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August 15, 2011
THOMAS C. WALLACE, PLAINTIFF,v.SUFFOLK COUNTY POLICE DEPARTMENT, DAMAGES COUNTY OF SUFFOLK, JOHN GALLAGHER, PHILLIP ROBILOTTO, AND JAMES ABBOTT, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES, DEFENDANTS.
Plaintiff Thomas C. Wallace seeks certain additional financial damages, to be determined by bench trial, following a jury's verdict finding defendants liable for First Amendment retaliation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and awarding emotional distress and punitive damages. After considering the record on the bench trial, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that plaintiff is entitled to damages compensating him for the loss of one hundred and forty-four accrued sick days for which he would otherwise have been compensated upon his retirement, and that plaintiff is not entitled to the other additional financial damages he seeks.
Plaintiff brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the County of Suffolk ("County"), the Suffolk County Police Department ("SCPD"), former SCPD Commissioner John Gallagher, former Chief of Department Phillip Robilotto, and former SCPD Deputy Commissioner James Abbott (together, "defendants"), alleging violations of his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. (See Compl. (Doc. No. 1).)
In July 2009, the Court held a jury trial on plaintiff's First Amendment claim. The jury found that the three individual defendants, Gallagher, Abbott, and Robilotto, had each taken various adverse actions against plaintiff in retaliation for the exercise of his First Amendment free speech rights. The jury did not find the County liable. (Jury Special Verdict Form (Doc. No. 64.))*fn1
Specifically, the jury found the individual defendants liable for the following adverse employment actions: (1) the premature submission of plaintiff's retirement papers (all individual defendants); (2) the omission of and/or failure to correct certain information in the retirement papers (Gallagher); (3) the failure to correct plaintiff's Injured Employee Report (Gallagher, Abbott); (4) the determination that plaintiff was fit for light duty (Robilotto); (5) the assignment of plaintiff to the First Precinct (Robilotto); (6) the failure to investigate plaintiff's complaints regarding training, equipment, staffing, supervision, morale, and/or other deficiencies in the Emergency Services Unit ("ESU") (all individual defendants); (7) the failure to prevent, stop, or redress the violation of plaintiff's First Amendment rights (Abbott); and (8) a pattern of harassment (Abbott). (Id.)
The jury awarded Plaintiff $200,000 in compensatory damages for emotional distress as to all defendants, and a total of $675,000 in punitive damages, or $225,000 each, against the three individual defendants. (Id.) On September 24, 2010, the Court denied defendants' post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law, but found the punitive damages award excessive, ordering a new trial on damages unless plaintiff accepted a remittitur of the punitive damages award to $100,000 against each individual Defendant. (Doc. No. 83.) On October 13, 2010, plaintiff accepted the remittitur. (Doc. No. 84.)
Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that, once the issues of liability, emotional distress damages, and punitive damages were decided by the jury, the Court would determine in a bench trial plaintiff's entitlement to several additional categories of financial damages. (Trial Tr. ("Tr.") at 53--54.) By stipulation (see Minute Entry of July 7, 2011 (Doc. No. 116)), the parties agreed that no live testimony was required, and that the record for this bench trial consists of:
(1) the trial record, including all admissible testimony, exhibits and the jury's special verdict; (2) all papers and exhibits submitted in connection with Plaintiff's Application for Financial Damages ("Application") (Doc. Nos. 89, 91 and 92); and (3) supplemental letters and all exhibits attached thereto further amplifying the evidence and arguments made in connection with plaintiff's Application (Doc. Nos. 101, 102 and 110). At multiple status conferences, held in person and by phone, all parties were given opportunities to orally address the issues raised by the Application (see Minute Entries of May 19, 2011 (Doc. No. 100), June 9, 2011 (Doc. No. 107), and July 7, 2011 (Doc. No. 116).) It is these additional damages, on the record outlined above, that the Court herein decides.
FINDINGS OF FACT*fn2
Plaintiff began working for the Suffolk County Police Department ("SCPD") as a police officer in July 1986, and was transferred to the ESU in June 1997. (Tr. at 32, 35.) On March 11, 1998, plaintiff responded to an emergency involving a person who had barricaded himself on a boat carrying propane gas tanks. (Tr. at 38.) After plaintiff boarded the boat, it exploded and he sustained severe injuries. (Tr. at 39--40.) Plaintiff was hospitalized and underwent numerous surgeries to treat his injuries. (Tr. at 40--42, 44.) As of the date of the accident, plaintiff was placed on what is known in the SCPD as "401 injury leave status," during which plaintiff performed no police duties while continuing to receive his full salary and benefits, pursuant to Municipal Law 207-c. (Tr. at 135--36, 325.)
Between the summer of 1999 and early 2004, plaintiff spoke out on issues of public concern relating to the accident through a series of correspondence, conversations, and meetings with high-ranking members of the SCPD. For example, in the summer of 1999, plaintiff met with then Deputy Commissioner Abbott and raised issues regarding training, supervision, equipment, morale, staffing, failure to adhere to rules and regulations, and other deficiencies that affected the performance and safety of the ESU. (Tr. at 56--60.) Plaintiff also discussed personal issues, such as difficulties he faced in attempting to correct his Injured Employee Report. (Tr. at 56--57.) The Injured Employee Report, filed by the SCPD after the boat explosion, did not contain some of the injuries plaintiff received during the explosion. (Tr. at 44--45.) When Abbott advised that there would be no investigation into any of plaintiff's allegations, adding that "nothing is going to be done to make the police department look bad," plaintiff told Abbott that the only recourse he would have was to go public and to Newsday. (Tr. at 61.) Abbott further advised "[t]here's people in this police department will not take kindly to any kind of effrontery," adding, "[y]ou'll do something now and you will lament it for a lifetime." (Id.) Plaintiff testified that during this meeting, Abbott promised, instead, to keep him on 401 injury leave until he was 62 years old, at which time he would retire. (Id.)
About a year later, plaintiff communicated again with Abbott and raised many of the same concerns he had raised in the summer 1999 meeting. (Tr. at 65--66, 210--11.) Plaintiff also reiterated his demand for an investigation into the failings of the ESU. (Tr. at 65--66.) On August 20, 2001, plaintiff sent a letter to Gallagher, then Commissioner of the SCPD, in which he voiced these same concerns and expressed his frustration that no investigation had yet been conducted. (Tr. at 69--71; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 26.)
In October 2001, plaintiff met with Robilotto, then SCPD Chief of Department, to discuss the contents of plaintiff's August 20, 2001 letter to Commissioner Gallagher. (Tr. at 71--72, 172, 321--23, 344--49.) Plaintiff testified that Robilotto threatened him, insinuating that he should refrain from voicing his concerns, and offered to make him a detective -- an offer that plaintiff rejected. (Tr. at 72--74.) At the meeting, plaintiff requested an official letter that "spelled out all of [his] injuries and that [he was] injured as a result of an attempted murder of a police officer, an assault" because the Injured Employee Report failed to specify that plaintiff's injuries were the result of an "assault" or "federal crime." (Tr. at 172--73; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 13.) This omission, plaintiff testified, precluded him from eligibility for a federal award given to officers seriously injured in the line of duty. (Tr. at 172--73, 374.)*fn3
On April 9, 2002, plaintiff sent a letter to Deputy Commissioner Abbot reiterating his complaints and concerns. (Tr. at 76--77; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 27.) On March 11, 2003, plaintiff filed a complaint with the Public Integrity Bureau of the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office. (Tr. at 79--80.) In April 2003, plaintiff made a complaint to the SCPD Internal Affairs Bureau and demanded an investigation into the problems he identified with the ESU and the handling of the boat explosion. (Id.)
On December 4, 2002, the SCPD filed for plaintiff's retirement. (Tr. at 77--78, 154; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 42.) Before December 2002, the SCPD instituted a policy that permitted a supervisor to involuntarily retire any police officer who had been on 401 injury leave for longer than a year.
(Tr. at 277--80.)*fn4 Gallagher and Robilotto drafted eligibility criteria and selected forty-six officers, including plaintiff, for involuntary retirement. (Tr. at 280--82, 293--96, 356--57.) According to Robilotto, a chief criterion was the unlikelihood that the officer on 401 injury leave would return to work. (Tr. at 357.) Another factor considered was whether the officer had refused to return to work after being found fit for light duty. (Tr. at 281--82.)
The forty-six officers selected for involuntary retirement had been on 401 injury leave for approximately three years to more than five years. (Tr. at 354--55.) By December 4, 2002, plaintiff had been on 401 injury leave for over four years. (Tr. at 135--36, 325.) At least some SCPD officers had been maintained on 401 injury leave for ten years or longer before retiring. (Tr. at 353--55, 400.) Robilotto testified that a police officer named Michael Milwort had been on 401 injury leave for ten years. (Tr. at 353--54.) Sergeant Ward testified that another officer, Kenny Tuthill, had been on 401 injury leave for "probably a twelve or thirteen year period," and that other unidentified officers were on 401 injury leave for over ten years. (Tr. at 400.)
Plaintiff learned that the SCPD had filed for his retirement in January 2003. (Tr. at 78;
Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 40.) In their initial application to retire plaintiff, the SCPD omitted certain information, including some of the injuries he had sustained during the boat explosion. (Tr. at 171--72.) On June 19, 2003, plaintiff filed his own application for retirement. (Tr. at 79, 155-- 56; Defs.' Tr. Ex. H.) Plaintiff retained an attorney to help him file his retirement papers, and his attorney told the state to disregard the County's application. (Tr. at 155.) The state then denied the retirement application that had been filed by the SCPD. (Tr. at 172.) The state ultimately approved the application that plaintiff submitted on his own behalf, and he retired on June 7, 2004. (Tr. at 156, 396.) Plaintiff's disability pension from the state amounts to approximately three quarters of his former salary. (Tr. at 157.)
Throughout the period plaintiff was on 401 injury leave status, plaintiff reported to the SCPD Medical Evaluation Unit ("MEU") for periodic examinations. (Tr. at 88.) Between March 1998 and September 2003, each evaluation recommended that plaintiff remain on 401 injury status. (Defs.' Tr. Exs. B1--B8.) On September 2, 2003, plaintiff hand delivered a letter to Commissioner Gallagher that reiterated his concerns. (Tr. at 89; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 28.) On the same day, plaintiff was examined by a SCPD physician and, for the first time since the boat explosion, was found fit for light duty, allowing him to return to work, albeit in a limited duty capacity. (Tr. at 89--90, 146.) Plaintiff contested the finding that he was fit for light duty and opted for an independent medical examination by MEDSCOPE, pursuant to the police officers union's collective bargaining agreement. (Tr. at 148, 384--85; Defs.' Tr. Ex. D.) Because plaintiff opted for the MEDSCOPE examination, he was not immediately reinstated to active duty. (Tr. at 384, 424.)
The MEDSCOPE physician found that plaintiff was fit for light duty, but he recommended extensive restrictions on the activities plaintiff could be expected to perform. (Tr. at 392--93, 428--30; Defs.' Tr. Ex. E.) On October 21, 2003, the police department reinstated plaintiff and assigned him to the First Precinct. (Tr. at 91, 395; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 21.) Because of the physician's restrictions on plaintiff's ability to work (e.g., that plaintiff sit and stand only for brief periods of time) and plaintiff's own concerns about exposure to "combative prisoners, people walk[ing] in from the street injured, people [being] assaulted in the lobby," plaintiff did not report to active duty in the First Precinct. (Tr. at 91--92.) Instead, plaintiff used one hundred and forty-four sick days to remain out of work from October 21, 2003 until he retired on June 7, 2004. (Tr. at 407.) When he retired, plaintiff was compensated for his remaining, unused sick days. (Tr. at 152.)
In December 2004, plaintiff filed a grievance through arbitration arguing that the County had violated the procedures required under collective bargaining agreement to find him fit for light duty. On February 16, 2005, the arbitrator denied his grievance.
Plaintiffs must prove every element of a Section 1983 claim by a preponderance of the evidence, "including those elements relating to damages." Miner v. City of Glens Falls, 999 F.2d 655, 660 (2d Cir. 1993); see also Public Adm'r of Queens Cnty. v. City of N.Y., No. 06-CV-7099 (LBS), 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 118175, at *24 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2010) (citing S. Nahmod, Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Litigation: The Law of Section 1983 § 3.4 (4th ed. 1998)).*fn5 The "basic purpose" of Section 1983 damages is "to compensate persons for injuries that are caused by the deprivation of constitutional rights." Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 254 (1978).
"To recover compensatory damages under Section 1983, a plaintiff must prove that his injuries were proximately caused by the constitutional violation." Gibeau v. Nellis, 18 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 1994) (citation omitted); see also Sloup v. Loeffler, 745 F. Supp. 2d 115, 143 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (same) (citations omitted); Tatum v. City of N.Y., 668 F. Supp. 2d 584, 598 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (same) (citation omitted). Section 1983 defendants are "'responsible for the natural consequences of [their] actions,'" and may "'be held liable for those consequences attributable to reasonably foreseeable intervening forces, including the acts of third parties.'" Kerman v. City of N.Y., 374 F.3d 93, 126 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Warner v. Orange Cnty. Dep't of Probation, 115 F.3d 1068, 1071 (2d Cir. 1997)). However, a defendant "'whose initial act is the 'but for' cause of some ultimate harm (i.e., the harm would not have happened but for the initial act) is not legally liable for the harm if an intervening act is a 'superseding cause' that breaks the legal chain of proximate cause.'" Higazy v. Templeton, 505 F.3d 161, 181 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting Zahrey v. Coffey, 221 F.3d 342, 351 n.7 (2d Cir. 2000)). One example of a superseding cause that breaks the chain of proximate cause is the "intervening exercise of independent judgment." Townes v. City of New York, 176 F.3d 138, 147 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal citation omitted) (in Section 1983 due process claim, court's refusal to suppress evidence was intervening exercise of independent judgment that broke chain of proximate cause between defendant police officer's unlawful search and seizure and plaintiff's injury).
"Damages in a section 1983 case are generally determined according to principles derived from the common law of torts." BD v. DeBuono, 193 F.R.D. 117, 139 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (citing Memphis Cmty. Sch. Dist. v. Stachura, 477 U.S. 299, 305--06 (1986)); see also Townes, 176 F.3d at 148 (same). In New York, "[t]he damages recoverable in tort actions cannot be contingent, uncertain, or speculative; but if the fact is established that the plaintiff has sustained an actionable injury as the direct result of the defendant's wrongful act, reasonable certainty as to the amount of that injury is all that is required." 36 N.Y. Jur. 2d Damages § 17; see also Fiederlein v. N.Y. City Health & Hosp. Corp., 56 N.Y.2d 573, 574 (1982) ("Mere conjecture, surmise or speculation is not enough to sustain a claim for damages."). However, "the rule which proscribes the recovery of uncertain and speculative damages applies where the fact of damages is uncertain, not where the amount is uncertain." Toporoff Eng'rs, P.C. v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 371 F.3d 105, 109 (2d Cir. 2004) (citations omitted); see also 36 N.Y. Jur. 2d Damages § 16 ("The uncertainty which prevents a recovery is uncertainty as to the fact of the damage and not as to the amount of damage, and where it is certain that damage has resulted, mere uncertainty as to the amount will not preclude the right of recovery.").
Plaintiff now seeks compensation for three categories of economic loss specifically flowing from four adverse employment actions found by the jury. (Pl.'s Mem. Supp. Fin. Damages (Doc. No. 89) at 2.) First, plaintiff seeks damages for lost income, arguing that the SCPD's premature submission of his retirement papers resulted in the "unexpected financial loss of a quarter of his salary annually from approximately November 2002 until [plaintiff] reaches the age of sixty-two." (Id. at8.) This sum represents the differential between the amount that plaintiff receives under the state's pension plan and his prior salary as a police office. Plaintiff claims he is entitled to this amount because, as plaintiff testified, Abbott promised to keep him on 401 injury leave until he reached the age of 62.Plaintiff argues alternatively that he is entitled to such lost income for a lesser period, for example, for ten years, relying on testimony at trial that certain other injured police officers were maintained on 401 injury leave for up to ten years.*fn6 (Id.) Second, plaintiff seeks payment for 144 sick days he used as a result of defendants' retaliatory actions. (Id. at 12.) Plaintiff asserts that defendants' (1) omissions of, and failure to correct, information in his retirement papers, and (2) determination that he was fit for light duty, proximately caused plaintiff to use accumulated sick days, for which he would otherwise have been compensated upon his retirement. (Id. at 9, 12.) Finally, plaintiff argues that defendants' failure to correct omissions in his Injured Employee Report precluded him from receiving a federal disability award. *fn7 (Id. at 10--11.) The Court now addresses each category in turn.
1. Lost Income Flowing from Defendants' Premature Submission of Plaintiff's Retirement Papers
To recover damages for lost income, plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the causal connection between defendants' retaliatory action and his injury is "sufficiently direct." Gierlinger v. Gleason, 160 F.3d 858, 872 (2d Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). Put another way, plaintiff must prove that the SCPD's premature submission of his retirement papers proximately caused him to retire. See Gibeau, 18 F.3d at 110; Miner, 999 F.2d at 660. There has been no such showing here.
Although the jury found that defendants retaliated against plaintiff by prematurely submitting his retirement papers on December 4, 2002, that application was ultimately denied by the state. (Tr. at 77--78, 154, 172; Jury Special Verdict Form.) As such, he suffered no diminution of salary as a direct result of this action. After defendants submitted plaintiff's retirement application, plaintiff retained an attorney and, on June 19, 2003, he independently filed his own separate retirement application. (Tr. at 155--56.) Indeed, plaintiff's attorney "told the state to disregard the county's application," which defendants had submitted approximately seven months earlier. (Tr. at 155.) The state then denied the retirement application that had been submitted by defendants. (Tr. at 172.) Ultimately, the state approved plaintiff's own retirement application, and he retired on June 7, 2004. (Tr. at 156.) Thus, the Court finds that no direct harm resulted from the SCPD's premature submission of plaintiff's retirement papers.*fn8
Plaintiff could still demonstrate proximate causation were he able to show that his decision to file a separate retirement application was reasonably foreseeable. See Higazy, 505 F.3d at 177 ("Defendants . . . may be liable for consequences caused by reasonably foreseeable intervening forces."); Deskovic v. City of Peekskill, 673 F. Supp. 2d 154, 161 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ("[A]n actor may be held liable for those consequences attributable to reasonably foreseeable intervening forces, including the acts of third parties." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). To do so, plaintiff would need to show, for example, that defendants somehow deceived him or that defendants could reasonably foresee that their misconduct would cause plaintiff to file his own retirement application. See Higazy, 505 F.3d at 177 (despite intervening act, the "chain of causation need not be considered broken if [the defendant] deceived the subsequent decision maker, or could reasonably foresee that his misconduct [would] contribute to an independent decision . . . .")). Put another way, plaintiff has the burden to show that his decision to file his own application for retirement is a "natural consequence[]" of defendants' initial submission of his retirement application. Id. at 175 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Zahrey v. Coffey, 221 F.3d 342, 349--50 (2d Cir. 2000) ("section 1983 'should be read against the background of tort liability that makes a man responsible for the natural consequences of his actions'" (quoting Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 187 (1961))). Here, however, plaintiff has failed to meet that burden.
Plaintiff has provided no evidence or explanation for why he chose to file his own retirement application. The only evidence in the record on this point is plaintiff's testimony that he found errors in the SCPD's application and that he subsequently retained an attorney and filed his own retirement application. (Tr. at 79, 155--56.) This evidence does not demonstrate that plaintiff's decision to file his own separate retirement application was a natural consequence of defendants' actions. Plaintiff did not demonstrate in any way that he was unable to correct errors in the defendants' application without filing his own. Nor is there any evidence in the record as to whether plaintiff's position (financial or otherwise) would have been affected had the SCPD's incorrect application been accepted as opposed to his own. In fact, the only explanation for plaintiff's decision to file for retirement was provided by his attorney, who argued in summation that plaintiff decided to file his own retirement application because defendants had failed to correct errors in the application they submitted and he "wanted them to be right." (Tr. at 562.) Of course, "[a] summation is not evidence." United States v. Aggrey-Fynn, No. 04-CR-1148 (RWS), 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6157, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).*fn9
Having failed to put forth any evidence of his reasons for filing his own retirement application, plaintiff has not established by a preponderance of the evidence that his decision to retire was a natural and foreseeable consequence of defendants' actions, and not an independent, superseding cause of his own retirement.*fn10 See Townes, 176 F.3d at 147; Stagl v. Delta Airlines, 52 F.3d 463, 473 (2d Cir. 1995) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Jeffries v. Harleston, 52 F.3d 9, 14 (2d Cir. 1995) (reversing judgment for professor in First Amendment retaliation case because superseding cause broke the causal chain between the defendants' retaliatory acts and the plaintiff's injury); Caraballo v. United States, 830 F.2d 19, 22 (2d Cir. 1987) ("where the plaintiff's intervening actions are not a normal and foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct, the plaintiff's conduct becomes a superseding cause which absolves the defendant of liability"); Barmapov v. Barry, No. 09-CV-3390 (RRM), 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 768, at*18 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2011) ("Plaintiff's decision to plead guilty constitutes an independent, superseding cause of his conviction and incarceration."); Martinez v. City of New York, No. 06-CV-5671 (WHP), 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49203, at *11--12 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2008) (arresting officer not responsible for detainment possibly amounting to due process violation because judge's independent decision broke chain of proximate cause).
Accordingly, the Court finds that plaintiff has failed to show that SCPD's premature submission of his retirement application proximately caused him economic damages in the form of lost wages.*fn11
2. Compensation for Lost Sick Days
Plaintiff also seeks compensation for the loss of accrued sick days on two grounds:
defendants' omission in and/or failure to correct information in plaintiff's retirement papers and, alternatively, the determination that plaintiff was fit for light duty. (See Pl.'s Mem. Supp. Fin. Damages at 9, 11--12.) The Court finds plaintiff is entitled to recover such damages on both grounds.
a.Omissions In and Failure to Correct Plaintiff's Retirement Application As noted above, on December 4, 2002, the SCPD filed plaintiff's retirement application. (Tr. at 77--78, 154; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 42.) On June 19, 2003, plaintiff filed his own separate retirement application and told the County to disregard the SCPD's application. (Tr. at 155.) On October 21, 2003, while both retirement applications were pending, plaintiff was reinstated to light duty. (Tr. at 396; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 21.) However, because of the restrictions placed on him as well as his own concerns about returning to duty, plaintiff used accumulated sick days to remain out of work until the effective date of his retirement on June 7, 2004. (Tr. at 407.)
As the record makes clear, it took the state approximately eleven to twelve months to approve plaintiff's own application. (Tr. at 156.) Based on this measure, the Court reasonably concludes that the approval process for an error-free SCPD application would have taken no longer than the process for approving plaintiff's own error-free application. Therefore, had defendants submitted an error-free retirement application on December 4, 2002, or corrected it promptly thereafter, plaintiff likely would have retired on or before October 21, 2003, the date on which he was found fit for light duty. If plaintiff had retired before he was found fit for light duty, he would have been compensated for all the sick days he had accrued up to that point.*fn12
While it is impossible to know with mathematical certainty whether the state would have approved the SCPD's omission-free retirement papers by October 21, 2003, "the rule of certainty as applied to the recovery of damages does not require mathematical accuracy or absolute certainty or exactness, but only that the loss or damage be capable of ascertainment with reasonable certainty." Sloup, 745 F. Supp. 2d at 137 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, plaintiff has established with reasonable certainty that, had defendants not omitted information from his initial retirement application, plaintiff would have been paid out for the full measure of sick days to which he was entitled on October 21, 2003.*fn13
b.Determination that Plaintiff was Fit for Light Duty
The Court also finds that plaintiff is entitled to compensation for these sick days on the alternative ground that such damages were proximately caused by defendants' retaliatory determination that he was fit for light duty. Of course, had this determination not been made, plaintiff would not have used any of these sick days. However, defendants contend that plaintiff is collaterally estopped from claiming financial damages for these sick days because he has already litigated and lost in arbitration this very issue. (Defs.' Letter of May 26, 2011 (Doc. No. 101) at 4.) Under federal law, the doctrine of collateral estoppel precludes a party from relitigating an issue when: "(1) the identical issue was raised in a previous proceeding; (2) the issue was actually litigated and decided in the previous proceeding; (3) the party had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue; and (4) the resolution of the issue was necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits." Boguslavsky v. Kaplan, 159 F.3d 715, 720 (2d Cir. 1998) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this standard, the Court finds the doctrine of collateral estoppel inapplicable to plaintiff's claim of First Amendment retaliation.
First, the Court finds that the issues litigated in the arbitration proceeding are not identical to the issue in plaintiff's Section 1983 action. In the arbitration proceeding, the issue was whether the County had violated the terms of the collective bargaining agreement by requiring plaintiff to be examined by MEDSCOPE. (Arbitration Decision at 2.) In contrast, the issue here is whether the determination that plaintiff was fit for light duty constituted an act of First Amendment retaliation that caused plaintiff to use accrued sick days. (Tr. at 160.) These issues are not identical, and the rights vindicated in the arbitration and those at issue here are fundamentally different. See Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 49--50 (1974).
The issue at arbitration involved the interpretation of a contractual right -- namely, the County's right under the collective bargaining agreement to require plaintiff to submit to an independent medical examination by MEDSCOPE. Here, plaintiff's damages claim for lost sick days arises from his constitutional right to be free from retaliation for exercising his First Amendment rights. The County's right to enforce the collective bargaining agreement has no bearing on whether defendants' retaliatory act proximately caused plaintiff economic loss. Second, it was not necessary for the arbitrator to decide that plaintiff was properly found fit for light duty. In order to resolve the dispute at arbitration, the arbitrator needed only to determine whether the County violated the terms of the collective bargaining agreement by requiring plaintiff to be examined by MEDSCOPE.
Finally, the record belies the notion that plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his claims. The arbitrator's opinion is laced with allusions to plaintiff's "conspiracy" theories regarding the SCPD's efforts to retaliate against him for "his unrelenting struggle to right several wrongs he maintains were done to him." (Arbitration Decision at 10.) Such dismissive remarks concerning plaintiff's allegations of retaliation seriously call into question whether plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate factual issues pertaining to his Section 1983 claim in the arbitration proceeding.
Even assuming that plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the very same issues as central to his grievance, the Supreme Court has counseled that federal courts "should not afford res judicata or collateral estoppel effect to an award in an arbitration proceeding brought pursuant to the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement." McDonald v. City of West Branch, 466 U.S. 284, 292 (1984); see also Fayer v. Town of Middlebury, 258 F.3d 117, 121 (2d Cir. 2001) ("[T]he Supreme Court ruled . . . that the determinations of labor arbitrators pursuant to collective bargaining agreements do not preclude subsequent federal actions to vindicate certain federal statutory and constitutional rights." (citing McDonald, 466 U.S. 284)).*fn14 In McDonald, the Supreme Court refused to accord preclusive effect to an award in an arbitration proceeding brought pursuant to the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement in the context of a Section 1983 claim for First Amendment retaliation. 466 U.S. at 292; see also Rolon v. Ward, No. 05-CV-168 (WCC), 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 86781, at *60 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2008) (same); Henneberger v. Cnty. of Nassau, 465 F. Supp. 2d 176, 189 (E.D.N.Y. 2006) (same) (collecting cases). As the Court explained, "although arbitration is well suited to resolving contractual disputes, . . . it cannot provide an adequate substitute for a judicial proceeding in protecting the federal statutory and constitutional rights that § 1983 is designed to safeguard." 466 U.S. at 290.
In arriving at this conclusion, the Court noted important differences between the two proceedings: (1) arbitrators lack "the expertise required to resolve the complex legal questions that arise in § 1983 actions"; (2) "an arbitrator's authority derives solely from the contract . . . [and thus] an arbitrator may not have the authority to enforce § 1983"; (3) the interests of the union, which usually "has exclusive control over the manner and extent to which . . . [a] grievance is presented," are not always "identical or even compatible" with those of an employee; and (4) "arbitral factfinding is generally not equivalent to judicial factfinding." 466 U.S. at 290--91. These considerations are equally compelling here. For example, the arbitrator's decision at issue here in no way focused on the complexities of unconstitutional retaliation. Instead, it focused on narrow issues relating to the propriety of procedural steps undertaken pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement that, traditionally, fall within the core authority and expertise of labor arbitrators. Moreover, the arbitrator rejected -- indeed ridiculed -- the very same evidence and arguments that the trial jury here found by a preponderance of the evidence gave rise to a First Amendment violation. (Arbitration Decision at 10 (stating that to believe plaintiff's allegations, one had to accept the (presumably unbelievable) premise that police officers "were all in cahoots" and agreed amongst themselves, "Let's get this guy, we'll show him, put him back to work.") (quotations in original).) The Court finds that the arbitrator's decision here, when viewed against the backdrop of McDonald, should not be accorded preclusive effect, or, for that matter, given even minimal weight.*fn15
For all of these reasons, "the Court denies [defendants'] invitations to impose the doctrine of collateral estoppel and to adopt the facts found by the [a]rbitrat[or]." Giglio, 560 F. Supp. 2d at 173. Accordingly, the Court finds that defendants' retaliatory determination that plaintiff was fit for light duty proximately caused him to use one hundred and forty-four sick days, and plaintiff is entitled to damages for the amount he would have received as compensation for these sick days had they been part of his sick leave accruals at the time he retired.
3. Federal Disability Award
Plaintiff claims that defendants' failure to correct the Injured Employee Report, specifically the omission that his injuries were the result of an assault, precluded him from being eligible for a federal disability award. (Tr. 172--73, 374.) Plaintiff's claim to this federal award, however, is entirely speculative.
The law proscribing recovery of uncertain and speculative damages is well-settled in New York. See Toporoff Eng'rs, 371 F.3d at 109; Mandalv. City of New York, No. 02-CV-1367 (WHP), 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83642, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 2007) (applying doctrine to Section 1983 claim). It is therefore plaintiff's burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he suffered economic losses with specific and clear documentation or expert testimony. See Sloup, 745 F. Supp. 2d at 138. Here, plaintiff has failed to produce sufficient evidence to establish that he would have received the federal disability award with reasonable certainty. Thus, any damages compensating him for the loss of the federal award would be "merely speculative or contingent." Dockery v. Tucker, No. 97-CV-3584 (ARR), 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97826, at *103 (E.D.N.Y. Sept 6, 2006) ("plaintiff must prove damages with sufficient certainty, such that damages are not merely speculative or contingent . . . [and] [a]s part of this burden, a plaintiff must also provide a reasonable means of and basis for calculating damages" (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).
There is virtually no evidence in the record concerning this federal award. The only witness who described the award in any detail was Sergeant Ward, who believed it was a "monetary" or "cash" benefit, "in the neighborhood of a hundred thousand." (Tr. at 374.) Plaintiff has presented no evidence about the specific statute, regulation or other authority governing such an award. Nor has he presented evidence of the criteria for eligibility beyond the vague assertion that the police officer's injuries must result from an "assault" or "federal crime." (Tr. at 172--73; Pl.'s Tr. Ex. 13.) Thus, there is no evidence from which the Court can determine what federal award is at issue, or whether plaintiff would have met any or all eligibility requirements for any such award had plaintiff's Injured Employee Report been completed properly. There is also no evidence in the record regarding the application or approval process for the award, and it is impossible to ascertain with any degree of certainty whether any applicant who does, in fact, meet all the eligibility criteria will automatically receive such an award. Finally, there is nothing in the record to indicate how much plaintiff could have or would have received, other than Sergeant Ward's loose estimate. Accordingly, plaintiff has entirely failed to meet his burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that he in fact suffered any such loss. As such, any damage award with regard to any federal benefit would be wholly speculative and inappropriate. See Toporoff Eng'rs, 371 F.3d at 109.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that plaintiff is entitled to damages compensating him for one hundred and forty-four accrued sick days for which he would otherwise have been compensated upon his retirement. As stipulated, the parties shall confer to calculate the precise monetary amount of this damages award. The Court further finds that plaintiff is not entitled to damages for any measure of lost income up to age 62 or for any lesser period, or to damages in connection with any federal award.
ROSLYNN R. MAUSKOPF United States District Judge
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Uk: Key Stage 2 Maths: Books
Primary School Teaching Resources EducationCity
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text:
ERIC Number: ED188246
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1979-Sep
Pages: 34
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Anaphoric Relations, Comprehension and Readability.
Dutka, Julia To
The relationship between anaphoric nominal substitution and reading comprehension was studied. The Diagnostic Reading Test and the Substitution Test were administered to 80 college juniors, seniors, and graduate students in teacher certification courses, and to 92 college freshmen seeking assistance in improving their reading skills. Positive and significant relationships were found between total substitution scores and reading scores for both samples. It was found that anaphoric resolution was a highly complex cognitive-language skill and a factor in reading comprehension, explaining approximately 59% of the variance in reading performance. The process of antecedent-substitute resolution was not a simple matter of recovering the information from the context. The distance a reader had to backtrack to locate the antecedent and the amount of information represented by the substitute were found to be good predictors of difficulty in performing the referencing task. Of the four item characteristics investigated, the syntactic variables change and discrepancy were not as powerful as the semantic variables length and distance in explaining item difficulty. Since readability measures have not incorporated anaphoric relations as a factor in their assessment, it was recommended that a framework for examining the comprehensibility of text would be a valid alternative to readability formulas when it would be necessary to evaluate and select materials for specific readers. (RL)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Anaphora
Note: Paper presented at the Annual International Conference on Processing of Visible Language (2nd, Niagara-on-the Lake, Canada, September 3-7, 1979).


text:
There she goes!
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla
3--2--1--main engine start
A shining flare...straight up...
Six solids are burning strongly...
Past Mach 1...supersonic!
Solids tapering off...
First stage "performance looking good"
Six solid motors jettisoned!
Three more firing...
T plus 90
Main engine pressures still strong
Now 17 miles altitude (stupid Imperial units)
Approaching solid motor burnout
Three last solids are jettisoned!
Good jettison, all three air-start motors are off the vehicle!
At T+160 seconds, main engine continues to burn well at 34 miles altitude...
At T+195, first stage continues to look good...now a vanishing point of bright light in the dark sky...
"Running right down the center of the range track"...
At T+ 260ish, we have main engine cutoff, referred to as "MECO"...
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Ericdress Charming Scoop Appliques Beaded A Line Wedding Dress
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Here ericdress.com shows customers a fashion collection of current gold band rings for women.You can find many great items. They all have high quality and reasonable price. You can get big discount sometimes, because we always do promotions. If you need gold band rings for women,come here to choose. We give you good items and services.
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Boy at the center of Amber Alert back home; mother in jail
With a small, New Mexico State Police teddy bear in hand, 4-year-old Angelo Jaramillo shyly buried his face into this father's neck.
"Do you want to say something?" Jonathan Jaramillo asked his son.
"He's in good care, in good hands now," Jaramillo said.
He'd waited hours to have his boy back in his arms, after little Angelo became the subject of an Amber Alert Thursday.
"Every waking moment, it was just, my phone was constantly ringing all day," Jaramillo told reporters outside of the state police office in Albuquerque. "I never knew what I was going to find or what somebody was going to say."
Sandoval County sheriff's deputies said around 8 a.m. Angelo's mother, Angelica Garcia, came to the Jemez Springs Elementary School and took him.
Deputies said a court order stated that she's not allowed to have contact with the boy, so state police issued the Amber Alert.
The Sheriff's Office set up road blocks along the highways leading out of Jemez Springs, New Mexico. They searched vehicles and questioned drivers in silver sedans, a car that Garcia was reportedly driving.
"Every time I answered my phone, I was just hoping that someone was going to say we found him," Jaramillo said.
Hours later, around 3 p.m., a tip led state police officers to the Americas Best Value Inn near I-40 and Juan Tabo in Albuquerque.
Investigators say Garcia was in the parking lot, when they spotted the 3-year-old in the car.
"They knew, as soon as they seen Angelo, they knew she was the right person," Jaramillo said.
State police arrested Garcia, who is charged with one count of custodial interference. Officers took her in handcuffs from the state police office to a squad car. She told reporters the police had it all wrong.
"All I have to say is look at all the documents," Garcia said, before telling the media to "get the out of my way."
Jaramillo just wants her to get help if she needs it.
Garcia is expected in Sandoval County magistrate court on Friday morning. KOAT will provide updates on this story as it develops.


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This gossamer-thin midi dress is incredibly flattering: The trapeze silhouette, asymmetric tiered skirt, and white-on-white vertical stripes look fantastic on practically any body type.
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Calendar Events
December 11th – Christmas ConcertDecember 15th – Parent Connection Meeting – CancelledDecember 19, 20, 21 – Semester ExamsDecember 22nd through January 3rd – Christmas Break/No ClassesJanuary 4, 2017 – Classes Resume
News and Announcements
December 11th – Christmas Concert, 4:30pm. Click here for details.STOCKING STUFFER DRIVE – NHS Students have organized a Stocking Stuffer Drive. Help fill the 250 stockings made by the Fashion Construction students. "Stitches that Serve" will make the season bright for children in our own community! Please drop off "Stocking Stuffer" contributions in the bin near the Main Office. Items needed include: activity books, bath puppet mitts, Hot Wheels cars, jump ropes, tooth brushes, yoyos and any other small items that will fit in a stocking. Please NO candy!NEW UNIFORM ADDITION! St. Edward will now offer quarter zip pullovers as an option to wear with the school uniform. The quarter zips are available to purchase through the school office before or after school at a cost of $30. Order forms may be turned in to the school office with payment. The quarter zips are not required; they are an option for students. No other quarter zips may be worn with the uniform except these. Samples for sizing and for students and parents to view are available in the Main Office. Please let us know if you have any questions. Click here for order form.January 7th – PLACEMENT EXAM. Click here for registration


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text: Pack Bubble Wrap to Prepare for Souvenirs During Your TripKristin Wong9/30/16 10:30amFiled to: travelpacking104EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink If you're the type of traveler who always comes back with a suitcase full of souvenirs, you might underestimate your luggage space when you pack. This makes it difficult to fit all your stuff into one bag on your return trip. One travel expert offers a simple solution: bubble wrap. Advertisement Over at Travel + Leisure, Associate Editor Nikki Ekstein offers an easy tip:It sounds silly, but I always pack bubble wrap. It saves space in my suitcase for the things I'll undoubtedly buy on my trip—and then I also have a good way to wrap them up and keep them safe in my luggage.If you have fragile items in tow, this allows for extra padding, but I also like Ekstein's point that it serves as a placeholder for the stuff you'll bring back. For more quick travel tips, head to their post at the link below. Advertisement Photo by Steven Depolo.Packing Tips from the Travel + Leisure Editors |Travel + LeisureKristin email@example.com@thewildwongContributing writer, Lifehacker.comGear from Kinja DealsNavage: The Ultimate Sinus Rinse Bestsellers: Amazon Premium HeadphonesSunday's Best Deals: All-Clad, Winter Clothes, Despicable Me, and MoreReply10 repliesLeave a reply


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In Meron Village opened Indian tents
There are showers, toilets and air conditioners
Call it Meron tents
Welcomed us very well and cheaply.
Wanna join the discussion?! Login to your Long distance hiking trails forum accountor Register a new forum account. Or Connect via Facebook
How it's cheaper? If it really cheap so keep this ad ...
More details please place, telephones.
The tents are located inside Moshav Meron, approximately 500 meters from the Meron intersection. The seat is well known, and there is a problem in secular place on Shabbat and holidays. In mid-week. Approximately 200 rates per couple and $ 85 per person if more than a couple. Hot showers, air conditioning, heating, linen 050-5205333 04-6989375 Uriel or Leica they have site in Palestine, and search Google Meron tents
They turned out to be additional information if appropriate.
Just right!
In Miron has the grave of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai.
On the left side of the entrance to the Tomb there is a terrace and lawn tents [free and anyone who wants]
Behind the Tomb there's hospitality Miron "where you can eat and drink free of charge no matter who you are religious or secular. The opposite true if you you don't belong to Miss inoshi where you get even more special treatment.
There are restrooms tidy and clean.
You can configure the base and back into two sections.
There is also a supermarket in small and inexpensive so.
It also has a store called "zipron Miron" which is next to the grave of Rabbi Shimon
Store dried fruit plant and are camping in the drinking water and dried fruit for the road package!!!
Guys, there is no little bilists they're not kids, sleeping in b & BS, and this price is cheap for them. It's too expensive for younger ... Then each choose what suits him. Maoz gives room subject to availability at 50 shekels to bastion had to take a bus to get to the Center. And it's the homestay Shaker 15 shekels (both directions). Come on???
Good luck have fun Observatory. Waiting to hear experiences. And sent OS.
For clarification
The Israel trail pedestrian rate is 65 per night
At Meron tents
And that's because we want to give a discount to travelers
What NIS 200 letter is inaccurate-it's normal for couples comes and wants to open the complex to himself.
Furthermore the price $ 65
If you want-and treats at a higher level is the regular price 85.
0544-780-712 Uriel Miron, tents


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Protein bar technology had remained relatively unchanged for years. Many protein bars proving to be a workout for your jaw as much as anything else. But this all changed once the TPW™ Development Team made it their mission to make Europe's first bar made from whey isolate. The Whey & Oat Crisp was born and broke all sales records in the protein bar sector. High in protein and a great source of low glycaemic index carbohydrates, thousands of cupboards all over the UK were stocked overnight on the day of the launch.
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text:
Shiveluch volcano in Russia's Far East spews ash to 11 km in airWorld December 10, 5:28
Ceasefire agreements enter into force near Damascus, in Idlib province ― mediaWorld December 10, 4:18
Russian pair Tarasova/Morozov win final of ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating in MarseillesSport December 10, 4:00
Matviyenko to visit UAE to participate in Forum of Women Speakers of ParliamentRussian Politics & Diplomacy December 10, 3:21
Doping samples of all athletes from past three Olympics should be re-analyzed ― lawmakerSport December 10, 2:01
Russia's figure skater Medvedeva leads with world record after SP at Grand Prix finalsSport December 10, 1:28
Russian energy minister expects OPEC, non member countries to sign agreement on oil outputBusiness & Economy December 10, 0:46
40 ceasefire violations reported in Syria in past day ― Russian reconciliation centerWorld December 10, 0:02
Russia open for cooperation with IOC, WADA ― ROC presidentSport December 09, 23:44
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MOSCOW, February 11. /TASS/. Russian Foreign Ministry human rights ombudsman Konstantin Dolgov has accused Kiev of escalating aggression against Orthodox believers and churches of the Moscow Patriarchate in Ukraine.
"Pressure on freedom of media, lack of investigation into tortures and continued use of torture methods at prisons of Ukraine is unfortunately added by another theme that has been escalating of late - I would call this aggression, large-scale attack on legitimate rights of Orthodox believers in Ukraine," Dolgov told a session of Duma's working group for legal analysis of legislative procedures and enactments adopted in Ukraine.
Foreign Ministry's commissioner for human rights, democracy and the rule of law explained that he referred to an ongoing "vicious chain of arson attacks on Orthodox churches of the Moscow Patriarchate, their seizure by force with the help of volunteer battalions, the Right Sector (radical nationalist movement) with direct connivance and sometimes participation of law enforcement agencies."


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
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Carpenter / Joiner
Added 04/10/2016
Worktops and sink will be provided. Existing units will need moving to fit new worktops.
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Igor was polite, professional and had experience that meant he was able to give some good advice and tips with the work. He was very reliable and efficient. Would recommend and use again.
Reliable, friendly, easy to contact and got on the with the job quickly and professionally. I would def use them again.
John did a great job - I thoroughly recommend him.
Very very pleased with this firm, Karen & Steve the bosses are nice people to deal with and agreed a good price .Dave the fitter was a very nice bloke and a good tradesman + him and kevin were very helpful and willing to help . A fantastic job all round. THANKS AGAIN
Very good you would never know they were there just got on with there worrk never stopped very clean and polite would use them again
Chris was able to make exactly what we were hoping for. In a loft conversion, with awkward spaces, he was able to create a beautiful wardrobe and cupboard space, that suits the room and looks beautiful.
Excellent job and reasonable price, turned up on time and my neighbours now want to use the same company. Definitely use again
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Business Planning Analyst (Marketing & Finance Analyst)
Vinarco Services (Thailand) Limited
jobsDB ref: JTH300003001241567
Position: Business Planning Analyst
Location: Bangkok
- Ensure compliance with Company Information Security Policies and Procedure at all time.
- Responsible for maintaining security of all company information entrusted to and not limiting to proper classification & handling of company documents and records.
- Complete Information Security training and awareness program on regular basis and possess enough knowledge to adhere to Security requirements.
- Responsible for identifying, reporting and complying with Information Security Incident & Reporting Procedure.
- Failing to comply with the security policies could be subject to disciplinary action, potentially including termination of employment or contract and/or prosecution.
- Assist to create, manage and monitor the annual business plan (1YP) for overall.
- Assist to create, manage and monitor the mid-range business plan (MRP) for overall.
- Plan and administer the Business Operations budget (SGA/SLC/Capex).
- Develop and administer marketing database:
- monthly OL consolidation
- prospect pipeline consolidation
- monthly revenue summary report
- Oversea corporate communications activities through Communications Coordinator including: information/data submission to regional team
- Obtain role of Deal Governance Process member for all deal pursuits
- Assist with and support firm's involvement in various professional networks
- Coordinating business development and marketing activities via these relationships.
- Understand the market for the products and services offered and continually monitor the market for change
- Male/Female Age not over 32 years old
- Thai Nationality
- Bachelor's or Master's Degree in Business Administration (MBA) or Finance related fields
- Minimum 2 years working as Business Analyst, Finance Analyst
- Ability to provide both the business and the technical perspectives to other parties involved
- High skill in using Microsoft Office Program
- Analytical thinking and Systematic thinking
- Good command of English and Thai (Speaking-Listening-Reading)
jobsDB will send your application for review directly to Vinarco Services (Thailand) Limited
About Vinarco Services (Thailand) Limited
The Vinarco Group of companies was established in 1993 and has expanded to become a market leader in the provision of highly qualified technical consultancy services, predominantely to the Oil, Gas, Power, Petrochemical, and associated Engineering and Construction industries. Vinarco is one of the fastest growing technical recruitment companies in Asia Pacific region.
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CM PunkPhillip Jack Brooks
- Birthdate: 10/26/1978 (age 38)
- Height: 6'2"
- Weight: 218 Ib
He was titled in the WWE as "the longest-reigni...
Read More »Welp, this week's WWE RAW broadcast is over and there was no CM Punk on the show from his hometown of Chicago, IL despite some rumors over the last day or so.
Give us your thoughts eWN fans. Did WWE screw their fans? Is CM Punk the one screwing the fans? Was RAW still a good show? Let us know in the comments section below!
Thanks as always for your continued support!


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Invisible Crown
"Always wear your invisible crown" | Stylish Words of Life & Fashion
Always wear your invisible crown! xoxo PG
"Always wear your invisible crown." Don't wear it like that, though, lady, or your royal highness will walk into doors.
i love this! hahahahah @Rachel Leventis this should be our motto. i kinda want to pin it under every board i have
You can turn energy around by remembering your power. Walk in faith that the universe has your back and put effort in doing the things you love. Join the #Bossbabe Netwerk™ (Click The Link In Our Profile Now! )
Always Wear your Invisible Crown
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This is about self confidence and that every individual are powerful and shouldn't be treated bad by another person. This is a problem in our society, for example in school if someone gets bullied. The one who gets bullied have to show the bullies that it's not okay and that you are better then them.
"Always wear your invisible crown" - Lilly Pulitzer Preppy Handwritten Calligraphy Quote from Prep Obsessed
very motivational ! I will wear my crown everyday \%%%/


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Hal Leonard Rockabilly Guitar
Hal Leonard Rockabilly Guitar TUTORIAL | 1.8 GB
On this dynamic DVD, Troy Dexter plays examples in the style of such rockabilly greats as Scotty Moore, Carl Perkins, Brian Setzer, Eddie Cochran and Duane Eddy. He demonstrates effects devices (tremolo, echo, reverb and distortion) and how they were used by each player.
Vote, and then, in comments leave a review, if you want or you can spend a few minutes ... .. go to expression ...
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Download Hal Leonard Rockabilly Guitar TUTORIAL
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Scout Sunday 2017 Emblem$2.49Fully-embroidered emblem features a tranquil, mountain-lake campsite with the sun shining through clouds, and American flag in foreground. Emblem also includes fleur-de-lis, "Scout Sunday 2017" lettering, and button loop. Learn More
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Pistol Safety and Marksmanship Pocket Certificate$0.19This pocket certificate is a single card used to recognize a Scout's completion of BSA's Pistol Safety and Marksmanship Training program. Certificate is signed and dated by the instructor to verify the training has occurred. Learn More
Photography Merit Badge Pamphlet$4.99On Backorder Until 01/19/2017This pamphlet covers the various requirements for earning the Photography merit badge. Learn to use lighting, composition, depth, color, and content to create photographs that are much more than snapshots. Learn More


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Having undesirable fat in various locations of your body can have a considerable influence on your health and self-confidence. While standard weight-loss through workout and diet is a fantastic method to slim down overall, even the best workouts cannot target problem areas like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time evaluated treatment that is utilized to get rid of excess fat from specific areas of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their preference. Is liposuction right for you? Learn now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are many advantages to this cosmetic procedure, consisting of:
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Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having liposuction done, it is very important to analyze the prospective disadvantages of the procedure and determine if the benefits surpass the threats in your certain case. Your specialist can help you find out more about the dangers associated with the treatment and can assist you choose if moving on is the best thing for you.
• Complications with basic anesthesia. Because liposuction is performed under basic anesthesia, the treatment carries the very same dangers as other kind of surgical treatment where basic anesthesia is utilized. Hidden medical conditions may increase these threats.
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Although there are threats associated with liposuction, for many individuals, the benefits far outweigh them. Educate yourself about the treatment by having thorough conversations with your specialist and consider how liposuction has the possible to affect you as an unique individual. Only you and your cosmetic surgeon can identify if liposuction will supply you with the outcomes you are trying to find within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Eden NC
Laser liposuction is a more recent, minimally intrusive procedure that includes heating the fat cells to melting point and eliminating the melted fat through a little cannula. The treatment is typically done right in your physician's office and is an excellent choice for people who have less than 500 ml of fat to get rid of from any one area. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary procedure to weight-loss in order to sculpt the body you have actually always wanted.
Contact a Surgeon in your Eden NC today.
If you're thinking about liposuction as a weight reduction option, it is very important that you discuss your desires with a certified cosmetic surgeon in your area. Your surgeon will carry out a complete test and health history survey to determine if liposuction can benefit you and assist you reach your physical and psychological objectives. Call today for an examination and find out more about how liposuction can assist you achieve the body of your dreams.


text: The name may sound dangerous, but devil's claw supplements are packed with health benefits. This popular African herb helps support joint health, mobility and comfort. Devil's claw delivers phytosterols, flavonoids and phenolic acids, all of which are known for supporting your overall health and wellness. Give your joints the nourishment they want with devil's claw supplements.