message has been correctly received, and the transmitting station can then proceed to transmit a new line of message, with the Select Character value alternated. Message transfer continues in this manner until all messages have been transmitted. 7 If a NAK is received, it indicates that the last transmission has not been correctly received and re-transmission of the message is required. The message is re-transmitted with the Select Character value unaltered and the transmitting station waits for the acknowledgement again. Up to five re-transmissions are attempted for error recovery for each message. If the error condition still persists, the communication is called to a halt. An error message is printed on the PDP-9 teletype. Under such circumstances, human intervention is necessary for communication recovery. If neither ACK nor NAK is received, the acknowledgement is assumed to be garbled. An Enquiry (ENQ) character is sent for a re-transmission of the acknowledgement. Should this occur for more than five times, the communi cation is again halted and human intervention is required. After transmitting all messages, the transmitting station terminates transmission by sending an End of Transmission (EOT) character. It then waits in receive mode, giving up its right of transmission to the other station. The message transfer procedure is quite symmetrical for both stations. However, communication can only be initiated by a request from the PDP-9 since the PDP-9 is usually in a passive state as far as this linkage is con cerned. The IBM 360/67, on receiving the request, can proceed to initiate message transfers. Fig. 3 shows a flow-chart for the above procedures imple mented in the linkage. 2.4 Error Detection and Error Recovery Procedures Inevitably, errors will occur during message transmissions. It is desirable to be able to detect these errors and if possible correct them automatically without human intervention. Error detection and recovery schemes are incorporated for such purposes. Though the scheme is not perfect, since it is not possible to detect all errors, the procedure is quite sufficient to Initiate Transmission Send new text Wait for acknowledgement Alternate select character Send old text without change Send last acknowledgement Must be text check for error No Send NAK Output text • Fig. 3. General Flow-Chart of the Message Communication Scheme handle most of the errors. Errors are detected in several ways. To ensure that bits and characters are sampled at proper times, reception of data is initiated only after synchronization of the two stations. A "Time-out" restriction is also imposed on data reception by the data-phone: If any bit is not received 4 within 1.5 bit times, the endflag is set and interrupts the computer , indi cating the loss of true character phase. The received data is tested for vertical parity before identification-whether data or control characters. This serves to detect all odd numbers of errors that occur in the seven bits of each character. The message is further tested for longitudinal parity using the BCC. This detects all odd numbers of errors that occur in any bit position of the seven-bit codes. The two parity checking methods combined act together in such a way that errors are not detected only if an even number of errors have occurrred both vertically for each character in the message and logitudinally for each of the bit positions of the message. Checking by means of the logical sequence of the data received is also performed. At every point of reception, data are tested to ensure that correct or acceptable control characters are received. Messages can only begin with SOH, followed by the Select Character and STX, and terminated by ETX and the BCC. Failure to detect the control characters in correct sequence will be flagged as an error, and an error recovery procedure is called into effect. The Select Character also plays an important role in the detection of errors in message block transmission. It detects the proper sequence of successive message blocks received and prevents the loss of message blocks. If there are an odd number of message drop-outs, the error is always detected. A "Time-out" condition is also imposed on the acknowledgement of messages. The transmitting station expects to receive the acknowledgement within a certain period (10 seconds for the PDP-9 and 3 seconds for the IBM 360/67) after it has transmitted a message. If no reply whatsoever is received within this period, it is assumed that the receiving station has missed the last message completely and re-transmission is called into effect. This safeguards the blank-out of the entire communication. Finally, to ensure that the key control characters are received correctly, they are always transmitted in duplicate. Misinterpreting any of the control characters could be disastrous. A simple example is the misin terpretation of NAK as ACK. The transmitting station would proceed to a new message while the receiving station expects the last message. Though this condition can still be detected through the select character, there is no way to recover without human intervention. The use of duplicate control characters should reduce the possibility of being confronted with such conditions. To correct the errors detected, recovery by means of re-transmission is called into effect. The transmitting station, on detecting a negative acknowledgement, assumes that the last transmission was in error and will re transmit the last message. Until it receives an ACK from the receiving station, the transmitting station will not proceed to the next message. The above error detection and correction scheme is not ideal in that it cannot detect all errors, especially consecutive, multiple or bursts of errors. However, the scheme is quite sufficient for detecting single or isolated errors, which occur more frequently than multiple errors. With the incorporation of the above scheme, automatic operation of the linkage system is possible to a great extent. This is important as far as transmission effi ciency is concerned. With the reduction of human intervention, the effective roughput is considerably increased. 12 3. PROVISIONS MADE FOR THE PDP-9 3.1.1 The data-phone handler In providing system programs for handling data communication within the PDP-9,.the data link to the IBM 360/67 is treated as one"of the input-output devices of the PDP-9. The software is made available in the form of a standard I/O handler routine of the PDP-9 Input-Output Programming System7. I/O macro definitions are provided and can be called from PDP-9 assembly language programs. When any of these macros are called, the handler is entered via a CAL, the appropriate MTS command is generated and transmitted to the IBM 360/67 via the link. To the IBM 360/67, the PDP-9 looks like one of the medium speed terminals. When a MTS command from'the PDP-9 is received the command will be executed and the output will be directed back to the PDP-9. This will be dealt with by the message reception routine in the PDP-9. The routine first checks for errors and if any are detected, will initiate request for re transmission; otherwise, the message received is assumed to be correct and will be output on one of the output devices of the PDP-9. Though treated as one of the I/O devices of the PDP-9, the data-link differs slightly from the other handlers because the IBM 360/67 is an interactive device. It will respond in some fashion whenever it receives a command from the PDP-9. There is thus no distinction as to whether a data transfer on the device is input or output alone. Message transmission from the PDP-9 is always accompanied by message reception. Besides, since the IBM 360/67 is a time-sharing computer, there is no control over the instant the IBM 360/67 responds. Once the handler has transmitted a message, it has to wait in a receive mode for the message from the IBM 360/67. Thus, both 13 input and output of data have to be handled whenever a macro is called. The provision of the software as a standard I/O handler does not only relieve the programmer from writing his own routine for handling data transfers over the link, it also ensures compatibility with the Monitor System of the PDP-9. In this way, the unified way of handling all the I/O devices of the PDP-9 is preserved. Details pertaining to the handler are given in Appendix II. 3.1.2 The Macros Ten different macros are provided. Details are given in Appendix III. The Macros provided are by no means sufficient for a one to one conversion to all MTS commands. Only the more likely used commands are made available. They include commands for sending data to the IBM 360/67, storing the data in a file, running the data with a compiled object program, and transmitting the subsequent output back to the PDP-9. To send a particular MTS command other than those provided by the macros, the macro .LINK can be called. This macro not on.1y allows the user to make up his own commands, it also allows the user to specify the data mode, whether source or binary, and the particular output devices used. For data transfer to and from the core of PDP-9, which is the most efficient way of transferring data, the macros .READ and .WRITE can be used. No data transfer to any peripheral device is made and this serves to increase the effective throughput rate of data transfers. One disadvantage is that the volume of data transferred is limited by the size of the core available. 14 3.1.3 Data Modes Data transfer in USASCII codes is the only data mode available at present. Binary data transfer is desirable since the PDP-9 works with binary data. This would require the incorporation of transparent mode binary data 3 communication procedures . Besides, because the PDP-9 has an 18-bit accumu lator whereas the IBM 360/67 uses bytes (8 bits), a compromise has to be made in the number of bits used for each data word to ensure compatibility. The procedures for this data transfer scheme has not been fixed yet, but incorpor ation of the scheme is to be made. One data conversion scheme is made available. This scheme converts the 18 bits binary data of the PDP-9 into six decimal digits in USASCII* before transmitting them to the IBM 360/67. Similarly, for data received, conversion back to binary is made before they are stored in the core of the PDP-9. The only restriction is that the data must be positive integers with magnitude 18 less than 2 . Further details of the data modes are given in Appendix IV. Any of the above data mode transfers can be made via the macro .READ, .WRITE and .LINK by specifying the corresponding data mode when called. Details of the calling procedures can be found in Appendix III. 3.1.4 Error diagnostic messages Error diagnostic messages are printed on the PDP-9 teletype whenever errors are detected by the error detection scheme and automatic recovery fails. Error messages are printed in the form DPERYY (Data-phone error YY) where YY indicates the type of the error that has caused the communication to come to a standstill. Errors of this category are mainly due to the garbling of messages * ( 16 in FORTRAN format specification). 15 on the line and hence errors are usually transients only, i.e. the same error may not occur again if the transmission is repeated. Another set of error messages, pertaining to the Input-Output Pro gramming System (IOPS) of the PDP-9, is also made use of. This set of error messages is indicative of the programming errors of the user, and is not related to errors encountered during data transfer. A complete list of the error diagnostic messages is given in Appendix V. It is hoped that these two sets of error diagnostic messages should provide sufficient diagnostic ability for using the data-link. 3.1.5 The handler routine A schematic flow chart of the handler routine is given in Fig. 4. It can be divided into three sections. The first section deals with the entry into the handler and initialization for the particular macro that is being called. The second part deals with the actual handling of data transmission and recep tion. The third part deals with error detection. Detailed flow charts for the handler are given in Appendix VI. 3.2 The program "TRSFER" 3.2.1 Operation as a terminal teletype The program "TRSFER", when operated under "command mode", works essentially in the same way a terminal teletype does. Users can type in commands from the keyboard in the normal way the MTS operates. Outputs are printed on the teletype. 16 PDP -9 Monitor System > Data phone Other device handler handlers PART 1 PART 2 Macro entry and identification Data transmission and reception with error recovery Error routines PART 3 Data-phone error detection routine ,IOPS Error detection routine HALT Return to Monitor Fig. 4. Schematic Flow Chart for the Data-Phone Handler Routine 17 3.2.2 Data file transfers When operated under "transfer mode", the program "TRSFER" can be used for file transfers between the I/O devices of the PDP-9 and the IBM 360/67. Operation is essentially similar to the Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP)'' used under the Monitor System. Input devices include key board, paper tape reader and DECtapes. Output devices can be teletype, paper tape punch or DECtapes. The structure of a typical file transfer command is * as follows:- T OPDEV : OPFILE «- IPDEV : IPFILE ; EXT4-where OPDEV and IPDEV specify the output and input devices respectively. OPFILE and IPFILE specify the output and input filenames respectively, and EXT is the file extension specifying the type of data transfer—whether source or binary. For example, the command T 360 : FILE1 + DTI : FILE2 ; SRC 4-causes data stored in source .file FILE2 on DECtape unit 1 to be transferred to FILE1 in IBM 360/67. Filenames are required only when the device is file-oriented. For non-file-oriented devices, no filename specification is necessary. A schematic flow chart for this program (TRSFER) is shown in Fig. 5. Details of the operation procedure under both command and transfer modes are given in Appendix VII and detail flow charts are given in Appendix VIII. * 4- denotes carriage return or alternate mode TRSFER Command mode Get command Send command to 360 y Output on teletype < Re turn Transfer mode < Decode command File transfer to PDP-9 Send command to 360 Store data in PDP-9 File transfer to 360 Send data to 360 Return Return Fig. 5. Schematic Flow Chart for Program "TRSFER" 19 4. DISCUSSION The data-link was still not fully operational at the time when this thesis was written. The cause of incompletion is due to the lack of a device support routine in the PDP-8 at the Computing Centre to handle the interactive operation of the linkage. Only data transfer from the IBM 360/67 to the PDP-9 is possible at present. Command for the transfer has to be entered from a teletype terminal. As far as this part is concerned, the linkage is now operational. The tests have been carried out quite successfully. Slight communication problems arose when output was made on the PDP-9 teletype. This is because the teletype is a slow device and it usually takes more than 3 seconds—the "time-out" period—to complete typing out a line. Very often, transmission and reception occur at the same time, resulting in the loss of •the acknowledgement message. This problem has been overcome by sending an ACK whenever a message which has the same Select Character as the last accepted message is received. There is the risk of missing message blocks, but that is an irrecoverable error under any circumstances. For all the tests that have been carried out, no such problem has occurred. Transmission of data from the PDP-9 to the computing centre has also been tested by sending data to the DCT 2000 line-printer in the Computing Centre. The DCT 2000 is an ASCII communication output device and works with the same communication procedure as our linkage. Data received are printed on the DCT 2000. No communication problem arises, especially after the in corporation of the "time-out" scheme in the PDP-9. For completion of the linkage, the interactive communication scheme has to be tested. It is hoped that this will be completed in the near future. The present communication system, after completion, should provide useful applications for the PDP-9 users. More sophisticated data processing 20 problems than before can be carried out on the PDP-9. However, there is still room for improvement. A higher data transmission rate is desirable. This will be a first step to the process of carrying out real-time programming over the linkage. Of course, there will still be the necessity of having priority over other I/O devices attached to the IBM 360/67. Also, in increas ing the transmission rate, although the present handler works with no timing problems at the transmission rate of 2400 bits/sec. (and should still work properly when the rate is increased to 4800 bits/sec. which is likely to be effective soon), detailed considerations have to be given to the execution time necessary to ensure that the program will still execute without timing problems when the transmission rate is increased beyond 4800 bits/sec. The incorporation of an attention interrupt is also desirable so that PDP-9 users can interrupt the data communication at any time. With the incorporation of these features, the linkage would become a very useful communication system for the two computers. 21 APPENDIX I: Table of USASCII codes for inter-computer communications* Third category designated as argument characters (includes the USASCII control charocfer DEL) Control character DEL included in the argumeijf set First category (standard USASCII definitions) • Control charocters Communication control characters Second cotegory designated os Key characters for odditional controls * This table is taken from Bhushan and Stotz's paper . 22 APPENDIX II:... The Data-Phone Handler 2.1 General Communication between the user program and the handler is made via a CAL instruction, followed by the pertinent argument list. The handler is of the non-reentrant type, which uses the DBR (debreak and restore) instruction to leave the handler at priority level 4, and restoring the link, the extend mode and the memory protect. The content of the accumulator at the time of CAL is not saved. 2.2 Incorporation of the handler into the system tape The handler is incorporated into the system tape in the usual way. Details can be found in Section 184.108.40.206 (P .3-21) in the PDP-9 Advanced Soft ware System Monitors Manual (DEC-9A-MAA0-D). Information pertaining to this handler is as follows: a. The handler name is DPH. b. Four skip IOTs should be in SKIP CHAIN for this device handler. STF 702521 SKIP ON TRANSMIT FLAG SRF 702621 SKIP ON RECEIVE FLAG SEF 702541 SKIP ON RECEIVE END FLAG SRI 702561 SKIP ON RING INDICATOR Since all the above IOT skips occur when the flag is NOT set, it is necessary to precede each of these IOTs by a minus sign when entering them into the SKIP CHAIN. After the new system tape has been generated, the binary program DPH. has to be updated into the system library program (.LIBR). Once this has been completed, the data-phone handler is then available for usage. The present working version of the data-phone handler has a memory size of 3567Q core locations. A shorter version of the handler can be ob-o tained by dispensing with the macros that are not being used. For example, by deleting the .SIGON, .SIGOF. and .RUN macros, the handler would only require 3335fi core locations. 24 APPENDIX III: The macros Macros; provided for using the linkage are as follows: NAME FUNCTION CODE PURPOSE .INIT 1 Initialize the device handler .SIGON 2 Initiate communication between PDP9 & 360 .COPY 3 Initiate .READ macro .CREAT 4 Initiate .WRITE macro .RUN 5 Send a gRUN command to 360 .SIGOF 6 Terminate, communication .LINK 7 Send commands as designated by user .READ 10 Transfer data to user line buffer .WRITE 11 Transfer data from user line buffer .WAIT 12 Detect completion of each command to 360 .TRAN 13 Illegal function code to 360 3.1 .INIT FORM: .INIT a,F,R VARIABLES: a = Device Assignment Table (.DAT) slot number (in octal radix) F (not used) Therefore can have either the value 0 or 1 R (not used) EXPANSION: CAL + F?_g + ag_17 1 R 400 DESCRIPTION: The macro .INIT initializes the data-phone handler. It performs a .SETUP for the I0T skip flags. .INIT must be given prior to any I/O commands referencing .DAT slot a; a separate .INIT command must be given for each .DAT.slot referenced by the program. No file type specification is necessary for this device as input and output occurs for all commands. 3.2 .SIGON FORM: .SIGON a, D1,N1,D2,N2 VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) Dl .= address of ID number Nl = ID number word count in octal (=4) D2 = address of password and other optimal parameters N2 = Password character count (octal) EXPANSION: CAL + a 2 Dl Nl , D2 N2 DESCRIPTION: The macro .SIGON initiates communication between the PDP-9 and the IBM 360/67. On encountering this macro, the handler sends the command: #SIG IDNO PW = PSWD * to the IBM 360/67. From then on, the linkage is active and data transfer between the two computers can be made. Both IDNO and PSWD are assumed to be packed in 5/7 ASCII at locations Dl and D2 respectively. No header is required. For the parameter PSWD, it can include parameters other than the password itself * The underlined parameters must be replaced by the user with the appropriate parameter. by increasing the word count N2. Thus if location D2 contains 'PSWD T=50' and N2 is specified as 11 (octal), then the time limit parameter is also sent. 27 3.3 .COPY FORM: .COPY a,D,N VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) D = address of filename for .READ N = filename character count (octal) EXPANSION: CAL + a 3 D N DESCRIPTION: The .COPY macro initiates action for subsequent .READ macros. D contains the IBM 360/67 filename which is to be transferred to the PDP-9 core location specified by the ..READ macro. On encountering the .READ macro, the command gCOP FILENAME >SYN5 is sent to the IBM 360/67. Note that '>SYN5' is the device name . for directing output of IBM 360/67 to PDP-9. 3.4 .CREAT FORM: .CREAT a,D,N VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) D = address of filename for .WRITE N = filename character count (octal) EXPANSION: CAL + a 4 D N 28 DESCRIPTION: The .CREAT macro initiates action for subsequent .WRITE macros. D contains the name of the file, packed in 5/7 ASCII, which is to be created in the 360. It must precede any .WRITE macros. On encountering this macro, the following two commands are sent. , gCRE FILENAME gNUM The user should check beforehand that he has sufficient file space for entering user's data when the .WRITE macro is executed. 3.5 .RUN FORM: .RUN a,Dl,Nl,D2,N2,D3,N3 VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) Dl .= address of the object filename in IBM 360/67 which is to be executed Nl = Object file filename character count (octal) D2 = address of the filename where data is stored in IBM 360/67 N2 = Data file filename character count (octal) D3 = address of the file name where result is to be stored in IBM 360 N3 = Output file filename character count (octal) EXPANSION: CAL + a 5 Dl Nl D2 N2 D3 N3 29 DESCRIPTION: The .RUN macro sends the command gRUN OBFILE 5 = DATAFILE 6 = OPFILE to the IBM 360/67. The object file OBFILE stored in 5/7 ASCII at location Dl is to be executed. Data is obtained from DATAFILE which is stored at D2, and results are output on OPFILE stored at D3. ^ 3.6 .SIGOF FORM: .SIGOF a VARIABLE: a = .DAT Slot number (octal radix) EXPANSION: CAL + a 6 DESCRIPTION: The .SIGOF macro when called sends gSIG SHORT command to the IBM 360/67, thus terminating the communication between the two computers. Further communication is re-established only if .SIGON macro is again called. 3.7 .LINK FORM: .LINK a,M,D,L,N VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) M = data mode D = output device 0-KTTA teletype 1+DT1 DECtape 1 2+DT2 DECtape 2 3->PP paper punch L = address of the line buffer where the user's command is stored N = number of characters in the command (octal) EXPANSION: CAL + M&_8 + ag_17 7 D L N DESCRIPTION: The .LINK macro when called sends the user's command (in MTS) to the IBM 360/67 for execution. The command is stored at location L in 5/7 ASCII. N is the number (in octal) of charac ters in the command. D specifies the output device where the result after the execution of the command is to be transferred to, and M specifies the data mode (0 = binary, 2 = 5/7 ASCII). 3.8 .READ FORM: .READ a,M,L,W VARIABLES: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) M = Data mode 0 = binary 1 = image 7 bits ASCII 2 = 5/7 ASCII L = Data buffer address W = Data Buffer character count (decimal radix), including the two word header EXPANSION: CAL + M, " + a. . _ o-o y-i/ 10 L .DEC -W 31 DESCRIPTION: The .READ macro causes the command gCOP FILENAME >'SYN5+to be sent to IBM 360/67. The FILENAME•must be specified by a previous .COPY macro. Data is transferred to the data buffer area at location L, and in the data mode as specified by M. The number of words read into L is delimited by W or when an EOF is encountered as indicated by the IBM 360/67. Each line of data is terminated by a carriage return. 3.9 .WRITE FORM: .WRITE a,M,L,W VARIABLES: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) M = Data mode 0 = binary 1 = image 7 bits ASCII 2=5/7 ASCII L = Data buffer address W = Data buffer character count (decimal radix) including the two-word header EXPANSION: CAL + M, Q + a_ n n o—p y—i/ 11 L .DEC -W DESCRIPTION: The .WRITE macro transfers data specified by L to the IBM 360/67. Data transfer stops when the character count goes to zero or when an "alternate mode" is encountered. Each, line is terminated by a"carriage return". The data is transferred to the currently active file, and is normally specified by the .CREAT macro. At 32 the end of data transfer, #UNN followed by $ENDFILE commands are sent before exit from this macro. -3.10 .WAIT FORM: .WAIT a VARIABLE: a = .DAT slot number (octal radix) EXPANSION: CAL + A 12 DESCRIPTION: .WAIT macro detects the completion of each macro command. It should be used after all the data-phone macros with the exception of .LINK before the line buffer associated'is used again, to ensure the data transfer is complete. If .LINK is used, location 32Q should be checked for input-output completion. When it 8 contains a -1, all input and output for this macro are finished, and control can then be returned to user's program. 33 APPENDIX IV: Data Transmission Paths 4.1 Line Buffer Headers Line buffers for this handler have the same format as those used by the I/O Monitor System.-. (Section 2.1.1 of PDP-9 Monitor Manual). This ensures compatibility with the other I/O devices of the system. Two header words are reserved for each buffer and the actual data starts after header word 1. Header word 1 is not used by this handler. For header word 0, bits 14-17 are used to indicate the I/O mode. The possible bit combinations are as follows:-0000 = binary mode 0 0001 = Image ASCII mode 1 0010 = 5/7 ASCII mode 2 0101 = EOF (end of file), no other bit combinations being used. Bits 1-8 are used for the word pair count, including the header word pair. But they only give the correct word 8 pair count if the data input or output word pair count is less than 2 -1. Bits 0, and bits 9-13 are not used. 4.2 Data Modes 4.2.1 Binary mode 0 In this mode, data has the form of 18 bits binary in the line buffers. Each word is first converted to decimal in ASCII before transmission. It is converted into the format 16. For data coming from the IBM 360/67, they are first converted back to 18 bits binary before, they are packed into the line buffers. Again the format of the data coming in is assumed to be 16. 4.2.2 Image ASCII mode 1 In this mode, each word in the buffer is assumed to be ready in the form of 7 bits ASCII and is thus transmitted directly without conversion word by word. Data received are packed in a similar way. 4.2.3 5/7 ASCII mode 2 Data is assumed to be packed in the form of 5/7 ASCII. They are compatible with the IOPS ASCII except that the eighth, bit used during data transfer is taken as the odd parity bit rather than even parity. 35 APPENDIX V: Error Detection and Handling Two sets of error messages are incorporated in the data-phone handler. The first set, pertaining to the .IOPS, is useful for debugging programs. The second set is pertinent to data transmission over the linkage and usually indicates irrecoverable errors. 5.1 Data-Phone Error Messages (DPER) Error messages are in the form of DPERXX where XX indicates the error code. (1) DPER00 = Message transmitted not accepted by IBM 360 (2) DPER01 = Acknowledgement from IBM 360 garbled (3) DPER02 = Acknowledgement not accepted by IBM 360 (4) DPER03 = End of transmission not received by the IBM 360 (5) DPER04 = Garbled control characters received at the PDP-9 end (6) DPER05 = Data set not ready while entering receive mode. (IOPS04 is indicated if power is not turned on at the beginning of transmission) (7) DPER06 YY: Garbled text received by the PDP-9. YY indicates the cause of text garbling. YY = 01 Wrong select characters i.e. an odd number of text lines are missed. =02 -> No Start of Text (STX) character received = 04 Wrong block checking character =10 -> Wrong vertical parity detected in one or more characters of the text 36 = 20 -*• No end of text character received For multiple errors, YY will appear as a combination of the above codes. Thus YY = 14 indicates that both vertical and longitudinal parity error occurred. 5.2 .TOPS error messages Error message is in the form of IOPS NN XXXXXX where NN is the error code and XXXXXX the additional related infor mation, usually address of CAL. (Refer to PDP-9 Monitors Manual Section 2.6 for details) . (1) IOPS04 - Data-set not ready (2) IOPS06 - Illegal function for device handler. In this handler, function code 13 (octal) is illegal (3) IOPS07 - Illegal data mode for device handler. At present, only mode 0,1,2 are legal data modes for .READ and .WRITE (4) I0PS11 - .COPY (.CREAT) not executed before .READ (.WRITE) macro (5) I0PS16 - Output buffer overflow. This occurs on .READ when more characters are received than specified. The above set of error messages usually indicates errors made by the programmer. They do not indicate errors encountered during transfer of data over the data link. APPENDIX VI Enter Handler Get function code Yes Print Error Return to Monitor .INIT I Jump to Service Routine Return Standard Buffer size Setup for flags Clear I/O underway Interrupt Skip Chain Enter Save AC Memory Protect Yes —«— Service transmit flag Break from level 4 Yes Return to user's program Service receive flag Yes -«— Service end flag. Yes Service ring indicator Read status and halt (I) The Handler Initialization Routines 38 Initialize to re-transmit Initialize to transmit —^^*-Send SOH, SEL, STX Send Text Send +Q, ETX, BCC Wait for acknowledgement Initialize time out Yes —«a— Turn Clock off Yes Initial send new ize to text Alter select c nate naracter (II) Text Transmission Routine 39 Synchronize to receive Retransmit acknowledgement Initialize BCC No Set error indicator 1 Select OK? Yes No — STX? Set error indicator Yes Send i \ Outpu t buffer No ETX? Yes BCC correct? Set error indicator Yes No Endflag No Error .Encountered?^ Yes Enough Trials? Send NAK Yes Return to transmit mode X Pack text into user's buffer No Print error and halt (III) Text Reception Routine 40 No No Error IQPS 11 Check Data mode Set output unpack routine Send #CRE command Send $NUM command r Send text from user's buffer Send #UNN command Set input pack routine Send gCOPY command 1 Receive text and pack into user's buffer No • «a—C Finished? > rYes Exit Send gENDFILE command Exit (IV) The .WRITE and .READ Macros 41 .LINK Set output mode .SIGON Get 'command' address Get 'command' character count I Send command Output data on device selected No Send gSIGNON command r Exit .SIGOF Send gSIGNOFF command Exit (V) The .LINK, .SIGON, .SIGOF and .RUN Macros 42 APPENDIX VII: The Program TRSFER 7.1 Loading procedure and commands The program TRSFER is loaded by the Linking Loader. When it is loaded, the data-phone handler (DPH.), Dectape Handler (DTA.), paper tape punch handler (PPA.) and paper tape reader handler (PRA.) are all loaded. Before loading, the user's .DAT slot devices should be assigned as follows :-DTA1 1 DTA2 2 DPH 5 PRA 6 PPA 7 TTA 10 When TRSFER starts execution, it prints the following on the teletype 360-LINK COMMAND MODE # This indicates that TRSFER is ready to accept command from the keyboard to be typed on the same line of '#' sign. The user can now use the keyboard as an ordinary remote terminal teletype by entering MTS commands. Output is printed on the teletype as well. Successful completion and readiness for the next command is again indicated by the '//' sign. To enter file transfer mode, the command TRANSFER followed by a carriage return (ALT mode is illegal) should be entered at the keyboard. The short form T followed by carriage return is also valid. On detecting T+ or TRANSFER-t-, the following message is typed, TRANSFER MODE At this point, the user should prepare the input/output devices which are required to be ready and then type the data file transfer command. When in command mode, if a command beginning with T but not ter minated in one of the two allowed formats is encountered, the message 'WHAT?' is output on the teletype and the '#' sign is again printed. The user will then have to re-type the command. To revert back to command mode when in transfer mode, the command C or COMMAND is typed. The messages COMMAND MODE it will again be printed to indicate that it is ready to accept further commands In Transfer Mode, the general format of a command string is as follows:-T DEVI : FILE1 -c- DEV2 : FILE2 ; EXT+ where T indicates file transfers DEVI is the output device DEV2 is the input device FILE1 is the output filename FILE2 is the input filename and EXT is the file extension which can be source (SRC) or binary (BIN) Either the output or input device has to be the IBM 360/67, which i; designated as 360. It is also illegal to have both DEVI and DEV2 as I/O devices of the PDP-9. Filename can be omitted if the device is not file-oriented. PDP-9 filenames are limited to six characters whereas 360 file names cannot be longer than 16 characters. Spaces in between filenames and device names are ignored when encountered. 7.2 Error Messages 1. 'WHAT?1 is printed when in command mode, a command is encountered which begins with T but is not in the form T4- or TRANSFER + . It is also printed when in transfer mode, the command begins with C but is not in the form C4- or COMMANDS. 2. 'ILLEGAL COMMAND' is printed when a transfer mode command does not conform to the standard format. 3. 'NO OUTPUT DEVICE UNIT?* is printed if no output device unit is specified in the transfer mode command. 4. 'NO OUTPUT FILENAME?' is printed if no output filename is specified. 5. 'SAME DEVICE FOR INPUT AND OUTPUT' is printed when both input and output device units are 360. 6. 'NO INPUT DEVICE UNIT?' is printed if no input device unit is specified. 7. 'NO INPUT FILENAME?' is printed if no input filename is specified. 8. 'DATA MODE REQUIRED!' is printed if no file extension is given. 9. 'ILLEGAL DATA MODE' is printed if the file extension is neither SRC nor BIN. 10. 'DEVICE NAME TOO LONG' is printed if device name is more than 3 characters 11. 'FILE NAME TOO LONG' is printed if filename is more than the allowed length. 12. 'ILL DEVICE UNIT' is printed when the device name is illegal or when neither the input or output device is 360. Legal device names include 360, DTI, DT2, PPA (PP) , PRA(PR) and TTA (TT). After printing the error message, the right bracket sign (or the // sign when in command mode) will again be printed. The command has to be re entered entirely. APPENDIX VIII Initialize I/O devices Enter command mode 1 Wait for command from TTA Read in command and test Print Error No Send command to 360 and output on TTA Yes Enter Transfer mode Wait for command from TTA Read in command and test Yes Print Error Yes Decode command and complete data transfer (I) Overall Flow-Chart for Program TRSFER 46 Get output device name and filename Get input device name and filename Check extension -source or binary No Set binary pack and unpack routines Yes Set ASCII pack and unpack routines No Print error and return No Initiate file transfer to 360 Initiate file transfer to PDP-9 (II) Decoding file Transfer Commands 47 Initialize input device Initialize output device Seek input file on device Create f ile on PDP- 9 Create output file on 360 Send command to 360 for data transfer Transfer data from input device to PDP-9 core Receive data from 360 Send to data 360 No Store data in output device I/O Termination and return Yes I/O Termination and return (III) File Transfer to 360 (IV) File Transfer to PDP-9 48 REFERENCES 1. Proposed USA Standard Data Communication Control Procedures for the USA Standard Code for Information Exchange,Communication of the ACM. Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1969, p. 166-178. 2. EIA STANDARD RS-232-B Interface between Data Processing Terminal Equipment and Data Communication Equipment, October 1965. 3. Eisenbies, J.L., Conventions for Digital Data Communication Link Design. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1967, p. 267-302. 4. DP09A Bit-Synchronous Data Communication Channel Instruction Manual. DEC-09-H8AA-D, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass., U.S.A. 5. Proposed USA Standard Character Structure and Character Parity Sense for Serial-by-bit Communication in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Communication of the ACM. Vol. 8, No. 9, Sept. 1965, p. 553-556. 6. Lynch, W.C., Reliable Full-Duplex File Transmission over Half Duplex Telephone Lines. Comm. of the ACM, Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1968, p. 407-410. 7. PDP-9 Advanced Software System Monitors Manual DEC-9A-MAA0-D, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass., U.S.A. 8. Bhushan, A.K. and Stotz, R.H., Procedures and Standards for Inter-Computer Communications. AFIPS Conference Proceedings, SJCC, 1968, Vol. 32, p. 95-104.
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Win Free Tickets for Tori Amos at Fillmore Miami Beach
Why do wayward women have to be penitent?
That was the thought tearing through Tori Amos' mind as she gazed upon an etching entitled "Geraldine" by the Irish artist Daniel Maclise. "It got me thinking about not apologizing," the fiery (and fiery maned) singer-songwriter recalls.
Hence, Unrepentant Geraldines, her defiant and brash new album, which draws inspiration from fine art, Americana, and her own '90s-era alternative chamber-pop.
Check the cut for a chance to win free tickets for Tori Amos and the Unrepentant Geraldines tour at the Fillmore Miami Beach this weekend.
See also: Tori Amos' Unrepentant Geraldines Echoes With a Grace and Sigh All Her Own
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Tori Amos' Unrepentant Geraldines Tour. With Trevor Moss and Hannah-Lou. Sunday, August 24. Fillmore Miami Beach, 1700 Washington Ave., Miami Beach. The show starts at 8 p.m. and tickets cost $38.50 to $52.50 plus fees via livenation.com. All ages. Call 305-673-7300 or visit fillmoremb.com.
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What was your source for this knitting project? Online Photo or Website Name of website or photo HeartStrings #KH05 Luxe Hat Link to website or photo www.heartstringsfiberarts.com/kh05.shtm What are you most proud of? After completing the knitting of the hat just like given in the pattern instructions, I then made a twisted cord of some of the same 2 yarns used in the hat. I gathered the area between the lower and upper braid bands together along one side of the hat, then secured them with the cord as shown. I really like this bit of added styling, and it is so easy to do. What advice would you give someone starting this project? Note: 2 strands of the fingering weight silk yarn were held together and used as one to make an equivalent thickness sport/DK yarn for the accent yarn in the braid.
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The painting process balances control and natural. I allow the paints to move freely on the canvas, and by controlling the fluidity of the paints, tilting the canvas, removing the paints, and other process, I gain certain control over the creative process. And this process was repeated for several times until aesthetically the paints are harmonised.
Because of the natural formation of the paints, and the mark making process, it resembles the natural formation of landscape. When inspect closely, the resemblance of landscape disappears, and is left with layers and layers of abstract colours and marks.
The idea of the painting is to capture the mutual existence of nature and human, an ancient philosophy in China that suggested morally and aesthetically human is part of the nature.
(It is suggested to frame this painting. If you are interested to buy, I can frame it for you. Please message me. )
Oil painting by Jin Wong


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Leaders who gush over growth have got it wrong
Every time one of our political elite crows about renewed economic growth, the average citizen must wonder, "What about me?" Did an average citizen in the US or UK experience a "new high" in their well-being in 2014? Not likely.
It is true that since the Great Recession of 2008-09, real gross domestic product per head has risen in both the UK and US – but median real incomes have fallen.
GDP growth is still the unchallenged standard that guides our fiscal and monetary elite in managing policy choices all over the developed world. But GDP is a terrible measure of prosperity. What it measures is spending.
If, for example, you cleared the snow from your driveway after a storm, GDP wouldn't budge. Suppose you hired someone to clear the snow for you, he did a terrible job and your neighbour slipped on the ice and broke his leg. Now GDP would grow… a lot. The snow-plough fees, the medical bill, the legal fees – on both sides –would all drive up GDP. The increase in GDP in the second scenario tells us that we are better off, while common sense suggests that we would have been better off if we had simply cleared the driveway ourselves.
Spending is not prosperity. The credit-addicted family measure their success by how much they are able to spend; they enjoy soaring "family GDP" as long as they can find new sources of credit; they buy a car that they can't afford and a house that they can't afford. When the car is repossessed and the house is foreclosed, the "family GDP" tumbles and much pain is experienced.
Was the family better off when they owned what they could not afford? Or were they better off before these extravagances? Or after the extravagances, while painfully setting their finances right?
Any prudent reader knows the answer for the family. A nation is rather like a large family. Isn't it just as dangerous to measure the success of a nation by measuring the size of its spending?
In the Great Recession there was a 5% drop in US real per capita GDP from the peak of 2007 to the trough of 2009. As of December 2013, real per capita GDP had recovered and just exceeded the 2007 peak by 0.7% in the US, less in the UK and Europe. This scant growth since 2009 was entirely financed by new debt. Adjusting to 2009 dollars, over the six years from the start of the recession, the US government had borrowed $25,000 from every citizen's future income, including those newly born.
It is often said that John Maynard Keynes favoured government spending to stimulate the animal spirits of the private sector during and after a recession. Not quite accurate. He recommended that government should act as a shock absorber for economic ups and downs by running surpluses in good times to fund deficits in rough times, if necessary supplemented by short-term borrowings.
The last six years were far beyond anything Keynes might have countenanced. The governments of the developed world were not acting as a shock absorber; instead, they (we!) behaved like heads of dysfunctional families, unwilling to face the reality of lower incomes and slower growth, borrowing from children's future education funds – and even hypothecating their children's future income – to maintain the family's high-profile status in the neighbourhood.
Part of the reason for governments' dysfunctional behaviour stems directly from the way we measure success – by the headline GDP – a measure of spending, not a measure of prosperity. Real per capita GDP is often used to evaluate the standard of living. It has grown by nearly 40% since 1990. However, as shown in the graphic, the growth in GDP has failed to translate into gains for the average citizen in the economy. The median household income in the US is no higher now than it was in 1990; it peaked in 1999 and since then has fallen 9%, erasing all the gains of the 1990s.
The disconnect between GDP growth and household income growth is more severe among the working poor (the 20th percentile income earners), whose income is now 13% lower than its 1999 peak, and is even 3% lower than it was in 1990 (although with welfare and transfer payments, their income has increased slightly).
Did the debt-fuelled GDP "growth" in the past six years improve the average American's financial well-being? No. Rather strikingly, after trillions of dollars spent, our prosperity has deteriorated: in what is regarded as the recovery from the Great Recession, real incomes have fallen since 2009 by 4% for the median household and 6% for the working poor.
How can this be? Well, if the central bankers have tried to reignite the economy, by seeking to stimulate a "wealth effect" with trillions of newly printed money, it should be utterly unsurprising if they succeed. Open a fire hydrant on the street, and those with buckets closest to the fire hydrant – those in financial services and those who provide goods and services to the government – have full buckets, while the neighbourhood – the broad macroeconomy – has no water pressure.
It's redistribution, backwards. Stimulate a wealth effect and then decry the income and wealth disparity? My goodness, what hypocrisy.
The US government is congratulating itself on a 6% rise in per capita real GDP. The reality is that we had massive deficit spending, we increased our debt, and central bankers' quantitative easing programmes paid for much of the deficit spending while pumping a lot of liquidity into the stock market, generating asset bubbles that rewarded a small fraction of society. The hope was that this wealth effect would cause growth in the broad macroeconomy. The reality is that the vast majority of the citizenry is worse off now than when the Berlin Wall was falling.
Whenever we measure success based on GDP, based on spending, rather than, for example, GDP net of new debt, we encourage spending. To maintain the illusion of prosperity that comes with rising spending, we create incentives for the government to spend more than it collects in tax revenues. As long as we measure success by measuring spending, we will continue to make bad policy choices. These choices wreak havoc with our future prosperity, the future purchasing power of our currency, and ultimately with geopolitical stability. It's time to abandon our fixation with GDP and GDP growth.
Rob Arnott is chairman and chief executive and Lillian Wu is a researcher at California-based Research Affiliates
This article first appeared in the print edition of Financial News dated November 3, 2014


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The Penguins of Madagascar: Dr. Blowhole Returns - Again! (PS3) Cheats
The Penguins of Madagascar: Dr. Blowhole Returns - Again! cheats, Trophys, and Codes for PS3.
TrophiesBack to top
Complete the outlined tasks, and earn the Trophies.
|How to unlock
|Asphalt Jungle (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Asphalt Jungle' level.
|AWOL (Bronze)
|Complete the 'AWOL' level.
|Burt's Beacon (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Burt's Beacon' level.
|Chameleon Catch (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Chameleon Catch' level.
|Diabolical Traps (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Diabolical Traps' level.
|Dr. Blowhole's Base (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Dr. Blowhole's Base' level.
|Find the Robot Parts (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Find the Robot Parts' level.
|Find the Robot Parts, Part II (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Find the Robot Parts, Part II' level.
|Guest Quest (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Guest Quest' level.
|Mango Mania (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Mango Mania' level.
|Mission Control (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Mission Control' level.
|Mission: Marlene (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Mission: Marlene' level.
|Monkey Business (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Monkey Business' level.
|Party Favor Hunt (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Party Favor Hunt' level.
|Party Planner (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Party Planner' level.
|Penguins vs. Penguins (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Penguins vs. Penguins' level.
|Rescue Roger (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Rescue Roger' level.
|Security Breach (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Security Breach' level.
|Shaved Ice (Bronze)
|Collect 1000 snowcones.
|Showdown with Dr. Blowhole (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Showdown with Dr. Blowhole' level.
|Throne Piece Pursuit (Bronze)
|Complete the 'Throne Piece Pursuit' level.
|Dr. Blowhole!? (Silver)
|Complete all levels in the 'Dr. Blowhole!?' story.
|Julien's Mango Mash (Silver)
|Complete all levels in the 'Julien's Mango Mash' story.
|Rainbow Flavor is the Best (Silver)
|Collect 5000 snowcones.
|Revenge of the Robo-Penguins (Silver)
|Complete all levels in the 'Revenge of the Robo-Penguins' story.
|The Crystal Staff of the Lemurkhamen (Silver)
|Complete all levels in 'The Crystal Staff of the Lemurkhamen' story.
|Bargain Shopper (Gold)
|Buy every item from King Julien's Store.
|Chameleon Keeper (Gold)
|Find all of the Chameleons.
|King of Pins (Gold)
|Bowl a 200 in Mort Bowling.
|Number One Ninja (Gold)
|Defeat a total of 1000 Ninja Pins in Ninja-Knockdown.
|Operation Complete (Gold)
|Complete all levels in The Penguins of Madagascar.
|Shake Your Rear End (Gold)
|Score a total 100,000 points in King Julien's Dance Party.
|The Penguins of Madagascar 100% Complete (Platinum)
|Collect all Bronze, Silver, and Gold Trophies.
Recent Threads
Madagascar Series
- Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (Movie)2012
- Madagascar Kartz2009
- Madagascar2005


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Detective agency in Andhra Pradesh
- City: Andhra Pradesh
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Articles tagged bb king's
26 Oct 2009 // 4:37 AM
The CMJ Music Marathon and Film Festival invades New York City this week. Here's the latest from PopMatters' writers on the beat. Words by Andrew Martin, Pictures by David ReynekeREAD more
//Mixed media
Klimt 1918 "It Was to Be" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Clint Mansell "Faith, Hope, Fear and Falling in Love" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Maestro Gamin and Books One "Future Calling" (audio) // Music
Jóhann Jóhannsson "A Song for Europa" (video) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Searching for Wholesome Online Fun: LDS Gamers
// Moving Pixels
"While being skeptical about the Church ever officially endorsing video games, LDS gamers remains hopeful about the future, knowing that Mormon society is slowly growing to appreciate gaming.READ the article


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SmtpClient Constructor
Initializes a new instance of the SmtpClient class by using configuration file settings.
Assembly: System (in System.dll)
This constructor initializes the Host, Credentials, and Port properties for the new SmtpClient by using the settings in the application or machine configuration files. For more information, see <mailSettings> Element (Network Settings).
The following code example demonstrates sending an e-mail message.
Public Shared Sub CreateTestMessage3() Dim [to] As New MailAddress("email@example.com") Dim [from] As New MailAddress("firstname.lastname@example.com") Dim message As New MailMessage([from], [to]) message.Subject = "Using the new SMTP client." message.Body = "Using this new feature, you can send an e-mail message from an application very easily." ' Use the application or machine configuration to get the ' host, port, and credentials. Dim client As New SmtpClient() Console.WriteLine("Sending an e-mail message to {0} at {1} by using the SMTP host={2}.", [to].User, [to].Host, client.Host) Try client.Send(message) Catch ex As Exception Console.WriteLine("Exception caught in CreateTestMessage3(): {0}", ex.ToString()) End Try End Sub
For an example of the <mailSettings> node in the application or machine configuration file, see <mailSettings> Element (Network Settings).
- SmtpPermission
to construct an SmtpClient. Associated enumeration: SmtpAccess.Connect.
Windows 7, Windows Vista SP1 or later, Windows XP SP3, Windows XP SP2 x64 Edition, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core supported with SP1 or later), Windows Server 2003 SP2
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see .NET Framework System Requirements.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 4 nights
Your booking will be backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee when you complete your reservation online and finalise payment on HomeAway.Learn more
We are surrounded by alfalfa fields, ranches, and farms. The sky goes forever in all directions, with a beautiful view of Cedar Mountain to the east. You can almost reach out and touch the stars at night. Peaceful, private, family gathering spot.Bring binoculars for all the bird watching. You will be amazed at how many birds you can spot while your'e just sitting on the front deck! The bird songs are wonderful! Our favorite is the Meadowlark that just brings joy throughout the whole day.
We live in Las Vegas, Nevada. Almost 40 years ago we bought our little house in the country so that we would have a spot to escape to when we wanted to get out of the city. We would bring our 13 children here and they would run wild all over the field. We loved that we were secluded enough that we didn't worry about them disturbing neighbors or about traffic. We loved being able to see the stars, count the shooting stars, and breathe fresh air. Every summer we would bring little farm animals to run around the property with the children. The field was full of holes the children dug (I don't know why children love digging holes so much), and forts. At night time the children would pitch tents all over the field so that they could camp and see the deer come in during the early morning. Now our children bring their children here for the same reasons, so watch out for holes out in the field!
We chose Cedar City because of the small town and historic charm. It has a lot of sentimental value to me because my Grandparents lived here in the little "Apple Cottage" right off Main Street. I spent much of my youth with them in that house. My Grandfather worked at the train depot when it actually was a train depot! How I loved to visit with him there at work. He did the telegraph and I remember how amazed I was that he could listen to those clicks and send out clicks while he was talking and laughing with me, all at the same time! I remember when the only theater was the little one down town and the box office was outside. Every Saturday, my sisters, friends, and I would go to the matinee and then walk over to the drive-inn for fries and then head over to the public swimming pool to swim. It was an outdoor pool at the spot the library now sits. The whole town would come out to cool off! The town was small enough back then that every Halloween our goal was to hit every house in town for treats! We love this town!
Cousin's Farm was such a fun, clean place for our family & friends to stay while vacationing in Cedar City. The house was clean & darling... with so much character. Everyone had plenty of room! The property was fun to relax & the kids had so much fun playing.
Melody was great to give us all the instructions that we would need, and quickly responded to my emails prior to us arriving. We would definitely recommend staying at the farm, and plan to go back soon.
We had a FANTASTIC time at Cousins Boysenberry Farm! It was wonderful to be so close to the city yet have a comfortably peaceful place to get away from it all. There is something especially relaxing about being on a farm...especially one you can enjoy without doing all the maintenance!! ;) The kids especially loved the chickens and all the adults admired the beautiful garden! Thanks for letting us enjoy it while we were there! :) It was wonderful! Thank you!! :)
We needed somewhere for four families to stay for a family reunion. We wanted an alternative from traditional hotels/motels. The Cousins Boysenberry Farm fit the bill! We were able to all spend so much time together for the five nights we were there. There was plenty of room for the kids to run around. One of the highlights for everyone was the chickens! The Farm was close to I-15 and Cedar City, but far enough away to enjoy the quiet of the country. The two kitchens and four bathrooms were handy for a house full of people. The themed rooms were fun for the kids. Overall we thoroughly enjoyed our time and would highly recommend the Cousins Boysenberry Farm!
Very happy with our stay. Property exceeded our expectations. Would definitely stay again if back in the area.
This home is warm and cozy. It was perfect in every way.
We had the maximum amount of people staying at this home and it was more than adequate. The rooms were clean and comfortable. Melody, the owner, was extremely accommodating and communicative. We visited Bryce, Zion's and a few spots within 20 minutes of Cedar City had plenty of time to do everything we wanted in the day and still get home at a reasonable time. There were things for the kids to do outside, like basketball, toys and lots of space. We will definitely stay here again on any future trip to southern Utah.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
22 Dec 2016 - 28 Dec 2016
4 night minimum stay
for 4 nights
New Years
29 Dec 2016 - 9 Jan 2017
4 night minimum stay
for 4 nights
19 May 2017 - 12 Sep 2017
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
|Notes: Rates are based on 12 guests; add £13 per night, per additional guest
|Cleaning Fee
|Refundable Damage Deposit
|Tax Rate
We charge an extra $60.00 flat fee for 12-19 guests. We charge $100 flat fee for 20 or more guests. This is usually a big savings to our guests as most rentals charge for each extra guest per night (Many charge $20-$25 per extra guest per night). It doesn't take long for that to really add up!


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Why Buy Baby Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair
Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair Review
What can baby stoke do for your baby? Be together. Grow together. TRIPP TRAPP - The Chair that grows with the child, yes that what the Stokke will do for your child as they grow up. These are the features of Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair. It comes with adjustable seat and footrest, so you only adjust it to the size of your child from the age of six months to adulthood.
Stokke are manufactured ergonomically designed which provide and enhance stability of the chair, and also provide maximum comfort and your confidence to your baby, and comfort is really needed for your child safety. The stokke is made of cultivated beech wood which provides a strong and durable product that will last you many times to come and enhance five point safety harnesses and has the capability of up to 300 pounds.
This Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair is one of the outstanding and original award winning high chairs with quality products. The Chair comes with a seven year warranty on all wooden components. It measures 18"WX19.25"DX31"H
Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair
Features of Stokke High Chair
So buying this Tripp Trapp High Chair you are buying a long term chair that many of your children and grand children would use, this will help you save money. You can buy this chair at Amazon online shopping portal where 80% buys this and that's shows you how many people like the chair. As a customer consider comparing prices from other online shopping portal before buying one and ensure that you buy a genuine product, do not comprise on quality by buying a cheap chair.
So for other benefits and beauty of this chair consider checking product description and summary at Amazon, also check on the customer review and what they have to say about this chair. Here is what one customer had to say about the Stokke chair
With a rating of 5.0 out of 5 stars, the customer described the chair as one of "Best chair for family dining experience, I understand the concern in the reviews about the safety of this product, but the product information clearly gives instructions on how to prevent potential mishaps. Read more Amazon online shopping portal Published 18 days ago by Euromom". There are so many reviews about this Stokke that will help make an informed decision when purchasing any product online. So compare price, check quality and also after sale services like free shipping that some sell point will offer
Stokke Tripp Trapp High Chair
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OBDLink (OBD car diagnostics)
ScanTool.net, LLC
- August 18, 2016
( 5,335)
***The OBDLink app exclusively works with these adapters***
- OBDLink LX Bluetooth
- OBDLink MX Bluetooth
- OBDLink Bluetooth
- OBDLink MX Wi-Fi
- OBDLink WiFi
- OBDLink SX USB (with Android 3.1 or newer)
***The app will NOT work with any other brand of OBD adapter.***
- Check and clear diagnostic trouble codes
- OBDLink LX Bluetooth
- OBDLink MX Bluetooth
- OBDLink Bluetooth
- OBDLink MX Wi-Fi
- OBDLink WiFi
- OBDLink SX USB (with Android 3.1 or newer)
***The app will NOT work with any other brand of OBD adapter.***
Turn your phone or tablet into a full-fledged diagnostic scan tool: read diagnostic trouble codes, clear the "Check Engine" light, check emissions readiness, estimate fuel economy and much more!
Key features:
- Check and clear diagnostic trouble codes
- Read freeze frame data
- Display real-time data (over 90 parameters!)
- Customizable dashboards
- Emissions readiness for each US state
- Fuel economy MPG, l/100km or km/l calculation
- Multiple trip meters
- Log data to CSV format (compatible with Excel)
- Retrieve vehicle information including VIN number and calibration ID
- Oxygen Sensor Results (Mode $05)
- On-board Monitoring Tests (Mode $06)
- In-performance Tracking Counters (Mode $09)
- GPS tracking - plot vehicle parameters on a map in real-time
- Full diagnostic report that can be e-mailed
- English and Metric units
- Free unlimited updates
- Ad-free
Used this app for a few weeks on my 98 Jeep TJ. Haven't had any trouble with it so far. I own an older OBD2 vehicle so I can only pick up my MAP sensor, tachometer, speedometer, coolant temperature, immediate fuel economy and overall fuel economy. This helped me figure out the best way to handle my car for fuel usage. So far I average 19.8 mpg with a 4.0 wrangler which is pretty good.
Missing features It would be great if it could be set to continuously try to connect even while the device is locked, and not block on a popup when connection fails. Have to manually open and direct the app to the start page in order to make it connect, otherwise it doesn't even if it's on the dashboard page. Also, it takes more than 5 minutes to load a 10 MB csv file (15 min travel time) for visualisation. The card and the phone are not the issue (80 MBps read,Note 4, obdmx wifi). No PC visualisation software for the data.
Not Working great. Working with my 06Chevrolet pickup works good. Wish they had a night day feature. Well I must take back what I previously wrote. My obdlink lx connects has connection about ten fifteen seconds then error pops up communication failure. could not communicate with obd2link.... very sad over this. I've had a issue with my unit for over a month and posted on scantool forum for help . No engineers replied to my post .
still having issues 20160831: loaded the app onto my galaxy s5, selected the information I wanted to monitor from the provided lists and still having connection issues. checked and unchecked boxes and options with no difference in connection. (yes, I rebooted the device after each selection.)
Won't stay connected. Would be cool if I didn't have to perform a reconnect sequence every 15 seconds.... kinda thought it should connect once , then sit on my dash continually updating..... apparently not... only get 10 seconds worth of readout, then it quits updating
It's the best of the best! The obx scanner is the best Bluetooth scanner I have ever used hands down. Must buy from Amazon. To get best deal. Missing features when using the app on the new ZTE Z-MAX PRO. Can someone help?🤔
What's New
Added additional device sensor PIDs including roll, pitch, acceleration w/ gravity, magnetometer, and rotation rate.
Added support for logging device sensors to CSV file.
Added an option to the Dashboard menu to calibrate roll and pitch based on the current orientation of your device.
GPS PIDs can now be displayed on the dashboards, graphs, and PID values page.
Minor bug fixes and improvements.
Check/clear engine codes, view performance data, fuel economy, customize gauges.


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The behavioral physiology of labroid fishes
Curran, Mary C.
MetadataShow full item record
Citable URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/1912/5527
LocationWestern North Atlantic
The family Labridae, or wrasses, is one of the most speciose fish families and is exceptional in its wide range of morphological and behavioral diversities. The cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus is one of two temperate-dwelling Western North Atlantic representatives of this family, and they are one of the few fishes that remain in New England waters throughout the year. In the winter, the cunner enters a state of "torpor" which has previously been described based solely on behavioral observations. The present study showed that cunner undergo physiological torpor, or hibernation, based on low oxygen consumption rates in winter, contributing to a large Q10 value of 8.5. It is thus established as one of the few marine species that is known to hibernate. Cunner withstood four months of starvation at 4°C. Glycogen, lipid, and protein in the liver decreased during this period, as did the liver/body ratio, but these components did not decrease significantly in the whole-body samples. Since liver components were not exhausted, and body components were not significantly affected, cunner can withstand long periods without eating. Regression analysis predicts that they can live at least 6 months given the rate of decrease of glycogen and lipid reserves, and 9 months based on their protein reserves. Oxygen consumption rates were monitored continuously over several days to determine diel variations in metabolic rate. The values obtained at night were significantly lower than the daytime values. Cunner did not maintain a diel cycle throughout the year; the length of this cycle varied from approximately 24 hours during warm temperatures to approximately 48 hours at temperatures generally below 8°C. Metabolic rates were more variable at warmer temperatures, which is in agreement with the expected increase in spontaneous activity. Two tropicallabroids, the wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatwn and the parrotfish Scarus iserti, also had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates during the day than at night. Both hibernation and sleep are thought to be energy conserving mechanisms in fishes. The ability of labrids to sleep may have predisposed them to becoming established in temperate waters by surviving cold temperatures through hibernation.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1992
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Plutonium isotopes in the North Atlantic Buesseler, Ken O. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986-09)The artificial radionuclide Plutonium (Pu) has been introduced into the environment primarily as fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing during the 1950's and 1960's. Earlier studies of Pu geochemistry are ...


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