text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 30, 1987
|Filing date
|Jul 17, 1986
|Priority date
|Sep 20, 1980
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David Humphrey
|Original Assignee
|David Humphrey
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (53), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 615,322 filed on May 30, 1984, now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 298,820 filed Sept. 2, 1981, now abandoned.
The term "anaesthetic system" or anaesthetic breathing system, when used in this specification, is taken to mean the connecting apparatus between the anaesthetic machine and the face mask or endotracheal tube which connects to a patient, except where the context indicates otherwise.
Anaesthetic breathing systems are classified into 3 main groups, namely those which employ a circle system in which anaesthetic gases are reused by removing carbon dioxide due to circulation through a container containing soda lime (or similar substance); those which do not recycle gases and vent all expired gases to the atmosphere and do not permit any rebreathing by the use of two unidirectional valves in the inspiratory and expiratory side of the system; and those which do not recycle gases but vent expired gases to the atmosphere but nevertheless permit a degree of rebreathing. Of the last group all requirements for the administration of anaesthesia can be met with a number of different breathing systems, each having its own special application. Mapleson generally classified these systems as A, B, C, D and E and various analyses by research anaesthetists have revealed Mapleson A systems to be generally efficient for spontaneous respiration in adults, D systems to be generally efficient for controlled ventilation in adults and children and E systems to be advantageous though not necessarily efficient in children for both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Systems B and C offered no special advantage at all. Hence to cover all eventualities encountered by the anaesthetist, Mapleson A, D and E systems are employed. Examples of Mapleson systems are the well known Magill (Mapleson A), the Bain (Mapleson D/E) and Ayre's T-piece (Mapleson E).
The Mapleson A or Magill system, is used for spontaneous respiration on adults and comprises a flexible tube delivering fresh gas from the machine, a reservoir bag at the machine end, and a pop-off valve, which is a simple relief valve, adjacent the patient's face. For controlled ventilation on adults, the Mapleson D/E or Bain system is used. This system comprises a fresh gas supply tube located within the bore of an expired gas removal tube at the distal end of which is located a relief valve and reservoir bag. Expired gases may be collected at the relief valve and removed from the theatre. The reservoir bag can be removed to allow connection to an automatic ventilator from which the expired gases may be removed from the theatre. In pediatrics, a simple T-piece (Mapleson E) is generally used for spontaneous respiration and controlled ventilation.
It is clear that each particular system is of limited application. In addition, the Magill and the T-piece systems contribute to the atmospheric pollution of the theatre by the introduction of expired respiration products and anaesthetic gas into the theatre at a point close to the patient from where it is cumbersome and inconvenient to attach a scavenging device. Only the Bain system allows easy scavenging back at the anaesthetic machine and removal of these gases out of the theatre with consequent reduction of this hazard.
A later system, based on the Mapleson A principle and developed by Lack, addressed the problem of theatre pollution by the provision of a take-off tube for expired gases coaxially down the fresh gas supply tube. The take-off tube exits from the bore of the supply tube at a location remote from the patient where a relief valve is arranged to blow off when the expiration pressure of the patient overcomes the resistance of the valve mechanism. The Lack system can only be used in the same situations as the Magill.
Recent attempts have been made to design an anaesthetic system which will have universal efficient use. Combination of a circle system used for spontaneous respiration and a Mapleson D system for controlled ventilation still limit its use to adults and requires soda lime with all its consequent disadvantages familiar to those skilled in the art. Another idea has been to use a closed loop without soda lime in which the separation of dead space gas (gas which has entered the lung but never reaches the respiratory gas exchange areas; it therefore has the same composition as fresh anaesthetic gas) from alveolar gas (which contains carbon dioxide exchanged from blood in the deeper parts of the respiratory passages) is achieved by a one-way valve on the expiratory limb immediately adjacent to the patient's face with two expiratory tubes from this valve to the anaesthetic machine. One tube carries dead space gas back to the beginning of the inspiratory limb thus completing the loop, while the other expiratory tube carries the alveolar gases to a pop-off valve from which these gases are vented from the system. A back-pressure mechanism on this valve permits controlled ventilation with the ventilator placed with the inspiratory limb of the loop. This device is not suitable for children because of its bulk and high airway resistance due to its complexity with the presence of a valve. Yet another approach to preserve dead space gas has been the introduction of a jet fluid control device at the patient end of a breathing system. This narrow jet directs the first gas to be expired (dead space gas) at a high velocity back down the inspiratory limb. As the pressure of gases rises in this limb, so the remainder of the expired gas (alveolar) is forced into the expiratory limb which is open to atmosphere at the anaesthetic machine. This, however, proved to function less efficiently than conventional systems, for the jet created such high turbulance within the system that it effectively mixed both dead and alveolar gas with the total loss of the former which now contained carbon dioxide. In conclusion not one multi-purpose anaesthetic breathing system exists that is efficient and can be used for all patients irrespective of age.
Applicant is aware of the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,901,230 (Henkin) which relates to a closed loop system without the use of soda lime already described above; 4,281,652 (Miller) which relates to a jet fluid control device at the patient end of a breathing system also referred to above; 3,993,059 (Sjostrand) which relates to a high frequency positive ventilation system; 3,814,092 (Simionescu et al) which relates to a portable anaesthetic machine; 4,007,736 (Schreiber) which describes a ventilator with a timing mechanism and 4,249,527 (Ko et al) which relates to a pressure administrating apparatus which maintains a positive pressure in the lungs of a patient, and United Kingdom Patents Nos. 734,639 (Svenska Aktiebolaget Grasaccumulator) which relates to a closed and open circuit anaesthetic system and 1,272,583 (Blease Medical Equipment) which describes a ventilating machine designed to facilitate sterilization after use.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system which will find application in each and all of the circumstances mentioned above and which will, moreover, be as efficient, or considerably more efficient, than the systems presently in use in some or all of the applications referred to.
It is further the object of this invention to facilitate the scavenging of waste expired anaesthetic gases in all the applications mentioned above, thus reducing theatre pollution and its consequent danger to theatre staff to minimal levels or even eliminating pollution completely.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an anaesthetic breathing system suitable for anaesthesia administration in both the sophisticated academic environment and remote rural areas. By virtue of the properties of the apparatus the anaesthetist can use very economical anaesthetic gas flows even without carbon dioxide absorption and yet he does not prejudice the safety of his patient. He can predict the carbon dioxide tension of this patient during controlled ventilation even when the latter is performed by hand. The invention is robust, simple and easily sterilized and consequently has many advantages over the circle absorber system which, unless specially adapted, is also unsuitable for children.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus which is cheaper, easier to use, and less bulky than a combination of currently used anaesthetic breathing systems required for anaesthesia in the four circumstances mentioned earlier. Further this invention eliminates the use of soda lime and thus also the cost, transportation and the difficulties often encountered in remote areas in obtaining it.
According to the invention there is provided an anaesthetic system including a fresh gas supply tube, a reservoir bag connected thereto through a valve, and an expiratory tube having one or two outlets controlled by adjustable means. The arrangement of the invention permits a wide variety of applications for adult and child, spontaneous and controlled ventilation circumstances.
In one form of the invention the expiratory tube is provided with two outlets, a first outlet being controlled by a plug valve and a second outlet downstream of the first outlet being controlled by a relief valve which may be adjustable or a pop-off valve.
In another form of the invention the expiratory tube has a second outlet controlled by a screw-down type valve.
In both of these forms of the invention the port connecting the fresh gas supply tube to the reservoir bag may be controlled by a plug valve.
The fresh gas supply tube and the expiratory tube may be coaxial and the outlet is preferably located at a position remote from the patient end of the system.
Some embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings which are partly diagrammatical representations of an anaesthetic system according to the invention.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the invention partly in section, showing coaxial tubing and two functional positions of levers in FIGS. 1a and 1b, as well as the respective pathways for anaesthetic gases.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the invention partly in section, showing parallel tubing and two functional positions of levers 119 and 121 in FIGS. 2a and 2b, as well as the respective pathways for anaesthetic gases.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the invention partly in section view, showing parallel tubing and the two levers as a single lever. The respective functional positions of this lever are shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b, as are the respective pathways for anaesthetic gases. An exploded view of the rotating valve mechanism controlled by the lever is also shown.
FIG. 4 is a sectional side-view of the invention in which the relief valve of the second outlet downstream of the first (not shown) is a screw-down valve. A coaxial tubing arrangement is shown.
FIG. 5 is a sectional side-view of the invention in which the relief valve of the second outlet downstream of the first (not shown) is a screw-down valve. A coaxial tubing arrangement is shown in reverse to that in FIG. 4, the expiratory tube now being the inner of the coaxial tubes.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sectional side-view of the invention in which the system in FIG. 1 is shown with the coaxial tubing reversed, such that the outer tube is now the expiratory tube.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic sectional side-view of the invention in which the first outlet on the expiratory limb allows gas to flow to the second outlet in any position of the lever.
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic sectional side-view of the invention in which the system in FIG. 7 is shown with the coaxial tubing reversed such that the outer tube now becomes the expiratory tube.
The anaesthetic system 10 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a fresh gas supply tube 12 or inspiratory tube connected to the anaesthetic machine at inlet 11, the patient end of which consists of flexible tubing, and an expired gas removal tube 14, or expiratory tube, which runs down the bore of the fresh gas supply tube 12 and exits therefrom at a location remote from the patient. The expired gas removal tube 14 terminates at the upper end thereof in a secondary outlet 30 controlled by a relief valve 16 which is a simple pop-off or screw-down device. A primary outlet 26 upstream of the secondary outlet 30 has a manually operable valve 18 controlled by a lever 19; rotation of valve 18 by lever 19 directs the flow of expired gas either to the primary outlet 26 or the secondary outlet 30. A second manually operable valve 20 controlled by a lever 21 is located in the fresh gas supply tube 12 to open or close a port 28 to a reservoir bag 22. Both valves 18, 20 may be plug valves located within the tubes, with a central bore disposed co-axially with the principal axis of the tube, each arranged to close their outlets or ports in one position of the levers 19, 21 and in the other position of the levers 19, 21 to open the outlet 26 or port 28. The pop-off valve 16 is a simple spring-loaded valve with a screw cap which can be screwed in to close the valve 16. At the junction of the primary and secondary outlets at valve 18 a cap 31 prevents expired gases from escaping from the system. This cap may be removed to allow attachment of other outlets or anaesthetic devices such as a pressure release device or soda lime canister.
A face piece connector 24 is shown attached to the patient end of the fresh gas supply tube 12. The expired gas removal tube 14 stops short of the end of the fresh gas supply tube and is supported therein by a set of radially extending vanes (not shown).
In use the settings of the valves 16, 18, 20 will vary depending on the application of the system 10.
For adult spontaneous respiration the system 10 is used in a Mapleson A configuration (FIG. 1a). Valve 20 is opened by lever 21 thereby including the reservoir bag 22 in the circuit, and the outlet valve 18 is open to the relief valve 16 and closed to outlet 26. In this configuration the system can be regarded as a Lack system, fresh gas filling the reservoir bag 22 on the inspiratory limb and passing down the outer tube 12. Expired gases are vented by the inner tube 14 and exhausted through the pop-off valve 16 to be scavenged at the outlet 30.
Those skilled in the art of anaesthesia will appreciate that the function of the system is such that dead space gas can be efficiently preserved by the following means. At the beginning of inspiration the fresh gas supplied into the system from the anaesthetic machine has filled the reservoir bag. This collapses during inspiration, relief valve 16 remaining closed and preventing inhalation of alveolar gas from the expiratory limb. During exhalation initially exhaled dead space gas will flow back into the inspiratory limb as the pressure to lift the expiratory valve is higher than that which exists within the collapsed reservoir bag in the inspiratory limb. In mid-expiration the pressure in the inspiratory limb now exceeds that needed to open the valve 16 which consequently results in the elimination of the remainder of the exhaled gas (now of alveolar composition) down the expiratory limb and out through valve 16 and outlet 30. At this point a scavenging device (not shown) is attached to conduct gases out of the operating theatre. During clinical trials the applicant found this system to be more efficient than the traditionally used Magill Mapleson A system and to require a fresh gas flow of only 50 ml.kg-1.min-1.
During this test, the applicant found that the system 10, even with a fresh gas flow of only 50 ml.kg-1.min-1 performed as efficiently as the Magill (Mapleson A system) with a fresh gas flow of 70 ml.kg-1.min-1.
To change the system 10 for controlled ventilation in both children and adults, the reservoir bag 22 is functionally excluded from the circuit by means of the valve 20 by rotating lever 21 (FIG. 1b). A ventilator is connected by means of a tube to primary expiratory outlet 26 while valve 18 is opened to this outlet by rotating lever 19. Fresh gas flows directly to the patient via the supply tube 12 and expired gas exits freely through the valve 18 and outlet 26 to the ventilator.
The system now functions as a modified Mapleson E system. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the ventilator attached to the expiratory limb merely functions as a piston. A preset volume of gas is intermittently forced into the expiratory limb thus driving expired gas back towards the patient's lungs. However since fresh anaesthetic gas is continually being introduced into the system at inlet 11 down the supply tube 12, this will displace exhaled gas down the expiratory tube 14 such that when the ventilator functions with each breath it is predominantly fresh gas that is pushed into the patient's lung and not expired gas. The ventilator gas therefore never actually reaches the patient and is further prevented from doing so by a tube of adequate volume attached between the outlet 26 and the ventilator. Consequently the ventilator can use atmospheric air as the "piston" gas without affecting the supply of anaesthetic gases to the patient. All exhausted gases are collected from the expiratory valve of the ventilator and conducted out of theatre.
For controlled ventilation clinical trials have confirmed that the system functions as a modified Mapleson D or E system. Like the Bain (which is also a modified Mapleson D system) normocarbia can be maintained with hyperventilation and a fresh gas flow of 70 ml.kg-1.min-1.
Manual ventilation is effectively achieved in the Mapleson A mode as for spontaneous respiration (FIG. 1a). The reservoir bag 22 is squeezed while the expiratory relief valve 16 is tightened to control the outflow of gas which is subsequently removed by scavenging. The applicant has found this method to be very efficient in marked contrast to the teachings for the alternative Magill Mapleson A system.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the switch from spontaneous or manual ventilation to controlled ventilation with an automatic ventilator simply involves the appropriate positions of levers 19 and 21 described above for each technique. By including or excluding the reservoir bag 22, the system 10 can be quickly converted from a Mapleson D system to an A or vice versa. Unlike any other system and in particular the Bain, the ventilator can remain attached at all times, the valve 16 does not need adjustment nor does the reservoir bag 22 need to be removed. Scavenging is always easily effected away from the patient in all modes of use either at outlets 30, 26 or at the ventilator.
For spontaneous respiration in paediatric anaesthesia, the system 10 may be in a "valveless" Mapleson A mode, a system that, in the experience of the applicant, is two or three times more efficient than the valveless but traditionally used T-piece of Mapleson E system.
The system functions much as the spontaneous respiration mode for adults (FIG. 1a) but with the following exceptions: fresh gas fills a smaller inspiratory reservoir bag 22 of 1 liter (or less), in place of the adult 2 liter bag. Expired alveolar gases pass along the inner tube 14, but instead of being exhausted, as with adults, through the pop-off valve 16, valve 18 is opened by the lever 19 to the main outlet 26 to allow gas to escape freely without passing through the pop-off valve. Dead space gas is not so well preserved since it can flow down both inspiratory and expiratory tubes at the beginning of expiration but nevertheless it has been found that the system is twice as efficient as the T-piece. Exhaust gases are scavenged at outlet 26 and conducted out of the theatre.
Recent physiological studies of the respiratory changes under anaesthesia have indicated that in children an increase in airway pressure may actually help gas exchange contrary to previous belief. This can be achieved by the inclusion of an expiratory resistance, a valve or flow resistor at the distal end of the expiratory limb of the breathing system. If this is desired with this invention, then valve 16 can be included by rotating valve 18 to the appropriate position as in FIG. 1a, exhaust gases being scavenged at outlet 30. This arrangement is functionally similar to that recommended for adults and is particularly efficient for it required one third of the fresh gas necessary for the T-piece to prevent breathing, an observation which was noted consistently during trials done by the applicant on children breathing spontaneously. It has been found that system 10 requires a maximum fresh gas flow of about 3.5 liters/min for spontaneous respiration in children, compared to 10.9 liters/min with the T-piece.
For controlled ventilation in children the system 10 is used as a Bain (modified Mapleson D) system as described earlier for adults and in FIG. 1b. A fresh gas flow of 3 liters min-1 has been shown to maintain normocarbia or mild hypocarbia.
The resistance to expiration of the system 10 in the valveless Mapleson A mode has been found to be remarkably low. It had a resistance of less than half that of 40 Magill systems tested, while for paediatric use it also offered some 50% less resistance than the T-piece.
Attention is now drawn to FIGS. 2 to 8. Each of these alternative embodiments of the invention retain the same functional characteristics as the preferred embodiment, and can be used with adults and children for both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. It will be observed that for spontaneous respiration for adults and children each embodiment allows for inclusion of a reservoir bag on the inspiratory limb and a relief valve on the expiratory limb, while for controlled ventilation for adults and children the invention allows exclusion of the reservoir bag on the inspiratory limb and for attachment of a ventilator to the expiratory limb. Compared to FIG. 1 like components retain the same last two digits.
In FIG. 2 system 110 is similar to system 10 of FIG. 1 except that the system 110 is shown with the inspiratory tube 112 (12 in FIG. 1) and expiratory tube 114 (14 in FIG. 1) running parallel and not coaxial. All other components are identical. A bridge 133 holds the two limbs together at the patient end; it has no other function and does not carry gas between the limbs. Lever settings are identical to those described for the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1.
In FIG. 3 system 210 is similar to system 110 of FIG. 2 except that system 210 is shown in which the valves 218 (118 in FIG. 2) and 220 (120 in FIG. 2) have been physically but not functionally jointed into one unit. Levers 119 and 121 of FIG. 2 now share the same function, and hence in FIG. 3a a single lever has been shown as 219 and 221. An exploded view of valves 218 and 220 is shown in the respective positions for both spontaneous (FIG. 3a) and controlled ventilation (FIG. 3b). The flow characteristics and function remain identical to that of FIGS. 1 and 2. The bridge 233 has the same function as 133. A safety pressure release device 232 is shown attached to the distal end of the expiratory limb and can similarly be attached in place of cap 31 and 131 in FIGS. 1 and 2. The embodiments of FIGS. 1-3 may pertain in whole or in parts to other versions of the apparatus.
In FIG. 4 the pop-off valve 16 in FIG. 1 (or 116 or 216) on the second expiratory outlet is replaced by a screwdown plunger valve 300. As the plunger is screwed down the valve offers increasing restriction to flow, and in this position during spontaneous respiration it functions similarly (but not quite as efficiently) to the pop-off valve 16 of FIG. 1 as described above for the preferred embodiment. In its fully open position valve 300 allows gases to flow freely through it; a ventilator may thus be directly attached to the valve instead of to the primary outlet 326. No difference in function occurs during controlled ventilation from that described for the preferred embodiment. Since the primary outlet 326 is no longer essential for the attachment of a ventilator, valve 18 of FIG. 1 may be omitted and outlet 326 used for the attachment of other apparatus such as a pressure-limiting relief valve or even closed off completely.
FIG. 5 is a reversal of the tubing configuration of FIG. 4, the expiratory tube 414 now being the inner of the co-axial tubes. The screw-down plunger valve 400 acts in the same manner as in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is likewise in reversal of the tubing configuration of FIG. 1, the expiratory tube 514 being the outer of the co-axial tubes.
The apparatus drawn in FIG. 7 is essentially similar to that in FIG. 1. All components are identical, but valve 618 is so arranged so that in one position it allows gas to flow through relief valve 616 only, or in a second position through both the primary outlet 626 and relief valve 616. By allowing the relief valve 616 to be included during controlled ventilation, small amounts of ventilator gas can be leaked from the system thus enabling ventilators designed to give large volumes suitable only for adults to be used for children. The volume of gas reaching a child's lungs will depend on the degree of leak at valve 616 which is adjusted by the anaesthetist. The system described in FIG. 7 also allows the more conventional way of manually ventilating a patient to be used. A reservoir bag can be attached to the primary outlet 626 in place of the ventilator while gas is allowed to escape from the system in a controlled manner through valve 616 which is partially screwed down to prevent all gas escaping during inspiration. The system then functions as a Mapleson D system. Until the manual ventilation technique in the Mapleson A mode described above for the preferred embodiment has been independently confirmed to be efficient, safe, more practical and therefore acceptable, this D mode technique will remain the less controversial method.
FIG. 8 is identical to FIG. 7 with the exception that the position of the coaxially arranged inspiratory and expiratory limbs are reversed in an identical manner to that described between FIGS. 4 and 5. A parallel non-coaxial version as in FIGS. 2 and 3 also pertain to this and other embodiments of the system.
It will be appreciated that the inspiratory and expiratory tubes in FIGS. 1-8 may lie in configurations other than those illustrated in each drawing. Furthermore a soda lime canister may be incorporated with two one-way valves and appropriate flexible tubing (if any) inserted near the expiratory outlet 26 in FIG. 1 (or 126, 226, 326, 426, 526, 626 or 726) and port 28 (or 128, 228, 328, 428, 528, 628 or 728). The flow of gases through the one-way valves will carry expired gases from the expiratory limb 14 (or 114, 214, 314, 414, 514, 614 or 714) towards the inspiratory limb 12 (or 112, 212, 312, 412, 512, 612 or 712).
It will also be appreciated from the above drawings and description that the method of control of valves 16 (or 116, 216, 300, 400, 516, 616 & 716), 18 (or 118, 218, 518, 618 & 718) and 20 (or 120, 220, 320, 420, 520, 620 & 720) is immaterial to function. Valve 18 and 20 of FIG. 1 or their counterparts in other Figures may be controlled by separate levers, by a single lever or by any other means whether operated by hand or other power source. Further, while valve 18 and 20 must be functionally distinct, they need not necessarily be physically separated. Alternative methods of physically combining the valves 18 and 20 to that shown in FIG. 3 are possible and will result in functionally identical systems to any one of the embodiments described.
In all the described embodiments of the system it will be noticed that reverse flow of ventilation gas back along the inspiratory limb can be prevented from reaching the reservoir bag when using a ventilator. If ventilation gas was permitted to reach the bag, ventilation of the reservoir bag would occur preferentially to the patient's lungs with potentially disasterous results. It follows that the function of valve 20 need only achieve this effect and therefore need not necessarily be a plug valve. While the latter is the most suitable, other valves such as a simple flap or one-way could be inserted into the inspiratory limb close to the reservoir bag such that reverse flow into this limb and the reservoir bag is prevented during controlled ventilation and yet allow both spontaneous and manual respiration.
It is also noted that valve 16 (or 116, 216, 300, 400, 516, 616 or 716) may be a simple spring-loaded or screw-down device, but the attachment of more complicated valves, some of which do not require manual adjustment, may be equally useful.
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|May 11, 2006
|Nov 16, 2006
|Anesthetic Gas Reclamation, Llc
|Method and apparatus for self-contained anesthetic gas reclamation
|Feb 23, 2007
|Jun 28, 2007
|E.M.E. Limited
|Breathing device
|Jun 18, 2007
|Oct 2, 2008
|Georges Boussignac
|Respiratory probe
|Jan 5, 2009
|Dec 31, 2009
|Beijing Aeonmed Co., Ltd.
|Gas-absorbing system
|Jan 15, 2010
|Jul 22, 2010
|Westmed, Inc.
|Reservoir System for Gas Delivery to a Patient
|Mar 24, 2011
|Sep 29, 2011
|Harry Latshaw
|Ventilation valve for a veterinary anesthesia system
|Aug 27, 1993
|May 18, 1994
|Life-Air (Pty) Ltd
|Breathing apparatus
|May 3, 2002
|Jan 28, 2004
|Joseph Fisher
|Isocapnia breathing circuit
|Sep 24, 2002
|Apr 19, 2006
|FUKUNAGA, Atsuo F.
|Breathing circuit having an adjustable volume and length
|Mar 14, 2014
|Sep 18, 2014
|Resmed Limited
|Method and apparatus for controlling pressurized gas delivered to a patient
|U.S. Classification
|128/205.17, 128/911, 128/203.28, 128/910
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 1, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 25, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 28, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jan 19, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
BROOKLYN - The Atlantic Yards developer suffered a legal setback this week, and several homeowners hope similar results will carry over in the future.
A judge ruled developer Forest City Ratner improperly seized a six-story building in the downtown area. The property must be returned to the owner. The judge said owner Henry Weinstein's tenant, local developer Shaya Boymelgreen, violated his lease last year by signing over the property to Forest City Ratner.
Boymelgreen is expected to appeal the judge's decision. Forest City Ratner maintains it has done nothing wrong.
The ruling has given hope to plaintiffs who filed suit against the developer over eminent domain. They fear the $4 billion project, complete with a Nets arena, retail space and housing, will crowd downtown. The plaintiffs say they are fighting to stay in their homes.
Related Information:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Side by side or miles apart family is always by PapercutzDesigns
Now this is a fun gift for your friends outta state!!
Yes i do sometimes, but i have one sister i don't have to miss because i see veru
Hand Painted Side by side or miles apart best by TNCraftyLife
My favorite Quote! Especially loving so far away from my friends and family
#rideordie-When the long distance doesn't make a difference on the friendship Lawl! Always LOVE Lauren*
Living miles apart can be challenging for a couple and a lot of patience is needed. Click here for powerful tips on how to keep your long distance love alive using law of attraction.
Side by side or miles apart, sisters will always be connected by the heart. Picture Quotes.
So true... But distance sucks.. I feel you are a million miles away.. And I miss the old days of us..


text:
As the name suggests the hotel theme was ayurvedic. Based remotely, the hotel ambiance was good. Nice gardening, tress everywhere, outdoor (tennis clay court-OK)and indoor games facilities(carrom, etc). I had opted for a standard room. The room and bathroom both were clean; but both were just too small, but never mind we were just 2 of us. I was surprised there was no TV and although they had put a note that they would provide one on request, they couldn't do so since there was some connection problem.
Its a pure veg hotel and alcoholic drinks are not allowed. The food was hygienic but I think the buffet dinner was just too expensive. I had to pay Rs 400+14% tax for the dinner which I felt was not worth.
Overall I suggest you book a deluxe room and enjoy your meals outside. The massages were paid and a bit expensive, but there is no harm in trying out one.


text:
Art School - Hornsby Studio - Sydney Art SchoolArts & Crafts Art Classes & Lessons
25 Edgeworth David Avenue, Hornsby, NSW 2077
Servicing Asquith, Hornsby, Hornsby Heights and 28 other suburb(s)
Best match results for: CATEGORY = Kids Activities + LOCATION = Asquith (2077)
25 Edgeworth David Avenue, Hornsby, NSW 2077
Servicing Asquith, Hornsby, Hornsby Heights and 28 other suburb(s)
2/1311 Pacific Highway, Turramurra, NSW 2074
Servicing Asquith, South Turramurra, North Turramurra and 18 other suburb(s)
If you want to suck the fun out of kids dancing, try this dance venue. If you want your kids to love dance, go somewhere they like kids.
From 01-01-2015 To 31-12-2016
A Contemporary and Jazz dance workshop with Zoey Black from SYTYCD Australia and Morgan Choice, one of the dancers currently dancing with Britney Spears in her new show.
Pennant Hills, NSW
Servicing Asquith, Pennant Hills, Thornleigh and 17 other suburb(s)
This business can travel to you.
2/97 Hunter Street, Hornsby, NSW 2077
Servicing Asquith, Waitara, Hornsby Heights and 8 other suburb(s)
This business can travel to you.
Hornsby, NSW 5-10 km from Asquith
Servicing Epping, North Epping, Cheltenham and 28 other suburb(s)
This business can travel to you.
Aardy, You are a truly amazing magician. For two hours you kept a room full 8 year olds (+adults) laughing and entertained. I don't believe I have ever heard children laugh so hard for so long! You are inspiring and today opened a whole new world of entertainment for these kids. Can't wait to see you again - I personally have never seen a magic show but am now inspired to see more! Thank you for a wonderful day and sharing you brilliance with us! Kind regards
Beth: Today we had Aardy the Magician teach 60 children at our vacation care how to do some magic tricks and then he performed a magic show and the lessons were really practicle really good and got the kids excited, there were show bags they all got an item that they could take home and show their friends and family so it was really good Tatiana: And the magic show was very engaging, the kids were loving it, crawling up to the stage and laughing, it was very good and he got a few of them on stage and they were rewally enjoying themselves especially the older kids which is quite hard to get them engaged sometimes. Everyone enjoyed it, it was great- I even laughed a lot. Source: 2nd testimonial in this video https://vimeo.com/133523237
Today we have used Aardy the magician, we have used magicians before but we haven't quite had the experience like today. It was great the kids loved it the full 2 hours were engaging- could ask for a better Magician Thank you. Source: first testimonial in this vid https://vimeo.com/133523237
The stand where David performs is always crowded; visitors are fascinated and confounded by his sleight of hand, but he also has an excellent manner of presentation which he has honed for this particular type of event. He makes his material and acts very relevant and tailored to the exhibitor's business objectives and doesn't merely do off-the-shelf routines. There is no question that he is a real crowd-puller. Other exhibitors now try to book stands close to where David is performing, as they feel it increases the level of activity they experience on their stands. source: https://vimeo.com/37161133
We had David last year as well. this year we had no doubts about calling him back. Once again fantastic show-we had all the booths around us empty because they were all at our booth thanks to David. His trick his comedy his gimmick play a wonderful thing for us getting customers to the booth and not only that he speaks about the product which in innovative and very different from what others do People though he was apart of Cyberoam -he created a product information that anyone could understand. He is fantastic. You need to have him at your booth if you want the crowds-and if you want to raise the targets.
27 Hunter Ave, St Ives, NSW 2075 5-10 km from Asquith
Servicing St Ives, North Manly, Brookvale and 18 other suburb(s)
Vineyard St, Mona Vale, NSW 5-10 km from Asquith
Servicing Mosman, Dee Why, Balgowlah and 8 other suburb(s)
This business can travel to you.
25 Edgeworth David Rd, The Willow Park Community Hall, Hornsby, NSW 2077
I am lucky to find Zumba kids with Katya classes for my son. LOVE this class. Great music, interesting dance steps, excellent instructor. Katya is an experienced instructor with high energy and a very friendly manner. I would recommend this to everyone.
Katya is great teacher! She step by step teaches you and make sure everyone can follow before she moves on to the next movement.
great teacher. has an uplifting ability to involve everyone in the class. really knows how to lead a class like this.
katya is the energy of the class. her enthusiasm makes me want to dance zumba as well. she knows how to teach children and bring the best out in them.
Brickpit Park, 142-178 Pennant Hills Road (Cnr Dartford Road), Thornleigh, NSW 2120 2 km from Asquith
A hole-in-one is usually a once in a lifetime experience. Whether your playing as part of a fundraising effort, in a competition with friends or a more serious golf tournament (check out this first of its kind hole-in-one competition in New Zealand – for both amateurs and professionals) there could be a 3-par tee that has your name on it… or not. Read more
25 Edgeworth David Avenue, Hornsby, NSW 2077
This business can travel to you.
203 Peats Ferry Road, Hornsby, NSW 2077 2 km from Asquith
Tuscan Way, Cherrybrook, NSW 2126 2-5 km from Asquith
2/320 pacific highway, Hornsby, NSW 2077
From 01-01-2015 To 31-12-2016
Hi Students and Families! We are happy to announce our new Anti-Bullying classes ! We are very excited to start up this program , and hope you can join us. During the month of August, the Anti-Bullying ...
1 Chambers Court (Epping Leisure & Learning Centre), Epping, NSW 2121 5-10 km from Asquith
817 Pacific Hwy (Cnr Mona Vale Rd), Gordon, NSW 2072 5-10 km from Asquith
379 Pacific Hwy, Asquith, NSW 2077
Upbeat has been teaching my kids for over 2 years now and both my son and daughter have been loving it. Their teachers really make an impact on them and they plan to learn for many years to come. I can't recommend Upbeat enough!
Great lessons & prices
Best ever
Storey Park, Asquith, NSW 2077
Stratford Cl, Asquith, NSW 2077
3/14 Brennan Cl, Asquith, NSW 2077
57 Salisbury Rd, Asquith, NSW 2077
Jim Jam Music Studio| 2 Lords Ave, Asquith, NSW 2077
18- 22 Lords Ave, Asquith, NSW 2077
This Center use to be allot better than it is now. They hire middle aged woman who have little energy to care for the kids. They serve less than appealing food and the cook basically cooks what food the staff like rather than the kids. Last time I checked no 2 or 3 year old liked eating butter chicken. The Center is dirty and not cleaned properly and children are always coming and leaving sick. Concerns aren't really addressed seriously as the director is lazy and only does minimal work requirements. The problem with this council run Center is that there is no accountability. The director is not the owner so therefore little effort is made to bring the Center up to an excellent standard. There is a turn over of staff and honestly the older ladies working there clearly don't like their jobs. They spend most of their time standing around talking instead of interacting with the children. There are 3 god carers at this Center but the rest should not be working there. I would rate this Center as a 1 only now. When my eldest daughter went their it was quite good but by the time my so started this Center had gone down hill immensely which is a real shame. The preschool room has a very dangerous hill a d children are left to run up and down it. My son has a nasty scar from this hill. He also would come home bruised black and blue from rough playing and being allowed to jump off the high play equipment. The council needs to take better care of this Center and go in and regroup and clean things up. Hopefully more parents will complain and the care in this Center will improve.
Asquith NSW, Asquith, NSW 2077
Asquith NSW, Asquith, NSW 2077
9 Queens Rd, Asquith, NSW 2077
Mills Park, Asquith, NSW 2077
Mills Avenue, Asquith, NSW 2077
Dudley St, Asquith, NSW 2077
Lodge Street, Asquith, NSW 2077
Mills Park Stratford Cl, Asquith, NSW 2077


text:
Your Responsibilities
As part of the development team, you will be responsible for
- Architect, design, and develop (hands industry leading Java server products using latest technologies.
- Lead and/or work with a strong team of developers building products that are at the confluence of , Analytics, Social and Mobile.
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Your Qualifications
- Strong academic background - BS/MS in Computer Science or equivalent.
- 2+ years of professional software development experience in an object-oriented language.
- Core Java: Must have strong knowledge in Java concepts like Multithreading, Java IO/NIO, Collections, Data Structures and standard libraries. Should demonstrate ability to write code for complex multi-tier applications.
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- Experienced in OOPS concepts, JSP/Servlets, design frameworks like Spring, Struts, Hibernate, XML, JSON and MVC.
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- Experience in developing high-performance systems.
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- Troubleshooting and debugging skills.
- Energetic and motivated self-starter.
- Ability to think creatively.
- Cloud/SaaS (particularly Amazon Web Services) experience is a plus.
- Analytics/BI experience is a plus.


text:
- Worldwide Rank #15,579,040
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.26
- Daily New Followers 0
Jo Twitter Stats
@000Yousef000 - Tracking Jo Twitter profile since April 12, 2011
Real Madrid, Manchester City, Aviation, MotorCycle.
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text:
Product Information
The Xen-Tan Bronzed Beauty Gift Set contains:
- Xen-Tan Dark Lotion 236ml
- Xen-Tan Body Scrub 236ml
- Xen-Tan Luxury Tanning Mitt
This is the perfect gift for those who prefer a dark holiday tan. Featuring Xen-Tan's award-winning Dark Lotion , this weekly self-tan is full of high quality ingredients including Jojoba Oil and Vitamin E to help ensure skin is kept soft and hydrated whilst you tan. The set also contains Xen-Tan Body Scrub which is an oil free scrub to perfectly prep the skin for tanning and helps colour to fade evenly afterwards without stripping colour or causing patchiness. Scented with a delicious festive peppermint.
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text:
Mom's " Fall off the Bone " Chicken
Total Time
5hrs 10mins
Prep 10 mins
Cook 5 hrs
There is a place in R.I. called Wright's Farm where they serve family style chicken dinners. The chicken just falls off the bone. My Mom came up with this easy recipe and we love it. The chicken just falls off the bone! At Wright's Farm they serve salad, chicken, french fries and macaroni with red sauce....all you can eat!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 whole chicken, cut up
- 2 (10 ounce) cans Campbell's French onion soup
- 0.5 (5 ounce) can water
- salt
- pepper
- seasoning
- Wash cut up chicken and dry with paper towels.
- In a large baking pan, place chicken parts on a rack.
- Season with salt, pepper and seasonings of your choice.
- Pour onion soup and water into bottom of pan.
- Cover pan with foil.
- Bake at 250° for 5 hours.
- Baste chicken occasionally with the soup throughout the 5 hours.
Most Helpful
I'm sorry, this just didn't work for us. The chicken was so dry that we couldn't even eat it.


text:
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Ask About This Home
Clyde Hill View living. Sweeping unobstructed western facing views, Olympics, Lake WA and Seattle with beautiful sunsets. This home has been completely renovated inside and out while maintaining a timeless elegance. Professional grade kitchen, white marble adorned master bath, renovated downstairs bedrooms and bathrooms. Enjoy outdoor entertaining by the pool, or relax and BBQ under the covered outdoor space. Well-appointed luxury living awaits, at the top of Clyde Hill.


text:
It's well documented that Marty Brennaman has no love for the Cubbies. But neither, apparently, does No. 19.
Bruce Levine's Chicago Cubs blog for ESPN Chicago examines Marlon Byrd's significant role in the National League's 3-1 win in the All-Star Game – their first since 1996. Included is this gem at the end of the post …
Not every National League All-Star was firmly in Byrd's corner after the victory. Cincinnati's Joey Votto had a different take on Byrd's performance.
"I don't like the Cubs," Votto said. "And I'm not going to pat anybody with a Cubs uniform on the back. But because he made that really cool play, it turned out to be a really cool experience. I'm really glad we got the win today."
With the Reds in first place at the break, the irony would be that Byrd's at-bat and great throw may help Votto and his team end up with home-field advantage if Cincinnati makes it to the World Series.
It seems like Votto just comes up with new reasons everyday for us to like him. That is such a money quote.
A friend of ours (whose identity we'll protect) had the following Facebook comment earlier that caught my attention …
did you notice who scored all three runs….. Red, Cardinal, Cub Go NL Central
Couldn't disagree more (with all due respect). I can't stand the rest of the NL Central. I dislike the Cardinals, Astros, Brewers, Cubs and Pirates much more than I dislike the Yankees, Braves or any other team. It's along the same lines as SEC fans who root for other teams in the SEC when they're not facing them. Never understood that.


text:
Widow Of Veteran Facing Foreclosure From HOA (TX)
She received a notice in the mail saying her home in The Colony could be foreclosed on, if she doesn't pay her HOA fines for the missing tree in her yard. "The tree was right here at this spot and, it was huge," Acevas pointed to the front yard where the tree was planted. Acevas says she cut it down for security reasons. She says the tree was too big, blocking her security cameras and view of the street. But, that was four years ago. Read the article………….
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Distances are calculated in a straight line and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Call us between our extended opening hours of 6 - 9PM Monday to Thursday to arrange an appointment.
The property comprises spacious reception room, double bedroom en-suite with bath tub, separate toilet and kitchen.
It is situated in a prime street of Nottinghill, close to all amenities , shops and trendy restaurants.
Kensington Park Road is ideally situated for the calming, green open spaces of Hyde Park plus the wonderful array of vibrant shops, cafes and restaurants dotted along Notting Hill Gate, Westbourne Grove and Ladbroke Grove. Excellent transport links are on the doorstep with an abundance of bus routes and direct links to the City via Notting Hill Gate (District & Circle/ Central line), Ladbroke Grove (Hammersmith and City/ Circle line) and Holland Park (Central line) underground stations.
One double bedroom
En suite bathroom
Separate toilet
Prime location
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
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decided: April 21, 1982.
MARNEE B. MCCLINTON, ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF ROBERT B. MCCLINTON, DECEASED, AND HARRY TONEY, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF DINO TONEY, DECEASED, APPELLANTSv.BARBARA WHITE, ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF JAMES C. MCCLINTON, JR., DECEASED, AND LEE C. SMITH
No. 81-1-47, Appeal from the Order of the Superior Court at No. 121 April Term, 1979, dated March 13, 1981, reversing the judgment entered by the Court of Common Pleas of Beaver County, Civil Action-Law, at No. 1267 of 1976 and remanding for a new trial.
John A. Miller, Petrush & Miller, Beaver Falls, for Marnee B. McClinton.
Frank C. Lewis, Hudacsek & Lewis, Beaver Falls, for Harry Toney.
Samuel C. Holland, Panner, Holland & Autenreith, Beaver, for Barbara White, etc.
Edward J. Tocci, Aliquippa, for Lee C. Smith.
O'Brien, C. J., and Roberts, Nix, Larsen, Flaherty, McDermott and Hutchinson, JJ.
[ 497 Pa. Page 612]
This is a survival action. The sole issue is whether the trial court properly instructed the jury on the "personal maintenance" deduction. A panel of the Superior Court was of the view that a new trial is necessary because the instruction unduly limited the scope of items includible within the deduction to "subsistence level expenses." We hold that on the present record the court's charge does not require a new trial. Hence we vacate the order of the Superior Court, 285 Pa. Super. 271, 427 A.2d 218, and remand for further proceedings.
Appellants' decedents Robert McClinton (age 16) and Dino Toney (age 18) were passengers in a vehicle being driven by appellee's decedent James McClinton. The vehicle struck another vehicle being driven by Lee Smith. Smith survived the accident, but all of the others were killed instantly. Appellants commenced the present action against appellee and Smith. In the liability phase of trial, a jury held only appellee liable.
[ 497 Pa. Page 613]
In the phase of the trial relating to damages, appellants sought recovery for the lost earnings of the decedents. After presenting evidence on the interests, talents, and ambitions of their decedents, appellants presented the testimony of Dr. Reuben Slesinger, Professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh. Utilizing statistics on average incomes complied by the United States Department of Commerce and tables on work-life expectancies compiled by the United States Department of Labor, Dr. Slesinger calculated the decedents' earning potential both as college graduates and as high school graduates.
From the gross earning potential of the decedents Dr. Slesinger subtracted 35% of the computed sums to reflect a deduction for his estimates of "personal maintenance." This deduction was based on the assumption that both of the decedents would marry and become members of a four-person "model" family. The 35% figure, derived from United States Department of Labor statistics, reflected the individual share of the model family's budget of a person under thirty-five years of age. Dr. Slesinger applied the 35% figure to all years of the decedent's work-life expectancy. Personal maintenance included expenditures for "food, clothing, things of this type."*fn1
Dr. Slesinger subtracted an additional 3.5% of decedents' gross earning potential to reflect "personal absences." This deduction was based on a recently released study which had concluded that "people throughout a work year tend to take off about nine days, . . . or about three-and-a-half percent of their work year . . . ." According to Dr. Slesinger,
"[t]his is not your vacation where you are paid. It is not sickness where you are paid. It is just you don't show up for work. Maybe they want to go hunting, or maybe they just don't feel like going to work that day. Now, that three-and-a-half percent is a deduction of earnings, and really it does not affect your earning power. The earning
[ 497 Pa. Page 614]
power is there, and the fact that you take off a few days does not affect earning power. But, in order to be a little more conservative, I did deduct it anyway."*fn2
After making this deduction, Dr. Slesinger reduced the net earning potential to present worth.*fn3
Dr. Slesinger's analysis yielded the following estimates:
McCLINTON (age 16) TONEY (age 18)
College High School College High School
Gross Earning Potential $772,242 $551,709 $772,242 $543,394
Personal Maintenance (270,285) (193,099) (270,285) (190,188)
(35% of Gross)
Personal Absences (27,029) (19,310) (27,029) (19,019)
(3.5% of Gross)
Net Earning Potential $474,928 $339,300 $474,928 $334,187
Present Worth (at 6%) $211,962 $159,842 $218,383 $159,967.
Although appellee cross-examined Dr. Slesinger on the assumptions underlying his methodology, appellee offered no evidence to dispute the reasonableness of Dr. Slesinger's deductions from gross earning potential.
In its charge to the jury, the court directed the jury to deduct from each decedent's gross earning potential "the probable cost of his necessary, economic living expenses and personal maintenance, those expenses required to sustain his
[ 497 Pa. Page 615]
life until the day of his retirement . . . ."*fn5 In defining "probable cost of maintenance," the court stated:
"[Personal maintenance] is that figure or that amount of money that you estimate or determine he would have spent on himself individually, personally, not what he might have spent on a wife, not what he might have spent on children, not what he might have spent on parents or relatives or friends, not what he might have given away as gifts, but what he would have spent to provide himself with the necessities of life; that is, what he would have spent to sustain his life, to subsist and to live on. In other words, what he would have spent for those things which are essential to the individual's personal and physical subsistence. That cost, of course, what that cost or personal maintenance would be is for you to judge and for you to determine on the basis of the evidence you have heard and exercising and using your combined life's experience and combining and pooling your common sense, and applying those matters to the evidence and testimony and deciding what each of these young men, in all probability or more likely than not, would have spent for their own personal or individual maintenance."*fn6
Appellee unsuccessfully objected to the charge on the theory that "personal maintenance" includes "the amount which the person spends on [himself]," and not merely expenditures "for essentials or necessities only." The jury returned identical verdicts of $170,000 in favor of each of the appellants. These amounts were less than those calculated by Dr. Slesinger on the assumption that decedents would have graduated from college, but more than those calculated on the assumption of their graduation from high school only.
Although offered as a definition of "personal maintenance," appellee's proposed modification of the court's charge to require a deduction for "the amount which the
[ 497 Pa. Page 616]
person spends on [himself]" would have limited appellants' recovery to the difference between decedents' gross earnings and their total personal expenditures. This difference, termed "net accumulations,"*fn7 understates the proper measure of lost earnings under the law of this Commonwealth. As this Court observed four decades ago,
"[a]s to the . . . viewpoint . . . that the amount recoverable should have been limited to the probable accumulations by the deceased during his life expectancy -- that is to say, to the present worth of what he would probably have left at the end of his life to his creditors, legatees and heirs -- this would introduce into the law of damages elements never heretofore recognized in Pennsylvania . . . ."
Pezzulli v. D'Ambrosia, 344 Pa. 643, 649, 26 A.2d 659, 662 (1942). Accordingly, appellee's proposed modification of the charge was properly rejected by the trial court.*fn8
Although the panel of the Superior Court rejected appellee's view that the trial court had erred in refusing to charge that appellants could recover only their decedents' net accumulations, it did accept appellee's contention that the charge was "overly restrictive" and "provided the jury with an incorrect standard for determining damages." According to the Superior Court, "[c]learly, the trial court's description of the maintenance expense deduction in terms of physical subsistence was error." In setting forth its view of the expenses that should be included in the deduction, the Superior Court chose to view the decedent "as an economic
[ 497 Pa. Page 617]
unit capable of producing earnings, but subject to the costs of production." As examples of "typical" production costs, the Superior Court cited with approval the analysis of the term "cost of maintenance" contained in Bernstein, "Damages in Personal Injury and Death Cases in Pennsylvania (A Supplement)," 26 Pa.Bar.Ass'n Q. 26 (1954).
We do not disagree with the Superior Court's economicunit analysis, or its approval of the analysis of "cost of maintenance" set forth by Mr. Bernstein. Under the latter analysis, cost of maintenance is
"that necessary and economical sum which a decedent would be expected to spend, based upon his station in life, for food, clothing, shelter, medical attention and some recreation."
Bernstein, supra, at 34 (footnote omitted). We emphasize only that, for the sake both of clarity and the parties' presentation of proof, a jury should be charged in specific, readily understandable terms such as those just quoted. We do, however, disagree with the conclusion of the Superior Court that the trial court's charge requires a new trial.
The trial court's use of the phrases "to sustain . . . life," "to subsist [on]," and "subsistence" may not have been the most ideal manner of expressing the deduction for maintenance required by our case law. See Incollingo v. Ewing, 444 Pa. 299, 282 A.2d 206 (1971), and Murray v. Philadelphia Transportation Co., 359 Pa. 69, 58 A.2d 323 (1948). Viewed in isolation, these terms are capable of conveying the impression that the deduction encompasses only those expenditures essential to the barest survival. In disregard of the mandate of our case law, a deduction limited to expenditures for the barest survival would, in reality, approach no deduction at all.
Here, however, appellants' own expert witness specifically deducted two sums from the decedents' gross earning potential: "personal maintenance" and "personal absences." Although the expert witness's formulation of the first deduction for "personal maintenance" was limited to reasonable expenditures for food, clothing, and "things of this type,"
[ 497 Pa. Page 618]
the second deduction for "personal absences" was described to take into account such likely factors as the decedent's desire "to go hunting" or his lack of desire to "[go] to work that day." Appellee offered no evidence to refute the propriety of the scope of either of these deductions.
The first deduction for "food, clothing, things of this type" reflected a significant range of expenditures for maintenance. The leisure activities contemplated by the second deduction for personal absences also make positive contributions to maintenance. Earnings which are forgone for the sake of such days are as much expenditures for leisure activities as are monies directly spent on the same activities.
Despite the potential for misimpression inherent in the phrases employed by the trial court, the expert's deductions for "personal maintenance" and "personal absences" rendered the likelihood of misimpression negligible. When instructed by the court to subtract from gross earning potential those sums that the decedent "would have spent to sustain his life, to subsist and to live on," or, as the court also stated, "those things which are essential to the individual's personal and physical subsistence," this jury was directed to consider all items included in the expert's deductions. As "food, clothing, things of this type," and leisure activities properly reflect the items of expense within the maintenance deduction, see Bernstein, supra, we conclude that the court's charge provided a proper guiding compass for the evaluation of the evidence on the maintenance deduction. Hence, the Superior Court incorrectly deemed the court's charge reversible error.
The record indicates that, in view of its disposition, the Superior Court had no occasion to pass upon other assignments of error which had been presented by appellee. These other assignments are not now before us. Thus, fair and effective appellate review requires the vacation of the order of the Superior Court and a remand of the record to that court for disposition of appellee's remaining assignments of error.
Order of the Superior Court vacated and case remanded.
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Talking Pair Blue and Gold Macaw Parrots
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Dec 10, 2016
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Heisman race features plenty of the unexpected
Lamar Jackson was a midseason lock to win the Heisman. But after Louisville's late-season stumble, that honor is no longer a foregone conclusion.
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In brief: Unattended car briefly stolen
An attempted car theft early Sunday morning in north Spokane ended with one man in custody.
Spokane police say Jeffrey Walters, 29, tried to steal a car on the 1300 block of East Lacrosse Avenue. The car's owner had started her car around 5 a.m., then went back inside her house, said Cpl. Tracie Meidl. She returned to find a man in the 2007 Mazda, backing it up. She attempted to stop him, but he managed to drive off, police said.
Around 9 a.m., Spokane police spotted the car near Hamilton Street and Jackson Avenue. They gave chase to Illinois Avenue and Market Street, where at least one of the wheels was damaged, said Senior Patrol Officer Mike McCasland.
After a short foot pursuit, Walters was taken into custody and charged with first-degree robbery, police said.
Post Falls
Man wants city to license cats
A North Idaho man has asked the Post Falls City Council to require cats to be licensed and spayed or neutered if they're let outside.
Jax Clay says wandering cats are turning vegetable gardens and kids' play areas into litter boxes.
Clay said he loves cats but that the city's residents need to be responsible pet owners.
Post Falls Police Chief Cliff Hayes said he's waiting for direction from the City Council about cat licensing.
Pack River Delta gets restoration
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game has started a restoration project on the 640-acre Pack River Delta at Lake Pend Oreille.
The agency, along with Ducks Unlimited, Avista Corp. and other groups, is installing logs and other structures to prevent the delta from eroding.
The goal is to redirect and slow the flow of the Pack River before it reaches the main part of the lake.
Work will also be done to increase the height and stability of a small network of disappearing islands that are used by waterfowl and other birds.
Ex-sheriff charged with felonies
Former Nez Perce County Sheriff Jim Dorion has been charged with three felony counts of accessory to burglary.
The Idaho attorney general's office filed the complaint Friday in 2nd District Court.
Dorion had filed to run for a second term as sheriff but took a 90-day paid medical leave in May of 2008 after disclosing he had been diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer.
County commissioners say they were unable to verify the claim and declared the post vacant in September after failing to reach Dorion, then 48, several times. Commissioners then appointed a new sheriff.
Dorion's current health and whereabouts are unclear.
Ontario, Ore.
Researchers tout soybeans as crop
Oregon State University researchers say that soybeans are a potentially valuable new crop for the Pacific Northwest, especially in Malheur County in Eastern Oregon.
Steve Norberg, a field crops and watershed agent for the OSU Extension Service, said that his 10 years of experience with soybeans in the Midwest have shown him that Oregon farmers could be very successful raising the crop.
Norberg said soybeans are easy to grow and many farmers already have the machinery to plant and harvest them.
Another benefit is that soybeans require less fertilizer and can help control at least one kind of noxious weed.
Port Angeles, Wash.
Teen mom's trial postponed
The trial of a 16-year-old Port Angeles girl accused of drowning her infant son in a toilet has been postponed until April 20. It was scheduled to begin today.
Lauryn Last will be tried as an adult in Clallam County Superior Court on the charge of first-degree murder, with a second-degree murder option, in the Dec. 30 death of her child.
The Peninsula Daily News reported prosecuting attorney William Payne Friday asked Superior Court Judge Ken Williams to postpone the trial because the state is still waiting for reports.


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|Reviews for Coffee House
| NatalieLynn chapter 11 . 5/13/2010
Wow! It has been a while since you updated this one. I had kind of thought maybe you'd given up on it, but I'm glad to see that's not the case. I'm worried now that Edward and Tanya will get there and walk in on Jasper doing some major damage to himself. I wish he would have made that promise to Bella about throwing the dame thing away in the last chapter, then I might not be so worried about Jasper.
| k3ll3nlutzl0v3r chapter 11 . 5/10/2010
WOOT! I personally love your story. i almost fell out of my chair wheni saw you updated again so THANK YOU! This is the only story i've ever seen Edward act like this and i posotivly love. And bella being insane just adds to the things i love. I hope you update before next year!
| genuinef250 chapter 11 . 5/5/2010
oh ... lol .. he will go tosee if she wrote HIS name...LOL.. well i guess its not really a funny situation...
| bamagal110 chapter 11 . 5/4/2010
This story is so good and messed up at the same time it is cool. So Edward is ga ga over her and she is with Jasper how is that gonna play out if she leaves Jasper he will hurt himself unless is this where Alice comes in to save him and he leaves Bella? I can't wait
| cantbewithoutedward chapter 11 . 5/4/2010
loved it
| Nothingx3 chapter 11 . 5/4/2010
It's been such a long time. I can barely remember the last chapter but it's good. I don't really know - the last part, it was supposed to be sarcastic? That's how it came across to me. I'm looking forward to the next chapter - I need to see the Bella x Edward interaction after everything.
| kitten007 chapter 11 . 5/4/2010
dang this went up fast.
you already know i love it. :)
| Lynsey chapter 10 . 4/5/2010
Every time I read one of your stories, I fall in love. I love your rendition of Jasper; he's amazing.
Keep up the good work! :D
| JstDani chapter 10 . 3/4/2010
to quote macdonalds.. im lovin it! hehe..
Its very real n very confronting but your doin an excellent job of conveying the emotions and thoughts running through them..
Great work hun.. :D
| alpacacat0401 chapter 10 . 9/1/2009
Ooh! love the drama!
| Dinosaur Pixie chapter 10 . 7/16/2009
I love this story. It's just so good. :] I love the depth to it and the fact that I could see it all happening
| Nothingx3 chapter 10 . 7/14/2009
I just had to say dots! Congrats! It's an awesome story. I will vote tomorrow, right now I need to get back to City of Bones. Great update. Very cute. I was starting to think that we were going have to wait until September for an update.
| Into.Your.Arms chapter 10 . 7/14/2009
love it, as always
keep going :) i get excited when my email inbox tells me theres been an update :p
| 09xuereba chapter 10 . 7/14/2009
is it sick i crave that life.
| kitten007 chapter 10 . 7/14/2009
:) I'm so proud of you!


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NYCLA's series of webinars is focused on continuing a national conversation around strengthening principal supervision and support. Intended for district, state or charter leaders and system-level practitioners, these interactive sessions feature educational thought leaders and practitioners from across the country. Each session is aligned to one of NYCLA's Principal Supervisor Leadership Standards, which outline what a principal supervisor should know and be able to do to be successful.
Video recordings of each webinar are available below.
Making the Most of Meeting Time with Principals
Aligned to NYCLA's Principal Supervisor Leadership Standard #2: Develop Learning-Rich Communities of Practice, "Making the Most of Meeting Time with Principals" engages participants in a discussion on how to leverage meetings with principals to maximize organizational learning.
This session featured the following expert guests:
- Dr. Kathryn Boudett, co-author of the book "Meeting Wise: Making the Most of Collaborative Time for Educators"
- Dr. Rhoda Mhiripiri-Reed, Associate Superintendent, Monterey Peninsula Unified School District
Building a Culture of Learning in Leadership
Aligned to NYCLA's Principal Supervisor Leadership Standard #3: Balance Coaching with Evaluation, "Building a Culture of Learning in Leadership" addresses the popular topic of balancing high-quality support with high-quality accountability by creating relationships of ongoing feedback and trust with principals. The webinar also outlines the differences between leadership coaching and instructional coaching.
This session featured the folllowing expert guests:
- Dr. Richard Elmore, Gregory R. Anrig Research Professor of Educational Leadership, Harvard Graduate School of Education
- Clay Hunter, Executive Director for Elementary Schools, Gwinnett County Public Schools
Building a Culture of Racial Equity
Aligned to NYCLA's Principal Supervisor Leadership Standard #5: Cultivate Principals' Cultural & Political Responsiveness, "Building a Culture of Racial Equity" engaged participants in a discussion about creating the conditions and structures necessary for focused work around racial equity across districts and within schools. The webinar highlighted the leadership and commitment of Superintendent Beth Schiavino-Narvaez and Hartford Public Schools as they have used equity to approach the district's mission to "inspire and prepare ALL students to create their own success in and beyond school."
This session featured the following expert guests:
- Dr. Gislaine Ngounou, Chief of Staff, Hartford Public Schools
- Dr. Catherine Carbone, Assistant Superintendent for Instructional Leadership, Hartford Public Schools


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You bet it's worth it!
Publicity via news releases and building relationships with reporters and editors is really good for your small business. As one who is adamant about "it's not who you know, it's who knows you," news releases play a big part. Plus getting publicity helps establish you as an expert in your specialty. Amazingly, much of the news we read in the newspaper on a daily basis started with a news release.
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